Sustainable Development Goal 7

Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7 or Global Goal 7) is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. It aims to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all." Access to energy is a very important pillar for the wellbeing of the people as well as economic development and poverty alleviation.
The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards the targets is measured by six indicators. Three out of the five targets are "outcome targets": Universal access to modern energy; increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy efficiency. The remaining two targets are "means of achieving targets": to promote access to research, technology and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries. In other words, these targets include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. This would involve improving energy efficiency and enhancing international cooperation to facilitate more open access to clean energy technology and more investment in clean energy infrastructure. Plans call for particular attention to infrastructure support for the least developed countries, small islands and land-locked developing countries. 
According to a report in 2019, the world is making progress towards achieving SDG 7, but will fall short of meeting the targets by 2030 at the current rate of progress. SDG 7 and Climate change mitigation (SDG 13) are closely related and complementary. In order to achieve long term climate goals, the world needs to put more effort into renewable energy.
Background.
Use of energy marks the beginning of human civilization. It began with the use of burning biomass (discovery of fire) to produce heat for local heating and cooking purposes. The Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s caused a paradigm shift to the use of coal, oil and natural gas as the primary sources of energy. As the population increased over the years, the demand for these non-renewable resources also increased many fold, thus pushing the environment to the brink of destruction. 
As the world population continues to grow, so will the gap between those who can afford it and those who cannot. A representative at the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development stated that "despite improved access to electricity globally, nearly one billion people continue to live without electricity and three billion people lack access to clean cooking solutions and are exposed to dangerous levels of indoor air pollution". At the same time, an economy reliant on fossil fuels is causing changes to our climate. Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today, including for example adaptation to climate change, food security, health, education, sustainable cities, jobs and transport. Hence, it is imperative that we move to more environment-friendly sources of energy, that are accessible by the most remote areas of the world.
Achieving SDG 7 is expected to galvanize actions to meet the Paris Agreement on climate change.
Affordable, clean and modern Energy.
For a long time, people have been using coal and oil as primary energy and to generate electricity. Seeing the harm they have been doing to the environment countries all over the world are looking into other alternatives for energy production (renewable energy sources) such as:
And while a shift to renewables has begun, it still contributes around 18% of the world's total energy consumption, with only about 10% coming from modern renewables.
Targets, indicators and progress.
SDG 7 has five targets, measured with six indicators, which are to be achieved by 2030. Three out of the five targets are "outcome targets", and two are "means of achieving targets".
Target 7.1: Universal access to modern energy.
The first target of SDG 7 is Target 7.1: "By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services".
This target has two indicators:
A report from 2019 found that:
Key strategies for closing this gap will include private sector financing, versatile solutions that include decentralized renewables, and efforts to both extend rural electrification and cope with urban densification.
Women are disproportionately affected by indoor air pollution caused by the use of fuels such as coal and wood indoors. Barriers to the adoption of clean cooking solutions include their affordability, lack of supply, and social acceptability.
According to the World Bank, 90 percent of the world's population had access to electricity as of 2018. It also noted that from the years 2010 to 2018, the global population without access to electricity went down from 1.2 billion to 789 million. An average of 136 million people had access to electricity between the years 2016 and 2018. There are strong disparities among countries and regions. For example, countries that are least developed are lagging behind the global average.
Estimations note that 94% of the global population should have access to electricity by 2030, without taking into account the repercussions of COVID-19. Bringing electricity to unserved populations comes with difficulty including affordability, reliability and the cost of deploying final solutions. This is particularly applicable in low income, remote or conflict-affected countries.
Finance for energy access remains far below the investment needed to achieve SDG 7 by 2030: USD 41 billion of annual investment is required to achieve universal residential electrification, but only one third, or USD 16 billion, was tracked by Sustainable Energy for All in 20 high-impact countries in 2018. Finance for clean cooking tripled from USD 48 million in 2017 to USD 131 million in 2018 but remains substantially below the estimated annual USD 4.5 billion required to achieve universal access by 2030. With only marginal year-on-year increases in commitments for energy, it is becoming increasingly clear that the financing community is failing to deliver on SDG7.
Target 7.2: Increase global percentage of renewable energy.
The second target of SDG 7 is Target 7.2: "By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix."
It has only one indicator: Indicator 7.2.1 is the "Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption".    
Renewable energy accounted for 17.5% of global total energy consumption in 2016. Of the three end uses of renewables (electricity, heat, and transport) the use of renewables grew fastest with respect to electricity. This was driven by the expansion of wind and solar technologies. 
Renewables still face persistent financial, regulatory, and sometimes technological barriers.
There are different options that can be used as a use of energy and one of those options is Uranium Pellets. One Uranium Pellet is about the size of a gummy bear, and produces the same amount of fuel and energy as 1 ton of coal, 17,00 cubic feet of natural gas, and 3.5 barrels of oil. Plus, a 12 foot long Uranium Pellet lasts about 6 years.
Target 7.3: Double the improvement in energy efficiency.
The third target of SDG 7 is Target 7.3: "By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency".
It has one indicator: Indicator 7.3.1 is the "Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP".      
A report in 2019 found that energy efficiency improvements have increased steadily in recent years, thanks to concerted policy efforts in major economies, including China.
Governments can increase this potential by strengthening mandatory energy efficiency policies, providing targeted fiscal or financial incentives, leveraging market-based mechanisms, and disseminating high-quality information about energy efficiency.
Target 7.A: Promote access to research, technology and investments in clean energy.
The fourth target of SDG 7 is Target 7.A: "By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology"
It has one indicator: Indicator 7.4.1 is the "International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems".     
A progress update by the United Nations in 2020 found that international financial flows to developing countries in support of clean and renewable energy reached $21.4 billion in 2017. This is a twofold increase from flows committed in 2010. Hydropower projects received 46 per cent of 2017 flows, while solar projects received 19 per cent, wind 7 per cent and geothermal 6 per cent.
Target 7.B: Expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries.
The fifth target of SDG 7 is formulated as: "Target 7.B: By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programs of support."
It has one indicator: Indicator 7.5.1 is the "Investments in energy efficiency as a proportion of GDP and the amount of foreign direct investment in financial transfer for infrastructure and technology to sustainable development services".
As of August 2020, there is no data available for this indicator.
It was reported in 2020 that Indicator 7.b.1 might be removed as it is identical with indicator 12.1.1 of SDG 12.
Energy sector investment related to all SDG 7 targets will need to more than double in order to achieve these goals. Between 2018 and 2030, the annual average investment will need to reach approximately $55 billion to expand energy access, about $700 billion to increase renewable energy and $600 billion to improve energy efficiency.
Custodian agencies.
Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators:
Overall progress and monitoring.
The UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) meets every year for global monitoring of the SDGs, under the auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council. High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published by the United Nations Secretary General, the most recent one is from April 2020. The report before that was from May 2019.
The world is currently not on track to deliver on SDG 7. More efforts need to be exerted to scale up the work on the ground and to witness progress.
According to the latest 2020 SDG report, affordable and reliable energy is now needed more than ever, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, to supply hospitals and health facilities as well as access to energy for students learning remotely. It also noted that in Sub-Saharan Africa, deficits in electricity are increasingly concentrate. It is estimated that around 620 million people would still lack access to electricity if the world continues to move at the current pace.
To reach the targets of SDG 7, there should be an enhanced political commitment, long-term energy planning, more public and private financing as well as appropriate policies and incentives to deploy the use of new technologies.
Challenges.
Covid-19 pandemic.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for reliable and affordable electricity in health centers. One quarter of the health facilities in a number of surveyed developing countries are not electrified, and another quarter has unscheduled outages. Many companies also are finding that they have excess stock of some items. Storage management may require even more energy consumption. During the crisis progress has been seen in some aspect of SDG7 such as improvement in energy efficiency, use of renewable energy and increased access to electricity to people. Financial capital in third world countries for renewable energy are increasing.
A study in Ontario showed that the electricity demand had declined 14% as of April 2020. This could be because the global social distancing response has caused people to rely less on energy intensive forms of transportation, instead relying on telecommunication and virtual meetings for their jobs and needs. This could make it easier to make infrastructural changes to the energy industry, while people are less reliant.
During the Recession of 2008, China invested significantly in renewable energies, as economic shortcomings were highlighted. It is possible that COVID-19 could have the same effect on a worldwide scale (although the Great Recession's effect on climate change ended up being inconsequential in the fight against climate change). The COVID-19 pandemic has also vastly decreased prices of oil. While this might motivate companies to increase demand for oil, more likely, the unprofitable oil situation will cause corporations to relocate funding to renewable sources as opposed to oil.
Links with other SDGs.
The SDGs are all interlinked. Energy (or SDG 7) is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today: this includes poverty eradication (SDG 1), gender equality (SDG 5), adaptation to climate change (SDG 13), food security (SDG 2), health (SDG 3), education (SDG 4), sustainable cities (SDG 11), jobs (SDG 8) and transport (SDG 9).
SDG 7 and climate mitigation (SDG 13) are closely related and complementary. The leading sources of the greenhouse gas savings that countries need to focus on in order to realize their commitments under the Paris Agreement are switching fuels to renewable energy and enhancing end-use energy efficiency.
Low human development and unequal access to energy are directly related to each other. Energy is highly linked to poverty and inequality since clean energy access is essential for women's health, education and productive activities. This leads to reduced poverty rates poverty especially amongst women as they spend more time than men cooking and collecting water and fuel.
According to UN Women, energy interventions that take into perspective women's needs have a significant impact on addressing gender equality and community energy poverty while also ensuring the equal participation of women in energy intervention that in turn benefits the society at large.
The world's economy is highly dependent on energy and the transition to more sustainable energy systems will impact the socioeconomic resilience of communities.
Organizations.
There are five custodian agencies for SDG 7 which together published the most recent Energy Progress Report in 2012: 