Bridge International Academies

Bridge International Academies ('Bridge') is a for-profit private network of community schools and (self-defined as) a "social enterprise" which began in Kenya in 2009. Bridge partners with communities, teachers and parents to deliver life changing education for primary/pre-primary children. The organisation aims to ensure all children have access to a quality education.
Bridge believes in ongoing teacher training and support, advanced lesson plans and the use of wireless technology to deliver education. They have been a participant in the United Nations Global Compact since September 2017.
Bridge runs or supports nearly 3,000 schools and educates a million children in a day. It's aiming to educate 10,000,000 pupils by 2025. It currently operates schools in India, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria and Uganda. It is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya with additional offices in Kampala, Lagos, Monrovia, Vijayawada, London, Boston, and Washington, DC.
Through the use of technology it streamlines school administration, delivers lessons plan to teachers, facilitates classroom management and tracks the progress of both teachers and students in real time. It has notable investor support from Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates.
History.
Bridge International Academies was founded by friends Shannon May, Jay Kimmelman and Phil Frei, who met at a 5 year reunion Harvard University to solve for some of the most intractable problems in education and development, including: underprepared teachers, rampant teacher absenteeism, ill-equipped classrooms, and fraudulent administrative practices. 
Bridge's headquarters opened in Nairobi, Kenya in 2008. The first academy launched in 2009 in Mukuru kwa Njenga, an east-Nairobi slum that is home to over 100,000 people. From 2009 to 2015, Bridge expanded across Kenya, bringing its innovative approach to education to thousands more children every year. 
In 2015, Bridge continued growth in Kenya and expanded internationally, into Uganda and Nigeria.
Bridge opened a London, UK office and was awarded one of six World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE) Awards for innovation in education.
In 2016, Bridge opened six schools in Andhra Pradesh, India in a partnership with the Government of Andhra Pradesh to use disused school buildings to create Bridge schools.
Bridge was also chosen as one of the first partners by the Liberian Ministry for Education's Liberian Education Advancement Programme (PSL) program. The programme is a public-private partnership. The programme was renamed the Liberian Education Advancement Programme (LEAP) and is now in its fourth year and has now expanded across the country. The programme was evaluated using a randomized controlled trial. 
Bridge won the Global Shared Value award for an “outstanding record in re-conceiving education for a new market” in Kenya over 2016.
Costs for bridge schools net losses and revenues are estimated and are not released by the firm, with losses in 2016 estimated $12m a year and with a total revenue of $16m / year. 
In 2017, the number of Bridge academies in Lagos, Nigeria increased. Bridge Liberia expanded to south-east Liberia. The internal M&E report revealed learning gains for Liberian pupils, after four months. The RCT evaluation of the first year of PSL showed learning gains in Bridge-PSL schools, but while most providers in the public-private partnership kept students in oversubscribed schools and retained existing teachers, Bridge did not. Bridge removed pupils after taking control of schools with large class sizes, and removed 74% of incumbent teachers from their schools. The third year of KCPE results were published with Bridge pupils outperforming their peers by 10 percentage points.
In 2018, Bridge pupils took part in Ugandan primary school exams for the first time and 100% of Bridge pupils passed. Bridge was selected as a technical delivery partner for the Nigerian education initiative EdoBEST that aims to transform education in Edo State. Partnership Schools for Liberia was renamed Liberian Education Advancement Program (LEAP).
In 2020, for the third year, pupils who sat the Ugandan Primary Leaving Examination (PLE) outperformed the nationwide average.
In March 2021, Bridge pupils entered the Kenyan Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) for a sixth year. These were the 2020 KCPE exams, delayed from November 2020 because of the impact of the Covid pandemic. More than 2,700 girls and boys sat the exams. Bridge Kenya pupils sitting the KCPE scored an average of 21 points higher than pupils nationally, the highest in Bridge Kenya history. For the sixth year in succession, Bridge Kenya pupils outperformed the national average. 
Approach.
Bridge's approach uses a central team in each country to prepare content and monitor student progress. Bridge equips its teachers with a tablet onto which they download daily lesson plans and teacher guides up to two weeks in advance.
The teachers guides set out the content and structure for each lesson.
A typical lesson consists of three parts:
Co-curricular activities.
In addition to classroom lessons, the Bridge curriculum also includes extra-curricular activities such as sports, art, martial arts, music, and debate.
Structure.
Bridge is managed through a centralised system in each country, lowering the administrative costs for operating individual schools. Each Bridge school has only one administrative staff member, known as an Academy Manager, headteacher or Principal, who manages the school through a smartphone loaded with a custom-developed application that connects managers to a central cloud-based server.
Using the custom application, Bridge can track student admissions and billing – in community schools – in real-time and serves as a financial management tool for the overall academy, including fee payments, expense management, and payroll.
The rate of teacher absenteeism for Bridge schools is documented at less than 1%, whereas in Kenyan public schools according to World Bank research, absenteeism in the classroom is 47.3%.
Monitoring and evaluation.
Bridge uses technology and roving quality assurance teams to track learning outcomes. 
The teacher guides monitor attendance, timing of lesson delivery, and pupil comprehension, which is uploaded daily onto the central server.
The central academic team can then review outcomes to iterate lessons in real time, or identify needs for further teacher training. 
The academic team additionally identifies new methods or resources they believe can aid learning and gathers data on results.
Bridge uses this data on learning to not only improve its model, but also to contribute to wider pedagogy. 
Learning gains.
Observational evidence suggests that the longer pupils had been in a Bridge academy, the better they perform in their Kenyan KCPE exams: 
In July 2017, an internal M&E report, revealed learning gains achieved at Bridge Partnership Schools for Liberia (PSL) in just four months.
The report reveals that in four months, students in Bridge PSL public schools could:
Bridge PSL public school students made more progress toward achieving national literacy benchmarks.
In 2021, Bridge Kenya pupils sitting the KCPE scored an average of 21 points higher than pupils nationally, the highest in Bridge Kenya history. For the sixth year in succession, Bridge Kenya pupils outperformed the national average.
Other outcomes.
In Liberia, the experimental evaluation of the PSL program reveals that Bridge has a positive effect on students' learning. However, Bridge has a negative effect on pupil-level enrollment. In the first year this was due to mass un-enrollment of students in schools where enrollment was high and class sizes were large before Bridge arrived. After three years, students originally enrolled in partnership schools managed by Bridge were less likely to be enrolled in any school at all.
Awards and acclaim.
Bridge, as well as its founders, have received notable recognition through the winning of business awards and inclusion in internationally recognised reports and case studies. Speaking to Quartz magazine in September 2019, explaining his 'ultimate recipe' for achieving global literacy, Bill Gates is quoted as saying: "the model of Bridge is promising, it's far too small."
Dr Shannon May was listed by the World Economic Forum at one of their 15 Women Changing the World. In 2018, she was awarded a CEO Today, Business Women of the Year Award.
In 2015, Jay Kimmelman was listed on the Goldman Sachs 100 Most Intriguing Entrepreneurs. In 2018, he was awarded an ACQ5 Gamechanger of the Year Award (Education; Africa).
Criticism.
Bridge has received criticism from different sources, including teaching unions and education rights groups. Education groups have pushed back on Bridge as using a model that stifles creativity, innovation, and goes against educational research in developed countries. Critics have been accused of putting 'ideology before education'. 
After the president of the World Bank Jim Yong Kim praised Bridge Schools in 2015, there was a large push-back from organisations in Kenya and Uganda, disagreeing with his statement. They expressed deep concern over the global financial institution's investment in a chain of private primary schools targeting poor families in Kenya and Uganda and called on the institution to support free universal education instead. 
Others have argued that their model, focused on guided instruction, actually enhances creativity similar to the way musicians use sheet music or actors have scripts. 
The company has come under criticism from aid agencies and civil rights groups, including ActionAid and Education for All, for being detrimental to the plan of offering a “universal, free and compulsory basic education” to all children. Education International (EI), a global group of teachers’ unions, has criticised Bridge for its for-profit model being “morally wrong.” 
Global Justice Now has criticised Bridge by suggesting that “the cost per student at just $6 dollars a month” is misleading. It states that 'the suggestion that $6 is an acceptable amount of money for poor households to pay reveals a profound lack of understanding of the reality of the lives of the poorest”. Global Justice Now calculated that for half their populations, the $6 per month per child it would cost to send three primary school age children to a Bridge Academy, is equal to at least a quarter of their monthly income. Many families already struggle to provide three meals a day to their children. It has also claimed that the real total cost of sending one child to a Bridge school is between $9 and $13 a month, and up to $20 when including school meals. 
Funding and investors.
Bridge has received funding from a number of investors, including: 