Markwald

A Markwald is an area of woodland that is jointly managed by several villages or towns. It is an historic term that is used in German-speaking Europe and roughly means "common forest."
The woods in a "Markwald" do not therefore belong to the territory ("Gemarkung") of the individual villages, but were part of a joint territory, run by a co-operative, the so-called "Markgenossenschaft". Even when a "Markgenossenschaft" is dissolved, the term "Markwald" often continues to be used today as the name of the woodland.
Inhabitants of the surrounding municipalities, so long as they are part of the "Markgenossenschaft", have the right to fell timber in the "Markwald", to leave their cattle to graze in the forest (e.g. droving or pannage) and so on. Hunting rights were not included however. Members of the "Markgenossenschaft" have a percentage share in the woods, but no specific claim to ownership. They have the right of co-determination and the type of management to be carried out, is jointly agreed, on the advice of the forester responsible, at their annual general meetings. They can, for example, decide if and where plantations are established and whether wind generators may be built within the forest area. They also benefit for example if the income from timber sales or hunting licences exceeds the expenditure.