Friis transmission equation

The Friis transmission formula is used in telecommunications engineering, equating the power at the terminals of a receive antenna as the product of power density of the incident wave and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna under idealized conditions given another antenna some distance away transmitting a known amount of power. The formula was presented first by Danish-American radio engineer Harald T. Friis in 1946. The formula is sometimes referenced as the Friis transmission equation.
Friis' original formula.
Friis' original idea behind his transmission formula was to dispense with the usage of directivity or gain when describing antenna performance. In their place is the descriptor of antenna capture area as one of two important parts of the transmission formula that characterizes the behavior of a free-space radio circuit.
This leads to his published form of his transmission formula...
where:
Friis stated the advantage of this formula over other formulations is the lack of numerical coefficients to remember, but does require the expression of transmitting antenna performance in terms of power flow per unit area instead of field strength and the expression of receiving antenna performance by its effective area rather than by its power gain or radiation resistance.
Contemporary formula.
Few follow Friis' advice on using antenna effective area to characterize antenna performance over the contemporary use of directivity and gain metrics. Replacing the effective antenna areas with their directivity counterparts yields
where formula_18 and formula_19 are the antenna directivities (with respect to an isotropic radiator) of the transmitting and receiving antennas respectively, formula_7 is the wavelength representing the effective aperture area of the receiving antenna, and formula_6 is the distance between the antennas. To use the equation as written, the antenna directivities are unitless values, and the wavelength and distance units must be the same. To calculate using decibels (dB), the equation is modified to:
The simple form applies under the following conditions:
The ideal conditions are almost never achieved in ordinary terrestrial communications, due to obstructions, reflections from buildings, and most importantly reflections from the ground. One situation where the equation is reasonably accurate is in satellite communications when there is negligible atmospheric absorption; another situation is in anechoic chambers specifically designed to minimize reflections.
Derivation.
There are several methods to derive the Friis transmission equation. In addition to the usual derivation from antenna theory, the basic equation also can be derived from principles of radiometry and scalar diffraction in a manner that emphasizes physical understanding. Another derivation is to take the far-field limit of the near-field transmission integral, as described in e.g.