Docent

Docent is a title at some European universities to denote a specific academic appointment within a set structure of academic ranks at or below the full professor rank, similar to a British readership, a French "maître de conférences" (MCF) and equal or above the title of "associate professor".
Description.
Docent is also used at some (mainly German) universities generically for a person who has the right to teach. The term is derived from the Latin word "docēns", which is the present active participle of "docēre" (to teach, to lecture). Becoming a docent is often referred to as Habilitation or Doctor of Science and is an academic evidence that proves that a holder is capable of appointment at the level of associate or full professor. Docent is the highest academic title in several countries and the qualifying criteria are research output that corresponds to 3-5 doctoral dissertations, supervision of PhD students, and concrete evidence of teaching at undergraduate and graduate level.
Belgium.
In the Flemish universities of Belgium "docent" is the first of four university professor ranks, the others being "hoofddocent" (head docent), "hoogleraar" (professor) and "gewoon hoogleraar". To be awarded the docent title at the Flemish universities, a candidate has to have a Doctorate. In the French-speaking universities, the word docent is not used in their titles.
Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
In Germany, Austria and in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, "Dozent" or "Hochschuldozent" denotes an academic appointment at a university or similar institution, at a mid-level ranking of seniority.
The title of "Privatdozent" is used (with certain conditions) by those who have successfully completed a "Habilitation", thereby denoting that its holder has the right to independently teach without being supervised by a professor. In this way, a Privatdozent may for instance hold an appointment as "Dozent" or "Hochschuldozent".
France.
In the French speaking countries (particularly in France), Maître de conférences (MCF) may refer to Docent, equivalent to Associate professor in the US or Senior reader in the UK. It is a tenured academic post enjoying the status of civil servant (""). The French Ministry of Higher Education provided a table summarizing the equivalent academic ranks of "professeur" and "Maître de conférences (MCF)" in other countries.
Central and Eastern Europe.
In countries with academic traditions that stem from German-speaking countries, "docent" is an academic appointment below that of a full professor. This is the situation in Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. "Docent" is considered equal to or above the title "associate professor" as used in Western European countries. In the Czech Republic, a "docent" holder is considered capable of conducting research independently as well as giving lectures.
In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus "docent" is an academic title below professor.
In Poland, the title of "docent" used to be mandatory in order to become a full professor. This is no longer a requirement, and the title nearly vanished in the last 20 years. Currently, it may be given to a teacher or instructor not engaged in research. Only a scientific researcher may apply for the title of "professor", and therefore "docent" is the highest title for teachers and instructors.
In countries such as Lithuania, Bulgaria, "docent" is used as an academic title equivalent to associate professor in German-speaking countries.
In most former Yugoslav countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia, the system of academic ranks is similar to that of North America. The academic rank of "docent" corresponds to assistant or associate professor.
In Armenia, the title of "Docent" -equivalent to Associate professor- is awarded to either a Candidate of Sciences or a Doctor of Sciences before becoming a full Professor.
Northern Europe.
In Denmark and Norway, docent is traditionally a title ranking between associate professor and professor, similar to a readership in the United Kingdom. All docents in universities in Norway became full professors in 1985, when the traditional docent title was abolished. In 2006 the title docent was introduced as the new title of the former teaching docents in Norway; while administratively on the same level as professors, the promotion criteria are different and based on teaching.
In Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Latvia docent (Finnish "dosentti", Swedish "docent", Estonian "dotsent", Latvian "docents") is an academic title conferred to a person fulfilling requirements similar to German Privatdozent. Such persons are usually expected to give lectures on their specialties if their professional activities permit this. Most docents are employed at the university where they are docents, but usually in a different position (often with the title Senior Lecturer; "universitetslektor"). The Scandinavian title "docent" as used in e.g. Sweden is often translated into English as Reader to avoid confusion with foreign uses of the term "docent". In Finland, the Docents' Union of Finland and the Finnish Ministry of Education recommend the term adjunct professor in English, while the term used by the University of Helsinki is Title of Docent.
Sweden.
In Sweden, there used to be both stipendiary ("docentstipendiat") and non-stipendiary ("oavlönad docent") docent positions. A stipendiary docent both held the docent title (for life), and benefited from a stipend that paid for his or her salary at the university for up to six years. The non-stipendiary alternative was solely an academic title (also for life). Today, most universities only confer a non-stipendiary docent title. The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Chalmers university of technology still maintains the stipendiary. The title is in most cases awarded to people employed as Assistant Professor("biträdande universitetslektor"), or Associate Professor ("universitetslektor"/Senior Lecturer) with a distinguished international reputation after a rigorous review of their research. Docent translates as Associate professor, or Reader, or just "Docent".
The title of docent is the second highest grade in the Swedish academic system, the highest being (full) professor. A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with the employment pyramid as such. This is rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in his/her academic career. A docent qualification is required of all head doctoral student supervisors. For conferment of the title, there is a requirement that the researcher has a good overview of his/her research area and has demonstrated both the ability to formulate research problems and to independently carry through research programs. It is a requirement that the researcher should be able to lead research projects. The researcher must have substantial scientific research experience and be well published in scientific journals.
Finland.
In Finland, docent is solely an academic title (, ) awarded by a university. The title is often translated to adjunct professor to make the title more comparable those of the Anglo-Saxon university system. The title of docent can either be awarded for life or for stipulated period of time depending on the choice of the unit that is conferring it. As a prerequisite, a candidate must have comprehensive knowledge of their own field, a capacity for independent research or artistic work demonstrated through publication or some other manner, and good teaching skills. The applicant must demonstrate scientific publications at least to the extent of two doctoral theses from the field of study. Candidates are required to give a lecture demonstrating their teaching skills, and are evaluated by an academic committee. 
While traditionally a docentship used to be a formal position without a salary, the 2009 change in legislation changed it to a title only. Thus, docentship is nowadays purely an official recognition of individual expertise as well as an academic rank. Docents may work as professors, associate professors, assistant professors, university lecturers or researchers at the university, or work elsewhere full-time. The rank of a docent entitles scientists to teach at the universities and to be principal reserchers, lead research groups and act as responsible supervisors of doctoral students.
The title can't be revoked in any circumstances according to Finnish legislation. There has been some discussion among academics whether revoking it should be possible in cases such as criminal convictions.
Norway.
In Norway, the title docent () was traditionally used for positions immediately below full professors and above those holding the title førsteamanuensis (corresponding to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in the Commonwealth) until 1985. The requirements were the same as for full university professors, but until then, each department usually only had one professor and other academics with similar qualifications were appointed as docents. Hence, docents could be seen as professors without chair (professor extraordinarius). The title was comparable to reader or associate professor in many Commonwealth countries and professor extraordinarius in continental Europe. All docents were lifted to full professor status in 1985, when the title was abolished at the universities.
The title docent remained in use in the rural colleges (), in the form of college docent (), which is a position focused on teaching that ranks below professors. In the 2000s only a handful of people still held the title college docent. In 1995, the college docents received the right to apply for promotion to professor. In 2003, the position teaching docent () was introduced. The title was changed to just docent () in 2006, although it is not a successor of the earlier docent position as used in the universities prior to 1985. The position is similar to college docent and focused on teaching activities rather than research.
Both the titles college docent and (teaching) docent are almost exclusively used in the colleges and new universities, and usually not used in the old universities. (Teaching) docent is ranked within the state pay grade system as administratively equivalent to the position of professor, but promotion to docent is based on a different set of merits, with more emphasis on teaching qualifications relative to research merits than in professorial appointments. Persons holding a permanent position as senior teaching fellow () at a university or university college may apply for promotion to docent. After the 2006 changes there are three parallel academic career ladders in Norway, one focused on both research and teaching, one focused on research and one focused on teaching.
Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands.
In Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands, "docente" (Portuguese and Spanish) and "docent" (Dutch) are a synonym for "teacher" as well as "professor", and are widely used across all academic ranks.
In Spain, an academic with a 'docent' level is one who has been given the accreditation 'profesor titular de universidad' by the 'Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación' (ANECA). This is the equivalent to 'associate professor' in UK or 'Dozent' in Germany.
The following level evaluated by ANECA is 'catedrático de universidad', that is 'university professor', according to European standards.
Indonesia and South Africa.
In South Africa, the Afrikaans word "dosent" refers to any full-time university lecturer, independent of rank. While in Indonesia, the Indonesian word "dosen" refers to any tertiary education lecturer, independent of rank.
Turkey.
In Turkey, "doçent" is an academic appointment equivalent to an associate professor, ranking between instructor doctor and professor. A "doçent" candidate has to have a doctor’s degree; pass written, oral examinations and also submit a docent thesis. The title of docent is mandatory in order to become a full professor. In recent years there is no longer need for a docent thesis, rather a candidate must provide evidence of a number of journal papers, or a research-level book on his field with a detail equivalent to journal article.