Dunne D.8

The Dunne D.8 of 1912 was a tailless swept wing biplane, designed by J. W. Dunne to have inherent stability. One example was supplied to RAE Farnborough. License-built Burgess-Dunne models were used by the US Signal Corps and United States Navy and the short-lived Canadian Aviation Corps. It was the latter's first and only warplane.
Design and development.
J. W. Dunne's first swept biplane wing aircraft, designed to have automatic stability, dated from his employment at the Army Balloon Factory (later RAE Farnborough) during 1906–09. After leaving Farnborough, Dunne set up a private company, the Blair Atholl Aeroplane Syndicate Ltd. Its first aircraft was the Dunne D.5. When this crashed in 1911 it was rebuilt as the D.8. The two models shared very similar wings and the same engine, but the D.8 had a single pusher propeller instead of the chain-driven pair of the D.5. Their fuselages and undercarriages were also different.
The D.8 was a tailless four bay unstaggered biplane with its wings swept at 32°. Its constant chord wings were built up around two spruce spars, the forward one forming the leading edge. To help achieve stability the incidence and interplane gap decreased outboard, the former becoming negative. This washout on tips well behind the centre of gravity provided longitudinal stability in the same way as a conventional tailplane, set at lower incidence than the wings. Camber increased outwards. Simple, near parallel, pairs of interplane struts joined the spars. The outer interplane struts were enclosed with fabric, forming fixed side curtains that provided directional (yaw) stability. Wing tip elevons were used for control, operated by a pair of levers, one either side of the pilot. The D.8 initially used just a pair of these, mounted on the upper wing, a rectangular cutout in the side curtains allowing for their movement as on the D.5. Large parts of the aircraft were built by Short Brothers.
The D.8's water-cooled 4-cylinder, Green engine directly drove a single pusher propeller, saving weight compared with the D.5's chain drive. As a consequence of the propeller position the fuselage was shortened at the rear; it was also extended in the nose. This first D.8 seems to have been a single-seater like its D.5 predecessor, the pilot sitting at mid chord.
The undercarriage was complex, comprising a narrow-track pair of sprung wheels with wingtip skids. It featured undamped, opposing springing and an elaborate anti-noseover skid.
The Green engine was later replaced by an 7-cylinder Gnome rotary engine. This engine also powered the second aircraft, which was a two-seater with the pilot placed just ahead of the wing leading edge and the passenger (who had dual control) at the trailing edge. There were now control surfaces on both upper and lower wings, the side curtains having a pair of tapered notches to allow them to move. Each of the upper wings carried a pair of elevons, nearly doubling the control surface area.
History.
The D.8 first flew in June 1912 at Eastchurch, fitted with a Green engine. It was present at the Larkhill Military trial in August 1912, though it did not take part in the competition. Despite the two handed arrangement of the D.8's controls, the one-handed Capt. A.D. Carden gained his Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate on it in June 1912.
In 1913 the D.8 was fitted with an 80 hp Gnome engine which greatly improved performance and reliability. 1913. In August 1913 Commandant Felix piloted a D.8 across the English Channel from Eastchurch to Villacoublay, Paris. Nieuport had obtained a licence to build the D.8 and Felix gave demonstration flights in France on their behalf.
A Nieuport-built Dunne appeared at the Paris Aero Salon in December 1913. Like the second D.8 it was a Gnome powered two-seater, but with significant differences both aerodynamically and structurally. It combined the double upper wing elevons into a single surface and had very rounded rear wingtips. The fuselage was slightly modified and built around steel tubes rather than wood. The interplane struts were streamlined steel tubes. It also had a strikingly simplified undercarriage.
Dunne had obtained a War Office order for two D.8s, though one was cancelled because of late delivery. The other was delivered to Farnborough on 3 March 1914, where it was given the RFC number 366. It made several flights on 11 March piloted by N. S. Percival, who had flown the first D.8 many times at Eastchurch and was now an RFC officer. The general judgement was that in the search for balance between stability and controllability, the Dunne design overemphasised the former.