Hakuba-kai

The or "White Horse Society" was a fluid late Meiji association of Japanese practitioners of yōga or Western-style painting. Established in June 1896, thirteen exhibitions were staged before the Society was disbanded in 1911 (the missing years being 1906, 1908, and 1911). Fuelled by disagreements over style (including the purple/brown controversy, or that between the and the ) and the rigid bureaucratic methods of the , hitherto the dominant yōga association, Kuroda Seiki, Kume Keiichirō, and others founded the new group, named after their favourite "Shirouma" (the characters can also be read Hakuba) brand of unfiltered sake. Other participating and exhibiting artists included Yamamoto Hōsui, Okada Saburōsuke, Wada Eisaku, , Aoki Shigeru, and Fujishima Takeji.