Cats and the Internet

 
Images and videos of domestic cats make up some of the most viewed content on the web, particularly image macros in the form of lolcats. ThoughtCatalog has described cats as the "unofficial mascot of the Internet".
The subject has attracted the attention of various scholars and critics, who have analysed why this form of low art has reached iconic status. Although it may be considered frivolous, cat-related internet content contributes to how people interact with media and culture. Some argue that there is a depth and complexity to this seemingly simple content, with a suggestion that the positive psychological effects that pets have on their owners also holds true for cat images viewed online.
Research has suggested that viewing online cat media is related to positive emotions, and that it even may work as a form of digital therapy or stress relief for some users. Some elements of research also shows, that feelings of guilt when postponing tasks can be reduced by viewing cat content.
Some individual cats, such as Grumpy Cat and Lil Bub, have achieved popularity online because of their unusual appearances and funny cat videos.
History.
Humans have always had a close relationship with cats, and the animals have long been a subject of short films, including the early silent movies "Boxing Cats" (1894) and "The Sick Kitten" (1903). Harry Pointer (1822–1889) has been cited as the "progenitor of the shameless cat picture". Cats have been shared via email since the internet's rise to prominence in the 1990s. The first cat video on YouTube was uploaded in 2005 by YouTube co-founder Steve Chen, who posted a video of his cat called "Pajamas and Nick Drake". The following year, "Puppy vs Cat" became the first viral cat video; uploaded by a user called Sanchey (a.k.a. Michael Wienzek); it had over 16 million views on YouTube. In a Mashable article that explored the history of cat media on the Internet, the oldest entry was an ASCII art cat that originated on 2channel, and was a pictorial representation of the phrase "Please go away." The oldest continuously operating cat website is sophie.net, which launched in October of 1999 and is still operating.
"The New York Times" described cat images as "that essential building block of the Internet". In addition, 2,594,329 cat images had been manually annotated in flickr.com by users. An interesting phenomenon is that many photograph owners tag their house cats as "tiger".
Eric Nakagawa and Kari Unebasami started the website I Can Haz Cheezburger in 2007, where they shared funny pictures of cats. This site allowed users to create LOLcat memes by placing writing on top of pictures of their cats. This site now has more than 100 million views per month and has "created a whole new form of internet speak". In 2009, the humour site Urlesque deemed September 9 "A Day Without Cats Online", and had over 40 blogs and websites agree to "[ban] cats from their pages for at least 24 hours". , there are over 2 million cat videos on YouTube alone, and cats are one of the most searched keywords on the internet. CNN estimated that in 2015 there could be around 6.5 billion cat pictures on the internet. The internet has been described as a "virtual cat park, a social space for cat lovers in the same way that dog lovers congregate at a dog park". "The Daily Telegraph" deemed Nyan Cat the most popular internet cat, while NPR gave this title to Grumpy Cat. "The Daily Telegraph" also deemed the best cat video on YouTube as "Surprised Kitty (Original)", which currently has over 75 million views. Buzzfeed deemed Cattycake the most important cat of 2010.
In 2015, an exhibition called "How Cats Took Over The Internet" opened at the Museum of the Moving Image in New York. The exhibition "looks at the history of how they rose to internet fame, and why people like them so much". There is even a book entitled "How to Make Your Cat an Internet Celebrity: A Guide to Financial Freedom". The annual Internet Cat Video Festival celebrated and awards the Golden Kitty to cat videos. According to "Star Tribune", the festival's success is because "people realized that the cat video they'd chuckled over in the privacy of their homes was suddenly a thousand times funnier when there are thousands of other people around". "The Daily Telegraph" had an entire article devoted to International Cat Day. EMGN wrote an article entitled "21 Reasons Why Cats And The Internet Are A Match Made in Heaven".
In 2015, there were more than 2 million cat videos on YouTube, with an average of 12,000 views each – a higher average than any other category of YouTube content. Cats made up 16% of views in YouTube's "Pets & Animals" category, compared to dogs' 23%. The YouTube video "Cats vs. Zombies" merged the two internet phenomena of cats and zombies. Data from BuzzFeed and Tumblr has shown that dog videos have more views than those of cats, and less than 1% of posts on Reddit mention cats. While dogs are searched for much more than cats, there is less content on the internet. The Facebook page "Cats" has over 2 million likes while Dogs has over 6.5 million. In an Internet tradition, "The New York Times" Archives Twitter account posts cat reporting throughout the history of the NYT. The Japanese prefecture of Hiroshima launched an online Cat Street View, which showed the region from the perspective of a cat.
Abigail Tucker, author of "The Lion in the Living Room", a history of domestic cats, has suggested that cats appeal particularly because they "remind us of our own faces, and especially of our babies...[they're] strikingly human but also perpetually deadpan".
Psychology.
Jason Eppink, curator of the Museum of the Moving Image's show "How Cats Took Over the Internet", has noted the "outsized role" of cats on the Internet. "Wired" magazine felt that the cuteness of cats was "too simplistic" an explanation of their popularity online.
A scientific survey done found that the participants were more happy after watching cat videos. The researcher behind the survey explained "If we want to better understand the effects the Internet may have on us as individuals and on society, then researchers can't ignore Internet cats anymore" and "consumption of online cat-related media deserves empirical attention". The Huffington Post suggested that the videos were a form of procrastination, with most being watched while at work or ostensibly studying, while IU Bloomington commented "[it] does more than simply entertain; it boosts viewers' energy and positive emotions and decreases negative feelings". BusinessInsider argues "This falls in line with a body of research regarding the effects that animals have on people." A 2015 study by Jessica Gall Myrick found that people were more than twice as likely to post a picture or video of a cat to the internet than they were to post a selfie.
Maria Bustillos considers cat videos to be "the crystallisation of all that human beings love about cats", with their "natural beauty and majesty" being "just one tiny slip away from total humiliation", which Bustillos sees as a mirror of the human condition. When the creator of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, was asked for an example of a popular use of the internet that he would never have predicted, he answered, "Kittens." A 2014 paper argues that cats' "unselfconsciousness" is rare in an age of hyper-surveillance, and cat photos appeal to people as it lets them imagine "the possibility of freedom from surveillance", while presenting the power of controlling that surveillance as unproblematic. Time magazine felt that cat images tap into viewers nature as "secret voyeurs".
The Cheezburger Network considers cats to be the "perfect canvas" for human emotion, as they have expressive facial and body aspects. Mashable offered "cats' cuteness, non-cuteness, popularity among geeks, blank canvas qualities, personality issues, and the fact that dogs just don't have "it" as possible explanations to cats' popularity on the internet. A paper entitled ""I Can Haz Emoshuns?" – Understanding Anthropomorphosis of Cats among Internet Users"" found that Tagpuss, an app that showed users cat images and asked them to choose their emotion "can be used to identify cat behaviours that lay-people find difficult to distinguish".
Jason Eppink, curator of the "How Cats Took Over the Internet" exhibition, explained: “People on the web are more likely to post a cat than another animal, because it sort of perpetuates itself. It becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy. ” Jason Kottke considers cats to be "easier to objectify" and therefore "easier to make fun of". Journalist Jack Shepherd suggested that cats were more popular than dogs because dogs were "trying too hard", and humorous behavior in a dog would be seen as a bid for validation. Shepherd sees cats' behavior as being "cool, and effortless, and devoid of any concern about what you might think about it. It is art for art's sake".
Cats have historically been associated with magic, and have been revered by various human cultures, the ancient Egyptians worshipping them as gods and the creatures being feared as demons in ancient Japan, such as the "bakeneko". 
"Vogue" magazine has suggested that the popularity of cats on the internet is culturally-specific, being popular in North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Other nations favor different animals online, Ugandans sharing images of goats and chickens, Mexicans preferring llamas, and Chinese internet users sharing images of the river crab and grass-mud horse due to double-meanings of their names allowing them to "subvert government Internet censors".
Cute cat theory of digital activism.
The cute cat theory of digital activism is a theory concerning Internet activism, Web censorship, and "cute cats" (a term used for any low-value, but popular online activity) developed by Ethan Zuckerman in 2008. It posits that most people are not interested in activism; instead, they want to use the web for mundane activities, including surfing for pornography and lolcats ("cute cats"). The tools that they develop for that (such as Facebook, Flickr, Blogger, Twitter, and similar platforms) are very useful to social movement activists, who may lack resources to develop dedicated tools themselves. This, in turn, makes the activists more immune to reprisals by governments than if they were using a dedicated activism platform, because shutting down a popular public platform provokes a larger public outcry than shutting down an obscure one.
Celebrities.
Because of the relative newness of this industry, most owners of famous cats found themselves stumbling into internet stardom without intentionally planning it.
Grumpy Cat.
Tardar Sauce (born April 4, 2012 - May 15, 2019), better known by her Internet name "Grumpy Cat", was a cat and Internet celebrity known for her grumpy facial expression. Her owner, Tabatha Bundesen, says that her permanently grumpy-looking face was due to an underbite and feline dwarfism. Grumpy Cat's popularity originated from a picture posted to the social news website Reddit by Bundesen's brother Bryan on September 22, 2012. It was made into an image macro with grumpy captions. , "The Official Grumpy Cat" page on Facebook has over 7 million "likes". Grumpy Cat was featured on the front page of "The Wall Street Journal" on May 30, 2013, and on the cover of "New York" magazine on October 7, 2013. In August 2015 it was announced that Grumpy Cat would get her own animatronic waxwork at Madame Tussauds in San Francisco. The Huffington Post wrote an article exploring America's fascination with cats.
Lil Bub.
Lil Bub (Lillian Bubbles) (June 21, 2011 - December 1, 2019) was an American celebrity cat known for her unique appearance. She was the runt of her litter. Her owner, Mike Bridavsky, adopted her when his friends called to ask him to give her a home. Her photos were first posted to Tumblr in November 2011 then taken off after being featured on the social news website reddit. "Lil Bub" on Facebook has over two million Likes. Lil Bub stars in "Lil Bub & Friendz", a documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2013 that won the Tribeca Online Festival Best Feature Film.
Maru.
Maru (まる, Japanese: "circle" or "round"; born May 24, 2007) is a male Scottish Fold (straight variety) cat in Japan who has become popular on YouTube. , videos with Maru have been viewed over 200 million times. Videos featuring Maru have an average of 800,000 views each and he is mentioned often in print and televised media discussing Internet celebrities. Maru is the "most famous cat on the internet."
Maru's owner posts videos under the account name 'mugumogu'. His owner is almost never seen in the videos, although the video titled is an exception. The videos include title cards in English and Japanese setting up and describing the events, and often show Maru playing in cardboard boxes, indicated by "I love a box!" in his first video.
Colonel Meow.
Colonel Meow (adopted October 11, 2011 – January 29, 2014) was a male Himalayan–Persian crossbreed cat, who holds the 2014 Guinness world record for the longest fur on a cat (nine inches or about 23 cm). He became an Internet celebrity when his owners posted pictures of his scowling face to Facebook and Instagram. He was known by his hundreds of thousands of followers as an "adorable fearsome dictator", a "prodigious Scotch drinker" and "the angriest cat in the world".
Oskar and Klaus.
Oskar was born on May 5, 2011 and was an outdoor cat living on a small farm in the Loess Hills of western Iowa before being adopted by Mick and Bethany Szydlowski on July 11 of that year. They later moved to Nebraska, finally settling in Seattle, Washington. Oskar had a condition called microphthalmia, which means his eyes never fully developed because of genetic abnormalities. Even though he could not see, Oskar could function perfectly well using his other senses, and was happy and healthy. Many who met him for the first time never even realized he was completely blind.
Oskar's best friend, "The Klaus", is a former stray that was adopted in 2006 by the same couple. He lives in Seattle with Mick, and Bethany, and formerly with Oskar. In 2014, they published a book about the cats' adventures titled "Oskar and Klaus Present: The Search for Bigfoot".
On February 5, 2018, Oskar died, likely due to heart failure.
Oh Long Johnson.
This unnamed cat, first seen in a video shown on "America's Funniest Home Videos", became famous for its growling resembling human speech. In the video, one cat makes aggressive noises at another, its vocalizations resembling "human-like gibberish." The video first appeared on the Internet in 2006 during a compilation video on YouTube featuring cats producing human-like sounds, and other standalone videos were later uploaded. The full clip shows a second, younger-looking cat in the room. 
By 2012, the video of the cat had been viewed 6.5 million times. For a while it was a craze. The clip was included in the 2019 Cat Video Fest which was held at the Vancity Theatre in Vancouver on the 20th of April. There were to be five consecutive screenings of the videos.
The video was referenced in the "South Park" episode "Faith Hilling", where Johnson's speech pattern ended up causing several deaths related to "Oh Long Johnsoning".
Venus the Two-Faced Cat.
Venus, rescued as a stray in 2009 in North Carolina, United States, has black and ginger sides to her face and one blue and one green eye. She became a viral sensation after being featured on Reddit. Geneticists have discussed whether or not she is a chimera.
Hamilton the Hipster Cat.
Hamilton is a popular internet cat. He is mostly gray with white fur on his face that represents a mustache. As of March 8, 2020, he has 810 thousand followers on Instagram. He is known as the hipster cat because of the apparent mustache, which is associated with the hipster subculture.
Grandpa Mason.
Mason was an elderly feral male found in the cat colony near the Langley, BC, Canada home of the TinyKittens Society rescue group. Described as "battle-scarred" and as the oldest feral cat the group had ever encountered, he was diagnosed with terminal kidney disease. The group decided to make him as comfortable as possible, believing he would only live a few weeks. To their surprise, when little kittens were allowed into his area of the shelter, he was gentle and relaxed with them. Founder Shelly Roche said later she realized he had been craving "affectionate contact" not from humans but from other cats. Mason lived for almost three years, helping to raise several litters of kittens as their "grandpa". TinyKittens' YouTube channel showed many video clips of Mason with his kittens, and his obituary in September 2019 went viral.
Internet memes.
Lolcat.
A lolcat (pronounced ) is an image macro of one or more cats. The image's text is often idiosyncratic and grammatically incorrect. Its use in this way is known as "lolspeak" or "kitty pidgin".
"Lolcat" is a compound word of the acronymic abbreviation for "laugh out loud" (LOL) and the word "cat". A synonym for "lolcat" is cat macro, since the images are a type of image macro. Lolcats are commonly designed for photo sharing imageboards and other Internet forums.
Nyan Cat.
Nyan Cat is the name of a YouTube video, uploaded in April 2011, which became an Internet meme. The video merged a Japanese pop song with an animated cartoon cat with the body of a Pop-Tart, flying through space, and leaving a rainbow trail behind it. The video ranked at number 5 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in 2011.
Keyboard cat.
Keyboard Cat is another Internet phenomenon. It consists of a video from 1984 of a cat called "Fatso" wearing a blue shirt and "playing" an upbeat rhythm on an electronic keyboard. The video was posted to YouTube under the title "charlie schmidt's cool cats" in June 2007. Schmidt later changed the title to "Charlie Schmidt's Keyboard Cat (THE ORIGINAL)".
Fatso (who died in 1987) was owned (and manipulated in the video) by Charlie Schmidt of Spokane, Washington, United States and the blue shirt still belonged to Schmidt's cat Fatso.
Later, Brad O'Farrell, who was the syndication manager of the video website My Damn Channel, obtained Schmidt's permission to reuse the footage, appending it to the end of a blooper video to "play" that person offstage after the mistake or gaffe in a similar manner as getting the hook in the days of vaudeville. The appending of Schmidt's video to other blooper and other viral videos became popular, with such videos usually accompanied with the title "Play Him Off, Keyboard Cat" or a variant. "Keyboard Cat" was ranked No. 2 on Current TV's list of 50 Greatest Viral Videos.
In 2009 Schmidt became owner of Bento, another cat that resembled Fatso, and which he used to create new Keyboard Cat videos, until Bento's death in March 2018.
Schmidt has adopted a new cat "Skinny" or "Keyboard Cat 3.0", which has yet to become popular.
Cats that Look Like Hitler.
Cats That Look Like Hitler is a satirical website featuring photographs of cats that bear an alleged resemblance to Adolf Hitler. Most of the cats have a large black splotch underneath their nose, much like the dictator's stumpy toothbrush moustache. The site was founded by Koos Plegt and Paul Neve in 2006, and became widely known after being featured on several television programmes across Europe and Australia. The site is now only run by Neve. , the site contained photographs of over 8,000 cats, submitted by owners with digital cameras and internet access and then approved by Neve as content.
Everytime you masturbate... God kills a kitten.
"Every time you masturbate… God kills a kitten" is the caption of an image created by a member of the website Fark.com in 2002. The image features a kitten (subsequently referred to as "Cliché Kitty") being chased by two Domos, and has the tagline "Please, think of the kittens".
I Can Has Cheezburger.
It was created in 2007 by Eric Nakagawa (Cheezburger), a blogger from Hawaii, and his friend Kari Unebasami (Tofuburger). The website is one of the most popular internet sites of its kind. It received as many as 1,500,000 hits per day at its peak in May 2007. ICHC was instrumental in bringing animal-based image macros and lolspeak into mainstream usage and making internet memes profitable.
Brussels Lockdown.
In 2015, the atmosphere among the community of Brussels, Belgium was tense when the city was put under the highest level state of emergency immediately following the Paris attacks; however, internet cats were able to cut the tension by taking over the Twitter feed #BrusselsLockdown. The feed was designed to discuss operational details of terrorist raids, but when police asked for a social media blackout the hashtag was overwhelmed by internet users posting pictures of cats to drown out serious discussion and prevent terrorists from gaining any useful information. The use of cat images is a reference to the Level 4 state of emergency: the French word for the number 4, "quatre", is pronounced similarly to the word cat in English.
Pusheen.
Pusheen is another Internet phenomenon about a cartoon cat. Created in 2010 by Claire Belton, the popularity of using emoji and Facebook stickers led to a rise in Pusheen's popularity. She now has 9 million followers.
Bongo Cat.
Bongo Cat is yet another internet meme about a cartoon cat. It originated on May 7, 2018 when an animated cat gif made by Twitter user "@StrayRogue" was edited by Twitter user "@DitzyFlama," in which he'd edited the GIF to include bongos and added the music "Athletic" from the Super Mario World soundtrack. This cat has since been edited to many other songs, and many different instruments.
Peepee the Cat.
Peepee the cat was the star of a copypasta popularized on Twitter. The post, "i Amn just... a litle creacher. Thatse It . I Canot change this" was posted on 18 September 2018 and has garnered over 38,000 likes. Over the years, he has become known on the site as a lolcat, and was popular for his seemingly random, but positive posts until his untimely and unfortunate death in April 2019 due to kidney complications related to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus.
Vibing Cat.
In April 2020, a video of a white cat bobbing its head as if dancing went viral. In addition to its popularity on social media sites like Youtube and TikTok, the cat was widely shared on livestreaming platform Twitch.tv, where it was enabled as a emote through third-party service BetterTTV on over 200,000 channels. In December 2020, the official YouTube Channel of the International Cricket Council posted a video named "Vibing cricketers, vibing cat" showing edited footage of the cat alongside various cricketers dancing to music.
Spoofs.
"Bonsai Kitten" is a satirical website launched in 2000 that claims to provide instructions on how to grow a kitten in a jar, so as to mold the bones of the kitten into the shape of the jar as the cat grows, much like how a bonsai plant is shaped. It was made by an MIT university student going by the alias of Dr. Michael Wong Chang. The website generated furor after members of the public complained to animal rights organizations, who stated that "while the site's content may be faked, the issue it is campaigning for may create violence towards animals", according to the Michigan Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA). Although the website in its most recent form was shut down, it still generates (primarily spam) petitions to shut the site down or complain to its ISP. The website has been thoroughly debunked by Snopes.com and The Humane Society of the United States, among other prominent organizations.
Cat media and news websites.
"The Catnip Times".
Founded by Laura Mieli in 2012, it has been running full time since 2017. It now has more than a million followers in over 100 countries. It contributes articles to American Kennel Club affiliate, AKC Reunite.
In July 2018, it sponsored the first ever "Meow Meetup" at the Stephens Convention Center in Rosemont. The event which took place over July 21 to the 22nd, was estimated to attract around 3000 people. It was the largest cat conference in the Midwest.
"News by Cats".
Founded by Lithuanian born Justinas Butkus who lives in Wellington, New Zealand, the site adds a cat element to news stories. Reporting on actual events, it changes the wording to a type of cat talk such as " kidney opurration" instead of kidney operation and " prepurr for major eruption" instead of prepare for major eruption. There were mixed reactions within the first week of the site's operation.
"The Purrington Post".
The Purrington Post publishes a news letter. The first, Volume 1, Issue 1 came out on November 1, 2013.
According to Natural Pet Science, The Purrington Post averages half a million page views per trimester.
It was referred to in September 2018 as an award winning cat blog by the Dow Jones & Company owned financial information service MarketWatch. Also that year it was rated #3 by KittyCoaching.com in a list of the 12 best cat blogs for that year. It was also highly rated by We're All About Cats website in their Top 35 Cat Blogs You Should Know About list for 2018. The opinion of the "Post" on cat behavior has been valued enough to be quoted in articles such as "Do Cats Smile? Here's How To Tell Your Cat Is Happy, At Least On The Inside" by "Romper". News website "Eva.ro" has used the Post's own article to reference in Daniel Dumitrescu's article about Thor a Bengali, "Tigrișorul de casă: Thor, pisica bengaleză care face senzație pe Instagram".