Hermann Wagner

Hermann Wagner (born May 20, 1941) is a German scientist in the field of microbiology and immunology and past Dean of the Medical Faculty of the Technical University Munich (TUM). His massive number of published works, at over 370, makes him one of Europe's most cited immunologists.
Curriculum Vitae.
Wagner studied Medicine and in 1967 received his medical degree (MD) from the University of Tübingen. In Melbourne, Australia he studied Human Biology and in 1973 received his PhD from University of Melbourne. From 1973 to 1983 he continued his research on "T Cell mediated Immune Responses" with Paul Klein at the Institut of Microbiology of the Johannes-Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. In 1978, he qualified as a university lecturer (habilitation), and in 1983 he was made full professor and head of the Institut of Microbiology at the University of Ulm. In 1989 he moved to the Technical University Munich, where he headed the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene. He retired at the end of 2008.
Research work.
His prime research activities focus on mechanisms of protective immunity towards pathogens. From 1970-80 he analysed T-T Cell interactions during the induction of cytotoxic T Cell responses. During his Ulm period he focussed on the immunobiology of bacterial superantigens. In Munich, he subsequently contributed to our understanding of Toll-like-Receptors(TLR), through which innate immune cells sense pathogens. In particular he was one of the first to realise that bacterial/viral DNA activated Innate Immune cells via TLR9. Conversely his group was able to show that TLR7 and/or TLR8 recognised pathogen-derived RNA while TLR13 senses bacterial 23S rRNA.
In Ulm he initiated and headed the Collaborative Research Program of the German Research Council ("Sonderforschungsbereich") entitled "Lympo-Haemopoese". In Munich he expanded the research area "Infection and Immunity" to a major research focus of his faculty. He co-initiated three Collaborative Research Programs and was from 1999-2006 speaker of the program "Target structures for selective Tumor-Interventions".
His honorary functions include: Presidency of the German Society of Immunology, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine (TUM), and Chairmen of the Science Advisory Board-IZKF-University Würzburg. A number of his "pupills" (n=13) are now heading university departments or other science-institutions; hence, Wagner and his "pupills" operate a creative academic school in Germany.
Honors and awards.
In 1988 Wagner received the Behring-Kitasato Prize from the Hoechst Japan, and in 2001 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Würzburg. In 2003 he received the "Order of Merit" of the Federal Republic of Germany. He has been an honorary member of the German Society of Immunology since 2007. He received the "Bavarian Order of Merit" in 2007. He is member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 2009 he was Fellow of the A. Krupp Science Foundation in Greifswald/Baltic Sea, and in 2012 guest professor at the University of Marburg. Since 2011 he is TUM-Emeritus of Excellence. In 2013 he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Bonn.


Aswini Hospital

Aswini Hospital is a private hospital situated in Thrissur, in the Kerala state of India. It is situated near Vadakkechira Bus stand and Poonkunam railway station in Thrissur Corporation. Established as a 40-bed hospital in 1987, it is now a 300-bed Multi-Super Speciality General Hospital. The hospital also runs the Aswini School of Nursing in Nadathara, Thrissur. The hospital offers treatment to the people of Thrissur, Palakkad and Malappuram districts.
Sugathan K K is the managing director of the hospital and O.P Achuthankutty is the chairman. There are 80 Doctors serving in the hospital.


Hospital for Mental Diseases, Shahdara


Genset Corporation

Genset, a biotechnology company, was established in 1989 in Paris, France with Pascal Brandys as its first president.
Genset was listed on the NASDAQ and the Paris Bourse (now NYSE Euronext) in 1996. Genset rapidly became the European flagship company in the field of genomics and became the second largest biotechnology company in Europe in 1999. At that time, the company reported identifiable assets of EUR 80.9 million and had subsidiaries in the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Australia. Genset was a pioneer in private human genome research. In 1994, Genset started the first large scale program to analyze the regulatory sequences of the human genome and in 1997 also initiated the construction of a map of single nucleotide polymorphisms as a tool to accelerate the discovery of genes associated with diseases. The company also created the business model of pharmacogenomics and started the first pharmacogenomics research program in the world in collaboration with Abbott Laboratories in 1997.
After 2000 Genset changed its strategy to focus on drug development, leading to the departure of its president and other founders. The strategy shift proved unsuccessful and Genset was acquired by Serono of Switzerland in 2002, now part of Merck Serono.


Doctors Hospital, Lahore

Doctors Hospital and Medical Center is a 250-bedded private hospital located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is attached to Lahore Medical and Dental College as a teaching hospital.
In 1996, a small group of Pakistani doctors practicing in the United States held a retreat in Pennsylvania to discuss the creation of a new medical facility in Pakistan. These doctors moved back to Pakistan and started to build the Doctors' Hospital and Medical Center. Many colleagues of different specialties joined the core group and the hospital was established in 2000.
Departments.
Doctors Hospital and Medical Center has following departments.


Breach Candy Hospital

Breach Candy Hospital is a private hospital located in Mumbai, India. One of the renowned hospitals in India, it is located in the Breach Candy area of South Mumbai.
History.
It was established in 1950 at the upmarket Breach Candy area in South Mumbai, and designed by an English architect Claude Batley.


Soonchunhyang University Hospital

Soonchunhyang University Hospital is a hospital in Bucheon, South Korea. It is affiliated with Soonchunhyang University. There are several other soonchunhyang hospitals in Seoul, Cheonan, and Gumi.
Soonchunhyang Bucheon Hospital.
At Soonchunhyang Bucheon Hospital, there are two buildings. The older one, which is located at the north, and the newer one, which is located at the south.
There are wards in both buildings, however, there is more in the north wing.
The south wing consists of eye clinic, endoscopy and wards.
The north wing consists of The Department of Laboratory Medicine, the main lobby, and wards.


Medac

Medac GmbH (stylized as medac) is a German, worldwide operating pharmaceutical company based in Wedel near Hamburg and Tornesch, which is privately owned.
medac specializes in therapeutic agents for the treatment of oncological, urological and autoimmune diseases and their related symptoms. medac also produces therapeutics for fibrinolysis along with diagnostic agents for infection diagnostics and oncology diagnostics. The corporation owns 50% of two subsidiaries, Oncotec GmbH in Dessau Germany and oncomed manufacturing a.s. in the Czech Republic city of Brno, for the production of highly effective, sterile pharmaceuticals like cytostatics. In addition to generic products, medac has also developed its own products, which primarily covers therapeutic niches (e.g. EMA-approved Gliolan).
In addition to therapeutic agents, medac also markets diagnostic agents. The portfolio includes more than 40 infection diagnostics based on serological testing for bacterial and viral infections (antibody detection) and direct detection methods for bacteria, fungi and viruses using the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique. medac also provides reagent solutions for tissue differentiation of tumour samples.
History.
medac GmbH, corporation for special clinical preparations, was founded in April 1970 in Hamburg by Wilfried Mohr, Claus-Olaf Welding, Dr. Werner Mai and Ernst Voss. The objective was to produce clotting preparations and pursue the production of fibrinolytics. During this time, they also began marketing diagnostic products (antibodies). Soon after, medac focused on the indication area oncology and began marketing the pharmaceutical preparation Mitomycin C.
Today the company supply over 50 oncology compounds in a wide range of administration forms for the treatment of different types of cancer.
In the late 80s a new indication area arose – the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Today, medac supplies Methotrexat, a folic acid antagonist for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, which is available in several dosage forms.
Medac has branches as well as subsidiaries and shareholdings in Denmark, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden, Czech Republic, France, Italy, the UK and Japan as well as representative agencies in Kazakhstan Russia and Ukraine.1
The pharmaceuticals and diagnostics produced by Medac are delivered to 95 countries worldwide (as of 2020).


National Sports Organisation (India)

The National Sports Organisation is intended by the Government of India to promote the development of athletics and sporting activities of the nation's youth.
It is present in many important institutions of India such as the IITs and IIMs.


Pinky Rajgarhia

Pinky Prashant Rajgarhia is an Indian child psychologist and beauty queen who was born in Dharan, Nepal. She received the Lions Club of Mumbai Corporate "Nari Shakti Puraskar".
Early life.
Pinky Prashant Rajgarhia was born in Dharan, Nepal. She married at 19 and became pregnant, only to have a miscarriage. She took steroids and then had two daughters; her weight also increased to 88 kg. She decided to lose weight and now is 58 kg.
Career.
Rajgarhia qualified as a child psychologist at Symbiosis College in Pune and moved to Mumbai. Her daughters filled in a form for the Eastern Mrs. India 2016 beauty pageant which she proceeded to win. She then came first in the Mrs. India Fitness 2016 and Mrs. Asia 2017 competitions. In 2017 she also won the Mrs. Universe Business Lady 2017. She was awarded the Samaj Ratan in 2017 and won the Lions Club of Mumbai Corporate "Nari Shakti Puraskar". She is an ambassador for Acid Survivors Foundation India and she also promotes Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana.


Fregionaia Hospital

The Hospital of Fregionaia is a set of buildings in a former monastery, made into hospital for indigent, then a psychiatric hospital (ospedale psiquiatrico or manicomio), and which in 2019 lies unused and abandoned, and which is located on Via di Fregionaia in the hills outside Santa Maria a Colle - Maggiano, province of Lucca, region of Tuscany, Italy. It is representative of the large psychiatric hospitals (insane asylums) established in the post-enlightenment period of the 18th-19th century.
History.
Originally, these buildings were part of a monastery founded circa 1402 by the Augustinian order of Canons Regular of the Lateran, and which would become one of its main monasteries until they moved to Rome circa 1431. Circa 1770, at the request of the Republic of Lucca, the monastery of the Lateran Canons of Santa Maria di Fregionaia was suppressed, with the papal request that it become an institution affiliated with the Hospital of San Luca della Misericordia in Lucca. Some records speak of it transition into an "Insane asylum" or "Spedale de' Pazzi" opening in 1773 with 11 patients transferred here from the municipal prison of Torre. Lorenzo Bartolini, then rector of the Hospital of San Luca della Misericordia, during 1772-1775 reorganized the institution.
During the second decade of the 19th century, Giovanni Buonaccorsi, altered the institution from one merely housing the insane to one employing manual, mainly agricultural or janitorial, occupation as part of rehabilitation therapy. In 1860, a dance hall with a keyboard organ were added. In the 20th-century, the psychiatrist and author Mario Tobino, was linked to this asylum. It remained a functioning asylum till at least the 1970s.
A guide to the region, describes the institution as:
"a place of delight due to the amenity of the site, the healthiness of the air, and the conveniences of the building... These advantages, combined with the best curative method directed by the doctor in charge of the hospital of Lucca, ... (are) all sweet, all philosophical, without a shadow of violence, with (rarely using) the "English waistcoat", and (enclosing) in a room, ensure that true healings are very frequent in this hospital. He tries to keep the (mentally ill) in action, to make them work too; they are also sent for a walk; but every chance of harming themselves is taken away from them at home and abroad, and they are always kept in sight both by day and by night, so that no sinister case (has taken) place here from 1812 onwards, since the vigilance (is) rigorous, and these sweet and philosophical methods. Everyone sleeps in separate beds: the "maniacs" have one cell each."


Ogimachi Sanemasa

Ōgimachi Sanemasa () (July 20, 1855 – June 26, 1923) was a Japanese pharmacist and politician. He was Grand Chamberlain of Japan (1919–1922). He was the 10th governor of Saitama Prefecture (1899–1900). He was a recipient of the Order of the Sacred Treasure. He was made an earl in 1884, a recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class in 1906, a recipient of the Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1910 and a recipient of the World War I Victory Medal in 1915.


Elaine Fox

Elaine Fox (born 1963) is a Professor of Psychology and Director of the Oxford Centre for Emotions and Affective Neuroscience (OCEAN) at the University of Oxford. Her research considers the science of emotion and what makes some people more resilient than others. As of 2019 Fox serves as the Mental Health Networks Impact and Engagement Coordinator for United Kingdom Research and Innovation.
Early life and education.
Fox grew up in Dublin. She studied neuroscience and psychology at the University College Dublin and remained there as a research associate until 1988. She worked in Dublin's St. James's Hospital. In 1988 Fox was appointed as a lecturer at the Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. She returned to the University College Dublin in 1993, where she worked as a Senior Lecturer for one year.
Research and career.
Fox moved to work at the University of Essex, where she was made a Professor in 2000. In 2007 she was elected Head of the Department of Psychology and the Centre for Brain Science. In 2013 Fox joined the University of Oxford. Here she directs the Oxford Centre for Emotions & Affective Neuroscience (OCEAN). She was awarded a European Research Council Advanced Investigator Award to study emotional vulnerability, resilience and optimism. In particular, she evaluates why people respond differently to adversity and success. She leads the Cog-BIAS project that looks at what makes particular people vulnerable to developing anxiety disorders. This involves evaluating at how biases in information processing (for example in attention, interpretation) impact emotions. She showed that using Attention Bias Modification (ABM) can be used to modify biased attention to develop emotional resilience. The origins of this bias modification are in the variation of serotonin transporter polymorphism. She found that people who worry more are less likely to be able to control their attention.
Fox identified that the people who inherit two copies of the "long" variant of the 5-HTTLPR gene avoid negative imagery. She concluded that these people were ready to seek out positive events – an optimistic streak, whilst people with the "short" variant of the 5-HTTLPR gene are more prone to negative experiences and anxiety. Her work was confirmed by Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, who identified that having two copies of the "long" variant of the 5-HTTLPR gene correlates with happiness in teenagers.
In October 2019 Fox was appointed the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Mental Health Networks Impact and Engagement Coordinator. In this capacity she will facilitate engagement between the UKRI's mental health networks. She has been personally been awarded £450,000 funding to support these activities. The group will progress themes such as inequalities in accessing care, social isolation, student mental health and the value of local communities.
Her research has received significant media coverage, including on ABC News and BBC Horizon, as well as in The New York Times and The Economist. As part of her public engagement around psychology, Fox taught Michael Mosley to be more optimistic. During the experiment, Fox scanned Mosley's brain, and attributed his pessimism to the activity in his right front cortex. She has discussed the power of positivity and mental health with Claudia Hammond.
Selected publications.
Her publications include:


Otto Pittinger

Otto Pittinger (born February 12, 1878 in Wörth an der Donau; died August, 1926 in Munich) was a Bavarian medical officer, politician and soldier. He was an influential leader in Bavarian politics during the early days of the Weimar Republic, and was leader of the "Bund Bayern und Reich".
Biography.
Otto Pittinger was born in Wörth an der Donau, the son of a brewer. After leaving school, he studied medicine in Munich. During his studies, he became a member of the "Corps Ratisbonia München", a fraternity of students and alumni.
Medical career.
As a civilian doctor.
Following his medical education, he settled as a general practitioner in Regensburg, also working as an occupational physician. He became involved in the care of infants, and was one of the first doctors involved in infant welfare within the German Empire. In 1906 he founded the first maternity care center in Regensburg. In 1907 he formed an association to combat child mortality. Serving as president, the association saw success, and soon expanded across most of Upper Palatinate in just three years. In 1910 Pittinger founded the children's hospital and milk kitchen in Regensburg; it was the first children's hospital in Bavaria.
As a medical officer.
From the onset of the First World War, Pittinger served as a medical officer for the 6th Reserve Division. While facing trench warfare, his duties were three-fold: he in charge of the health facilities for the reserve quarters and barracks; the creation of officers and convalescent home; a disinfecting and cleaning institution; the establishment of mineral water factories and baths; and all the quality and the health for the facilities serving the troops. While on the front lines, he took care of the wounded and their mental state. He was honored with the Iron Cross First Class.
At the end of 1917, the Bavarian Ministry of War entrusted him with the establishment of training and assistance for disabled veterans.
Political career.
With the end of the war, he returned to Regensburg, where he became involved in the November Revolution. He was instrumental in the creation of the Bavarian "Einwohnerwehr" ("citizen's militia"), which served as civil defense units responsible for preventing looting and sabotage in rural areas. He was placed in charge of "Einwohnerwehr" management in the Regensburg region.
After the militias were disbanded in 1921, he created the "Pittinger Organization", which later merged with the "Bund Bayern und Reich" ("League for Bavaria and the Reich") in 1922. It was a paramilitary group with close ties to the "Reichswehr", and developed by mid-1922 into the largest of the patriotic organizations in Bavaria. "Bund Bayern und Reich" combined monarchism with Christian traditionalism, as well as vehement anti-Marxism and antisemitism. Their slogan was, "First the Homeland, then the World!"Much of Pittinger's popularity with the organization came from his promise to revise postwar settlements. Initially, he had been appointed by former leaders Escherich and Hermann Kriebel to rule under them, but, with patronage from Gustav von Kahr, soon became the true leader.
Pittinger soon became a prominent leader within separatist efforts in Bavaria. He initially attempted a coup in July 1922, but met opposition from factions in the "Reichswehr" who had been planning their own attack against Berlin. In the fall of that year, Pittinger spoke with several leaders within the conservative and nationalist parties about the possibility of establishing a regency. He hoped to gain the support of influential politicians such as von Kahr, Ernst Pöhner, and Franz Ritter von Epp. However, scandal broke out when it was disclosed that several members of the conspiracy had been funded by the French.
In August 1922, he met with Adolf Hitler, the recently appointed chairman of the NSDAP, to plan the overthrow of the Reich government in Bavaria. The two intended to coordinate a coup d'état of the Bavarian government in September, replacing it with a dictatorship under von Kahr. Kurt Ludecke, acting as Hitler's messenger, traveled about northern Germany, preparing nationalists for the coup. However, when he went back to Munich to meet with Pittinger, Ludecke encountered Pittinger leaving his home for a vacation in the Alps. (Pittinger had failed to gain support from certain sectors, and felt too afraid to continue.) Hitler was enraged that, after so much planning, everything had fizzled out, with only the National Socialists ready to march. Hitler told Ludecke, "No more Pittingers, no more Fatherland societies! One party. One single party. These "gentlemen", these counts and generals - they won't do anything. "I" shall. I "alone"."
The very next year, Hitler would attempt his own coup with the failed Beer Hall Putsch. Pittinger took part in the fight against the putsch by alerting units in Chiemgau, as well as the "Bezirksamt" ("district office"), of Hitler's actions.
In 1923, Pittinger accused Ernst Röhm, who had temporarily split from Hitler for opportunistic reasons, of misappropriating goods and funds. Röhm in turn accused Pittinger of cowardice and unpatriotic behavior, and broke from the League, taking his followers into the "Reichskriegsflagge". Various other factions either left the League or became semi-autonomous. Despite this, the League continued to be one of the organizations with the largest memberships and most significant positions in Bavaria, with nearly 57,000 members.
Pittinger died during a return trip from the Adriatic Sea in August 1926, at just 48-years old, and was buried in Munich. He was succeeded as League chairman by retired general Otto von Stetten. The death of Pittinger, the weak leadership of von Stetten, and the drop in membership, eventually led to the slow decline of the League, until it was finally dissolved in 1935.
Legacy.

Percy Morris

Percy Morris (6 October 1893 – 7 March 1967) was a British railway clerk, trade unionist and politician who became Mayor of Swansea and represented the town in Parliament. He specialised in railway issues in Parliament, and after being defeated for re-election, he served on public boards in the field of transport and social security.
Railway clerk.
Morris was born in Swansea, one of ten children of Thomas, an Engineman at the local Copper Works and his wife Emma. He attended Manselton Elementary School followed by Dynevor Secondary School. On leaving school in 1908 he joined the administrative staff of the Great Western Railway. He joined the Railway Clerks' Association of Great Britain and Ireland and became an active trade unionist. While he was still in his teens, he became involved in the political Labour movement and was said to be "in much demand" as a public speaker. He became a member of the executive committee of the Railway Clerks' Association in 1930.
1935 election.
In 1927 Morris was elected to Swansea County Borough Council, on which he became chair of the Parliamentary Committee. He was selected in January 1934 to be the prospective Labour Party candidate for Swansea West after the previous candidate was made a Judge. When the general election campaign started Morris was gloomy about the economic prospects of Swansea which he saw losing out to Ebbw Vale in tinplate manufacture. Morris cut the majority of the sitting Liberal National MP from 6,016 to 2,081 in the election.
Civil defence in wartime.
Morris was chosen as an Alderman of Swansea and became a Justice of the Peace on the local bench in 1939. As chairman of Swansea A.R.P. committee in 1941, he was presented to the King and Queen when they visited Swansea. At the end of July he was appointed Deputy Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence in the Wales Region. He was also made President of the Railway Clerk's Association in 1943 (a post he held for ten years, including after the merger in which it became the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association), and served as Deputy Mayor of Swansea from 1944 to 1945.
As the war came to an end, Morris resigned his Civil Defence post, in order to fight for election in Swansea West in the 1945 general election. Although reports during the campaign suggested that the sitting member felt his campaign was successful, on polling day Morris was returned with a majority of 5,009.
Railway nationalisation.
Morris made his maiden speech in November 1945, urging that the Government persuade both the United States and Soviet Union to discard the atomic bomb. He backed a rebel amendment to the loyal address in reply to the King's Speech in November 1946, opposing the operation of conscription in peace-time., although he welcomed the nationalisation of the railways, saying that the big four railway companies had "brought their difficulties on themselves by their stubborn neglect of the public interest".
In February 1947, Morris again broke the whip to oppose a government amendment which allowed civic restaurants to sell alcoholic drinks, and to support an amendment to prevent their sale in Wales. He opposed the National Service Bill in 1947 which continued civilian conscription, and then voted to support rebel amendments to restrict conscription to England only, or to remove Wales.
Railway finances.
Morris suffered a reduction in his majority to 3,665 at the 1950 general election. He pressed in the new Parliament for increased charges or subsidy to the railways in order to have industrial peace. In 1951 he criticised an opposition motion which called for increased railway charges to be annulled, arguing that the new charges on their own would not solve the problem. He stated that if the increased charges were rejected, then Labour members would recast the entire financial structure of the railway industry. At this time he was reckoned an ally of Herbert Morrison in the Labour Party.
In opposition.
At the 1951 general election Morris' majority was again reduced to 2,160. He criticised the new Conservative Government's approach to railways, describing the Transport Bill introduced in 1952 as giving the Minister powers that would "make him the virtual dictator of transport" and "the Führer of British transport". He carried his opposition through the Bill's Parliamentary stages and after it had come into force he said he believed it had been prompted by the Government's need to repay a political debt to the Road Haulage Association. Morris pledged that a Labour government would renationalise road haulage when it got the opportunity.
Morris was the lead speaker for the opposition in a debate on the tinplate industry in January 1953, in which he called for a full-time Minister for Wales instead of it being one of the responsibilities of the Home Secretary. In September 1953 he brokered a solution to a dispute between Swansea market meat traders and the Ministry of Food over the distribution of 30 sides of fat beef. In 1954 he was one of five Members of Parliament to tour British colonial territories in the far east.
Marginal seat.
After a minor boundary revision, Morris had a difficult fight at the 1955 general election in which for the first time his opponent was a Conservative without affiliation to the National Liberal Party. The redevelopment of Swansea town centre was reckoned to help the Conservatives, although some large council housing estates had been built. Morris was chosen as Mayor of the town shortly before the election, and on polling day he retained his seat with the slender majority of 1,021.
As Mayor of Swansea, Morris politely deferred to Cardiff which was applying for recognition as the capital of Wales. He became increasing interested in local government issues, especially finance, and in 1957 criticized the block grant system for neglecting education funding.
Swansea Castle.
In April 1957 Morris was ordered to pay £1,350 damages to a pedestrian whom he had knocked down on a zebra crossing while driving his car. Morris remained an active member of Swansea council and in July 1957 as chairman of the Parliamentary Committee, he pressed the Minister of Works to remove Swansea Castle from the list of ancient monuments. He argued that the castle was a "shambles" and that the council did not have the money to pay for its repair, but redevelopment of the site was in the town's interests. In 1958 he was made a Freeman of the County Borough of Swansea.
Defeat.
For the 1959 general election, Morris' seat was one of the most high-profile marginal seats in the country. He had Aneurin Bevan to open his campaign, and attacked the Conservative Government for increasing unemployment. However, the Conservatives also had high-profile support including from Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. Local people were thought to be against nationalisation and Swansea Council had embarked on a controversial plan of comprehensive education to which Morris was tied by virtue of his high rank within the council leadership. An energetic young Conservative candidate, Hugh Rees defeated Morris by 403 votes.
Morris remained Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Swansea County Borough Council. Immediately after the election one Labour Alderman moved a motion protesting against remarks by Field-Marshal Lord Montgomery who had questioned the sanity of people who intended to vote for the Labour Party. Morris argued that as Montgomery "had had the grace to apologise, the committee should have equal grace to accept the apology".
National Assistance Board.
In early 1960 Morris was appointed to the Western Area Board of the British Transport Commission, and announced that he would not stand to try to regain his seat in Parliament. At the end of the year, he was also appointed to the National Assistance Board, and was reappointed for a further term two years later. In January 1965 he was promoted to be Deputy Chairman of the Board. When the National Assistance Board was replaced by the Supplementary Benefits Commission in 1966, Morris retained his position; he was also a member of the council of University College, Swansea.
Personal.
Morris married, first, in 1920 Elizabeth, daughter of William Davies. She and Morris's sister and brother-in-law, were killed during the German bombing of Swansea in January 1941. He married, second, in 1956 Catherine Evans, Matron of Morriston Hospital. His home was at Lôn Cedwyn, Sketty, Swansea. He died on 7 March 1967.


Anna Jean Ayres

Anna Jean Ayres (July 18, 1920 – December 16, 1988) was an American occupational therapist, educational psychologist and advocate for individuals with special needs. She became known for her work on sensory integration (SI) theory.
Education.
Born on a walnut farm in Visalia, California in 1920, Ayres' parents, Fletcher and Louise (Stamm) Ayres, were both school teachers. Growing up, Ayres claimed to have symptoms similar to the dysfunctions she would later study. Ayres received her B.A. in occupational therapy in 1945, her M.A. in occupational therapy in 1954, and her PhD in educational psychology in 1961, all from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. She began her post-doctoral work in the UCLA Brain Research Institute from 1964 to 1966 under Dr. Arthur Parmelee. She was also a faculty member in the occupational therapy and special education departments at the University of Southern California from 1955 to 1984.
Ayres wrote two books and more than thirty journal articles. In 1975 she standardized tests originally known as the "Southern California Sensory Integration Tests" and later revised the "Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests" in 1989.
In 1976, Ayres founded a private pediatric practice called the Ayres Clinic in Torrance, California where she conducted occupational therapy assessment and intervention on children and adults with a variety of disorders, including learning disabilities and autism.
Development of Sensory Integration theory.
Sensory Integration Dysfunction.
Building on the work of Charles S. Sherrington and others, she began developing the theory and associated intervention techniques of sensory integration in the 1950s by examining the relationship between the brain and behavior. By the 1960s, Dr. Ayres recognized and described “hidden disabilities” or “dysfunction in sensory integrative processes" (Ayres, 1963, 1968), which she later referred to as "sensory integrative dysfunction". She originated the theory to “explain the relationship between deficits in interpreting sensation from the body and the environment and difficulties with academic or motor learning.” Between 1968 and 1989, Ayres used tests of sensory integrative and practical functions with children with and without learning and sensorimotor difficulties. These were originally published as "Southern California Sensory Integration Tests" (SCSIT; 1975) and later revised as "Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT; 1989). She published numerous factor analyses of assessment findings that allowed her to identify patterns of sensory integrative dysfunction, which were later confirmed by other researchers and expanded upon (e.g. in the context of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder).
Sensory Integration.
"Sensory integration theory is used to explain why individuals behave in particular ways, plan intervention to ameliorate particular difficulties, and predict how behavior will change as a result of intervention" (p. 5). Dr Ayres defined sensory integration as "the organization of sensations for use. Our senses give us information about the physical conditions of our body and the environment around us... The brain must organize all of our sensations if a person is to move and learn and behave in a productive manner" (p. 5).
Ayres published her definition of "sensory integration" in 1972 as "the neurological process that organizes sensation from one’s own body and from the environment and makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment" (p. 11). In 1979, Dr. Ayres published "Sensory Integration and the Child", a book to "help parents to recognize sensory integrative problems in their child, understand what is going on, and do something to help their child"
Sensory Integration Therapy.
As an intervention approach, Sensory integration therapy is used as "a clinical frame of reference for the assessment and treatment of people who have functional disorders in sensory processing" (p. 325). Ayres considered sensory integration intervention "a speciality of occupational therapy" (Ayres 1979, p. 155). Thus, the assessment and intervention from a sensory integration perspective are most commonly used by occupational therapy practitioners in their treatment of children with difficulties in occupational performance and participation related to sensory integrative or sensory processing dysfunction.
She developed the intervention approach through empirical research Many professionals hold that Dr. Ayres created one of the first structures for evidence-based practice in occupational therapy through her theory development (Ayres, 1972), model development (Ayres, 1979-2005), assessment development (Ayres, 1989) and intervention strategies (Ayres, 1972).
A recent review concluded that SIT is "ineffective and that its theoretical underpinnings and assessment practices are unvalidated." Moreover the authors warned that SIT techniques exist "outside the bounds of established evidence-based practice" and that SIT is "quite possible a misuse of limited resources."
Sensory integration theory and practice has been met with resistance within the occupational therapy profession as well as other disciplines.
Awards and recognition.
Ayres received numerous honors from the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)--including the Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship, the Award of Merit, and a charter membership in the AOTA Academy of Research—and was named in the Roster of Fellows. She has been described by her students and colleagues as "a pioneer in affective neuroscience" (Schneider, 2005), a "developmental theorist" (Knox, 2005), "one of the original perceptual motor theorists" (Smith Roley, 2005), "a pioneer in our understanding of developmental dyspraxia" (Cermak, 2005), and "an astute observer of human behavior and neurological development" (Bauman, 2005).
She was dedicated to the promotion of science-driven intervention strategies leading a better quality of life for people with disabilities and their families. "Her work made major inroads into the understanding of clinical neuroscience, the importance of experience in brain development, the role of tactile defensiveness and sensory modulation disorders as contributors to behavioral disorders, and the impact of sensory registration in autism, among others."
Death.
Ayres died from complications of breast cancer on December 16, 1988.


Arja Saijonmaa

Arja Enni Helena Saijonmaa (born 1 December 1944 in Mikkeli) is a Finnish singer, political activist and occasional actress.
Life and career.
She studied at the Sibelius Academy and earned a Bachelor of Arts at the Helsinki University. She made her breakthrough as a singer in Sweden. She has made albums with Swedish translations of songs by Mikis Theodorakis, as well as covers of Zarah Leander songs.
In 1978 she issued "Miten voi kyllin kiittää", an album of Finnish translations of the songs of the Chilean composer and singer Violeta Parra. A Swedish version, "Jag vill tacka livet", came out the following year. The title song, "Jag vill tacka livet" ("Gracias a la vida") was one of her greatest hits. Olof Palme had been a close friend, and his widow wanted Arja to sing at the funeral in 1986. She sang Enai Megalos O Kaimos in Swedish. In 1987, she participated at Melodifestivalen with the song "Högt över havet", ending up second. The same year, she scored a Svensktoppen hit with the song "Jag vill leva i Europa".
As a politician, she has been a member of the Swedish People's Party in Finland, and in 1987 she was appointed UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador. She has written a Norwegian-language book, "Sauna", about the Finnish sauna tradition.
She appeared in the first season of Let's Dance, the Swedish version of Strictly Come Dancing in 2006. Her professional partner was Tobias Karlsson, aged 28, and they were eliminated in the 7th week. In December 2007, Saijonmaa participated in the Swedish reality show "Stjärnorna på slottet" along with Peter Stormare, Britt Ekland, Jan Malmsjö and Magnus Härenstam.
She participated in Melodifestivalen 2019 with the song "Mina fyra årstider".
Saijonmaa is both Finnish and Swedish voice actor of Emma the Stage Rat in the Finnish-British animated television family drama Moominvalley (2019–).
Discography.
Finnish language
Reissues
Swedish language
Reissues
Other languages
Films.
Arja Saijonmaa has appeared in the following films:
Bibliography.
Swedish language
Sources.
Tony Latva and Petri Tuunainen, Iskelmän tähtitaivas, WSOY 2004,
M.A. Numminen, Tango on intohimoni, Schilds 1998,


Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill

Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hiram Hill et al., or TVA v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case and the Court's first interpretation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. After the discovery of the snail darter fish in the Little Tennessee River in August 1973, a lawsuit was filed alleging that the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)'s Tellico Dam construction was in violation of the Endangered Species Act. Plaintiffs argued dam construction would destroy critical habitat and endanger the population of snail darters. It was decided by a 6-3 vote, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hill, et al. and granted an injunction stating that there would be conflict between Tellico Dam operation and the explicit provisions of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.
The majority opinion, delivered by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, affirmed the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in granting an injunction. This decision by the Supreme Court to not allow exemptions confirmed that Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act was a strong substantive provision and helped shape federal environmental law. The case is commonly cited as an example of the strict construction-plain meaning canon of construction, and the equitable principle that courts cannot balance equities to override statutory mandates unless on constitutional grounds.
Background.
History of Endangered Species Act.
Passed by Congress a large majority in 531-4 vote and signed by Present Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973 with the purpose of protecting and recovering "imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend," the Endangered Species Act provides the strongest federal protection against species loss. The Endangered Species Act requires federal agencies to evaluate if actions taken or permitted by the federal government may harm listed species or the continued existence of listed species or their critical habitat. Once a species is listed as "endangered" or "threatened," the ESA prohibits the "taking" of listed animals and plants which makes it unlawful "to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct." Unknowingly at the time, Congress had passed a controversial statute that created a forum which brought into question the merits of government projects and presented a political question of balancing the benefits of species preservation and the economic cost of preservation.
Parties involved.
Tennessee Valley Authority.
The Tennessee Valley Authority is a federally owned utility corporation created in 1933 during the Great Depression. At the time of its creation, its mission was to help strengthen economic development of the Tennessee River basin, a region hit with high unemployment where the per capita income was less than half the national average. The publicly owned corporation provides flood control, navigation and land management for the Tennessee River system and assists utilities and state and local governments with economic development. The Tellico Dam project would be the last of 68 dams constructed in the Tennessee River Valley. TVA argued that the project would provide recreational benefits and allow for real estate development along the reservoir.
Hiram Hill, et al..
Hiram (Hank) Hill was a second year law student at the University of Tennessee. Hiram Hill was spending time with Dr. David Etnier, a biologist and professor, who had discovered the snail darter while scuba diving in the Little Tennessee River. Hill brought the snail darter to the attention of Zygmunt J.B. Plater, a law professor, and asked if the completion of the Tellico Dam and the potential effect on the fish under the Endangered Species Act would be a suitable topic for an environmental law paper. The plaintiffs in the case were Hill, Plater, and Donald Cohen.
Case.
History of the case.
In previous suits filed by Environmental Defense Fund under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), TVA had been ordered by Judge Robert L. Taylor of the Eastern District of Tennessee to cease dam construction for 16 months until an environmental impact statement had been written. Congress continued to fund the project under the annual Public Works Appropriations Act and Judge Taylor dissolved the injunction after a year and dismissed the NEPA suit.
After the discovery of the snail darter, Hiram Hill, Zygmunt Plater, and local attorney Joseph Congleton submitted a petition to the Fish and Wildlife Service to list the snail darter as endangered. In the Federal Register, the FWS ruled that the species was indeed endangered and designated mile 0.5 to 17 of the Little Tennessee River as critical habitat for snail darters. TVA rejected the Fish and Wildlife Service's interpretation of ESA and continued to receive funding for the Tellico Dam.
On February 28, 1976 Hill et al., filed a citizen's suit seeking an injunction and claimed that TVA was in violation of the Endangered Species Act. Judge Taylor presided over the case and on May 25, 1976 he found that the dam would eliminate the fish and its habitat, but he refused to consider balancing the alternate development of the river, and refused to enjoin completion of the Tellico Dam.
On January 31, 1977 the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Taylor's decision and issued an injunction forbidding the completion of the dam. During this time TVA petitioned the FWS to remove the snail darter from the endangered species list and also petitioned for a writ of certiorari from the United States Supreme Court.
Issues.
It was not disputed by either party that the completion of the dam would eradicate the known population of snail darters. The two issues of the case were as follows:
Arguments.
Arguments against an injunction.
On April 18, 1978 TVA argued that an exception to the Endangered Species Act should be granted for balancing of equities. They argued that Congress had already spent $100 million on the project, and that it would not make economic sense to stop the project. TVA argued for an exception to be made in this case since the dam was started prior to the Endangered Species Act being passed and claimed it should be grandfathered in. Another argument made was that since the appropriations committees continued to appropriate funding for the project after knowing it would be detrimental to the snail darter's critical habitat, Congress had implicitly repealed the Endangered Species Act.
Arguments for an injunction.
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act offers no exceptions to the jeopardizing of the continued existence of listed endangered species or their habitat. Endangered species should be afforded the highest of priorities no matter the economic costs.
Opinions of the Court.
Majority opinion.
The majority opinion was made by Chief Justice Burger, joined by justices William J. Brennan, Jr., Potter Stewart, Byron White, Thurgood Marshall, and John Paul Stevens was delivered on June 15, 1978. Burger affirmed that the Endangered Species Act is very clear in its wording:
One would be hard pressed to find a statutory provision whose terms were any plainer than those in 7 of the Endangered Species Act. Its very words affirmatively command all federal agencies 'to insure that actions authorized, funded, or carried out by them do not jeopardize the continued existence' of an endangered species or 'result in the destruction or modification of habitat of such species . . . .' 16 U.S.C. 1536 (1976 ed.). (Emphasis added.) This language admits of no exception.
Based on the wording of the Act, Congress viewed the value of an endangered species as incalculable. Until Congress decided otherwise, the courts should enforce the law, not allowing violations to continue.
To TVA's claim that Congress had implied repeal of the Endangered Species Act Burger wrote: "When voting on appropriations measures, legislators are entitled to operate under the assumption that the funds will be devoted to purposes which are lawful and not for any purpose forbidden."
Dissenting opinions.
Dissenting Powell, joined by Blackmun.
Justices Lewis F. Powell, Jr. and Harry Blackmun agreed with the majority opinion with the wording of the Endangered Species Act, but disagreed that there could not be exception.
...I view it as the duty of this Court to adopt a permissible construction that accords with some modicum of common sense and the public weal.
Powell thought it rationally followed that since the dam construction began before the ESA was passed, the statute did not apply to projects already underway.
Dissenting Rehnquist.
Justice William Rehnquist agreed with the District Court in their refusal to issue an injunction.
Here the District Court recognized that Congress, when it enacted the Endangered Species Act, made the preservation of the habitat of the snail darter an important public concern. But it concluded that this interest on one side of the balance was more than outweighed by other equally significant factors. These factors, further elaborated in the dissent of my brother Powell, satisfy me that the District Court's refusal to issue an injunction was not an abuse of its discretion. I therefore dissent from the Court's opinion holding otherwise.
He agreed that TVA was in violation of the Endangered Species Act, but thought there should be a balancing of equities in this case. Just because they could issue an injunction, does not mean they had an absolute duty to do so.
Subsequent developments.
Congress amends the Endangered Species Act.
Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 were introduced by Senators Howard Baker and John C. Culver. The subsequent amendments brought "some flexibility into the Endangered Species Act". As part of the amendment Congress created the Endangered Species Committee composed of seven senior officials:
The committee has the authority to exempt federal agencies from provisions in Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. An exemption could be granted if a majority of the committee members found:
If approved, the extinction of a species would be allowed and the agency would be required to implement a mitigation plan.
The Tellico Dam project was reviewed by the so-called "God Committee" on January 23, 1979 and was unanimously denied an exemption based on economic factors. Chairman Andrus stated, "I hate to see the snail darter get the credit for stopping a project that was ill-conceived and uneconomic in the first place." The annual cost of the dam, $7.25 million, exceeded estimated benefits, $6.25 million, in addition to the cost of completing dam construction and also would tie up approximately $40 million in private (agricultural) land values.
Rider to the appropriations bill.
Determined to have the Tellico Dam completed, Senator Baker and Representative John Duncan, Sr. rejected the economic analysis and attached a rider into the Energy and Water Development Appropriation Act in July 1979 directing TVA to complete the construction of the Tellico Dam. The appropriations bill was signed by President Jimmy Carter allowing the project to be completed and a reservoir began to form later in the year. Although that population of the snail darter did not survive, several small populations were later found upstream in the Tennessee River and its tributaries. The snail darter is still on the Endangered Species List, though it was down-graded to "threatened" after being successfully transplanted into other river systems.


Miep Gies

Hermine "Miep" Gies (née Santruschitz; 15 February 1909 – 11 January 2010) (), was one of the Dutch citizens who hid Anne Frank, her family (Otto Frank, Margot Frank, Edith Frank-Holländer) and four other Dutch Jews (Fritz Pfeffer, Hermann van Pels, Auguste van Pels, Peter van Pels) from the Nazis in an annex above Otto Frank's business premises during World War II. She was Austrian by birth, but in 1920, at the age of eleven, she was taken in as a foster child by a Dutch family to whom she became very attached. Although she was initially only to stay for six months, this stay was extended to one year because of frail health, after which Gies chose to remain with them, living the rest of her life in the Netherlands. She died in 2010 at age 100.
In 1933, Gies began working for Otto Frank, a Jewish businessman who had moved with his family from Germany to the Netherlands in the hope of sparing his family from Nazi persecution. She became a close, trusted friend of the Frank family and was a great support to them during the two years they spent in hiding. Together with her colleague Bep Voskuijl, she retrieved Anne Frank's diary after the family was arrested, and kept the papers safe until Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz in June 1945 and learned of his younger daughter's death. Gies had stored Anne Frank's papers in the hopes of returning them to the girl, but gave them to Otto Frank, who compiled them into a diary first published in 1947.
In collaboration with Alison Leslie Gold, Gies wrote the book "Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the Frank Family" in 1987.
Early life.
Born in Vienna to Karoline Santruschitz, Gies was transported to Leiden from Vienna in December 1920 to escape the food shortages prevailing in Austria after World War I. The Nieuwenburgs, a working-class family who already had five children of their own, took her as their foster daughter, and called her by the diminutive "Miep" by which she became known. In 1922, she moved with her foster family to Gaaspstraat 25 in Amsterdam. Gies was an honor student, and described herself as "reserved and very independent"; after graduating high school, she worked as an accountant and then in 1933 as a secretary with the Dutch branch of the German spice firm Opekta (later known as Gies & Company). Gies wrote, "But the office was not the only thing in my life. My social life at this time was very lively. I loved to dance and belonged like many young Dutch girls, to a dance club."
Otto Frank had just relocated from Germany and had been appointed managing director of Opekta's recently expanded Dutch operations. Gies, Frank's employee, became a close friend of the family, as did her fiancé, Jan Gies. After refusing to join a Nazi women's association, her passport was invalidated, and she was ordered to be deported back to Austria within 90 days (by then annexed by Germany, which classified her as a German citizen). The couple faced some difficulties, but they were married on 16 July 1941 so that she could obtain Dutch citizenship and thus evade deportation. "Anne was impressed with my gold ring. She looked at it dreamily. (...) Because times were hard, we had only one ring, although the custom was for a couple to have two. Henk [In her book, Miep called Jan]] by the name of Henk, because Anne Frank had used that pseudonym in her diary] and I had barely scraped together enough money for one gold ring. He had insisted that I should wear it." Gies' fluency in Dutch and German helped the Frank family assimilate into Dutch society, and she and her husband became regular guests at the Franks' home.
Hiding the Families.
With her husband Jan and other Opekta employees (Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman and Bep Voskuijl), Miep Gies helped hide Otto and Edith Frank; their daughters Margot and Anne; Hermann, Auguste and Peter van Pels; and Fritz Pfeffer in several upstairs rooms in the company's office building on Amsterdam's Prinsengracht from 6 July 1942 to 4 August 1944. In an interview, Gies said she was glad to help the families hide because she was extremely concerned after seeing what was happening to the Jews in Amsterdam. Every day, she saw trucks loaded with Jews heading to the railway station, en route to Nazi concentration camps. She did not tell anyone, not even her own foster parents, about the people in hiding whom she was assisting.
When purchasing food for the people in hiding, Gies avoided suspicion in many ways: for example, by visiting several different suppliers in a day. She never carried more than what one shopping bag could hold or what she could hide under her coat. To prevent the Opekta workers from becoming suspicious, Gies tried to not enter the hiding place during office hours. Her husband also helped by providing ration cards that he had obtained illegally. By visiting various grocery shops and markets on a regular basis, Gies developed a good sense of the supply situation.
At their apartment, close to the Merwedeplein where the Franks had lived before going into hiding, Gies and her husband (who belonged to the Dutch resistance) also hid an anti-Nazi university student.
The Capture.
On the morning of 4 August 1944, sitting at her desk, Gies, along with Voskuijl and Kleiman, was confronted by a man with a gun commanding "Stay put! Don't move!" The families had been betrayed and the Grüne Polizei arrested the people hidden at 263 Prinsengracht, as well as Kugler and Kleiman. The next day, Gies went to the German police office to try to find the arrestees. She offered money to buy their freedom but did not succeed. Gies and the other helpers could have been executed if they had been caught hiding Jews; however, she was not arrested because the police officer who came to interrogate her was from Vienna, her birth town. She recognized his accent and told him they had the same hometown. He was amazed, then started pacing and cursing at her, finally deciding to let her stay. Gies remained safe with her husband in Amsterdam throughout the rest of the war.
Before the hiding place was emptied by the authorities, Gies retrieved Anne Frank's diaries and saved them in her desk drawer. She was determined to give them back to Anne. After the war had ended and it was confirmed that Anne Frank had perished in Bergen-Belsen, Gies gave the collection of papers and notebooks to the sole survivor from the Secret Annex, Otto Frank. After transcribing sections for his family, his daughter's literary ability became apparent and he arranged for the book's publication in 1947. Gies did not read the diaries before turning them over to Otto and later remarked that if she had, she would have had to destroy them because the papers contained the names of all five of the helpers as well as of their black-market suppliers. She was persuaded by Otto Frank to read the diary in its second printing. In 1947, Miep and Jan Gies moved to Jekerstraat 65, by the , along with Otto Frank.
Gies was interviewed about her memories of hiding the Frank family for the 1995 documentary film "Anne Frank Remembered" by Jon Blair.
Honors and Awards.
In 1994, Gies was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as the Wallenberg Medal by the University of Michigan. The following year, Gies received the Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations medal. In 1997, she was knighted in the Order of Orange-Nassau by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. The minor planet 99949 Miepgies is named in her honor. She always maintained that while she appreciated the honors, they embarrassed her: "I am not a hero. I am not a special person. I don't want attention. I did what any decent person would have done."
On 30 July 2009, the Austrian Ambassador to the Netherlands, Wolfgang Paul, presented Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria to Gies at her home.
Death.
On 11 January 2010, a month before her 101st birthday, Miep Gies died in Hoorn after suffering injuries from a fall.


Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority


Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler signed his last will and testament in the Berlin "Führerbunker" on 29 April 1945, the day before he committed suicide with his wife Eva (née) Braun.
The will was a short document stating that they had chosen death over capitulation, and that they were to be cremated; it named Martin Bormann as executor. The testament was in two parts. In the first, he denied charges of warmongering, expressed his thanks to Germany's loyal citizens, and appealed to them to continue the struggle. In the second, he declared Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring to be traitors, and set out his plan for a new government under Karl Dönitz. Hitler's secretary Traudl Junge recalled that he was reading from notes as he dictated the testament, and it is believed that Joseph Goebbels had helped him to write it.
Will.
The last will was a short document signed on 29 April at 04:00. It acknowledged his marriage—but does not name Eva Braun—and that they choose death over disgrace of deposition or capitulation; and that their bodies were to be cremated. The will divided up Hitler's belongings as follows:
Martin Bormann was nominated as the will's executor. The will was witnessed by Bormann and Colonel Nicolaus von Below.
Testament.
The last political testament was signed at the same time as Hitler's last will, 04:00 on 29 April 1945. The first part of the testament talked of his motivations in the three decades since volunteering in World War I, repeated his claim that neither he "nor anyone else in Germany wanted the war in 1939," stated his reasons for his intention to commit suicide, and praised and expressed his thanks to the German people for their support and achievements. Also included in the first testament are statements detailing his claim that he tried to avoid war with other nations and attributes responsibility for it to "international Jewry and its helpers." He would not "forsake Berlin [...] even though the forces were too small to hold out." Hitler expressed his intent to choose death rather than "fall into the hands of enemies" and the masses in need of "a spectacle arranged by Jews." He concluded with a call to continue the "sacrifice" and "struggle." He expressed hope for a renaissance of the National Socialist movement with the realization of a "true community of nations."
The second part of his testament lays out Hitler's intentions for the government of Germany and the Nazi Party after his death and details who was to succeed him. He expelled "Reichsmarschall" Hermann Göring from the party and dismissed him from all of his state offices. He also cancelled the 1941 decree naming Göring as his successor in the event of his death. To replace him, Hitler named "Großadmiral" Karl Dönitz as President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. "Reichsführer-SS" and Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler was also expelled from the party and dismissed from all of his state offices for attempting to negotiate peace with the western Allies without Hitler's "knowledge" and against permission. Hitler declared both Himmler and Göring to be traitors.
Hitler appointed the following as the new Cabinet and as leaders of the nation:
Witnessed by Joseph Goebbels, Martin Bormann, General Wilhelm Burgdorf, and General Hans Krebs.
On the afternoon of 30 April, about a day and a half after he signed his last will and testament, Hitler and Braun committed suicide. Within the next two days, Goebbels, Burgdorf and Krebs also committed suicide. Bormann's fate was unknown for decades, but his remains positively identified in 1998 indicated that he died fleeing on 2 May 1945 to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army forces encircling Berlin.
Authorship.
In his book "The Bunker", James O'Donnell, after comparing the wording of Hitler's last testament to the writings and statements of both Hitler and Joseph Goebbels, concluded that Goebbels was at least partly responsible for helping Hitler to write it. Junge stated that Hitler was reading from notes when he dictated the testament after midnight on 29 April.
History of the documents.
Three messengers were assigned to take the will and political testament out of the besieged "Führerbunker" to ensure their presence for posterity. The first messenger was deputy press attaché Heinz Lorenz. He was arrested by the British while travelling under an alias as a journalist from Luxembourg. He revealed the existence of two more copies and messengers: Willy Johannmeyer, Hitler's army adjutant, and Bormann's adjutant SS-"Standartenführer" Wilhelm Zander. Zander was using the pseudonym "Friedrich Wilhelm Paustin" to travel, and was shortly apprehended along with Johannmeyer in the American zone of occupation. Thus, two copies of the papers ended up in American hands, and one set in British hands. The texts of the documents were published widely in the American and British press by January 1946 but the British Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, considered restricting access to these documents. He feared they might become cult objects among the Germans. Since they were public knowledge already, the Americans did not share these concerns but nonetheless agreed to refrain from further publication of them. Hitler's testament and his marriage certificate were presented to U.S. President Harry S. Truman. One set was placed on public display at the National Archives in Washington for several years.
Hitler's original last will and testament is currently housed in the security vault of the National Archives at College Park in Maryland.
Aftermath.
All four witnesses to the political testament died shortly afterwards. Goebbels and his wife committed suicide. Burgdorf and Krebs committed suicide together on the night of 1/2 May in the bunker. Bormann's exact time and place of death remain uncertain; his remains were discovered near the site of the bunker in 1972 and identified by DNA analysis in 1998. He probably died the same night trying to escape from the .
In the Flensburg Government of Hitler's appointed successor as Karl Dönitz, the depositions of Albert Speer and Franz Seldte were ignored (or the two ministers quickly reinstated). Neither former incumbent Joachim von Ribbentrop nor Hitler's appointee, Seyß-Inquart, held the post of Foreign Minister. The post was given to Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, who after Goebbels' suicide also became Leading Minister of the German Reich (Head of Cabinet, post equivalent to Chancellor).


Connecticut River

The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States, flowing roughly southward for through four states. It rises at the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses , covering parts of five U.S. states and one Canadian province, via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers. It produces 70% of Long Island Sound's fresh water, discharging at per second.
The Connecticut River Valley is home to some of the northeastern United States' most productive farmland, as well as the Hartford–Springfield Knowledge Corridor, a metropolitan region of approximately two million people surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut.
History.
The word "Connecticut" is a corruption of the Mohegan word "quinetucket", which means "beside the long, tidal river". The word came into English during the early 1600s to name the river, which was also called simply "The Great River". It was also known as the Fresh River, and the Dutch called it the Verse River.
Early spellings of the name by European explorers included "Cannitticutt" in French or in English.
Pre-1614: American Indian populations.
Archaeological digs reveal human habitation of the Connecticut River Valley for 6,000 years before present.
Numerous tribes lived throughout the fertile Connecticut River valley prior to Dutch exploration beginning in 1614. Information concerning how these tribes lived and interacted stems mostly from English accounts written during the 1630s.
The Pequots dominated a territory in the southern region of the Connecticut River valley, stretching roughly from the river's mouth at Old Saybrook, Connecticut north to just below the Big Bend at Middletown. They warred with and attempted to subjugate neighboring agricultural tribes such as the Western Niantics, while maintaining an uneasy stand-off with their rivals the Mohegans. The Mattabesset (Tunxis) tribe takes its name from the place where its sachems ruled at the Connecticut River's Big Bend at Middletown, in a village sandwiched between the territories of the aggressive Pequots to the south and the more peaceable Mohegans to the north.
The Mohegans dominated the region due north, where Hartford and its suburbs sit, particularly after allying themselves with the Colonists against the Pequots during the Pequot War of 1637.<ref name="http://www.dickshovel.com/moh.html"></ref> Their culture was similar to the Pequots, as they had split off from them and become their rivals some time prior to European exploration of the area. The agricultural Pocomtuc tribe lived in unfortified villages alongside the Connecticut River north of the Enfield Falls on the fertile stretch of hills and meadows surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts. The Pocomtuc village of Agawam eventually became Springfield, situated on the Bay Path where the Connecticut River meets the western Westfield River and eastern Chicopee River. The Pocomtuc villagers at Agawam helped Puritan explorers settle this site and remained friendly with them for decades, unlike tribes farther north and south along the Connecticut River. The region stretching from Springfield north to the New Hampshire and Vermont state borders fostered many agricultural Pocomtuc and Nipmuc settlements, with its soil enhanced by sedimentary deposits. Occasionally, these villages endured invasions from more aggressive confederated tribes living in New York, such as the Mohawk, Mahican, and Iroquois tribes.
The Pennacook tribe mediated many early disagreements between colonists and other Indian tribes, with a territory stretching roughly from the Massachusetts border with Vermont and New Hampshire, northward to the rise of the White Mountains in New Hampshire. The Western Abenaki (Sokoki) tribe lived in the Green Mountains region of Vermont but wintered as far south as the Northfield, Massachusetts, area. They later merged with members of other Algonquin tribes displaced by wars and famines.
1614–1636: Dutch and Puritan settlement.
In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block became the first European to chart the Connecticut River, sailing as far north as Enfield Rapids. He called it the "Fresh River" and claimed it for the Netherlands as the northeastern border of the New Netherland colony. In 1623, Dutch traders constructed a fortified trading post at the site of Hartford, Connecticut called the "Fort Huys de Hoop" ("Fort House of Hope").
Four separate Puritan-led groups also settled the fertile Connecticut River Valley, and they founded the two large cities that continue to dominate the Valley: Hartford (est. 1635) and Springfield (est. 1636). The first group of pioneers left the Plymouth Colony in 1632 and ultimately founded the village of Matianuck (which became Windsor, Connecticut) several miles north of the Dutch fort. A group left the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Watertown, seeking a site where they could practice their religion more freely. With this in mind, they founded Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1633, several miles south of the Dutch fort at Hartford.
In 1635, Reverend Thomas Hooker led settlers from Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he had feuded with Reverend John Cotton, to the site in Connecticut of the Dutch Fort House of Hope, where he founded Newtowne. Shortly after Hooker's arrival, Newtowne annexed Matianuck based on laws articulated in Connecticut's settlement charter, the Warwick Patent of 1631. The patent, however, had been physically lost, and the annexation was almost certainly illegal.
The fourth English settlement along the Connecticut River came out of a 1635 scouting party commissioned by William Pynchon to find the most advantageous site for commerce and agriculture, hoping to found a city there. His scouts located the Pocumtuc village of Agawam, where the Bay Path trade route crossed the Connecticut River at two of its major tributaries—the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west—and just north of Enfield Falls, the river's first unnavigable waterfall. Pynchon surmised that traders using any of these routes would have to dock and change ships at his site, thereby granting the settlement a commercial advantage. It was initially named Agawam Plantation and was allied with the settlements to the south that became the state of Connecticut, but it switched allegiances in 1641 and was renamed Springfield in honor of Pynchon's native town in England.
Of these settlements, Hartford and Springfield quickly emerged as powers. In 1641, Springfield splintered off from the Hartford-based Connecticut Colony, allying itself with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. For decades, Springfield remained the Massachusetts Bay Colony's westernmost settlement, on the northern border of the Connecticut Colony. By 1654, however, the success of these English settlements rendered the Dutch position untenable on the Connecticut River. A treaty moved the boundary westward between the Connecticut Colony and New Netherland Colony to a point near Greenwich, Connecticut. The treaty allowed the Dutch to maintain their trading post at Fort Huys de Hoop, which they did until the 1664 British takeover of New Netherland.
Border disputes.
The Connecticut River Valley's central location, fertile soil, and abundant natural resources made it the target of centuries of border disputes, beginning with Springfield's defection from the Connecticut Colony in 1641, which brought the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the river. In 1640, Massachusetts Bay Colony asserted a claim to jurisdiction over lands surrounding the river; however, Springfield remained politically independent until tensions with the Connecticut Colony were exacerbated by a final confrontation later that year.
Hartford kept a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook for protection against the Pequots, Wampanoags, Mohegans, and the New Netherland Colony. After Springfield broke ties with the Colony, the remaining Connecticut settlements demanded that Springfield's ships pay tolls when passing the mouth of the river. The ships refused to pay this tax without representation at Connecticut's fort, but Hartford refused to grant it. In response, the Massachusetts Bay Colony solidified its friendship with Springfield by levying a toll on Connecticut Colony ships entering Boston Harbor. Connecticut was largely dependent on sea trade with Boston and therefore permanently dropped its tax on Springfield, but Springfield allied with Boston nonetheless, drawing the first state border across the Connecticut River.
The Fort at Number 4 in Charlestown, New Hampshire was the northernmost English settlement on the Connecticut River until the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. Abenaki Indians resisted British attempts at colonization, but Colonists began settling north of Brattleboro, Vermont following the war. Settlement of the Upper Connecticut River Valley increased quickly, with population assessments of 36,000 by 1790.
Vermont was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York, and was settled primarily through the issuance of land grants by New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth beginning in the 1740s. New York protested these grants, and King George III decided in 1764 that the border between the provinces should be the western bank of the Connecticut River. Ethan Allen, the Green Mountain Boys, and other residents of the disputed area resisted attempts by New York to exercise authority there, which resulted in the establishment of the independent Vermont Republic in 1777 and its eventual accession to the United States in 1791 as the fourteenth state. Boundary disputes between Vermont and New Hampshire lasted for nearly 150 years and were finally settled in 1933, when the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed King George's boundary as the ordinary low-water mark on the Vermont shore. In some places, the state line is now inundated by the impoundments of dams built after this time.
The Treaty of Paris and the 19th century.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the American Revolutionary War created a new international border between New Hampshire and the Province of Canada at "northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut". Several streams fit this description, and thus a boundary dispute led to the short-lived Indian Stream Republic, which existed from 1832 to 1835.
The broad, fertile Connecticut River Valley attracted agricultural settlers and colonial traders to Hartford, Springfield, and the surrounding region. The high volume and numerous falls of the river led to the rise of industry along its banks during the Industrial Revolution. The cities of Springfield and Hartford in particular became centers of innovation and "intense and concentrated prosperity."
The Enfield Falls Canal was opened in 1829 to circumvent shallows around Enfield Falls, and the locks built for this canal gave their name to the town of Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The Connecticut River Valley functioned as America's hub of technical innovation into the 20th century, particularly the cities of Springfield and Hartford, and thus attracted numerous railroad lines. The proliferation of the railroads in Springfield and Hartford greatly decreased the economic importance of the Connecticut River. From the late 1800s until today, it has functioned largely as a center of wildlife and recreation.
Log drives and the early 20th century.
Starting about 1865, the river was used for massive logging drives from Third Connecticut Lake to initially water powered sawmills near Enfield Falls. Trees cut adjacent to tributary streams including Perry Stream and Indian Stream in Pittsburg, New Hampshire, Halls Stream on the Quebec–New Hampshire border, Simms Stream, the Mohawk River, and the Nulhegan River basin in Essex County, Vermont, would be flushed into the main river by the release of water impounded behind splash dams. Several log drivers died trying to move logs through Perry Falls in Pittsburg. Teams of men would wait at Canaan, Vermont, to protect the bridges from log jams. Men guided logs through a drop along the length of Fifteen-Mile Falls (now submerged under Moore and Comerford reservoirs), and through Logan's Rips at Fitzdale, Mulligan's Lower Pitch, and Seven Islands. The White River from Vermont and Ammonoosuc River from New Hampshire brought more logs into the Connecticut. A log boom was built between Wells River, Vermont, and Woodsville, New Hampshire, to hold the logs briefly and release them gradually to avoid jams in the Ox Bow. Men detailed to this work utilized Woodsville's saloons and red-light district. Some of the logs were destined for mills in Wilder and Bellows Falls, Vermont, while others were sluiced over the Bellows Falls dam. North Walpole, New Hampshire, contained twelve to eighteen saloons, patronized by the log drivers. Mount Tom was the landmark the log drivers used to gauge the distance to the final mills near Holyoke, Massachusetts. These spring drives were stopped after 1915, when pleasure boat owners complained about the hazards to navigation. The final drive included 500 workers controlling 65 million feet of logs. A final pulp drive consisted of 100,000 cords of four-foot logs in 1918. This was to take advantage of the wartime demand.
The flood of 1936.
In March 1936, due to a winter with heavy snowfall, an early spring thaw and torrential rains, the Connecticut River flooded, overflowing its banks, destroying numerous bridges and isolating hundreds of people who had to be rescued by boat.
The dam at Vernon, Vermont, was topped by . Sandbagging by the National Guard and local volunteers helped prevent the dam's powerhouse from being overwhelmed, despite blocks of ice breaking through the upstream walls.
In Northampton, Massachusetts, looting during the flood became a problem, causing the mayor of the city to deputize citizen patrols to protect flooded areas. Over 3,000 refugees from the area were housed in Amherst College and the Massachusetts State Agricultural College (now UMass Amherst).
Unprecedented accumulated ice jams compounded the problems created by the flood, diverting water into unusual channels and damming the river, raising water levels even further. When the jam at Hadley, Massachusetts, gave way, the water crest overflowed the dam at Holyoke, overwhelming the sandbagging there. The village of South Hadley Falls was essentially destroyed, and the southern parts of Holyoke were severely damaged, with 500 refugees.
In Springfield, Massachusetts, , and of streets, were flooded, and 20,000 people lost their homes. The city lost power, and nighttime looting caused the police to issue a "shoot on sight" edict; 800 National Guard troops were brought in to help maintain order. Rescue efforts using a flotilla of boats saved people trapped in upper stories of buildings, bringing them to local fraternal lodges, schools, churches and monasteries for lodging, medical care, and food. The American Red Cross and local, state and Federal agencies, including the WPA and the CCC, contributed aid and manpower to the effort. Flooding of roads isolated the city for a time. When the water receded, it left behind silt-caused mud which in places was thick; the recovery effort in Springfield, at the height of the American Great Depression, took approximately a decade.
Overall, the flood caused 171 deaths and US$500 million (US$ with inflation) in damages. Across the northeast, over 430,000 people were made homeless or destitute by flooding that year.
The Connecticut River Flood Control Compact between the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont was established in 1953 to help prevent serious flooding.
1936–present: Water supply.
The creation of the Quabbin Reservoir in the 1930s diverted the Swift River, which feeds the Chicopee River, a tributary of the Connecticut. This resulted in an unsuccessful lawsuit by the state of Connecticut against the diversion of its riparian waters.
Demand for drinking water in eastern Massachusetts passed the sustainable supply from the existing system in 1969. Diverting water from the Connecticut River was considered several times, but in 1986 the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority instead undertook a campaign of water conservation. Demand was reduced to sustainable levels by 1989, reaching approximately a 25% margin of safety by 2009.
Course.
The Connecticut River is the largest river ecosystem in New England. Its watershed spans Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, small portions of Maine, and the Canadian province of Quebec.
The Upper Connecticut River: New Hampshire and Vermont.
The Connecticut River rises from Fourth Connecticut Lake, a small pond south of the Canada–United States border in the town of Pittsburg, New Hampshire, at an elevation of above sea level. It flows through the remaining Connecticut Lakes and Lake Francis for , all within the town of Pittsburg, and then widens as it delineates of the border between New Hampshire and Vermont. The river drops more than in elevation as it winds south to the border of Massachusetts where it sits above sea level.
The region along the river upstream and downstream from Lebanon, New Hampshire, and White River Junction, Vermont, is known as the "Upper Valley". The exact definition of the region varies, but it generally is considered to extend south to Windsor, Vermont and Cornish, New Hampshire, and north to Bradford, Vermont and Piermont, New Hampshire. In 2001, The Trust for Public Land purchased of land in New Hampshire from International Paper, allowing the Connecticut Lakes Headwaters Partnership Task Force to plan the future protection of the land. The property spans the towns of Pittsburg, Clarksville, and Stewartstown, New Hampshire, nearly 3 percent of the land in the state of New Hampshire. The Trust for Public Land worked in partnership with the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, The Nature Conservancy of New Hampshire, and others to raise around $42 million. A conservation easement over of the property prohibits development of the land while allowing public access. The forest is managed by the Lyme Timber Company, and the conservation easement over the land ensures sustainable forest management of the property.
The Middle Connecticut River: Massachusetts through central Connecticut.
Following the most recent ice age, the Middle Connecticut River Valley sat at the bottom of Lake Hitchcock. Its lush greenery and rich, almost rockless soil comes from the ancient lake's sedimentary deposits. In the Middle Connecticut region, the river reaches its maximum depth – – at Gill, Massachusetts, around the French King Bridge, and its maximum width – – at Longmeadow, directly across from the Six Flags New England amusement park. The Connecticut's largest falls – South Hadley Falls – features a vertical drop of . Lush green forests and agricultural hamlets dot this middle portion of the Connecticut River; however, the region is best known for its numerous college towns, such as Northampton, South Hadley, and Amherst, as well as the river's most populous city, Springfield. The city sits atop bluffs beside the Connecticut's confluence with two major tributaries, the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west. The region around the Connecticut River is known locally as the Pioneer Valley, and the name adorns many local civic organizations and local businesses. While the southern part of the valley in Massachusetts is heavily urbanized, the northern section is largely rural and the local agriculture is well known for Connecticut shade tobacco.
The Connecticut River is influenced by the tides as far north as Enfield Rapids in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, approximately north of the river's mouth. Two million residents live in the densely populated Hartford-Springfield region, which stretches roughly between the college towns of Amherst, Massachusetts, and Middletown, Connecticut. Hartford, the Connecticut River's second-largest city and only state capital, is at the southern end of this region on an ancient floodplain that stretches to Middletown.
The Lower Connecticut River: Southern Connecticut to Long Island Sound.
 south of Hartford, at Middletown, the Lower Connecticut River section begins with a narrowing of the river, and then a sharp turn southeast. Throughout southern Connecticut, the Connecticut passes through a thinly populated, hilly, wooded region before again widening and discharging into Long Island Sound between Old Saybrook and Old Lyme. Due to the presence of large, shifting sandbars at its mouth, the Connecticut is the only major river in the Northeastern United States without a port at its mouth.
Mouth and tidelands.
The Connecticut River carries a heavy amount of silt from as far north as Quebec, especially during the spring snow melt. This results in a large sandbar near the river's mouth which is a formidable obstacle to navigation. The Connecticut is one of the few major rivers in the United States without a major city at its mouth because of this obstacle. Major cities on the Connecticut River are Hartford and Springfield, which lie upriver respectively.
The Nature Conservancy named the Connecticut River's tidelands one of the Western Hemisphere's "40 Last Great Places", while the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands listed its estuary and tidal wetlands as one of 1,759 wetlands of international importance. In 1997, the Connecticut River was designated one of only 14 American Heritage Rivers, which recognized its "distinctive natural, economic, agricultural, scenic, historic, cultural, and recreational qualities." In May 2012, the Connecticut River was designated America's first National Blueway in recognition of the restoration and preservation efforts on the river.
Dams.
The Connecticut River's flow is slowed by main stem dams, which create a series of slow-flowing basins from Lake Francis Dam in Pittsburg, New Hampshire, to the Holyoke Dam at South Hadley Falls in Massachusetts. Among the most extensively dammed rivers in the United States, the Connecticut may soon flow at a more natural pace, according to scientists at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, who have devised a computer that – "in an effort to balance human and natural needs" – coordinates the holding and releasing of water between the river's 54 largest dams. The Cabot and Turners Falls hydroelectric stations generate up to 68 MW.
Tributaries.
The Connecticut River watershed encompasses , connecting 148 tributaries, including 38 major rivers and numerous lakes and ponds. Major tributaries include (from north to south) the Passumpsic, Ammonoosuc, White, Black, West, Ashuelot, Millers, Deerfield, Chicopee, Westfield, and Farmington rivers. The Swift River, a tributary of the Chicopee, has been dammed and largely replaced by the Quabbin Reservoir which provides water to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority district in eastern Massachusetts, including Boston and its metropolitan area.
Fish.
There are several species of anadromous and catadromous fish, including brook trout, winter flounder, blueback herring, alewife, rainbow trout, large brown trout, American shad ("Alosa sapidissima"), hickory shad, smallmouth bass, Atlantic sturgeon, striped bass ("Morone saxatilis"), American eel, sea lamprey, and endangered shortnose sturgeon and dwarf wedgemussels. Additionally, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has repopulated the river with another species of migratory fish, the Atlantic salmon, which for more than 200 years had been extinct from the river due to damming. Several fish ladders and fish elevators have been built to allow fish to resume their natural migration upriver each spring.
Fresh and brackish water residents of the main branch and tributaries include common carp, white catfish, brown bullhead, fallfish, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, northern pike, chain pickerel, bluegill, pumpkinseed sunfish, golden shiner, and rock bass.
Much of the beginning of the river's course in the town of Pittsburg is occupied by the Connecticut Lakes, which contain lake trout and landlocked salmon. Landlocked salmon make their way into the river during spring spawning runs of bait fish and during their fall spawn. The river has fly-fishing-only regulations on of river. Most of the river from Lake Francis south is open to lure and bait as well. Two tail-water dams provide cold river water for miles downstream, making for bountiful summer fishing on the Connecticut.
After the first major dam was built near Turners Falls, Massachusetts, thirteen additional dams have ended the Connecticut River's great anadromous fish runs. Fish ladders constructed since the first fish passage in 1980 at Turners Falls, have enabled migrating fish to return to some of their former spawning grounds. In addition to dams, warm water discharges between 1978 and 1992 from Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant in Vernon, Vermont released water up to degrees and the thermal plume reached downstream to Holyoke. This thermal pollution appears to be associated with an 80% decline in American shad fish numbers from 1992 to 2005 at Holyoke dam. This decline may have been exacerbated by over-fishing in the mid-Atlantic and predation from resurging striped bass populations. The nuclear plant was closed at the end of 2014, and the shad population increased.
Ecology.
The Connecticut River and its many tributaries are home to many typical New England freshwater species. These include dace, crawfish, hellgramites, freshwater mussels, typical frog species, snapping turtles, and brook trout. Introduced species include stocked rainbow trout. The river is an important conduit of many anadromous fish, such as American shad, lamprey, and Atlantic salmon. American eels are also present, as are predators of these migratory fish including striped bass. Shad run as far north as Holyoke, Massachusetts where they are lifted over the Holyoke Dam by a fish elevator. This station publishes annual statistics of the run, and has recorded an occasional salmon. They pass an additional elevator in Turners Falls, Massachusetts and make it at least as far as Bellows Falls, Vermont. Harbor seals have been recorded traveling upriver as far north as Holyoke in pursuit of migratory fish; it is possible that they ranged farther upstream before the dam was built.
There are 12 species of freshwater mussels. Eleven of them occur in the mainstem of the Connecticut; the brook floater is found only in small streams and rivers. Species diversity is higher in the southern part of the watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts) than in the northern part (Vermont and New Hampshire), largely due to differences in stream gradient and substrate. Eight of the 12 species in the watershed are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern in one or more of the states in the watershed.
A number of colonial animal species make their home in the waters of the Connecticut. Deeper areas are habitat for a diversity of colonial organisms including bryozoa. Fresh water sponges the size of dinner plates have been found by scuba divers at depths of more than , thought to be the deepest in the river. Mussels, eels, and northern pike were also observed there.
Economy.
Boating.
The mouth of the river up to Essex is thought to be one of the busiest stretches of waterway in Connecticut. Some local police departments and the state Environmental Conservation Police patrol the area a few times a week. Some towns keep boats available if needed. In Massachusetts, the most active stretch of the Connecticut River is centered on the Oxbow, north of Springfield in the college town of Northampton.
Camping is available along much of the river, for non-motorized boats, via the Connecticut River Paddlers' Trail. The Paddlers' Trail currently includes campsites on over of the river.
Pollution and cleanup.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 had a major impact on controlling water pollution in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.
Since then, the river has been restored from Class D to Class B (fishable and swimmable). Many towns along the Lower Connecticut River have enacted a cap on further development along the banks, so that no buildings may be constructed except on existing foundations. Currently, a website provides water quality reports twice a week, indicating whether various portions of the river are safe for swimming, boating and fishing.
Lists.
Tributaries.
Listed from south to north by location of mouth:
Crossings.
The Connecticut River is a barrier to travel between western and eastern New England. Several major transportation corridors cross the river including Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike), Interstate 90 (Massachusetts Turnpike), Interstate 89, Interstate 93, and Interstate 84. In addition, Interstate 91, whose route largely follows the river, crosses it twice – once in Connecticut and once in Massachusetts.


George Morley (police officer)

Sir George Morley (17 November 1873 – 13 October 1942) was a British police officer.
Morley was born in Bradford, the son of William James Morley and Anne Brook, and educated at Worcester College, Oxford. He originally intended to become a barrister, but instead joined the Royal Irish Constabulary as a cadet. He rose to the rank of District Inspector and in 1910 was appointed Chief Constable of Hull City Police. In 1922 he was appointed Chief Constable of Durham County Constabulary and remained in post until his death at the age of 68 following an operation. Since 1939 he had also been county organiser of Air Raid Precautions services for County Durham.
Morley was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours and was knighted in 1937.


Royal Humane Society

The Royal Humane Society is a British charity which promotes lifesaving intervention. It was founded in England in 1774 as the "Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned", for the purpose of rendering first aid in cases of near drowning.
History.
In 1773, physician William Hawes (1736–1808) began publicising the power of artificial respiration and tobacco smoke enemas to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned. For a year he paid a reward out of his own pocket to any one bringing him a body rescued from the water within a reasonable time of immersion. Thomas Cogan, another English physician, who had become interested in the same subject during a stay at Amsterdam, where was instituted in 1767 a society for preservation of life from accidents in water, joined Hawes in his crusade. In the summer of 1774 Hawes and Cogan each brought fifteen friends to a meeting at the Chapter Coffee-house, St Paul's Churchyard, when the Royal Humane Society was founded.
Gradually, branches of the Royal Humane Society were set up in other parts of the country, mainly in ports and coastal towns where the risk of drowning was high and by the end of the 19th century the society had upwards of 280 depots throughout the UK, supplied with life-saving apparatus. The earliest of these depots was the Receiving House in Hyde Park, on the north bank of the Serpentine, which was built in 1794 on a site granted by George III. Hyde Park was chosen because tens of thousands of people swam in the Serpentine in the summer and ice-skated in the winter. Boats and boatmen were kept to render aid to bathers, and in the winter ice-men were sent round to the different skating grounds in and around London. The society distributed money-rewards, medals, clasps and testimonials, to those who save or attempt to save drowning people. It further recognised "all cases of exceptional bravery in rescuing or attempting to rescue persons from asphyxia in mines, wells, blasting furnaces, or in sewers where foul gas may endanger life."
The Royal Humane Society established commonwealth branches in Australia in 1874, in Canada in 1894, and in New Zealand in 1898.
Present activity.
The society is now a registered charity whose motto is "lateat scintillula forsan", "a small spark may perhaps lie hid." The Society's president is Princess Alexandra of Kent.
Since its foundation, the Royal Humane Society has made more than 85,000 awards. Financial rewards are no longer given, nor does the society give advice on how to save life; however, the awards granted include bronze, silver and gold medals and Testimonials on Vellum or Parchment. The Society may also recognise those who have contributed to the saving or attempted saving of life, though they may not have put their own life at risk. In these instances, a Certificate of Commendation may be granted. In addition, Resuscitation Certificates may be granted to those who, though not professionally trained to do so, carry out a successful resuscitation.
Medals and awards.
Between 1776 and 1998, approximately 135 gold, 1,336 silver and 11,230 bronze honorary medals were awarded by the Society. Current awards are divided into two classes of medal, and certificates / testimonials.
Medals.
Although not official awards, the medals are permitted to be worn on the right chest in uniform by members of the British armed forces.