.arpa

The domain name arpa is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It is used predominantly for the management of technical network infrastructure. Prominent among such functions are the subdomains "in-addr.arpa" and "ip6.arpa", which provide namespaces for reverse DNS lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, respectively.
The name originally was the acronym for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the funding organization in the United States that developed the ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet. It was the first domain defined for the network in preparation for a hierarchical naming system for the delegation of authority, autonomy, and responsibility. It was originally intended only to serve in a temporary function for facilitating the systematic naming of the ARPANET computers. However, it became practically difficult to remove the domain after infrastructural uses had been sanctioned. As a result, the name was redefined as the backronym Address and Routing Parameter Area.
Domain-name registrations in arpa are not possible, and new subdomains are infrequently added by the Internet Engineering Task Force.
Purpose.
Each computer using the Internet Protocol is identified by a numerical IP address for identification and location addressing. Each host is also assigned a more memorable hostname, which often relates to the purpose or ownership of the host, and is used more conveniently in user interaction with network functions, such when connecting to or accessing a resource. Originally, the mapping between names and addresses was a cumbersome mechanical process using lookup tables distributed as computer files between network administrators. The Domain Name System (DNS) solved this inefficiency by automating the lookup function with a hierarchical naming system using domain names. When a user requests a network service using a domain name, the protocol implementation ("protocol stack") translates the name to an address that can be used to reach a remote host.
This naming function, often called "forward resolution", was the original purpose of the top-level domain "ARPA". It was the first domain defined in the first naming system of the nascent Internet, and was supposed to be an initial container domain for all then-existing ARPANET hosts. The next stage of development of the naming architecture foresaw the establishment of specific domain for other purposes based on certain requirements.
Reverse IP address mapping.
In many applications the reverse of the name-to-address mapping is also required. The host receiving a service request may require the domain name of the originating computer, for example, to customize the service, or for verification purposes. This latter function, called Reverse DNS lookup, is implemented in the major uses of the domain "arpa": its subdomains "in-addr.arpa" for Internet Protocol version 4, and "ip6.arpa" for IPv6.
Conceptually similar lookup and mapping functionality is provided by other subdomains of "arpa" for specific types of data.
Telephone number mapping.
The domain e164.arpa provides a lookup function that retrieves information associated with telephone numbers through the ENUM service. This service may be used to obtain the name of a computer that is capable of routing telecommunication requests for a registered telephone number, or obtain an email address to contact the subscriber of a specific telephone number.
Residential networking.
The domain name "home.arpa" was reserved by the Internet Engineering task force in May 2018 as a special-use domain name for non-unique DNS services in residential networking, to avoid the use of the top-level domain "home.", which would require DNSSEC signatures. In addition, the use of "home." led to domain name leakage to the Internet root name servers. The authoritative name servers for home.arpa intercept locally unresolved queries for the domain and return addresses for certain blackhole servers.
History.
The ARPANET, named for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), was launched in 1969, and is considered the earliest predecessor of the Internet. The agency's name was adopted as the name for the first formal name space of the network after it had transitioned to TCP/IP networking in January 1983. The name was used as a naming suffix for all then-existing ARPANET hosts. Hierarchical domain-style names were intended to support delegation of responsibility and authority for adding future hosts to the network.
With the formal development of such a hierarchical naming system, the domain also became one of the inaugural members of a set of domain names for specific types of network members, namely com for commercial users, org for organizations, edu for educational institutions, gov for government entities, and mil for networks of the United States military.
It was expected that the use of "arpa" would be temporary and that the existing systems would be migrated to other domains. But "arpa" also provided e-mail addresses associated with the Network Information Center, which administered the naming system. After serving the transitional purpose, it proved impractical to remove the domain. The domain "in-addr.arpa" had been installed for reverse DNS lookup of IP addresses.
Originally, the IETF intended that new infrastructure databases would be created in the top-level domain "int". In May 2000, this policy was reversed and it was decided that the top-level domain "int" should be restricted to use by international organizations. "Arpa" was retained for its long-standing purpose, but its full name was changed to the "Address and Routing Parameter Area", making the zone name a backronym.
In March 2010, zone arpa was secured with digital signatures within the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC).
Subdomains.
Subdomains of "arpa" are created by resolution in the work groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force via the Request for Comments process, and are maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The DNS zone "arpa" has the following subdomains: