Sheol

Sheol ( , ; Hebrew: "Šəʾōl"), in the Hebrew Bible, is a place of darkness to which the dead go. When the Hebrew scriptures were translated into Greek in ancient Alexandria around 200 BC, the word "Hades" (the Greek underworld) was substituted for Sheol.
While the Hebrew Bible describes Sheol as the permanent place of the dead, in the Second Temple period (roughly 500 BC – 70 AD) Sheol is considered to be the home of the wicked dead, while Paradise is the home of the righteous dead until the Last Judgement (e.g. 1 Enoch 22; Luke 16:). In some texts, Sheol was considered a place of punishment, meant for the wicked dead, and is equated with Gehenna in the Talmud. This is reflected in the New Testament where Hades is both the underworld of the dead and the personification of it.
Judaism.
According to Herbert C. Brichto, writing in "Hebrew Union College Annual," the family tomb is the central concept in understanding biblical views of the afterlife. Brichto states that it is "not mere sentimental respect for the physical remains that is...the motivation for the practice, but rather an assumed connection between proper sepulture and the condition of happiness of the deceased in the afterlife".
According to Brichto, the early Israelites apparently believed that the graves of family, or tribe, united into one and that this, unified collectively, is to what the Biblical Hebrew term Sheol refers: the common grave of humans. Although not well defined in the Tanakh, Sheol in this view was a subterranean underworld where the souls of the dead went after the body died. The Babylonians had a similar underworld called Aralu and the Greeks had one known as Hades. According to Brichto, other biblical names for Sheol were: Abaddon (ruin), found in Psalm 88:11, Job 28:22 and Proverbs 15:11; "Bor" (the pit), found in Isaiah 14:15 and Isaiah 24:22, Ezekiel 26:20; and "Shakhat" (corruption), found in Isaiah 38.17, and Ezekiel 28:8.
The Tanakh has few references to existence after death. The notion of resurrection of the dead appears in two biblical sources, Daniel (Daniel 12) and Isaiah (Isaiah 25–26 ).
Personification in the Hebrew Bible.
Wojciech Kosior has argued that Sheol in the Hebrew Bible refers to an underworld deity. Some additional support for this hypothesis comes from the ancient Near Eastern literary materials. For example, the Akkadian plates mention the name "shuwalu" or "suwala" in reference to a deity responsible for ruling the abode of the dead. As such it might have been borrowed by the Hebrews and incorporated into their early belief system. What is more, some scholars argue that Sheol understood anthropomorphically fits the semantic complex of the other ancient Near Eastern death deities such as Nergal, Ereshkigal or Mot. Other scholars have cast doubt on these readings.
Biblical texts.
Hebrew Bible.
A number of biblical texts reference Sheol. The following is a selection:
Others passages mentioning Sheol include ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and others.
New Testament.
In the New Testament there are also passages describing Hades, such as the story of the rich man and Lazarus in .