National Gendarmerie

The National Gendarmerie ( ), along with the National Police, is one of two national police forces of France. It is a branch of the French Armed Forces placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, with additional duties from the Ministry of Defense. Its responsibilities include smaller towns, rural and suburban areas, while the , a civilian force, is in charge of cities. Because of its military status, the Gendarmerie also fulfils a range of military and defence missions including having a cybercrime division. The force has a strength of more than 100,000 personnel, as of 2014.
The Gendarmerie is the heir to the (Marshalcy: see below), the oldest police force in France, dating back to the Middle Ages. The Gendarmerie has influenced the culture and traditions of gendarmerie forces all around the world, especially in independent countries from the former French colonial empire.
History.
Early history of the institution.
The Gendarmerie is the direct descendant of the Marshalcy of the "ancien regime", more commonly known by its French title, the Maréchaussée, an institution that lasted from the medieval times until the French Revolution.
During the Middle Ages, there were two Grand Officers of the Kingdom of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the "Marshal's provost", whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The Marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years War, with some historians tracing it back to the early twelfth century. 
The second organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337.
In 1415 the Maréchaussée fought in the Battle of Agincourt and their commander, the "Prévôt des Maréchaux" (Provost of the Marshals), Gallois de Fougières, was killed in battle. This history was rediscovered in 1934, and Gallois de Fougières was then officially recorded as the first known gendarme to have died in the line of duty. His remains are now buried under the monument to the gendarmerie in Versailles.
Under King Francis I (), the "Maréchaussée" was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the "Maréchaussée", or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France (French: connétablie et maréchaussée de France). Unlike the former constabulary, the new "Maréchaussée" was not a fully militarized force.
In 1720, the "Maréchaussée" was officially attached to the Household of the King ("Maison du Roi"), together with the "gendarmerie" of the time, which was not a police force at all, but a royal guard. During the eighteenth century, the marshalcy developed in two distinct areas: increasing numbers of Marshalcy Companies (compagnies de marechaussée), dispersed into small detachments, were stationed around the French countryside to maintain law and order, while specialist units provided security for royal and strategic sites such as palaces and the mint (e.g., the "garde de la prévôté de l'hôtel du roi" and the "prévôté des monnaies de Paris".)
While its existence ensured the relative safety of French rural districts and roads, visitors from England, which had nothing but the not very effective parish constables, saw the "Maréchaussée", with its armed and uniformed patrols, as royal soldiers with an oppressive role and so a symbol of foreign tyranny. On the eve of the 1789 French Revolution, the "Maréchaussée" numbered 3,660 men divided into small brigades (a "brigade" in this context being a squad of ten to twenty men). Their limited numbers and scattered deployment rendered the "Maréchaussée" ineffective in controlling the "Great Fear" of July through August, 1789.
The Revolutionary Period.
During the revolutionary period, the "Maréchaussée" commanders generally placed themselves under the local constitutional authorities. Despite their connection with the king, they were therefore perceived as a force favoring the reforms of the French National Assembly.
As a result, the "Maréchaussée Royale" was not disbanded but simply renamed as the "gendarmerie nationale" (Law of 16 February 1791). Its personnel remained unchanged, and the functions of the force remained much as before. However, from this point, the gendarmerie, unlike the "Maréchaussée," became a fully militarized force. During the revolutionary period, the main force responsible for policing was the National Guard. Although the "Maréchaussée" had been the main police force of the "ancien regime", the gendarmerie was initially a full-time auxiliary to the National Guard militia.
In 1791 the newly named "gendarmerie nationale" was grouped into 28 divisions, each commanded by a colonel responsible for three départements. In turn, two companies of gendarmes under the command of captains were based in each department. This territorial basis of organisation continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Nineteenth century.
Under Napoléon, the numbers and responsibilities of the gendarmerie—renamed gendarmerie impériale—were expanded significantly. In contrast to the mounted "Maréchaussée", the gendarmerie were both horse and foot personnel; in 1800, these numbered approximately 10,500 of the former and 4,500 of the later, respectively.
In 1804 the first Inspector General of Gendarmerie was appointed and a general staff established—based out of the "rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré" in Paris. Subsequently, special gendarmerie units were created within the Imperial Guard for combat duties in French occupied Spain.
Following the Second Restoration of 1815, the gendarmerie was reduced in numbers to about 18,000 and reorganised into departmental legions. Under King Louis Phillippe a "gendarmerie of Africa" was created for service in Algeria and during the Second Empire the Imperial Guard Gendarmerie Regiment was re-established. The majority of gendarmes continued in what was now the established role of the corps—serving in small, sedentary detachments as armed rural police. Under the Third Republic the ratio of foot to mounted gendarmes increased and the numbers directly incorporated in the French Army with a military police role reduced.
In 1901, the "École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale" was established to train its officers.
Battle honours.
Five battles are remembered on the flag of the Gendarmerie:
The gendarmerie is still sometimes referred to as the "maréchaussée" (being the old name for the service). The gendarmes are also occasionally called "pandores", which is a slang term derived from an 18th-century Hungarian word for "frontier guards." The symbol of the gendarmerie is a stylized grenade, which is also worn by the Italian Carabinieri and the Grenadier Guards in Britain. The budget in 2008 was approximately 7.7 billion euros.
The equivalent Dutch force, "Royal Marechaussee", uses officially the old French term--which King William I, when assuming power after the fall of Napoleon, considered preferable to "gendarmerie".
Missions.
In French, the term "police" not only refers to the forces, but also to the general concept of "maintenance of law and order" (policing). The Gendarmerie's missions belong to three categories:
These missions include:
Organization.
Basic principles.
The Gendarmerie, while remaining part of the French armed forces, has been attached to the Ministry of the Interior since 2009. Criminal investigations are run under the supervision of prosecutors or investigating magistrates. Gendarmerie members generally operate in uniform, and, only occasionally, in plainclothes.
Director-General.
The Director-general of the Gendarmerie (DGGN) is appointed by the Council of Ministers, with the rank of Général d'Armée. The current Director-General is Général Christian Rodriguez who took office on November 1, 2019.
The Director-General organizes the operation of the Gendarmerie at two levels:
Directorate-General.
The Gendarmerie headquarters, called the Directorate-General of the National Gendarmerie (Fr: Direction générale de la Gendarmerie nationale (DGGN)), long located in downtown Paris, had been relocated since 2012 to Issy-les-Moulineaux, a southern Parisian suburb.
The Directorate-General of the national gendarmerie includes:
Organization.
The main components of the organization are the following:
The above-mentioned organizations report directly to the Director General (DGGN) with the exception of the Republican Guard, which reports to the Île-de-France region.
The reserve force numbers 30,000 (not included in the 100,000 total). It is managed by the Departmental Gendarmerie at the regional level.
Departmental Gendarmerie.
The Departmental Gendarmerie, or "Gendarmerie Départementale", also named «La Blanche» "(The White)", is the most numerous part of the Gendarmerie, is in charge of policing small towns and rural areas. Its territorial divisions are based on the administrative divisions of France, particularly the departments from which the Departmental Gendarmerie derives its name. The Departmental Gendarmerie carries out the general public order duties in municipalities with a population of up to 20000 citizens. When that limit is exceeded, the jurisdiction over the municipality is turned over to the National Police.
It is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including Corsica), themselves divided into "groupements" (one for each of the 100 "département", thus the name), themselves divided into "compagnies" (one for each of the 342 arrondissements).
It maintains gendarmerie brigades throughout the rural parts of the territory. There are two kind of brigades:
In addition, it has specialised units:
In addition, the Gendarmerie runs a national criminal police institute ("Institut de recherche criminelle de la gendarmerie nationale") specializing in supporting local units for difficult investigations.
The research units may be called into action by the judiciary even within cities (i.e. in the National Police's area of responsibility). As an example, the Paris research section of the Gendarmerie was in charge of the investigations into the vote-rigging allegations in the 5th district of Paris (see corruption scandals in the Paris region).
Gendarmes normally operate in uniform. They may operate in plainclothes only for specific missions and with their supervisors' authorisation.
Mobile Gendarmerie.
The Mobile Gendarmerie, or "Gendarmerie Mobile", also named « La Jaune » "(The Yellow)", is currently divided into 7 Defense zones ("Zones de Défense"). It comprises 18 Groupings ("Groupements de Gendarmerie mobile") featuring 109 squadrons for a total of approx. 12,000 men and women.
Its main responsibilities are:
Nearly 20% of the Mobile Gendarmerie squadrons are permanently deployed on a rotational basis in the French overseas territories. Other units deploy occasionally abroad alongside French troops engaged in military operations (called external operations or OPEX).
The civilian tasks of the "gendarmes mobiles" are similar to those of the police units known as "Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité" (CRS), for which they are often mistaken. Easy ways to distinguish them include:
The Mobile Gendarmerie includes GBGM ("Groupement Blindé de la Gendarmerie Nationale"), an Armoured grouping composed of seven squadrons equipped with VXB armoured personnel carriers, better known in the Gendarmerie as VBRG ("Véhicule Blindé à Roues de la Gendarmerie", "Gendarmerie armoured wheeled vehicle"). It is based at Versailles-Satory. The unit also specializes in CBRN defense.
National Gendarmerie Intervention Group.
GIGN (Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie nationale) is an elite law enforcement and special operations unit numbering about 400 personnel. Its missions include counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, surveillance of national threats, protection of government officials and targeting of organized crime.
GIGN was established in 1974 following the Munich massacre. Created initially as a relatively small police tactical unit specialized in sensitive hostage situations, it has since grown into a larger and more diversified force of nearly 400 members.
Many of its missions are classified, and members are not allowed to be publicly photographed. Since its formation, GIGN has been involved in over 1,800 missions and rescued more than 600 hostages, making it one of the most experienced counter-terrorism units in the world. The unit came into prominence following its successful assault on a hijacked Air France flight at Marseille Marignane airport in December 1994.
Republican Guard.
The Republican Guard is a ceremonial unit based in Paris. Their missions include:
Overseas Gendarmerie.
The non-metropolitan branches include units serving in the French overseas "départements" and territories (such as the Gendarmerie of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon), staff at the disposal of independent States for technical co-operation, Germany, security guards in French embassies and consulates abroad.
Maritime Gendarmerie.
Placed under the dual supervision of the Gendarmerie and the Navy, its missions include:
Air Transport Gendarmerie.
The Air Transport Gendarmerie ("Gendarmerie des Transports Aériens") is placed under the dual supervision of the Gendarmerie and the direction of civilian aviation of the transportation ministry, its missions include:
Air Gendarmerie.
The Air Gendarmerie ("Gendarmerie de l'Air") is placed under the dual supervision of the Gendarmerie and the Air Force, it fulfills police and security missions in the air bases, and goes on the site of an accident involving military aircraft.
Ordnance Gendarmerie.
The Ordnance Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie de l'Armement) fulfills police and security missions in the establishments of the Délégation Générale pour l'Armement (France's defence procurement agency).
Nuclear ordnance security Gendarmerie.
As the name implies, this branch is in charge of all security missions pertaining to France's nuclear forces.
Provost Gendarmerie.
The Provost Gendarmerie ("Gendarmerie prévôtale"), created in 2013, is the military police of the French Army deployed outside metropolitan France.
Foreign service.
Gendarmerie units have served in:
Uniforms.
The uniform of the Gendarmerie has undergone many changes since the establishment of the corps. Throughout most of the 19th century a wide bicorne was worn with a dark blue coat or tunic. Trousers were light blue. White aiguillettes were a distinguishing feature. In 1905 the bicorne was replaced by a dark blue kepi with white braiding, which had increasingly been worn as a service headdress. A silver crested helmet with plume, modelled on that of the French cuirassiers, was adopted as a parade headdress until 1914. Following World War I a relatively simple uniform was adopted for the Gendarmerie, although traditional features such as the multiple-cord aiguillette and the dark blue/light blue colour combination were retained.
Since 2006 a more casual "relaxed uniform" has been authorised for ordinary duties (see photograph below). The kepi however continues in use for dress occasions. Special items of clothing and equipment are issued for the various functions required of the Gendarmerie. The cavalry and infantry of the Republican Guard retain historic ceremonial uniforms dating from the 19th century.
Ranks.
Officiers Généraux ("General Officers")
Officiers supérieurs ("Senior Officers")
Officers Subalternes ("Junior Officers")
Sous-officers ("Sub-Officers")
Militaire du Rang ("Serviceman of the Rank")
Personnel.
The National Gendarmerie consisted of approx. 103,481 personnel units in 2006. Career gendarmes are either commissioned or non-commissioned officers. The lower ranks consist of auxiliary gendarmes on limited-time/term contracts. The 103,481 military personnel of the National Gendarmerie is divided into:
This personnel mans the following units:
Prospective Centre.
The Gendarmerie nationale's Prospective Centre (CPGN), which was created in 1998 by an ordinance of the Minister for Defence, is one of the gendarmerie's answers to officials' willingness to modernise the State. Under the direct authority of the general director of the gendarmerie, it is located in Penthièvre barracks on avenue Delcassé in Paris and managed by Mr Frédéric LENICA, (assisted by a general secretary, Colonel LAPPRAND) "maître des requêtes" in the Conseil d'Etat.
Equipment.
Cars.
The gendarmerie uses many different French cars, like Renault Megane and Peugeot Partner.
Helicopters.
The Gendarmerie has used helicopters since 1954. They are part of the Gendarmerie air forces (French: Forces aériennes de la Gendarmerie or FAG—not to be confused with the Air Gendarmerie or the Air Transport Gendarmerie). FAG units are attached to each of the seven domestic "zonal" regions and six overseas COMGEND (Gendarmerie commands). They also operate for the benefit of the National Police which owns no helicopters (the Police also has access to Civil Security helicopters).
Forces aériennes de la Gendarmerie (FAG) operate a fleet of 55 machines belonging to three types and specialized in two basic missions: surveillance/intervention and rescue/intervention.