Technological alliance

There are various patterns of technological alliances from R&D enterprises to associations formed with the main purpose of sub-contracted manufacture or supply-chain management. The purpose here is to consider those forms of association devoted to the core of technology and to expand upon concepts touched upon in royalties.
While the three principal forms of association are (a)franchising (b) joint-ventures and (c) strategic partnerships, there are a variety of formal forms of association pertaining to the technological core. They are, in no intentional order: