
Sentence clause structure

In grammar, sentence and clause structure, commonly known as sentence composition, is the classification of sentences based on the number and kind of clauses in their syntactic structure. Such division is an element of traditional grammar.
Typology of clauses.
In standard English, sentences are composed of five "clause" patterns:
Sentences – which are composed of these clauses, in either "dependent" or "independent" form – also have patterns, as explained below.
Typology of sentences.
A "simple sentence" consists of only one clause. A "compound sentence" consists of two or more independent clauses. A "complex sentence" has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause. A set of words with no independent clause may be an "incomplete sentence", also called a "sentence fragment".
A sentence consisting of at least one dependent clause and at least two independent clauses may be called a "complex-compound sentence" or "compound-complex sentence".
Sentence 1 is an example of a simple sentence. Sentence 2 is compound because "so" is considered a coordinating conjunction in English, and sentence 3 is complex. Sentence 4 is compound-complex (also known as complex-compound). Example 5 is a sentence fragment.
The simple sentence in example 1 contains one clause. Example 2 has two clauses ("I don't know how to bake" and "I buy my bread already made"), combined into a single sentence with the coordinating conjunction "so". In example 3, "I enjoyed the apple pie" is an independent clause, and "that you bought for me" is a dependent clause; the sentence is thus complex. In sentence 4, "The dog lived in the garden" and "the cat lived inside the house" are both independent clauses; "who was smarter" is a dependent clause. Example 5 features a noun phrase but no verb. It is not a grammatically complete clause.
Simple sentences.
A simple sentence structure contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, "I", and one verb, "run".
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, "girl", and one predicate, "ran into her bedroom". The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of more than one word.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, "dog", and one predicate, "barked and howled at the cat". This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: "barked" and "howled". This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. "In the backyard" and "at the cat" are prepositional phrases.
Compound sentences.
In the English language, a compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a "coordinating" conjunction, a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. Conjunctions are words such as "for", "and", "nor", "but", "or", "yet", and "so". Examples:
The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses without the addition of an appropriate conjunction is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English language). Example:
If a sentence contains "homogenous" members referring to another common member of the sentence, the sentence may be considered either simple or compound. If the homogenous members are removed, then the sentence is called "contracted". In some languages, like Russian, a comma is not always required in a sentence with homogenous members. 
Complex and compound-complex sentences.
A complex sentence has one or more dependent clauses (also called subordinate clauses). Since a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence, complex sentences must also have at least one independent clause. In short, a sentence with one or more dependent clauses and at least one independent clause is a complex sentence. A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses is called compound-complex or complex-compound.
In addition to a subject and a verb, dependent clauses contain a subordinating conjunction or similar word. There are a large number of subordinating conjunctions in English. Some of these give the clause an adverbial function, specifying time, place, or manner. Such clauses are called adverbial clauses.
This complex sentence contains an adverbial clause, "When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house". The adverbial clause describes when and where the action of the main clause, "I had only two things on my mind", took place.
A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase in the independent clause. In other words, the relative clause functions similar to an adjective.
In the first example, the restrictive relative clause "who has been deceived" specifies or defines the meaning of "him" in the independent clause, "Let him complain". In the second example, the non-restrictive relative clause "who have never known your family" describes "you" in the independent clause, "You see them standing around you".
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions like a noun. A noun clause may function as the subject of a clause, or as a predicate nominative or an object.
In this sentence the independent clause contains two noun clauses. The noun clause "What she had realized" serves as the subject of the verb "was", and "that love was that moment" serves as complement. The sentence also contains a relative clause, "when your heart was about to burst".
Incomplete sentences.
An incomplete sentence or sentence fragment, is a set of words which does not form a complete sentence, either because it does not express a complete thought or because it lacks some grammatical element, such as a subject or a verb. A dependent clause without an independent clause is one example of an incomplete sentence.
Some prescriptive grammars consider sentences starting with a conjunction such as "but" or "and" to be incomplete sentences, but this style prescription has "no historical or grammatical foundation". Computer grammar checkers often highlight incomplete sentences. If the context is clear from the rest of the paragraph, however, an incomplete sentence may be permissible.
Run-on sentences.
A "run-on" sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (i.e., clauses that have not been made dependent through the use of a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction) that are joined without appropriate punctuation: the clauses "run on"—into confusion rather than clarity, like intersecting streets without signs for Yield or Stop. The independent clauses can be "fused", as in "It is nearly half past five we cannot reach town before dark", in which case the two independent clauses might be separated (between "five" and "we") with a period [...five. We...], a comma and conjunction (...five, and we...), or a semicolon (...five; we...). The independent clauses can be joined "inadequately" with only a comma (the comma splice). James Joyce's novel "Ulysses" employs stream of consciousness, which takes literary license by intentionally breaking this grammatical rule by use of long, punctuation-free, run-on sentences, particularly in the final chapter "Penelope".
In general, run-on sentences occur when two or more independent clauses are joined without using a coordinating conjunction (i.e. "for", "and", "nor", "but", "or", "yet", "so") or correct punctuation (i.e. semicolon, dash, or period). A run-on sentence can be as short as four words – for instance, "I drive she walks", or even "I drive, she walks," – because in these short cases there are two subjects paired with two intransitive verbs. An imperative sentence like "Run walk" can be a run-on even if it only has two words.
While some sources view comma splices as a form of run-on sentences, others limit the term to independent clauses that are joined without punctuation.
Per "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language", the term "run-on sentence" is also used for "a very long sentence, especially one lacking order or coherence".