Embedded pushdown automaton

An embedded pushdown automaton or EPDA is a computational model for parsing languages generated by tree-adjoining grammars (TAGs). It is similar to the context-free grammar-parsing pushdown automaton, but instead of using a plain stack to store symbols, it has a stack of iterated stacks that store symbols, giving TAGs a generative capacity between context-free and context-sensitive grammars, or a subset of mildly context-sensitive grammars.
Embedded pushdown automata should not be confused with nested stack automata which have more computational power.
History and applications.
EPDAs were first described by K. Vijay-Shanker in his 1988 doctoral thesis. They have since been applied to more complete descriptions of classes of mildly context-sensitive grammars and have had important roles in refining the Chomsky hierarchy. Various subgrammars, such as the linear indexed grammar, can thus be defined. EPDAs are also beginning to play an important role in natural language processing.
While natural languages have traditionally been analyzed using context-free grammars (see transformational-generative grammar and computational linguistics), this model does not work well for languages with crossed dependencies, such as Dutch, situations for which an EPDA is well suited. A detailed linguistic analysis is available in Joshi, Schabes (1997).
Theory.
An EPDA is a finite state machine with a set of stacks that can be themselves accessed through the "embedded stack". Each stack contains elements of the "stack alphabet" formula_1, and so we define an element of a stack by formula_2, where the star is the Kleene closure of the alphabet.
Each stack can then be defined in terms of its elements, so we denote the formula_3th stack in the automaton using a double-dagger symbol: formula_4, where formula_5 would be the next accessible symbol in the stack. The "embedded stack" of formula_6 stacks can thus be denoted by formula_7.
We define an EPDA by the septuple (7-tuple)
Thus the transition function takes a state, the next symbol of the input string, and the top symbol of the current stack and generates the next state, the stacks to be pushed and popped onto the "embedded stack", the pushing and popping of the current stack, and the stacks to be considered the current stacks in the next transition. More conceptually, the "embedded stack" is pushed and popped, the current stack is optionally pushed back onto the "embedded stack", and any other stacks one would like are pushed on top of that, with the last stack being the one read from in the next iteration. Therefore, stacks can be pushed both above and below the current stack.
A given configuration is defined by
where formula_19 is the current state, the formula_20s are the stacks in the "embedded stack", with formula_21 the current stack, and for an input string formula_22, formula_23 is the portion of the string already processed by the machine and formula_24 is the portion to be processed, with its head being the current symbol read. Note that the empty string formula_25 is implicitly defined as a terminating symbol, where if the machine is at a final state when the empty string is read, the entire input string is "accepted", and if not it is "rejected". Such "accepted" strings are elements of the language
where formula_27 and formula_28 defines the transition function applied over as many times as necessary to parse the string.
An informal description of EPDA can also be found in Joshi, Schabes (1997), Sect.7, p. 23-25.
"k"-order EPDA and the Weir hierarchy.
A more precisely defined hierarchy of languages that correspond to the mildly context-sensitive class was defined by David J. Weir.
Based on the work of Nabil A. Khabbaz,
Weir's Control Language Hierarchy is a containment where the "Level-1" is defined as context-free, and "Level-2" is the class of tree-adjoining and the other three grammars.
Following are some of the properties of Level-"k" languages in the hierarchy:
Those properties correspond well (at least for small "k" > 1) to the conditions of mildly context-sensitive languages imposed by Joshi, and as "k" gets bigger, the language class becomes, in a sense, less mildly context-sensitive.