Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland

The Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland (BDM) is a Swiss Confederation programme for the long-term monitoring of species diversity in Switzerland.
Introduction.
The Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland surveys the long-term development of species diversity in selected organism groups in Switzerland. The focus is on surveying common and widespread species in order to make informed statements about the development of species diversity in common landscapes.
Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland is a programme run by the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. It is a long-term environmental monitoring project, comparable with other national programmes, such as the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI), the National Surface Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NAWA), the Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO) and the project “Monitoring the Effectiveness of Habitat Conservation in Switzerland” (WBS). There are similar biodiversity monitoring programmes in place in the United Kingdom (UK Countryside Survey) and in parts of Canada (Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring).
Tasks and objectives.
Together with other environmental information, the data from the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland underpin national conservation policy and other policy areas that are relevant to biodiversity such as agriculture and forestry. By signing the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Switzerland also has an obligation under international law to monitor the long-term development of biodiversity.
The objectives of the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland are to
Methodology.
The Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland comprises three sampling grids on different scales, which cover the whole of Switzerland and yield a representative sample.
The sampling grid to observe species diversity in landscapes consists of some 450 sampling areas, each covering one square kilometre. On a precisely defined transect of this quadrant, vascular plants, butterflies and breeding birds are surveyed. Data on breeding birds are collected by the Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach. These surveys are coordinated with the Monitoring of Common Breeding Birds. The density of the sampling grid in the Jura and in Southern Switzerland was increased in order to obtain reliable data for these regions.
The sampling grid to observe species diversity in habitats consists of some 1,450 sampling sites, each covering ten square metres. In terms of habitats a distinction is drawn between forests, dry meadows and pastures, settlements, farmland, alpine pastures and mountain areas. All the vascular plants found in a circular sampling area are surveyed. In addition, bryophyte samples are collected, which are subsequently identified by a team of experts, and soil samples are taken to study mollusc diversity in the laboratory.
The sampling grid to survey aquatic insects comprises approximately 500 small sections of minor watercourses measuring around 5–100 metres long. It surveys the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies (so-called EPT species group).
The sampling areas can be precisely located as they are permanent observation plots. A fifth of all areas are surveyed every year, which means that a survey is repeated at the same location every five years. Routine surveys of vascular plants, bryophytes, molluscs and breeding birds were started in 2001, with surveys of butterflies added in 2003 and aquatic invertebrates added in 2010. The species’ coordinates are integrated in the databases of InfoSpecies, the Swiss Information Centre for Species.
Indicators.
The data obtained are routinely used to calculate four indicators:
In addition, the data can be used for various special analyses. They form the basis of numerous scientific research projects. Thanks to the systematic sampling design, the standardised methodology and the long-term nature of the programme, the data can also be used to answer new, as yet undefined questions. The data are also incorporated in European biodiversity indicators, e.g. the European Grassland Butterfly Index compiled by Butterfly Conservation Europe and the European Environment Agency EEA. In Switzerland, the indicators are integrated in the objectives of the legislature of the Swiss Federal Council.
Distinctive features of the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland.
The specific contribution of the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland to the analysis of species diversity in Switzerland is the fact that species lists can be drawn up that are as comprehensive as possible for all sampling areas, which increases the probability of detecting species absences. In addition, the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland is not restricted to well-known, highly species-rich areas or sites where rarities are found, but rather monitors randomly selected locations that would hardly ever be surveyed otherwise. Common and widespread species are thus also surveyed. Repeat surveys at exactly the same location using exactly the same method allow precise conclusions to be drawn regarding changes in species diversity.
Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland provides a cross section of the overall landscape covering a wide variety of uses. It serves as a reference for programmes that study the development of selected habitats or of specific rare species, e.g. the project “Monitoring the effectiveness of habitat conservation in Switzerland” (WBS), launched by the FOEN and the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), and Switzerland's Red Lists.