Andrew Toles

Alvin Andrew Toles (born May 24, 1992) is an American professional baseball outfielder who played for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Toles played college baseball for the University of Tennessee but was dismissed from the team in 2011. He then played for Chipola College but was suspended from the team in 2012. He was selected by the Tampa Bay Rays in the third round of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft and played for the organization, but he was released prior to the 2015 season for disciplinary reasons. He signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers organization after the 2015 season and made his major league debut in 2016.
Amateur career.
Toles attended Sandy Creek High School in Tyrone, Georgia. After he graduated, the Florida Marlins selected him in the fourth round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft. He chose not to sign with the Marlins.
Toles enrolled at the University of Tennessee to play college baseball for the Tennessee Volunteers. He was named to the SEC All-Freshman team in 2011. However, he was dismissed by the Volunteers baseball team later that year. Tennessee coach Dave Serrano did not specify a reason for Toles' dismissal but noted "a certain standard of accountability to which every member of the team must be held." After the 2011 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and was named a league all-star.
Toles then transferred to Chipola College in northern Florida. He was suspended from Chipola's baseball team in 2012, for breaking team rules.
Professional career.
Tampa Bay Rays organization.
The Tampa Bay Rays selected Toles in the third round of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft. He signed, receiving a $369,700 signing bonus. After his first professional season, with the Princeton Rays of the Rookie-level Appalachian League in 2012 in which he batted .281, "Baseball America" named Toles the Best Athlete and the Fastest Baserunner in the organization. In 2013, playing for the Bowling Green Hot Rods of the Class A Midwest League, Toles led the league in batting average and hits and was named a Mid- and Post-Season All-Star, a Topps Class-A All-Star, a MiLB.com Organization All-Star, and the Rays' Minor League Player of the Year.
In 2014, playing for two months with the Charlotte Stone Crabs of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, Toles was criticized by manager Jared Sandberg. He was admonished first for not running hard to first, and was then pulled from a game for not hustling. His manager said: "If you don’t play hard, you don’t play... I watched Andrew play last year, and he came out of the game last year, too. So this isn’t the first time." Toles left the team days later, and was eventually placed on the inactive list for "personal reasons," missing two months of the season. He batted .261/.302/.337 for Charlotte. He played six games in August for the Gulf Coast Rays of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League.
In 2015, Toles attended spring training with the Rays. However, he was released prior to the season for disciplinary reasons and did not play professional baseball that year.
Los Angeles Dodgers.
Toles signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers after the 2015 season. He began 2016 with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the Class A-Advanced California League, and was promoted to the Tulsa Drillers of the Class AA Texas League and Oklahoma City Dodgers of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League during the season.
The Dodgers called him up on July 8, 2016. Toles made his MLB debut as the starting center fielder that night against the San Diego Padres and had one hit in four at bats, a double in his first plate appearance, off Andrew Cashner. He hit his first home run on August 22 off Josh Smith of the Cincinnati Reds. He hit his first grand slam on August 31 off Adam Ottavino of the Colorado Rockies. Toles finished the season with a .314 batting average in 48 games, along with three home runs and 16 RBIs. Manager Dave Roberts likened Toles's rookie season to a "dream". In the postseason, he hit .364 in 22 at bats.
Toles returned to the Dodgers in 2017, making their Opening Day starting lineup. For the first month of the season he was the Dodgers primary leadoff hitter and starting left fielder against right-handed pitching. However, on May 9 he tore his anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee as he pulled up on the warning track at Dodger Stadium, was placed on the disabled list, and had season-ending surgery. In 31 games he batted .271 with five home runs and 15 RBIs.
In 2018 with the Dodgers he batted .233/.281/.300 in 17 games. He spent most of the season with Oklahoma City, where he hit .306 in 71 games.
Toles did not report to spring training in 2019, and the Dodgers announced that he was dealing with a personal matter and was out indefinitely. He was placed on the restricted list at the start of the season. He did eventually report to camp on April 30 for extended spring training but he left the club a month later to return to his family. He did not return to the team during the 2019 season and did not appear in any games.
Mental health issues.
Toles battled mental health issues during his professional career. While signed to the Rays and playing in the minor league, he had anxiety issues and struggled to sleep. As a result, he showed up late at the ballpark and made mental mistakes on the field, leading to criticisms from Jared Sandberg. Toles eventually asked for a release from the Rays and spent time in a mental health treatment center in 2015. Between the 2015 and 2016 Major League Baseball seasons, Toles spent two weeks working in the frozen-foods section of a Georgia Kroger grocery store. In 2018, Toles was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia after spending two weeks in a mental health hospital.
Toles was arrested and jailed on a misdemeanor charge of trespassing on June 22, 2020, after police found him sleeping behind the Key West airport and refusing to leave the area. His address was listed as "the streets of Key West".
Personal life.
Toles was born in Decatur, Georgia. He is the son of Alvin Toles, who played college football at the University of Tennessee and then played in the National Football League.


Phytoseiidae

The Phytoseiidae are a family of mites which feed on thrips and other mite species. They are often used as a biological control agent for managing mite pests. Because of their usefulness as biological control agents, interest in phytoseiids has steadily increased over the past century. In 1950, there were 34 known species. Today, there are 2,731 documented species.
Subfamilies.
The family Phytoseiidae contains these subfamilies:
Lifestyles.
Phytoseiids are best known as predators of small arthropods and nematodes, but many species are also known to feed on fungi, plant exudates, and pollen.
Scientists have proposed classifications of the Phytoseiidae based on their food sources. In the most current version, developed in 2013, phytoseiids are grouped into four types.
Phytoseiidae as biological control agents.
Phytoseiids are an important natural predator of the spider mite. When phytoseiid populations decline, spider mites can severely damage commercial crops. Since World War II, spider mite (tetranychid) populations have
increased due to the use of synthetic pesticides. The reason pesticides have increased spider mite populations remains mysterious to scientists, but it has spurred an interest in phytoseiids as biological control agents. So far, research has shown that phytoseiids are effective control agents in both their native environments and open-field vegetable crops.
Phytoseiid species that act as biological control agents are influenced by the availability of their prey. Phytoseiids can postpone or delay egg production during periods when prey are scarce. This allows them to have a longer lifespan and likely serves as an adaptation to environments where prey availability is variable. In addition to being able to delay reproduction, phytoseiids are also capable of rapid reproduction when prey is readily available. They reproduce more when
prey availability is high, which increases their effectiveness as biological control agents. When prey availability increases, females lay more eggs, and more healthy offspring are produced during reproductive periods. In addition, when prey availability increases, the Phytoseiidae kill more prey during reproductive cycles, and the ratio of prey killed to eggs laid increases.
"Wolbachia" infections.
"Wolbachia", a parasitic bacterial genus that affects a vast array of arthropod species such as "Drosophila simulans", is common in the Phytoseiidae. It affects gender determination and reproduction of its hosts, making it a powerful agent of evolution. "Wolbachia" species have been detected in many species of the Phytoseiidae, both in the field and in the lab. Although most research focuses on "Wolbachia" in germ line tissues, the bacteria can also be found in somatic tissues. "Wolbachia's" main method of spreading is to be passed down through the generations in germ line tissues, but it is also capable of being transferred horizontally.
Although "Wolbachia" bacteria do not benefit their hosts in any way, they are maintained in the population because infected mothers pass them to their offspring through the ovum. Over time, bacterial presence in a population can lead to complete reproductive isolation of that population from uninfected populations. "Wolbachia" causes speciation through reproductive isolation. Some hosts evolve with a dependency on "Wolbachia" for reproductive functions, so that individuals without "Wolbachia" infections have lower reproductive fitness.
"Wolbachia" influences the gender determination of its hosts, making females more common than males. In populations affected by "Wolbachia", females commonly compete for the right to mate with males. This is one of the ways in which "Wolbachia" infections can lead to speciation, because females evolve traits that allow them to better compete for males. In extreme cases, the feminizing effect of "Wolbachia" can cause the host species to lose the chromosome responsible for female gender. "Wolbachia" infections are capable of causing the extinction of hosts by making females much more common than males.


Cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate

Cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate is the inorganic compound with the formula Cd2(AlCl4)2, a tetrachloroaluminate of cadmium(I). It was the first compound reported (1961) that contained cadmium in the +1 oxidation state and features a cadmium–cadmium bond.
Preparation and properties.
Cd2(AlCl4)2 was originally prepared by dissolving Cd metal in molten CdCl2 followed by the addition of AlCl3.
Subsequent studies of the Raman vibrational spectrum indicated the presence of a cadmium–cadmium bond, which was confirmed by two separate X-ray diffraction studies of single crystals. The compound can therefore be compared to mercury(I) (mercurous) compounds (such as mercury(I) chloride), which contain . The Cd–Cd bonds are part of ethane-like Cd2Cl6 units sharing vertices with AlCl4 units, with a Cd–Cd bond length reported as 257.6 pm or 256.1pm.
Cd2(AlCl4)2 is diamagnetic. It contains no unpaired electrons and reacts readily with water disproportionating to give Cd metal and Cd2+.


Black Hills Cemetery Act

The Black Hills Cemetery Act (; ) is a United States public law that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives of the 113th United States Congress on January 15, 2013 by Rep. Kristi Noem (SD-R). The bill would transfer ownership of nine cemeteries (and some surrounding land) located in South Dakota from the ownership of the U.S. government to the ownership of the local communities that have been caring for and maintaining those cemeteries. The bill was signed into law on July 25, 2014.
Background.
There are nine specific cemeteries listed in the bill that are currently cared for by local community groups. The bill is designed to transfer ownership of the cemetery land to those groups. The House of Representatives in the 112th United States Congress passed , which was identical legislation, that failed to become law.
One of the cemeteries was started in the mid-1870s and ran out of space in 2008. The bill would expand that cemetery.
Provisions/Elements of the bill.
"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source."
The Black Hills Cemetery Act would direct the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to convey, to the local communities in South Dakota that are currently managing specified community cemeteries, all interest of the United States in the parcels of National Forest System land that contain the cemeteries. The Act would also direct the Department of Agriculture to convey up to an additional two acres adjoining each cemetery to ensure that such conveyances include unmarked gravesites and allow for the expansion of those cemeteries.
The Act would specify three requirements. First, each such conveyance would be subject to the condition that the recipient accept the conveyed real property in the condition it is in at the time of conveyance. Second, the conveyed lands must continue to be used in the same manner and for the same purposes as they were used immediately before their conveyance. Finally, the recipients of the parcels of the real property conveyed under this Act must bear the cost of the survey for their particular parcel.
Procedural history.
The Black Hills Cemetery Act was introduced into the House by Rep. Kristi Noem (SD-R) on January 15, 2013. It was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources and the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation. The bill was reported by the Committee on Natural Resources on April 9, 2013 alongside House Report 113-26. The bill was voted on by the full House on May 6, 2013 under a suspension of the rules. The bill passed by a vote of 390-2, recorded in Roll Call 130.
The Black Hill Cemetery Act was received in the Senate on May 7, 2013 and referred to the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. The Senate voted on July 9, 2014 to pass the bill by unanimous consent. The bill was then signed into law by President Barack Obama on July 25, 2014.
Debate.
Supporters argued that it would be easier to care for the cemeteries if they were owned and managed by the local community instead of the U.S. Forest Service. Supporters also argued that it was important to expand the cemeteries by two acres so that locals could be buried there. One resident said that it was because "families who have guild homes, had kids, grew up here, falling in love with the hills like we have and i hope one day in the distant future to call this my final resting place because this is home."


Sydney Dispensary


Warfarin necrosis

Warfarin-induced skin necrosis is a condition in which skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis (tissue death) occurs due to acquired protein C deficiency following treatment with anti-vitamin K anticoagulants (4-hydroxycoumarins, such as warfarin).
Warfarin necrosis is a rare but severe complication of treatment with warfarin or related anticoagulants. The typical patient appears to be an obese, middle aged woman (median age 54 years, male to female ratio 1:3). This drug eruption usually occurs between the third and tenth days of therapy with warfarin derivatives. The first symptoms are pain and redness in the affected area. As they progress, lesions develop a sharp border and become petechial, then hard and purpuric. They may then resolve or progress to form large, irregular, bloody bullae with eventual necrosis and slow-healing eschar formation. Favored sites are breasts, thighs, buttocks and penis, all areas with subcutaneous fat. In rare cases, the fascia and muscle are involved.
Development of the syndrome is associated with the use of large loading doses at the start of treatment.
Mechanism.
Warfarin necrosis usually occurs three to five days after drug therapy is begun, and a high initial dose increases the risk of its development. Warfarin-induced necrosis can develop both at sites of local injection and - when infused intravenously - in a widespread pattern.
In warfarin's initial stages of action, inhibition of protein C and Factor VII is stronger than inhibition of the other vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, IX, and X. This results from the fact that these proteins have different half-lives: 1.5 to six hours for factor VII and eight hours for protein C, versus one day for factor IX, two days for factor X and two to five days for factor II. The larger the initial dose of vitamin K-antagonist, the more pronounced these differences are. This coagulation factor imbalance leads to paradoxical activation of coagulation, resulting in a hypercoagulable state and thrombosis. The blood clots interrupt the blood supply to the skin, causing necrosis. Protein C is an innate anticoagulant, and as warfarin further decreases protein C levels, it can lead to massive thrombosis with necrosis and gangrene of limbs.
Notably, the prothrombin time (or international normalized ratio, INR) used to test the effect of warfarin is highly dependent on factor VII, which explains why patients can have a therapeutic INR (indicating good anticoagulant effect) but still be in a hypercoagulable state.
In one third of cases, warfarin necrosis occurs in patients with an underlying, innate and previously unknown deficiency of protein C. The condition is related to purpura fulminans, a complication in infants with sepsis which also involves skin necrosis. These infants often have protein C deficiency as well. There have also been cases in patients with other deficiency, including protein S deficiency, activated protein C resistance (Factor V Leiden) and antithrombin III deficiency.
Although the above hypothesis is the most commonly accepted, others believe that it is a hypersensitivity reaction or a direct toxic effect.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Many conditions mimic or may be mistaken for warfarin necrosis, including pyoderma gangrenosum or necrotizing fasciitis. Warfarin necrosis is also different from another drug eruption associated with warfarin, purple toe syndrome, which usually occurs three to eight weeks after the start of anticoagulation therapy. No report has described this disorder in the immediate postpartum period in patients with protein S deficiency.
Prevention.
Vitamin K1 can be used to reverse the effects of warfarin, and heparin or its low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) can be used in an attempt to prevent further clotting. None of these suggested therapies have been studied in clinical trials.
Heparin and LMWH act by a different mechanism than warfarin, so these drugs can also be used to prevent clotting during the first few days of warfarin therapy and thus prevent warfarin necrosis (this is called 'bridging').
Treatment.
The first element of treatment is usually to discontinue the offending drug, although there have been reports describing how the eruption evolved little after it had established in spite of continuing the medication.
Based on the assumption that low levels of protein C are involved in the underlying mechanism, common treatments in this setting include fresh frozen plasma or pure activated protein C.
Since the clot-promoting effects of starting administration of 4-hydroxycoumarins are transitory, patients with protein C deficiency or previous warfarin necrosis can still be restarted on these drugs if appropriate measures are taken. These include gradual increase starting from low doses and supplemental administration of protein C (pure or from fresh frozen plasma).
The necrotic skin areas are treated as in other conditions, sometimes healing spontaneously with or without scarring, sometimes going on to require surgical debridement or skin grafting.
History.
While skin necrosis in patients had been previously described, Verhagen was the first to publish a paper on this relationship in the medical literature, in 1954.


Leo Echegaray

Leo Pilo Echegaray (11 July 1960 – 5 February 1999) was the first Filipino to receive the death penalty after its reinstatement in the Philippines in 1993, some 23 years after the last judicial execution was carried out. His death sparked national debate over the legality and morality of the death penalty, which was later suspended on 15 April 2006.
Trial and execution.
A house painter by trade, Echegaray was accused of the April 1994 rape of the 10-year-old daughter of his live in partner Rodessa (nicknamed "Baby" by the press). He was convicted by Branch 104 of the Regional Trial Court in Quezon City on 7 September 1994, with the death sentence automatically reviewed by the Supreme Court and confirmed on 25 June 1996. Echegaray filed a motion to appeal the sentence, which was denied on 19 January 1999.
Less than a month later, Echegaray was executed via lethal injection on 5 February 1999. Echegaray was told of the court ruling at noon, three hours before he was to die by lethal injection at Manila's New Bilibid Prison. He would have been the first man to be executed in the Philippines since 1976.
Witnesses reported his last words to have been:
"Sámbayanáng Pilipino, patawarin ako sa kasalanang ipinaratang ninyo sa akin. Pilipino, pinatáy ng kapwa Pilipino."<br>("People of the Philippines, forgive me of the sin which you have accused me. A Filipino, killed by fellow Filipinos.")


Quinalphos

Quinalphos is an organothiophosphate chemical chiefly used as a pesticide. It is a reddish-brown liquid. The chemical formula is C12H15N2O3PS, and IUPAC name "O","O"-diethyl "O"-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate. Ranked 'moderately hazardous' in World Health Organization's (WHO) acute hazard ranking, use of quinalphos, classified as a yellow label (highly toxic) pesticide in India, is widely used in the following crops: wheat, rice, coffee, sugarcane, and cotton.


Barbara Leonard Reynolds

Barbara Leonard Reynolds (born Barbara Dorrit Leonard; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 12, 1915 – February 11, 1990), was an American author who became a Quaker, peace activist and educator.
In 1951, Reynolds moved with her husband to Hiroshima where he conducted a three-year study on the effects of radiation on children who had survived the first atomic bomb. She and her family then became peace activists, sailing around the world to protest nuclear weapons. In the early 1960s, she traveled around the world with atomic bomb survivors to show world leaders, first-hand, the horrors of nuclear warfare. She then established the World Friendship Center, devoting 13 years to it, and donated the Hiroshima Nagasaki Memorial collection.
After this, she continued her peace and anti-nuclear activism, and after 1978, in California, she helped to resettle Cambodians fleeing Pol Pot, among other humanitarian pursuits.
Early life.
She was born Barbara Dorrit Leonard in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the only child of Dr. Sterling Andrus Leonard, a Professor of English and Education at the University of Wisconsin and prolific author of books on English composition and literature and Minnetta Florence Sammis, an educator who evaluated the safety of new toys for children. Barbara's paternal grandmother, Eva Leonard, was a syndicated daily columnist in over 200 newspapers during World War II and later wrote advice to the lovelorn under the name Elizabeth Thompson.
Barbara was fifteen years old — and one month from graduating from high school — when her father, 43, a popular English teacher at the University of Wisconsin, drowned in Lake Mendota. A colleague from Cambridge University, Dr. I. A. Richards, 38, had come to Madison to meet Dr. Leonard and learn more of Leonard's original perspectives on English usage. Dr. Richards had spoken at the University of Wisconsin the night before and the two were spending the afternoon canoeing together. The canoe capsized and after two hours in the cold water, Leonard lost his grip on the canoe and sank. Dr. Richards was later rescued exhausted and in shock. Dr. Leonard's death was the top story in both The Capital Times in Madison, Wisc. and the Chicago Daily Tribune. The failure of lifeguards on shore to see the overturned canoe and save the two professors became a local scandal, resulting in an investigation. Dr. Leonard's body was never recovered.
In 1935, Barbara married Earle L. Reynolds, and they had three children: Tim (1936), Ted (1938) and Jessica (1944). In 1951, Dr. Reynolds was sent by the Atomic Energy Commission to Hiroshima to conduct a three-year study on the effects of radiation on children who had survived the first atomic bomb (1951–54). Barbara and the family went with him. They lived in Nijimura, an Army occupation base nearby. During their three years there, he designed and built a yacht, "Phoenix of Hiroshima".
Peace activism.
In 1954, Reynolds and her family sailed around the world in the "Phoenix of Hiroshima", a yacht that Earle had designed. In 1958, the family (minus their eldest son Tim) and a crew member, Niichi (Nick) Mikami, arrived back in Honolulu. Across the dock was a yacht, the "Golden Rule", in which four Quaker men had attempted to protest American nuclear testing in the Pacific. They were arrested under an injunction put into effect while they were at sea, forbidding American citizens to enter the area of the ocean where the weapons were being tested. On July 2, 1958, the Reynolds family and Nick sailed the Phoenix into the test zone and were stopped by the American Coast Guard ship "Planetree". Dr. Reynolds, as captain, was put under arrest. He was ordered to sail the "Phoenix" to Kwajalein, from which he, Barbara and Jessica were flown back to Honolulu by MATS plane for Earle's trial. Unable to find a third man to help Ted and Nick, who had stayed with the Phoenix, Barbara flew back to Kwajalein and the three sailed the yacht back to Hawaii, a trip which took sixty days. After Reynolds' conviction and its reversal after a two-year appeal, the family completed their circumnavigation, which made Mikami the first Japanese yachtsman to sail around the world.
On arriving in Hiroshima to an enthusiastic welcome, the Reynolds family were surprised at the appreciation expressed by hibakusha (literally, explosion-affected people), the atomic bomb survivors, for their protest against nuclear weapons. Walking along a Hiroshima street one day, Barbara was stopped by a hesitant woman in full kimono. The woman pulled up her sleeve to show gnarled keloid scars typical of atomic bomb burns. With tears in her eyes she thanked Barbara for giving her a voice to share the cry of her heart, "No More Hiroshimas", with the world. Barbara often mentioned this in talks, saying, with tears in her own eyes, "it had never occurred to us to represent anyone but ourselves." Barbara committed herself to speaking out against nuclear weapons and for disarmament.
In 1961, to protest USSR nuclear testing, the family sailed to Nakhodka and were stopped within the limit claimed by the USSR by a Soviet Coast Guard boat. The captain and several other officers boarded the "Phoenix". Although the Reynolds were able to have a two-hour discussion about peace with him, Captain Ivanov would not accept the hundreds of letters from Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, begging for peace. Upon their return to Hiroshima, Barbara decided to bring a survivor from Hiroshima to take the letters personally to show to government leaders around the world and to the United Nations. When asked why hibakusha, Barbara reportedly said, "Because they are the prophets of this present age." A committee of Hiroshima leaders choose two survivors to represent the city, a 29-year-old woman, Miyoko Matsubara, a schoolgirl at the time of the bomb, and an 18-year-old student, Hiromasa (Hiro) Hanabusa, who had been orphaned by the bomb as a baby.
She organized the Peace Pilgrimage in 1962, accompanying the two hibakusha around the world as they shared their personal experiences of atomic war, appealing to world leaders to ban nuclear weapons. Over five months, the three Peace Pilgrims traveled through 13 countries, including the Soviet Union, appealing for nuclear disarmament and receiving a warm and open reception from public leaders, churches, schools and the media. During their six weeks in the United States, they spoke to 187 groups and met with many leaders in Washington D.C. and at the United Nations. In Geneva the three attended the 1962 Disarmament Conference.
Two years later Barbara organized the World Peace Study Mission, taking 25 survivors of both cities plus 15 interpreters to every nuclear nation, including the USSR. Teachers went to meet with teachers, doctors with doctors and at the UN they appealed to the U.S. government to return "Hiroshima – A Documentary of Atomic Bombing", to the Japanese, who had made it. (It had been impounded and classified by the U.S. military forces soon after the occupation of Japan.) Dr. Tomin Harada, a physician who dedicated his life to the continuing medical needs of the hibakusha due to delayed radiation sickness, and who had named a species of rose he developed after Barbara, wrote in one of his two books about her, "Through Barbara's World Peace Study Mission the survivors of the atomic bomb were introduced to the world and the anti-nuclear movement gained strength."
Upon their return, Earle and Barbara divorced.
World Friendship Center and Hiroshima Nagasaki Memorial collection.
Barbara envisioned a place visiting foreigners could stay, where they could meet and hear the stories of survivors. Dedicated in 1965, the World Friendship Center has established lines of communication between hibakusha and the world through various peace efforts. Barbara was its first Director, Dr. Harada the first Chairman of a Board of ten non-political persons and an international board of honorary sponsors. Dr. Albert Schweitzer, accepted a position as a sponsor in one of the last letters he wrote. Tens of thousands of people have stayed at WFC since its founding.
She spent the next 13 years getting to know the people who had experienced the bomb. They lived in shacks overhanging Hiroshima's seven rivers. They were self-conscious about their scars and never appeared in public during the day, ostracized by newcomers to the city who wanted to forget the past. Many had disfigurements or compromised immune systems which prevented them from getting or keeping jobs. Barbara developed "Hibakusha Handicrafts," finding people to teach them to make simple coin purses and other things which she would bring to the States to sell for them. She often visited the Hiroshima A-Bomb Hospital where the survivors were still succumbing to lethal radiation sickness years after the war had ended.
Upon the death of Hiro Hanabusa's grandmother, Barbara adopted him and put him through college in the States. An orphan and a survivor of Hiroshima, Hiro's prospects for marriage were slight. Barbara negotiated with the parents of Atsuko, to arrange a marriage for Hiro with the woman he loved. Hiro, himself an orphan, fathered seven children.
In August 1975, Barbara found a home for the 3,000 books and documents she had gathered regarding Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nuclear weapons and peace in both Japanese and English. During an academic symposium, "Hiroshima and Nagasaki After Thirty Years" on the Wilmington (Ohio) College campus in August 1975, the Hiroshima Nagasaki Memorial Collection was inaugurated. It is the largest collection of materials related to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki outside Japan.
Later life.
Barbara moved to Long Beach, California in 1978. Almost immediately she was caught up in the needs of Cambodian refugees fleeing "The Killing Fields" of Pol Pot. She helped them get settled in what they hoped would be their temporary country, finding them housing, employment, education and giving them moral support.
During this time she was working to persuade senators to let a badly-wounded young Vietnamese woman, Mai Phuong Dao, out of Ho Chi Minh City. Dao worked in an orphanage in Saigon but when the American troops pulled out, the Viet Cong entered the city and took over the orphanage as a military barracks. Dao, fearing for the lives of the five half-American orphans, took two of them into her own home, with a baby of her own. When the family, including Dao's own child, were finally permitted to come to America, Barbara housed them in her own apartment.
Indignant at having to pay taxes for war, Barbara deliberately lived below the poverty level so she wouldn't owe taxes. She vowed she would never have an easier life than the survivors of the bomb had, nor than the Cambodian refugees around her from the war in South-East Asia.
Author.
Coming from a family of writers, Barbara, her husband Earle, all three of their children and two of their nine grandchildren would become published authors
Barbara's writing closely mirrored her family's adventures. After her first book, a murder mystery, "Alias for Death", she wrote books for each of her children: Pepper, about Tim and his raccoon; Hamlet and Brownswiggle, about Ted and his hamsters; and Emily San, about an American girl living with her family in Japan. She wrote "Cabin Boy and Extra Ballast" about a brother and sister sailing with their family from Japan to Honolulu. After the family had sailed around the world in a yacht designed and built by her husband, Barbara switched back to adult non-fiction to co-author "All in the Same Boat" with him.
Humanitarian awards.
For her contributions to the welfare of survivors, including the founding of the World Friendship Center, Barbara was presented with a key to the city of Hiroshima in 1969 and in 1975 was made an honorary citizen by Mayor Araki, the first woman so honored and only the second American, the first being Norman Cousins for raising the funds to bring 25 "Hiroshima Maidens" to the States for surgery for their severe injuries from the atomic bomb.
Barbara received one of 15 Wonder Woman awards in 1984. Fifteen women, all over 40, were chosen for trying to right wrongs "people don't want to talk about," according to Koryne Horbal, Executive Director of the Wonder Woman Foundation, a non-profit organization founded in 1981. "They are role models for the next generation, they are living history."
Death.
In 1990 she died suddenly in Wilmington, Ohio. Memorial services were held in Wilmington, in Long Beach, in Philadelphia and in Hiroshima. Every Japanese TV network and major newspaper covered her life and passing. Dr. Tomin Harada, the doctor who performed surgery on Mai Phuong Dao, attended the service in California with his wife. He wrote afterward, "Her obituary in the Los Angeles Times was smaller than those carried in Japanese newspapers. Although the American people are known for their generosity, it seemed that they had not understood Barbara." When he returned to Hiroshima, he organized a memorial service for her there.
Survivors designed a monument to Barbara, featuring her statement, "I, too, am a hibakusha." It was unveiled in the Hiroshima Peace Park (Ground Zero) on June 12, 2011, which would have been her 96th birthday.


Eli Segal

Eli J. Segal (January 13, 1943 – February 20, 2006) was an American businessman, philanthropist, politician and social entrepreneur.
Background.
Eli J. Segal was born in 1943 and is a native of Brooklyn, New York. Segal was both a 1964 graduate of Brandeis University and a 1967 graduate of University of Michigan Law School. Segal was married to his wife Phyllys whom he met while studying at Brandeis University, until his death in 2006.
Career.
Segal got his start in politics during the 1972 presidential campaign of George McGovern. He organized some business ventures in the 1980s, and was CEO of Vogart Crafts Corporation before becoming Chief of Staff of President Bill Clinton's campaign in 1992. After the election of Bill Clinton, Segal served as the first CEO of the Corporation for National and Community Service. He was later tapped by President Clinton to assist in Clinton's Welfare-to-Work initiative. In 2001, President Clinton awarded Segal the President's Citizen Medal for the contributions he made to the Clinton administration and the country. After leaving the Clinton Administration, Segal assisted in the expansion of the City Year program, and was pivotal in founding the organization's South Africa and Louisiana corps. For these contributions, City Year offers a fellowship each year named after Segal.
Death.
Segal died in 2006 at the age of 63 from mesothelioma.
Legacy.
Bill Clinton stated in 2007 that Eli J. Segal "had a quality that was relatively rare in public service, government service, at the time. He could take a vision and turn it into a reality.” Fellowships have been created in his honor at the Corporation for National and Community Service, Americorps, City Year, and Brandeis University.


Oregon Bottle Bill

The Oregon Bottle Bill is a container-deposit legislation enacted in the U.S. state of Oregon in 1971 that went into effect in October 1972. It was the first such legislation in the United States. It was amended in 2007 and 2011. It requires applicable beverages in applicable sizes in glass, plastic or metal cans or bottles sold in Oregon to be returnable with a minimum refund value. The refund value was initially 5 cents until April 1, 2017, when it increased to 10 cents. The Oregon Legislature has given the Oregon Liquor Control Commission the authority to administer and enforce the Bottle Bill. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the enforcement has been suspended several times and the hours in which retailers must accept containers are modified. Oregon Beverage Recycling Cooperative (OBRC), a private cooperative owned by retailers and beverage distributors administers the collection and transportation of returned containers and keeps all the unclaimed deposits. Materials from returned containers are sold by the OBRC and proceeds are handed out to beverage distributors.
When passed in 1971, the bottle bill was viewed primarily as a litter control measure. In 1971, bottles made up about 40% of litter, 10.8% in 1973 and 6% in 1979. Oregon DEQ reports that the reduction is "as a result of the law" referring to the Bottle Bill. In a 2006 publication it was reported that states without similar bills recycle on average 33% of their containers. A 2016 study by Campbell, Benjamin, et al. found bottle deposit law only had a small impact of about 3% for clear glass and aluminum recycling rate when bottle deposit law coexists with municipal recycling program. In 2015, more than 80% of Oregonians lived where curbside recycling is provided. In the same year, the Oregonian's editorial board posited that the bottle deposit has become more redundant as curbside recycling became more common. State law requires retailers and redemption centers to pay the refund value to consumers presenting containers covered under the bottle bill. Beverage distributors charge the initial deposit on shipments of beverages to retailers, who in turn pass it onto customers, however, charging deposit to consumers is not required by state law. Beverage distributors retain all deposits not reclaimed by consumers. The 2019 statewide redemption rate for containers subject to deposit was 85.8%
Starting in the early 2010s, OLCC approved redemption centers run by distributors; there were 16 of them by April 2017. Several redemption centers have been plagued with issues revolving around transients, crime and drug activities. Community objections to redemption center proposals have revolved around these issues.
Covered beverages (current as of February 2020).
The refund value has been 10 cents since April 1, 2017 and it applies to covered beverages in cans or bottles made from metal, glass or plastic.
4 oz to 1.5 liters.
Any beverages other than the above in sizes 4 oz to 1.5 liters in metal, glass or plastic containers are subject to a 10 cent refund value. The OLCC announced in December 2019 that milk based products such as kefir, drinkable yogurt, milk-based smoothies and milk or plant-based milk with other ingredients that have been previously excluded will be included, however, on February 9, 2020, "Willamette Week" reported OLCC announced on February 5, 2020 that it was reversing this decision.
Deposit redemption.
Bag drop off redemption.
In this redemption method, consumers create an account and fill designated bags with empty containers and drop off the filled bags to a participating location. They're collected and taken to a processing center and refund value is credited to the consumer's account after they have been counted. Drop locations are not staffed. After the contents are counted, the spent green bags are sent to a landfill. The redemption operator OBRC is rated "F" by the Better Business Bureau as of November 2020 for having 64 complaints and 3 unanswered complaints. State audit reported that consumers have complained about accuracy of the counting process, but found the program generally works well. The audit identified an instance where the OBRC incorrectly counted against a usage quota and commented that they were unable to identify where discrepancy came from due to account only shows the current balance without revealing credit for each bag.
Concerns around fraudulent conduct.
Theft from curbside bins and receptacles.
It is unlawful under Oregon Revised Statutes 459A.080 to remove recyclable containers set aside for collection by a city or county collection service without the permission of the owner or generator of the contents, which includes going through curbside bins for containers with deposit value. It is also unlawful to remove recyclable material from a container, box, vehicle, depot or other receptacle for the accumulation or storage of recyclable material without permission of the receptacle's owner. Violation of ORS 459A.080 is a class A misdemeanor criminal offense per ORS 459.992(1)(d) In the Oregon Supreme Court case State v. Waterhouse,defendant, a scrapper, was found guilty of intentionally appropriating scrap metal having some value to himself.
Issues attributed to refundable container thefts.
In December 2018, "The Columbian" reported neighbors in the Cascade Park neighborhood in Vancouver, Washington near the Oregon border have noticed thefts of cans and bottles as well as the curbside bins. A district manager for Waste Connections reported glass volume processed by its subsidiary Columbia Resource Company that handles Clark County, Washington saw a 9% reduction in glass bottles returned after the deposit increased from 5 cents to 10 cents in Oregon in 2017. He attributes the likely cause to theft. Removal of contents from recycling bins or nearby them without the consent of the generator or the hauler is prohibited in Clark County. Waste Connections did not provide an exact number on thefts from recycling bins, but reported enough is removed and taken to Oregon to have a financial impact for Waste Connections which sells recyclable materials collected. "The Columbian" reported in June 2019 that reports of scavengers rummaging through recycling bins have increased in the past year. The newspaper reports scavengers target cans and bottles that have value across the Columbia river which undercuts the hauler as well as generating complaints from the public. Marty Smith, writing for the "Willamette Week" reports that community members in Vancouver started complaining about theft of cans and bottles from their recycling bins. To better track complaints related to recyclables scavenging, the Clark Regional Emergency Services Agency (CRESA), the police dispatch for Clark County is looking into a way of tracking scavenging complaints. In Washington state, scavenging is a crime of third degree theft. According to the city of Vancouver, scavenging is considered by law enforcement to be a gateway crime to other crimes such as illegal drugs and identity theft.
A video on the internet showing a woman dumping water into the sink at the BottleDrop redemption center in 2017 caused a community outrage and resulted in the woman being cited for theft of $40 worth of bottled water from Albertsons. Police commented that as she was seen cashing stolen goods, it could be a felony.
In a 2018 concession stand burglary at Douglas McKay High School in Salem, burglars emptied out about ten cases of 24-pack beverages into a trash can inside the concession stand and stole the empty containers. School staff believed the theft motive was converting the stolen containers into cash at the nearby OBRC BottleDrop redemption center on Lancaster Drive.
In September 2019, a waste hauler Recology for Ashland told the "Ashland Tidings" that in addition to theft, its drivers were experiencing harassment by emboldened recyclables thieves that they had to improvise plans to deal with theft and harassment of drivers by thieves. Recology receives many calls from customers concerning people going through their bins. The company recommends people to not put out their redeemables, donating them to charities or redeeming them themselves to reduce this problem.
Oregon DEQ survey reports over half of 77 multi-family property managers interviewed identified the use of waste collection area by non-tenants, such as transients, a problem that cause issues such as contamination of recyclable materials. Oregon DEQ opined retrieval of returnable containers as the motivation for transients and other non-tenants to access the collection areas.
Redemption of previously redeemed containers.
Jules Bailey, the chief stewardship officer for OBRC, told "the Mail Tribune" there have been instances of people attempting to redeem cans that have already been redeemed through a machine.
Fraudulent redemption of out-of-state containers.
Redemption of out-of-state containers is considered a fraud and prohibited by the bottle bill. Retailers and redemption centers may refuse to accept containers when they reasonable grounds to believe they were purchased outside of Oregon. Staff at some locations near the state border request receipts proving they containers being redeemed were purchased in Oregon. Fraudulent redemption has been a problem according to KATU news. As told to KATU reporter by a coop (OBRC) representative, the redemption center staff at Delta Park near the state boundary catches about 50 people a day from Washington. C-TRAN which operates public transit service that traverses between Vancouver, Washington and Portland have banned the carrying of empty beverage containers on their service for safety and sanitation reasons created by people who carry cans across the state line on their service to redeem them in Portland. Jules Bailey speaking on behalf of the OBRC states he does not know the magnitude of the problem, but that it is mostly an issue with Washington containers around the Columbia corridor and minimal issues with California or Idaho. Senate Bill 522 sponsored by senator Betsy Johnson from Scappoose fines those who bring out-of-state containers. She told KGW "retail grocers in her district every day are overwhelmed with massive bottle returns from the Washington side of river, sometimes by the pickup load." At the public hearing referenced in the KGW article, the store director for Saint Helens, Safeway testified to the committee that he's seen a dramatic increase in Washington residents returning containers and described that people arrive in Washington plate vehicles with cases of bottled water and emptying them out on the parking lot to prepare the bottles to return into bottle machines at the Safeway location he manages. Northwest Grocery Association's president reported redemption rates at redemption centers near the Oregon state border have seen a sharp rise, sometimes over 100% following the deposit value increase in Oregon.
In the November 2020 State audit, the report says OBRC claims that the cost of cross-border fraud is "upwards of $10 million" however, the Oregon Secretary of State's Audits Division could not validate OBRC's claim. In preparing the report, representatives from the Audits Division visited two BottleDrop redemption centers near the Washington border and they describe they've seen numerous people arriving in vehicles with Washington license plates or without any plates.
Bottle deposit motivated welfare fraud "water dumping".
"Water dumping" is a term dubbed by the United States Department of Agriculture referring to a commonly perpetrated welfare fraud by cash seeking welfare recipients purchasing bottled water so they can empty them out and redeem containers for the redemption value in cash. In September 2012, such scheme was not considered a fraud in Oregon. In February 2013, USDA expanded the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program fraud definition to include water dumping. The USDA intends to place repeat "water dumping" offenders on the nationwide lifetime SNAP ban list. In August 2019, KTVZ shared a video recorded by a grocery store employee in La Pine of a man dumping contents of soda that had been purchased with Oregon Trail SNAP card. According to the statement provided to the reporter by the employee, it was a common occurrence. Oregon Department of Human Services told KTVZ that it is considered a fraud that may result in a termination of benefits and the state is cracking down on this fraud this year. Springfield police observed a man and woman emptying bottles in September 2019. When contacted, the woman admitted to police they were emptying water they had purchased on SNAP to cash the containers so they can use the money to purchase fuel. The woman was arrested on outstanding warrants and the police reported the water dumping incident to the Oregon Department of Human Services. "KTVL" reports a store manager they interviewed has seen people purchasing bottled water with SNAP, emptying them out and returning to the store to redeem the containers for cash.
Community concerns regarding beverage container redemption centers (BCRC).
In order to open a redemption center, it must be approved by OLCC. A site was proposed at southwest 17th Avenue and west Burnside Street in Portland in 2014. OLCC received about 200 comments, most of which were against the center. Stakeholders such as dozens of neighbors and businesses including Portland Timbers and Portland Thorns FC opposed the establishment of the beverage container redemption center. Many objections related to foresight of vagrants and crime related to transients with shopping carts with scavenged cans flocking to the new redemption center.
Beaverton.
A redemption center opened up in May, 2017 in Beaverton. KATU's Andrew Reed reports neighbors report BottleDrop brought in people "who routinely act suspicious and are causing problems" in the neighborhood. A nearby veterinarian interviewed reports BottleDrop "brought a wave of problems to his property". He reports one of his business' security camera was ripped off and had someone break into his practice' bathroom to use drugs. In addition, he reports shopping carts getting left on his property almost daily as well as finding bottles of urine; offering a list of issues of security, noise, odor, traffic, littering, drug paraphernalia and transients. A resident behind the redemption center reported seeing public urination and became suspicious of people he believes to be acting suspiciously near his home. The dean of students for Jesuit High School commented "Our school is less safe now" referring to the presence of OBRC's BottleDrop redemption center. Supporters of the center were the Oregon Food Bank which participates in its fundraising program and two science teachers from Meadow Park Middle School, which is approximately four miles from the site.
Bend.
In September 2017, KTVZ described that businesses near the Bend BottleDrop Center have "noticed a difference in the neighborhood ever since the Bottle Drop moved in". The news reporter described businesses have seen transient encampments nearby and felt the BottleDrop attracts transients. In 2017, Bend police responded to 270 calls at the BottleDrop. In four months period leading up to when the story was written on July 16, 2018, two subjects were arrested for offensive littering and 11 were arrested for drug offenses at the BottleDrop property. Bend Police arrested 24 people in 4-months period leading up to July 12, 2018 around the BottleDrop for matters such as drug possession, stealing shopping carts from retailers and offensive littering. In April 2020, Bend Police again identified the area around Bend BottleDrop as a site of ongoing complaints about drug use, theft, littering, abandoned shopping carts and criminal mischief and conducted a focused enforcement operation resulting in several arrests.
Medford.
In June 2018, Damian Mann of "Mail Tribune" reports nearby business owners say the OBRC's redemption center has been a " magnet for methamphetamine "tweakers" who cash in their bottles and head out to buy drugs and "unsavory behavior". These Medford businesses also said they began noticing vagrancy, theft and vandalism ever since BottleDrop redemption center opened. In 2018, the owner of Southern Oregon Crane in Medford testified to the city council "It’s like living right next to a crack house." in reference to the redemption center. The Medford redemption center opened in November 2014 and it was the 10th one to open in the state.
Portland Delta Park.
On March 27, 2020, Delta Park BottleDrop's landlord TMT Development issued a notice of default citing health and safety concerns. After a long line started to form outside the store, TMT states BottleDrop has not been managing social distancing requirements relating to COVID-19 pandemic. The notice directed them to comply with 6 ft social distancing rule or face eviction. The same weekend, the police were called to the redemption center after a man made death threats. TMT Development's CEO says nearby businesses have complained about BottleDrop's patrons blocking their doors, standing too close together as well as violence, according to "The Oregonian". In April, TMT development installed a fence around a grassy property after drug needles were found. TMT has also deployed armed guards to prevent people from queuing up in the parking lot or in front of other businesses. This area has been used by BottleDrop's customers, but it is not part of the formal lease agreement. TMT's president cites they needed to step in to prevent fights and drug dealing. The manager of a sporting goods store interviewed by Willamette Week said he's seen drug deals and fights in front of the OBRC's BottleDrop.
Retailer requirements.
Retailers are required to refund deposit to consumer when they present containers as set forth by the bottle bill. The requirements are dependent on if the store is under 5,000 square foot; or greater than or equal to 5,000 square feet, distance from the redemption center, and the retailer's participation in the program.
Reverse vending machines are optional. Retailers are required to accept containers all hours they are open for business whether or not they have a machine or if their machine is working and being busy is not an exception to this obligation. The acceptance hours obligations are modified during the pandemic. Retailers are required to accept crushed or damaged containers if the brand and Oregon 10c marking are visible and customers are entitled to ask for a hand count on containers that have a refund value but do not go through the store's machine.
COVID-19 pandemic impact.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, OLCC modified the retailer requirements several times. Bottle bill enforcement was suspended in March 2020, and again on November 18, 2020. The suspension remains in place in individual counties until COVID-19 risk category as defined by Oregon Health Authority is no longer "extreme" or "high". Enforcement resumes five days after the respective county is classified as "low" or "medium" by the Oregon Health Authority and suspension is resumed if the status reverts to high or extreme. Retailers in counties classified as "low" or "medium" have been allowed to a reduce acceptance hours to 8AM to 6PM for stores that are not open 24 hours and 7AM to 11PM for stores that are open 24 hours.
Situations when returns can be refused.
Retailers and redemption centers may refuse containers contaminated with anything other than ordinary dust, the original contents or water. Additionally, when staff have reasonable grounds to suspect the containers were not purchased in Oregon. Redemption centers use individuals arriving in a vehicle with Washington license plates as a reasonable ground to suspect they were purchased outside Oregon unless they can prove the beverages were purchased in Oregon. If there are reasonable such grounds, retailers may request a receipt. The OLCC says retailers should reject containers that have been flattened by a reverse vending machine as it is an indication that they have already been redeemed. OLCC describes cans that have already been through the machine are characterized by "small square indentations or perforations and will be fairly symmetrically crushed" and plastic bottles will have a crushed neck.
Over 5,000 square feet.
Participating retailers over 5,000 square feet retailers within two miles (zone 1) from a redemption center are not required to accept any container. If in zone 2 (up to miles from center), they are required to accept 24 per person, per day. Retailers outside of the zone are required to accept 144. Retailers within the zone that choose not to participate to redemption center program are required to accept 350 containers per person per day.
Under 5,000 square feet.
They're required to accept 24 containers per person per day if they're within either zone 1 or zone 2 of the redemption center.
Retailers under 5,000 square feet (small shop, convenience stores and like) outside the two zones are allowed to limit the quantity to 50 containers per person per day. They can also limit them to the brand and size they sell.
Within these limitations, retailers are required to accept containers all hours they're open for business and it is unlawful for retailers to refuse containers unless:
Bottle return machines are provided for retailers' convenience. Even when machines are broken, retailers continue to have legal obligations to accept containers even if they have to hand count them.
Redemption value flow.
State law mandates a payment of redemption value upon presentation of container. Deposit initiator is not required and charging deposit to consumers is voluntary. Bottle deposit is generally initiated by distributors and charged on each transaction. Covered products sold within the State of Oregon must read "OR 10c" for compliance purposes. For redemption purposes, OBRC's BottleDrop service will redeem all covered containers regardless of marking. Deposit that is not redeemed is kept by distributors such as Columbia Distributing and Maletis Beverages. "Willamette Week"'s Nigel Jaquiss was uncertain about the environmental benefits but opined "the increase will create a big payday for the companies that distribute beer and soda." The Oregon legislature has given the OLCC the authority to enforce and administer the Bottle Bill. OBRC, a group of deposit initiating distributors administers the collection and transportation of deposit bearing containers. Containers that are recycled through curbside recycling are not counted towards redemption rate statistics and waste haulers do not receive the redemption value. The value of scrap materials sold is not included in the OBRC's operating budget. OBRC distributes the revenue from selling recyclable materials to distributors that form the cooperative membership. The disbursement amount to individual cooperative member is determined based on proportion of containers and materials returned that are attributed to each member. OBRC does not release these figures to OLCC, however the state auditor's report estimated the OBRC disbursed $19.08 million in 2018 and $17.05 million in 2019 to its beverage distributor members from selling scrap materials from returned containers and most of value comes from aluminum.
In 2016, OLCC refused to release the monetary value of the deposit kept by distributors when "Willamette Week" asked for it. OLCC responded "we are forbidden from releasing any numbers other than a percentage". The newspaper appealed to the Oregon Department of Justice which ordered the numbers be released as a matter of public record in September 2016. The newspaper said that the beverage industry lobbyist Paul Romain said the distributor wanted the individual companies numbers private. The data showed that distributors were keeping about $30 million annually. The OBRC reports an annual volume of: of aluminum, of PET, and of glass. In August 2019; State of California listed scrap values at $1064.19/ton for aluminum, $10.33/ton for PET, and -$1.93 for glass In 2017, OBRC's expenses were $34 million. $9 million of which was paid by distributors and $25 million was paid by the unredeemed deposit. OBRC had 450 employees and a budget of $44 million for 2019. During the same year, $29 million of the budget was paid for with unredeemed bottles. Remaining were paid by cash contributions from grocers and distributors.
History.
Oregon's 1971 "Beverage Container Act" (ORS 459A.700 to 459A.740) was the first such legislation passed in the United States. It went into effect on October 1, 1972.
1970s.
Before the formal 1971 Oregon Bottle Bill, Oregon had already set up a less formal bottle return system that most stores and some of the public cooperated with. Inspired by the early Vermont bottle return system before it was repealed, Oregon's limited system paid 1 cent for beer bottles and cans and 3 cents for soda bottles and cans. It was started in the mid-1950s and lasted through the rest of the 50s, throughout the 1960s and into the early 70s until the more formal and expanded Bottle Bill was enacted. The emphasis was on bottles, as bottles were washed and re-used for fresh product sold to the public before health laws were enacted that stopped the re-wash system. And because of the low payout for the return of bottles and cans, and in spite of various anti-litter PSA advertising campaigns on Oregon television, only a relatively small percentage of Oregonians participated in the return of bottles and cans. As a result, many bottles and cans still littered Oregon's highways and scenic areas throughout this entire early bottle-can recycling period.
Richard Chambers, a logging equipment salesman, collected litter during his hiking, climbing, and kayaking throughout the state. In 1968, he called Oregon State Representative Paul Hanneman, whom Chambers knew well, after he was inspired by a small newspaper article about British Columbia wanting to ban non-refundable bottles and cans. Chambers wanted a deposit on bottles and cans to encourage people to return them to the store.
Chambers began a letter-writing campaign, using non-ordinary stationery and stamps to draw the attention of his intended audience. Oregon House Bill 1157 was introduced and assigned to the House State and Federal Affairs Committee. Chambers brought in people to testify for the bill, including a river guide to testify about the amount of beverage package litter in the water, and a farmer who lost four cows because of ingestion of glass and metal shards from beverage containers. Beverage container materials companies and bottling companies fought the bill. Hanneman offered the compromise of not banning non-returnables but instead requiring a five-cent deposit as an incentive for return. By a 5 to 4 vote, the bill was sent to the House floor, where it fell 3 votes short of passage, with 27 of 60 members voting for it. Governor Tom McCall had already offered his support for the bill, so Hanneman asked McCall to help sway the House's vote in favor of passage. McCall refused, advising that he did not want a Bottle Bill in that legislative session. McCall planned to endorse the anti-littering campaign espoused by the Keep America Beautiful non-profit in 1970 and wait until 1971 to support the Bottle Bill. It has been written that this delay was intentional on McCall's part to make the bill his. After its defeat, Chambers continued his letter writing campaign.
After McCall refused to back the Bottle Bill in 1969, he sponsored the formation of non-profit SOLV—Stop Oregon Litter and Vandalism. In 1971, it was reported that 75% of SOLV's budget was derived from organizations opposing the bottle bill. SOLV also received state funds.
In 1970, McCall initiated his own campaign for the Bottle Bill. Bill Chambers and Don Waggoner (1935–2016) worked to get the bill approved. Among opponents of the bill were grocery stores who feared financial strains with the processing of returns. John Piacentini, the owner of Plaid Pantry convenience stores, challenged people to return soda and beer bottles to his stores for a half cent. Piacentini said he hoped to be buried in litter; within two weeks, 150,000 cans were returned and McCall ordered National Guard troops to take the bottles and cans away. This helped allay grocery stores' fears.
The new bill, House Bill 1036, banned non-returnables and placed a five-cent deposit on bottles and cans containing beer, malt beverage, mineral and soda waters and carbonated soft drinks. The law went into effect on October 1, 1972. The law mandated beer, malt liquor and carbonated soft drinks in refillable containers that were certified for use by multiple manufacturers to have a minimum of 2 cent per container deposit. Those beverages in other types of containers were required to have a 5 cent refund value.
The first 6 months into the bottle bill.
Prior to the Bottle Bill becoming enacted, about 51% of soft drinks were sold in refillable glass bottles, 41% in cans and 8% in non-refillable glass bottles. In December 1971, the OLCC estimated about 35% of beer sold in Oregon were sold in cans. In December 1972, 99.5% of beer was sold in bottles with the remainder being sold in cans.
In March 1973, all soft drinks sold in Oregon were in refillable bottles, except for less than 1% that were sold in cans.
In March 1973 prices, beer cited as an example cost $1.58 for a six pack including 30 cent deposit in non-refillable containers and $1.17 for 6 in refillable bottles which included a 12 cent deposit.
In 1974, the state reported that litter of beverage containers had been by reduced by 83 percent.
1990s to present.
In 1996, voters rejected a ballot measure that would have extended the bottle bill. In 2005, Republican Party Representative Vicki Berger (daughter of Chambers) introduced another bill to extend the bottle bill, but it was defeated in the Senate.
On June 7, 2007, Governor Ted Kulongoski signed Senate Bill 707 into law, which added water bottles to the refund law. The law went into effect January 1, 2009. Of the nine states that had bottle bill laws at that time, only Maine, California, and Hawaii included water bottles.
The 2007 legislature also created a task force, charged with making recommendations for further updating of the Bottle Bill to the 2009 legislature. Updates under consideration in the late 2000s included adding products like wine and juice bottles, and increasing the refund amount from 5 cents.
The Container Recycling Institute estimates that 125 million disposable water bottles were sold in Oregon in 2005, more than the number of soft drink bottles, and the recycling rate for water bottles was 32 percent, compared with 82 percent for beer and soft drink bottles. Container Recycling Institute is a research and advocacy group in support of the bottle bill.
OLCC approved redemption centers run by distributors on an experimental basis in early 2010. Two locations were opened, one in Wood Village and another in Oregon City. By April 2017, there were 16 redemption centers. The first redemption center intended to migrate redemption activity away from retail stores opened in Wood Village in September 2010 and it included bag drop off service as well.
In 2016, the OLCC announced that the redemption value would be increased to 10 cents from 5 cents in April 2017, the first-ever increase. The refund value has been 10 cents per container since April 1, 2017. The change was triggered by a provision of state law enacted by the legislature in 2011, which says that the redemption value must be increased to 10 cents if the return rate for containers falls below 80 percent for two consecutive years. The return rate was 64.5% in 2015 and 68.3% in 2014. The return rate is not an indication of recycling rate. Containers recycled through curbside recycling is not accounted in the return rate.
The next change came into effect in January 2018, when additional categories of beverages were required to have a deposit.
September 2019: Modification to include all kombucha and hard seltzer 3 liters and under into covered beverages. (SB 247).
January 2020: The OLCC announced the addition of 4oz to 1.5 liter sized Kefir, drinkable yogurt, milk-based smoothies and other beverages which are mostly milk or milk substitute with additions of other ingredients. Milk and plant-based milk substitutes are not covered, however, the same agency announced it was withdrawing the decision on February 5, 2020 due to the concerns caused by spilt milk in the OBRC's back-end. In the 2018 expansion, Kefir was exempt from having a refund value.
On March 15, 2020, OLCC allowed grocery stores to stop accepting bottle returns during the COVID-19 pandemic through at least the end of May, 2020; The Bottle Bill reprieve was amended on May 22, so that enforcement begins two weeks after the county in which the store is located in has entered phased 1 of reopening schedule. Enforcement was re-suspended in counties that reverted to baseline phase. A modification was made to bottle bill requirements during phase 1 reopening allowing retailers that are not open 24 hrs a day to limit bottle return hours to 8AM to 6PM. For retailers that are open 24 hours, they were allowed to limit to 7AM to 11PM.
In April 2020, in response to the suspension of retailer based return due to COVID-19 Bottle Bill reprieve a Portland group started a semi-secret bottle return site, funded by the city government of Portland, Oregon Homeless Camping and Urban Reduction Program (HUCIRP) at an "undisclosed site in North Portland" along a service site that provides drug addicts with services such as clean syringes and opioid overdose antidote.
A 2020 audit conducted by the state recommends shifting some or all of unclaimed deposit to the state. Throughout the history of Oregon Bottle Bill, these funds have been kept by the beverage industry. The 2020 Secretary of State audit recommends all or portions of unredeemed deposit to be remitted to the state for recycling or environmental program as done in all states with bottle deposit except Oregon and Iowa instead of letting OBRC keep it.
Context.
Deposits on refillable glass bottles were the norm well before the 1930s, at which time the disposable steel beverage can began to slowly displace glass. By 1960, almost half of U.S. beer was in cans, while only five percent of soft drinks were not in bottles.
Vermont passed the first "bottle bill" in 1953, but it only banned non-refillable bottles and did not introduce a deposit system. It expired in 1957 after beer industry lobbying.
British Columbia enacted North America's oldest beverage deposit system in 1970.
Beverage containers constituted 58% of litter in Kentucky in 1999.
States which have adopted bottle deposits have reduced litter as much as 64%.
The container deposit system cost averages 1.53 cents per container (versus 1.25 cents for other collection systems) and are more than two and a half times more effective at recycling containers.
In 1991, Germany enacted an entirely different method which taxes manufacturers on the basis of the amount of packaging. Many German packagers now participate in the Green Dot program as a result of this.
By 1968, beer and soda companies were responsible for 173 million bottles and 263 million cans each year in Oregon.
Oregon Beverage Recycling Cooperative.
OBRC is the industry steward for the bottle bill and receives all of unclaimed deposit. It was formed in 2009 through the merger of Beverage Recyclers of Oregon and Container Recovery Inc. It represents 96% of beverage distributors in Oregon and operates the BottleDrop redemption centers and green bag program. It is the primary stakeholder of the Oregon Bottle Bill. While the OLCC oversees the bottle bill, OLCC's oversight over OBRC is limited.


Ground Zero Indicator

The Ground Zero Indicator, known by the acronym GZI was a specially designed shadowgraph instrument used by the British Royal Observer Corps during the Cold War to locate the Ground Zero of any nuclear explosion.
Overview.
The GZI consisted of four horizontally mounted cardinal compass point pinhole cameras within a white enamelled metal drum, each 'camera' contained a sheet of photosensitive paper mounted within a clear plastic cassette on which were printed horizontal and vertical calibration lines delineating compass bearing and elevation above the horizon. The bright flash from a nuclear explosion would burn a mark on one or two of the papers within the drum. The position of the burn spot enabled the bearing and height of the burst to be estimated. With triangulation between neighbouring posts these readings would give an accurate height and position.
The altitude of the explosion was important because a ground or near ground burst would produce radioactive fallout, whereas an air burst would produce only short distance and short lived initial radiations (but no fallout). Once combined with the peak-overpressure readings from post Bomb Power Indicator readings the power of the burst in megatons could also be calculated by the Triangulation Team in the group control building, using a hand held plastic calculator device.
Operations.
Normally stored below ground the drum was mounted at the start of exercises or at Transition To War on a special above ground mount set in the concrete of the entrance hatch. Concentric lugs on the mount ensured that the drum was mounted correctly even in the dark.
The light sensitive photographic paper was unfixed chemically and had to be protected from daylight by being carried in a protective pouch strapped to the observer's chest. The cassettes were always lodged in a specific order so they could be changed in the pitch black with practice. Differing notched cutouts at the bottom of the cassettes ensured they could not be mounted at the incorrect cardinal point.
Daylight inevitably darkened the unfixed papers so routine changes were made at mid day during winter operations and twice daily, at mid day and sunset, during summer months. The sun burned a distinctive suntrail across the papers when there was no cloud cover.
Sixty seconds after any reading on the Bomb Power Indicator an observer exited the post and changed the GZI cassettes. The exposed papers were returned underground for assessment. The pre-exposed papers had a graticule grid exposed on the papers that showed degrees of bearing. The fireball from any nuclear burst within range would have burned a mark on the paper. The "spot size" and bearing would be reported to the group control together with an indication that the spot is touching or clear of the horizon, essential for indicating an air or ground burst.
Codeword.
Reports following readings on the GZI were prefixed with the words "Nuclear Burst" and the monitoring post's operational identifier e.g. "Nuclear Burst Shrewsbury 56 post - (time) oh six hundred - Bearing zero seven zero - spotsize zero six - touching".
Training.
For realistic exercise training photographic papers with simulated burst spots were prepared by the "Exercise Division" of the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation at Cowley. Delivered sealed, the time of opening was written on the outside of the sealed envelope.
Observers trained blindfolded so that they could exit the post up the vertical steel ladder and complete a GZI cassette change quickly and even in the pitch dark of a winter's night.


Jack Thompson (actor)

Jack Thompson, AM (born John Hadley Pain; 31 August 1940) is an Australian actor and one of the major figures of Australian cinema. He was educated at University of Queensland, before embarking on his acting career. In 2002, he was made an honorary member of the Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS). He is best known as a lead actor in several acclaimed Australian films, including such classics as "The Club" (1980), "Sunday Too Far Away" (1975), "The Man from Snowy River" (1982) and "Breaker Morant" (1980). He won Cannes and AFI acting awards for the latter film. He was the recipient of a Living Legend Award at the 2005 Inside Film Awards.
Early life.
Born John Hadley Payne in Manly, a suburb of Sydney, Thompson was five years old when his mother died, leaving his father, a merchant seaman, unable to care for him and his brother, David. He was sent to "LakeHouse orphanage" in Narrabeen by his aunt and subsequently adopted by the poet and ABC broadcaster John Thompson and his wife Pat, after which he changed his surname. The film reviewer Peter Thompson is his adopted brother.
Thompson was educated at Sydney Boys High School. He left school at 14, and became a jackaroo in the Northern Territory, as well as taking labouring jobs in New South Wales.
Career.
Theatre.
After working in an agricultural lab, Thompson joined the army in 1960 so that he could earn a science degree. He enrolled at the University of Queensland in 1963 and transferred to an arts degree, performing in theatre at night, including the Twelfth Night Theatre and UQ Dramatic Society in Brisbane.
He appeared on stage in "The Devils" in 1968.
Early television appearances.
Thompson decided to take acting seriously, giving himself twelve months to make a go of it. His TV career began with the soap opera "Motel" (1968), and guest appearances on "Riptide", "Woobinda, Animal Doctor", "Skippy", "The Rovers", "Division 4", "Homicide" and "Matlock Police". He also appeared in a documentary short "Personnel, or People?" (1969), directed by Donald Crombie. Thompson made his film debut in "That Lady from Peking" (1968). He played the lead in a TV movie "Silo 15" (shot in 1969, released 1971).
"Spyforce".
Thompson took the lead role in spy drama series "Spyforce" (1971–73), playing the role of Erskine who did missions in World War II.
Thompson also had a key support role in the film "Wake in Fright" (1971). He continued to guest star on shows such as "Over There", "Matlock Police" (again), "Ryan", "Boney" and "Elephant Boy".
Thompson received excellent reviews for his performance in one of the stories in "Libido" (1973); his segment was written by David Williamson.
He starred in a TV movie "Linehaul" (1973), playing a truckie, and guest starred on "The Evil Touch" and "Homicide" again; he also appeared in "" (1974).
Film stardom.
Thompson became an Australian film star playing the title role in "Petersen" (1974), written by Williamson and directed by Tim Burstall. The film was a success at the box office. He did a TV movie "Human Target" (1974) then starred in another highly acclaimed Australian film, "Sunday Too Far Away" (1975) playing a shearer.
Thompson played the title role in "Scobie Malone" (1975), based on the Jon Cleary novel "Helga's Web". It was produced by American Casey Robinson who said "Jack Thompson is a great part of my reason to become involved in this venture. I have no doubt whatsoever that when this film is seen overseas he'll be turned instantly into an international star. There aren't many male actors like him around any more. There's something there that reminds me very much of Bogart." The film was a failure at the box office.
He did an episode of "Armchair Theatre" shot in Australia, "Tully".
Thompson had a support role in "Caddie" (1976), directed by Crombie, which was a big success.
Thompson had become nationally famous playing "macho" type roles. "I think it reflects
its time so accurately," he said later. "There was a preoccupation with the macho Australian male, it's a thing that had to be examined or purged in film."
Character actor.
Thompson then deliberately decided to take character parts, out of a fear of typecasting and "also an understanding that unless I could get out of that target area, then I wouldn't be allowed to be seen as an actor."
He guest starred in an episode of "Luke's Kingdom" and played the second lead in "Mad Dog Morgan" (1976) with Dennis Hopper. He took some time off to work on a script with his brother then had a key support role in "The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith" (1978). He supported imported stars Karen Black and Keir Dullea in a TV movie shot in Australia, "Because He's My Friend" (1978).
Thompson returned to acting after another break to play the lead role in a sex comedy, "The Journalist" (1979). "I haven't made any films since then because I haven't liked the parts I've been offered, and also I've been too busy promoting the Australian film industry overseas", said Thompson at the time. The film became a notorious flop. He worked on a script with his brother called "Welcome Stranger".
He was offered a role in "Breaker Morant" (1980), directed by Bruce Beresford - the part of Private Hancock. Thompson turned it down, Beresford rewrote the script and offered him the part again, and Thompson accepted. Then filming was delayed. John Hargreaves who was to play the lawyer became unavailable; Thompson took that part and Bryan Brown played Hancock. The film was a considerable success. Thompson won Best Supporting Actor at Cannes.
Thompson supported US stars William Holden and Rick Schroeder in "The Earthling" (1980) then was top billed in "The Club" (1980), directed by Beresford from a play by Williamson.
"You get awfully fed up with the public image that you must live up to," he said in an interview around this time. "I just want to continue becoming a part of the Australian film industry, not for materialistic reasons but because I enjoy it. I not only want to act, but produce and possibly direct".
Thompson went to New Zealand to make "Bad Blood" (1982) playing killer Stanley Graham, then had a support role in "The Man from Snowy River" (1982), playing Clancy of the Overflow.
International career.
Thompson went overseas to support Ingrid Bergman in "A Woman Called Golda" (1982). He was Lee Remick's husband in a remake of "The Letter" (1982) and played a British POW in "Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence" (1983) with David Bowie and Tom Conti.
Back in Australia Thompsons starred in a mini series about wharfies in the Depression, "Waterfront" (1983). He went to Europe to star in a swashbuckler for Paul Verhoeven, "Flesh + Blood" (1985), then returned to Australia to star in "Burke and Wills" (1985). This film was a box office disappointment.
Thompson supported Linda Evans and Jason Robards in a TV mini series "The Last Frontier" (1986) which was a huge ratings success. In the US he had a role in "" (1987) then returned home to play an ASIO officer in "Ground Zero" (1987).
Thompson was a love interest for Stefanie Powers in "" (1988) on US TV and had the lead in an Australian TV movie, "The Riddle of the Stinson" (1989), playing Bernard O'Reilly.
He co-starred with Raquel Welch in "Trouble in Paradise" (1989) for US TV then did a mini series in New Zealand, "The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy" (1989).
He did a US TV movie "After the Shock" (1990) and had a support part in "Turtle Beach" (1992) and "Wind" (1992).
Character actor.
Thompson began to increasingly work as a character actor in the US with roles in "Ruby Cairo" (1993), directed by Graeme Clifford, and "A Far Off Place" (1994).
He returned to Australia to play Russell Crowe's father in "The Sum of Us" (1994) then did "A Woman of Independent Means" (1995) in the US and "Flight of the Albatross" (1995) in New Zealand.
He had a support role in "Broken Arrow" (1996), did "" (1996) back home and "Last Dance" (1996) for Beresford in the US.
Thompson starred in the Australian TV movie "McLeod's Daughters" (1996). He was Alicia Silverstone's father in "Excess Baggage" (1997), then did "Under the Lighthouse Dancing" (1997) in Australia. He appeared in the Clint Eastwood-directed "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" (1997) as Sonny Seiler, the attorney of Kevin Spacey's character, Jim Williams. (Seiler himself appeared in the movie as the judge in Williams' trial.)
Back in Australia Thompson provided a voice for "The Magic Pudding" (2000) and appeared in "Yolngu Boy" (2001). He had a support part in the new version of "South Pacific" (2001), the mini series based on "My Brother Jack" (2001), "Original Sin" (2001), "" (2002), "The Assassination of Richard Nixon" (2004), and "Oyster Farmer" (2005).
Thompson had a key role in two films directed by Brett Leonard: "Man-Thing" (2005) and "Feed" (2006), the latter written by and starring his son.
Thompson had support roles in "The Good German" (2006), "Bastard Boys" (2007), "December Boys" (2007), "Leatherheads" (2008), "Ten Empty" (2008), "Australia" (2008), "Mao's Last Dancer" (2009) for Beresford, "The Karenskys" (2009), "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" (2010), "Rake" (2010), "Blinder" (2013), "The Great Gatsby" (2013), "Mystery Road" (2013), "Around the Block" (2013), "Bonnie & Clyde" (2013) for Beresford, "Devil's Playground" (2014), "Ruben Guthrie" (2015), "The Light Between Oceans" (2016), "Don't Tell" (2017), "Blue World Order" (2017) and "Swinging Safari" (2018).
He has also acted in television miniseries and appeared as the host of the Channel 7 factual series "Find My Family".
Other appearances.
Thompson was the first nude male centrefold in "Cleo" in 1972. He has also appeared in television commercials, including as the face of the Bank of Melbourne for a decade, and for Claytons. Thompson is featured in a series of recordings of Australian poetry, reciting poems by Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, C. J. Dennis, Patrick Joseph Hartigan (aka John O'Brien) and John O'Grady. (see "Discography" below). Interviewed in the "Sydney Morning Herald" he explains his love of poetry, noting that 'Poetry is sometimes seen as too arty and perhaps not a suitable interest for blokes.'
Personal life.
Thompson married Beverley Hackett in 1963 and the five-year marriage produced his son Patrick Thompson. He met Leona King and her sister Bunkie in 1969, and entered into a 15-year polyamorous relationship with them. Leona was 20 and Bunkie was 15 when the relationship began. Bunkie left the relationship in 1985, and is estranged from her sister. Leona remained with Thompson, and gave birth to his second son, Billy.
Thompson featured in the first episode of the Australian version of "Who Do You Think You Are?", which was televised on 13 January 2008 on SBS, with Thompson discovering that his great-grandfather was Captain Thomas Pain, and his great-great uncle was Alfred Lee, a prominent figure in Sydney society, who donated the journal of Joseph Banks, from Captain Cook's navigation to Australia in the 1770s, to the Mitchell Library in Sydney. Thompson used to own Hotel Gearin in Katoomba, Blue Mountains. He sold the hotel in June 2011.
Awards.
Thompson also served as an UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador.
External links.
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian male actors]]
[[Category:Australian adoptees]]
[[Category:Australian male film actors]]
[[Category:Australian male television actors]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Best Actor AACTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners]]
[[Category:Logie Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Sydney]]
[[Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Goodwill Ambassadors]]
[[Category:People educated at Sydney Boys High School]]
[[Category:People from Manly, New South Wales]]


Colonial Police Medal