Canadian raising

Canadian raising is an allophonic rule of phonology in many dialects of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points. Most commonly, the shift affects or , or both, when they are pronounced before voiceless consonants (therefore, in words like "price" and "clout", respectively, but not in "prize" and "cloud"). In North American English, and usually begin in an open vowel [~], but through raising they shift to , or . Canadian English often has raising in words with both ("height, life, psych, type", etc.) and ("clout, house, south, scout," etc.), while a number of U.S. English dialects (such as Inland North and Western New England) have this feature in but not .
In the U.S., "aboot" , an exaggerated version of the raised pronunciation of "about" , is a stereotype of Canadian English.
Although the symbol is defined as an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the International Phonetic Alphabet, or may signify any raised vowel that contrasts with unraised or , when the exact quality of the raised vowel is not important in the given context.
Description.
Phonetic environment.
In general, Canadian raising affects vowels before voiceless consonants like , , , and . Vowels before voiced consonants like , , , and are usually not raised.
However, several studies indicate that this rule is not completely accurate, and have attempted to formulate different rules.
A study of three speakers in Meaford, Ontario, showed that pronunciation of the diphthong fell on a continuum between raised and unraised. Raising is influenced by voicing of the following consonant, but it may also be influenced by the sound before the diphthong. Frequently the diphthong was raised when preceded by a coronal: in "gigantic", "dinosaur", and "Siberia".
Raising before , as in "wire", "iris", and "fire", has been documented in some American accents.
Raising of before certain voiced consonants is most prominent in the Inland North, Western New England, and Philadelphia. It has been noted to occur before , and especially. Hence, words like "tiny", "spider", "cider", "tiger", "dinosaur", "cyber-", "beside", "idle" (but sometimes not "idol"), and "fire" may contain a raised nucleus. (Also note that in six of those nine words, is preceded by a coronal consonant; see above paragraph. In five [or possibly six] of those nine words, the syllable after the syllable with contains a liquid.) The use of rather than in such words is unpredictable from phonetic environment alone, though it may have to do with their acoustic similarity to other words that "do" contain before a voiceless consonant, per the traditional Canadian-raising system. Hence, some researchers have argued that there has been a phonemic split in these dialects; the distribution of the two sounds is becoming more unpredictable among younger speakers.
Raising can apply to compound words. Hence, the first vowel in "high school" as a term meaning "a secondary school for students approximately 14–18 years old" may be raised, whereas "high school" with the literal meaning of "a school that is high (e.g. in elevation)" is unaffected. (The two terms are also distinguished by the position of the stress accent, as shown.) The same is true of "high chair".
However, frequently it does not. One study of speakers in Rochester, New York and Minnesota found a very inconsistent pattern of raising before voiceless consonants in certain prefixes; for example, the numerical prefix "bi-" was raised in "bicycle" but not "bisexual" or "bifocals". Likewise, the vowel was consistently kept low when used in a prefix in words like "dichotomy" and "anti-Semitic". This pattern may have to do with stress or familiarity of the word to the speaker; however, these relations are still inconsistent.
In most dialects of North American English, intervocalic and are pronounced as an alveolar flap when the following vowel is unstressed or word-initial, a phenomenon known as "flapping". In accents with both flapping and Canadian raising, or before a flapped may still be raised, even though the flap is a voiced consonant. Hence, while in accents without raising, "writer" and "rider" are pronounced identically except for a slight difference in vowel length due to pre-fortis clipping, in accents with raising, the words may be distinguished by their vowels: "writer" , "rider" .
Result.
The raised variant of typically becomes , while the raised variant of varies by dialect, with more common in Western Canada and a fronted variant commonly heard in Central Canada. In any case, the open vowel component of the diphthongs changes to a mid vowel (, , or ).
Geographic distribution.
Inside Canada.
As its name implies, Canadian raising is found throughout most of Canada, though the exact phonetic quality of Canadian raising may differ throughout the country. In raised , the first element tends to be farther back in Quebec and the Canadian Prairies and Maritimes (particularly in Alberta): thus, . The first element tends to be the farthest forward in eastern and southern Ontario: thus, . Newfoundland English is the Canadian dialect that participates least in any conditioned Canadian raising, while Vancouver English may lack the raising of in particular.
Outside Canada.
Canadian raising is not restricted to Canada. Raising of both and is common in eastern New England, for example in some Boston accents (the former more likely than the latter), as well as in the Upper Midwest. South Atlantic English and the accents of England's Fens feature it as well.
Raising of just is found in a much greater number of dialects in the United States. This phenomenon is most consistently found in the Inland North, the Upper Midwest, New England, New York City, and the mid-Atlantic areas of Pennsylvania (including Philadelphia), Maryland, and Delaware, as well as in Virginia. It is somewhat less common in the lower Midwest, the West, and the South. However, there is considerable variation in the raising of , and it can be found inconsistently throughout the United States.
The raising of is also present in Ulster English, spoken in the northern region of the island of Ireland, in which is split between the sound (before voiced consonants or in final position) and the sound (before voiceless consonants but also sometimes in any position); phonologist Raymond Hickey has described this Ulster raising as "embryonically the situation" for Canadian raising.