Sustainable Development Goal 5

Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5 or Global Goal 5) concerns gender equality and is fifth of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording of SDG 5 is "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls". Progress towards targets is measured by indicators. The 17 SDGs recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability. A system thinking approach is the base for global sustainability.
SDG 5 has nine targets and 14 indicators. Six of the targets are "outcome-oriented": ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere; ending violence and exploitation of women and girls; eliminating harmful practices such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation; increasing value of unpaid care and promoting shared domestic responsibilities; ensuring full participation of women in leadership and decision-making; and ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health. The three "means of achieving" targets are: fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services for women; promoting empowerment of women through technology; and adopting, strengthening policies and enforcing legislation for gender equality.
Through the pledge to "Leave No One Behind", countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind, first. SDG 5 aims to grant women and girls equal rights, opportunities to live free without discrimination including workplace discrimination or any violence. This is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected women as they are more vulnerable and have reduced access to treatment. Evidence shows there has been increase in violence against women during the epidemic.
Background.
The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations. The broad goals are linked yet each has its own targets to achieve. The SDGs cover a broad range of social and economic development issues. These include poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, water supply, sanitation, energy, urbanization, environment and social justice.
The SDGs replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Outcome Document of the UN Summit on the 2030 Agenda is the document called "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". It includes an emphasis on the importance of achieving progress on peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice and rule of law, and effective, accountable and inclusive institutions.
Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. There are 9 targets and 14 Indicators for SDG 5.
Gender equality by 2030 requires urgent action to eliminate many root causes of discrimination that curtail women's rights in private and public spheres. Eliminating gender-based violence and rape is a priority, given that it is a human rights violation. The commitment to advancing gender equality has brought improvements in some areas, but the promise of a world in which every woman and girl enjoys full gender equality and all legal, social and economic barriers to their empowerment, including digital empowerment is still wanting.
Providing women and girls with equal access to education, technology, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will nurture sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. Achieving gender equality will require enforceable legislation that promotes empowerment of all women and girls and requires secondary education for all girls. The targets call for an end to gender discrimination and for empowering women and girls through technology. There is a direct relationship between technology advancement and women empowerment...
Targets, indicators and progress.
The targets and indicators for SDG 5 are extensive and provide equal opportunity for females (women and girls). Targets cover a broad crosscutting gender issues including ending all forms of discrimination against all females everywhere (Target 5.1), violence and exploitation of females(Target 5.2), eliminate practices such as female genital mutilation and forced marriages (Target 5.3), increase value of unpaid care and promote shared domestic responsibilities (Target 5.4), ensure full participation of women in leadership and decision-making (Target 5.5), ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health (Target 5.6), fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services for women (Target 5.a), promoting empowerment of women through technology (Target 5.b) and adopting, strengthening policies and enforcing legislation for gender equality (Target 5.c).
By strengthening the commitment towards a more gender equal world, the targets help in making the goals more specific. Indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved.
Target 5.1: End discrimination against women and girls.
The first target of SDG 5 is Target 5.1: "End all forms of discrimination against all females everywhere."
This target has one indicator. Indicator 5.1.1: Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex.
This means the indicator works towards the legal frameworks which can be applied to promote and enforce non-discrimination on the basis of sex across various measures including hiring, equal pay, marital rape and property rights, among others.
Discrimination against women (or sexism) can be measured with a range of indicators such as early marriage, gender-based violence and women's property rights.
Child marriage has declined over the past decades yet there is no region that is currently on track to eliminate the practice and reach SDG targets by 2030. If current trends continue, between 2017 and 2030, 150 million girls will be married before they turn 18. Though child marriages are four times higher among the poorest than the wealthiest in the world, most countries need to accelerate progress among both groups in order to reach the SDG Goal 5 target to eliminate child marriage by 2030. Cultural belief of child marriage is the foundation in many cases of child marriage that need to be changed. Child marriage is directly related with maternal mortality and pregnancy related complications.
A record of 143 countries guaranteed equality between men and women in their constitutions as of 2014. However, another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations, gender discrimination is still woven into the fabric of legal systems and social norms.
The custodian agencies for Indicator 5.1.1 are UN Women and World Bank. 
Target 5.2: End all violence against and exploitation of women and girls.
The full title of Target 5.2 is: "Eliminate all forms of violence against all females in the public and private spheres including trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation."
This target has two indicators:
The rate of constant intentional abuse against females is a widespread form of human rights offense worldwide. Globally, around 7% of women have been sexually abused by someone other than an intimate partner. Another concern is that many of the sex abuse cases are unreported and so data are sub optimal in many countries related to sexual violence.
Target 5.3: Eliminate forced marriages and genital mutilation.
The full title of Target 5.3 is: "Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM)". evidence shows that there is no health benefit in the case of female genital mutilation
Eliminating harmful practices is a way of ensuring that girls are able to live their live full potential lives without any harm. Reducing these risk allows for girls pursue their education, own their bodily autonomy and eventually become productive members of the social, economic and political processes. Educating women has a direct proportional relation with the development of the community.
There are two indicators:
In 2019, one in five young women 20 to 24 years of age throughout the world was married in childhood, down from one in four in 2004 and with the highest figure in sub-Saharan Africa, with more than one in three young women.
At least 200 million girls and women have been subjected to female genital mutilation, according to recent data from the 31 countries where the practice is concentrated. The harmful practice is becoming less common, but progress is not fast enough to meet the global target of its elimination by 2030.
Target 5.4: Value unpaid care and promote shared domestic responsibilities.
The full title of Target 5.4: "Recognise and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate"
This target has one Indicator: Indicator 5.4.1 is the "Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location".
Unpaid care and domestic work includes cooking and cleaning, fetching water and firewood or taking care of children and the elderly. Women carry out at least two and a half times more unpaid household and care work than men. As a result, women have less time to engage in paid labor, work longer hours, combining paid and unpaid labor.
Women's unpaid work subsidizes the cost of care that sustains families, supports economies and often fills in for the lack of social services. Yet, it is rarely recognized as "work". Taking cue from countries like Australia, Italy, Fiji, policies should be put in place to promote equal distribution of paid and unpaid work in households to reduce these gender gaps.
Target 5.5: Ensure full participation in leadership and decision-making.
The full title of Target 5.5 is: "Ensure women's full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life."
Advancing global norms and national practices to further women's leadership in politics and public institutions is important for gender equality.
Indicators are:
As at 1 January 2020, representation by women in single or lower houses of national parliament reached 25 per cent, up slightly from 22 per cent in 2015. Women have better access to decision-making positions at the local level, holding 36 per cent of elected seats in local deliberative bodies, based on data from 133 countries and areas.
In 2019, 28 per cent of managerial positions in the world were occupied by women, a small increase from 25 per cent in 2000, while women represented 39 per cent of the world's workers and half of the world's working-age population.
Target 5.6: Universal access to reproductive rights and health.
The full title of Target 5.6 is: "Ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Program-me of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences."
Indicators are:
Based on data from 57 countries for the period 2007–2018, only 55 per cent of married or in-union women 15 to 49 years of age made their own decisions regarding sexual and reproductive health and rights, ranging from less than 40 per cent in Central and Western Africa to nearly 80 per cent in some countries in Europe, South- Eastern Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean.
In 2019, in the 75 countries with data, on average, 73 per cent of the laws and regulations needed to guarantee full and equal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights were in place. The findings are particularly encouraging with regard to HIV: on average, countries achieved 87 per cent of enabling laws and regulations for HIV counseling and test services, 91 per cent for HIV treatment and care services and 96 per cent for HIV confidentiality.
Target 5.a: Equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services.
The full title of Target 5.a is: "Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws."
The two indicators are:
Target 5.b: Promote empowerment of women through technology.
The full title of Target 5.b is: "Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women."
This target has one indicator: Indicator 5.b.1 is the "Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex".
Technology is an important tool for learning, sharing and engaging that should include more gender specific policies that enhance equality.
Empowering women with mobile telephones has been shown to accelerate social and economic development. However, in the 66 countries with data for the 2016–2018 period, the rate of mobile telephone ownership among men was on average 6.8 percentage points higher than the rate among women.
There are wide gender gaps in internet access and use. Men are 21% more likely to have internet access than women, rising to 52% in the world's least developed countries. The majority of those offline are women in developing countries, reinforcing gender inequalities. Between 2013 and 2019, the gender gap in online use rose from 11% to 17%. In least-developed countries over the same period, the gap rose from 30% to 43%.
Target 5.c: Adopt and strengthen policies and enforceable legislation for gender equality.
The full title of Target 5.c is: "Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels." 
This target has one indicator: Indicator 5.c.1 is the "Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women's empowerment".
Countries should work towards progressive gender equality policies that recognize how structures can enable progress towards women and girls empowerment.
Custodian agencies.
Custodian agencies are responsible for monitoring and reporting of indicators:
Monitoring and progress.
An annual report is prepared by the Secretary-General of the United Nations evaluating the progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
The SDGs face challenges if more attention is not given to addressing governance challenges crucial to their implementation. This involves considering how government, business, non-governmental organizations, civil society and researchers will work together. High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General, a recent one is the UN's High Level Political Forum thematic review of SDG 5.
Challenges.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 also poses a challenge in achieving gender equality. The impact of COVID-19 on women has been:
All of these impacts are made worse in contexts where countries have fragile and non-cohesive structures that are able to protect women and girls. The lack of strong institutional and systemic social cohesion continues to undermine the capacity and services needed to progressively achieve gender equality. 
The pandemic has affected national statistical systems as data collection operation is now a major workload for statistical agencies in countries with limited resources thereby pushing gender data way down the priority ladder.
Links with other SDGs.
Even though SDG 5 is a stand-alone goal, other SDGs can only be achieved if the needs of women receive the same attention as the needs of men. Issues unique to women and girls include traditional practices such as female genital mutilation. Gender equity experts state that without progress on Goal 5, the other goals and targets cannot be achieved. The link between SDG 5 and the other SDGs has been extensively analysed by UN Women's report on gender equality in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.
For example, access to decent work and regular income for women directly contributes not only to poverty reduction (SDG 1) but also support better education (SDG 4), zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and wellbeing (SDG 3) outcomes. Eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls (Target 5.2) is not only an essential component of SDG 5 but also critical to ensuring healthy lives and well-being for people of all ages (SDG 3). Women subjected to sexual or physical intimate partner violence are 1.5 times as likely to become infected with HIV (Target 3.3). Environmental degradation (SDG 13) has its effects on food production, food safety and economic security of societies that depend on agriculture where women are. Eliminating these and other gender-specific constraints and other forms of discrimination is thus a critical agenda for SDG 5.
Organizations.
Several global organizations have vowed to achieve progress towards SDG 5 in various ways. For example:
Society and culture.
The World Pensions Council (WPC) has insisted on the transformational role gender-diverse boards can play in that regard, predicting that 2018 could be a pivotal year, as "more than ever before, many UK and European Union pension trustees speak enthusiastically about flexing their fiduciary muscles for the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG 5, and to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."
Some have advocated for "listening to girls". The assertion is that the SDGs can deliver transformative change for girls only if girls are consulted. Their priorities and needs must be taken into account. Girls should be viewed not as beneficiaries of change, but as agents of change. Engaging women and girls in the implementation of the SDGs is crucial.