Giovanni Papini

Giovanni Papini (9 January 18818 July 1956) was an Italian journalist, essayist, novelist, short story writer, poet, literary critic, and philosopher. A controversial literary figure of the early and mid-twentieth century, he was the earliest and most enthusiastic representative and promoter of Italian pragmatism. Papini was admired for his writing style and engaged in heated polemics. Involved with avant-garde movements such as futurism and post-decadentism, he moved from one political and philosophical position to another, always dissatisfied and uneasy: he converted from anti-clericalism and atheism to Catholicism, and went from convinced interventionism – before 1915 – to an aversion to war. 
In the 1930s, after moving from individualism to conservatism, he finally became a fascist, while maintaining an aversion to Nazism.
As one of the founders of the journals "Leonardo" (1903) and "Lacerba" (1913), he conceived literature as "action" and gave his writings an oratory and irreverent tone. Though self-educated, he was an influential iconoclastic editor and writer, with a leading role in Italian futurism and the early literary movements of youth. Working in Florence, he actively participated in foreign literary philosophical and political movements such as the French intuitionism of Bergson and the Anglo-American pragmatism of Peirce and James. Promoting the development of Italian culture and life with an individualistic and dreamy conception of life and art, he acted as a spokesman in Roman Catholic religious beliefs.
Papini's literary success began with "Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi" ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"), published in 1906, and his 1913 publication of his auto-biographical novel "Un Uomo Finito" ("A finished man").
Due to his ideological choices, Papini's work was almost forgotten after his death, although it was later re-evaluated and appreciated again: in 1975, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges called him an "undeservedly forgotten" author.
Early life.
Born in Florence as the son of a modest furniture retailer (and former member of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts) from Borgo degli Albizi, Papini was baptized in secret by his mother to avoid the aggressive anti-clericalism of his father. Almost entirely self-educated, he never received an official university degree, and his highest level of education was a teaching certificate. Papini had a rustic, lonesome childhood. He felt a strong aversion to all beliefs, to all churches, as well as to any form of servitude (which he saw as connected to religion); he became enchanted with the idea of writing an encyclopedia wherein all cultures would be summarized.
Trained at the "Istituto di Studi Superiori" (1900–2), he taught for a year in the Anglo-Italian school and then was librarian at the Museum of Anthropology from 1902 to 1904. The literary life attracted Papini, who in 1903 founded the magazine "Il Leonardo", to which he contributed articles under the pseudonym of "Gian Falco." His collaborators included Giuseppe Prezzolini, Borgese, Vailati, Costetti and Calderoni. Through Leonardo's Papini and his contributors introduced in Italy important thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Peirce, Nietzsche, Santayana and Poincaré. He would later join the staff of "Il Regno", a nationalist publication directed by Enrico Corradini, who formed the "Associazione Nazionalistica Italiana", to support his country colonial expansionism.
Papini met William James and Henri Bergson, who greatly influenced his early works. He started publishing short-stories and essays: in 1906, "Il Tragico Quotidiano" ("Everyday Tragic"), in 1907 "Il Pilota Cieco" ("The Blind Pilot") and "Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi" ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"). The latter constituted a polemic with established and diverse intellectual figures, such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche.
Papini proclaimed the death of philosophy and the demolition of thinking itself. He briefly flirted with Futurism and other violent and liberating forms of Modernism
In 1907 Papini married Giacinta Giovagnoli; the couple had two daughters, Viola and Gioconda.
Before and during World War I.
After leaving "Il Leonardo" in 1907, Giovanni Papini founded several other magazines. First he published "La Voce" in 1908, then "L'Anima" together with Giovanni Amendola and Prezzolini. In 1913 (right before Italy's entry into World War I) he started "Lacerba" (1913–15). From three years Papini was correspondent for the "Mercure de France" and later literary critic for "La Nazione". About 1918 he created yet another review, "La Vraie Italie", with Ardengo Soffici.
Other books came from his pen. His "Parole e Sangue" ("Words and Blood") showed his fundamental atheism. Furthermore, Papini sought to create scandal by speculating that Jesus and John the Apostle had a homosexual relationship. In 1912 he published his best-known work, the autobiography "Un Uomo Finito" ("The Failure").
In his 1915 collection of poetic prose "Cento Pagine di Poesia" (followed by "Buffonate", "Maschilità", and "Stroncature"), Papini placed himself face-to-face with Giovanni Boccaccio, William Shakespeare, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, but also contemporaries such as Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile, and less prominent disciples of Gabriele D'Annunzio. A critic wrote of him:
Giovanni Papini [...] is one of the finest minds in the Italy of today. He is an excellent representative of modernity's restless search for truth, and his work exhibits a refreshing independence founded, not like so much so-called independence, upon ignorance of the past, but upon a study and understanding of it.
He published verse in 1917, grouped under the title "Opera Prima". In 1921, Papini announced his newly found Roman Catholicism, publishing his "Storia di Cristo" ("The Story of Christ"), a book which has been translated into twenty-three languages and has had a worldwide success.
After further verse works, he published the satire "Gog" (1931) and the essay "Dante Vivo" ("Living Dante", or "If Dante Were Alive"; 1933).
World War II and collaborations with Fascism.
He became a teacher at the University of Bologna in 1935, when the Fascist authorities confirmed Papini's ""impeccable reputation" through the appointment. In 1937, Papini published the only volume of his "History of Italian Literature", which he dedicated to Benito Mussolini: "to Il Duce, friend of poetry and of the poets"", being awarded top positions in academia, especially in the study of Italian Renaissance. In 1940 Papini's "Storia della Letteratura Italiana" was published in Nazi Germany with the title "Eternal Italy: The Great in its Empire of Letters" (in German: "Ewiges Italien – Die Großen im Reich seiner Dichtung").
Papini was the vice president of the "Europäische Schriftstellervereinigung" (i.e. "European Writers' League"), which was founded by Joseph Goebbels in 1941/42. When the Fascist regime crumbled in 1943, Papini entered a Franciscan convent in La Verna, under the name "Fra' Bonaventura".
Final years.
Largely discredited at the end of World War II, Papini was defended by the Catholic political right. His work concentrated on different subjects, including a biography of Michelangelo, while he continued to publish dark and tragic essays. He collaborated with "Corriere della Sera", contributing articles that were published as a volume after his death.
Papini had been suffering from progressive paralysis (due by motor neuron disease) and was blind during the last years of his life. He died at the age of 75.
According to art historian Richard Dorment, Francisco Franco's regime and NATO used Papini's series of imaginary interviews ("Il Libro Nero", 1951) as propaganda against Pablo Picasso, to dramatically undercut his pro-Communist image. In 1962, the artist asked his biographer Pierre Daix, to expose the pretend interview, which he did in "Les Lettres Françaises".
He was admired by Bruno de Finetti, founder of a subjective theory of probability, and Jorge Luis Borges, who remarked that Papini had been "unjustly forgotten" and included some of his stories in the Library of Babel.
In popular culture.
Wallace Stevens wrote poem called "Reply to Papini."
Publications.
Posthumous
References.
Notes
Bibliography