Mayor

In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. A mayor controls municipality workers, helps people, and provides basic necessities for them.
Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government, may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may play a solely ceremonial role. Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public, or selection by an elected governing council or board.
The term "Mayor" shares a linguistic origin with the military rank of "Major", both ultimately derived from French "majeur".
History.
British Isles.
In modern England and Wales, the position of mayor descends from the feudal lord's bailiff or reeve ("see borough"). The chief magistrate of London bore the title of portreeve for considerably more than a century after the Norman Conquest. This official was elected by popular choice, a privilege secured from King John. By the beginning of the 12th century, the title of portreeve gave way to that of mayor as the designation of the chief officer of London, followed around 1190 by that of Winchester. Other boroughs adopted the title later.
In the 19th century, in the United Kingdom, the Municipal Corporations Act 1882, Section 15, regulated the election of mayors. The mayor was to be a fit person elected annually on 9 November by the council of the borough from among the aldermen or councillors or persons qualified to be such. His term of office was one year, but he was eligible for re-election. He might appoint a deputy to act during illness or absence, and such deputy must be either an alderman or councillor. A mayor who was absent from the borough for more than two months became disqualified and had to vacate his office. A mayor was "ex officio" a justice of the peace for the borough during his year of office and the following year. He received such remuneration as the council thought reasonable. These provisions have now been repealed.
In medieval Wales, the Laws of Hywel Dda codified the mayor (Latin: '; Welsh: ') as a position at the royal courts charged with administering the serfs of the king's lands. To maintain its dependence on and loyalty to the Crown, the position was forbidden to the leaders of the clan groups. A separate mayor, known as the "cow dung mayor" ("maer biswail"), was charged with overseeing the royal cattle. There were similar offices at the Scottish and Irish courts.
The office of mayor in most modern English and Welsh boroughs and towns did not in the 20th century entail any important administrative duties, and was generally regarded as an honour conferred for local distinction, long service on the council, or for past services. The mayor was expected to devote much of his (or her) time to civic, ceremonial, and representational functions, and to preside over meetings for the advancement of the public welfare. His or her administrative duties were to act as returning officer at parliamentary elections, and as chairman of the meetings of the council.
However, since reforms introduced in 2000, fifteen English local authorities have directly elected mayors who combine the "civic" mayor role with that of leader of the council and have significantly greater powers than either. The mayor of a town council is officially known as "town mayor" (although in popular parlance, the word "town" is often dropped). The person is known as "mayor" regardless of gender; the partner of a mayor is sometimes known as the "mayoress". Mayors are not appointed to district councils that do not have borough status. Their place is taken by the chairman of council, who undertakes exactly the same functions and is, like a mayor, the civic head of the district concerned.
Some cities in England have a Lord mayor.
In Scotland the post holders are known as convenors, provosts, or lord provosts depending on the local authority.
Continental Europe.
The original Frankish mayors or majordomos were like the Welsh "meiri" lords commanding the king's lands around the Merovingian courts in Austrasia, Burgundy, and Neustria. The mayorship of Paris eventually became hereditary in the Pippinids, who later established the Carolingian dynasty.
In modern France, since the Revolution, a mayor ("maire") and a number of mayoral adjuncts ("adjoints au maire") are selected by the municipal council from among their number. Most of the administrative work is left in their hands, with the full council meeting comparatively infrequently. The model was copied throughout Europe in Britain's mayors, Italy's sindacos, most of the German states' burgomasters, and Portugal's presidents of the municipal chambers.
In Medieval Italy, the city-states who did not consider themselves independent principalities or dukedoms particularly those of the Imperial Ghibelline faction were led by podestàs.
The Greek equivalent of a mayor is the demarch ().
Scandinavia.
In Denmark all municipalities are led by a political official called "borgmester", "mayor". The mayor of Copenhagen is however called "overborgmester" "lord mayor". In that city other mayors, "borgmestre" (plural), are subordinate to him with different undertakings, like ministers to a prime minister. In other municipalities in Denmark there is only a single mayor.
In Norway and Sweden the mayoral title "borgermester/borgmästare" has now been abolished. Norway abolished it in 1937 as a title of the non-political top manager of (city) municipalities and replaced it with the title "rådmann" ("alderman" or "magistrate"), which is still in use when referring to the top managers of the municipalities of Norway. The top "elected" official of the municipalities of Norway, on the other hand, has the title "ordfører", which actually means "word-bearer", i.e. "chairman" or "president", an equivalent to the Swedish word "ordförande".
In Sweden "borgmästare" was a title of the senior judge of the courts of the cities, courts which were called "rådhusrätt", literally "town hall court", somewhat of an equivalent to an English magistrates' court. These courts were abolished in 1971. Until 1965 these mayor judges on historical grounds also performed administrative functions in the "board of magistrates", in Swedish known collegially as "magistrat". Until 1965 there were also municipal mayors ("kommunalborgmästare"), who had these non-political administrative roles in smaller cities without a magistrates' court or "magistrat". This office was an invention of the 20th century as the smaller cities in Sweden during the first half of the 20th century subsequently lost their own courts and magistrates.
In the 16th century in Sweden, king Gustav Vasa considerably centralised government and appointed the mayors directly. In 1693 king Charles XI accepted a compromise after repeated petitions from the Estate of the Burgesses over decades against the royal mayor appointments. The compromise was that the burgesses in a city could normally nominate a mayor under the supervision of the local governor. The nominee was then to be presented to and appointed by the king, but the king could appoint mayors directly in exceptional cases. This was codified in the Instrument of Government of 1720 and on 8 July the same year Riksrådet ("the Council of the Realm") decided, after a petition from the said Estate, that only the city could present nominees, not the king or anyone else. Thus the supervision of the local governor and directly appointed mayors by the king ceased after 1720 (the so-called Age of Liberty). On 16 October 1723, it was decided after a petition that the city should present three nominees, of whom the king (or the Council of the Realm) appointed one. This was kept as a rule from then on in all later regulations and was also kept as a tradition in the 1809 Instrument of Government (§ 31) until 1965.
In Finland, there are two mayors, in Tampere and Pirkkala. Usually in Finland the highest executive official is not democratically elected, but is appointed to a public office by the city council, and is called simply "kaupunginjohtaja" "city manager" or "kunnanjohtaja" "municipal manager", depending on whether the municipality defines itself as a city. The term "pormestari" "mayor", from Swedish "borgmästare" confusingly on historical grounds has referred to the highest official in the registry office and in the city courts (abolished in 1993) as in Sweden, not the city manager. In addition, "pormestari" is also an honorary title, which may be given for distinguished service in the post of the city manager. The city manager of Helsinki is called "ylipormestari", which translates to "Chief Mayor", for historical reasons. Furthermore, the term "city manager" may be seen translated as "mayor".
Spain.
The office of the "Alcalde" evolved during the Reconquista as new lands were settled by the expanding kingdoms of León and Castile. As fortified settlements in the area between the Douro and Tagus rivers became true urban centers, they gained, from their feudal lords or the kings of Leon and Castile, the right to have councils. Among the rights that these councils had was to elect a municipal judge ("iudex" in Latin and "juez" in Spanish). These judges were assisted in their duties by various assistant judges, called "alcaldes", whose number depended on the number of parishes the town had. The title "alcalde" was borrowed from the Arabic "al-qaḍi" (قاضي), meaning "the judge." 
The word "alcalde" originally was used for simple judges, as in Andalusian Arabic. Only later was it applied to the presiding municipal magistrate. This early use continued to be reflected in its other uses, such as "alcaldes del crimen", the judges in the "audiencias"; "Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad", who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; "alcaldes mayores", a synonym for corregidor; and "alcaldes de barrio", who were roughly the equivalent of British parish constables. Because of this, the municipal "alcalde" was often referred to as an "alcalde ordinario".
Mayors by country.
Australia.
On Australian councils, the mayor is generally the member of the council who acts as ceremonial figurehead at official functions, as well as carrying the authority of council between meetings. Mayoral decisions made between meetings are subject to council and may be confirmed or repealed if necessary. Mayors in Australia may be elected either directly through a ballot for the position of mayor at a local-government election, or alternatively may be elected from within the council at a meeting.
The civic regalia and insignia of local government have basically remained unaltered for centuries. For ceremonial occasions a mayor may wear robes, a mayoral chain and a mace. Mayors have the title of 'His/Her Worship' whilst holding the position.
In councils where councillors are elected representing political parties, the mayor is normally the leader of the party receiving the most seats on council. In Queensland, the lord mayor and mayors are elected by popular vote at the general council election.
Brazil.
Every municipality in Brazil elects a mayor (Portuguese: "prefeito"/"prefeita"), for a four-year term, acting as an executive officer with the city council (Portuguese: "Câmara Municipal") functioning with legislative powers. The mayor can be re-elected and manage the city for two consecutive terms.
The Brazilian system works similarly to the mayor-council government in the United states.
Canada.
The chief executives of boroughs ("arrondissements") in Quebec are termed mayors ("maires/mairesses" in French). A borough mayor simultaneously serves as head of the borough council and as a regular councillor on the main city council. The scheduling of municipal elections in Canada varies by jurisdiction, as each province and territory has its own laws regarding municipal governance. 
As is the practice in most Commonwealth countries, in Canada a mayor is addressed as His/Her Worship while holding office.
Reeve.
In a few municipalities and townships in Ontario, the reeve is the elected head of the municipality, and the second-in-command is referred to as the deputy reeve. Historically, in some small townships, the title "reeve" was used instead of mayor. In some other municipalities, "mayor" and "reeve" were two separate offices, with the mayor retaining leadership powers while the reeve was equivalent to what other municipalities called an "at-large councillor". Today most municipalities in the province now designate their elected municipal government heads as mayors, but a small handful retain the position. This continues to be the case in the following municipalities and townships:
The reeve is also the chief elected official in most of Alberta's counties, and municipal districts.
The elected heads of rural municipalities (RM) in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan are also referred to as a reeve.
Dominican Republic.
The mayor of a municipality in the Dominican Republic is called indistinctly "alcalde" or "síndico". The latter name is preferred as to avoid confusing the title with the similarly sounding "alcaide" ("lit. prison warden"). Such person is the governor of the municipality whose township elected him (or her) by direct vote for a term of four years. The mayor's office daily duties are restricted to the local governance, and as such, it is responsible for the coordination of waste collection, upkeep of public spaces (parks, undeveloped urban parcels, streets, city ornate, traffic light control, sewage and most public utilities). In practice, most of it duties are centered in light street repairing (new or big road projects, like overpasses, bridges, pedestrian crossings, etc. are handled by the Public Works Ministry ("Ministerio de Obras Públicas" in Spanish) office), under the direct control of the Central Government. Subcontracting garbage collection and management, overseeing the use of public spaces and arbitrating neighborhood land "use" disputes which is managed by the National Property office ("Oficina de Bienes Nacionales" in Spanish) is also controlled by the mayor's office. Water, electrical supply and public transportation coordination are handled by several Central Government's offices, and as such, are not under control of the mayor.
France.
Mayors ("maires") in France are elected every six years in local elections.
Germany.
In Germany local government is regulated by state statutes. Nowadays only the mayors of the three city-states (Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen) are still elected by the respective city-state parliaments. In all the other states the mayors are now elected directly by the EU citizens living in that area. The post of mayor may be said to be a professional one, the mayor being the head of the local government, and requiring, in order to be eligible, a training in administration. In big cities (details are regulated by state statutes) the official title is "Oberbürgermeister" (lord mayor). In these cities a "simple" mayor is just a deputy responsible for a distinct task (e.g., welfare or construction works). Big cities are usually "kreisfrei" ("free of district"). That means that the city council also has the powers and duties of a rural district council. The leader of a rural district council is called "Landrat" ("land counsellor"). In that case the chief mayor has also the duties and powers of a "Landrat". The term "Oberbürgermeister" is not used in the three city-states, where the mayors are simultaneously head of state governments, but "Regierender Bürgermeister" (Governing Mayor of Berlin), "Erster Bürgermeister" (First Mayor of the city-state of Hamburg) and "Präsident des Senats und Bürgermeister" (President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen) are used.
Greece.
Mayors (δήμαρχοι, "dēmarchoi", sing. δήμαρχος, "dēmarchos") in Greece were previously elected every four years in local elections and are the head of various municipal governments in which the state is divided. Starting from 2014, mayors are elected for a five-year term. Local administration elections for the new, consolidated municipalities and peripheries will henceforth be held together with the elections for the European Parliament.
Local administration in Greece recently underwent extensive reform in two phases: the first phase, implemented in 1997 and commonly called the "Kapodistrias Plan", consolidated the country's numerous municipalities and communities down to approximately 1000. The second phase, initially called "Kapodistrias II" but eventually called the "Kallikratis Plan", was implemented in 2010, further consolidated municipalities down to 370, and merged the country's 54 prefectures were disbanded in favour of the larger 13 regions. The Kallikratian municipalities were designed according to several guidelines; for example each island (except Crete) was incorporated into a single municipality, while the majority of small towns were consolidated so as to have an average municipal population of 25,000.
India.
In India, the mayor is leader of the council and has a number of roles, both legislative and functional. In most Indian states mayors are elected indirectly among the council members themselves except in nine states Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Uttarakhand ; where mayors are elected directly by the public.
Indonesia.
In Indonesia, mayor (, formerly called "walikotamadya" and "walikota") is a regional head of a city or town. A mayor has the same level as a regent (), head of a regency (). Basically, a mayor has duties and authority to lead the implementation of the policies established by the region along with the city council (, DPRD Kota; formerly called Tier 2-DPRD ("DPRD tingkat II")). A mayor is elected in a pair with a vice mayor through direct elections and is a political office, except in Jakarta. There, mayoralty is a civil-service career position with limited authority and is designated by the Governor of Jakarta. Their region are called administration cities ().
Before 1999, there were administrative cities (, ) which were headed by administrative mayors.
Iran.
In Iran, the mayor is the executive manager of a city and elected by the Islamic City Council. The mayor is elected for a four-year term.
Ireland.
In the Republic of Ireland, the head of a borough corporation was called "mayor" from the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 until boroughs were abolished by the Local Government Reform Act 2014. The Local Government Act 2001 allowed county councils to style their chairperson as "mayor" and some do so. City council chairs are "mayor" (or "lord mayor" in the cases of Dublin and of Cork). Since 2000 there have been proposals for a directly elected mayor of the Dublin Metropolitan Area.
Italy.
In Italy the mayor is called "sindaco", or informally "primo cittadino" ("first citizen"). Every municipality () has its mayor who represents the local government. The mayor is elected every five years by the inhabitants of the municipality, but he cannot be re-elected after two terms.
Japan.
Japan's Local-Autonomy Law of 1947 defines the structure of Japanese local governments, which were strengthened after World War II. It gives strong executive power to the mayor in the local politics like strong mayors in large cities in the United States of America.
The titles that are translated as "mayor" by the governments are those of the heads of cities , towns , villages , and Tokyo's special wards (The head of the Tokyo prefecture is the ).
A mayor is elected every four years by direct popular votes held separately from the assembly. A mayor can be recalled by a popular initiative but the prefectural and the national governments cannot remove a mayor from office. Towards the assembly the mayor prepares budgets, proposes local acts and has vetoes on local acts just approved by the assembly which can be overridden by two-thirds assembly support. A mayor can dissolve the assembly if the assembly passes a motion of no confidence or if the mayor thinks the assembly has no confidence in fact.
Kazakhstan.
In Kazakhstan, the mayor is called Akim who is the head of an akimat, a municipal, district, or provincial government (mayorat), and serves as the Presidential representative. Akims of provinces and cities are appointed to the post by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the akims of other administrative and territorial units are appointed or selected to the post in an order defined by the President. He may also dismiss akims from their posts. Powers of akims ends with the introduction into the post of new-elected president of the republic. Thus, the akim continues to fulfill the duties before appointment of corresponding akim by the President of Kazakhstan.
Malaysia.
The mayor functions as the head of the local government of the cities in Malaysia. To date, there are 14 officially-recognised cities in the country.
In cities which lie within the jurisdiction of any one of the 13 Malaysian states, the mayor is appointed by the state government. Kuala Lumpur, the country's capital, is a notable exception, as it forms part of the Federal Territories which come under the purview of the Malaysian federal government, via the Ministry of Federal Territories. Thus, the mayor of Kuala Lumpur is selected by, and subordinate to, the Minister of Federal Territories.
Following the 2018 general election, which saw the country undergoing its first ever regime change, there have been calls to revive local government elections, which had been the practice in certain cities such as Kuala Lumpur, George Town, Ipoh and Melaka until their abolishment in 1965. The reinstatement of local government elections would lead to the mayoral position being elected, instead of being appointed as per the current system.
Malta.
In Malta, the mayor (In Maltese: Sindku) is the leader of the majority party in the Local Council. The members of the Local Councils are directly elected and collectively serve as a basic form of local government.
Moldova.
The Mayor of the municipality in Moldova is elected for four years. In Chişinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation.
Netherlands.
In the Netherlands, the mayor (in ) is the leader of the municipal executives ('College van Burgemeester en Wethouders'). In the Netherlands, burgermeesters are "de facto" appointed by the national cabinet, "de jure" by the monarch. They preside both the municipal executive and the legislative ('gemeenteraad'). The title is sometimes translated as burgomaster, to emphasize the appointed, rather than elected, nature of the office. The appointment procedure was brought for discussion in the early 2000s (decade), as some of the political parties represented in parliament regarded the procedure as undemocratic. Generally, mayors in the Netherlands are selected from the established political parties. Alternatives proposed were direct election of the mayor by the people or appointment by the city council ("gemeenteraad"). A constitutional change to allow for this failed to pass the Senate in March 2005, but succeeded in 2018.
Nepal.
Mayors in Nepal are elected every Five years in the Local elections. They are very powerful in Municipal Government . Mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government in Nepal.
New Zealand.
Mayors in New Zealand are elected every three years in the local body elections.
Pakistan.
In Pakistan, a city is headed by the District Nazim (the word means "Administrator" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as Mayor) and assisted by Naib Nazim who is also speaker of District Council. District Nazim is elected by the nazims of union councils, union councillors and by tehsil nazims, who themselves are elected directly by the votes of the local public. Council elections are held every four years.
Philippines.
In the Philippines, mayors () are the head of a municipality or a city, with the vice mayor as the second-highest position in the city. They are elected every three years during the midterm and national elections, and they can serve until three terms of office. As of – September 2012, there are 1,635 mayors in the Philippines.
Poland.
Mayors in Poland are directly elected by inhabitants of their respective municipality. A mayor is the sole chief of the executive branch of the municipality and he/she cannot serve in the municipal council (city council) or in the parliament. Mayors may appoint a deputy mayor if needed. In Poland mayor is called a "burmistrz" or, in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants or other municipalities that traditionally use the title, "prezydent" ("president", for example, "President of Warsaw" instead of "Mayor of Warsaw"). The equivalent title in a rural community ("gmina") is "wójt".
A mayor is elected for a five-year term concurrently with the five-year term of the municipal council, and his/her service is terminated at the end of the municipal council's term. Mayors cannot be dismissed by the municipal council, but they can be removed from the office by the citizens of their municipality in a referendum. Mayors can also be dismissed by the Prime Minister in case of persistent transgression of the law. Citizens having a criminal record cannot run for mayor, but only if sentenced for intentional criminal offence prosecuted ex officio.
Mayors manage the municipal estate, issues minor regulations, and incurs liabilities within limits set by the municipal council. Mayors present a budget to the municipal council, that may be then amended by the council. After the municipal council passes the budget in a form of resolution, the mayor is responsible for its realization. Mayors are the head of the town hall and the register office (he/she may appoint deputies for these specific tasks). Mayors legally act as employers for all of the officials of the town hall. Mayors in Poland have wide administrative authority: the only official that he/she cannot appoint or dismiss is a city treasurer, who is appointed by a city council. Although mayors in Poland do not have veto power over city council resolutions, their position is relatively strong and should be classified as a mayor-council government.
Portugal.
In Portugal and many other Portuguese-speaking countries the mayor of a municipality is called the "Presidente da Câmara Municipal" (President of the Municipal Chamber).
Romania.
In Romania the mayor of a commune, town or city is called "primar". He or she is elected for a period of four years. In carrying out his responsibilities he is assisted by an elected local council ("consiliu local"). Bucharest has a general mayor ("primar general") and six sector mayors ("primar de sector"), one for each sector. The responsibilities of the mayor and of the local council are defined by Law 215/2001 of the Romanian Parliament.
Russia.
In Russia, the Мэр, from fr Maire (en transcription = "Mer" – not to be confused with the NATO OF-3 rank "Майор" – en: "Major"), is one of possible titles of the head of the administration of a city or municipality. This title is equivalent to that of the head of a Russian rural district. Exceptionally, the "mer" of Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and Sevastopol are equivalent to governors in Russia, since these three federal cities are Russian federal subjects.
Except for those just-named three large cities, the governance system of a Russian municipality (city, county, district or town) is subordinate to the representative council of the federation in which it is located. The "mer", is either directly elected in municipal elections (citywide referendum) or is elected by the members of the municipality's representative council. Election by council members is now more widespread because it better integrates with the Russian federal three-level vertical governance structure:
The typical term of office of a "mer" in Russia is four years. The "mer's" office administers all municipal services, public property, police and fire protection, and most public agencies, and enforces all local and state laws within a city or town.
According to Medialogy, the "mer" of Novosibirsk, Anatoly Lokot', is mentioned in the media more than any other Russian mayor. The "mer" of Kazan, Il'sur Metshin, is the most popular in Russia, scoring 76 out of 100, according to the Russian People's Rating of "Mers".
The status of the post in Sevastopol is not legally recognized outside of the Russian Federation.
Serbia.
In Serbia, the mayor is the head of the city or a town. He or she acts on behalf of the city, and performs an executive function. The position of the mayor of Belgrade is important as the capital city is the most important hub of economics, culture and science in Serbia. Furthermore, the post of the mayor of Belgrade is the third most important position in the government after the Prime Minister and President.
Spain and Hispanic America.
"Alcalde" is the most common Spanish term for the mayor of a town or city. It is derived from the (), i.e., "the (Sharia) judge," who often had administrative, as well as judicial, functions. Although the Castilian "alcalde" and the Andalusian "qaḍi" had slightly different attributes (the "qaḍi" oversaw an entire province, the "alcalde" only a municipality; the former was appointed by the ruler of the state but the latter was elected by the municipal council), the adoption of this term reflects how much Muslim society in the Iberian Peninsula influenced the Christian one in the early phases of the "Reconquista". As Spanish Christians took over an increasing part of the Peninsula, they adapted the Muslim systems and terminology for their own use.
Today, it refers to the executive head of a municipal or local government, who usually does not have judicial functions. The word "intendente" is used in Argentina and Paraguay for the office that is analogous to a mayor.
In municipios and larger cities in Mexico, the chief executive is known as both alcalde or as "presidente municipal" ("municipal president"), with the latter being more widely used.
Sweden.
The Swedish title "borgmästare" (burgomaster) was abolished in the court reform of 1971 when also the towns of Sweden were officially abolished. Since the middle of the 20th century, the municipal commissioner – the highest-ranking politician in each municipality – is informally titled "mayor" in English.
Switzerland.
The function and title for mayor vary from one canton to another. Generally, the mayor presides an executive council of several members governing a municipality.
The title is:
Taiwan.
In the Republic of China in Taiwan the mayor is the head of city's government and its city's council, which is in charge of legislative affairs. The mayor and city council are elected separately by the city's residents.
Turkey.
Mayors (Turkish:"Belediye Başkanı") in Turkey are elected by popular vote for five years alongside the municipal council. As a rule, there are municipalities in all province centers and district centers as well as towns () which are actually villages with a population in excess of 2000. However beginning by 1983, a new level of municipality is introduced in Turkish administrative system. In big cities Metropolitan municipalities () are established. (See Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey) In a Metropolitan municipality there may be several district municipalities (hence mayors). Mayors are elected in local elections.
Ukraine.
In Ukraine the title "Head of the city" ("Misky holova", unofficially foreign adaptation "Mer" also is present) was introduced in 1999. Since then, the post is elected by all residents of the city. Before that date the post was elected by members of the city's council only and was known as Head of the city's council which "ex oficio" also serves as the head of the executive committee. For the cities that carry special status such as Kyiv and Sevastopol, the Head of the city was a matter of long debate and the post is regulated by special laws.
Since 2015 a post of Starosta ("Elder") is being implemented at lower level of administrative-territorial pyramid. Candidates to the post are also being elected by members of the territorial community (hromada). The post is historical and existed on the territory of Ukraine during times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
United States.
The mayor is the municipal head of government, the maximum civil authority at the municipal level, in most United States municipalities (such as cities, townships, etc.). In the United States, there are several distinct types of mayors, depending on whether the system of local government is council-manager government or mayor-council government.
Under the council-manager government system, the mayor is a first among equals on the city council, which acts as a legislative body while executive functions are performed by the appointed manager. The mayor may chair the city council, but lacks any special legislative powers. The mayor and city council serve part-time, with day-to-day administration in the hands of a professional city manager. The system is most common among medium-sized cities from around 25,000 to several hundred thousand, usually rural and suburban municipalities.
Under the mayor-council system, the mayoralty and city council are separate offices. This system may be of two types, either a strong mayor system or a weak mayor system. Under the "strong mayor" system, the mayor acts as an elected executive with the city council exercising legislative powers. They may select a chief administrative officer to oversee the different departments. This is the system used in most of the United States' large cities, primarily because mayors serve full-time and have a wide range of services that they oversee. In a "weak mayor" or "ceremonial mayor" system, the mayor has appointing power for department heads but is subject to checks by the city council, sharing both executive and legislative duties with the council. This is common for smaller cities, especially in New England. Charlotte, North Carolina, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are two notable large cities with a ceremonial mayor.
Many American mayors are styled "His Honor" or "Her Honor" while in office.
Multi-tier local government.
In several countries, where there is not local autonomy, mayors are often appointed by some branch of the national or regional government. In some cities, subdivisions such as boroughs may have their own mayors; this is the case, for example, with the arrondissements of Paris, Montreal, and Mexico City. In Belgium Brussels is administratively one of the federation's three regions, and is subdivided, without the other regions' provincial level, into 19 rather small municipalities, with one, City of Brussels, being the Kingdom's capital, which each have an elected—formally appointed—Burgomaster (i.e., Mayor, responsible to his / her elected council); while Antwerp, the other major metropolitan area, has one large city (where the boroughs, former municipalities merged into it, elect a lower level, albeit with very limited competence) and several smaller surrounding municipalities, each under a normal Burgomaster as in Brussels.
In the People's Republic of China, the Mayor (市長) may be the administrative head of any municipality, provincial, prefecture-level, or county-level. The Mayor is usually the most recognized official in cities, although the position is the second-highest-ranking official in charge after the local Communist Party Secretary. In principle, the Mayor (who also serves as the Deputy Communist Party Secretary of the city) is responsible for managing the city administration while the Communist Party Secretary is responsible for general policy and managing the party bureaucracy, but in practice the roles blur, frequently causing conflict.
Acting mayor.
Acting mayor is a temporary office created by the charter of some municipal governments.
In many cities and towns, the charter or some similar fundamental document provides that in the event of the death, illness, resignation, or removal from office of the incumbent mayor, another official will lead the municipality for a temporary period, which, depending on the jurisdiction, may be for a stated period of days or months until a special election can be held, or until the original end of the term to which the vacating mayor was elected.
Some cities may also provide for a deputy mayor to be temporarily designated as "acting mayor" in the event that the incumbent mayor is temporarily unavailable, such as for health reasons or out-of-town travel, but still continues to hold the position and is expected to return to the duties of the office. In this latter capacity, the acting mayor's role is to ensure that city government business can continue in the regular mayor's absence, and the acting mayor is not deemed to have actually held the office of mayor. In some jurisdictions, however, when a mayor resigns or dies in office, the mayor's successor is not considered to be an acting mayor but rather fully mayor in his or her own right.
The position of acting mayor is usually of considerably more importance in a mayor-council form of municipal government, where the mayor performs functions of day-to-day leadership, than it is in a council-manager form of government, where the city manager provides day-to-day leadership and the position of mayor is either a largely or entirely ceremonial one.
See also.
Concepts:
Local government: