Aurel Vlaicu

Aurel Vlaicu (; 19 November 1882 – 13 September 1913) was a Romanian engineer, inventor, airplane constructor and early pilot.
Early years and education.
Aurel Vlaicu was born in the village of Binținți in Transylvania, Austria-Hungary. In 1925, by then part of Romania, it was renamed "Aurel Vlaicu", and is now part of Geoagiu town. He attended a Calvinist high school in Orăștie (renamed Aurel Vlaicu High School in his honor in 1919) and took his Baccalaureate in Sibiu in 1902. He was a high school colleague of Petru Groza, and in Sibiu became friends with Octavian Goga. Vlaicu furthered his studies at Technical University of Budapest and Technische Hochschule München in Germany, earning his engineer's diploma in 1907.
Between 1907 and 1908 Vlaicu served in the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and on September 1, 1908, he took an engineer's position with the Opel car factory in Rüsselsheim.
Aviation career.
Vlaicu left Opel in March 1909 and returned to Binţinţi, where, together with his brother, Ion, he built a glider which first flew in the summer of 1909.
In October 1909, on the advice of Octavian Goga, he moved to the Kingdom of Romania, where with help from Romanian-Transylvanian expatriates, he obtained financial support to build his first powered airplane, following a number of demonstration flights with rubber-powered models in front of Romanian government officials and journalists.
On November 1, 1909, he began the construction of his first powered airplane, the "A. Vlaicu Nr. I" at the Army Arsenal in Bucharest with funding from the Romanian Ministry of War and on a 300 monthly stipend from the Minister of Public Education. "A. Vlaicu Nr. I" flew for the first time on June 17, 1910, over Cotroceni airfield.
On September 28, 1910, as a part of the fall military exercises, Vlaicu flew his airplane from Slatina to Piatra Olt carrying a message, an early instance of an airplane being used for military purposes.
The construction of "A. Vlaicu Nr. II" was started in December 1910 on a budget of 16,000 and first flew in April 1911. Between 23 and 30 June 1912 Vlaicu competed with it at the International Flight Week in Aspern-Vienna (Die internationale Flugwoche in Wien), against 42 other aviators, including Roland Garros. Vlaicu won prizes totaling 7,500 Austro-Hungarian krone for precision landing, projectile throwing and tight flying around a pole. On this occasion, he was issued the FAI pilot license number 52. On return from Aspern he flew demonstration flights throughout Transylvania.
"A. Vlaicu Nr. III" was a two-seat monoplane having a fully cowled Gnome Gamma engine. Built on contract for the Marconi Company for experiments with aerial radio, at the time of Vlaicu's death it was only partially finished. It was completed by his friends and several short test flights were made during 1914 by military pilot Petre Macavei. Further tests were hindered by the unusual controls. In 1916, during the German occupation of Bucharest, the aircraft was seized and shipped to Germany, and it was last seen in 1942 at an aviation exhibition in Berlin by Romanian military officers, though no mention of it is made in references on the Berlin exhibition.
Vlaicu airplanes design.
During his short career, Aurel Vlaicu designed and built one glider and three airplanes of his own design.
He perfected his design on rubber band powered models he began experimenting with while a student in Munich.
Vlaicu's three powered airplanes had one central aluminium tubing, the flight controls in front, two counter-rotating propellers, one mounted ahead of the nacelle, and the other to the rear of the wing up high, partially counteracting each other's torque. They employ tricycle-landing gears with independent trailing arm suspension, had brakes on the rear wheel, and were equipped with Gnome rotary engines.
His airplanes lacked ailerons, relying on just rudder and elevators for control, via a steering wheel mounted on a tiller. The wheel controlled the elevators while sideways motion of the tiller controlled the rudder. The wheel could be temporarily locked with the help of two dowels. The low center of gravity provided by the parasol wing allowed for the lateral stability that this type of control system requires.
Death.
Aurel Vlaicu died on September 13, 1913, near Câmpina, on the outskirts of Bănești commune while attempting to be the first to fly across the Carpathian Mountains in his now aged "A. Vlaicu Nr. II". He was expected to participate in the ASTRA festivities in Orăștie, near Binţinţi.
He was buried in Bellu Cemetery, in Bucharest and was posthumously elected to the Romanian Academy in 1948.
The cause of Vlaicu's crash remains unsolved. Vlaicu's friends Giovanni Magnani and Constantin Silisteanu dismissed claims of sabotage, the two being among the first to inspect the wreckage as they were following him in an automobile. The most plausible cause of Vlaicu's death was that the airplane stalled while landing with the engine off (as it was common practice at the time, landings were made with the engine off, however this made it difficult for the pilot to abort a misjudged landing). 
Legacy.
17 June, the day of Aurel Vlaicu's first powered flight, is celebrated as The National Aviation Day of Romania.
His name is listed second on the Romanian Airmen Heroes Memorial in Bucharest, after Gheorghe Caranda and before his friend and fellow pilot, Gheorghe Negel, who died in an aircraft crash one month after Vlaicu, on October 11, 1913.
A museum was established in his home village, now named Aurel Vlaicu. and a monument was erected near Bănești where he crashed his plane.
The second largest airport in Romania, a TAROM Airbus A318-111 and the Aurel Vlaicu University, a public university founded in 1991 in Arad are all named after him.
The 50 Romanian lei banknote has a portrait of Vlaicu on the obverse, and on the reverse a drawing of one of his airplanes and a cross-section of the airplane's engine.
A commemorative 50 bani coin was issued by the Romanian National Bank in 2010.
A Bucharest Metro train station, Aurel Vlaicu metro station is named in memory of him.
His life was the subject of the novel "Flăcăul din Binţinţi" by Constantin Ghiban (published in 1953), and of a movie by Mircea Drăgan (released in 1978).
His life was the subject of the novels "Maistorasul Aurel, ucenicul lui Dumnezeu: Cronica vremii si vietii lui Vlaicu" by Victor Ion Popa (published in 1939) and "Flăcăul din Binţinţi" by Constantin Ghiban (published in 1953), and of a movie by Mircea Drăgan (released in 1978).
In 2010 a museum in Deva ordered several hundreds mugs to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Vlaicu's first powered flight. The mug designers used a pictured uploaded to Wikipedia showing another Romanian aviation pioneer, Traian Vuia, which was wrongly labelled as Aurel Vlaicu (Wikipedia upload picture name "Aurel Vlaicu avionul"). As of May 2018, the incorrect picture is still used on several websites.