Abessive case

In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated or ), caritive and privative (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition "without" or by the suffix "-less."
The name "abessive" is derived from Latin "abesse" "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name "caritive" is derived from Latin "carere" "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name "privative" is derived from Latin "privare" "to deprive".
In Afro-Asiatic languages.
Somali.
In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by "-laa" or "-la" and dropping all but the first syllable on certain words. For example:
In Australian languages.
Martuthunira.
In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with two suffixes, "-wirriwa" and "-wirraa". What determines which suffix is used in a given situation is unclear.
In Uralic languages.
Finnish.
In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by "-tta" for back vowels and "-ttä" for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:
An equivalent construction exists using the word "ilman" and the partitive:
or, less commonly:
The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent "ilman" forms:
The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix "-ma-" / "-mä-"), such as "puhu-ma-tta" "without speaking", "osta-ma-tta" "without buying," "välittä-mä-ttä" "without caring:"
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and "ilman" forms are combined:
There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.
Estonian.
Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by "-ta" in both the singular and the plural:
Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.
The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix "-ma-" and the abessive marker "-ta":
Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the Nimeta baar (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar (the bar with a name).
Skolt Sami.
The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is "-tää" or "-taa" in both the singular and the plural:
The abessive-like non-finite verb form (converb) is "-ǩâni" or "-kani":
Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.
Inari Sami.
The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is "-táá." The corresponding non-finite verb form is "-hánnáá," "-hinnáá" or "-hennáá."
Other Sami languages.
The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.
Hungarian.
In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by "-talan" for back vowels and "-telen" for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes "-tlan" or "-tlen". For example:
There is also the postposition "nélkül," which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.
In Turkic languages.
Bashkir.
In Bashkir the suffix is "-һыҙ"/"-һеҙ" ("-hïð"/"-hĭð").
Turkish.
The suffix "-siz" (variations: "-sız", "-suz", "-süz") is used in Turkish.
Ex: "evsiz" ("ev" = house, houseless/homeless), "barksız", "görgüsüz" ("görgü" = good manners, ill-bred), "yurtsuz".
Azerbaijani.
The same suffix is used in the Azerbaijani language.
Chuvash.
In Chuvash the suffix is "-сĂр".
Kyrgyz.
In Kyrgyz the suffix is "-сIз".