Nadsat

Nadsat is a fictional register or argot used by the teenage gang members in Anthony Burgess's dystopian novel "A Clockwork Orange". Burgess was a linguist and he used this background to depict his characters as speaking a form of Russian-influenced English. The name comes from the Russian suffix equivalent of "-teen" as in "thirteen" (-надцать, "-nad·tsat"). Nadsat was also used in Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation of the book.
Description.
Nadsat is a mode of speech used by the "nadsat", members of the teen subculture in the novel "A Clockwork Orange". The narrator and protagonist of the book, Alex, uses it in first-person style to relate the story to the reader. He also uses it to communicate with other characters in the novel, such as his "droogs", parents, victims and any authority-figures with whom he comes in contact. As with many speakers of non-standard varieties of English, Alex is capable of speaking standard English when he wants to. It is not a written language: the sense that readers get is of a transcription of vernacular speech.
Nadsat is English with some borrowed words from Russian. It also contains influences from Cockney rhyming slang, the King James Bible, German, some words of unclear origin and some that Burgess invented. The word "nadsat" is the suffix of Russian numerals from 11 to 19 (-надцать). The suffix is an almost exact linguistic parallel to the English '-teen' and is derived from "на", meaning "on" and a shortened form of "десять", the number ten. "Droog" is Russian друг "close friend". Some of the words are almost childish plays on English words, such as "eggiweg" ("egg") and "appy polly loggy" ("apology"), as well as regular English slang "sod" and "snuff it". The word "like" and the expression "the old" are often used as fillers or discourse markers.
The original 1991 translation of Burgess's book into Russian solved the problem of how to illustrate the Nadsat words by using transliterated, slang English words in places where Burgess had used Russian ones (i.e. "droogs" became "фрэнды" ("frendy"). Borrowed English words with Russian inflection were widely used in Russian slang, especially among Russian hippies in the 1970s–1980s. 
Function.
Burgess, a polyglot who loved language in all its forms, was aware that linguistic slang was of a constantly changing nature. Burgess knew that if he used contemporary modes of speech, the novel would very quickly become dated. His use of Nadsat was pragmatic; he needed his narrator to have a unique voice that would remain ageless, while reinforcing Alex's indifference to his society's norms, and to suggest that youth subculture was independent from the rest of society. In "A Clockwork Orange", Alex's interrogators describe the source of his argot as "subliminal penetration".
Russian influences.
Russian influences play the biggest role in Nadsat. Most of those Russian-influenced words are slightly anglicized loan-words, often maintaining the original Russian pronunciation. One example is the Russian word "Lyudi", which is anglicized to "lewdies", meaning "people". Another Russian word is "Bábushka" which is anglicized to "baboochka", meaning "grandmother", "old woman". Some of the anglicised words are truncated, for example "pony" from "ponimát’", "to understand", or otherwise shortened, for example "veck" from "čelovék", "person", "man" (though the anglicized word "chelloveck" is also used in the book).
A further means of constructing Nadsat words is the employment of homophones (known as folk etymology). For example, one Nadsat term which may seem like an English composition, "horrorshow", actually stems from the Russian word for "good"; "khorosho", which sounds similar to "horrorshow". In this same manner many of the Russian loan-words become an English–Russian hybrid, with Russian origins, English spellings and pronunciations. A further example is the Russian word for "head", "golová", which sounds similar to "Gulliver" known from "Gulliver’s Travels"; "Gulliver" became the Nadsat expression for the concept "head".
Many of Burgess's loanwords, such as "devotchka" ("girl") and "droog" ("friend") maintain both their relative spelling and meaning over the course of translation.
Other influences.
Additional words were borrowed from other languages: A (possibly Saudi-owned) hotel was named 'Al Idayyin, an Arabic-sounding variant on “Holiday Inn” Hotel chain, while also alluding to the name Aladdin.
Word derivation by common techniques.
Nadsat's English slang is constructed with common language-formation techniques. Some words are blended, others clipped or compounded. In Nadsat-language a "fit of laughter" becomes a "guff" (shortened version of "guffawing"); a "skeleton key" becomes a "polyclef" ("many keys"); and the "state jail" is blended to the "staja", which has the double entendre "stager", so that its' prisoners got there by a staged act of corruption, as revenge by the state, an interpretation that would fit smoothly into the storyline. Many common English slang terms are simply shortened. A "cancer stick" which is (or was) a common English-slang expression for a "cigarette" is shortened to a "cancer".
Rhyming slang.
This feature of Nadsat is derived from Cockney.