Mission Innovation

Mission Innovation is a global initiative to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation to address climate change, make clean energy affordable to consumers, and create green jobs and commercial opportunities.
History.
It was announced by Bill Gates at COP21 on 30 November 2015, on stage with President Obama of the United States, President Hollande of France and Prime Minister Modi of India.
At the launch, 24 countries committed to double their respective clean energy research and development over the five years to 2020. For the US Department of Energy, this translates into an additional $4 billion by the end of 2020. The countries include the five most populous (as at 2015): China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. All 20 launch partner countries represent 75 percent of the world's CO2 emissions from electricity, and over 80 percent of the world's clean energy R&D investment.
Its link to private sector investment is via the Breakthrough Energy Coalition group of private investors, also spearheaded by Bill Gates and which formed in parallel at COP21.
Scientists, academics, and officials who had called for a Global Apollo Programme earlier in 2015 commented that the group should set a specific target to make clean electricity cheaper to produce than coal, preferably by 2025.
Technology focus.
The initiative is open in its focus and will, according to Gates, "pursue literally dozens and dozens of paths". Several example technologies were mentioned at the launch of the initiative: biofuel, carbon capture and storage, airborne wind turbines, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Gates has also mentioned the potential of liquid hydrocarbons being produced from sunlight via artificial photosynthesis ("solar fuel") by 2025.
In November 2016, the member governments agreed to co-ordinate their efforts around seven "Innovation Challenges," and added an eighth Innovation Challenge in 2018. They are:
Participating countries.
The following are founder members: