British Military Hospital, Singapore

The British Military Hospital, Singapore was established in 1938 as the primary military hospital four miles west of Singapore at 378 Alexandra Road, and was also known as the Alexandra hospital for the area of Alexandra Park where it was built. It was official open in July 1940.
The Alexandra military hospital served as the principal hospital for the British Far East Command and was known as the British Military Hospital.
At the height of its existence, the hospital was an institution that adopted cutting-edge medical technology and was the first hospital in South East Asia to successfully perform limb re-attachment to a patient. The hospital was planned for years and on building included some of the best medical facilities in Asia, including the then new x-ray equipment.
Second World War.
On 14 February 1942, Japanese Imperial Forces advanced through Kent Ridge down Pasir Panjang Road to the Alexandra Road Military Hospital. The British 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade retreated west through the Hospital. They set up machine guns on the first and second floors to cover their retreat. A lieutenant carried a Red Cross brassard and a white flag to meet the Japanese troops, and announce surrender of non-combatants in the hospital, but was killed immediately.
Among the patients in the Hospital were crew members who were survivors of Force Z, comprising and (nicknamed the Plymouth Argylls) which were sunk by Japanese torpedo bombers off the coast of Kuantan, Pahang, on 10 December 1941.
Japanese troops of the 18th Division rushed into the wards and operating theatres and bayoneted a total of 250 patients and staff members. Before they could repeat their brutalities in other wards, an officer ordered them to assemble in the Hospital grounds. The troops, however, removed about 400 patients and staff and locked them up in a small fetid room nearby, reminiscent of the Black Hole of Calcutta. Many died from suffocation. The next afternoon a cell door burst open under mortar fire and some men staggered out but many were mown down by Japanese machine-gun fire. Those who escaped were thought to include Privates SWJ Hoskins and FAH Gurd, Captain R de Warrenne Waller and Medical Corporal GW Johnson. Other survivors were taken out in small groups and shot. The bodies were buried in a mass grave. The Japanese claimed that some Indian troops had fired on them from the Hospital grounds. The area was a major Japanese objective because it also contained the British army's biggest ammunition dump and Alexandra Barracks.
Walter Salmon of the Royal Signals, wounded by a mortar bomb, was hospitalised on the top floor and had come to the canteen. He witnessed some of the massacre. Several men, including George Britton of the East Surrey Regiment, had been moved from the upstairs ward to the dining room and were in makeshift beds under the dining table. Pte Britton later described how the Japanese rushed in, taking all the bread piled on the table. But although the orderly was marched out and bayoneted, those on the floor were ignored. They were left for 3 days with no food or water before being moved to Changi POW camp, on wheelbarrows, carts or anything that had wheels, no motorised vehicles being available.
In 2008 a four-page account of the massacre, written by Private Haines of the Wiltshire Regiment, was sold by private auction.
Reg Twigg, in his book Survivor on the River Kwai, mentions a short video recording made by another survivor of the massacre, Fred Shenstone, of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment, and others, which forms part of a permanent exhibition in the Museum of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment Gallery of the Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester.
Other surviving staff and patients of the hospital were eventually transferred to the Roberts Barracks where their command was taken over by Colonel Glyn White of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps. It remains unclear just how many survived the massacre but it cannot have been more than a handful. These included George Britton, Walter Salmon, Fred Shenstone, Arthur Haines, Fergus Anckorn, and perhaps those mentioned above, who managed to escape from the cell under mortar fire. In a Forces TV news interview Fergus Anckorn claimed to be the only survivor but he was mistaken.
Post-war period.
After the Japanese Surrender in 1945, a book was kept in the Hospital. It contained the names of the victims who were massacred by the Japanese. The present location of the book is not known.
After World War II up to the 1970s, the Alexandra remained as one of the most modern hospitals in Singapore, and is now a part of the National University of Singapore Medical School.
Notable staff.
The Alexandra Hospital was also renowned for some of the well-known medical experts including:


Sajeev Koshy

Sajeev Koshy is an Indian-born specialist endodontist currently residing in Australia. He is a public dentist, clinical director and a social advocate. He is a recipient of The Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM).
Education.
Koshy completed his schooling from St Joseph's High School, and graduated from Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. He completed his Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree from Kerala University, Trivandrum, and was the President of the Kerala Dental Students Association in 1978.
He has an MDS in Endodontics, an MBA from the University of Otago, New Zealand, and an MRACDS (Endo) conferred by the Royal Australian College of Dental Surgeons. He is a graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors. Koshy also has an academic title with Griffith University.
Career.
From 1995 to 1996, Koshy was the President of the Indian Dental Association Kerala. Koshy also served as the president of Kerala Dental Council, the statutory body for dental registration and regulation in the State of Kerala, with more than 20,000 registered dentists. He was first elected as a council member and after three years, was elected as the Chairman of the Council consecutively for three five year terms. He resigned in 1998 when he emigrated to New Zealand. He is the head of Endodontics, Prosthodontics, Implantology, periodontics and Specialist Endodontist at the Royal Dental Hospital Melbourne, Australia, the tertiary teaching hospital in Victoria. Until March 2018, he served as the Clinical Director (Dental) of Plenty Valley Community Health. Dr Koshy also assists the rural health services in Victoria by working as Director of Dental Services for Boort District Health and for SwanHill District Health Services . Koshy also works as Clinical Adviser -Dental to the recently amalgamated new Central Highland Rural Health at Hepburn.
Philanthropy.
Koshy has worked to assist refugees and asylum seekers with oral health care in Victoria. He has also worked abroad as a Rotary International dental volunteer with the UNHCR program in Hong Kong for Vietnamese refugees, and Rotary programs with Kikuyu tribes in Kenya, Q'eqchi' Indians in Guatemala, and orphans in Colima, Mexico.
He is now the clinical advisor for Smile High Foundation which volunteers in Nepal.He is a former member of the Gippsland Dental Task Force Group, facilitated by Dental Health Services Victoria, which drafted the first Gippsland Oral Health Plan in 2008.
He was Chair of the North and West Metro Oral Health leadership group for Victoria, and former Board Chair and Director of Platinum Cove Pty Ltd, which is trading as Northern Dental Centre.


Shirley Walters

Mary Shirley Walters (née Harrison; 31 August 1925 – 18 June 2017) was an Australian politician who served as a Senator for Tasmania from 1975 to 1993, representing the Liberal Party. She was the first woman to represent Tasmania in the Senate, and was known for her social conservatism.
Early life.
Mary Shirley Harrison was born in Sydney, New South Wales, to Eric John Harrison and the former Mary Cook McCall. Her father was also a politician, serving as a government minister under Robert Menzies and later as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Her mother died in 1941 (when she was 15), and her father remarried a few years later. Harrison and her two sisters grew up in Rose Bay, and attended Kambala School. She became an accounts clerk with the Rural Bank of New South Wales after leaving school, but later trained as a nurse and began working at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA). In 1949, Harrison married obstetrician David Walters, whom she had first met in high school. They moved to Hobart, Tasmania, after he had completed his residency at RPA, and would have four children together.
Public life.
Walters had been required to give up nursing when she married, but returned to the profession once her children were older and became a senior nurse at St John's Hospital, South Hobart. She was a member of the state committee of the National Trust, and was prominent in the Right to Life Association. In 1975, she represented the RLA at a women's health conference at the University of Queensland; her advocacy of conservatism in sex education brought her to the attention of the public.
Senator for Tasmania.
Walters was elected to the Senate at the December 1975 federal election, which followed the dismissal of the Whitlam Government. She was placed fifth on the Liberal Party ticket, defeating two sitting senators (Eric Bessell and John Marriott) for preselection. She became the first woman to represent Tasmania in the Senate, and only the second Tasmanian woman elected to parliament as a whole (after Enid Lyons, MHR 1943–1951). Walters was re-elected to the Senate in 1977, 1983, and 1987, in each occasion placed either first or second on the ticket. She announced her retirement in September 1991, with her final term ending in June 1993.
Later life.
Walters remained involved in the Liberal Party's organisational wing after her retirement from the Senate, and in 2003 was awarded life membership. She died in June 2017, aged 91.


Hasnat Khan

Hasnat Ahmad Khan, FRCS (; born 1 April 1958) is a British-Pakistani heart and lung surgeon. He is widely known for his romantic relationship with Diana, Princess of Wales from 1995 to 1997.
Early life and education.
Khan was born on 1 April 1958 in Jhelum, a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan, in a Kakazai Pashtun family. He is the eldest of four children. His father, Rashid Khan, a graduate of the London School of Economics, ran a glass factory. Hasnat Khan is a distant cousin of Imran Khan.
Career.
Until 1991 he worked in Sydney, Australia and then began to work in London. He served at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London from 1995 to 1996, then he began to work at the London Chest Hospital. In 2000, he worked at St Bart's hospital, after which he served at Harefield Hospital. In November 2007, he resigned from the post and began to head a cardiac hospital in Malaysia. As of August 2013, Khan is working as a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon at Basildon University Hospital.
Personal life.
Relationship with the Princess of Wales.
Khan had a two-year relationship with Diana, Princess of Wales, who is said to have described him as 'Mr Wonderful'. In May 1996, Diana visited the Khan family in Lahore. According to Diana's butler Paul Burrell, who, in his book 'Diana: The Royal Truth' described Khan as her true soul mate, the princess ended the relationship in June 1997.
Diana's friends are reported to have described Hasnat as the 'love of her life' and to have spoken of her distress when he ended their relationship. He, however, is said to be reticent about speaking of how much he may have meant to her or even how much she meant to him. Khan attended Diana's funeral ceremony at Westminster Abbey, in September 1997.
The heart surgeon told the police in 2004 that he doubted she had been pregnant when she died, because she always took her contraceptive pills. In March 2008, Khan said in a written statement to Lord Justice Scott Baker's inquest into Diana's death that their relationship had begun in the late summer of 1995, and that although they had talked about getting married he believed that he would find the inevitable media attention "hell". Khan also said he believed the car crash which caused Diana's death was a tragic accident.
Marriage.
Khan married 28-year-old Hadia Sher Ali in Pakistan, descended from Afghan Royalty, in May 2006. In July 2008, Khan and Ali filed an application for divorce in the local arbitration council of Islamabad.
In the media.
The relationship between Khan and Princess Diana is portrayed in the film "Diana" (2013), directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel and based on Kate Snell's book "Diana: Her Last Love" (2001). Khan is played by Naveen Andrews, while Diana is played by Naomi Watts.


Thomas Pennington Lucas

Thomas Pennington Lucas (13 April 1843 – 15 November 1917), also known as T.P. Lucas, was a Scottish-born Australian medical practitioner, naturalist, author, philosopher and utopianist.
Early life.
Lucas was born in Dunbar, Scotland to Samuel Lucas, a Wesleyan Methodist minister, and Elizabeth Broadhurst. Lucas inherited from his father a love of natural history and a lifelong determination to reconcile his strong religious beliefs with his scientific convictions, as evidenced in many of his books. Because his father was often on the move to new postings, taking his family with him, Thomas was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School at Stratford-on-Avon, Helston Grammar School, Cornwall, and New Kingswood School in Bath.
Move to Australia.
Having developed tuberculosis, in 1876 Thomas Lucas migrated to Melbourne, Australia where he set up a medical practice. His three living children joined him there in 1879 after being cared for by his brother, Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas. Arthur followed him to Melbourne in 1883 and became a well known biologist and schoolmaster in his own right.
Lucas and his family moved to Brisbane, Queensland in 1886. His medical practice was first set up in central Brisbane, moving in the early 1890s to South Brisbane. Later he relocated to Acacia Ridge south of Brisbane, then finally to New Farm in inner north Brisbane from 1911 until Lucas's death.
A firm believer in the medicinal properties of pawpaws, Thomas Lucas developed and marketed Lucas' Papaw Ointment, which is still produced by Lucas's descendants from a location at Beaudesert Road, Acacia Ridge. In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Lucas' Pawpaw Ointment was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic "innovation and invention".
Scientist.
In 1882 Thomas Lucas founded the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. During his lifetime he collected a large number of butterfly and moth specimens, some of which eventually found their way into the possession of the South Australian Museum.
Lucas was a member of various learned societies including the Linnean Society, the Royal Society, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the British Medical Association in England; and the Linnean Society of New South Wales, the Royal Society of Queensland, and the Natural History Society of Queensland.
Author.
Thomas Lucas published a number of books during his lifetime, mostly on non-fiction topics. Some however were works of fiction; they include "The Curse and its Cure", comprising two novels bound and published together in 1894, "The Ruins of Brisbane in the Year 2000" and "Brisbane Rebuilt in the Year 2200". These novels are believed to be the first to be published anywhere that use Brisbane as their setting.
Personal life.
Lucas was married three times:
After being confined to his room for nearly two weeks, Lucas died in his home in Brisbane aged 73.


Emil Ketterer

Emil Ketterer (6 August 1883 – 23 December 1959) was a German track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Later in his life, he became an ardent Nazi and SA-Obergruppenführer. As a medical doctor, he was involved in approval and promotion of euthanasia under the Nazi regime. He was father-in-law of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, SS officer and victim of the Red Army Faction.
Born in Neustadt, he studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he specialized in internal medicine and sports medicine. In 1912 Summer Olympics, he was eliminated in the first round of the 100 metres competition as he was not able to finish his race due to an injury.
He participated in World War I as a medical officer in the Bavarian army. After the war, Ketterer joined Bayerische Volkspartei and was involved in the Freikorps' clashes with left-wing radicals. As a member of the "Reichskriegsflagge" organisation, he took part in Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch, for which he was awarded the Nazi Blood Order, and in 1925 he became the NSDAP (Membership number 697). He joined SA in 1931 and was its Chief of Medical Services until 1937.
From 1933, Ketterer was a Munich City councillor. From 1936 to 1945, he was chairman of the TSV 1860 München sports club. He died in Munich.
His daughter Waltrude (1916-2008) was the wife of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, murdered by the RAF terrorists in 1977.


Spread the Net

Spread the Net is a charitable organization that aims to reduce malaria in the African nations. It was co-founded by Rick Mercer, a Canadian satirist, and Belinda Stronach, a former Canadian Member of Parliament and philanthropist. A partnership with UNICEF Canada has allowed Spread the Net to achieve the goal of distributing 500,000 insecticide-treated bed nets to Liberia and Rwanda. Spread the Net now works with its partners to combat malaria. The campaign has donated over 539,000 nets since its founding.
History.
In 2006, Rick Mercer and Belinda Stronach travelled to Africa along with Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs, director of the UN Millennium Project, in preparation to co-host the Millennium Promise Convention in Montreal on November 9, 2006. At the convention, Mercer and Stronach, along with Jeffrey Sachs and Nigel Fisher, President and CEO of UNICEF Canada, announced their intention to begin the Spread the Net campaign, and raise $5 million for insecticide treated bed nets to be given to children and pregnant women in Liberia and Rwanda. One X One founder Joey Adler and Millennium Promise Conference founder Daniel Germain each gave $150,000 to the campaign at the conference. The first order for 33,000 bed nets was made on March 28, 2007.
By December 2011, Spread the Net achieved its founding goal; 500,000 nets distributed to pregnant women and children in Liberia and Rwanda. Spread the Net has teamed with Plan Canada, working together to deliver another 250,000 nets, this time to Guinea.
In 2012, Spread the Net partnered together with the Mosquitoes Suck Tour, a 60-minute performance act for high school students across Canada.
Student Challenge.
In 2007, Spread the Net started fund raising in Canadian Schools. Between 2007 and 2008 over 250 schools participated raising $300,000. The competition has been presented to schools across Canada, and the school that raises the most to donate would be visited by Rick Mercer. The challenge includes post-secondary, secondary, and elementary school divisions, and one wild-card winner. In the 2010 edition, the challenge featured an additional twist by inviting schools in east to compete with their counterparts in the west, resulting in two post-secondary level winners. L


Nalini Ambady

Nalini Ambady (March 20, 1959 – October 28, 2013) was an Indian-American social psychologist and a leading expert on nonverbal behavior and interpersonal perception. She was born in Calcutta, India and earned her bachelor’s degree at Lady Shri Ram College for women, Delhi University. She furthered her education by moving to the United States for her master’s degree in psychology, from the College of William and Mary, and later received her PhD in social psychology from Harvard. While completing her research at Harvard, she met her husband Raj Marphatia, who was studying at Harvard Law school.
After completing her PhD in 1991, she quickly entered the ranks of academia by accepting a position as an assistant professor at the college of the Holy Cross; she become an associate professor at Tufts University. Ambady later joined the Stanford faculty in 2011, becoming the first individual of Indian origin to teach Stanford’s department of Psychology. Most notably in her academic career she introduced and conducted extensive research around the concept of thin slice judgments. While teaching at Stanford she founded the SPARQ center and worked to build it until her death in 2013 from leukemia. Her death sparked campaigns to increase the number of South-Asian bone marrow registries globally.
Early life and education.
A native of the state of Kerala, India, Ambady did her schooling at the Lawrence School, Lovedale, and joined college at the Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Delhi. Subsequently, she moved to the United States for higher education, completing her M.A. in Psychology from the College of William & Mary, Virginia. She earned her Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University in 1991 under the guidance of Robert Rosenthal, with whom she researched thin slice judgments.
Academic career.
She held academic positions at Harvard University, Cambridge and the College of the Holy Cross, Massachusetts before being appointed as Professor in the Department of Psychology at Tufts University in 2004. She subsequently moved to Stanford University, California in 2011. She was the first Indian-American woman to teach psychology at Harvard, Tufts, and Stanford.
Ambady specialized in the study of intuition. Her research found that humans perceive nonverbal cues in response to novel people or situations and that the information gleaned from an instant impression is often as powerful as information gleaned by getting to know a situation or person over a longer period of time. She and Robert Rosenthal coined the term "thin slices" to refer to such instantaneous non-verbal cues. Later, author Malcolm Gladwell referred extensively to Ambady's work in his popular book, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking.
One of Ambady's more well-known experiments asked students to watch silent 10-second videos of unfamiliar professors as they taught, and to rate the professors for likability, honesty, competence, and other qualities. The students' responses correlated remarkably well with similar ratings by students who had spent a full semester getting to know the professors' personalities and teaching qualities.
Founding of SPARQ.
During Ambady's appointment at Stanford, she founded SPARQ, the Center for Social Psychological Answers to Real-World Questions. The center was initially called "The Lewin Center", after social psychology pioneer Kurt Lewin. SPARQ officially opened its doors in 2014 after the passing of Ambady, however, she remained active in its formation even during her struggle with leukemia, and until her death. The main goal of SPARQ is to improve society by taking knowledge from the field of social psychology directly to policymakers, teachers and other impactful societal figures. SPARQ is an attempt to address the gap between psychology and the real world and aims to build a bridge between the hands-on experiences of practitioners in the field, and the scientific findings of the lab. SPARQ attempts to accomplish this goal through the fostering of meaningful collaborations between practitioners and social psychologies to the benefit of both.""
Illness and death.
Ambady was diagnosed with leukemia in May 2004 but recovered after treatment. In 2011, the cancer recurred in a more aggressive form. Her friends and family led an intensive worldwide campaign to find a compatible bone-marrow donor since they were unable to successfully locate any in existing bone-marrow registries. This was partly due to the low numbers of Indians on such registries worldwide and a limited base of donors numbering around 25,000 in the few Indian registries that exist. Her plight sparked a global effort to increase participation in bone marrow registries among South Asian ethnic groups. Though as many as thirteen potential donors were located over a period of time, many of them refused to go through with the transplant process after identification.
Ambady died on October 28, 2013 at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
Research.
Culture and neural activation.
Nalini Ambady and Jamshed Bharucha produced a study published in the journal "Current Directions in Psychological Science" in 2009 that focused on articles regarding how culture can affect neural activation. They suggest a framework for cultural neuroscience in which both features are objective: culture mapping and source analysis.
Moreover, Ambady discusses source analysis as the process of defining the source or causes of culture mappings. She explains three sources of cultural universals and differences:
Behavioural genetics studies examining the functional role of 5-HTT have recognized individuals carrying the short allele seem prone to higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to long allele carriers. In addition, individuals with the short allele showed greater amygdala activation, during an emotion-matching task relative to individuals with the long allele.
The evidence shows how cultural learning originates from inspecting neural processing in bilinguals and learners of a second language. A study included in the article compared Korean adults who were adopted by French families before the age of 8. The results demonstrate how Korean-born subjects did not remember their native languages and were fluent in French. However, both groups demonstrated parallel patterns of activation to sentences spoken in French, Korean or other foreign languages, implying that proficiency in the language of the new culture was connected with neural changes.
In a meta-analysis comparison, the neuroimaging results for word reading across different languages and cultures found one common area of dispensation across language and cultures. They proposed the existence of a visual word form area in the left mid fusiform gyrus, which seems to be central to word recognition. They also found culture and language-specific patterns of activation. This was through the example of the Chinese writing system which, for example, requires more activation in the visual areas in both hemispheres than do western alphabets.
Racial bias and stereotyping.
Race salience and essentialist thinking in racial stereotype development.
Nalini Ambady conducted a vast number of research to understand how and why individuals develop racial biases and why they stereotype others.
Published in the journal "Child Development" in 2010, Nalini Ambady, Kristin Pauker, and Evan P. Apfelbaum, collaborated on a research study that investigated the arrival and the background of racial stereotyping by studying 89 children between the ages of 3 and 10. For the study, the children had to complete a variety of tasks related to matching and sorting. These tasks were used as a measure to assess the children’s knowledge and how they apply positive and negative stereotypes when encountered with in-groups and out-groups. The results from those tasks implied that children start to use stereotypes on out-groups when they are around 6 years old. This could occur based on a number of factors, but this study showed that there were 2 predictors that played an important contribution to the use of these stereotypes. The first predictor was race salience, which is where one sees and then organizes those people by race. The second predictor is essentialist thinking, which is where one believes that a certain race cannot change. These two predictors showed when and how these racial stereotypes may be taking place in real-life situations.
Stereotype susceptibility in children: Effects of identity activation on quantitative performance.
Nalini Ambady, Margaret Shih, Amy Kim, and Todd L. Pittinsky worked together on a research study that examined the impact of positive and negative stereotypes had on cognitive performance and shared their findings in the journal "Psychological Science" in 2001. They accomplished this using two studies which consisted of three separate age groups of children. The first group was between the grade of kindergarten to grade 2 (lower elementary grades). The second group was between the grade of grade 3 and grade 5 (upper elementary grades). The third group was between the grades of grade 6 and grade 8 (middle school). The study showed results of children in lower elementary grades and middle school grades having shifts in their performance based on the positive and negative stereotypes. These findings were also consistent with the adult findings. The stereotypes were subtle and resulted in negative stereotypes impeding one’s performance and positive stereotypes facilitating one’s performance. Stereotype susceptibility development is a critical area and is a necessity to be able to understand the connections between an individual’s behavior and stereotypes.
In a different study conducted by Ambady and her colleagues, she looked at the effects of stereotype saliency on the performance of minorities, specifically in this case Asian Women. Because of the different stereotypes associated with the identities of Asian women; Ambady hypothesized that by making one identity salient, in this case, either gender or race, it would impact the women's performance because it would make different stereotypes salient. What Ambady found was, the women who had their gender made salient, performed poorly on mathematical tasks when compared to control. This was in-line with the stereotype that women are less proficient in math. When the women had their Asian identities made salient, their performance improved relative to control, reflecting the stereotype of Asians being "good at math". These findings were significant as they showed a causal link between stereotype saliency and one's performance, which has real-world impacts.
Nonverbal behavior.
Nonverbal communication and psychology: Past and future.
Ambady and Marvin A. Hecht investigated the relationship between the study of nonverbal communication and psychology in their 1999 article published in the "New Jersey Journal of Communication". The study of nonverbal communication was invented in the 1950s primarily as a cross-disciplinary effort on the part of the psychiatrists, linguists and anthropologists. This was surveyed in the 1960s and 1970s by an explosion of empirical research, books, and popular media attention. However, in the 1908s psychologists began to frequently integrate nonverbal communication variables into new research. Attention to nonverbal cues waned as the cognitive revolution gained momentum. In this generation, there is a renaissance of awareness in nonverbal communication, particularly among those who study emotion, psychophysiology and person perception. Consequently, the future of nonverbal communication may lie where it started; as an interdisciplinary venture.
"Unspoken cultural influence: Exposure to and influence of nonverbal bias".
In a research study published in 2009, Nalini Ambady and Max Weisbuch explored the importance of nonverbal behavior in shaping culture. They used television as a communication medium to investigate the impacts of nonverbal bias on individuals. They discovered that nonverbal bias influenced individuals’ beliefs, attitudes, and behavior. In research constituting 4 studies, they found out that there was a favorable nonverbal attitude towards especially slim female characters in popular TV programs, and exposure to nonverbal bias against heavier women in TV programs influenced the participants’ attitudes about ideal weight. In the last study, they found out that the regional difference in exposure to nonverbal bias accounted for regional variance in unhealthy dieting behavior among female teenagers.
"Misery loves company: When sadness increases the desire for social connectedness".
In an attempt to specify the potential functions of sadness, Heather M. Gray, Keiko Ishii, and Nalini Ambady examined the effects of induced sadness on attention and motivation. Functional theories hold that different emotions elicit different adaptive responses in the mind and body to prepare us for specific events or surrounding environment. Within this study, Nalini Ambady and colleagues draw upon the previous research by Pickett and colleagues based on the existence of social monitoring systems (SMS). Nalini and colleagues conducted three experiments to investigate the effects of sadness on attention motivation: In the 1st experiment, they built upon the previous research showing that individuals concerned with social connectedness, were specifically attuned to the vocal tone of speech as an important nonverbal social cue. Nalini and colleagues discovered that sadness associated with social loss resulted in attentional bias towards vocal tone. In their second study, they found a significant effect of induced sadness on increased and urgent motivations for affiliation with others. In the third and last part of their study, they provided evidence to distinguish the effects of social loss sadness versus status loss sadness. In contrary to hedonic contingency hypothesis, their result showed that sad individuals were selective in their choice of behavior; the results established in the 1st and 2nd parts of the study concerning attentional bias toward vocal tone and increased desire for social affiliation were restricted to sadness precipitated by social loss, whereas sadness as a result of status loss did not have the same effects.
"Thin slices" of behavior.
In collaboration with Kathleen R. Bogart and Michael L. Slepian, Nalini advanced the study of “thin slices” of behavior when researching the ability to precisely recognize characteristic traits people possess along with their individuality. This method establishes a way to predict an individual’s behavior with something as simple as a swift observation of their nonverbal behavior.
With a glimpse of someone’s “thin slices” of behavior, Nalini and her colleagues believed that just by observing nonverbal behavior, one can determine with accuracy to a certain extent, behavioral outcomes influenced by personality disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression etc.); mental states (e.g. suicide); and how an individual adapts to life events. One could even go as far as specific types of life events such as traumatic experience (e.g. divorce, sexual abuse etc.).
There is only one limitation to this method, a clinician’s analysis can falter when presented with a patient suffering from particular clinical disabilities (e.g. movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease), since healthy nonverbal behavior is impaired or masked by the exhibited symptoms of these disorders. Conventional methods already entail clinicians to observe their patients and make diagnoses through intuition based on the patient’s personality traits and nonverbal behavior. With the added method of “thin-slice” judgment, specialists would have another valuable resource to provide more qualitative assessments of their patients.
Accuracy of prediction.
Previously, through a meta-analysis published in 1992,  Nalini and co-author Rober Rosenthal coined the term “thin slices” of expressive behavior as a valid method of predicting human behavior. The results of their findings presents that thin slices provide a 70% accuracy prediction as opposed to the 30% when using other assessment methods.
They provided three explanations as to why this method is so accurate:
Emotions such as anger, fear or dominance are easily recognized due to how well they are recognized universally and the important role they play in survival and adaptability. In contrast, non-crucial survival emotions such as humor, are more challenging to detect due to the necessity to identify through inferential processes.
It is believed that individuals react to stereotype cues, whether they are biological or behavioral. These stereotypes create expectations in others that influence an individual’s behavior toward the target person and/or group. Research has demonstrated how such expectations will affect people’s positive or negative behavior toward targeted individuals. By exhibiting these behaviors toward target individuals, they, in turn, modify their behavior and confirm the previous expectations. This creates an endless loop of self-fulfilling prophecies.
A reason why evidence drawn from “thin slices” is accurate is due to the fact that the individuals were not exposed to distracting stimuli. Research found that subjects were less accurate in judgement toward other target individuals during face-to-face scenarios in contrast to impressions evaluated from videotaped targeted individuals. This draws upon two types of stimuli, external and internal.
External stimuli refer to verbal components that can be distracting within actual interactions and require cognitive resources to process internally. These internal processes can also be distracting because it requires the function of thinking and reasoning which can overpower and cloud judgment. Thin slices of behavior are "snap" judgments, therefore, bypass all the distracting stimuli, creating a more accurate impression of the targeted individual(s).
Awards and honours.
Ambady was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological Association, and the Association for Psychological Science. She won the AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research in 1993. She was presented the Carol and Ed Diener Award in Social Psychology in 1999 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology for substantial contribution to the field. She also received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President Bill Clinton.


William Balmain

William Balmain (2 February 1762 – 17 November 1803) was a Scottish-born naval surgeon and civil administrator who sailed as an assistant surgeon with the First Fleet to establish the first European settlement in Australia, and later to take up the appointment of the principal surgeon, for New South Wales.
Early life and career.
Balmain was born at Balhepburn in the Parish of Rhynd, Perthshire, Scotland, to Alexander Balmain (b. 1714), tenant farmer, and his second wife, Jane Henderson. Little is known of his early life but in 1779 he was enrolled as a medical student at Edinburgh University. Next year he entered the Royal Navy to train as a Surgeon's Mate.
From November 1784 he served on "Nautilus" during a survey of the Das Voltas region of South West Africa (Namibia) which the British government was considering as a possible destination for the convicts then overcrowding British prisons and hulks.
On 21 October 1786 Balmain applied to join the group of officers to establish the new colony in New South Wales and was appointed third assistant surgeon to the principal surgeon, John White. Eleven ships, including six transports, carried 772 convicts, officers, marines, crews, and some wives and children, travelled more than to reach the unknown shore. Before the fleet sailed, Balmain correctly diagnosed a prevalent convict illness at Portsmouth. He sailed as surgeon on the convict ship Alexander. On the voyage Balmain delivered the Fleet's first child.
Assistant Surgeon in New South Wales.
On arrival at Port Jackson, Sydney Harbour, the surgeons had the difficult task of attending to the sick in tents while supervising the construction of emergency timber hospital huts.
By August 1788 tensions between Balmain and the principal surgeon, John White, became so great that they fought a duel with pistols in which Balmain received a small flesh wound in the right thigh. Ralph Clark commented "it would not have rested there had the governor not taken the matter in hand and convinced the two sons of Aescalipius that it was much better to draw blood with the point of their lance from the arm of their patients than to do it with pistol balls from each other."
The early settlement suffered from severe lack of food. In December 1788 Balmain recorded that a convict had died from 'want of sustenance'.
When White was absent from the settlement, Balmain found himself in charge of the makeshift hospital, stocked with only rudimentary supplies, and assisted by untrained convict personnel.
The arrival of the Second Fleet in mid-1790 threw up new challenges for Balmain and the other surgeons. The treatment of the convicts had been so harsh that they were confronted with large numbers of sick and dying people, and the death rate rose alarmingly over a two-month period.
In September 1790 Governor Arthur Phillip was speared in the shoulder by hostile natives at the place he named Manly. Balmain skillfully removed the broken spear which was protruding through the shoulder and dressed the wound. Henry Waterhouse described the operation: "We got up within two hours to Sydney Cove, when the surgeons were immediately sent for and Mr Balmain attended with his instruments. On his examining the wound, the governor desired him candidly to tell him how many hours he had to settle his affairs ... but Mr Balmain made us all happy by confidently assuring the governor he did not apprehend any fatal consequences from the wound. The spear was then extracted." Phillip expressed his appreciation by appointing him to the post of Surgeon to the Norfolk Island Colony.
On Norfolk Island.
Balmain arrived at Norfolk Island in November 1791.
On the same ship was a young convict girl Margaret Dawson. She had been a servant in London and sentenced to seven years' transportation in February 1786 for stealing from her employer. At fifteen years of age, she was one of the youngest convicts on the First Fleet, sailing on the "Lady Penrhyn". How well Balmain had known her in Sydney is not known, but they formed a de facto relationship that resulted in the birth of a daughter named Ann, on Norfolk Island in May 1794.
On 22 Oct 1793 Balmain was one of the signatories of the proceedings of the first Settlers Meeting held on the island.
In January 1794 the commandant of Norfolk Island, Philip Gidley King appointed Balmain as a Civil Magistrate to Norfolk Island. In this role he signed a proclamation fixing the prices for labour and goods, and declaring that monies gained by duties levied on the sale of spirits were to be spent on the establishment of schools.
Through his clemency and sensitivity as a magistrate he helped to quell a riot between soldiers and convicts following a brawl outside the playhouse in November 1794.
When John White returned to England on leave, Balmain was recalled to Sydney as acting Principal Surgeon. He and his family left Norfolk Island in August 1795. Much of the stock they left behind was destroyed in a gale the next month.
Later years in Sydney.
In May 1797, following White's resignation, Balmain was appointed Principal Surgeon of the Colony. By this time there were 1600 settlers and several thousand convicts, but Balmain had only one assistant surgeon and found the task of caring for the health of the entire population arduous and frustrating. He petitioned the new Governor, John Hunter for assistance and an increase in salary but was rewarded only by appointment as Civil Magistrate in New South Wales. One of his first tasks was to sit on the court of enquiry in May 1797 into the treatment of convicts on the "Britannia". He made recommendations for better medical treatment on board the transports, but these were not adopted. Governor Hunter described him as "an active and spirited magistrate".
In his role as magistrate he had the challenging task of maintaining an uneasy peace between the often arrogant soldiers of the New South Wales Corps and the settlers, both free and emancipist (ex-convicts). This resulted in the affair of John Baughan, a settler who had tried to set up a flour mill. In February 1796, soldiers and officers destroyed Baughan's house and threatened his life and, when Balmain promised protection to Baughan and urged him to give evidence against the soldiers, the Corps expressed indignation at what they regarded as his "shamefully malevolent interference in the affairs of the Corps. The affair became a test of strength between the colony's civil authority, represented by Balmain, and the military, represented by Captain John Macarthur. In the end, the matter was dropped (following Balmain's withdrawal of his challenge to a duel), and Balmain received a small salary increase. The New South Wales Corps remained a thorn in the side of Governors and the civil authorities for the next 15 years.
Although two other magistrates were appointed, their ill-health meant that Balmain shouldered most of the responsibility, as well as his medical duties. This began to affect his own health, and in July 1800 he requested to return to England. As Hunter was finding his services indispensable, the request was refused.
Among other civic duties, Balmain was a member of the Orphan House Committee in September 1800, set up to supervise orphanages in Sydney and Parramatta. He was Captain of the Sydney Loyal Association, a volunteer company formed to counteract the threat of convict insurgence. He also established and completed a citizens' subscription to build a new Sydney gaol, making a personal contribution of £214.13.0 to the fund.
But there was another, more mercenary side to Balmain, leading Governor King's wife to refer to his "duplicity". He was one of a number of prominent citizens, including his former adversary John Macarthur, who formed a consortium to privately charter a ship for trade with India. In January 1800 the vessel arrived from Calcutta laden with sugar, tea, cloth and rum. Governor Hunter permitted the vessel to land, although the British government had issued clear instructions to stop the trading the military.
Shortly after Governor King took office in September 1800, he appointed Balmain to the post of Naval Officer to the colony, which included the office of Registrar of Export and Imports which could be used to advantage in covert trading activities. Balmain may have been holding this position unofficially under Hunter, hence Macarthur's interest in including him in the consortium.
When Governor King ordered all trading in spirits to cease, Balmain was left with 1400 gallons of rum which he was unable to sell. King allowed him to sell it privately, at substantial profit, as it had been purchased before King's arrival. This gave Balmain some financial security, but ended the consortium's lucrative venture.
Over the years Balmain received a number of grants of land which, together with other land purchased and leased, provided him with over 1500 acres (6 km2). On 26 April 1800, he received a land grant of 550 acres on the west side of Cockle Bay. This 550 acre (2 km2) grant, known as "Gilchrist Place", was located on the peninsula which is now the suburbs of Balmain and Rozelle.
Balmain also received a small private income from 1799 to 1801 as Sydney agent for a London-based company in connection with a trading ship, receiving a small percentage of the firm's profits.
On the personal level, Balmain and Dawson continued to cohabit. Daughter Ann's death in September 1797 was a tragedy, but was offset by the births of Jane in March 1797 and John William in August 1800. Jane was sent back to England in October 1800, in the care of the returning Governor Hunter.
Due to his continued declining health, Balmain again requested leave and this was agreed to by Governor King, on condition that he return on completion of his leave. On 26 August 1801 Balmain, Margaret Dawson, and John William sailed from Sydney on board the whaler .
Return to England and death.
Balmain and family arrived in London on 25 March 1802. He soon met with Sir Joseph Banks, describing the growth of New South Wales, and submitting a paper presenting his views on the customs and laws of the colony. Another paper, entitled "Government of New South Wales" is also thought to be his work. Nothing came of these contributions, but they show Balmain as a thoughtful critic of the colony's institutions.
Balmain had left D'Arcy Wentworth, whom he had first met on Norfolk Island, in charge of his affairs in the colony, including selling his remaining rum stocks, taking over his private agency, and acting as attorney on his investments.
In August 1802 Balmain visited his mother in Scotland.
In December 1802 his leave was terminated and he was instructed to return to Sydney, but objected on the grounds of unsettled private affairs and family engagements. He sought to retire from the service but his request was refused. By August 1803 the instruction to return to Sydney was withdrawn, and he was appointed as Surgeon to the Forces, at the military hospital at Dunmow, Essex. (Thomas Jamison, a former colleague of Balmain's on the First Fleet and on Norfolk Island, replaced him as Principal Surgeon of New South Wales.)
It is unlikely that Balmain took up his new position in Essex as by November 1803 he was dying from liver disease. On 17 November Balmain died at Bloomsbury, London, and was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St Giles, Middlesex, on 25 November. His old foe and trading partner John Macarthur attended the funeral, as did Henry Ball, commander of the First Fleet vessel HMS "Supply". A daughter was born on the same day at Liverpool, to which Margaret and the two children had been sent earlier that year, but it is unlikely that she survived childhood.
In his will Balmain provided a yearly sum of £50 for "my dear friend Margaret Dawson, otherwise Henderson … whose tenderness to me, while in ill health, claims my warmest gratitude". He also provided an annuity for his mother, and the balance of his estate was to be held in trust for his natural children by Margaret.
It is likely that the name 'Henderson' - Balmain's mother's maiden name - was adopted by Margaret and the children to avoid any social disgrace in class conscious England as a result of Margaret's former convict status and Balmain's position as a respected medical officer and administrator.
Balmain and Thomas Jamison (see Jamisontown, New South Wales) were the only First Fleet surgeons to have physical localities named after them. As a surgeon Balmain worked tirelessly under conditions of extreme hardship and deprivation. As an administrator he showed courage and fairness, though not always sound judgement in the face of opposition, and his trading ventures tarnished his reputation. As a family man, he was devoted to his partner and children, and provided well for them.
In popular culture.
In the 1978 Australian television series "Against the Wind", Balmain is portrayed by Anthony Hawkins.


Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College

List of medical colleges in Haryana
Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College is a government run medical college at Khanpur Kalan in the Gohana in Sonepat district of Haryana in India.
History.
In 2008, the plan to establish a medical college under the Bhagat Phool Singh Women's University at Khanpur Kalan was first announced by the Chief Minister of Haryana, Bhupinder Singh Hooda. In 2009, on 1 March, Sonia Gandhi laid the foundation stone of the college.
In 2011, on 1 September, the hospital at the college became operational with 100 beds and a team of 21 doctors. This number has since grown to 450 beds and 211 doctors as of March 2013.
Women's medical college.
It is the first women's Government Medical College of independent India and the first such institution in North India since Delhi’s Lady Hardinge Medical College that was established in 1914. The college was inaugurated on International Women's Day, 2013 by Sonia Gandhi, congress party chief.
Campus.
The college is spread over 88 acres of land and was set up at a cost of 700 crores.


Kamdhenu University

Kamdhenu University is an agricultural state university located at Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. It was established in 2009 by the "Kamdhenu University Act, 2009" of the Government of Gujarat. It focuses on dairy sciences.
History.
The first proposal for a veterinary university in Gujarat, with focus on dairy production, was made by Verghese Kurien in 1984 while he served as the Vice-Chancellor of Gujarat Agricultural University, but the proposal was ignored when he resigned from that position. A second offer was promulgated by the Government of Gujarat in 1996–97, but no action was taken. The university was finally established by the "Kamdhenu University Act, 2009", with the support of Narendra Modi, then the Chief Minister of Gujarat. However, the university only started functioning in 2014, when M. C. Varshneya was appointed its first Vice-Chancellor (VC).
While the university was to created in order to focus on veterinary and animal sciences in general, it was assigned only two colleges, both for dairy sciences. In 2017, this led to formal requests for transferring veterinary and fishery science colleges from other universities in the state. This move would was also necessary for getting Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) accreditation. However, the request met strong opposition from the other universities' VCs and even led to suggestions to dissolve the university. In 2018, N. H. Kelawala was appointed VC of the university. In September 2020 a bill was passed to transfer 11 colleges to the university.


Anirban Basu

Anirban Basu is an Indian neurobiologist, who is primarily interested in neurovirology, a senior scientist at the National Brain Research Centre, a deemed to be university, located in Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana. He is internationally known for his studies on Japanese encephalitis. Basu is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science Academies namely the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India as well as of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the prominent Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences and biotechnology, in 2010.
Biography.
Anirban Basu completed his undergraduate studies (BSc Hons) in 1991 and post graduate course (MSc) in 1993 at the School of Life Sciences of the Viswa Bharati University . His doctoral studies were at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology and later, he has done his postdoctoral studies at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. Returning to India, he joined the National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) in 2004 as a scientist and a member of its faculty. At NBRC, presently he serves as a senior scientist and has established an independent laboratory to study different aspects of neurotropic viral infection of brain.
Basu resides inside the campus of National Brain Research Center, Manesar.
Professional profile.
Basu's research focus is on central nervous system diseases (CNS diseases) and he has studied the central nervous system with regard to how microglia and neural stem/progenitor cells affect the system. The team led by him are involved in research on the pathogenesis of viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile Virus (WNV) and Chandipura virus (CHPV) and how they cause neuronal damage in hosts. In 2011, his group identified minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic generally used for treating skin infections, as having properties in fighting the disease of Japanese encephalitis, which they discovered through their experiments on mice. The findings were put on clinical trial at the King George's Medical University where it was found to have beneficial effect on Japanese encephalitis and Acute encephalitis syndrome patients who survive the initial attack of the diseases and this has led to a wider study on the subject. He was the guest editor for "Clinical and Developmental Immunology" journal when they released a special issue on "Microglia in Development and Disease" in 2013 and has mentored several research scholars in the post-graduate, doctoral and post-doctoral studies.
Basu serves as a member of the Faculty of 1000 at their division dealing with infectious diseases of the nervous system. He is also part of the editorial board of journals such as the Journal of Neurochemistry, Scientific Reports, Journal of Neuroinflammation, and Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
Awards and honors.
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the prominent Indian science awards in 2010. The National Academy of Sciences, India elected him as a fellow in 2011 and he received the VASVIK Industrial Research Award the same year. He was chosen for the Rajib Goyal Prize of Kurukshetra University in 2012, the same year as he became an elected fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, and a year later, he received the NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award. He was awarded the Sreenivasaya Memorial Award of Society of Biological Chemists (India) in 2017
 and two of the other major Indian science academies, the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 2017 and 2018 respectively He held the Tata Innvovation fellowship of the Department of Biotechnology in 2015 and the award orations delivered by him included the 2011 edition of the Dr. J. B. Srivastav Oration of the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Senior Scientist Oration of the Indian Immunology Society in 2015 Prof. S. S. Katiyar Endowment Lecture of the Indian Science Congress Association in 2018. In 2019, he has been elected to Fellowship in the American Academy of Microbiology (AAM). The AAM is the honorific leadership group within the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), the world's oldest and largest life science organization.


American Base Hospital No. 238

American Base Hospital No. 238 was an American military hospital formed in Rimaucourt, Department Haute Marne, France. This was the last hospital to be created during the First World War.
History.
At this hospital were the United States Army Nurse Corps (ANC). From the start of the war till its bloody finish late 1918 the ANC expanded from 403 nurses to 22,000.
The hospital took its personnel from Base Hospitals Nos. 52, 58, 59, and 64. Nine days after the November 11, 1918 cease-fire this base was set up as a special hospital for eye, ear, nose, and throat, skin and genitourinary diseases, and contained the central laboratory and morgue. It was the fifth base hospital to join the Rimaucourt hospital center, where it occupied a type A, 1,000-bed hospital.
Since it was created so late in the war effort the hospital was only opened for less than three months and during that time cared for 802 patients, closing its doors on January 26, 1919. It disbanded at Rimaucourt on February 15, 1919, "and Base Hospital No. 238, the last base hospital to be organized in the World War, ceased to exist."
Personnel.
Commanding Officers
Chief of surgical service
Chief of medical service


Andrew Cantwell

Andrew Cantwell (died 1764) was an Irish academic in France and medical writer, known as an opponent of inoculation.
Life.
Cantwell was born in Tipperary, and studied medicine at the University of Montpellier, where he graduated in 1729. Having failed in 1732 to secure the succession to the chair of medicine which had been left vacant by Jean Astruc's migration to Paris, he also left for Paris in 1733. After going through a further course of study there, he graduated M.D. of Paris in 1742.
In 1750 Cantwell was appointed at Paris professor of surgery in the Latin language, and in 1760 he became professor of the same subject in French; in 1762 he became professor of pharmacy. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, elected 1738, and died at Paris 11 July 1764.
Works.
The Paris disputation of 1742 written by Cantwell was under Jacques Albert Hazon (1708–1779), and concerned treatment for the stone with alkalis. It examined the lithontriptic remedies of Joanna Stephens, indicating some positive outcomes of trials. Cantwell had translated a paper from 1740 by Stephen Hales in this area into French; and went on to translate work of Hans Sloane on the eyes.
Cantwell became a persistent opponent of inoculation against small-pox, and made an extended stay in England to study the practice and its results. He took issue with the favourable views of James Jurin and Charles Marie de La Condamine. He wrote a "Dissertation on Inoculation" (Paris, 1755), an "Account of Small-pox" (Paris, 1758), and Latin dissertations on medicine. His "Faits concluans contre l'inoculation" pointed to risks that other diseases could be transmitted by inoculation; a rebuttal from the College of Physicians of London mentioned Cantwell's loss of a daughter to smallpox.
The "Dictionnaire historique de la médecine" of Nicolas Éloy of 1778, and the "Nouvelle Biographie Générale" of 1855, list other works. Contributions by Cantwell are in the "Philosophical Transactions", vols. xl. xli. xlii. They include papers on ophthalmology: a letter to Thomas Stack, and a report on the work of Jacques Daviel.
Family.
His son Andrew Samuel Michael Cantwell (1744–1802) was known as a librarian and translator in France. He translated many English works into French.
Notes.
Attribution


Government Medical College, Jalgaon

Government Medical College, Jalgaon is a full-fledged tertiary Government medical college in Jalgaon, Maharashtra. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). It is recognised by the Medical Council of India. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest in Jalgaon district.
Selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through the National Eligibility and Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate student intake was 100 which was then increased to 150 in 2019.


Pat Darling

Pat Darling (31 August 1913 in Casino, New South Wales, Australia – 2007) was an Australian servicewoman and nursing sister with the 2/10th Australian General Hospital.
Early life.
Born as Janet Patteson Gunther, her great grandfather, Archdeacon James Gunther, was a missionary to indigenous Australians at Wellington, New South Wales. Her grandfather, Archdeacon William Gunther, was rector of St John's, Parramatta. The second eldest of eight children, she attended bush schools before leaving school at 12 to help out at home in the farm.
World War II.
She trained in general nursing at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Camperdown, and worked as a private nurse until enlisting in 1940 with the 2nd/10th Australian General Hospital. She sailed to Singapore in February 1941. She was one of the Australian nurses taken prisoner by the Japanese in Sumatra during World War II. She wrote about her three and a half years incarceration and survival in "Portrait of a Nurse" (published in 2001).
Family.
She married Major George Colin Darling (NX101315 2/5 Infantry Battalion), a manager with the Port Kembla steelworks in 1957 and a widower with four children in 1949. She stopped nursing in the late 1940s/early 1950s. Colin Darling died in the early 1970s.
Death.
Darling died in 2007, aged 94. Her husband George Colin Darling died in 1983, aged 76.


Ernst Gadermann

Ernst Gadermann (born 25 December 1913 – died 26 November 1973) was a German physician in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. After World War II he became a well known cardiologist.
Military career.
Gadermann joined the Luftwaffe in 1941, where he worked as a doctor in Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann" on the Eastern Front. In addition to his medical work, he was quickly coopted to the wing staff.
Later he became an observer and gunner in the III. Group. During World War II he flew more than 850 combat missions in Junkers Ju 87 (Stuka) aircraft as a rear gunner. From May 1944 until 8 February 1945, he flew with the most decorated German serviceman of the war, Hans-Ulrich Rudel. On this last mission, a 40 mm shell hit their Ju 87. Rudel was badly wounded in the right foot and crash landed inside German lines. Gadermann saved Rudel's life by pulling him from the severely damaged Ju 87 and stemming the bleeding. Later, Rudel's leg was amputated below the knee. Gadermann served the remainder of the war in a Medical Observation Center in Brunswick.
Later life.
After the war Gadermann worked as heart and circulatory specialist in Hamburg. There in 1947 he and Adolf Metzner developed the basics of the first telemetric measurements of the ECG in athletes. Gadermann was chief of the 1972 Summer Olympics sports medicine faculty. He died of a heart attack on 26 November 1973 in Hamburg on his way to a lecture.


Pramukh Swami Medical College, Karamsad

Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad is a medical college located in Karamsad, Gujarat. It was established in the year 1987. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated to Bhaikaka University and is recognized by Medical Council of India. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through National Eligibility and Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 150.
Courses.
Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad undertakes education and training of students MBBS courses. This college is offering 150 MBBS seats from 2019 of which 85% Seats are of state quota and 15% is for Nation Counselling.


Manunda

TSMV "Manunda" was an "Australian" registered and crewed passenger ship which was converted to a hospital ship in 1940. During the war "Manunda" saw service in both the Middle East and Pacific Campaigns, specifically New Guinea. She resumed her passenger duties after the war, before being sold to a Japanese company and finally broken up in 1957.
Design and construction.
In 1927 the Adelaide Steamship Company in Australia ordered a new liner to provide full-time Australian coastal passenger services, which had previously only been offered by the company on a limited scale.
The Twin Screw Motor Vessel "Manunda" was built by William Beardmore and Company at Dalmuir in Scotland. The vessel was in length, with a beam of . Diesel motors provided power to the two propeller shafts, with a top speed of . Passenger capacity was 176 first class and 136 second class.
The ship was launched on 27 November 1928, and completed on 16 April 1929. It was a company policy for all its motor vessels to have a name starting with "M" and the ship was named after an Aboriginal word meaning "place near water". She was the largest ship operated by the Adelaide Steamship Company at the time, and as a result of her success the company commissioned a larger, faster sister ship, , which was completed in 1935.
Operational history.
Early career.
She arrived in Australia in June 1929 to begin her duties on the Australian coastal trade, running passengers and cargo between Sydney, Fremantle, Melbourne and Cairns.
In late 1929, "Manunda" rammed Birkenhead Wharf in Adelaide.
World War II.
The declaration of war saw "Manunda" fitted out as DEMS ship (Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship), under the control of the Australian Shipping Control Board. During the process of converting it into a hospital ship, the No. 1 Hold was deemed to be dangerous and never rectified. One death was recorded (that of Second Officer Rupert Mafeking Blunt) and several officers were injured due to the complications with the design.
She was converted into a hospital ship at Sydney in compliance with the Geneva Convention Regulations and was taken over by the authorities on 25 May 1940, and entered service as AHS "Manunda" on 22 July 1940, under Captain James Garden, previously the captain of the Adelaide Steamship Company "Manoora" and Commodore of the Adelaide Steamship Fleet. The general hospital based on board was commanded by Lt. Col. John Beith, and members of the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) on board were led by Matron Clara Jane Shumack (1899–1974).
"Manunda" sailed on a shakedown cruise to Darwin, Port Moresby and returned to Sydney, before heading for Suez in the Middle East (she made four trips to the Middle East and Mediterranean between November 1940 and September 1941). She was then despatched to Darwin. On the morning of 19 February 1942, "Manunda" was damaged during the Japanese air raids on Darwin, despite her highly prominent red cross markings on a white background. 12 members of the ship's crew and hospital staff were killed, 19 others were seriously wounded and another 40 or so received minor wounds. "Manunda" was able to act as a casualty clearing station for injured personnel from other ships involved in the attack. She sailed to Fremantle the next day. Captain James Garden was later awarded the OBE, in 1945, for his bravery and skill, both during the attacks, in leading a fire extinguishing team on the ship and in later navigating it by the stars to Fremantle with no navigation equipment and a jury-rigged steering system. In 1943 Thomas Minto, First Mate on Manunda, was awarded the M.B.E. for gallantry and devotion to duty on the Manunda during air raids at Darwin in February 1942. In June 1945 Matron Clara Shumack was awarded the Royal Red Cross. Her Citation included "...On one occasion when the ship was in Darwin it was badly damaged...It was especially during this period that MATRON SHUMACK displayed very great calmness and exceptional devotion to duty, and her quiet and confident manner was an inspiration to all her fellow workers".
After a refit in Adelaide, she went to Milne Bay in Papua New Guinea, where she acted as a floating hospital for the Allied forces who were stationed there. She spent several nights in Milne Bay, during attacks by Japanese warships, but her status as a hospital ship was, on this occasion honored by Japanese naval units, which raked her with searchlights on three nights running. She made a total of 27 voyages from Milne Bay to Brisbane and Sydney transporting wounded troops.
As the war continued, she was relocated as required and she followed the Allied forces the various islands around the Pacific.
Six days after the sinking of AHS "Centaur", a request was made by the Australian Department of Defence that the identification markings and lights be removed from AHS "Manunda", weapons be installed, and that she begin to sail blacked out and under escort. The conversion was performed, although efforts by the Department of the Navy, the Admiralty, and authorities in New Zealand and the United States of America caused the completed conversion to be undone. The cost of the roundabout work came to £12,500, and kept "Manunda" out of service for three months. On 9 June 1943, communications between the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the subject of hospital ships contained a section referring to the "Manunda" incident as a response to the attack on "Centaur", with the conclusion that the attack was the work of an irresponsible Japanese commander, and that it would be better to wait until further attacks had been made before considering the removal of hospital ship markings.
"Manunda"s final wartime voyage was to New Zealand transporting civilian passengers. During the war she carried approximately 30,000 casualties to safety.
After the Japanese surrender, "Manunda" was despatched to Singapore to repatriate ex-POWs and civilian internees who had been imprisoned in Changi Prison.She also sailed to Labuan in Borneo to pick up ex-POWs and civilian internees from Batu Lintang camp.
Postwar career.
"Manunda" was decommissioned in September 1946 and refitted. She returned to service on 2 April 1948, transporting passengers around the Australian coast.


Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences

Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, abbreviated as BRIMS is a district Government Hospital and medical college in Bidar, Karnataka with a status of autonomous institute under Government of Karnataka. College is recognised by medical council of India and affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Karnataka.
Initially was tagged to district hospital of bidar which was of 300 beds strength and was later upgraded to new BRIMS teaching hospital of 750 beds. The new building has 8 stories with various departmental OTs, central lab, upgraded equipments, which was inaugurated in 2017.
The Institution runs UG and PG courses in various specialities. Intake for MBBS was initially 100 annually and had been increased to 150 per annum since 2017. Admissions are through NEET UG.
PG seats are in the department of Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Forensic medicine and Community medicine. Seats for clinical departments are expected to start from 2018 onwards in Medicine, Surgery, Ophthal, ENT and Pediatrics. Admissions are through NEET PG.
The institute is tagged with zonal pharmacovigilance centre and NODAL reference lab under NTCP (National Tuberculosis Control Programme).
Campus.
Campus is in a single premises spreading around 45 acres, and consisting of
1. Main college and Administrative office
2. Old hospital building
3. New hospital building
4. Staff quarters (1+1)
5. UG Boys hostel+mess
6. UG girls hostel + mess
7. PG boys hostel
8. PG girls hostel
9. 24*7 Blood bank
The campus is provided with uninterrupted electricity and water on most of the days of the year. UG hostels are attached with mess which provides both VEG and NON-VEG food. Mess is run by a student committee formed from representatives of each batch. Mess expenditures is shared by everyone.
The campus Is free of ragging and a task force of professors had been assigned as antiragging squad to control the same. hostels has TV ROOM, RECREATIONAL ROOM etc..
Neheru stadium is just adjacent to the campus. There is a swimming pool of district administration at a walkable distance of 300 m. Separate UG and PG hostel buildings of BRIMS with adequate parking place for 2- and 4-wheelers.


Asan Medical Center

Asan Medical Center () is a hospital in Seoul, South Korea. It was established to put into practice the founding principles of Asan Foundation founder Chung Ju-Yung. It opened on June 23, 1989, under the name Seoul Jungang (Central) Hospital, and was renamed Asan Medical Center on April 27, 2002. With 2,715 licensed beds and a total area of 85,000 square meters, it is the largest hospital in Korea.
Since 1993, a healthcare quality improvement team has been in operation at AMC. In 2011, the hospital implemented an internal model called Asan Global Standard (AGS) designed around the baseline assessment of Joint Commission International (JCI).
In 2015, for the ninth consecutive year, AMC was ranked Korea's No. 1 ‘Most Admired Hospital' (general hospital category) in a survey conducted by Korea Management Association Consulting (KMAC).
In 2012, AMC was named the No. 1 ‘Most Trusted Hospital' in Korea in the Korean Standard Service Quality Index (KS-SQI).
In 2010, AMC received top overall ranking in the National Customer Satisfaction Index (NCSI) and was ranked No. 1 for three consecutive years in the Global Customer Satisfaction Competency Index (GCSI).
In 2009, AMC received the top prize in the 2009 Most Trusted Brand Awards (organizer: Chosun Ilbo/Digital Chosun Ilbo media enterprise).
In 2008, AMC received the top prize in the 2008 Social Contribution Corporate Awards (organizer: Korean Customers' Forum).
Medical Care.
AMC has 49 clinical departments and divisions and 39 specialized centers and departmental specialist clinics, including the Asan Cancer Institute, Diabetes Center, and Organ Transplantation Center. The Asan Heart Institute specializes in treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and Children's Hospital provides care to pediatric patients aged 0 to 18.
In terms of clinical achievements, AMC has a strong presence in the areas of cancer care and organ transplantation. An analysis of data from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) reported in February 2006 by the Dong-a Ilbo newspaper found that AMC had the highest surgical performance for nine of the ten major types of cancer, in relation to cancer incidence rates in Korea. According to the 2006 annual report of the Korea Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS), run by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, AMC performed 581 of Korea's 2,346 organ transplantations in 2005, or 24.9% of the total number for that year. In 2010, AMC was ranked first in performance of liver, heart, and kidney transplants, and notably had the world's highest volume of liver transplants at 381 cases (performed on 367 recipients; 2:1 liver transplants are counted twice by KONOS).
Since 1999, AMC has been equipped with its own internally developed computerized systems, including PACS (picture archiving and communication system) and OCS (order communication system). In 2012, a mobile website was launched to enable smartphone-based services such as making and confirming appointments or retrieving blood test results.
Research and study.
In various areas of clinical and basic medicine, AMC published 567 and 825 research papers in 2005 and 2006 respectively to domestic and international medical fields, and provides integrated courses by affiliating with the University of Ulsan College of Medicine. AMC offers medical students with clinical experiences by operating a pre-internship program twice a year as well. As an affiliate medical center of Harvard Medical School, AMC runs a mutual patient advisory and referral system with Harvard Medical School and collaborates in the areas of medical treatment, education, health technology planning through the exchange of doctors, nurses, health technicians, and administrative staff with Harvard Medical School.
Through the partnership contracted with Imperial College London in February 2007, AMC pursues an active clinical exchange and joint research for the areas of clinical and basic medicine.
Affiliates.
Asan Foundation.
The Asan Foundation was established by the late chairman, Chung Ju-Yung, as one of the commemoration works for the 30th The Asan Foundation is a public interest foundation established in July 1977 through private funds donated by Chung Ju-Yung, the late honorary chairman of the Hyundai Group. Its founding commemorated the 30th anniversary of Hyundai Engineering and Construction, the parent company of the Hyundai Group. Towards fulfilling the founder's vision of helping those who are less fortunate, the foundation carries out a range of medical and welfare projects. Since its earliest days, the Asan Foundation has been providing the benefits of medical care, and has established eight general hospitals nationwide, including rural areas which previously had no modern medical facilities. Among the locations are Jeongeup, Boseong, Boryeong, Yeongdeok, Hongcheon, and Gangneung. The Asan Foundation supports pro bono medical care projects to assist Koreans without access to proper care due to economic hardship. Other projects include social welfare support programs to assist various social welfare organizations, including senior care facilities, child welfare centers, and welfare facilities for the disabled; academic research support program to encourage academic research; and a scholarship program to nurture outstanding talent and aid disadvantaged youth. The Foundation presents two awards, the Asan Award for volunteering and sharing culture, and the Asan Award in Medicine for medical scientists devoting themselves to medical development. The name of the foundation comes from the village of Asan-ri in Tongchon County, Gangwon Province, which was the hometown of the late honorary chairman Chung Ju-Yung.
University of Ulsan College of Medicine.
Since its founding in 1988, the University of Ulsan College of Medicine has implemented a systematic integrated education system in basic and clinical medicine. Its curriculum is oriented towards problem-solving, with the educational goal of cultivating accomplished clinical practitioners and medical scientists able to contribute to human health and welfare through mastery of basic medical knowledge and skills and acquisition of new medical knowledge. In December 2004, the Seoul campus of the University of Ulsan College of Medicine was relocated to AMC's Asan Education Research Center. Its teaching hospitals include AMC, Ulsan University Hospital, and Gangneung Asan Hospital.
ASAN Institute for Life Sciences.
The ASAN Institute for Life Sciences operates through a cooperative system between AMC and the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, and is home to research in the fields of clinical and basic medicine and related disciplines. Among the institute's divisions are the Biomedical Research Center, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Trial Center, Bio-Resource Center, and Human Research Protection Center. The ASAN Institute for Life Sciences is Korea's first privately funded global bio-cluster. In a newly constructed building that opened in 2011, basic, translational, and clinical research is conducted by domestic and foreign research institutes. A collaborative research network of Korean and international researchers work in such areas as development of new drugs, diagnostic techniques, and clinical treatment methods. Its research staff includes approximately 1,300 researchers, including some 540 clinical instructors from AMC and about 760 specialized medical researchers.
Asan Health Network.
Gangneung Asan Hospital, Keumkang Asan Hospital, Bosung Asan Hospital, Boryeong Asan Hospital, Youngdeok Asan Hospital, Jeongeup Asan Hospital, Hongcheon Asan Hospital
Transportation.
○ Subway: Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 2 to Jamsilnaru Station
○ Bus: Seoul Bus #4318
○ Shuttle: A shuttle service runs between Jamsilnaru Station and AMC.


Mollie Skinner

Mary Louisa (Mollie) Skinner (1876–1955) was a Western Australian author, best known for the story "The Boy in the Bush" co-authored with D. H. Lawrence.
Biography.
Mollie Skinner was born on 19 September 1876 to a Western Australian family that had established itself during the early years of settlement, distinguishing her position an "ancient colonist" in the local society from the "t'othersiders" who arrived in Western Australia from the eastern states.
The family's religion was the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).
Her mother was Jessie Rose Ellen, the daughter of George Walpole Leake, who had married James Tierney Skinner, a captain in the 18th Royal Irish Regiment. While born in Perth, her family took the infant Mollie to England and Ireland. She began her education in Edinburgh, but a painful condition of the eyes inflicted shortly afterward was treated by placing her in a darkened room for five years. The successful restoration of her health allowed her to begin composing poetry and stories and other tasks, and Skinner later enrolled at two children's hospitals in London to begin a career in nursing.
Skinner returned to Perth with the rest of her family in 1900.
She operated a convalescent home and guest house with a friend Nellie Beakbane, located in the foothills suburb of Darlington. On the recommendation of a friend, Pussy Jenkins, D H Lawrence and his wife stayed at this house while visiting Western Australia; their meeting would be influential to their respective literary careers.
Mollie Skinner died on 25 May 1955 at the town of York.
Works.
Before leaving England in 1900 she was published in the "Daily Mail" newspaper.
She wrote a memoir describing her experiences during the First World War, as a volunteer aid worker in Burma. Mollie was the co-owner of a guesthouse in Darlington, where D. H. Lawrence stayed, shortly after arriving in the country in 1922. Skinner's "Letters of a V. A. D." was given to Lawrence by Margaret Cohen, another friend residing at the house, he became interested in her other works. After Lawrence read the work he remarked, "You have been given the Divine Spark and would bury it in a napkin". Her draft novel "The House of Ellis" was rewritten by Lawrence and published as "The Boy in the Bush" in August 1924.
Her brother Jack was the subject of Lawrence's novel "Kangaroo".
Two years after the issue of her work with Lawrence, she met with Edward Garnett to discuss publication of "Black Swans". His critique of the work as "so damn, damn bad …" was interpreted by Skinner's tears and cries, before he finished by declaring it was also so "damn, damn good" that he intended to publish the work.
Skinner's autobiography, "The Fifth Sparrow", was edited by Mary Durack and Marjorie Rees while Skinner's health was failing and published posthumously in 1972.
Legacy.
Skinner enjoyed moderate success during her lifetime, particularly for the association with D. H. Lawrence, but did not share the fame of contemporaries such as Katherine Susannah Prichard and Mary Durack.
Her life story was adapted to a play, "Sparrow", first performed in 2018.
Skinner Street in the Canberra suburb Cook was named in her honour.


Jekrul Haque

Dr. Zikrul Haque (1 September 1914 — 12 April 1971) was a physician and politician who was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1970. He was killed in the Bangladesh Liberation war and is considered a Martyr in Bangladesh.
Early life.
Haque was born in Saidpur, Bangladesh on September 1, 1914. He graduated from Saidpur Pilot High School in 1933 and completed his Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery from Campbell Medical School in Kolkata on 1939.
Career.
Haque worked in the Hazarihat Charitable Dispensary under Darwary Hospital in Syedpur as the Medical officer. After which he was the medical officer in Shah Abdul Gafur Charitable Dispensary in Dangargat. Then he worked at Zearatullah Medical Hall. He joined the All India Muslim Students Federation and later the Muslim League after the partition of India. He was elected as an independent to the Legislative Assembly in 1954. In 1958 he was elected chairman of Syedpur Municipality. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1970 as an Awami League candidate. He supported the Non-cooperation movement in 1971.
Death and legacy.
On 25 March 1971, at the onset of Operation Searchlight and Bangladesh Liberation war, he was detained by Pakistan Army from his residence. He was kept in Rangpur Cantonment, where he was tortured. He was executed with other detainees on 12 April 1971. Bangladesh Post Office issued commemorative postal stamp on 14 December 1996. He was posthumously awarded the Independence Award in 2001 by the Government of Bangladesh.


Thomas Naghten Fitzgerald

Sir Thomas Naghten FitzGerald (1 August 1838 – 8 July 1908) was an Irish-born Australian surgeon and academic.
Early life.
FitzGerald was born in Tullamore, Ireland, the son of John FitzGerald and his wife Catherine Naghten, "née" Higgins. FitzGerald was educated at St Mary's College, Kingstown, and the Ledwich School of Medicine, Dublin.
Career.
FitzGerald arrived in Melbourne, Australia in July 1858 as a ship's surgeon. After opening a private practice, FitzGerald was elected honorary surgeon to the Melbourne Hospital in 1860 and held that post until 1901. FitzGerald was a consulting surgeon in the Boer War in South Africa in 1900, for which services he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in Nov 1900.
FitzGerald also bred horses, one of which ("Rhesus") won the Victorian Grand National Hurdle Race in 1882. FitzGerald owned the painting "Chloé" which now hangs in the Young & Jackson hotel.
He died on 8 July 1908, on board the "S.S. Wyreema".
He was buried in the Melbourne General Cemetery.
Family.
In 1870, he married Margaret Robertson, who died in 1890; they had three daughters.


Aware Global Hospital

AWARE Global Hospital is a specialized hospital located in the Karmanghat area of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. This hospital was established by P.K.S. Madhavanji, Founder & Chairman of AWARE Group and was named as AWARE Hospitals. The hospital was later leased to Global Hospitals Group and renamed AWARE Global Hospitals.
Overview.
After taking on lease of AWARE Hospitals in 2008 by the Global Hospitals, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, the hospital opened its branch hospitals in Bangalore, BGS Global Hospital and in Chennai(Global Health City). Their Hyderabad chain was named as Aware Global Hospital. The 300-bed hospital built at L.B. Nagar in Hyderabad, apart from specialized ICU services in medical, surgical, cardiac, cardiothoracic surgery and various other surgical fields, offers facilities to handle cases of trauma, emergency, gastroenterology, cardiology, neurology, nephrology, oncology, etc.


Jessica Borger

Jessica Geraldine Borger is an Australian T Cell immunologist, Lecturer and Graduate Course Coordinator at the Central Clinical School, Monash University. Her research has added to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T cell function. Additionally, Borger is a News and Commentary Editor for Immunology & Cell Biology and a Guest Associate Editor for Frontiers in Immunology, and a reviewer for several academic journals. Jessica also advocates for gender equality in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in her position a member of the Gender Equity, Diversity and Inclusion committee of the Central Clinical School at Monash University.
Education.
Borger started her studying towards her undergraduate degree when she was 21 years old. She received a Bachelor's Degree in Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology from the University of South Australia. Eight years after completing her bachelor's degree, she moved to the UK to begin her PhD at University College London after being awarded a highly competitive Medical Research Council PhD scholarship by the National Institute of Medical Research. During her PhD, she began researching T Cell function with Rose Zamoyska, specifically investigating the localisation of cell surface receptors and intracellular proximal TCR signaling molecules in CD8 T cells during memory formation.
Career.
Research.
Between completing her bachelor's degree and starting her PhD, Borger worked as a Molecular Biologist for GRMicro (2002 - 2003), and for Arrow Therapeutics as a Drug Discovery Scientist (2003 - 2006).
Borger undertook her postdoctoral training on a Medical Research Council fellowship from 2010–2016 at the University of Edinburgh with Prof Zamoyska, investigating the role of Caveolin-1 in T cell cholesterol homeostasis, integrin signaling and exosome complex biogenesis.
In 2016, Borger took a position in the Central Clinical School at Monash University as a Senior Postdoctoral Researcher. In this position, Jessica has been researching gamma delta T cell development, activation and function as potential targets of therapeutic intervention of lung disorders. Additionally, Jessica was awarded a CASS Foundation Medicine/Science grant to research the design of novel CAR-T therapy approaches in the lung using novel intracellular checkpoint blockade targets. In 2017, she was awarded the IgV Best Postdoctoral Speaker Award by the Australia and New Zealand Society of Immunology, the Best Presentation Prize by the Immunology Alfred Hospital., and in 2018 the Best Speaker Award at the International Conference on Innate Lymphoid Cells in Japan.
In 2019, Borger became Lecturer and Course-Coordinator of Graduate Studies at Monash University. In this role, she created a Master's course in Translational Research. In the same year, Borger was the first recipient of the Margaret Baird Women in Immunology Award by the Australia and New Zealand Society for Immunology.
Science Communication and Gender Equality Advocacy.
Borger is an advocate for gender equality in STEM and science communicator. She has written articles for Women's Agenda, The Conversation, Women in STEMM Australia and SoapboxScience. In 2018, Jessica Borger was awarded the Veski Inspiring women STEM Sidebyside scholarship.
From 2018, Borger has sat on both the A+ Gender Equity committee of the A+ Alfred Research Alliance at the Alfred Hospital and the Gender, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (GEDI) committee at the Central Clinical School at Monash University. The GEDI committee conducted a survey to investigate problems and concerns with GEDI issues in the school and ran a survey in 2020 to understand the impact of COVID-19 on researchers with a gendered lens applied. In 2020 Borger, as a member of the Equity in Medical Research Alliance (EMRA) was involved in the creation of a position paper to mitigate the gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the medical research workforce.
Publications.
Borger's published works include:


Government Medical College, Baramulla

Government Medical College,Baramulla گورنمنٹ میڈیکل کالج برامولا", also Known as GMC Baramulla, is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government Medical college located in Kanthbagh area of Baramulla. It was established in the year 2018. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated to University of Kashmir and is recognised by National Medical Commission. The hospital associated with the college is the largest hospital in the North Kashmir.It caters to the whole population of North Kashmir and part of Central Kashmir. OPD of the Associated hospital receives nearly 4000 patients on daily basis. GMC has also Maternity and Paediatric Hospital associated with it, which is located few kilometers away from main campus. Urban Primary health centre Old Town and Primary health centre Kalantra are also associated with it to impart clinical teaching to students. Selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through National Eligibility and Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 from the year 2018.
Courses.
Government Medical College, Baramulla undertakes education and training of students MBBS courses. This college is offering 100 MBBS seats from 2019 of which 100% Seats are of state quota.