Pangram

A pangram or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, calligraphy, and keyboarding.
The best-known English pangram is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog". It has been used since at least the late 19th century, was utilized by Western Union to test Telex/TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability, and is now used by a number of computer programs (most notably the font viewer built into Microsoft Windows) to display computer fonts.
In a sense, a pangram (, , "every letter") is the opposite of the lipogram, in which the aim is to omit one or more letters from a sentence.
Short pangrams.
Short pangrams in English are more difficult to devise and tend to use uncommon words. Longer pangrams may afford more opportunity for humor, cleverness, or thoughtfulness.
The following are examples of pangrams that are shorter than "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog" (which has 33 letters) and use standard written English without abbreviations or proper nouns:
A perfect pangram contains every letter of the alphabet only once and can be considered an anagram of the alphabet. The only perfect pangrams of the English alphabet that are known either use abbreviations or other non-words, such as "Mr Jock, TV quiz PhD, bags few lynx" or "Quickly Nez Ford, what's JPG BMX V?", others use words so obscure that the phrase is hard to understand, such as "Cwm fjord bank glyphs vext quiz", in which "" is a loan word from the Welsh language meaning a steep-sided glaciated valley, and "vext" is an uncommon way to spell "vexed". Other writing systems may present more options; the Iroha is a well-known perfect pangram of the Japanese syllabary.
Phonetic pangrams.
These pangrams use all the phonemes, or phones of English (rather than alphabetic characters). The 1969 paper "IEEE Recommended Practices for Speech Quality Measurements" recorded 100 British-English phonetic pangrams.
Other languages using the Latin script.
Whereas the English language uses all 26 letters of the Latin alphabet in native and naturalized words, many other languages using the same alphabet do not. Pangram writers in these languages are forced to choose between only using those letters found in native words or incorporating exotic loanwords into their pangrams. Some words, such as the Gaelic-derived "whisk(e)y", which has been borrowed by many languages and uses the letters "k", "w" and "y", are a frequent fixture of many foreign pangrams.
Other alphabetic scripts.
Non-Latin alphabetic or phonetic scripts such as Greek, Cyrillic, and others can also have pangrams. Some for Greek are listed at . In some writing systems exactly what counts as a distinct symbol can be debated. For example, many languages have accents or other diacritics,
but one might count "é" and "e" as the same for pangrams. A similar problem arises for older English orthography that includes the long s ("ſ").
Non-alphabetic scripts.
Logographic scripts, or writing systems such as Chinese that do not use an alphabet but are composed principally of logograms, cannot produce pangrams in a literal sense (or at least, not pangrams of reasonable size). The total number of signs is large and imprecisely defined, so producing a text with every possible sign is practically impossible. However, various analogies to pangrams are feasible, including traditional pangrams in a romanization.
In Japanese, although typical orthography uses kanji (logograms), pangrams can be made using every kana, or syllabic character. The Iroha is a classic example of a perfect pangram in non-Latin script.
In Chinese, the Thousand Character Classic is a 1000-character poem in which each character is used exactly once; however, it does not include all Chinese characters. The single character (permanence) incorporates every basic stroke used to write Chinese characters exactly once, as described in the Eight Principles of Yong.
Among abugida scripts, an example of a perfect pangram is the "Hanacaraka (hana caraka; data sawala; padha jayanya; maga bathanga)" of the Javanese script, which is used to write the Javanese language in Indonesia.
Self-enumerating pangrams.
A self-enumerating pangram is a pangrammatic autogram, or a sentence that inventories its own letters, each of which occurs at least once. The first example was produced by Rudy Kousbroek, a Dutch journalist and essayist, who publicly challenged Lee Sallows, a British recreational mathematician resident in the Netherlands, to produce an English translation of his Dutch pangram. In the sequel, Sallows built an electronic "pangram machine", that performed a systematic search among millions of candidate solutions. The machine was successful in identifying the following 'magic' translation:
Chris Patuzzo was able to reduce the problem of finding a self-enumerating pangram to the boolean satisfiability problem. He did this by using a made-to-order hardware description language as a stepping stone and then applied the Tseytin transformation to the resulting chip.
Pangrams in literature.
The pangram "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", and the search for a shorter pangram, are the cornerstone of the plot of the novel "Ella Minnow Pea" by Mark Dunn. The search successfully comes to an end when the phrase "Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs" is discovered.