Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( , , ; 16 May 1718 – 9 January 1799) was an Italian mathematician, philosopher, theologian, and humanitarian. She was the first woman to write a mathematics handbook and the first woman appointed as a mathematics professor at a university.
She is credited with writing the first book discussing both [[Differential calculus|differential]] and [[integral calculus]] and was a member of the faculty at the [[University of Bologna]], although she never served.
She devoted the last four decades of her life to studying [[theology]] (especially [[patristics]]) and to [[charitable work]] and serving the poor. She was a devout [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and wrote extensively on the marriage between intellectual pursuit and mystical contemplation, most notably in her essay "Il cielo mistico" (The Mystic Heaven). She saw the rational contemplation of God as a complement to prayer and contemplation of the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
[[Maria Teresa Agnesi Pinottini]], [[clavicembalo|clavicembalist]] and [[composer]], was her sister.
Early life.
Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born in [[Milan]], to a wealthy and literate family. Her father Pietro Agnesi, a wealthy silk merchant, wanted to elevate his family into the Milanese nobility. In order to achieve his goal, he had married [[Anna Fortunato Brivio]] of the [[Brivius de Brokles]] family in 1717. Her mother's death provided her the excuse to retire from public life. She took over management of the household. She was one of 21 children.
[[File:Il diploma di nomina dell' Agnesi all' Università di Bologna.png|thumb|Agnesi's diploma from Università di Bologna]]
Maria was recognized early on as a [[child prodigy]]; she could speak both [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[French language|French]] at five years of age. By her eleventh birthday, she had also learned [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[German language|German]], and [[Latin]], and was referred to as the "Seven-Tongued Orator".
Agnesi suffered a mysterious illness at the age of twelve that was attributed to her excessive studying and reading, so she was prescribed vigorous dancing and horseback riding. This treatment did not work; she began to experience extreme convulsions, after which she was encouraged to pursue moderation. By age fourteen, she was studying [[ballistics]] and [[geometry]]. When she was fifteen, her father began to regularly gather in his house a circle of the most learned men in [[Bologna]], before whom she read and maintained a series of theses on the most abstruse philosophical questions. Records of these meetings are given in [[Charles de Brosses]]' "Lettres sur l'Italie" and in the "Propositiones Philosophicae", which her father had published in 1738 as an account of her final performance, where she defended 190 philosophical theses.
Her father remarried twice after Maria's mother died, and Maria Agnesi ended up the eldest of 21 children, including her half-siblings. Her father agreed with her that if she were to continue her research into mathematics, then she would be permitted to do all the charity work she wanted. In addition to her performances and lessons, her responsibility was to teach her siblings. This task kept her from her own goal of entering a convent, as she had become strongly religious. Although her father refused to grant this wish, he agreed to let her live from that time on in an almost conventual semi-retirement, avoiding all interactions with society and devoting herself entirely to the study of mathematics. After having read in 1739 the "Traité analytique des sections coniques" of the Marquis [[Guillaume de l'Hôpital]], she was fully introduced into the field in 1740 by [[Ramiro Rampinelli]], an [[Olivetan]] monk who was one of the most notable Italian mathematicians of that time. During that time, Maria studied with him both [[differential calculus|differential]] and [[integral]] calculus. Her family was recognized as one of the wealthiest in Milan.
Contributions to mathematics.
"Instituzioni analitiche".
[[File:Il frontispizio delle Instituzioni analitiche dell' Agnesi.png|thumb|right|First page of "Instituzioni analitiche" (1748)]]
According to Britannica, she is "considered to be the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics". The most valuable result of her labours was the "Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana", (Analytical Institutions for the Use of Italian Youth) which was published in Milan in 1748 and "was regarded as the best introduction extant to the works of [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]]". The goal of this work was, according to Agnesi herself, to give a systematic illustration of the different results and theorems of [[infinitesimal calculus]]. The model for her treatise was "Le calcul différentiel et intégral dans l’Analyse" by [[Charles René Reyneau]]. In this treatise, she worked on integrating [[mathematical analysis]] with [[algebra]]. The first volume treats of the analysis of [[Finite difference method|finite quantities]] and the second of the analysis of [[infinitesimal]]s.
A French translation of the second volume by [[P. T. d'Antelmy]], with additions by [[Charles Bossut]] (1730–1814), was published in [[Paris]] in 1775; and "Analytical Institutions", an English translation of the whole work by [[John Colson]] (1680–1760), the [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics]] at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], "inspected" by [[John Hellins]], was published in 1801 at the expense of [[Francis Maseres|Baron Maseres]]. The work was dedicated to Empress [[Maria Theresa]], who thanked Agnesi with the gift of a diamond ring, a personal letter, and a diamond and crystal case. Many others praised her work, including [[Pope Benedict XIV]], who wrote her a complimentary letter and sent her a gold wreath and a gold medal.
In writing this work, Agnesi was advised and helped by two distinguished mathematicians: her former teacher Ramiro Rampinelli and [[Jacopo Riccati]].
Witch of Agnesi.
The "Instituzioni analitiche...", among other things, discussed a curve earlier studied and constructed by [[Pierre de Fermat]] and [[Guido Grandi]]. Grandi called the curve "versoria" in Latin and suggested the term "versiera" for Italian, possibly as a pun: '[[wikt:versoria|versoria]]' is a nautical term, "[[sheet (sailing)|sheet]]", while "versiera/aversiera" is "she-devil", "witch", from Latin "Adversarius", an alias for "[[devil]]" (Adversary of God). For whatever reasons, after translations and publications of the "Instituzioni analitiche..." the curve has become known as the "Witch of Agnesi".
Other.
[[File:5407 - Palazzo di Brera, Milano - Busto a Gaetana Agnesi - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 1-Oct-2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Maria Gaetana Agnesi in Milan]]
Agnesi also wrote a commentary on the "Traité analytique des sections coniques du [[Guillaume de l'Hôpital|marquis de l'Hôpital]]" which, though highly praised by those who saw it in manuscript, was never published.
Later life.
In 1750, on the illness of her father, she was appointed by [[Pope Benedict XIV]] to the chair of mathematics and [[natural philosophy]] and physics at [[Bologna]], though she never served. She was the second woman ever to be granted professorship at a university, [[Laura Bassi]] being the first.
In 1751, she became ill again and was told not to study by her doctors. After the death of her father in 1752 she carried out a long-cherished purpose by giving herself to the study of [[theology]], and especially of the [[Fathers of the Church|Fathers]] and devoted herself to the poor, homeless, and sick, giving away the gifts she had received and begging for money to continue her work with the poor. In 1783, she founded and became the director of the [[Opera Pia Trivulzio]], a home for Milan's elderly, where she lived as the nuns of the institution did. On 9 January 1799, Maria Agnesi died poor and was buried in a mass grave for the poor with fifteen other bodies.
Recognition.
In 1996, an asteroid, [[16765 Agnesi]], was named after Agnesi. There is also a [[Agnesi (crater)|crater]] on [[Venus]] named Agnesi after her, as well as a mathematical curve named the [[Witch of Agnesi]].
External links.
[[Category:1718 births]]
[[Category:1799 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian mathematicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian philosophers]]
[[Category:18th-century women scientists]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian women]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Italian women scientists]]
[[Category:Linguists from Italy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Milan]]
[[Category:Catholic philosophers]]
[[Category:University of Bologna faculty]]
[[Category:Women founders]]
[[Category:Women linguists]]
[[Category:Women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Italian women philosophers]]