Civil Guard (Spain)

The Civil Guard (; ) is the oldest law enforcement agency in Spain and is one of two national police forces. As a gendarmerie force, it is military in nature and is responsible for civil policing under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence. The role of the Ministry of Defence is limited except in times of war when the Ministry has exclusive authority. The corps is colloquially known as the "" (reputable). In annual surveys, it generally ranks as the national institution most valued by Spaniards, closely followed by other law enforcement agencies and the military.
It has both a regular national role and undertakes specific foreign peacekeeping missions and is part of the European Gendarmerie Force. As a national gendarmerie force, the "Guardia Civil" was modeled on the French National Gendarmerie and has many similarities.
As part of its daily duties, the "Guardia Civil" patrols and investigates crimes in rural areas, including highways (with the exception, as of 2020, of the Basque Country, Catalonia and Navarre) and ports, whilst the "Policía Nacional" deals with safety in urban situations. Most cities also have a "Policia Municipal". The three forces are nationally co-ordinated by the Ministry of the Interior. The "Guardia Civil" is usually stationed at "casas cuartel", which are both minor residential garrisons and fully-equipped police stations.
History.
Origin.
The "Guardia Civil" was founded as a national police force in 1844 during the reign of Queen Isabel II of Spain by the 2nd Duke of Ahumada and 5th Marquess of Amarillas, an 11th generation descendant of Aztec emperor Moctezuma II. Previously, law enforcement had been the responsibility of the "Holy Brotherhood", an organization of municipal leagues. Corruption was pervasive in the Brotherhood, where officials were constantly subject to local political influence, and the system was largely ineffective outside the major towns and cities. Criminals could often escape justice by simply moving from one district to another. The first "Guardia" police academy was established in the town of Valdemoro, south of Madrid, in 1855. Graduates were given the Guardia's now famous "tricorne" or "Cavaliers" hat as part of their duty dress uniform.
 
The "Guardia" was initially charged with putting an end to brigandage on the nation's highways, particularly in the province of Andalusia, which had become notorious for numerous robberies and holdups of businessmen, peddlers, travelers, and even foreign tourists. Banditry in this region was so endemic that the "Guardia" found it difficult to eradicate it completely. As late as 1884, one traveler of the day reported that it still existed in and around the city of Málaga:
The favorite and original method of the Malagueño highwayman is to creep up quietly behind his victim, muffle his head and arms in a cloak, and then relieve him of his valuables. Should he resist, he is instantly disembowelled with the dexterous thrust of a knife...[The Spanish highwayman] wears a profusion of amulets and charms...all of undoubted efficacy against the dagger of an adversary or the rifle of a Civil Guard.
The "Guardia Civil" was also given the political task of restoring and maintaining land ownership and servitude among the peasantry of Spain by the King, who desired to stop the spread of anti-monarchist movements inspired by the French Revolution. The end of the First Carlist War combined with the unequal distribution of land that resulted from prime minister Juan Álvarez Mendizábal's first Desamortización (1836-1837) had left the Spanish landscape scarred by the destruction of civil war and social unrest, and the government was forced to take drastic action to suppress spontaneous revolts by a restive peasantry. Based on the model of light infantry used by Napoléon in his European campaigns, the "Guardia Civil" was transformed into a military force of high mobility that could be deployed irrespective of inhospitable conditions, able to patrol and pacify large areas of the countryside. Its members, called 'guardias', maintain to this day a basic patrol unit formed by two agents, usually called a "pareja" (a pair), in which one of the 'guardias' will initiate the intervention while the second 'guardia' serves as a backup to the first.
Under the pre-1931 monarchy, relations between Gitanos and the Civil Guard were particularly tense.
The Civil War (1936-1939).
During the Spanish Civil War, the "Guardia Civil" forces split almost evenly between those who remained loyal to the Republic, 53% of the members (which changed their name to "Guardia Nacional Republicana" - "National Republican Guard") and the rebel forces. However, the highest authority of the corps, Inspector General Sebastián Pozas, remained loyal to the republican government. Their contribution to the Republican war efforts were invaluable, but proved effective on both sides in urban combat.
The proportion of "Guardia Civil" members that supported the rebel faction at the time of the 1936 coup was relatively high compared to other Spanish police corps such as the "Guardias de Asalto" and the "Carabineros" ("Real Cuerpo de Carabineros de Costas y Fronteras"), where when the Civil War began over 70% of their members stayed loyal to the Spanish Republic.
Loyalist General of the "Guardia Civil" José Aranguren, commander of the 4th Organic Division and Military Governor of Valencia, was arrested by the victorious Francoist troops when they entered the city of Valencia at the end of March 1939. After being court-martialed, Aranguren was given the death penalty and was executed on 22 April in the same year.
Colonial service.
Locally recruited units of the "Guardia Civil" were employed in Spain's overseas territories. These included three "tercia" (regiments) in the Philippines and two companies in Puerto Rico prior to 1898. Over six thousand Civil Guards, both indigenous and Spanish, were serving in Cuba in 1885 and smaller units were subsequently raised in Ifni and Spanish Guinea.
During Francoist era (1939–1975) and attempted coup d'état 1981.
Following the Civil War, under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco (1939–1975), the "Guardia Civil" was reinforced with the members of the "Carabineros", the "Royal Corps of Coast and Frontier Carabiniers", following the disbandment of the carabinier corps.
Critics of the "Guardia Civil", particularly Republican sympathisers, have alleged numerous instances of police brutality because of the organisation's association with Franco's regime. The fact that the "Guardia" largely operated in mostly rural and isolated parts of the country increased the risk of police violations of individual civil rights through lack of supervision and accountability. García Lorca's poems have contributed to the "Guardia Civil"'s reputation as, at least at the time, a heavy-handed police force.
The involvement of "Guardia Civil" figures in politics continued right up until the end of the twentieth century: on 23 February 1981, Lt. Col. Antonio Tejero Molina, a member of the "Guardia Civil", participated with other military forces in the failed 23-F coup d'état. Along with 200 members of the "Guardia Civil", he briefly took hold of the lower house of the "Cortes" before the coup collapsed following a nationally televised address by King Juan Carlos, who denounced the coup.
Modern force.
The "Guardia Civil" as a police force, has had additional tasks given to it in addition to its traditional role.
It is the largest police force in Spain, in terms of area served. Today, they are primarily responsible for policing and/or safety regarding the following (but not limited to) areas and/or safety related issues (given in no special order):
Peacekeeping and other operations.
The "Guardia Civil" has been involved in operations as peacekeepers in United Nations sponsored operations, including operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Angola, Congo, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Haiti, East Timor and El Salvador. They also served with the Spanish armed forces contingent in the war in Iraq, mainly as military police but also in intelligence gathering, where seven of its members were killed.
In the Afghan war effort the rapid reaction branch of the "Guardia Civil"; the "Grupo de Acción Rápida" (GAR) were deployed to the Kabul area in 2002 shortly after the invasion and served as the protective team for the High Representative of the European Union. They maintained their services until 2008. In that period, the "Agrupación de Tráfico" (Traffic Group), "Jefatura Fiscal y de Fronteras" (Customs and Revenue Service), "Policía Judicial" (Judicial Police), and "Seguridad Ciudadana" (Public Order and Prevention service) have also had their deployments to Afghanistan for the peacekeeping efforts.
After 2009, the mission of the Civil Guards in Afghanistan shifted focus to training up local security forces in the country. In that period, the counter-terrorism branch of the "Guardia Civil"; the "Unidad de Acción Rural" (UAR) were deployed to Afghanistan to train the Afghan National Police as part of ISAF's Police Advisor Team (PAT) formerly the Police Operative Mentoring and Liaison Team (POMLT) 
In addition to "el instituto armado" ("the armed institution"), the "Guardia Civil" is known as "la benemérita" ("the well-remembered"). They served in the Spanish colonies, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Spanish Guinea and Spanish Morocco.
The "Guardia Civil" has a sister force in Costa Rica also called the "Guardia Civil". The Costa Rican 'guardias' often train at the same academy as regular Spanish officers.
During the Iraqi Civil War, the GAR have been deployed to Iraq to train and assist Iraqi federal police in the fight against ISIS militants.
Characteristics.
Traditions.
Hymn.
The first hymn was composed between 1915 and 1916 by Asunción García Sierra (who wrote the lyrics) and Ildefonso Moreno Carrilllo (who composed the music) as a school hymn. In the 1920s, Lieutenant Colonel José Osuna Pineda was assigned to the Center as Head of Studies and arranged the original text and melody. This hymn was that of the College of Young Guardsmen, adopted as the school's alma mater march since December 1922. Despite the absence of any legal provision, the hymn became official upon its use.
Motto.
The motto of the Civil Guard is "Honor is my badge". It comes from article 1 of the "Cartilla del Guardia Civil", written by the Duke of Ahumada in 1845. The full text says: "Honor is the main badge of the Civil Guard; it must, therefore, be kept spotless. Once lost, it is never recovered".
Music Unit.
The Music Unit of the Civil Guard ( is the military band of the Civil Guard and is one of multiple in the Armed Forces. It is officially part of the guard's General Directorate. Since its creation in 1844, it has had musical infantry and cavalry formations through various ranks. Only the Civil Guard and the Royal Guard, as well as many Army cavalry and artillery units retained mounted bands with cavalry trumpeters at the time while the infantry of both the Army and Civil Guard had bugle bands then (formerly corps of drums composed of drummers and fifes). It was not until 19 November 1859 when a unified band appeared for the first time. Other bands would be formed throughout the years in both Madrid and Valdemoro. In 1940, the first squads of Civil Guard musicians were officially approved and applications to join the official Civil Guard band were released in October 1941. In 1949, and as a consequence of the merger of the Carabineros Corps and the Civil Guard, their respective Music bands were also unified. These templates remained that way for over two decades when they were increased to adapt them to those of Army Music, forming two bands: one with 75 musicians attached to the General Directorate of the Corps and with 50 instrumentalists belonging to the Jefatura de Enseñanza. More recently, according to the resolutions of 28 June 2004 and 14 February 2006, the two music units were unified, constituting the current band which reports to the General Subdirectorate of Personnel and is administratively attached to the General Affairs Service.
A small mounted band is in service with the Security Group's Civil Guard Cavalry Squadron, with its barracks and stables in Valdemoro, administratively under the supervision of the Young Guardsmen's College. Unlike other mounted bands, they only use fanfare trumpets ("clarines de caballeria" and "trompetas bajas"). They continue the traditions of the Civil Guard cavalry since its foundation.
Tricorn.
The element of uniformity that characterizes the Civil Guard is the tricorn, which is the official service's headgear in full and service dress uniforms. Other pieces of headgear such as peaked caps, berets or garrison caps are currently used in addition to this one. Throughout its history, other headwear of various types, colors and shapes have been used, including the Teresiana Kepi. Officially, it is known by the Civil Guard as the "black hat".
Patronage.
On 8 February 1913, Our Lady of the Pillar was declared by royal decree as the guard's exalted patron saint.
Uniforms.
A wide range of clothing is currently worn according to the nature of the duties being performed (see schematic diagrams below).
The traditional headdress of the "Guardia" is the "tricornio" hat, originally a tricorne. Its use now is reserved for ceremonial parades and duty outside public buildings, together with the army-style tunic and trousers previously worn. For other occasions a cap or a beret is worn. 
The historic blue, white and red uniform of the "Guardia" is now retained only for the Civil Guard Company of the Royal Guard and the "gastadores" (parade markers) of the Civil Guard Academy.
A modernised new style of working uniform was announced for the Civil Guard in 2011, for general adoption during 2012. This comprises a green baseball cap, polo shirt and cargo pants. The kepi-like "gorra teresiana" was abolished.
Organization and specialities.
The Corps has been organised into different specialties divided into operational and support specialties: