Pilsen Wellness Center

Pilsen Wellness Center, Inc. (previously known as Pilsen-Little Village Community Mental Health Center, Inc.) is a non-profit organization that has historically serviced the predominantly Latino communities of Pilsen and Little Village in the city of Chicago.
An outgrowth of a federally funded program which began in 1967, Pilsen Wellness Center was founded by Albert Vazquez in 1975. Since that time, the agency has grown into an organization with a diverse funding base, offering a comprehensive array of social services through several programs.
Mission statement.
The mission of the Pilsen-Little Village Community Mental Health Center, Inc. is to provide holistic health services to the Chicago, metropolitan community through the effective management of all organizational and community resources. The agency provides culturally relevant and linguistically appropriate services, which preserve the family structure and facilitates the acquisition of medical, social, counseling care and skills training that leads to empowerment and self-reliance.
Organization.
Pilsen Wellness Center has a nine-member Board of Directors and is managed by an Executive Director. The agency is organized around an administrative office and four divisions: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Youth Services, and Education.
State audits.
In 1999 an audit conducted by the Office of the Auditor General for the state of Illinois uncovered over $200,000 worth of expenditures, which were inappropriately charged to State programs at taxpayer expense and sometimes without documentation. According to the report the CEO took out a $15,000 interest-free loan from the center, which is prohibited by state law. The money was repaid 18 months later after which the CEO awarded to himself a $17,500 salary bonus the following week. 97 employees were also paid over $20,000 in bonuses that were initially classified as office expenses and not report on their W-2s. The findings led to the resignation of Albert Vazquez, the CEO and founder of the agency.
In 2008, according to a Fox News investigation, Illinois state lawmakers ordered the Office of the Auditor General to conduct a special audit of Pilsen Wellness Center. During the audit the State found that almost a third of the agency’s employees did not have paperwork on file to prove they were qualified for their jobs. Additionally, the auditors also discovered that a relative of the current CEO, Francisco Cisneros, received a large raise just six days after being hired.
Fox News investigation.
In 2010 a Fox News investigation alleged that the CEO and executive director of the Pilsen Wellness Center hired numerous family members to work at the agency. According to internal agency documents and interviews obtained by Fox News, the director’s wife, mother, son, three brothers, four sisters and two nieces all had jobs at the agency. The investigation also revealed that two adult children of Illinois State Senator Martin Sandoval were employed by the agency. Sandoval was one of several lawmakers who "steered state funding" to the center, the news report said.


Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization

The Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organisation (TGO) (th: องค์การบริหารจัดการก๊าซเรือนกระจก (องค์การมหาชน); RTGS: "ong kan borihan chat kan kas ruean krachok (ong kan maha chon" ); or th: อบก.; RTGS: "o-bo-ko" ) is an autonomous governmental organization under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) established by the royal decree, "Establishment of Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organisation (Public Organisation) BE 2550 (2007)". It is responsible for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Thailand. The royal decree was effective as of 7 July 2007.
Management and budget.
 the executive director of the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization is Mr.Kiatchai Maitriwong. TGO's budget for FY2019 is 158.1 million baht.
National goal.
Thailand signed the Paris Agreement on climate change on 22 April 2016. It submitted an "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (INDC) target for greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions between 7–20% of the "business as usual" (BAU) scenario by 2020. By 2030 Thailand has pledged to reduce GHG emissions by 20–25% from the BAU baseline.
Objectives.
Section 7 of the decree establishing TGO prescribed TGO's objectives:
Progress.
According to the "Bangkok Post", in 2006, the year before TGO was established, Thailand emitted 232 million tonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide (CO2), 44 million tonnes of that number from burning coal. By 2016, Thailand's CO2 emissions had risen to 342 million tonnes, 65 million tonnes of it from coal burning. The International Energy Agency's (IEA) numbers differ: it reports total emissions figures of 202 Mt in 2006 and 245 Mt in 2016. , Thailand's greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase. A slight reduction in the annual GHG growth rate of 3.3% in 2014 is attributed to greenhouse gas reduction measures and sequestration by forests.


Green v Lord Somerleyton

Green v Lord Somerleyton is an English land law and tort law case, concerning easements of surface water/ditch drainage and the tests for nuisance in English law. In this case there was no remedy for the flooding found to be natural and not recently exacerbated by the defendant. The court attached to the properties an old, 1921, easement of drainage passing both land holdings, in this case two common examples of lowland water engineering, dykes controlled against tides by one-way valves, mentioned in the properties' deeds and, duplicatively, established the right by prescription. The dykes lay in the claimant's own land who had failed to maintain them and failed to account for the flows caused by reduction of water extraction from the lake upstream. The claimant had failed to repair the pump and clear ditches on his own land which had been agreed between the previous owners to give channelled drainage from a lake above. It was for the claimant to recognise the danger posed by its waterline being raised in 1954 by the building up of a weir.
Facts.
Green had substantial lower land straddling two, parallel, long-established dykes in St Olaves in the Norfolk Broads. Green admitted he was responsible for keeping the dykes in working order. Water from Lord Someleyton’s higher land drained into the dykes, and Green brought an action in nuisance to stop flooding happening after a deep winter flood. He attributed the topping of the dykes to the damming with a weir in 1954 of a Middle Ages-enlarged lake (Fritton Decoy) and other features of Somerleyton’s upper land. Water topped the dykes into Priory Marsh which Green used as summer pasture for his cattle at Priory Farm. Under a 1958 drainage deed, if Green chose to accept his predecessor's burdens under it as to the dyke, then Somerleyton was responsible to renew but not to repair or maintain a 4.5 to 5 ton electric water pump at the bottom of Green's land, but nothing further; its exclusion proviso was extensive such as a breach in the sea wall (below) or exceptional rainfall. The old main drainage channel was long silted up at the tidal sluice which occurred ... within the length which the claimant's predecessors had undertaken to maintain.
Green's re-amended particulars of claim before the hearings plead that Fritton Lake is not "present naturally" on the Upper Land...a "reservoir" which Lord Somerleyton has at all material times "maintained"; that it is of such a size that it is reasonably foreseeable that water escaping from it is likely to damage Priory Marshes; and that Lord Somerleyton is accordingly liable for the damage to Priory Marshes caused by the flooding, under the rule in Rylands v Fletcher (1868). The judge rejected that claim, and the Court of Appeal refused grounds to appeal against that part of the decision.
The trustees of Lord Somerleyton’s land counterclaimed that they had an easement for the water drainage from a 1921 conveyance by implied reservation, showing it attempted to incorporate a deed of covenant and to bind the property.
Green countered (by amended reply and defence to counterclaim) that any such easement would be of a limited nature, and not such as to vest in the upper land owners a general right to discharge water (including, in particular, water emanating from the lake) into the dykes on Priory Marshes.
The judge held there was no remedy in nuisance for naturally flowing water, applying "Leakey v National Trust" [1980].
Judgment.
Jonathan Parker 's judgment approved by the rest of the panel, held that nuisance could cover floodwater relating to a shared conduit. But Green had not made clear what action they ought to take, nor had he taken action to reduce risk himself. As the downstream owner he had abrogated his responsibilities.
Somerleyton's counterclaim was upheld. The provisions in the drainage deed were incorporated by reference into the conveyance to Green – the test in the final court of appeal's decision in "Pwllbach Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman" was expressly applied (similar to section 54 of the Law of Property Act 1925), and by implication those drainage rights were intended to be proprietary. So Somerleyton did have an easement of drainage.
The Court of Appeal held also the defendant's land enjoyed a duplicative easement by prescription, applying the test for that set in "Honey v Silversprings" [1992] EWHC that the use(r) relied on had the requisite certainty and uniformity to establish a prescriptive right.


Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant

The Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant is the largest sewage treatment facility operated by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Since 2010, its eight metallic "digester eggs," which are 140 feet (42 meters) tall and dramatically illuminated with blue light at night, have made it a local landmark, particularly to motorists on several nearby roadways in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan. It is located on the Newtown Creek in Brooklyn's Greenpoint neighborhood along Greenpoint Avenue.
History.
The plant was originally constructed in 1967. The plant's unusual public amenities, which include a visitors' center with a manmade waterfall, a nature walk along the Newtown Creek, and the dramatic aesthetic elements, all stem from a long-term upgrade project that was begun by the city in 1998 and is scheduled for completion in 2014. The aim of this work is to increase plant capacity by 50 percent and to comply with the U.S. Clean Water Act. When some Greenpoint residents resisted the expansion of the plant, the city responded by appointing a group of local residents to represent the community's interests during design and construction. The participation of this group, as well as a city law that requires 1 percent of expenditures on public works go to public art, led to the inclusion of the public amenities in the project plan. The nature walk opened in 2007, and the other elements were all in place by 2010. The plant has remained in full operation during the renovation project.
The city chose Polshek Partnership, now known as Ennead Architects LLP, as the lead architect and master planner for the renovation project. Polshek worked with three environmental engineering firms, Greeley and Hansen, Hazen and Sawyer, and Malcolm Pirnie. Vito Acconci was engaged to create the waterfall and watercourse in and around the visitors' center. Hervé Descottes was chosen to design the lighting, which includes the blue lighting of the digester eggs as well as white lighting of walkways. George Trakas designed the nature walk, which includes several sculptural elements. The plant's design has won awards from the AIA, the [[Society of American Registered Architects], from the Art Commission of the City of New York (now known as the NYC Design Commission).
The egg-shaped structures house the plant's [[Sewage treatment#Sludge disposal|sludge digesters]]. The digesters use a process called [[anaerobic digestion]] to transform the sewage plant sludge byproduct into a form which can be used as fertilizer. The plant gives monthly public tours of the digester eggs, for which reservations are required. The Visitor Center, which is located on Greenpoint Avenue at Humboldt Street, is open by appointment only. The Nature Walk is outside the perimeter fence of the plant and is thus open daily during daylight hours. It can be accessed from the foot of Paidge Avenue, east of its intersection with Provost Street.
Function.
The plant serves an area with a population of just over 1 million people in Lower Manhattan and nearby parts of Brooklyn and Queens. Its site covers 54 acres and is bounded by Greenpoint Avenue on the south, Provost Avenue on the west, Kingsland Avenue on the east, and Paidge Avenue and Newtown Creek on the north. An inlet called Whale Creek bisects the northwestern portion of the site. The Newtown Creek Nature Walk provides public access to the left bank of Whale Creek.
The plant handles a large portion of the drainage from the East Side of Manhattan. Sewage from the Financial District, Greenwich Village, the Lower East Side, Midtown East and the East Side up to 71st Street flows through 180 miles (290 km) of sewer pipes and interceptor pipes to the Thirteenth Street Pumping Station at 13th Street and Avenue D, from where it is sent under the East River to the plant. Normal influx is 170 million US gallons (450 million l; 100 million imp gal) a day, which increases to 300 million US gallons (450 million l; 100 million imp gal) during wet weather. When a significant overflow occurred during the New York City blackout of 1977, 828 million US gallons (3.134 billion l; 689 million imp gal) of raw sewage spilled into the East River), the federal government ordered in 1995 that the city build back-up facilities. Despite this, the [[Northeast blackout of 2003]] produced 145 million US gallons (550 million l; 121 million imp gal) of raw sewage spilled. In 1998, the city started its program to expand the facility. Construction was completed in 2014, and the plant remained opened throughout the renovation process. The plant can now handle 310 million gallons of waste water per day, with about 250 million gallons being the daily average, representing about 18 percent% of the city's wastewater.
Even with the expansion of the plant, as of 2014, the city is still not in full compliance with the 1972 federal Clean Water Act, which mandates that secondary treatment should remove 85% of pollutants from incoming sewage, or with New York State's 1992 order for the city to prevent overflows by 2013. Overflows from the Newtown Creek plant on the order of occur on the average of once a week. When that occurs When sewage loads exceed the capacity of the Newtown Creek Sewage Treatment Facility trash, pesticides, petroleum products, PCBs, mercury, cadmium, lead, pathogenic microorganisms, and nutrients which reduce the dissolved oxygen content of the water are dumped into Newtown Creek. This dumping is referred to as a combined sewer overflow or CSO. CSOs can be triggered by as little as a tenth of an inch of rain.Essentially anything that gets washed into the gutters from the street, anything that households and businesses flush down the toilet or dump down the drain, has a fair chance of being expelled directly into Newtown Creek or New York Harbor untreated. In New York City a CSO event occurs once a week on average, discharging approximately 500 million gallons of raw sewage directly into New York Harbor. CSOs are the single largest impairment to the quality of New York City's waters. The city requested a postponment of the 2013 deadline in consideration of its plan to build a fully compliant Newtown Creek plant by 2022.
External links.
[[Category:Greenpoint, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Sewage treatment plants in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings and structures in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Waste management infrastructure of New York City]]


Sri Lanka Police First Aid Medal

The Sri Lanka Police First Aid Medal ( "Śrī Laṃkā Polis Prathamādhāra Padakkama") is awarded to police officers in Sri Lanka for being successful in the first aid examination for ten consecutive years. Its design is based on the Service Medal of the Order of St John.
Description.
The cupro-nickel, rhodium-plated medal features the head of Queen Victoria and the legend VICTORIA + D + G + BRITT + REG + F + D + IND + IMP on one side, while the other displays the legend MAGNUS · PRIORATUS · ORDINIS · HOSPITALIS · SANCTI · JOHANNIS · JERUSALEM · IN · ANGLIA (Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England) along with five equally sized circles in a cross holding individual heraldic icons supported by sprawling St John's Wort. These are the St Edward’s Crown, the shield of Great Britain, two icons of the Order of St John in England, and the cipher bearing the feathers of the Price of Wales. The "only British medal to retain the head of Queen Victoria on a current issue", the image utilized is based on a bust of the queen created by Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.
The Medal is suspended from a ribbon that is wide with five equally spaced stripes, of black and white. Where additional services beyond those required for the award have been performed, the ribbon may display bars and laurel leaves.


Shenyang zoo scandal

The Shenyang zoo scandal refers to a series of incidents in which The Shenyang Forest Wild Animal Zoo (沈阳动物园), a private zoo located in Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, was accused of mistreating and starving a number of animals, many of which died of various causes between 2009 and 2010. In March of the same year, a large protest was held by employees of the zoo. The revelations of abuse at the institution shocked animal conservationists around the world.
History.
The zoo was originally established in September 1998 as a privately owned enterprise. In 2003 a large number of employees quit the zoo. This was followed by a fatal tiger attack in 2004. In 2006 the zoo was shut down completely for 10 days due to economic problems. Additionally, the park is normally closed for 6 months each year due to the region's long winters.
2009.
Between November 2009 and February 2010 at least 11 Siberian tigers died of malnutrition. An average tiger must be fed roughly 20kg of beef each day, while the tigers involved had been fed only chicken bones for months.
On November 13, 2009, a man was attacked and injured by two hungry tigers, forcing the zoo to close for safety reasons.
2010.
The death toll as of March 2010 is 1 lion, 1 wolf, 1 raccoon dog, 1 macaque, 1 dalmatian dog, 1 yak, 2 camels, 1 przewalski's horse, 1 springbok, 2 ostriches, 1 red-crowned crane, 1 yellow crane, 1 emu. Also missing without an explanation are 1 brown bear, 1 macaque, 2 camels and 1 white stork.
About 20 other Siberian tigers are said to be on the verge of starvation.
On March 10, 2010, about 100 of the remaining workers staged a protest demanding unpaid wages of up to 18 months. More than 100 of the zoo's 260 employees have already quit. Some workers alleged that the zoo routinely used dead animals to make tiger bone wine (), but the allegation was denied by an investigator. Hua Ning, the China program manager for the International Fund for Animal Welfare, claims that the zoo's real purpose is the breeding of tigers and the commercial harvesting of their body parts, with conservation and research serving as a convenient cover.
The number of animals in the zoo has dropped by half in a decade, from 1,020 individuals representing 61 species in 2000 to 518 individuals representing only 49 species in 2010.
Responses.
The municipal government in northeastern China has allocated 7 million yuan (US$1 million) to improve conditions at the zoo. About 2 million yuan of the funds will be used to pay workers.
A senior employee at the zoo has claimed that the tigers were mistreated deliberately, in order to apply for emergency funds.
The Shenyang government has since taken control of the park and proposed measures to prevent any further deaths. They also plan to grant the media access to the zoo after some additional investigation.


Homelessness services

Homelessness services are specialized programs assisting homeless people. While homelessness services may be government-run or government funded, non-profit organizations often play an important in service delivery. Services supporting homeless people may assist them to achieve positive change in their life and reduce the use of both homelessness services and of other welfare services. While these services are specifically geared toward homeless people, researchers note that the drivers and the responses to homelessness stretch beyond the scope of such services.
Some countries have a scarcity of rigorous research on the outcomes of specialized homelessness services. Others have adopted statistical collection programs to conduct research on outcomes and service delivery.
In some countries, the majority of homelessness services are members of a peak body organization. Homelessness peak bodies typically have a reference group made up of member services and meet at least once a year in annual or bi-annual conferences. In other countries, an inter-agency council may represent various state-run services.
Researchers found that local government can play a positive role in expanding the range of services and assisting with or helping to secure funding for services.
Government contracting.
A study in England found that competition for contracts had both beneficial as well as problematic implications for homelessness services. Competition also raises tensions among cooperating services. An Australian study found that while social workers employed in homelessness services constructed their professional identities by drawing on debates in social work literature and tensions in practice, their identity is overshadowed by organizational contexts, influencing work practice in homelessness services.
Service dynamics.
Individuals experiencing homelessness will often prefer a specialist homelessness team and be reluctant to engage with mainstream services, or be unwilling to be referred on to another service.
A case management approach to service delivery in homelessness services have been found to be important components of service integration. And clients from more integrated services were more likely to report positive outcomes than were clients of less integrated services. Clients from more integrated services were also more likely to report that various service providers worked together to coordinate their care. The study found that 40 per cent of Australian specialist homelessness services provide mental health services and 35 per cent also provide drug and alcohol support


Sustainable Groundwater Management Act

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) is a three-bill package that passed the California state legislature and was signed into California state law by Governor Jerry Brown in September 2014. Its purpose is to ensure better local and regional management of groundwater use and it seeks to have a sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042. It emphasizes local management and formed groundwater sustainability agencies (GSAs) from local and regional authorities.
Proposition 1 provides $100 million to financially support sustainable groundwater management as well as cleanup and storage.
Background.
Groundwater in California is used by 85% of the population, mostly used by the agriculture industry as the main water source for crops. For years, groundwater use has been poorly managed and under-regulated to a point where the state is facing major depletion.
Groundwater is particularly crucial in California because the dearth of surface water means that it supplies between one-third and two-thirds of the state's freshwater supply, depending on climatic conditions. It is being pumped in excess of the natural rate of replenishment, which in return is lowering the groundwater table, a phenomenon called "overdraft" that can cause severe land subsidence.
In 1980, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) noted that of California's 450 groundwater basins, 40 were in overdraft and 11 were identified as being in "critical" conditions and groundwater levels have dropped to 50 feet below historic levels—up to 100 feet below in the San Joaquin Valley. Knowing how much groundwater is being taken out and used is difficult because there is no reporting requirement. There are a few exceptions that require basins operating under government regulation and special state legislation. Managing groundwater is also challenging because it does not adhere to property lines and freely moves underground. With few incentives and fewer regulations to conserve groundwater, California farms have planted higher-value crops that require year-round irrigation and have drilled deeper wells to retrieve groundwater from sinking aquifers. Drought conditions in California are only pushing for a more heavily regulated groundwater management to be implemented now.
Legislation.
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) consists of three bills. It was primarily authored by California State Assemblymember Roger Dickinson (AB 1739) and State Senator Fran Pavley (SB 1319 and SB 1168).
AB 1739.
AB 1739 gives the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) the authority to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to "entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources". GSAs are locally controlled organizations in California's high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA, and coordinating with neighbors.
AB 1739 also requires DWR to organize and publish an online report with estimates of groundwater replenishment and best practices. GSAs are required to submit a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to the DWR for review. DWR must determine regulations to evaluate, implement, and coordinate GSPs based on conditions of "hydrology, water demand, regulatory restrictions that affect the availability of surface water, and unreliability of, or reductions in, surface water deliveries to the agency or water users in the basin, and impact of those conditions on achieving sustainability and shall include the historic average reliability and deliveries of surface water to the agency or water users in the basin".
SB 1319.
Approved by Governor Jerry Brown on September 16, 2014, Senator Pavley's SB 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city, and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the SGMA timeline. If an agency was seeking funds from the Department of Water Resources for a project regarding groundwater or groundwater quality, they too have to abide to specific requirements such as preparing and implementing a groundwater management plan. Managing groundwater is a challenging task, one that has been addressed by the SGMA. Groundwater is out of sight which makes it difficult to monitor, especially when the groundwater basins boundaries reach across multiple agencies and users. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons", with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The SGMA set basin boundaries based on a 2003 Department of Water Resources report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps. Groundwater is difficult to manage due to it being unseen and not neatly aligned with the jurisdiction of these set basin boundaries. The SGMA calls for the GSAs to communicate and work with the overlapping groundwater uses and allow for a governance of the basin through different means. These can include a memorandum of agreement (unofficial and often made outside the courts) between the multiple parties or through a legal joint agreement. By these agreements the groundwater basin can be regulated by multiple GSAs or just by one agency.
SB 1168.
The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater be both reasonable and beneficial. California has a history of complex water rights, in which the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine is a key tenet. The doctrine was originally developed for riparian landowners and surface water management, but SB 1168 applied it to the context of groundwater and the SGMA, stating that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses.
Specifically, SB 1168 gives GSAs the authority to:
It requires the Department of Water Resources to:
SB 13 amendments.
Since the collection of bills that make up SGMA were complex, some minor changes were made in SB 13 pertaining to GSA formation. Prior to SB 13, existing law required that each high- and medium-priority groundwater basins be managed after implementing a groundwater sustainability plan and subjected reporting requirements to the State Water Resources Control Board. SB 13 changed DWR's role with respect to reviewing, posting, and tracking GSA formation notices. Changes include notifying reviews, GSA boundaries which overlap, and service area boundaries.
Bill overview.
Key definitions.
Key terms in the SGMA are defined as follows:
Groundwater sustainability agencies.
A GSA is a local agency that implements the SGMA as the primary entity responsible for reaching groundwater sustainability. It is required to develop and implement a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to consider the interests of all of its stakeholders.
Any local agency or combinations thereof may form a GSA for the basin in which they overlap. A "local agency" refers to a local public agency that has water supply, management, and land use obligations within the groundwater basin. The SGMA determined 43 high-priority groundwater basins and 84 medium-priority groundwater basins, totaling 127 basins accounting for 96% of California's groundwater. These basins must adopt GSPs by 2020 or 2022 (depending on the basin) and have until 2040 or 2042 to attain sustainability. A local agency can decide not to form a GSA and submit an alternative proposal to DWR if they believe the alternative will meet the objectives and long-term goals of the SGMA. The DWR is required to assess the alternative proposal to see if it satisfies the objectives and goals of the SGMA. If it does not, the local agency is required to form a GSA and develop a GSP. The SGMA required GSAs to be formed by June 30, 2017.
Implementation deadlines.
As part of its implementation, DWR has developed a Strategic Plan to document its Sustainable Groundwater Management (SGM) Program, which expands on its responsibilities in SGMA. The Strategic Plan describes the state's groundwater conditions, identifies legislation, policies, and success factors, describes the goals and objectives of DWR actions, and presents the plan for DWR communication and outreach with stakeholders.
Reception.
Support.
Support for the act stemmed from the goal of avoiding negative impacts of lowering the water table and subsidence throughout California with implementing specific, measurable objectives. California has had a long history of complex water rights dealing with the ownership and management of surface water. Groundwater has stayed under the regulation radar, which led to the overdraft of vital basins and the subsidence of land taking place throughout the Central Valley. The SGMA gives responsibility to both state authority and local oversight to bring groundwater basins in California to sustainable yields within a given time period.
Criticism.
One of the main arguments in opposition of AB 1739 and SB 1168 was from the California Farm Bureau Federation (CFBF), which was concerned that the bills were rushed and did not allow enough time to address many of the complex issues of groundwater. In addition, the Farm Bureau explained that there would be "huge long-term economic impacts" on farms as well as state and local economies, with a "very real potential to devalue land", thereby affecting the viability of farms and business as well as jobs. Opponents from the CFBF included counties in the Central Valley and agricultural businesses.
Sustainable Groundwater Planning Funds.
The approval of Proposition 1, the Water Quality, Supply, and Infrastructure Improvement Act, guaranteed $900 million in funding for the development of a Groundwater Sustainability Program. The DWR has released the first draft of the Proposal Solicitation Package (PSP) for GSPs. This initial PSP has made $86.3 million available for the, "planning, development, or preparation of GSPs" and a minimum of $10 million from the initial PSP has been earmarked for Severely Disadvantaged Communities. Eligibility for grant approval requires that the GSPs address high- or medium-priority basins. The SWRCB has already released its initial round of funding for certain preventive and restorative groundwater initiatives which can be seen below.


Eves v Eves

Eves v Eves [1975] EWCA Civ 3 is an English land law case, concerning constructive trusts of the family home.
Facts.
Mr Eves bought a home and kept the legal title in his name using the proceeds of his old home and a mortgage loan. His cohabiting girlfriend for what would prove years, Janet Eves, lived there and asked why she had not been made an owner. He said it was because she was not yet 21. They had not married as Mr Eves was already married but were estranged. Janet nonetheless took his surname by deed poll in late 1968 having moved into his earlier matrimonial house. Janet gave birth to their first child in April 1969. "The house was very dirty and dilapidated. They went in and made their home there. She did a great deal of work to the house and garden. She did much more than many wives would do. She stripped the wallpaper in the hall. She painted woodwork in the lounge and kitchen. She painted the kitchen cabinets. She painted the brickwork in the front of the house. She broke up the concrete [with a 14 lb sledgehammer] in the front garden. She carried the pieces to a skip. She, with him, demolished a shed and put up a new shed. She prepared the front garden for turfing. To add to it all, they had their second child, a girl, on 29th December 1970."
On 19 January 1973, Janet got an order from the magistrates giving her custody of the two children and ordering Stuart Eves to pay £5 a week maintenance for each. He did not keep up those payments.
The case came before the High Court in April 1974, before the Vice Chancellor. He accepted the evidence of Janet in preference to that of Stuart Eves, but held that she was not entitled to any share in the house. She appealed.
Judgment.
Lord Denning MR held Mr Eves held the house on constructive trust and Janet had a 25% share. Doing the improvement work manifested a common intention to share in the home's equity.
The other appeal judges concurred but with differing reasoning:
Browne LJ:
Brightman J:
Considered in.
"R v Robson (Stephen)" (1990) 92 Cr App R 1; The Times, 7 August 1990, CA (E&W)
Applied in.
"Grant v Edwards" [1986] Ch 638, CA (E&W)


Lichenoid drug eruption


Christie Hennessy

Christie Hennessy (born Edward Christopher Ross; 19 November 1945 – 11 December 2007) was an Irish folk singer-songwriter. Although Hennessy was unable to read or write due to severe dyslexia, he still wrote his own songs such as "Roll back the Clouds" and "All the lies that you told me". He sang "All the lies that you told me" with his daughter Hermione, but the song was made famous by Frances Black rather than Hennessy and his daughter.
Early life.
Hennessy was born in Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland. His first guitar was made, especially for him, from a tea chest when he was six years old by his friend Jerry Quirke. He left school at the age of eleven and a half.
His first job was as a messenger boy, and it was then that he discovered that it was important to be able to read. He was unable to read or write due to severe dyslexia, but still enjoyed his library of books. He later worked on building sites in London.
Career.
In 1972 he released his first record, "The Green Album", on Westwood, a small label. With scant publicity or promotion, the album made little impact and only 500 copies of the record were pressed. Hennessy returned to labouring on building sites in the UK and did not release another album for twenty years. When he did, his 1992 release "The Rehearsal" outsold U2 in Ireland, eventually attaining triple platinum status. His following albums, "A Year in the Life" and "Box" also sold extremely well in Ireland.
A renowned songwriter as well as performer, Hennessy wrote several songs that became hits for other singers including "Don't Forget your Shovel", made famous by Christy Moore, and "All the Lies that You Told Me", recorded by Frances Black. He also composed the theme tune and incidental music for the BBC TV series "Get Well Soon" written by Ray Galton (of Steptoe & Son fame) and composed and wrote a musical/feature film about his native Ireland, "Two Stops to Paradise"
Hennessy returned to the studio in 2007, one final time to record an album with both Luka Bloom and Christy Moore sharing vocals on one of the tracks.
In 2005, Christy Moore's rendition of Hennessy's "Don't Forget Your Shovel" was referenced in a UK Number One single "The JCB Song" by Nizlopi: "And the engine rattles my bum like berserk. While we're singin, 'Don't forget your shovel if you want to go to work!'" It was further referenced in the video for the same song; as the line is sung, the characters in the JCB pass a shop called "Christie's Shovels".
Death.
Hennessy died on 11 December 2007 in a London hospice, aged 62. He was reported to have died from pleural mesothelioma, a rare form of lung cancer, which has been attributed to his younger years spent working on building sites in London where he was exposed to asbestos dust. Just before he died he had been touring in Ireland but had to cancel due to the illness. His ashes were buried in Old Rath Cemetery, Tralee. A commemorative statue of Christie was erected in Central Plaza, just off the town square in Tralee in November 2009.


Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway

The Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway or JRCC SN () is a rescue coordination center located in Sola which is responsible for coordinating major search and rescue (SAR) operations in Norway south of the 65th parallel north. Established in 1970, it is a government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security and led by the Chief of Police of Rogaland Police District. The agency has twenty-three employees and has at least two rescue controllers at work at any time.
The center is able to call on resources from twenty-one police districts, land, sea and air ambulance services, fire departments, the Coast Guard, the Royal Norwegian Air Force's 330 Squadron, which operates the Westland Sea King SAR helicopters, the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue and other governmental, commercial and volunteer resources. Communication can be relayed via Telenor Maritime Radio and Avinor's air traffic control. The rest of the country is covered by the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway.
History.
Organized search and rescue operations in Norway were first established with the foundation of the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue in 1891, a private, non-profit society. The service was based on solidarity and volunteering. As more public and private resources were made available for search and rescue missions, problems with coordination became evident. Thus the government appointed a commission in the mid-1950s to look into the need for a coordinating body. It made its recommendations in 1959, which were implemented in 1970. This resulted in the creation of two JRCCs, a rescue sub-center at each police district and the establishment of the 330 Squadron of Westland Sea King helicopters in 1973.
Organization.
JRCC SN is organized as government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, and is based in Sola. Its search and rescue region of responsibility, defined by the International Maritime Organization and International Civil Aviation Organization, covers Southern Norway—specified as following the 65th parallel north in the Norwegian Sea and the border between Nord-Trøndelag and Nordland on land. To the north lies the responsibility of the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway, based in Bodø. The JRCC SN's geographic borders towards neighboring countries roughly corresponds to that of Norway's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and flight information region. It reaches as far south as the 57th parallel north and as far west as the prime meridian. It has international borders to the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden and covers parts of the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea and Skagerrak. The borders do not necessarily follow the EEZ, so the British oil field Brent falls within Norwegian responsibility and the Norwegian Ekofisk falls within British. There are twenty-one rescue sub-center subordinate JCRR SN—one in each police district.
The agency is subordinate to the Chief of Police of Rogaland Police District and led by a manager and two rescue inspectors, one for operations and one for planning, development and training. The facility has 14 to 16 rescue controllers, of which at least two are at any time on duty, and two to three administrative employees. The chief of police is contacted in case of major incidents, and he can choose to call in a rescue leadership group consisting of representatives from the Royal Norwegian Navy, the Royal Norwegian Air Force, Avinor's air traffic control, Stavanger Health Trust and Telenor Maritime Radio. Rescue controllers are recruited from a range of services, including the navy, air force, air traffic control, police, merchant marine and civil aviation. The agency had 23 employees in 2013.
"Search and rescue service" is a judicially defined term in Norway, which specifically applies to an immediate response to saving people from death and injury. It does not involve rescue of property, protection of the environment or prevention of accidents. Most alarms are channeled through the sub-centers, which double as 1-1-2 emergency telephone number centers. Some alarms may be channeled via the coast radio stations or air traffic control. All Norwegian-registered aircraft are required to have an emergency locator transmitter connected to the Cospas-Sarsat system. JRCC SN is linked to the Global Maritime Distress Safety System, the Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System and Inmarsat.
The sub-centers will always report any search and rescue alarm to JRCC SN, but will by default take action themselves unless JRCC SN chooses to take command itself. Actions are taken based on pre-defined plans. JRCC SN is prepared to handle situations related to land, sea and air, operations tied to offshore constructions and missions requiring international cooperation. This model is chosen for being cost-efficient and resource-efficient, and is unique in the world. The two Norwegian JRCCs are redundant and both can take over the other centers operations if necessary. This most commonly takes place when one center is fully occupied with a major incident and the other center takes over responsibility for the entire country. In case of war the JRCC SN will cease to operate and the employees and resources will be transferred to NATO's Joint Warfare Centre, with the Norwegian Armed Forces taking over available resources.
Incidents are handled at one of three levels: on-scene coordination, at a rescue sub-center or at a JRCC. Most land-based SAR missions are coordinated at the second level by the local police district. However, the JRCC is kept informed and may offer advise and allocate resources without coordinating the mission. The JRCCs take over control in situation at sea, by aircraft and at offshore installations, as well as for instances which require international cooperation and prolonged operations. The JRCC may appoint an on-scene coordinator for a search, typically a navy or coast guard vessel. For major accidents, hotlines for next of kin are set up, and crisis psychology and clergy is available to these and search participants. Professional public relations experts are used to handle the media.
Resources.
Available resources for search and rescue missions are a pooling of government, commercial and volunteer agencies. Government agencies cover their costs related to SAR missions through their ordinary operational budgets. Volunteer organizations are reimbursed their direct costs. Civilian governmental organizations which JRCC SN can call upon are the Norwegian Police Service, ambulances, the Norwegian Air Ambulance, municipal fire departments and the fire and rescue services at airports. The Coastal Administration, the Climate and Pollution Agency and the Directorate of Fisheries operate a fleet of vessels along the coast. Advice can be called from the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
Military resources available include the Air Force's 330 Squadron which operates twelve Westland Sea King helicopters dedicated to search and rescue and air ambulance services, which operate out of Rygge Air Station, Sola Air Station, Florø Airport and Ørland Main Air Station in Southern Norway. The air force can also provide P-3 Orion observation aircraft, C-130 Hercules transport aircraft and Westland Lynx helicopters if necessary. The Coast Guard operates a network of 14 vessels along the coast, for which search and rescue is a primary duty. The largest "Nordkapp" and "Barentshav" class offshore patrol vessels are capable of carrying Lynx helicopters. The navy, army and home guard are also able to assist.
Volunteer resources included the Norwegian Civil Defence, the Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps and the Norwegian People's Aid. The Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue operates a fleet of smaller rescue vessels along the coast. Specialist organizations are called upon for certain tasks, such as the Norwegian Speleological Society for extracting people from caves, Alpine rescue groups, Norwegian Rescue Dogs and the Norwegian Radio Relay League. Commercial resources which can be called upon include the Industrial Civil Defence, which consists of emergency response teams at companies, offshore oil operators and civilian helicopter operators.
References.
Bibliography


Galerina marginata

Galerina marginata, known colloquially as the funeral bell or the deadly skullcap, is a species of poisonous fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae of the order Agaricales. Prior to 2001, the species G. autumnalis, G. oregonensis, G. unicolor, and G. venenata were thought to be separate due to differences in habitat and the viscidity of their caps, but phylogenetic analysis showed that they are all the same species.
The fruit bodies of this fungus have brown to yellow-brown caps that fade in color when drying. The gills are brownish and give a rusty spore print. A well-defined membranous ring is typically seen on the stems of young specimens but often disappears with age. In older fruit bodies, the caps are flatter and the gills and stems browner. The species is a classic "little brown mushroom"—a catchall category that includes all small to medium-sized, hard-to-identify brownish mushrooms, and may be easily confused with several edible species.
"Galerina marginata" is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, North America, and Asia, and has also been found in Australia. It is a wood-rotting fungus that grows predominantly on decaying conifer wood. An extremely poisonous species, it contains the same deadly amatoxins found in the death cap ("Amanita phalloides"). Ingestion in toxic amounts causes severe liver damage with vomiting, diarrhea, hypothermia, and eventual death if not treated rapidly. About ten poisonings have been attributed to the species now grouped as "G. marginata" over the last century.
Taxonomy and naming.
What is now recognized as a single morphologically variable taxon named "Galerina marginata" was once split into five distinct species. Norwegian mycologist Gro Gulden and colleagues concluded that all five represented the same species after comparing the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA for various North American and European specimens in "Galerina" section "Naucoriopsis". The results showed no genetic differences between "G. marginata" and "G. autumnalis", "G. oregonensis", "G. unicolor", and "G. venenata", thus reducing all these names to synonymy. The oldest of these names are "Agaricus marginatus", described by August Batsch in 1789, and "Agaricus unicolor", described by Martin Vahl in 1792. "Agaricus autumnalis" was described by Charles Horton Peck in 1873, and later moved to "Galerina" by A. H. Smith and Rolf Singer in their 1962 worldwide monograph on that genus. In the same publication they also introduced the "G. autumnalis" varieties "robusta" and "angusticystis". Another of the synonymous species, "G. oregonensis", was first described in that monograph. "Galerina venenata" was first identified as a species by Smith in 1953. Since "Agaricus marginatus" is the oldest validly published name, it has priority according to the rules of botanical nomenclature.
Another species analysed in Gulden's 2001 study, "Galerina pseudomycenopsis", also could not be distinguished from "G. marginata" based on ribosomal DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Because of differences in ecology, fruit body color and spore size combined with inadequate sampling, the authors preferred to maintain "G. pseudomycenopsis" as a distinct species. A 2005 study again failed to separate the two species using molecular methods, but reported that the incompatibility demonstrated in mating experiments suggests that the species are distinct.
In the fourth edition (1986) of Singer's comprehensive classification of the Agaricales, "G. marginata" is the type species of "Galerina" section "Naucoriopsis", a subdivision first defined by French mycologist Robert Kühner in 1935. It includes small brown-spored mushrooms characterized by cap edges initially curved inwards, fruit bodies resembling "Pholiota" or "Naucoria" and thin-walled, obtuse or acute-ended pleurocystidia that are not rounded at the top. Within this section, "G. autumnalis" and "G. oregonensis" are in stirps "Autumnalis", while "G. unicolor", "G. marginata", and "G. venenata" are in stirps "Marginata". "Autumnalis" species are characterized by having a viscid to lubricous cap surface while "Marginata" species lack a gelatinous cap—the surface is moist, "fatty-shining", or matte when wet. However, as Gulden explains, this characteristic is highly variable: "Viscidity is a notoriously difficult character to assess because it varies with the age of the fruitbody and the weather conditions during its development. Varying degrees of viscidity tend to be described differently and applied inconsistently by different persons applying terms such as lubricous, fatty, fatty-shiny, sticky, viscid, glutinous, or (somewhat) slimy."
The specific epithet "marginata" is derived from the Latin word for "margin" or "edge", while "autumnalis" means "of the autumn". Common names of the species include the "marginate Pholiota" (resulting from its synonymy with "Pholiota marginata"), "funeral bell", "deadly skullcap", and "deadly Galerina". "G. autumnalis" was known as the "fall Galerina" or the "autumnal Galerina", while "G. venenata" was the "deadly lawn Galerina".
Description.
The cap reaches in diameter. It starts convex, sometimes broadly conical, and has edges (margins) that are curved in against the gills. As the cap grows and expands, it becomes broadly convex and then flattened, sometimes developing a central elevation, or umbo, which may project prominently from the cap surface.
Based on the collective descriptions of the five taxa now considered to be "G. marginata", the texture of the surface shows significant variation. Smith and Singer give the following descriptions of surface texture: from "viscid" ("G. autumnalis"), to "shining and viscid to lubricous when moist" ("G. oregonensis"), to "shining, lubricous to subviscid (particles of dirt adhere to surface) or merely moist, with a fatty appearance although not distinctly viscid", to "moist but not viscid" ("G. marginata"). The cap surface remains smooth and changes colors with humidity (hygrophanous), pale to dark ochraceous tawny over the disc and yellow-ochraceous on the margin (at least when young), but fading to dull tan or darker when dry. When moist, the cap is somewhat transparent so that the outlines of the gills may be seen as striations. The flesh is pale brownish ochraceous to nearly white, thin and pliant, with an odor and taste varying from very slightly to strongly like flour (farinaceous).
The gills are typically narrow and crowded together, with a broadly adnate to nearly decurrent attachment to the stem and convex edges. They are a pallid brown when young, becoming tawny at maturity. Some short gills, called lamellulae, do not extend entirely from the cap edge to the stem, and are intercalated among the longer gills. The stem ranges from long, thick at the apex, and stays equal in width throughout or is slightly enlarged downward. Initially solid, it becomes hollow from the bottom up as it matures. The membranous ring is located on the upper half of the stem near the cap, but may be sloughed off and missing in older specimens. Its color is initially whitish or light brown, but usually appears a darker rusty-brown in mature specimens that have dropped spores on it. Above the level of the ring, the stem surface has a very fine whitish powder and is paler than the cap; below the ring it is brown down to the reddish-brown to bistre base. The lower portion of the stem has a thin coating of pallid fibrils which eventually disappear and do not leave any scales. The spore print is rusty-brown.
Microscopic characteristics.
The spores measure 8–10 by 5–6 µm, and are slightly inequilateral in profile view, and egg-shaped in face view. Like all "Galerina" species, the spores have a plage, which has been described as resembling "a slightly wrinkled plastic shrink-wrap covering over the distal end of the spore". The spore surface is warty and full of wrinkles, with a smooth depression where the spore was once attached via the sterigmatum to the basidium (the spore-bearing cell). When in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, the spores appear tawny or darker rusty-brown, with an apical callus. The basidia are four-spored (rarely with a very few two-spored ones), roughly cylindrical when producing spores, but with a slightly tapered base, and measure 21–29 by 5–8.4 µm.
Cystidia are cells of the fertile hymenium that do not produce spores. These sterile cells, which are structurally distinct from the basidia, are further classified according to their position. In "G. marginata", the pleurocystidia (cystidia from the gill sides) are 46–60 by 9–12 µm, thin-walled, and hyaline in KOH, fusoid to ventricose in shape with wavy necks and blunt to subacute apices (3–6 µm diameter near apex). The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edges) are similar in shape but often smaller than the pleurocystidia, abundant, with no club-shaped or abruptly tapering (mucronate) cells present. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.
Similar species.
"Galerina marginata" may be mistaken for a few edible mushroom species. "Pholiota mutabilis" (Kuehneromyces mutabilis) produces fruit bodies roughly similar in appearance and also grows on wood, but may be distinguished from "G. marginata" by its stems bearing scales up to the level of the ring, and from growing in large clusters (which is not usual of "G. marginata"). However, the possibility of confusion is such that this good edible species is "not recommended to those lacking considerable experience in the identification of higher fungi." Furthermore, microscopic examination shows smooth spores in "Pholiota". "G. marginata" may be easily confused with other edibles such as "Armillaria mellea" and "Kuehneromyces mutabilis". Regarding the latter species, one source notes "Often, "G. marginata" bears an astonishing resemblance to this fungus, and it requires careful and acute powers of observation to distinguish the poisonous one from the edible one." "K. mutabilis" may be distinguished by the presence of scales on the stem below the ring, the larger cap, which may reach a diameter of , and spicy or aromatic odor of the flesh. The related "K. vernalis" is a rare species and even more similar in appearance to "G. marginata". Examination of microscopic characteristics is typically required to reliably distinguish between the two, revealing smooth spores with a germ pore.
Another potential edible lookalike is the "velvet shank", "Flammulina velutipes". This species has gills that are white to pale yellow, a white spore print, and spores that are elliptical, smooth, and measure 6.5–9 by 2.5–4 µm. A rough resemblance has also been noted with the edible "Hypholoma capnoides", the 'magic' mushroom Psilocybe subaeruginosa as well as "Conocybe filaris", another poisonous amatoxin-containing species.
Habitat and distribution.
"Galerina marginata" is a saprobic fungus, obtaining nutrients by breaking down organic matter. It is known to have most of the major classes of secreted enzymes that dissolve plant cell wall polysaccharides, and has been used as a model saprobe in recent studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Because of its variety of enzymes capable of breaking down wood and other lignocellulosic materials, the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI) is currently sequencing its genome. The fungus is typically reported to grow on or near the wood of conifers, although it has been observed to grow on hardwoods as well. Fruit bodies may grow solitarily, but more typically in groups or small clusters, and appear in the summer to autumn. Sometimes, they may grow on buried wood and thus appear to be growing on soil.
"Galerina marginata" is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, found in North America, Europe, Japan, Iran, continental Asia, and the Caucasus. In North America, it has been collected as far north as the boreal forest of Canada and subarctic and arctic habitats in Labrador, and south to Jalisco, Mexico. It is also found in Australia.
Toxicity.
The toxins found in "Galerina marginata" are known as amatoxins. Amatoxins belong to a family of bicyclic octapeptide derivatives composed of an amino acid ring bridged by a sulfur atom and characterized by differences in their side groups; these compounds are responsible for more than 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings in humans. The amatoxins inhibit the enzyme RNA polymerase II, which copies the genetic code of DNA into messenger RNA molecules. The toxin naturally accumulates in liver cells, and the ensuing disruption of metabolism accounts for the severe liver dysfunction cause by amatoxins. Amatoxins also lead to kidney failure because, as the kidneys attempt to filter out poison, it damages the convoluted tubules and reenters the blood to recirculate and cause more damage. Initial symptoms after ingestion include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea which may last for six to nine hours. Beyond these symptoms, toxins severely affect the liver which results in gastrointestinal bleeding, a coma, kidney failure, or even death, usually within seven days of consumption.
"Galerina marginata" was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as "G. venenata", then as "G. marginata" and "G. autumnalis". The ability of the fungus to produce these toxins was confirmed by growing the mycelium as a liquid culture (only trace amounts of β-amanitin were found). "G. marginata" is thought to be the only species of the amatoxin-producing genera that will produce the toxins while growing in culture. Both amanitins were quantified in "G. autumnalis" (1.5 mg/g dry weight) and "G. marginata" (1.1 mg/g dry weight). Later experiments confirmed the occurrence of γ-amanitin and β-amanitin in German specimens of "G. autumnalis" and "G. marginata" and revealed the presence of the three amanitins in the fruit bodies of "G. unicolor". Although some mushroom field guides claim that the species (as "G. autumnalis") also contains phallotoxins (however phallotoxins cannot be absorbed by humans), scientific evidence does not support this contention. A 2004 study determined that the amatoxin content of "G. marginata" varied from 78.17 to 243.61 µg/g of fresh weight. In this study, the amanitin amounts from certain "Galerina" specimens were higher than those from some "Amanita phalloides", a European fungus generally considered as the richest in amanitins. The authors suggest that "other parameters such as extrinsic factors (environmental conditions) and intrinsic factors (genetic properties) could contribute to the significant variance in amatoxin contents from different specimens." The lethal dose of amatoxins has been estimated to be about 0.1 mg/kg human body weight, or even lower. Based on this value, the ingestion of 10 "G. marginata" fruit bodies containing about 250 µg of amanitins per gram of fresh tissue could poison a child weighing approximately . However, a 20-year retrospective study of more than 2100 cases of amatoxin poisonings from North American and Europe showed that few cases were due to ingestion of "Galerina" species. This low frequency may be attributed to the mushroom's nondescript appearance as a "little brown mushroom" leading to it being overlooked by collectors, and by the fact that 21% of amatoxin poisonings were caused by unidentified species.
The toxicity of certain "Galerina" species has been known for a century. In 1912, Charles Horton Peck reported a human poisoning case due to "G. autumnalis". In 1954, a poisoning was caused by "G. venenata". Between 1978 and 1995, ten cases caused by amatoxin-containing Galerinas were reported in the literature. Three European cases, two from Finland and one from France were attributed to "G. marginata" and "G. unicolor", respectively. Seven North American exposures included two fatalities from Washington due to "G. venenata", with five cases reacting positively to treatment; four poisonings were caused by "G. autumnalis" from Michigan and Kansas, in addition to poisoning caused by an unidentified "Galerina" species from Ohio. Several poisonings have been attributed to collectors consuming the mushrooms after mistaking them for the hallucinogenic "Psilocybe stuntzii".


Public Land Law Review Commission

The Public Land Law Review Commission (PLLRC) was established on in order to review federal public land laws and regulations of the United States and to recommend a public land policy. The Commission met between 1965 and 1969.


Jerralynn Ness

Jerralynn Ness (sometimes spelled Jerralyn) is an anti-poverty advocate in the U.S. state of Oregon, and served for many years as executive director of the Washington County Community Action Organization (WCCAO).
Ness graduated from Tigard High School in 1966. She studied art at the University of Oregon, and lived in Mexico City for part of 1969. She later joined Vista. described taking a job at WCCAO as a way to give back service to her community. As of 1993, Ness had worked in social service for 20 years, and had served for nine years as executive director of Community Action. She was credited in 1993 with having built up the organization's programs for hunger and homelessness to a point where it served about 28,500 people, 75 percent of Washington County's low-income population. She was still serving as executive director as of 2004. She retired in 2015.
She married Bernie Thurber, with whom she has a daughter, Amie. She has been noted as a collector of Monterey Furniture.
She has earned several awards and honors, among them the 2003 Oregon Woman of Achievement award.


Essex County Resource Recovery Facility

The Essex County Resource Recovery Facility, also known as Covanta Essex, is a waste-to-energy incineration power station in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Opened in 1990, it is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) and operated by Covanta Energy. It is located adjacent to the New Jersey Turnpike between Raymond Boulevard and the Passaic River in Newark.
As of 2012, the facility processed 2,800 tons of municipal solid waste per day, its two generators producing approximately 65 megawatts of power. The facility burns garbage from the 22 municipalities of Essex County and from New York City's Manhattan Community Board Districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12.
As of January 1, 2013 the PANYNJ gave Covanta control of the facility through 2032, with optional extension to 2052. As part of the agreement the New York City Department of Sanitation will continue to use about 50% of the plant's disposal capacity. Convanta agreed to invest $75 to $100 million for operational improvements, including a modern particulate emissions control system and a new recycling system for ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
In June 2013, a refuelling station for trucks using compressed natural gas (CNG) opened at the facility.
The facility has been a point of contention with residents of Newark, notably the Ironbound.