Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals

Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL), formerly Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), is an Indian public sector chemical and pharmaceutical company. A unit under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, it manufactures industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals like antibiotic injectables, tablets and capsules; and household products.
Established in Kolkata, West Bengal in 1901 by Prafulla Chandra Ray, it is India's first pharmaceutical company. While initially successful, the company started making losses in the mid-1950s. The management of the company was taken over by the Union government on 15 December 1977, and the company was nationalised on 15 December 1980. Following decades of losses, BCPL returned to profitability in financial year 2016–17.
History.
Beginnings.
In 1892, Prafulla Chandra Ray rented house at 91 Upper Circular Road, Kolkata and founded Bengal Chemical Works with a capital of . Ray founded the company as an individual initiative with the intention with fostering a spirit of entrepreneurship among the Bengali youth, and provide an alternative to jobs from the colonial British government. The company presented its herbal products the 1893 session of the Indian Medical Congress in Kolkata.
The reputation of the company grew, and Ray added additional funds of to the company to increase the scale of production. The business was converted into a Limited Company, and on 12 April 1901 the company was renamed Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), retaining the same premises at 91 Upper Circular Road, Calcutta. In 1908, John Cumming wrote in the "Review of the Industrial Position and Prospects in Bengal" that the "enterprise shows signs of resourcefulness and business capacity, which should be an object lesson to capitalists of this province".
From a beginning with one factory in Kolkata's Maniktala in 1905, three more factories were established – one in Panihati in 1920, one in Mumbai in 1938, and one in Kanpur in 1949, with its registered office at 6 Ganesh Chandra Avenue, Kolkata. 
Struggles and nationalisation.
The company began to struggle after Roy's death in 1944, and started making losses in the mid-1950s. The management of the company was taken over by the Union government on 15 December 1977, followed by nationalisation on 15 December 1980. The new public sector undertaking was named Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL), and was launched on 27 March 1981. As its losses continued, BCPL was referred to the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction in 1992.
Return to profitability.
After incurring losses for decades, the company managed to return to profitability in financial year 2016–17, and continued to report profits for 2 subsequent fiscals.
Hydroxychloroquine production during COVID-19 pandemic.
In view of the Indian Council of Medical Research recommending hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis against COVID-19, BCPL received clearance to start manufacturing the drug.