Colin Laverty

Colin Robert Andrew Laverty (26 May 1937 – 9 February 2013) was an Australian medical practitioner and was the first to confirm (using electronmicroscopy) that the human papillomavirus was much more common in the cervix than previously thought and in 1978 he suggested that this virus be considered as possibly involved in the causation of cervical cancer. He was also a prolific art collector.
Early life.
Laverty was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of medical practitioners Dr. Colin (Tas) Laverty and Dr. Beryl Laverty. He attended Newington College (1949-1953) and then the University of Sydney. He had the qualifications MB, BS; BSc (Med); DCP (Syd); FRCPA; Dip.Cytopath (FRCPA). He graduated BSc(Med) with honours in 1959, Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1962 and Diploma in Clinical Pathology in 1969 and subsequently obtained by examination Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and a Diploma in Cytology from the same college. While at Sydney University he was awarded a Blue for Rowing.
Medical career.
Dr Laverty graduated in medicine from Sydney University and then trained in pathology at Royal Prince Alfred and King George V Hospitals in Sydney, as well at St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, in the United Kingdom. He specialised early in gynaecological cytology and histopathology and became a Staff Specialist Pathologist at the Royal Women’s Hospital in Melbourne and later at King George V Hospital for Mothers and Babies in Sydney.
He co-authored more than 50 scientific articles and was a frequent and often invited speaker at medical conferences in Australia and internationally. During his career Dr Laverty was for many years a member of the Advisory Committee to the Australian National Cervical Screening Program, multiple New South Wales Cancer Council Committees, the Committee of the Australian Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology and the Continuing Education, Quality Assurance and Evolving Technologies Committees of the International Academy of Cytology.
In the mid-1970s, while working as a Specialist Gynaecological Pathologist at King George V Hospital in Sydney, Dr Laverty developed a special interest in the recognition in the Papanicolaou smear of various female genital tract infections, in particular those due to agents difficult or impossible to culture.
In the early 1970s it was thought that genital tract warts or condylomas were quite uncommon, usually vulval and merely sometimes cosmetically distressing lesions.
Dr Laverty recognised that cellular abnormalities known as koilocytosis and koilocytotic or "warty" atypia (first reported in the 1950s by Koss and associated with genital warts) were much more common in Pap smears than generally realised and that, surprisingly, in the great majority of cases clinical warts or condylomas were absent, even on careful clinical examination of the entire female genital tract. This raised the possibility that genital infections due to wart or papilloma virus were much commoner than previously thought, frequently cervical in location and very uncommonly of recognisable warty contour or configuration.
A researcher was employed and an electron microscopic technique was then devised which confirmed the suspicion that human papillomavirus (HPV) particles were present in these abnormal cells, in both cytologic and histologic preparations (Pap smears and cervical biopsies). In 1978, Dr Laverty was the first in the world to publish this finding.
Thus it was proven that atypical, potentially premalignant cells in cervical cytologic and histopathologic preparations in women without actual genital warts were in fact virus infected and that this virus had the electron microscopic appearances of papillomavirus.
At that time, electron microscopic demonstration of the virus particles within the nucleus of the cell was the only available way of confirming papillomavirus infection. In contradistinction to other viruses affecting the genital tract (e.g. herpes), confirmation by culture was not possible (and still is not possible) by conventional virological methods. Nor could the diagnosis be confirmed by immunoperoxidase testing or by HPV DNA and RNA hybridisation techniques (the latter subsequently widely used), which at that time had not yet been developed.
Subsequently the histologic features and colposcopic recognition and characterisation of this sub-clinical or non-condylomatous HPV infection of the cervix were established.
Recognition of the frequent and close association of these noncondylomatous HPV-induced changes with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) - which was and is accepted as preceding life-threatening invasive cancer - led Dr Laverty to also suggest in 1978 the investigation of the possible role of HPV in genital tract carcinogenesis.
Also, if cervical cancer proved to be due to, or required a virus infection for its genesis, then prevention by immunisation was theoretically possible.
The suspicion and subsequent confirmation by Dr Laverty that papillomavirus infection was much more common than formerly realised, that most infections were clinically invisible and at that time unknown to colposcopists, proved to be of profound clinical significance. It changed the interpretation of Pap smears, cervical biopsies and colposcopic appearances and therefore the management of women with abnormal Pap smears.
It led to later research by others which resulted in the confirmation that this virus was required for the genesis of cervical cancer (and how the virus acts to do this). This led ultimately to the development of a vaccine or vaccines which theoretically can eradicate the second most common female cancer worldwide.
Articles on quality assurance in cytology published by Dr Laverty and his team concerned the importance of targeted sampling of the transformation zone (where most precancer and cancer occurs), sampling implement choice, reporting terminology and management recommendations.
He was also interested in the cytologic recognition of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (an important subset of cervical cancer precursors) and demonstrated a place for HPV in this form of cervical cancer also.
Dr. Laverty also evaluated new slide making and reading technologies, leading to improved Pap smear reporting accuracy and published some of the very first trials of ThinPrep and CytoRich, technologies which are now widely used throughout the world.
In 1982, he founded Dr Colin Laverty and Associates, a private pathology practice which provided specialised services in gynaecological cytology and histopathology. Approximately 200,000 Pap smears were processed annually.
The practice provided referring general practitioners and gynaecologists with a great deal of educational material (newsletters, feedback on smear quality etc.) aimed at improving standards in cytology.
The practice employed a statistician and much clinical research was carried out in private practice (which is most unusual), with regular publications in Australian and prestigious overseas medical journals.
Over many years, Laverty lectured widely (often as an invited speaker) in Australia and overseas on the significance of HPV infection and on a range of gynaecological cytology and Pap smear screening issues.
In August 1998, his practice was sold to Health Care of Australia (HCoA). Laverty was initially Medical Director of "Mayne Health – Laverty Pathology" in New South Wales. The practice was renamed "Symbion Laverty Pathology" and subsequently onsold to Primary Health Care, a very large, statewide, general pathology practice which still bears Dr Laverty's name.
Art activities.
Dr. Laverty retired from practicing medicine in the mid-2001 and with his wife Elizabeth managed their contemporary art collection, one of Australia’s best known. From their collection, works are regularly lent to the Australian national and state art galleries. In particular, Aboriginal works are regularly sought for exhibition by prestigious International art museums. During his lifetime Laverty authored a book and published a number of articles on Australian Art.
Over decades Colin & Elizabeth Laverty have been major art collectors and supporters of young, mid-career and established Australian artists, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous. They have taken every opportunity to promote Australian art, both in Australia and overseas.
The Lavertys have been substantial donors of artworks under the Cultural Gifts Program. Since 2000 131 paintings have been donated to the Newcastle, Geelong, Benalla and Gold Coast regional galleries, the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of NSW and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Sydney. 53 of these have been works by 41 different Indigenous artists and 78 have been by 35 different non-Indigenous artists.
They have been financial supporters and members of the Foundation of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, for many years and in 2006 were awarded Life Membership "in recognition of their outstanding contribution to the Museum’s development". They are also members of the Contemporary Collection Benefactors groups at the Art Gallery of NSW and the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Aboriginal Collection Benefactors at the Art Gallery of NSW and the Friends of Indigenous art at the National Gallery of Victoria.
The Lavertys have been regular lenders to exhibitions at major Australian public art galleries. Currently between 80 - 130 paintings per year are being lent, by request, to various public galleries and in total more than 400 (469) paintings have been lent to some 65 different institutions in all states, the ACT and the Northern Territory. Paintings have been lent for exhibitions at the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra and the state galleries in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.
Dr. Laverty actively promoted Australian art overseas and has spoken by invitation about Australian art, especially Aboriginal art, at the Chicago Arts Club – a leading Arts Institution and in June 2006 gave a keynote presentation at the opening of an exhibition of works by Australian Women Aboriginal Painters in Washington D.C. He engaged in discussions with Gallery Directors in both Europe and the U.S.A. about the presentation of contemporary Aboriginal art.
Works have been loaned on request to overseas exhibitions in 15 different countries. Overall 167 works by 57 different Indigenous artists and 10 different non-Indigenous artists have been lent to exhibitions of both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australian art in St Petersburg, Russia; Basel, Switzerland; Hannover, Düsseldorf, Herford and Cologne, Germany; Oslo, Norway; London, England; Marseilles, France; Odense and Humlebaek, Denmark; Washington D.C. and New Hampshire, U.S.A.; Dunedin, Christchurch and New Plymouth, New Zealand; Osaka and Tokyo, Japan; and Ghent, Belgium. In 2011, five 1971–72 Papunya boards were lent to the National Gallery of Victoria for the exhibition Tjukurrtjanu: Origins of Western Desert Art, and these paintings are currently on loan at Musée du Quai Branly in Paris.
Dr. Laverty wrote, upon invitation, an article on collecting Australian Aboriginal art for the November 2003 issue of the prestigious magazine Arts of Asia, produced in Hong Kong. The rest of this issue of the magazine was devoted to Australian public museums' collections of Asian art. This was an opportunity to promote Australian Aboriginal art widely as the magazine has a substantial worldwide circulation. The article, titled 'Diversity and Strength - Contemporary Australian Aboriginal Art: A Private Collection' surveyed the long term history and the recent development and success of contemporary Aboriginal art. It discussed the major art producing communities and illustrated the work of 23 of the best known artists.
In 1996 the Laverty Collection was highlighted in an article in Art and Australia. This article written by Anne Loxley appeared in a special issue of Art and Australia devoted to the art of collecting.
From 20 June - 23 August 1998, selected works from the Laverty Collection were exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Sydney at the request of the then co-directors Bernice Murphy and Leon Paroissien. This exhibition titled 'The Laverty Collection', curated by Sue Cramer, had an associated program of seminars and public education activities in which Dr Laverty participated. Paintings, sculptures, carvings and ceramics by 12 non-Indigenous artists and 19 Indigenous artists were exhibited.
Works from the Laverty Collection by the Aboriginal artists Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri and John Mawurndjul were shown in the 2000 Sydney Biennale, and a painting by Dorothy Napangardi in the 2012 Sydney Biennale. Paintings by Michael Harrison and Michael Stevenson were included in the 2004 Sydney Biennale, and a painting by Richard Larter was included in the 2008 Sydney Biennale.
Dr. Laverty has been an invited speaker to gallery friends, volunteers, collection benefactors and society members at the Art Gallery of Western Australia (AGWA), the Art Gallery of South Australia (AGSA), the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of NSW (AGNSW) and the Power Institute at Sydney University and the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) He has been an invited panellist at discussions on Australian art at the Art Gallery of NSW (AGNSW) and at the Melbourne Art Fair.
"Beyond Sacred: Recent painting from Australia’s remote Aboriginal communities," a book compiled by Colin Laverty and designed by Jane Kleimeyer was published in May 2008. It featured 280 paintings by 141 Indigenous artists from more than 20 different communities. A second edition of this award-winning book was published in 2011, after the first edition had sold out.
Apart from his active involvement in the promotion of contemporary art, Dr Laverty was a foremost authority, researcher and writer on Australian colonial sporting art.
In 1980 he authored a volume entitled Australian Colonial Sporting Painters: Frederick Woodhouse and Sons, about the Woodhouse family of animal and sporting artists active in Australia in the second half of the 19th century. The Woodhouses are the best known of quite a number of artists working in this field in the times before and just after the introduction of photography. His work in researching the lives on the artists and of their patrons who commissioned the works added significantly to the history of the development of rural Australia. Many champion horses, cattle, sheep and other animals had their portraits commissioned by enterprising rural pioneers in the time before photography, forming a really historically important resource, especially when these patrons and their country estates were also depicted. In 1983/84 Dr Laverty conceived, curated and wrote the catalogue for a touring exhibition of the work of 21 artists active in this field of animal and sporting painting in colonial times in Australia. Titled 'Pastures and Pastimes' this was presented by the Victorian Ministry for the Arts and shown at the Victorian Artists Society Gallery, Melbourne; the Geelong Art Gallery and the S.H. Ervin National Trust Gallery, Sydney. He was also a contributor of biographical details on the colonial artists Thomas Balcombe, Joseph Fowles, S S Knights, Thomas Lyttleton, Edward Winstanley and Frederick Woodhouse to the "Dictionary of Australian Artists", edited by Professor Joan Kerr and published by Oxford University Press in 1992. These artists were principally involved, but not exclusively, with sporting and animal painting.
Dr Laverty has been a staunch supporter of charitable causes associated with Indigenous art. He was a Committee member of the very successful Western Desert Dialysis Appeal held in 2000 in conjunction with auctioneers Sotheby’s Australia at the Art Gallery of NSW. The more than one million dollars raised at this auction has enabled renal dialysis to occur at very remote Kintore (Walungurru) in the Western desert in the south of the Northern Territory. The money raised also supports social workers, interpreters and health care liaison staff both in remote communities and in association with the renal unit in Alice Springs.
The Lavertys have travelled repeatedly over the last 25 years to central and northern Australia and have had a long association with the community-owned art centres at more than 20 remote Aboriginal communities. They have been involved in bringing the need for youth social workers in these very disadvantaged communities to federal authorities.
Colin and Elizabeth were supporters of the Swimming Pool Appeal auction held in 2005 at the Art Gallery of NSW to raise money for pools at Maningrida and Kintore (Walungurru). Approximately $850,000 was raised for this cause, as pool use has been convincingly associated with improved health and education in Aboriginal children. The Lavertys were donors of artwork for auction at both the Western Desert Dialysis Appeal and at the more recent Swimming Pool Appeal.
Colin and Elizabeth Laverty have made major contributions to Australian art in researching, writing, speaking about and promoting both colonial and contemporary art, particularly Aboriginal art, in Australia and overseas. They have been generous donors and major lenders of artworks from the Laverty Collection when requested to do so by Public Institutions.


Bastian Seidel

Bastian Manfred Seidel (born 23 April 1975) is an Australian politician and medical doctor.
Seidel was born in Kamen, a small town in the Ruhr Valley region of Germany, and undertook preliminary medical training in South Africa and Germany, before completing specialist general practitioner training in the United Kingdom. In 2007, he emigrated to Australia on a skilled migrant visa, and established a medical practice in Huonville, Tasmania in 2008. He was president of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) from 2016 to 2018.
Seidel was married to Erica Bell, an academic, medical researcher and novelist. Bell died from a brain haemorrhage in 2014, and Seidel established the Erica Bell Foundation in her memory, which awards two $10,000 literary prizes each year.
In 2020, Seidel nominated as a candidate for the Australian Labor Party at the 2020 election for the Tasmanian Legislative Council division of Huon. He was elected on 1 August 2020, defeating incumbent independent MLC Robert Armstrong.


Henry Augustus Ellis

Henry Augustus Ellis (24 July 1861 – 3 October 1939) was an Irish Australian physician and federalist, important in the promotion of federation in Western Australia.
Ellis, was the fourth son of Colonel Francis Ellis of County Tyrone, Ireland, and his wife Louisa, "née" McMahon. He was educated at St Columba's, county Tyrone and Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated M.B. in 1884, and Ch.B. in 1885. Ellis then migrated to Australia, was a resident at Sydney hospital for two years, and from 1890 to 1894 was an honorary physician and surgeon to the hospital. He went to Coolgardie in 1894 and had charge of the government sanatorium there, took an intense interest in his work, in which he was most successful, and also interested himself in local politics and the federation movement. Western Australia did not take part in the referendum held in 1898, and the government under Forrest was opposed to the proposals for federation as late as the end of 1899.
However, on the Western Australian goldfields, the public sentiment was strongly in favour of federation, and on 13 December 1899 a meeting of delegates was held which decided to send a petition to the Queen praying for the establishment of a separate goldfields colony, which would become part of the Australian Commonwealth. Some 28,000 signatures were obtained to this petition and an immense amount of propaganda matter, mostly drafted by Ellis, was sent to the British press and members of the House of Commons. As a result, Chamberlain intimated to Forrest that if the electors of Western Australia were not given an opportunity of voting on the question of federation, the Imperial parliament would be compelled to consider seriously the request of the people of the goldfields. Parliament was called together, a referendum bill was passed, and eventually there was a large majority in favour of federation. In 1904 Ellis was elected to the Western Australian parliament but only served until 1905, when he left the Labor Party to run unsuccessfully as an independent. He returned to medical practice in Coolgardie after leaving politics, and in 1912 served as a Municipality of Coolgardie councillor. Ellis married Kassie Gordon Wylie on 4 April 1914 and they went to England.
Ellis was by now aged 52 years and was making a fresh start. During the war years he was tuberculosis officer in Middlesbrough, and in 1919 came to London as assistant physician at the Margaret-street hospital for diseases of the chest. Later he established a consultant practice in Harley Street which was successful. Part of this arose from his sympathetic understanding of the action of the mind on the body. He published in 1923 "How shall I be saved from Consumption", and two short treatises followed, "Reaction in Relation to Disease" (1924), and "An Explanation of Hydrogen Concentration" (1925). He died after a long illness at Crowborough, East Sussex, on 3 October 1939 and was survived by his second wife.


Hara (tanden)

Hara (character common to Chinese and : abdomen, should not be translated as "stomach" to avoid confusing it with the organ). In the Japanese medical tradition and in Japanese martial arts traditions, the word Hara is used as a technical term for a specific area (physical/anatomical) or energy field (physiological/energetic) of the body. An alternative Japanese reading of the character is Hufu, the Chinese reading is Fu.
In the Japanese medical tradition.
In the medical tradition of Japan, "hara" refers to the soft belly, i.e. the area defined vertically by the lower edge of the sternum and the upper edge of the pubis and laterally by the lower border of the ribcage and the anterior iliac crest respectively. It corresponds with that area of the peritoneum, which is not obscured by the ribcage, and thus more or less coincides with the viscera covered by the greater omentum.
Diagnosis.
Similar to western medical practitioners, Japanese physicians and medical therapists use the abdomen (hara) in diagnosis to determine the health or otherwise of the patient, particularly, but not exclusively, the state of the abdominal organs or tissues and the related energy fields.
While in western medicine the palpation of the abdomen (abdominal examination) is aimed at the physical organs palpable in that area to assess their size, shape, consistency, reaction to pressure and such, in eastern medicine the Hara is seen as an area that reflects the state of all the organs (physically palpable in the abdomen or not), their energetic as well as their physical state, and their complex functional relationships with each other. In diagnosis and treatment, the Hara is partitioned in areas, each of which is considered – on the basis of empirical evidence – to represent one of the (ten, eleven or twelve) vital organs AND their functional energy fields. The details of this basic model of Hara diagnosis may differ from school to school, depending on which underlying philosophical, physiological, pathological or therapeutic model of Japanese or Chinese medicine is being used (e.g. Five Elements, Five Phases, Yin and Yang, Zang Fu or Meridian theory), but the underlying principles remain the same.
Diagnosis in the context of the far-eastern medical traditions.
In the Chinese medical tradition, especially in modern herbalism and acupuncture, the palpation of the pulses (three on each wrist, see pulse diagnosis) is used as the major method for palpation diagnosis. While in China, or some parts of Chinese society, pulse diagnosis may have been culturally more acceptable for being less intimate or invasive than Hara diagnosis or whole body palpation, it has also been claimed that the cause for its increasing use may have to do with the prevalence of certain traditions or schools of Chinese medical theory – in the past as well as in the country's recent history.
To put this into context it is worth considering that, in the West, we have, of course, always depended not only on the (more or less accurate) transcription and translation of existing source material, but also on what has been made available for translation, i.e. what has been made accessible for Westerners via teaching and training, opening of archives and libraries, and more recently via modern editions. It is therefore, if not surprising so in any case educating to observe, that French practice and research in the field of far-eastern or oriental (as some prefer to call it) medicine has often relied on Vietnamese teachings, sources and literature (note that in colonial times, Vietnam was part of French Indochina), while earlier German and English practitioners and researchers seem to have drawn on pre-modern Chinese sources (note that European powers were influential in China during the Qing dynasty(1644–1911). American practitioners and scholars in the field, on the other hand, seem to have benefited initially from post-war Japanese material, which became available after the country had fallen under American administration in 1945 (History of Japan) but, after the opening of China in the seventies, began to source their materials there. It is fair to say, that in present days most new source materials and commentaries used by researchers, and consequently teachers, students and practitioners, are those being printed and published by research institutes of the People's Republic of China.
The Japanese medical tradition on the other hand, which has always had strong leanings towards massage, has shown great continuity in its preference for the use of diagnostic palpation in a much more general way than the Chinese tradition as we know it. As a result, over the centuries the diagnostic art of the palpation of the whole body and more specifically of acu points, meridians and the abdomen or Hara was developed in Japan to a high standard.
As mentioned above, within this tradition, variations on the theme can be found as different schools base the development of their clinical work and theoretical models on different aspects of the philosophical and medical foundations they are building on. The contemporary Meridian Therapy School of Japanese Acupuncture for example, in which amongst others Shudo Denmei (1932– ) is a leading figure, places much importance on a wide range of palpatory skills in diagnosis and treatment. Their medical approach is based on the Five Phases model, with a strong emphasis on abdominal palpation, i.e. Hara diagnosis. It is used by acupuncturists as well as massage and Shiatsu therapists.
In Eastern and Western body-mind therapies.
Apart from acupuncture, which is best known in the West, a number of other Eastern therapies explicitly focus on the Hara in their work, amongst them Anma, Ampuku, Shiatsu and QiGong. However, an ever growing number of body-mind therapies are being introduced to or developed in the West, which seem to be influenced by concepts directly or indirectly derived from or related to Eastern models of abdominal diagnosis and therapy, some using breathing techniques (Buteyko, Yoga), postural alignment and movement education like Postural Integration, Feldenkrais, Alexander Technique, Qigong and Yoga, or manual manipulation like Osteopathy, Shiatsu and massage. All aiming, it can be said, to relax, strengthen and support in their function the internal organs and tissues in, above and below the peritoneal cavity – in other words: the abdomen or Hara, with a view on holistic healing. In Osteopathy for example, an important part of abdominal work is the stimulation of venous circulation and the drainage of lymph, another the re-alignment of the organs.
In the martial arts.
It may be helpful to point out, to start with, that many problems in understanding concepts integral to East Asian culture have arisen simply due to divergent use of transcription, uncertain pronunciation and out-of-context translation, starting within the wider Asian community (Chinese into Japanese e.g.), and from there spreading by different pathways to the West.
In martial arts, the Hara or Dantian is sometimes considered as equivalent to the lower of the three dantian (tanden in Japanese1). Various styles of martial arts describe this as being just below or directly behind the umbilicus.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) the by-name Dantian is given alternatively to three acupuncture points: the "Gate of Origin" (Ren 4), and the "Sea of Qi" (Ren 6), and, by some, also to the "Stone Gate" (Ren 5). All three points are situated on the midline (centre of the linea alba) of the lower abdomen (i.e. below the navel). They constitute part of the Ren Mai, usually translated as Conception Vessel (CV), which is one of the Qi Jing Ba Mai, the Eight Extraordinary Vessels or eminent energy pathways of the body.
Dantian is often translated as "elixir field", indicating that the needling points called "Sea of Qi", "Gate of Origin" and "Stone Gate" are not really sitting on the Ren Mai like dots on a line. Rather they represent a place from which the "Sea of Qi" etc. can be reached and influenced – either via the energy flow along the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) or by penetrating deeper into the abdomen (the level to be determined by the length of the needle and the depth of its insertion, in the case of palpation, by the depth of penetration and Qi projection, in the case of breathing or movement exercises by the use of muscle tonus and combination, direction of connective tissue engagement etc.). Hence, as the point names indicate, the lower Dantian, which ever point it is associated with, ought to be seen as a three dimensional area of varying size inside the abdomen, not as a point on the abdomen. In that sense it is identical with the "small hara" or the "small abdomen", terms used in some Chinese classical texts and commentaries that discuss the origin and location of the Qi Jing Ba Mai (Eight Extraordinary Vessels) to which the Ren Mai belongs and is connected. Modern commentators believe that the terms refer to "the kidney reflex area below the umbilicus".
The Hara or lower Dantian, as conceptualised by the Chinese and Japanese martial arts, is important for their practice, because it is seen, as the term "Sea of Qi" indicates, as the reservoir of vital or source energy (Yuan Qi). It is, in other words, the vital centre of the body as well as the centre of gravity. For many martial arts, the extension of energy or force from this centre is a common concept. Many martial art styles, amongst them Aikido, emphasise the importance of "moving from the hara", i.e. moving from the centre of one's very being – body and mind. There are a large number of breathing exercises in traditional Japanese and Chinese martial arts where attention is always kept on the dantian or hara to strengthen the "Sea of Qi".
Martial arts and the Eastern medical tradition.
It seems that in the West eastern martial arts have, for a long time, been taught without much reference to the knowledge pertaining to the field of the healing arts, whereas in the East there was traditionally a strong interface between both practices – not least for the purpose of sustaining physical strength and healing injury. As mentioned above, language barriers, uncertainty of oral tradition and lack of in-depth training and proper source material as well as the vast variety of schools can easily lead to terminological imprecision, misinterpretation and misunderstanding. An example at hand is the question of the Hara: what and where is the Hara or Dantian (tanden); why is it so important in both traditions; and how is it related to the Eight Extraordinary Vessels and the other energy pathways (meridians or channels).
A closer look at the discourse on location and function of the Extraordinary Vessels reveals that not only the "Ren Mai" (Conception Vessel) is involved with the function of the Hara or Dantian, but that the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel, the Du Mai (Governing Vessel) and the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel) also play a part in defining the What and Wherewithal of the "Sea of Qi", as all of them take part in one way or another in strengthening the lower Dantian and maintaining its connection and interaction with those energy fields of the body expressed in the form of meridians and organs.
To see why this would be so and why there is such a wide scope of interpretation, it helps to have a look at the discourse arising from the varying description of the starting points and passageways of those vessels in the body, and the variation in terminology used in the respective sources. The pitfalls of translation, interpretation and association we have already seen for the case of the "Dantien" can also be found for the acu-point "QiChong" on the stomach meridian (ST30). In the classical literature of Chinese Medicine ST30 is widely said to be the starting point of the "Chong Mai" (Penetrating Vessel). The trouble is that ST30 is also known by the name of "QiJie'". The author "Ling Shu" for example writes in his commentary: "To explain about qijie: in the chest the qi has a jie, in the abdomen the qi has a jie, in the head the qi has a jie...". It has been suggested, that Ling Shu means to say that "QiJie" is "a meeting place of qi". This makes sense seeing that the character "GuanJié" – built from Guan (gate) and Jié (knot, tie, weave) – means "joint" (anatomical), but also "crucial link", "crucial point" or "crucial phase". Hence the starting point (or place) of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) could be seen as identical with the lower Dantian – as suggested by the diagrams in the "Manual of Acupuncture".
While martial arts teaching benefits from a deeper insight into the knowledge gathered in the traditions of Chinese and Japanese medicine, an ever stronger case is made for students and practitioners of the healing therapies based on those traditions to engage in practices such as Qigong, TaiJi or Aikido to enhance Qi cultivation, perception and projection. Certainly from a classical Eastern point of view, knowledge and regular practice of those disciplines would have been (and is) seen as an essential part of self-development aimed at strengthening the practitioner's own health as well as their understanding of the nature and flow of Qi. Without such personal and refined experience, it is considered difficult to foster and improve the skill of palpation at a level that allows the practitioner to determine the quality of Qi in his or her patient and influence it accordingly. Likewise the recommendation for patients is (and has been) to engage in Qi enhancing exercise to regain and maintain health.


Veronica Nnaji

Veronica Ogechi Nnaji (born 10 January 1940) was a Nigerian nurse and politician. In 1979 she was one of the first group of three women to take their seats in the House of Representatives.
Biography.
Nnaji was born in Umuaka in January 1940, one of seven children of farmer Therea Ezendu and trader Mathias Ezendu. She was educated at Holy Rosary School between 1948 and 1955, after which she trained as a nurse at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Ihiala from 1956 to 1960. She then attended the School of Hygiene in Aba and the Health Centre in Nsukka, qualifying as a nurse in 1963. She subsequently worked at Amaigbo Joint Hospital in Nkwerre between 1963 and 1965, after which she worked at the Motherless Babies Home in Okwelle until 1970. She married in 1965 and had five children. In 1974 she became the owner of a maternity home.
In the 1979 parliamentary elections, Nnaji was a Nigerian People's Party candidate in Isu and was elected to the House of Representatives. Alongside Abiola Babatope and Justina Eze, she was one of the first three women elected to Parliament to take their seats (Esther Soyannwo had been elected in 1964 but did not take her seat). She served in parliament until 1983.


Bob Jolly

Robert Dudley Jolly (born 1 October 1930) is a New Zealand veterinary academic, currently an emeritus professor at Massey University, specialising in animal pathology. Much of his research has been into animal models of human disease, including Batten's Disease and mannosidosis.
Born in Hamilton in 1930, Jolly was educated at King's College, Auckland from 1945 to 1948. He studied veterinary science at the University of Sydney, graduating BVSc with second class honours in January 1955. He then spent five years in veterinary practice in Rotorua, before returning to Sydney for doctoral studies and completing his PhD in 1964. Jolly was appointed a senior lecturer at Massey University the following year, retiring in 1995 with the title of emeritus professor.
Jolly was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1985, and in 1995 he won the society's Hector Medal. In the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours he was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to veterinary science.


Dibyendu Sarkar

Dibyendu Sarkar is an Indian biochemist, molecular microbiologist and a senior principal scientist at the Institute of Microbial Technology. He is known for his studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterial pathogen causing the disease of tuberculosis. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and Google Scholar, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 23 of them. He has also delivered invited speeches which included the "Second Annual Meeting on Infectious Diseases" held at the Indian Institute of Science in September 2017. He is an elected member of Guha Research Conference and a recipient of the Raman Research Fellowship of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2011.


William Albert Pommer

William Albert Pommer (15 May 1895 – 5 November 1971) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Virden, Manitoba.
Pommer studied at Chicago's Northwestern University and the University of Toronto where he received his degree to practice dentistry. He participated in World War I with the Canadian Expeditionary Force's Dental Corps. Between 1932 and 1948 he was mayor of Manitou, Manitoba.
He was first elected to Parliament at the Lisgar riding in the 1953 general election. After serving in the 22nd Canadian Parliament, he was defeated in the 1957 election by George Muir of the Progressive Conservative party.


Kim Hames

Kim Desmond Hames (born 24 March 1953) is an Australian politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1993 to 2001 and from 2005 to 2017. He served as a minister in the governments of Richard Court and Colin Barnett, and was deputy premier to Barnett from 2008 to 2016. Hames retired from parliament at the 2017 state election.
Early life.
Hames was born in Perth to Eunice (née Jackson) and Reginald Hames. He attended Guildford Grammar School before going on to the University of Western Australia to study medicine. After graduation, he worked as a general practitioner, which had also been his father's profession. Hames was elected to the Bayswater City Council in 1985, and served as a councillor until his election to parliament in 1993.
Politics.
Hames first stood for parliament at the 1987 by-election for the seat of Morley-Swan, but was defeated by the Labor candidate, Frank Donovan. At the 1989 state election, he contested the seat of Perth, but lost by a narrow margin to Labor's Ian Alexander. Hames was successful in his third attempt to enter parliament, winning the seat of Dianella from Labor's Keith Wilson at the 1993 election. He transferred to the new seat of Yokine at the 1996 election, after Dianella was abolished in a redistribution. Hames was elevated to the ministry in January 1997, becoming Minister for Housing, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, and Minister for Water Resources in the government of Richard Court. During his time as minister responsible for the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, he was involved in the repatriation from England of the head of Yagan, a 19th-century Noongar warrior. Hames remained in the ministry until the 2001 state election, when he was defeated in his own seat by Labor's Bob Kucera. The Court government was also defeated.
At the 2005 state election, Hames was re-elected to parliament as the member for the seat of Dawesville (taking in the southern suburbs of Mandurah). He replaced the retiring Liberal member, Arthur Marshall. Hames was included in the shadow cabinet immediately after the election, and went on to serve under four leaders of the opposition (Matt Birney, Paul Omodei, Troy Buswell, and Colin Barnett). He was elected deputy leader of the Liberal Party in January 2008, when Buswell became leader, and retained the deputy leadership when Buswell was replaced by Barnett later in the year. The Liberal Party formed government after the 2008 state election, with Hames becoming Deputy Premier, Minister for Health, and Minister for Indigenous Affairs (for a second time) in the new ministry. In December 2010, he was also appointed Minister for Tourism. However, Hames resigned as tourism minister in July 2013, after being accused of abusing an accommodation entitlement. Later in the year, in December 2013, he replaced Terry Redman as Minister for Training and Workforce Development. He eventually reclaimed his previous tourism portfolio in a December 2014 reshuffle, with Liza Harvey taking on the training portfolio.
In December 2015, Hames announced his intention to resign as deputy leader of the Liberal Party (and thus also as deputy premier) with effect from February 2016. Liza Harvey was elected unopposed as his successor. Hames's term of seven years and almost five months as deputy premier is the most by any member of the Liberal Party, and he was the first Liberal since Cyril Rushton in 1983 to hold the position. He remained in cabinet until a reshuffle in March 2016. Hames retired from parliament at the 2017 state election, with Zak Kirkup succeeding him as member for Dawesville.


Community Health Nurses Training College, Tanoso

The Tanoso Community Health Nurses Training College is a public tertiary health institution in the Tano North district of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana founded in October 2003. The activities of the institution are supervised by the Ministry of Education. The University of Ghana awards a Diploma in Nursing after students from the institution have successfully completed a three-year nursing training programme. The Nurses and Midwifery Council (NMC) regulates the activities, curriculum and examination. The Council's mandate is enshrined under section 4(1) of N.R.C.D 117.Elizabeth Wiafe is the Principal for the college.


George Hogarth Pringle

George Hogarth Pringle (22 December 1830 – 31 March 1872) was a Scottish-Australian surgeon. He qualified in medicine from Edinburgh, Scotland and then worked in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh along with the young Joseph Lister with whom he continued to correspond. He settled in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia and is credited with introducing Listerian antisepsis into Australia.
Early life.
George Hogarth Pringle was born at Kintail in Ross-shire, Scotland to Mary Hogarth (1803–1850) and James Hall Pringle (1801–1873) a tenant farmer at Hyndlee, near Hawick in Scottish Borders, a farm described in Walter Scott's novel "Guy Mannering". It has been suggested his mother was related to William Hogarth (1697–1764) the artist and to Charles Dickens (1812–1870). Examination of the relevant birth and death certificates does not reveal any obvious relationship to either.
Little is known about his early years or schooling. Pringle qualified Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1852 and MD from the University of Edinburgh the same year with a thesis entitled "'Organic Stricture of the Urethra"'. He was appointed House Surgeon in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh under Professor James Syme (1799–1870) and Professor James Spence (1812–1882). One of his fellow residents in the Infirmary was Joseph Lister (1827–1912) with whom he maintained a lifelong correspondence. George Hogarth Pringle left Edinburgh to serve as a Medical Officer in the Crimean War as a surgeon on a ship transporting the sick and wounded from the battlefields of the Crimean Peninsula to the base hospital at Scutari. Thereafter he worked as a ship's surgeon with the Cunard Company and then on the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Company's Clydebuilt ship SS "Emeu" between Suez and Sydney.
Emigration to Australia.
In 1859 he settled in Parramatta in New South Wales and registered as a doctor there (number 500) that year. Parramatta, now part of greater Sydney and situated at the head of the navigable part of the Parramatta river, was proclaimed a city in 1788, the year of the arrival of the first fleet. It was here that the Governor's residence was established in 1799. George Hogarth Pringle set up practice in George Street, Parramatta, succeeding a Dr Bassett. His partner, a fellow Scot Dr (later Sir) Normand MacLaurin (1835–1914), went on to become Chancellor of Sydney University. Pringle also worked with Dr Walter Brown (b1821), the first of three generations of Drs Brown to practise in Parramatta. The last of the three, Dr Keith McArthur Brown, (d1962) wrote an account of medical practice in Parramatta which includes descriptions of Pringle's work. He was also visiting surgeon to the Benevolent Asylum and surgeon to the King's School and Newington College, a Wesleyan School sited at that time at Silverwater.
Introduction of antiseptic surgery to Australia.
George Hogarth Pringle wrote a letter to the "Sydney Morning Herald" published on 30 January 1868. This was on ‘the treatment of compound fractures with carbolic acid by my old friend and hospital colleague Joseph Lister”, and was essentially a case report describing Pringle’s successful use of antiseptic principles for a compound fracture. He went on "Having at present under my care, what I may call a representative case of this form of treatment, the first , so far as I am aware in which it has been applied in the colony, I crave, in default of any local medical journal ..." This assertion that there was no local medical journal was not entirely correct as the "Australian Medical Journal" had been founded in 1856 but he may not have regarded this as ‘local’ as it was published in Melbourne. His later case reports were published in the "Australian Medical Journal".
Pringle's case report.
He describes the treatment of a wound of the forearm sustained by the accidental discharge of a shotgun into an area some three inches above the left wrist joint: "I recommended immediate amputation" he wrote "more especially having the dread of secondary haemorrhage and lockjaw before my eyes; but neither the patient nor his relatives would consent to this, and begged for me to try to save the limb. I therefore, duly warning them of the manifold risks, resolved to try Professor Lister's plan". After wound excision, he dressed the wound with a dressing soaked in carbolic, immobilising the fracture with a fenestrated splint. He went on "Suffice to say that in dressing the arm this morning, the 34th day from receipt of the injury, I find that the whole wound has completely healed up, thus converting a compound into a simple fracture. No pus whatever has appeared ... firm union has taken place between the ends of the ulna and satisfactory progress made with the radius, perfect motion and sensibility retained in the hand". He concluded "Such are the astounding results of this method of treatment in the first case to which I have applied it. And be it remembered, this is no quack remedy, but the result of patient scientific enquiry and thought on the part of that ‘philosophical investigator’ Joseph Lister".
The outcome.
Pringle’s decision to publicise this case in a newspaper was criticised in subsequent correspondence to the "Sydney Morning Herald". The Australian surgeon Thomas B. Hugh considered that Pringle's use of surgical and anatomical terminology suggests the article was directed at a medical readership and that Pringle’s communication to the newspaper resulted in the eventual adoption of antiseptic principles by Australian doctors.
Death.
Pringle had visited Britain in 1870 and during this visit qualified as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (FRCSEd). He died, probably from dysentery, on board the sailing ship "Parramatta" on 31 March 1872 aged 41 while returning to Australia from a further visit to Britain and was buried at sea. His son James Hogarth Pringle (1863–1941) returned to Britain after his father's death. He too became a surgeon and made a number of significant contributions to surgery.


Sister Philippa Brazill

Dame Sister Mary Philippa Brazill, DBE, LLD (25 December 1896, County Limerick, Ireland — 1 January 1988), generally known as Sister Philippa, was an Australian nursing educator and administrator.
Background.
Born as Josephine Brazill, she completed her secondary education at Sacred Heart College, Geelong, before commencing her religious training in 1915. She took the religious name of Sister Mary Philippa after entering the Sisters of Mercy on 10 January 1918, aged 21. After graduating from the Teachers' Training College at Ascot Vale, she taught at several schools in Victoria, Australia. In 1928 she entered the nursing staff of St Benedict's Hospital, Malvern, which had been acquired by the Sisters of Mercy.
Work.
She completed her training at Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane. She toured several American hospitals over a period of at least six months, gather ideas for incorporation into the plans of the St Benedict's Sisters for the establishment of a Hospital for Women. When the Mercy Private Hospital was opened in 1935, Sister Philippa was named its first matron, being responsible for setting the patient care standards and for introducing general nurse training. From 1954-59 she served as Provincial of the Sisters of Mercy in Victoria and Tasmania, after which she returned to the Mercy Private Hospital.
Honours/awards.
In 1979 Sister Philippa was knighted as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for outstanding service in the field of health care. On 1 August 1981, the University of Melbourne awarded her the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws in recognition of her services to women and family life. She was the first nun to receive the award from the University.
Death.
She died 1 January 1988, shortly after her 91st birthday.


Jane Beaglehole Ritchie

Jane Beaglehole Ritchie (née Beaglehole) is a New Zealand psychology academic and expert of child-raising. She is currently an emeritus professor at the University of Waikato. She was the first woman to graduate with a PhD in psychology from a New Zealand university.
The daughter of psychologist and ethnologist Ernest Beaglehole, Ritchie completed a 1957 MSc thesis titled "Childhood in Rakau: A Study of the First Five Years of Life" and a 1962 PhD title " 'Maori Families: an Exploratory Study in Wellington City.' " While at Victoria, she met and married James Ritchie, and the two collaborated on almost all their future research, just as her parents had done.
They both moved to University of Waikato, and both rose to full professor.
James Ritchie died in 2009 and Jane retired in 2010.


Gangneung Yeongdong University

Gangneung Yeongdong College is a private technical college in Seongsan-myeon, a rural area of Gangneung city in northeastern South Korea. It takes its name from the Yeongdong region, in which it is located.
Campus.
There are twelve major buildings on the campus, which covers an area of 113,000 square metres.
History.
The school officially opened on June 1, 1963, as Gangneung Superior Technical School of Nursing (강릉간호고등기술학교). It had a maximum enrollment of 90 students. Enrollment was raised to 120 in 1966, and doubled to 240 in 1971. It was redesignated a technical college in 1973.
Organization.
As a technical college, the school provides courses of study of two or three years in length. Two-year courses are provided by the Divisions of Health (departments of Optometry and Beauty), Hospitality, Social Service and Industry. Three-year courses are provided by the Divisions of Health, Nursing, and Social Service (department of early childhood education).
Students and faculty.
Entering classes now average about 1,500 students, of which more than 90% study in regular daytime classes. The remainder attend night school.


Sheila F. Irani

Sheila F. Irani (6 June 1922 – 10 April 2003) was an Anglo-Indian teacher, educator and humanitarian. She received a Viceroy's Certificate of Merit for her volunteering as a nurse during World War II. Irani was a nominated member of the 10th Lok Sabha (1995–96) and Karnataka Legislative Assembly (1969–78).
Early life.
Sheila was born on 6 June 1922 at Nainital. Her parents were George Egbert and Una Maud Ferguson. She did her teacher's training course from Bombay (now Mumbai).
Career.
Irani began her career as a nursery teacher in Delhi. During the Second World War, she volunteered as a nurse in St. John's Ambulance Corps and for her service, she was awarded a Viceroy's Certificate of Merit. In 1968, she founded the Ideal Jawa Rotary Children's School in Mysore, Karnataka which grew to become one of the city's most prestigious schools. Irani was also involved in humanitarian causes, tending to lepers in Mysore, working as the vice-president of an orphanage and as trustee of a mission hospital. She was also on the board of a sanatorium and served as Executive member of The Frank Anthony Public School and Cathedral High School, both in Bangalore.
In 1968, Irani was nominated to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, where she remained a member till 1978. Between 1993 and 1995, she served on the University of Mysore's senate. In 1995, she was nominated to the 10th Lok Sabha for one of the seats reserved for Anglo-Indians. Irani was the vice president of Anglo-Indian Association.
Sheila Irani also created the Chamundi Children's Home.
Personal life.
She married businessman Faaruk K. Irani, one of the founders of the Ideal Jawa motorcycle Factory in Mysore, the makers of the famous Yezdi brand of motorcycles. Together they relocated to Mysore, Karnataka in 1951 and had two sons and a daughter. She died on 10 April 2003.


Misgav Ladach

Misgav Ladach () is a hospital in Jerusalem that belongs to Kupat Holim Meuhedet, Israel's third largest HMO.
Etymology.
The name of the hospital, literally "refuge for the suffering," derives from Psalms 9:10.
History.
Misgav Ladach hospital was established in 1854 in the Old City of Jerusalem, funded by the French Rothschild family. The hospital, founded to enable the Jews to be independent of Christian missionary hospitals, served the city's Jewish population in this location until the Israeli 1948 Arab–Israeli War in 1948, when the Jordanian army conquered the Jewish Quarter. The hospital reopened in Katamon in western Jerusalem, where it operated for 40 years as a maternity hospital. After moving into new premises, a 6,700-sq.m., three-story building on Hizkiyahu Hamelech Street, the non-profit Sephardi organization that owned it went bankrupt. The building was purchased by Kupat Holim Meuhedet, renovated and reopened in 2005.
Medical innovations.
Misgav Ladach method.
The Misgav Ladach method for Cesarean section was developed by Michael Stark based on the Joel-Cohen incision originally introduced for hysterectomy. The technique was first introduced at Misgav Ladach and is now being used in medical centers around the world. The Misgav Ladach method eliminates many conventional steps, resulting in a quicker birth, less trauma for the mother and more rapid recovery. There is less need for painkillers and antibiotics, less scarring, less bleeding and less need for anaesthesia. Risk of exposure to HIV is minimized and the speed of the operation saves operating room and staff time.
Natural childbirth.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, Misgav Ladach was known for its personalized approach to childbirth. The hospital was an early supporter of natural childbirth techniques and the presence of fathers in the delivery room.


National University Heart Centre, Singapore


Sheena Conn

Sheena E. Conn is a former unionist politician in Northern Ireland.
Born in Belfast, Conn studied at Queen's University Belfast, then worked as a school dentist.
Sheena married Douglas Conn, President of the North Londonderry Unionist Association, and moved to Limavady, where she joined the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). Despite having no political experience, she stood for election in Londonderry at the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election, and was successful, then held her seat on the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in 1975.
Conn was also prominent in the Girl Guides leadership, and more recently has run a pick-your-own fruit farm.


Frederick Warriner

Frederick Edgar Warriner (April 3, 1884 – December 26, 1966) was the 34th Mayor of Winnipeg in 1937.
He was born in Stouffville, Ontario and received his degree in dentistry from the University of Toronto in 1907. He moved to Winnipeg in 1917 and set up practice.
Warriner was elected to the Winnipeg School Board in 1928 and served on it until 1937 when he was elected mayor replacing John Queen who, in turn, succeeded Warriner one year later.
He also served as mayor of Winnipeg Beach from 1931 to 1936.


Sally Goold

Sally Sophia Goold (née Bamblett) is a Wiradjuri woman who became the first Aboriginal nurse in New South Wales, Australia. Goold was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 1986 and named the Senior Australian of the Year in 2006.
Early life and education.
Goold was born in Narrandera, New South Wales. After moving to Sydney as a child, she went to St Peters Public School. When Goold was 14, she dropped out of school to work in retail. At 16 years old, she began her nursing training at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and became the hospital's first Aboriginal nursing student. Later after finishing her training, Goold extended her studies by earning a nurse education diploma and went to Queensland University of Technology for a Bachelor of Applied Science. Her highest education was a Master's degree in nursing at Flinders University
Career.
Upon completion of her training, Goold started her career working for the King George V Memorial Hospital and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital while becoming the first registered nurse working in New South Wales. In 1971, Goold was a co-founder of the Aboriginal Medical Service. Following establishment, Goold moved to teach at the Queensland University of Technology's nursing school. While teaching, she led Aboriginal health services for Queensland Health. After teaching for six years at the university, she influenced the creation of the Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses in 1997 and named the congress's executive director. Other hospitals Goold taught at include the St Andrews War Memorial Hospital and Prince Charles Hospital. In 2007, Goold became part of the inaugural National Indigenous Council for the Australian Government.
Awards and honours.
In 1986, Goold was presented the Medal of the Order of Australia at the 1986 Queen's Birthday Honours. In 2006, Goold was named the Senior Australian of the Year.


Gillian Whalley

Gillian Amanda Whalley is a New Zealand Professor of Clinical Sonography at the University of Otago.
Academic career.
Whalley first became a sonographer in 1985. She practised for five years before becoming a researcher in 1990.
Her 1998 MSc "Selection bias and confounding associated with echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular mass" was followed in 2006 by a PhD titled "The role of contemporary echocardiography in the management of heart failure" at the University of Auckland. Whalley rose to full professorship at Unitec Institute of Technology, moving to the University of Otago in 2018 while maintaining an honorary position at Auckland.
Whalley has been funded by the New Zealand Health Council to study the differing effects of heart disease on Māori or Pacific peoples. This was required because existing methods are based on research using American or European subjects and more diverse data is required. For example, Māori and Pacific peoples have hearts that are larger on average than the baseline data from North American Caucasians, and this can make a difference when attempting to diagnose heart condition based on an enlarged heart. Whalley's research included screening 900 New Zealanders to collect information on normal heart sizes.
Writing.
Under the name "Gllian Whalley-Torckler", and often in conjunction with her husband, photographer Darryl Torckler, Whalley has written several books of fiction and non-fiction, for children and adults. These include photo essays, creative non-fiction for children, guides to NZ marine fishes, SCUBA diving sites, and the rocky shore, and books of knitting patterns.


Nurses Training College, Koforidua

The Nurses Training College, Koforidua is public tertiary health institution in the Koforidua in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The college is in the Koforidua Metropolitan Assembly. The activities of the institution is supervised by the Ministry of Education. The University of Ghana awards a Diploma in Nursing after students from the institution have successfully completed a three-year nursing training programme. The institution is accredited by the National Accreditation Board. The Nurses and Midwifery Council (NMC) is the regulates the activities, curriculum and examination of the student nurses and midwives. The Council's mandate Is enshrined under section 4(1) of N.R.C.D 117.


John Kerr (pathologist)

John Foxton Ross Kerr (born 24 January 1934 in Sydney) is an Australian pathologist. He was the first to describe the ultrastructural changes in apoptosis, and could show that they differ significantly from the changes that occur in necrosis, another form of programmed cell death. For the first time, he placed the roles of cell death in normal adult mammals, and in disease, into scientific focus.
Biography.
Education.
Kerr studied at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. In 1955, Kerr earned a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree, and in 1957, a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). As a medical assistant, he worked at the Royal Brisbane Hospital. In 1964, he earned a PhD at the University of London.
Academic career.
Starting in 1965, he taught pathology at the University of Queensland, and was made a professor in 1974. He became a professor emeritus in 1995.
Kerr, in collaboration with Andrew Wyllie and Alastair Currie, coined the term "apoptosis" to describe natural developmental cell death.
Awards and honours.
Kerr has received numerous awards and honours:


Dr. Horacio E. Oduber Hospital

The Dr. Horacio E. Oduber Hospital (abbreviated as HOH) is a 320-bed Catholic hospital on the island of Aruba, founded in 1976 by the non-profit foundation "Stichting Ziekenverpleging Aruba". It is the only hospital on the island of approximately 120,000 inhabitants.
History.
The hospital is named after the first physician of Aruban origin, who used to treat patients in his home (Quinta del Carmen) before the first hospital of Aruba, San Pedro de Verona was founded by catholic nuns in 1920. San Pedro de Verona hospital was converted into a nursing home in 1977 when Dr. Horacio Oduber Hospital started receiving its first patients. Between 1938 and 1985 the Lago oil refinery in San Nicolas owned a second hospital, who served primarily its employees, their families and privately insured citizens. It was not until 1985 when the Lago hospital was closed, that HOH became the only hospital on the island. HOH is a general hospital and a level III trauma center.
Location and accessibility.
HOH is located in the area of Eagle Beach in Oranjestad, Aruba, right in front of the low-rise hotel area, and within 5 minutes of the high-rise hotel-strip at Palm Beach. The hospital is easily accessible by major highways, including the Sasaki-corridor and the Kibaima-Tanki Flip roadway, which connects the largest urban areas of Aruba. The furthest urban areas are within 20 minutes of HOH by ground ambulance, while the distance to most rural areas can be up to 45 minutes by road. The hospital has an active helipad with all procedures in place to receive patients by police and navy helicopters.
Medical staff.
The medical disciplines available in HOH include general medicine, general surgery, internal medicine, neurology, neuro-surgery, orthopedic surgery, pediatry, gynaecology, cardiology, nephrology, gastro-enterology, anesthesiology, ophthalmology, bariatric surgery, otolaryngology, psychiatry, oncology, pathology, intensive care medicine, plastic surgery, dermatology, obstetrics, pulmonology, radiology and urology.
Specialized physicians are either contracted by HOH or work privately as independent consultants.
As Aruba does not train its own physicians, most medical staff at HOH are trained in the Netherlands, while the rest are trained in other countries of Europe or Latin America. However HOH is a training facility for residents, medical students and nurses from selected Dutch universities and a locally established vocational nursing school. The nursing and paramedical staff at HOH include individuals from Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Martin, Surinam, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scotland, Germany, the UK, Canada, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexico among other countries, which creates a unique multi-lingual environment. Patients and staff communicate in English, Dutch, Spanish and Papiamento. The official language of documentation is Dutch and English.
Services.
Diagnostic departments.
Electrophysiology, ultrasound, x-ray, mammography, CAT-scan, MRI, performance tests, laparoscopy, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, coronary angiography, pathology, serology, clinical chemistry, microbiology, among others.
Treatment facilities.
Rehabilitation center, physical therapy unit, obstetrical unit, walk-in clinic, emergency department, out-patient clinic, wound care center, diabetes center, pain clinic, oncology day-care unit, surgical unit (5 operating rooms), bloodbank, post-anestesia unit, hyperbaric chambers (operated by the nearby privately owned HOPE-clinic).
Admission departments.
Psychiatric unit, intensive care unit, medium care unit, coronary care unit, short-stay center, medical wards, surgical wards, isolation nursing units, multiple specialty wards, maternity ward, pediatric ward, basic neonatological care.
Referral of care and inter-hospital agreements.
HOH, through the public health insurance agency AZV, has agreements with selected tertiary referral hospitals in Colombia and sends out several patients a year for specialized treatment to nearby cities like Bucaramanga, Medellin, Cali and Barranquilla. Common referrals are related to intervention-cardiology, thoracic surgery, cardiovascular surgery, complex neurosurgery, neonatology intensive care, high risk obstetrics and perinatology, some cases of oncology, complex trauma surgery and reconstructive surgery and treatment that can only be given in a burn center. Oncological cases are sent to the radio-therapy facility of the Sint Elisabeth Hospital in Curaçao. Divers with decompression sickness are sent to Bonaire to the Fundashon Mariadal in Bonaire. Candidates for organ transplantation or complex maxillofacial surgery and patients with growth and puberty disorders are also referred to the mainland or the Netherlands.
At the same time, HOH frequently receives patients from smaller hospitals on nearby islands like Bonaire, St. Martin, Saba, Statia and occasionally from Curaçao as particularly intensive care beds and neonatology incubators are limited in this region.
HOH also receives daily referrals from the "Intituto Medico San Nicolas (IMSAN)", a large out-patient facility in the San Nicolas area, which attends approximately 16.000 patients through its emergency department.
Patient transfer from and to Aruba are conducted by Colombian, American or Aruban air ambulance planes.
Recent developments.
A recently renovated wing houses a combined intensive care, medium care and coronary car unit, which has a flexible capacity of 12 beds.
There are existing plans to renovate the main building and expand the hospital with a three story wing, which will house all services related to mother and child care and a new out-patient clinic.
A large expansion and renovation project started in September 2014 and is due to finish in 2019. It is said to be one of the largest construction projects in the history of Aruba. The project includes a new emergency department, three times the size of the current one, an expansion of the operating theaters and the post anesthesia unit and the construction of a new hybrid cardiac catheterization laboratory. A new six-story building will arise, which will remain physically separated from the current five-story tower. The 10000 square meters of new space will house a new outpatient clinic, three hospitalisation wards of thirty patient rooms each, and a new 'mother and child center' that will house the delivery suits, the pediatrics ward and the maternity ward. The old building will be renovated.
On 13 April 2020, the hospital announced that the original ICU capacity of 6 beds had been significantly increased as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Aruba. The hospital had already increased its capacity to 21, and after a shipment of emergency aid now has a total of 33 ICU beds.


Martin McAleese

Martin McAleese (born 24 March 1951) is an Irish politician, dentist and accountant who has served as the Chancellor of Dublin City University since August 2011. He served as a Senator from 2011 to 2013, after being Nominated by the Taoiseach. He is the husband of the 8th President of Ireland, Mary McAleese.
Early life, education and family.
McAleese was born in Belfast in 1951. He was educated at St Mary's Christian Brothers' Grammar School, Belfast. He then studied at Queens University Belfast, obtaining an honours BSc in Physics. He played Gaelic football for the Antrim Minors and was captain of the team in 1969. In 1972, after he graduated he moved to Dublin and trained there as an accountant with the chartered accountancy firm of Stokes, Kennedy, Crowley. He later worked as financial controller for an Aer Lingus subsidiary.
McAleese married Mary Leneghan in 1976. The couple resided in Scholarstown, Dublin, for a short period, and then for almost twelve years near Ratoath, County Meath. In 1980, he returned to full-time education at Trinity College, Dublin, to study as a dentist, subsequently moving back, with his family, to Northern Ireland, where he practised as a dentist in Crossmaglen and Bessbrook, County Armagh.
Public service career.
While his wife served as President of Ireland, McAleese initiated a series of meetings with senior Ulster loyalist paramilitary leaders to pursue peace negotiations. These actions did not take place without controversy, but have been widely viewed as instrumental in bringing loyalist paramilitary groups to peace talks.
In May 2011, McAleese was appointed as a Senator by the Taoiseach Enda Kenny. In August 2011, he was appointed the Chancellor of Dublin City University, taking over from David Byrne.
On 1 February 2013, McAleese announced his intention to resign as a member of Seanad Éireann.
McAleese accepted an appointment as Chairman of the Inter-Departmental Committee which was set up by the Government of Ireland to investigate the Magdalene laundries. His findings have been criticised by some survivors and researchers from the Magdalene Names project.
On 18–19 October 2014, McAleese attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin as a keynote speaker. Here, he hosted a special session for the One Young World Peace and Conflict Resolution Project alongside former Ulster Defence Association (UDA) prisoner Jackie McDonald and former Irish Republican Army (IRA) prisoner Sean Murray. They addressed young people from 191 countries to share and develop ideas to strengthen efforts at conflict resolution in their own countries.
Personal life.
With his wife Mary, they together have three children, Emma and twins SaraMai and Justin. The family moved to Rostrevor, County Down, in 1987, when Martin set up practice in County Armagh.


C.U. Shah Medical College, Surendranagar

C.U. Shah Medical College, Surendranagar is a medical college located in Surendranagar, Gujarat. It was established in the year 2000. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated to Saurashtra University and is recognised by Medical Council of India. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through National Eligibility and Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100.
Courses.
C.U. Shah Medical College, Surendranagar undertakes education and training of students MBBS courses. This college is offering 150 MBBS seats from 2019 of which 85% Seats are of state quota and 15% is for Nation Counselling.


Edward Marks

Edward Oswald (Ted or E.O.) Marks (28 October 1882 – 22 September 1971), was an Australian ophthalmologist. He studied first as a geologist, and then began a second career as an ophthalmologist. His work on preventing trachoma in children was significant in reducing eye disease in remote communities.
Early life.
Marks was born at Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland, the son of Charles and Elizabeth Marks. His mother had three sons from her first marriage to Robert Dods, including Robin Dods and Espie Dods. Charles Marks was a doctor and would later become a member of the Queensland Legislative Council. Charles and Elizabeth had four children, including Alexander Marks. Ted Marks attended the Southport College in 1895 and Brisbane Grammar School from 1896 to 1900. His family sent him to Ireland to study engineering at Trinity College, Dublin, alongside his brother Alexander Marks (1880-1954), who was studying medicine. Marks graduated with a BA in January 1905 and a BAI (engineering) in December 1905. He took every possible prize for a student of Engineering including geology, mining, metallurgy and palaeontology distinctions. After practical experience on the Isle of Man, Wales and England, he spent a further year at the Royal School of Mines in London studying metallurgy. Although offered a job with the Geological Survey of India, he elected to return to Australia.
Early career.
Upon his return to Brisbane, Marks worked at Mount Morgan Mines as a metallurgist, and then joined the Geological Survey of Queensland in 1908 as Assistant Government Geologist, preparing one of the first geological maps of Queensland. His first job was to survey the coal resources of the Southeast Moreton District. The map he produced in 1910, "Geological map of south east Moreton coal measures" was one of the most consulted maps in Queensland history. His report a “Deep-sinking Proposal on the Charters Towers Mineral Field”, which included a scale model, was displayed at the Brisbane Exhibition, in August 1913. After becoming engaged to childhood friend, Nesta Drury in 1913, Marks returned to study in Ireland, pursuing a medical degree. After their marriage in London in July 1914, they moved to Dublin. He was a Resident at St Patrick Dun's Hospital during the Easter Rising in Dublin of 1916.
After completing medical studies in 1916, Marks joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, during World War I as he could not join the Australian Infantry Force (AIF) without returning to Australia. However he contracted rheumatic fever in the trenches of France and was invalided out of the army, with the rank of captain. He and Nesta's only child, Elizabeth Nesta (Pat) Marks was born in 1918 in Dublin, Ireland. Marks graduated with his MD in 1919, but concerns about the lingering effect of rheumatic fever on his stamina, induced him to pursue ophthalmology. He was a Resident at the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital in Dublin, and then a locum at the Shrewsbury Eye and Ear Hospital, before returning to Australia in 1920.
Later career.
Marks would demonstrate a particular interest in children's health in his work as an eye specialist. He would become a member of the Ophthalmological Society of Australia and an Honorary Member of the Brisbane Children's Hospital from 1921 to 1938. He was a senior ophthalmologist from 1938 to 1946. From 1932 he was also part-time Ophthalmologist to the Queensland School Health Services. Marks was in charge of the Wilson Ophthalmic Hostel for Trachomatous Children at Windsor and made four surveys of the eye disease, trachoma in western Queensland.
He was for many years Councillor and Deputy Chairman of the Queensland Bush Children's Health Scheme, and a Councillor of the Royal Flying Doctor Service in Queensland. To quote Dorothy Hill (Queensland Naturalist 20 4/6, 1972), “His work for trachomatous children practically eliminated this disease from western Queensland”. By 1953, the Wilson Hostel closed for lack of patients, due to his team's work in identifying and treating the disease. He retired from practice in 1957.
Professional memberships.
In 1922, Marks became a Foundation Member of the Great Barrier Reef Committee. The Committee organised the Michaelmas Cay and Heron Island bores of the Great Barrier Reef in 1927 and 1937. They also worked at establishing the 1928-1929 Great Barrier Reef (Yonge) Expedition to Low Isles Reef. Marks served as Chairman of the Great Barrier Reef Committee from 1947 to 1954, following the death of Henry Caselli Richards, who had established the Committee with Sir Matthew Nathan. He played an important part in the establishment of the Heron Island Research Station, along with Dr Dorothy Hill.
Marks continued to serve in the military after his return to Australia, as a Captain and Army Ophthalmologist in the AAMC from 1923 until 1939. He also served as Wing Commander and a Consultant in the RAAF for six years.
The Marks family held a strong view on the importance of science in the community, and belonged to many societies. At different times Marks was a member and office holder in the Royal Society of Queensland. He was elected an Honorary Life Member in 1954. He was also a member of the Geological Society of Australia, the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, the Anthropological Society of Queensland, the National Parks Association of Queensland, and the National Trust of Queensland.
Legacy.
Marks died in 1971. He was survived by his daughter, Pat Marks, who was an entomologist with the Queensland Institute of Medical Research. The Marks family were strongly motivated to preserve history and during their lifetime they donated furniture and artefacts to the Queensland Museum, and in time donated both professional and personal objects to a number of museums around Brisbane. These included personal correspondence, scientific specimens, furnitures and the family's property at Samford, which was donated to QUT. Items from E.O. Marks can be found at the Queensland Museum, Queensland State Library, and a number of smaller military and medical museums.


Roscommon University Hospital

Roscommon University Hospital () is a general hospital based in Roscommon, Ireland. It is situated on the N61 just outside Roscommon town. It is managed by Saolta University Health Care Group.
History.
Early history.
The hospital was built at a cost of £120,000 and at the time it was built it had "98 beds for surgical and medical cases, in addition to special children's and maternity wards". It was commissioned to replace the infirmary at Abbeytown (now the County Library) and opened as Roscommon County Hospital in November 1941. The hospital's maternity department effectively closed in 1978 when the Health Board refused to appoint an obstetrician-gynaecologist to the hospital.
Closure of accident & emergency services.
The Roscommon Hospital Action Committee (HAC) was a campaign group established to protest against the downgrading of Accident and Emergency services at the hospital. In December 2006, the Roscommon Hospital Action Committee criticised what it called the "fudged language" of the Health Service Executive (HSE) on emergency care at the hospital. Later, in August 2010, thousands of people marched through Roscommon to the hospital where they made a human chain.
Taoiseach Enda Kenny confirmed the downgrading of emergency services at the hospital while visiting Roscommon to open a constituency office for Denis Naughten on 27 June 2011. He was met by protesters. While campaigning ahead of the general election earlier that year, Kenny had been recorded by a journalist promising emergency care would be kept at the hospital if people voted for Naughten and Frank Feighan. In July 2011, when the downgrading of services had been confirmed and the recording made public, Kenny spoke of his regret for the confusion his words may have caused voters.
During July and August 2011, members of the Roscommon Hospital Action Committee protested at Leinster House, at several bridges over the River Shannon, and at a sit-in at the hospital's 24-hour emergency unit.
After a woman discovered files containing the personal details of hundreds of patients from the Midland Regional Hospital, Mullingar, in a bin outside Roscommon Hospital, she gave them to the Roscommon Hospital Action Committee which passed them on to the Data Protection Commissioner. Three investigations were established.
In late 2011, despite protests by the Roscommon Hospital Action Committee, the hospital's Accident and Emergency unit closed and was replaced with an "Urgent Care Unit".
Recent history.
The hospital became Roscommon University Hospital in November 2015.


Rachel Ruddy

Rachel Ruddy is a senior Dublin ladies' footballer. She was a member of the Dublin teams that won the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship in 2010, 2017 and 2019. In 2017 she received her second All Star award. Ruddy has also played for the Dublin senior camogie team.
Early years, family and education.
Ruddy is the daughter of Vivian Ruddy, a former Ballyboden Wanderers Gaelic footballer who originally came from Achill Island. Her sister, Ciara Ruddy, has also played for the Dublin senior ladies' football team. Ruddy graduated in physiotherapy from Trinity College Dublin.
Playing career.
Clubs.
Ruddy has won senior Leinster and Dublin camogie championships with Ballyboden St Enda's. Between 2010 and 2014 she helped the club complete a five in a row of Dublin titles. Her team mates at Ballyboden included Emer Lucey, Ciara Lucey and her sister, Ciara Ruddy. Ruddy was also a member of the Ballyboden team that won the 2010 Dublin Ladies' Senior Football Championship. She also played for Ballyboden in the 2017 Dublin final.
While attending Trinity College Dublin, Ruddy played camogie for Dublin University GAA.
While working as a physiotherapist in Singapore, Ruddy played for Singapore Gaelic Lions.
Inter-county.
Ladies' Gaelic football.
Ruddy made her senior inter-county debut for Dublin in 2010 against Laois. She was a member of the Dublin team that won the 2010 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Final. In 2010 she also won her first All Star. She also played in the 2014 final against Cork but missed the 2015 and 2016 finals because of a back injury. She was subsequently a member of the Dublin teams that won the 2017, and 2019 All-Ireland finals. In 2017 Ruddy won her second All Star.
Camogie.
Ruddy has also played for the Dublin senior camogie team. In 2008 she was nominated for an All-Star.
Personal life.
Ruddy works as a physiotherapist at Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin. It is a tradition that All-Ireland champions visit this hospital after the final. In September 2019 Ruddy hosted her Dublin team mates during their visit. On 19 October 2019 Ruddy married Seamus Conboy in Ravello, Italy.


Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital

The Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital is an acute care hospital located in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. The facility opened in 2012, replacing the former Fort Saskatchewan Health Centre.
Services and programs.
The main services and programs the hospital provides are:
A Health Services Centre is linked to the hospital, and is home to:


Sekondi Nurses and Midwifery Training College

The Sekondi Nurses Training College is public tertiary health institution in the Sekondi in the Western Region of Ghana. The college is in the Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly. The school is located at the Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital. The activities of the institution is supervised by the Ministry of Education. The University of Ghana awards a Diploma in Nursing after students from the institution have successfully completed a three-year nursing training programme. The institution is accredited by the National Accreditation Board. The Nurses and Midwifery Council is the regulates the activities, curriculum and examination of the. The Council's mandate Is enshrined under section 4(1) of N.R.C.D. 117.


Beijing New Century International Hospital for Children

New Century International Hospital for Children (), NCICH is a private, joint-venture, institution affiliated with the Beijing Children's Hospital at Beijing, next to the east gate of the Beijing Children's Hospital. The International Children's Hospital features services specifically designed for children and youth. In addition to full daily clinics in all of the major specialty areas, there are also focused programs in pediatric eye care and pediatric dentistry. This hospital has around 104 beds, including 95 beds for children and 9 beds for newborns. It has over 8,500 square meters building area, 24/7 emergency service, covered by many international and national insurance companies.
Overview.
The International Children's Hospital is a private, joint-venture, institution affiliated with the Beijing Children's Hospital.
The inpatient floors feature 80 private rooms with sleeping accommodations for a parent to stay overnight with the child. In addition, there are 20 "expansive deluxe suites" with extended seating and other features.
Programs and services.
The International Children's Hospital features services specifically designed for children. In addition to full daily clinics in all of the major specialty areas, there are also focused programs in pediatric eye care and pediatric dentistry.
The health management department offers developmental assessment, annual health examinations and routine immunizations while the specially trained pediatric nutritionist can advise parents on diet and nutritional issues.
The 24-hour-a-day, 7-days a week, pediatric emergency room is staffed by Beijing's pediatric emergency specialists. This facility includes examination rooms, overnight observation beds and access to the hospital's emergency capabilities in surgery and medicine.
Scope of services.
Pediatrics Departments:
Specialties:


Subrata Adak

Subrata Adak is an Indian biochemist and a senior scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology. An alumnus of Jadavpur University from where he secured a PhD, Adak is known for his studies on Leishmania, the causative pathogen of Leishmaniasis. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 55 of them. Besides, he has published one monograph on Leishmania where he has also contributed chapters. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2012.


Barmer Medical College

Barmer Medical College is a full-fledged tertiary Medical college in Barmer, Rajasthan, India. It was established in the year 2019. The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated to Rajasthan University of Health Sciences and is recognized by Medical Council of India. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through National Eligibility and Entrance Test.The college has started MBBS courses from August 2019.
Courses.
Barmer Medical College undertakes the education and training of students MBBS courses.


Cao Xuetao

Cao Xuetao (; born July 19, 1964) is a Chinese immunologist who has served as president of Nankai University since January 2018.
Biography.
Cao was born in Jinan, Shandong, China on July 19, 1964. In September 1981 he was accepted to the Second Military Medical University in Shanghai, where he received his doctorate in medicine in 1986 and completed his post-graduate studies in immunology in 1990. After graduation, he was a lecturer and then professor (1993) at the Second Military Medical University, as one of the youngest medical professors at that time. He also served as chairman of the Department (1995-2011), Director of the Institute of Immunology (2000-2011) and Vice President of the University (2004-2011). In July 2005 he was awarded the military rank of major general (shao jiang).
He was president of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between August 2011 and November 2015. In August 2010 he became vice president of Peking Union Medical College, rising to president in November 2015. In January 2018 he was appointed president of Nankai University, a vice-ministerial level position.
He also served as president of the Chinese Society of Immunology (2006-2014), the Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania (2012-2015) and the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases (2014-2015).
In January 2018 he became a member of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Investigation.
On November 13, 2019, American biologist Elisabeth Bik wrote on PubPeer that about 40 papers co-authored by Cao used unexpectedly similar images, a sign of possible manipulation, although Bik said many of these could be honest errors. So far, no results have been announced, and netizens noticed a public smear campaign on American scientists from Harvard. On November 18, the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) announced that it is investigating the claim. The June 26, 2020 issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry announced "expressions of concern" on 12 articles on which Cao was corresponding author.
Personal life.
Cao is married and has a son, who received his doctoral degree at Harvard and is now at Peking University.


Sarem Hospital

Sarem Hospital is a private general hospital with a focus on gynecology and infertility. It is located in Ekbatan Town in the west of Tehran, Iran. The current CEO of the hospital is AboTaleb Saremi and its chief operating officer is Saeed Dehkhodaei.
History.
The process of construction of the Sarem Hospital started in 1998 under the supervision of AboTaleb Saremi and the hospital officially began its services in 2006.
Publications.
"Sarem Journal of Reproductive Medicine" is published by the Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC) and Sarem Fertility Research Center (SAFIR).
"Mashgh-e Tandorosti" (Homework of Health) is published by the hospital for a general audience.
Sarem also publishes an internal newspaper and a monthly journal.


David Celermajer

David Stephen Celermajer (born 8 December 1961) is an Australian cardiologist and the Scandrett Professor of Cardiology at the University of Sydney.
Early life and education.
Celermajer is the son of John and Tina Celermajer, both Polish Jews who survived the Holocaust. When he was eleven, Celermajer won a scholarship to Sydney Grammar School. He went on to win the World Universities Debating Championship. He graduated from the University of Sydney with a medical degree in 1983, and won a Rhodes Scholarship that same year. He has a PhD in children's heart disease from the University of London, which he received in 1993, and a higher-doctorate D.Sc. from the University of Sydney.
Career.
In 2003, Celermajer was appointed the clinical director of the Heart Research Institute.
Research.
In 1996, Celermajer published a study showing that exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with "dose-related impairment of endothelium-dependent dilatation" in the arteries of healthy young adults.
Honors and awards.
In 2002, Celermajer was awarded the Commonwealth Health Minister's Award for Excellence in Health and Medical Research, and in 2006, he was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. In 2014, he was named an Officer of the Order of Australia for his "distinguished service to medicine in the field of cardiology, as a clinician and researcher, to improved medical diagnostic methods, and to the promotion of heart health, particularly in children and young adults.” In 2018 he was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences.
Personal life.
Celermajer describes himself as an atheist Jew. He is married to nurse Noirin Celermajer, whom he met at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital when they were both trainees there.


John Simeon Colebrook Elkington

John Simeon Colebrook Elkington (1871–1955) a leading advocate of public health in Australia. He pioneered programs for checking the health of schoolchildren and the federal quarantine service. He also researched tropical medicine, an important issue in northern Australia.
Early life.
John Simeon Colebrook Elkington was born on 29 September 1871 at Castlemaine, Victoria, son of John Simeon Elkington and his wife Helen Mary (née Guilfoyle).
From 1890 he studied medicine at the University of Melbourne but failed in his examinations. He later qualified as a licentiate at Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1896.
Career.
In 1903, Dr Elkington was asked to come to Launceston, Tasmania to advise on how to deal with an outbreak of smallpox and how to prevent it spreading to other areas. Elkington recommended mass vaccination.
In 1904, Dr Elkington made a study of school hygiene factors for the Tasmanian Government, resulting in new design rules for ventilation, lighting and "sanitary accommodation" in schools. On his recommendation, a program of regular health inspections of school pupils was established to ensure normal physical development was occurring and to organise medical intervention when required; teachers were also trained to detect and report possible health defects.
Following the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, quarantine became a federal responsibility under the Commonwealth Quarantine Act 1908. From 1908-1911, the Queensland Commissioner of Public Health (a position created under Queensland's Health Act of 1900) performed the duties of quarantine officer for the Commonwealth. In 1910 Dr Elkington was appointed to this position, and in the following three years established Queensland's public health infrastructure, and oversaw the administration and implementation of State and Commonwealth quarantine practices.
In January 1912, the administration of quarantine facilities and practices in Queensland was transferred wholly to the Federal Quarantine Bureau. In December 1913, Elkington resigned his State position and joined the Commonwealth Health Service in Brisbane, overseeing the establishment of the heritage-listed Lytton Quarantine Station at the mouth of the Brisbane River. Elkington became the authority on quarantine practice in post-Federation Australia. In 1922 Elkington wrote a text on quarantine procedures for the Commonwealth, which not only governed quarantine practice in Australia but was adopted as the model in at least three other countries.
In 1917, Dr. Elkington, then Director of the Division of Tropical Hygiene, Commonwealth Department of Health, was concerned about health and hygiene of the growing population of Croydon, Queensland and contemplated conducting a statistical and social survey of the town, which did not eventuate. However, his interest in sociological surveys of gathering social and economic details on a population later developed into the 1924 Sociological Survey of White Women conducted from the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Townsville.
In the 1920s with other medical colleagues, he was instrumental in establishing a number of Commonwealth health laboratories to protect Australia against epidemic diseases. Laboratories were established in Bendigo, Toowoomba, Townsville within Australia and also Rabaul in Papua New Guinea.
Later life.
Elkington died on 8 March 1955 at Mooloolaba, Queensland.


Jordan University Hospital


Reg Turnbull

Reginald John David "Spot" Turnbull (21 February 1908 – 17 July 2006) was an Australian politician.
He was a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1946 to 1961 (1946–1959 for the Labor Party, 1959–1961 as an Independent), then a Senator for Tasmania from 1962 until 1974.
Though he was elected Senator each time as an Independent, he briefly served as leader of the Australia Party from August 1969 to January 1970.
Turnbull also served as Mayor of Launceston from 1964 to 1965.