Kerch Strait

The Kerch Strait, is a strait in Eastern Europe. It connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, separating the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the west from the Taman Peninsula of Russia's Krasnodar Krai in the east. The strait is to wide and up to deep.
The most important harbor, the Crimean city of Kerch, gives its name to the strait, formerly known as the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Krasnodar Krai side of the strait contains the Taman Bay encircled by Tuzla Island and the 2003 Russian-built dam to the south and Chushka Spit to the north. Russia had started the construction of a major cargo port near Taman, the most important Russian settlement on the strait.
History.
Greek and Roman records.
The straits are about long and are wide at the narrowest and separate an eastern extension of Crimea from Taman, the westernmost extension of the Caucasus Mountains. In antiquity, there seem to have been a group of islands intersected by arms of the Kuban River ("Hypanis") and various sounds which have since silted up. The Romans knew the strait as the Cimmerian Bosporus (') from its Greek name, the Cimmerian Strait"' (, "Kimmérios Bosporos"), which honored the Cimmerians, nearby steppe nomads. In ancient times the low-lying land near the Strait was known as the Maeotic Swamp.
Second World War.
During the Second World War, the Kerch Peninsula became the scene of much desperate combat between forces of the Soviet Red Army and Nazi Germany. Fighting frequency intensified in the coldest months of year when the strait froze over, allowing the movement of troops over the ice.
After the Eastern Front stabilized in early 1943, Hitler ordered the construction of a road-and-rail bridge across the Strait of Kerch in the spring of 1943 to support his desire for a renewed offensive to the Caucasus. The cable railway (aerial tramway), which went into operation on 14 June 1943 with a daily capacity of one thousand tons, was only adequate for the defensive needs of the Seventeenth Army in the Kuban bridgehead. Because of frequent earth tremors, this bridge would have required vast quantities of extra-strength steel girders, and their transport would have curtailed shipments of military material to the Crimea. The bridge was never completed, and the Wehrmacht finished evacuating the Kuban bridgehead in September 1943.
In 1944 the Soviets built a "provisional" railway bridge (Kerch railway bridge) across the strait. Construction made use of supplies captured from the Germans. The bridge went into operation in November 1944, but moving ice floes destroyed it in February 1945; reconstruction was not attempted.
Post-war ferry service.
After the war, ferry transportation across the strait was established in 1954, connecting Crimea and the Krasnodar Krai (Port Krym – Port Kavkaz line). Originally there were four train ferry ships; later three car-ferry ships were added. Train transportation continued for almost 40 years. The aging train-ferries became obsolete in the late 1980s and were removed from service. In the autumn of 2004, new ships were delivered as replacements and train transportation was re-established. The ferry line stopped operations in late 2020.
Dispute and naval treaty of 2003.
A territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine in 2003 centred on Tuzla Island in the Strait of Kerch. Ukraine and Russia agreed to treat the strait and the Azov Sea as shared internal waters.
Storm of November 2007.
On Sunday 11 November 2007 news agencies reported a very strong storm on the Black Sea. Four ships sank, six ran aground on a sandbank, and two tankers were damaged, resulting in a major oil spill and the death of 23 sailors.
The Russian-flagged oil tanker "Volgoneft-139" encountered trouble in the Kerch Strait where it sought shelter from the above storm. During the storm the tanker split in half, releasing more than 2000 tonnes of fuel oil. Four other boats sank in the storm, resulting in the release of sulphur cargo. The storm hampered efforts to rescue crew members.
Another victim of the storm, the Russian cargo ship "Volnogorsk", loaded with sulfur, sank at Port Kavkaz on the same day.
Russo-Ukrainian War since 2014.
Russia and Ukraine agreed to guarantee each other freedom of navigation for ships of both nations in a 2003 naval treaty.
Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, however, Russian forces have forcibly established a new status quo, now being the straits' sole controlling power.
New Bridge and naval blockade.
Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov campaigned for a highway bridge to be constructed across the strait. Since 1944, various bridge projects to span the strait have been proposed or attempted, always hampered by the difficult geologic and geographic configuration of the area. Construction of an approach was actually started in 2003 with the -long dam, provoking the 2003 Tuzla Island conflict.
After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the government of Russia decided to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait. The 19-kilometre Crimean Bridge opened to road traffic in 2018 and the rail section opened in 2019.
Russian state-backed media claims that construction of the bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters, attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 of endangered Black Sea bottlenose dolphins. However, Ukraine claims that the acoustic noise and pollution from both the bridge construction and military exercises may actually be killing Black Sea dolphins.
Kerch Strait incident (2018).
When two Ukrainian navy vessels tried to pass under the bridge to reach Mariupol in November 2018, Russian forces responded by blocking the straits with a large container ship. Upon turning back, the Ukrainian ships and crews were fired upon and seized by the Russian coast guard.
2019 Gas tanker disaster.
Two gas carriers collided and exploded in 2019, killing 14 people.
2021 closure by Russia.
On 15 April 2021 Russia decided to close the area of Kerch Strait to "warships and other state vessels" from 24 April to 31 October. The stated rationale for the closure are military exercises. The closure partially cut off the Ukrainian ports of Berdyansk and Mariupol from the Black Sea. The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry protested against the decision, stating that "such actions by the Russian Federation are another attempt to violate the norms and principles of international law to usurp the sovereign rights of Ukraine as a coastal state, as Ukraine has the right to regulate navigation in these areas of the Black Sea". According to the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry, the decision is a violation of the freedom of navigation under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The decision to close the strait was preceded by Russia's warning the United States after the Biden administration's plan to send two destroyers (USS "Roosevelt" and USS "Donald Cook") to the Black Sea amid Russia’s increasing military presence near Ukraine. The Biden administration withheld the destroyers after fighting intensified between Ukrainian and Russian-backed separatist forces in an effort to alleviate the tension. Putin had threatened the safety of the US Navy ships, saying that they should stay away from the area “for their own good”. After the destroyers were withheld, Russia took advantage of the opening to close the Kerch Strait.
Kerch–Yenikale Canal.
In order to improve navigational capabilities of the Strait of Kerch, which is quite shallow in its narrowest point, the Kerch–Yenikale Canal was dredged through the strait. The main channel can accommodate vessels up to 215 meters long with a draft of up to 8 meters with a compulsory pilot assistance. The canal is not straight and its geometry further complicates safe navigation. The narrowness, limited depth, and turns of the main channel together with the often unpredictable effects of wind and visibility (fog) there are strict procedures regulating strait transit. Transit of large vessels occurs on a one-way (alternating) group convoy basis. Transit procedures have remained unchanged, whether under Soviet, Ukrainian, or Russian jurisdiction. The Vessel Traffic Control Post in Kerch controls and oversees all traffic.
Fishing.
Several fish-processing plants are located on the Crimean coast of the strait. The fishing season begins in late autumn and lasts for 2 to 3 months, when many seiners put out into the strait to fish. The Taman Bay is a major fishing ground, with many fishing villages scattered along the coast.


Eleanor Clarke Slagle

Eleanor Clarke Slagle (October 13, 1870–September 18, 1942) was an American social worker and an early pioneer of occupational therapy.
Early life.
Born in Hobart, New York, she was the only daughter of William John Clark and Emeline (Emmaline) J. (née Davenport) Clark. During her youth she went by the name Ella May Clark. Her father fought as an officer in the American Civil War and may have been left partially disabled by a neck wound. In 1894, she married Robert E. Slagle.
Career.
There is little record of what follows, up until she began studying at the UC Chicago School for Civics and Philanthropy in 1911. Thereafter she was employed in state hospitals of Michigan and New York. It was while visiting at the Kankakee State Hospital in Illinois that she became inspired to work in occupational therapy. In 1912, she became director of a department of occupational therapy at the Phipps Clinic under the direction of Dr. Adolf Meyer. In 1914 she resigned and returned to Chicago, where she gave lectures at the Chicago School for Civics and Philanthropy. In 1917, she became general superintendent of occupational therapy for all of the Illinois state hospitals. The same year the training school she started was named the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations which continued until 1920.
Until March 1917, occupational therapy was not organized as a profession. This changed with the formation of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy that year, for which she was a founding member. During the third annual meeting of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy, she was elected president. For many years thereafter she served as the volunteer secretary-treasurer of the organization. In 1922, she established the headquarters of the American Occupational Therapy Association in New York City and worked tirelessly to promote educational and professional standards for the emerging profession . For the next twenty years, she also served as occupational therapy director at the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene.
Death.
She died in Philipse Manor, New York and is buried at Locust Hill Cemetery in Hobart, New York.
Honors and awards.
The Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship, considered the highest academic award of the American Occupational Therapy Association, is named in her honor.


Manchester Central (Salvation Army)

Manchester Central corps of the Salvation Army is the main Salvation Army church (corps) in the city of Manchester.
Located on the University of Manchester campus, the corps has a strong African flavour with a number of the congregation coming from Zimbabwe, together with its Shona-speaking choir. Other nationalities worshiping there are/have included Zambian, Eritrean, Korean, Liberian, Italian, Namibian and Nigerian, as well as British members.
There is a strong outreach to students of the University of Manchester.


Marion Patterson

Marion Patterson GM (nee Chalmers; 1911–1993) was a Scottish fire warden during World War II. She was awarded the George Medal for helping to save sailors trapped in the rubble of a bombed building. Her medal was presented by King George VI at Buckingham Palace.
Life.
Marion Chalmers was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, on 26 August 1911. From 1919 to 1939 she lived in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In August 1939, she, her husband (Guthrie Armour Patterson, born 29 January 1904 in Dundee, Scotland) and son (Douglas Patterson, born 8 October 1932 in Toronto), moved back to Aberdeen.
After the Second World War broke out Patterson enlisted as an Ambulance Driver. In October 1942, she became a Senior Fire Guard for the Civil Defence Service in Aberdeen.
She died on 14 August 1993 in Toronto
Recognition for bravery.
On 7 August 1942, while on duty, Patterson was helping to extinguish a burning building when she heard cries for help coming from under some walls that had collapsed. She managed to get to the sailor who was trapped below and free him. He was too weak to help. A rope was lowered through the damaged walls and she was able to tie the rope around the sailor’s waist and with help got him out of the burning building. The building collapsed less than a minute later.
On 4 December 1942, after the incident was written up in the London Gazette, she received an invitation to attend Buckingham Palace on 12 February 1943 to receive a presentation of the George Medal by King George VI. Patterson was the first street fire-guard to win a medal while engaged in fire duties. As part of the award, she was also selected for portraiture in a special section of the National Gallery of England set aside for heroes and heroines of the Blitz. Patterson was also invited to be a guest at Balmoral Castle for the remainder of her life.
The Scottish artist Robert Sivell was commissioned by King George VI to paint Patterson’s portrait. Patterson attended Buckingham Place again for the presentation of the portrait. The original was hung in the National Gallery, London and was displayed in a special wing for Heroes and Heroines of the 1939-1945 War.
Patterson also received two replicas of the portrait and a sketch in black and white. One replica is in the Ottawa Canadian War Museum and was on display as part of the Women At War exhibit at the museum in 1985. Patterson’s medals and the sketch are now kept in Aberdeen Art Gallery.


Borders of the Philippines

As an archipelago, the Philippines shares no land borders with any country, although the country claims a land border with Malaysia as a consequence of its territorial claims over the eastern portion of the Malaysian state of Sabah.
The maritime borders of the country are complicated by the South China Sea dispute and lack of delimitation agreements with Palau.
Maritime borders.
The following are countries shares maritime borders with the Philippines.


Leket Israel

Leket Israel, The National Food Bank, a registered nonprofit Israel-based charity, is the leading food rescue organization in Israel, serving 175,000+ needy people weekly. Leket Israel rescues surplus agricultural produce and collects excess cooked meals for redistribution to the needy throughout Israel via its network of 200+ nonprofit organization (NPO) partners.
Goals and objectives.
The concept of "Leket" or "gleanings" derives from the Torah, ( and ), which specifies that ears of grain that fall from the reaper's hand or the sickle while being gathered during the harvest must be left for the poor (along with other agricultural gifts to the poor, as specified in the Torah and elaborated upon in tractate Pe'ah of the Talmud).
"I think that at a very basic level, it's a very Jewish value to be appalled by food waste," says Joseph Gitler, founder and director of Leket Israel. Some farmers find it unprofitable to harvest all their produce while others cannot pick their entire crop before it begins to rot. In both cases, tens of thousands of tons of fresh fruits and vegetables are wasted each year. Israeli farmers invite Leket Israel to harvest their fields and to give the produce to needy people around the country. More than 40,000 volunteers took part in Project Leket in 2011. In addition, 20 Arab women were employed with full wages and benefits to assist in the picking. Through its activities, Leket Israel promotes the idea of peaceful co-existence. "We had an organization that had 25 employees, all Jewish, and suddenly, we have 20 Israeli-Arab employees, and it’s been a very positive experience," says Gitler.
Former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon allowed Leket Israel volunteers to pick oranges from his 15-dunam orchard in Ramot HaShavim near Kfar Saba. He was approached by the organization after one of its scouts spotted the unharvested fruit.
Researchers have found that more than one-third of Israeli children live below the poverty line. Many children attend school without eating a nourishing breakfast or bringing lunch from home.
In 2006, Hands on Tzedakah, a public charity based in Boca Raton, Florida, approached Leket Israel to create a program to provide school children with a minimum of one healthy meal per day.
Leket Israel volunteers prepare and deliver more than 4,500 mid-morning meals to students at 70 schools around Israel. Each school day, the children receive a freshly baked roll filled with hummus, cream cheese, yellow cheese, or tuna, and a fresh fruit or vegetable. "This is the kind of program that builds and brings together all segments of the community," according to Shimon Pepper, Executive Director of the Rockland County, New York Jewish Federation.
History.
In 2003, the first National Insurance Institute Report was released revealing that 25% of the Israeli population was living in poverty and that most suffered from some level of food insecurity, meaning not knowing where one’s next meal was coming from. Joseph Gitler, then a recent immigrant to Israel, started reaching out to nearby nonprofits and discovered that most of them were spending a large percentage of their budgets on purchasing food. Meanwhile, caterers were throwing out an exorbitant amount of food at the end of events. Mr. Gitler offered to pick up the surplus food from the catering halls and deliver it to the nonprofits thereby rescuing the food from destruction and at the same time, providing the food to those in need. This was the first step in creating what was then known as Table to Table.
In 2010, Table to Table (established in 2003) merged with the Leket Food Bank (established in 2007) and became Leket Israel. Today, serving as the country's National Food Bank and largest food rescue network, Leket Israel's primary mission is to lead the safe, effective, and efficient collection and distribution of surplus nutritious food in Israel that would have otherwise been destroyed, redistributing the food to a network of 200 partner NPOs serving over 175,000 needy Israelis each week. As an umbrella organization, Leket Israel also works to support its NPO partners through nutrition education, food safety, and capacity building assistance. NPOs include soup kitchens, community based organizations supplying food packages to the needy, centers for the elderly, shelters and after-school programs for youth at risk, among others. Leket Israel mobilizes 50,000 volunteers a year in its food rescue programs, and is playing a crucial role in raising public awareness to the issues of nutritional insecurity, food waste and the environment, and the importance of balanced nutrition.
Leket Israel maintains the greatest logistical and human resource capacity of any single food provision agency in the country working to alleviate the problem of nutritional insecurity through the rescue and redistribution of surplus, nutritious food. No other organization in Israel rescues food on a national level from hotels and caterers or works with farmers to glean produce from fields. The food provisions offer crucial support to Leket Israel’s network of 200+ NPOs, helping them collectively reduce food costs by tens of millions of dollars a year, while expanding the range of fresh food provisions provided to their needy clientele.
In 2018, with the help of more than 47,000 volunteers, Leket Israel: (a) rescued, sourced, and distributed a total of 37,100,000 lbs. of agricultural produce, prepared meals, and other nutritious food to the needy; (b) cultivated, in partnership with farmers, 3,308,000 lbs. of field crops as part of a supplement to rescued food; (c) delivered 70 four-part nutrition workshops on healthy eating on a limited budget; (d) undertook hundreds of site visits to partner NPOs; and (e) invested $110,000 in capacity building funds to help NPOs upgrade basic infrastructure and improve food safety.
Food Donation Act.
In October 2018, after 10 years of intensive work, and for the first time in Israel, the Food Donation Act passed in the Knesset plenum. Led by MK Uri Maklev with support from MKs Eli Elalouf, Moshe Gafni, Yechiel 'Hilik' Bar, Orly Levi Abekasis, Shuli Mualem and Mordechai Yogev, in cooperation with Leket Israel. The Food Donation Act, similar to the United States Bill Emerson Act, absolves food donors, non-profit organizations and staff and volunteers at the non-profit organizations from criminal and civil liability, provided they adhere to food safety requirements set forth by the Ministry of Health. Israel is one of only seven countries in the world (US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina and the UK) who have similar legislation, which encourages the collection of excess food and protects the donors and organizations that distribute it.
Awards and recognition.
Leket Israel has received or been recognized with the following prizes, awards, or titles:
Government Partnerships.
As an Israeli charity, Leket Israel does not receive any significant government funding. Of its 2019 estimated organization budget only 6.4% is expected to be funded by government sources and is allocated specifically to two new government subsidized initiatives. The first is a joint project between the Ministry of Agriculture and Leket Israel, with Leket Israel tasked to provide workshops on proper nutrition and agricultural surplus for the Bedouin community in the Negev. The second is a project of the National Food Security Initiative, operated in cooperation with Leket Israel and Eshel Jerusalem-Chabad, whereby reloadable cards worth NIS 500 are distributed to thousands of families suffering from severe food insecurity. Leket Israel is responsible for assembling and providing parcels of surplus rescued produce which are then purchased with a portion of the reloadable cards.
Programs.
Leket to Table: Meal Rescue.
Leket Israel rescues surplus hot meals and prepared food from 300 suppliers including hotels, army bases, corporate cafeterias, and others, providing a crucial daily source of nutrition to thousands of Israel’s needy. In 2019, an estimated 2.4 million meals (meat and two side dishes) will be collected and redistributed to 80+ NPO partners throughout the country (an average of 46,000+ hot meals weekly) including soup kitchens, homeless shelters, last chances schools, and others.
Project Leket: Gleaning Initiative.
Project Leket, Leket Israel’s flagship gleaning initiative, was established in 2005 to prevent the paradoxical waste of fruits and vegetables, in the face of significant levels of poverty and hunger in the country. Through the program, during 2019 Leket Israel’s staff and volunteers will rescue from fields, orchards, and packing houses over 35 million lbs. of fruits and vegetables slated by farmers for destruction (673,000 lbs. weekly). The project provides tens of thousands of Israel's poor with access to an important source of nutrition they could not otherwise afford.
Project Leket was inspired by the Bible, which states: "When you reap your harvest in your field and forget a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to get it; it shall be left for the stranger, the orphan, and the widow, so that the Lord your God may bless you in all your undertakings." ()
Self-Growing Initiative.
In 2011, Leket Israel established a Self Growing Initiative to supplement that which is unavailable through rescue. The project currently operates from two sites, (a) Moshav Nahalal in the Jezreel Valley where Leket Israel leases 35 acres of land and (b) Binyamina in the Hof Carmel region where Leket Israel owns 10 acres of land, including 5 acres of greenhouses. Together, the two sites with the support of 20,000 volunteer harvesters, produces up to 1,500 tons (3.3 million lbs) of 8-10 highly nutritious vegetables annually.
Sandwich for School Kids Project.
Sandwich for School Kids Project provides 7,800 volunteer prepared sandwiches daily to disadvantaged school children in over 100 schools throughout Israel.
Manufactured Food.
Leket Israel rescues a weekly average of 22 tons of dairy, baked, dried, and frozen goods from 25 corporate partners, such as Supersol, Angel Bakeries, and Tara Dairy, who donate tens of thousands of perishable food items nearing their expiry dates and manufactured goods that were overproduced, packaged incorrectly, or cannot be sold commercially.
Purchasing Cooperative for Nonprofits.
Leket's purchase cooperative for nonprofits provides savings up to 25% off of nonprofit organizations' food budgets.
Nutrition for Life Program.
One of the primary tenets of Leket Israel is its focus on supplying healthy, nutritious food. Leket Israel’s Nutrition and Food Safety Department runs nutrition workshops to underprivileged communities throughout Israel. The workshops train participants on how to eat healthy on a limited budget, how to incorporate more fruits and vegetables into their daily diets and offers hands on food preparation activities for the participants. The workshops are run by licensed dieticians and offered in four languages, Hebrew, Russian, Arabic and Amharic.
In 2018, Leket Israel began a new program of Parent-Child workshops, working with groups of parents and their children to teach them important tools for eating healthy as a family, trying new fruits and vegetables, sitting down as a unit for dinner and the importance of eating breakfast.
Capacity Building Assistance Program for Nonprofits.
Due to Leket Israel’s stringent food safety regulations, inspections of the NPO partners are done on a regular basis to ensure that all food donated is being handled in a secure way. In order to maintain a high level of food safety, Leket Israel assists NPOs by providing capital for capacity building and infrastructure improvement projects, and often includes the purchase of such items as industrial refrigerators and ovens, lifting jacks, shelving units, and other equipment.


Jones v Kernott

Jones v Kernott [2011] UKSC 53 is a decision by the UK Supreme Court concerning the beneficial entitlement to a co-owned family home under a constructive trust. The court ruled there was a 90:10 split of ownership in favour of the main child-caring partner who contributed 80% of the equity to the home in which she lived. The non-resident partner had also ceased to pay bills and maintenance for the children for a considerable time.
Facts.
Ms Jones and Mr Kernott met in 1980. In 1981 Ms Jones bought a caravan with the help of a bank loan, and in 1984 Mr Kernott moved into the caravan with her upon the birth of their first child. In May 1985 Ms Jones sold her caravan, and the parties bought 39 Badger Hall Avenue, Thundersley in Essex, for £30,000. Ms Jones contributed £6,000, and the balance was raised by an interest-only mortgage. The house was conveyed into their joint names. From this point on they shared payment of the household bills and the mortgage. In 1986 the couple's second child was born. The parties took out a loan for £2,000 for an extension which was mostly constructed by Mr Kernott.
In 1993 the couple separated, and Mr Kernott left Badger Hall Avenue. He stopped paying his share of the bills, and contributed little or nothing towards the maintenance of the children. In May 1996 the parties cashed in a life insurance policy and divided the proceeds. With his share of these Mr Kernott bought 114 Stanley Road, Benfleet in Essex, for £57,000.
In May 2006 Mr Kernott sought payment (realisation) of his alleged half-share in Badger Hall Avenue. Ms Jones responded by claiming under the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA) for a declaration that she owned the entire beneficial interest in the property. Judge Dedman, after considering "Oxley v Hiscock" [2005] Fam 211 and "Stack v Dowden" [2007] 2 AC 432, held that while the interests of the parties at the outset might well have been that the property should be split jointly, those intentions had altered significantly over the years. He considered that the correct test was therefore what was "fair and just" between the parties, taking into account the whole course of dealing between them. He concluded, taking into account Mr Kernott's ceasing to pay any bills, the fact that Ms Jones contributed over 80% of the equity, and the lack of assistance provided by Mr Kernott relating to the maintenance of the children, that the correct split would be 90:10 in favour of Ms Jones.
Judgment.
High Court.
The appeal from the decision of Judge Dedman in the Southend on Sea County Court on 21 April 2008 was heard on 12 May 2009, judgment handed down on 10 July 2009, by Mr Nicholas Strauss QC in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division who dismissed the appeal, as before awarding beneficiary shares in the Badger Hall Avenue house to Jones and Kernott in the ratio of 90:10.
Court of Appeal.
On 26 May 2010, Her Majesty's Court of Appeal in England upheld the appeal, finding that the house was held in shares of 50/50. Rimer LJ gave the judgment.
Supreme Court.
On 9 November 2011, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, overturning the Court of Appeal, held that Mr Kernott and Ms Jones would hold the shares in the house on trust in a ratio of 10% to 90%, to reflect their contributions to the home. Although the Supreme Court unanimously reached the decision, their Lordships concurred on different grounds. Lord Walker, Lady Hale and Lord Collins concluded that there are situations where it would be permissible to impute common intention, while Lord Kerr and Lord Wilson preferred to base their opinions on the fact that the court had the discretion to acknowledge constructive trust in such a manner because it was fair.
Lord Kerr said the following.
Lord Wilson said the following.


Speed Racer (film)

Speed Racer is a 2008 sports action comedy film written, co-produced and directed by the Wachowskis and based on the 1960s anime and manga series of the same name. Starring Emile Hirsch, Christina Ricci, John Goodman, Susan Sarandon, Matthew Fox, Roger Allam, Benno Fürmann, Hiroyuki Sanada, Rain and Richard Roundtree, it is produced by Village Roadshow Pictures, Silver Pictures, Anarchos Productions, Velocity Productions and Germany's Studio Babelsberg, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The plot revolves around Speed Racer, an 18-year-old automobile racer who follows his apparently deceased brother's career, choosing to remain loyal to his family and their company Racer Motors, which causes difficulties after he refuses a contract that E.P. Arnold Royalton, owner of Royalton Industries, offers him.
A live action "Speed Racer" film had been in development hell since 1992, having changed actors and filmmakers until in 2006 when producer Joel Silver and the Wachowskis collaborated to begin production on "Speed Racer" as a family film. "Speed Racer" was shot in and around Potsdam and Berlin from June to August 2007. Michael Giacchino composed the film's score.
"Speed Racer" premiered on April 26, 2008 at the Nokia Theater, followed by its general theatrical release on May 9, 2008. The film grossed $93 million worldwide on a $120 million budget, making it a commercial failure. It was subsequently nominated in multiple categories at the Teen Choice Awards as well as the Golden Raspberry Awards. Upon initial release, the film received mostly negative reviews, receiving praise for its action sequences, Michael Giacchino's musical score, cinematography, and the cast particularly Hirsch, Fox, and Allam’s performances, but criticism for its CGI, screenplay, and runtime. In subsequent years, "Speed Racer" has garnered a cult following with some commentators calling it an "underrated" film.
Plot.
Speed Racer is an 18-year-old whose life and love has always been automobile racing. His parents Pops and Mom run the independent Racer Motors, in which his brother Spritle and his pet chimp Chim Chim, his mechanic Sparky and his girlfriend Trixie are also involved. As a child Speed idolized his record-setting older brother, Rex Racer, who was apparently killed while racing in the Casa Cristo 5000 (AKA The Crucible) a deadly cross-country racing rally. Now embarking on his own career, Speed is quickly sweeping the racing world with his skill behind the wheel of his brother's Mach 5 and his own T-180 car the Mach 6, although primarily interested in the art of the race and the well-being of his family.
E.P. Arnold Royalton, owner of conglomerate Royalton Industries, offers Speed an astoundingly luxurious lifestyle in exchange for signing to race with him. Though tempted, Speed declines because his father distrusts power-hungry corporations. Angered, Royalton reveals that for many years, key races have been fixed by corporate interests, including himself, to gain profits. Royalton takes out his anger on Speed by having his drivers force Speed into a crash that destroys the Mach 6 and suing Racer Motors for intellectual property infringement. Speed gets an opportunity to retaliate through Inspector Detector, head of an intelligence agency's corporate crimes division. Racer Taejo Togokahn supposedly has evidence that could indict Royalton but will only offer it up if Speed and the mysterious masked Racer X agree to race on his team in the Casa Cristo 5000, which could also substantially raise the stock price of his family's racing business, blocking a Royalton-arranged buyout. Speed agrees but keeps his decision secret from his family, and Detector's team makes several defensive modifications to the Mach 5 to assist Speed in the rally.
After they drive together and work naturally as a team, Speed begins suspecting that Racer X is actually his brother Rex in disguise. His family discovers that he has entered the race and agree to support him, though Pops is angry with him for not asking permission to race earlier. With his family and Trixie aiding him, Speed defeats many brutal racers, who were bribed by fixer Cruncher Block to stop him, and overcomes seemingly insurmountable obstacles to win the race, while Detector's team arrests Block. However, Taejo's arrangement is revealed to be a sham, as he was only interested in increasing the value of his family's company to profit from Royalton's buyout. Enraged, Speed hits the track that he used to drive with his brother, and confronts Racer X with his suspicion that he is Rex. Racer X removes his mask, revealing an unfamiliar face, and tells Speed that Rex is indeed dead. However, Racer X advises Speed to not let racing change the way it is, before advising him to figure out his own driving. Speed returns home and plans to leave, but Pops expresses his pride in Speed's actions, and that he was wrong to not let Speed enter the race since his own stubbornness drove Rex away, before finding out about the race-fixing conspiracy. Taejo's sister Horuko unexpectedly arrives and gives him Taejo's rejected automatic invitation to the Grand Prix. The Racer family bands together and builds a new Mach 6 in 32 hours.
Speed enters the Grand Prix (with the help of Inspector Detector) against great odds; Royalton has placed a $1,000,000 bounty on his head that the other drivers are eager to collect, and he is pitted against future Hall of Fame driver Jack "Cannonball" Taylor. Speed overcomes a slow start to catch up with Taylor, who uses a cheating device called a spearhook to latch the Mach 6 to his own car. Speed uses his jump jacks to expose the device to video cameras, causing Taylor to crash. Speed wins the race, having successfully exposed Royalton's crimes. While Racer X watches, a flashback montage reveals that he really is Rex, having faked his death and undergone plastic surgery to change his appearance as part of his plan to protect Speed and the sport of racing. He chooses not to reveal his identity to his family, declaring that he must live with his decision. The Racer family celebrates Speed's victory as Speed and Trixie kiss, Taejo testifies against Royalton and Block, and Royalton is sent to jail.
Cast.
Series original English dubbing artists Peter Fernandez and Corinne Orr appear as race announcers.
Production.
Development.
In September 1992, Joe Pytka announced that Warner Bros. held the option to create a live-action film adaptation of the 1960s Japanese anime and manga series "Speed Racer", in development at Silver Pictures. In October 1994, singer Henry Rollins was offered the role of Racer X. In June 1995, Johnny Depp was cast into the lead role for "Speed Racer", with production slated to begin the coming October, with filming to take place in California and Arizona. The following August, Depp requested time off to the studio for personal business, delaying production. However, due to an overly high budget, the same August, director Julien Temple left the project. Depp, without a director, also departed from the project. The studio considered director Gus Van Sant as a replacement for Temple, though it would not grant writing privileges to Van Sant. In December 1997, the studio briefly hired Alfonso Cuarón as director. In the various incarnations of the project, screenwriters Marc Levin, Jennifer Flackett, J. J. Abrams, and Patrick Read Johnson had been hired to write scripts.
In September 2000, Warner Bros. and producer Lauren Shuler Donner hired music video director Hype Williams to take the helm of the project. In October 2001, the studio hired screenwriters Christian Gudegast and Paul Scheuring for $1.2 million split between them to write a script for the film. Eventually, without production getting under way, the director and the writers left the project. In June 2004, Vince Vaughn spearheaded a revival of the project by presenting a take for the film that would develop the characters more strongly. Vaughn was cast as Racer X and was also attached to the project as an executive producer. With production never becoming active, Vaughn was eventually detached from the project.
Pre-production.
In October 2006, The Wachowskis were brought on board by the studio to write and direct the film. Producer Joel Silver, who had collaborated with the Wachowskis for "V for Vendetta" and "The Matrix" Trilogy, explained that they were hoping to reach a broader audience with a film that would not be rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America. Visual effects designer John Gaeta, who won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for the Wachowskis' "The Matrix", was brought in to help conceive making "Speed Racer" into a live-action adaptation. Production was set to begin in summer 2007 in European locations for a summer 2008 release. In November 2006, the release date for it was set for May 23, 2008. Producer Joel Silver described "Speed Racer" as a family film in line with the Wachowskis' goal to reach a wider audience.
Casting.
While Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Shia LaBeouf and Zac Efron were originally considered for the role of Speed Racer, Emile Hirsch eventually won the role. Before he got prepared for the role, Hirsch watched every "Speed Racer" episode and visited Charlotte Motor Speedway (known as Lowe's Motor Speedway at the time), where he met with driver Jimmie Johnson. Elisha Cuthbert, Kate Mara and Rose McGowan were originally considered for the role of Trixie, the role was eventually given to Christina Ricci. Before Matthew Fox was cast as Racer X, Henry Rollins was originally considered for the role.
Filming.
In February 2007, the Wachowskis selected Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam, Germany to film. In the following March, Warner Bros. moved the release date two weeks earlier to May 9, 2008. The studio received a grant of $12.3 million from Germany's new Federal Film Fund, the largest yet from the organization, for its production in the Berlin-Brandenburg region. The amount was later increased to $13 million. Principal photography commenced on June 5, 2007 in Berlin, and was shot entirely against greenscreen, lasting 60 days. The Wachowskis filmed in high-definition video for the first time. With the camera, the Wachowskis used a layering approach that would put both the foreground and the background in focus to give it the appearance of real-life anime. The film has a "retro future" look, according to Silver. Filming concluded on August 25, 2007.
Music.
In 2007, the Wachowskis purchased the rights to the sound effects and theme song of the television series for use in the film. The film's soundtrack was composed by Michael Giacchino, performed by Hollywood Studio Symphony and released by Varèse Sarabande. It was used along with orchestral score; Warner Bros. added an updated version of the "Go Speed Racer Go" theme song, which plays during the end credits, and was produced by Ali Dee Theodore and Jason Gleed, and performed by Ali Dee and the Deekompressors. Razor & Tie released this version was as an extended play on January 1, 2008 to promote the film's release, and as a single released along with film's soundtrack on May 6, 2008.
Animal cruelty incident.
During its production, animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) made allegations of animal cruelty against the film, reporting that one of the two chimpanzees used in the production was allegedly beaten after biting a child actor. The incident was confirmed by the American Humane Association (AHA) Animal Safety Representative on the set, who reported that the stand-in for the Spritle character portrayed by Litt had been bitten without provocation. The AHA representative also reported that "toward the end of filming, during a training session in the presence of the American Humane Representative, the trainer, in an uncontrolled impulse, hit the chimpanzee." The AHA Film Unit referred to this abuse as "completely inexcusable and unacceptable behavior in the use of any animal." The AHA placed "Speed Racer" on their "Unacceptable" list chiefly because of this incident, with AHA noting "the aforementioned training incident tarnishes the excellent work of the rest of production" and that it "has no method of separating the actions of one individual in the employ of a production from the production as a whole."
Release.
Marketing.
The "Los Angeles Times" estimated that nearly 5,000 "Speed Racer" film-related products were licensed by Warner Bros. The film was backed by multiple promotional partners with over $80 million in marketing support. The partners include General Mills, McDonald's, Target, Topps, Esurance, Mattel, Lego and Petrobras. The film also received support from companies outside of America in an attempt to attract international audiences. With early support before the film's release, the studio provided 3D computer models of the "Speed Racer" vehicle Mach 5 to the companies so they could accurately render the vehicle in their merchandise.
Mattel produced toys based on the film through several divisions. Hot Wheels produced die-cast vehicles, race sets and track sets. Tyco produced remote-controlled Mach 5s and racing sets. Radica Games produced video games in which players can use a car wheel, along with a cross-promotion with the video game U.B. Funkeys. The products became available in March 2008. Also, the Lego Company produced four Lego sets based on the movie. As part of the General Mills promotional tie-in, during the 2008 Crown Royal Presents the Dan Lowry 400, part of the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup season, the famous #43 Dodge Charger of Petty Enterprises was transformed into a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series version of the Mach 5, driven by Bobby Labonte.
Warner Bros., through its Interactive Entertainment division, self-published a video game based on the film titled ", which was released on May 6, 2008 on the Nintendo DS and Nintendo Wii and on September 16, 2008 for the PlayStation 2. The for the "Speed Racer" video game was written by Winifred Phillips and produced by Winnie Waldron. The game was released on the Nintendo DS and Wii in May with the film's theatrical release and was released on the PS2 in the fall to accompany the film's DVD and Blu-ray release. Due to a short development schedule, the studio chose not to develop games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
Home media.
Warner Home Video released "Speed Racer" on DVD and Blu-ray on September 16, 2008. The three-disc set features the main feature and supplemental features on the first disc, the DVD game "Speed Racer Crucible Challenge" on the second disc, and a digital copy of the film on the third disc—the last two being exclusive to the Blu-ray release. The U.S. DVD sales reached $6,268,301 and 390,191 copies in the first week, with consumer spending of $14,277,546 and 900,361 copies sold by 2013, and grossed as of 2018. The Blu-ray version was re-released on May 18, 2010.
Reception.
Box office.
"Speed Racer" premiered on April 26, 2008 during a $500,000-estimated event at the Nokia Theater in Los Angeles, where 4,000 people attended. It was released in regular theaters on May 9, 2008, grossing $18,561,337 in its opening weekend from around 6,700 screens at 3,606 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking third at the box office behind "Iron Man" and "What Happens in Vegas". In its second weekend it grossed $8,117,459 and ranked fourth at the box office. The film closed its run on August 1, 2008 with $43,945,766 domestically and $93,945,766 worldwide. Based on its total gross, it was considered a box office bomb. The results were well below studio expectations, given that the production costs of "Speed Racer" were estimated to be over $120 million. Despite the low box office numbers, Warner Bros. remained optimistic about sales of associated products ranging from toys to tennis shoes. Brad Globe, president of Warner Bros. Consumer Products, expressed hope that "We're still going to do very well with "Speed Racer"", acknowledging that "a giant movie would have made it all a lot bigger".
Critical response.
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 41% approval rating based on 217 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's critics consensus says "Overloaded with headache-inducing special effects, "Speed Racer" finds the Wachowskis focused on visual thrills at the expense of a coherent storyline". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 37 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Kirk Honeycutt called "Speed Racer"'s visual effects "stellar", but stated it "proudly denies entry into its ultra-bright world to all but gamers, fanboys and anime enthusiasts". He criticized that story and character were "tossed aside" towards the "wearying" races. Todd McCarthy of "Variety" noted the target audience should be amused, but others might think the film "a cinematic pile-up", citing its implausibility and the lack of identifiable peril in the driving sequences. While noted viewers interested in CGI would appreciate it, McCarthy said the frame sometimes resembled "a kindergartner's art class collage". He had praise for the cinematography, the musical score, and the cast. Anime News Network's Zac Bertschy also praised the cast, while saying the story is "as anyone would expect", adding "the characters are all cardboard archetypes with Saturday Morning dialogue." "Speed Racer" "sets out to honor and refresh a youthful enthusiasm from the past and winds up smothering the fun in self-conscious grandiosity", declared "The New York Times" A. O. Scott.
Glenn Kenny of "Premiere" criticized the film's time-shifting narrative and multiple storylines, saying it "yields heretofore undreamed of levels of narrative incoherence". Kenny praised the film's look, saying the "cheez-whizziness" that others had criticised was "precisely the point". He remarked the movie inspires even more thinking than "The Matrix" because of its "blatantly anti-capitalist storylines". Similarly, "The New Yorker"s Anthony Lane said the film could still end up "bleached of fun" due to the theme mooted in "The Matrix" that all of us are being controlled. In "Speed Racer", Lane argues, this comes in the form of villain Royalton, who "vows to crush [Speed] with 'the unassailable might of money.'" He concluded some people may call it entertaining, but he "felt [it] like Pop fascism". Jim Emerson, editor at the "Chicago Sun-Times", wrote that "Speed Racer" "is a manufactured widget, a packaged commodity that capitalizes on an anthropomorphized cartoon of Capitalist Evil in order to sell itself and its ancillary products". It was said to be "the most tiresome piece of CGI ()" of the "past couple of years" at the time of film's release by Philip French, a "The Guardian" critic.
IGN's Todd Gilchrist gave a positive review, stating that "Speed Racer" "is not merely the best film that it could be, it's pretty much exactly what it should be: full of exciting, brilliantly-conceived races, primary-color characterizations and an irresistible sense of fun". He called "Speed Racer" "a masterpiece of its kind", praising "the special effects extravaganza" and "the moment when the Wachowskis went from wunderkind directors to true auteurs". Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" described "Speed Racer" as "buoyant pop entertainment and noted the Wachowskis respected "the themes of honor, dishonor, family loyalty and Visigoth-inspired barbarism behind the wheel" of the original work. The cast is praised as being "earnest" and "gently playful". However, he stated that "it sags in its midsection" with unnecessary dialogue. Although it was said to be among the worst films of the year by Rebecca Murray of About.com, she included "Speed Racer" on her list of "Top 10 Action Movies of 2008", stating "the action sequences are definitely eye-catching." "Time" magazine included "Speed Racer" on its list of "The All-Time 25 Best Sports Movies" and "Top 10 Movies of 2008". It said "Not every avant-garde FX masterpiece receives instant audience validation", described the film as "a rich, cartoonish dream: non-stop Op art, and a triumph of virtual virtuosity."
Roger Allam's portrayal of Arnold Royalton was praised; "Variety" said he made "a delicious love-to-hate-him villain". "Time" magazine critic Richard Corliss claimed that Allam was "channeling Brit pundit Christopher Hitchens as his most pompestuous"; similar comparisons were made by several other reviewers.
About the movie's reception, Christina Ricci said: "I think I was aware of the disconnect that was going on at the time, and I was sort of watching and… Not that I expected that, but I knew that there would be problems, because I knew that people were expecting something very different than what was actually going to be delivered."
The film has appeared periodically on lists of underrated films. "Speed Racer" was elected the third most underrated film of the 2000s by Den of Geek's N.P. Horton, which called it "a game-changing film which redefined and reconceptualised the film form as we know it." Nick Hyman, writing for Metacritic, included the film on its list of "movies that critics got wrong" calling it "a cult classic in the making". It was described as "nearly unmatched [...] insofar as action/adventure/family films go" by Alejandro Stepenberg from JoBlo.com, while "Slate"s Chris Wade named it "an underrated masterpiece," stating that the Wachowskis "made a brilliant visual cartoon that dares to ask that you take it seriously." Annalee Newitz of io9 analyzed the ten reasons why they believe the film to be an "unsung masterpiece", including its visuals, humor, and political themes. Tor.com's Dexter Palmer considered the possibility that the film is a "misunderstood art film", highlighting its color scheme that is a "pleasure" and the fact it does not try to seem real. Palmer lauded it because he does not think films must imitate reality, and ultimately said it is "an extreme reminder of what films, and especially fantasy and science fiction films, can place on screen" and that it is "a refreshing change of pace" in film industry. Collider's Kayti Burt ranked it at #30 of Best Hollywood Blockbusters of the 21st Century stating, "While other blockbusters of the year (and the decade) worked to ground their fantastical premises in a gritty, realistic setting, Speed Racer leaned hard in the other direction."
Accolades.
"Speed Racer" was nominated at the Golden Trailer Awards for "Summer 2008 Blockbuster", at the MTV Movie Award for "Best Summer Movie So Far", at the Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award for "Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film", at the Visual Effects Society Awards for "Outstanding Matte Paintings in a Feature Motion Picture". At the 2008 Teen Choice Awards, "Speed Racer" was a nominee in the category of "Movie: Action Adventure", "Movie Actor: Action Adventure" and "Movie Actress: Action Adventure". The film was also nominated for the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards in the category of Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel.
Possible sequel.
"Variety" discussed a possible sequel, saying it could happen if "Speed Racer" had a good box office performance. In 2008, a possible sequel was contemplated by the Wachowskis when Rain asked them why his character is so happy for Speed winning, and they replied it could be explained in the next film. Rain said he was hired for three years, while noting that does not guarantee that a sequel will be released. Christina Ricci also considered it a possibility; she stated "When we [the cast] were all leaving, we were like 'write the sequel!' 'We want to come back'. And they [the Wachowskis] were like, 'I know. I know. We're going to. Don't worry'.", adding she would like more action scenes to her character. The producer Joel Silver said that the Wachowskis "have a great story idea for a sequel" but that it is "a great idea for a sequel if it makes sense to make it.". In 2018, Emile Hirsch stated in a tweet that the sequel for "Speed Racer" has a script that has been written.


Oxley v Hiscock

 is a widely-reported English land law and family law case, concerning cohabitants' constructive trusts and their quantification in a home's equity value.
Facts.
Mrs Elayne Oxley had been living, renting in public housing in Page Close, Bean, near Dartford and under the Housing Act 1985 before leaving had lived there long enough to have the statutory right to buy. She quit the tenancy losing this valuable right, which on her own the court found she likely in a few years would have exercised. Instead she formed a new home with Mr Allan Hiscock, a First Iraq War soldier who had been captured in September 1987 at 35 Dickens Close. She paid 28%, he paid 48% of £25,200, a mortgage the balance. They both contributed to household expenditure, improvements, maintenance and paying off the mortgage. The parties fell out. Oxley claimed 50% of the proceeds. Hiscock claimed 22% to her would be appropriate taking into account also improvements he had made.
At trial in the Bromley County Court, HHJ Hallon held:
"The description given by the claimant, whose evidence I accept, shows that this was a classic pooling of resources, even though there was no joint bank account. . . . All of the evidence which I have heard clearly shows that both were evincing an intention to share the benefit and the burden of [35 Dickens Close] jointly and equally.
...from the analysis of the law and the facts in this case, it is clear that the order which the claimant sought in her notice of application is the only one that can properly be made, namely to declare that the claimant is equally entitled, with the defendant, to a half share in the proceeds of sale of the Hartley property ..."
Judgment.
Chadwick LJ held Oxley was entitled to a 40% share on the facts, not equal in light of the difference between their initial cash contributions. He said there were two questions (1) was there a constructive trust, and (2) how was it to be quantified. In particular, when there is no expression of what share each was (as in joint tenancy here) then it is up to the courts to decide.


Grand Rapids Medical Mile

Grand Rapids Medical Mile is a designated area within the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan. It began with medical-related development in the Hillside District of Grand Rapids, Michigan, bordering both sides of Michigan Street. More than a decade later it encompasses an area five times larger, expanding east further down Michigan St.and north across Interstate 196. It has also been referred to as Grand Rapids Medical Corridor, Michigan Street Medical Corridor, Health Hill, Medical Hill, and Pill Hill, among other names.
The corridor originated from the 1996 founding of Van Andel Institute by Jay and Betty Van Andel. It has since expanded to include the Grand Rapids Community College's Calkins Science Center across Bostwick Avenue, Spectrum Health's expanded Butterworth Hospital complex, Grand Valley State University's Health Campus, and Michigan State University Secchia Center Medical School, among other facilities in the area.
Van Andel Institute.
Van Andel Institute (VAI) is a research institution that primarily conducts cancer research, but also studies other diseases such as osteoporosis, heart disease, diabetes and Parkinson's disease. It was founded in 1996 by philanthropists Jay and Betty Van Andel. At the time "there was little scientific activity in Grand Rapids." The institute opened in 2000 and expanded in 2009. Initially, most of the research was funded by an endowment from Jay Van Andel, which has been estimated at $1 billion. Jay Van Andel suffered from Parkinson's disease; Betty suffered from Alzheimer's disease. Their son, Dave, is the current CEO.
The VAI facility was built in two phases. The $60 million first phase was and included of laboratory space. It also featured the 325-seat Tomatis Auditorium and the Cook-Hauenstein Hall. It is located on Bostwick Avenue with the north end on Michigan Street.
On May 17, 2005, VAI announced plans to expand. The expansion was approved by the City of Grand Rapids in October 2006, and construction for the expansion began on April 12, 2007. The cost of the expansion was $178 million, raised through donations and a bond. The second phase added an additional , including of lab space. The new facility houses the Van Andel Education Institute's PhD-granting graduate school, which was founded in 2007. The building was designed by "world-renowned architect" Rafael Viñoly and is LEED platinum certified. The second phase added a 100-seat cafeteria and 90-seat conference center.
The institute has 270 employees. Over the next several years, it is expected to grow to about 800 employees, most of them research scientists. VAI operates on an annual budget of $40 million, much of which comes from research grants and donations. Numerous local schools have donated money to fund medical research. The VAI endowment allows all donations to go directly to research.
Spectrum Health System.
Spectrum Health System operates several facilities on Michigan Street. First is Butterworth Hospital, the main downtown hospital for the health group. This campus has the only level I trauma center in West Michigan. It includes the Fred and Lena Meijer Heart Center, the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, and the Lemmen-Holton Cancer Pavilion.
Butterworth Hospital.
The Butterworth Hospital was founded by St. Mark's Church in 1873. The first patients were limited to elderly women, but two years later, a new facility opened to allow a more diverse patient load. By 1887 a need for further expansion led Richard E. Butterworth to offer the present site of Michigan Street and Bostwick Avenue. On April 26, 1890, the new facility opened, and it was renamed four years later in honor of Mr. Butterworth, who was not alive to see the opening. In the 1920s, the Butterworth family donated enough to open a new 220-bed facility at the hospital's current location. A further expansion in the early 1950s increased the number of beds to 425. In 1973, the North Tower—another expansion—was completed, bringing the number of beds to 529. In 1987, Health Connections started Aero Med to provide air transport service, and in 1993 the Helen DeVos Women and Children's Center was opened.
Meijer Heart Center.
Opened in 2004, the Meijer Heart Center was the combination of both of Spectrum Health's heart programs from its Blodgett campus in East Grand Rapids, and the one at its Butterworth campus. It was built using the donations of over 3000 people donating almost $35 million. The center has been named in the Solucient 100 Top Cardiovascular Hospitals multiple times. It also ranked number one in open heart surgeries performed in 2005. It is also Michigan's first chest pain center.
Helen DeVos Children's Hospital.
The Helen DeVos Children's Hospital first opened on September 1, 1993. At the time of its opening, it was the only children's hospital in West Michigan. The hospital was started 20 years earlier by the Fremont, Michigan based Gerber Baby Foods as a neonatal intensive care unit at Butterworth Hospital. The original $100,000 donation allowed it to be opened the next year, and in the next decade the need for more services grew substantially. In 1990, Richard and Helen DeVos donated $5 million to expand its services and to offer specialized pediatric care. They also donated $50 million in the $100 million cost for the new 14-story, facility. This facility called the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital wheeled its first kids through the doors on January 11, 2011. There are well over 200 beds and all are private rooms that view the city. The hospital is next door to a heliport.
Lemmen-Holton Cancer Pavilion.
The Lemmen-Holton Cancer Pavilion was developed to bring all cancer research and patient service delivery in the Spectrum Health System under one roof. The land for the project was purchased in 2002 with a donation from Fred and Lena Meijer. The $78 million facility opened on June 30, 2008. It is located across the street from Butterworth Hospital on Michigan Street and is connected to it by a tunnel. Since the location is also near the VAI, the hospital has a high rate of cancer patients on clinical trials: eight percent compared to the national rate of three percent. The Pavilion is named after two employees that worked for Meijer and advanced their way to the top of the company.
Mid Towne Village.
The Mid Towne Village is the first Planned Redevelopment District in the 2003 Grand Rapids passed zoning law. It is designed to be a mixed use facility and is at the northeast corner of Michigan Street and College Avenue. It has six buildings and a Village Green Park in the center of the development. Key facilities in the project includes the Women’s Health Center, Park Row Condominiums, an office building for the development along with three other buildings. Along with being the first in project of this type in the state it is also the second to receive Brownfield tax credits for a blighted neighborhood.
The Women’s Health Center is a four-story facility designed to combine many of the women based services in Spectrum Hospital, Metro Health and other Grand Rapids-based groups. Connected to the building is a five-story parking ramp providing 500 spaces. At the facility is a lower floor that includes an estimated conference room On the third floor is Metro Health's Heart & Vascular specialists. Cost of the facility is at $25 million. It is located at the northern end of the facility with the north face of the building looking over I-196. The east face looks over the parking ramp and into a neighborhood.
Building A of the facility is a three-story building. It currently has 46 parking spots in a garage underneath the building. The building is on the west side of the development and is just south of Women's Health Center. Its east side faces the park and its north side also has a view of I-196. A plaza is planned to be placed between it and the Health Center. The building has been planned to be a Medical use only facility.
Building C of the facility is a three-story building. It has eight parking spots with two in a residential style garage. Its north side faces the central park, the south side faces the offices of the complex. The east side will overlook the Midtown neighborhood. The west side will overlook a large parking lot and to College Ave.
The residential section of the complex is the Park Row Condos. It has a max of 34 units for purchase with a combined of space. According to their site they can combine units together to create larger units than what they presently offer. They have four floors on the site and have on-site parking on the east side of the building. The building itself offers both two-story and one-story condos. The one story or flats are located on the first and second levels. The two-story condos are located on the third and fourth floors. This building replaces the 48 residential homes that were purchased and torn down to make way for the complex. The west side will face the Park, the north side will overlook the parking ramp and I-196, the east side will overlook the Midtown neighborhood and the south side will overlook several offices.
The final building of the complex is Building D. It is a three-story building. It is being planned for mixed use. It is set up to host seven suites and has no parking garage but has access to the parking on the complex site. Its north side faces a parking lot that will overlook Building B, the south side faces Michigan Street, the east side overlooks the complex offices, and the west side overlooks offices between it and College Avenue.
Education.
Many educational institutions dedicated to medical science are located along the corridor, such as Ferris State University, Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Valley State University and Michigan State University.
Ferris State University.
College of Pharmacy.
Ferris State University's College of Pharmacy is located in the 25 Michigan NE RDV/Christman development. It consists of 26,000-square-feet of space on the building's seventh floor and houses classrooms and clinical equipment.
Grand Rapids Community College.
Calkins Science Center.
The Grand Rapids Community College Calkins Science Center was opened in the winter semester of 2000. It was named after the 25 year president, Richard W. Calkins. It is located on Bostwick Avenue across Crescent Street, with Butterworth Hospital on its north side. It is a education building with a 150-seat auditorium. It contains several computer laboratories, biology laboratories, physical science laboratories, a cadaver room, a prehistoric rooftop garden, and a greenhouse.
Grand Valley State University.
Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences.
The GVSU Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences is a facility opened in 2003 by Grand Valley State University. The project cost was $32 million, and is located with Michigan Street on the south side and Lafayette on the west side. It currently has four specialized laboratories dealing with different rehab services. It also houses a portion of the GVSU library system in the Frey Foundation Learning Center. This portion of the system deals with medical fields.
The center also houses the 150 seat Hagar Auditorium, the 120 seat Steelcase lecture hall, and six conference rooms with 12 to 20 seats each. Also in the facility is the West Michigan Science & Technology Initiative, a GVSU project that is designed to aid medical business by providing lab space and allocates around allocated for this purpose. It was founded in 2003 by GVSU, VAI, GRCC, the City of Grand Rapids, and the Right Place, a Grand Rapids-based strategic alliance.
Raleigh J. Finkelstein Hall.
The Raleigh J. Finkelstein Hall is an extension of the GVSU's medical and nursing programs. The facility is the first Medical Mile development located north of Michigan Ave. across Interstate 196. The building houses classrooms, labs and offices for staff. The building opened in May 2018, with classes starting the following fall.
Michigan State University.
College of Human Medicine.
The MSU College of Human Medicine Secchia Center houses the Grand Rapids portion of the MSU's M.D. medical school. Its purpose was to expand MSU CHM's class size from its traditional 106 students to 206 entering students per year in 2010; with 100 of those students spending all four years in Grand Rapids. Historically, first and second year students attended the East Lansing campus; the third and fourth year students then spread to six different urban areas in the state in order to complete their training.
Grand Rapids has been such a host for many years, and with the advent of the Medical Mile they were asked to expand the medical school in Grand Rapids. The center is home to 400 students a year. The project was ratified by the MSU Board of Trustees on January 18, 2007. It was funded by private dollars through a joint fundraising initiative by MSU and Grand Action, a nonprofit Grand Rapids based organization designed to revitalize and attract business to downtown Grand Rapids. A $10 million lead donation of the $90 million construction budget was given by Ambassador Peter F. Secchia.
The campus is a seven-story building atop a five-story parking garage. It is approximately and is a part of the four-tower RDV/Christman Michigan Street development bounded by Interstate 196 (I-196) to the north, Michigan Street to the south and North Division to the west. It is skywalk-linked into Tower 25 of the Medical Mile, which is connected to the Van Andel Institute and the remainder of the Medical Mile.
In 2017, the biomedical research center was completed on the site of the former Grand Rapids Press headquarters. The building, which is six stories tall and has an area of 162,800-square-feet, will house biomedical researchers that were previously housed at the Van Andel Institute.
Other developments.
RDV/Christman Michigan Street Development.
The RDV/Christman Michigan Street Development is an integrated series of mixed-use buildings constructed along the north side of Michigan Street spanning between Division Avenue to Coit Avenue. It was a $250 million project that is jointly owned by RDV Corp. and The Christman Company, collectively known as Michigan Street Development, LLC. Several properties were acquired by the partnership: a State of Michigan surface parking lot, the Towers Building, an aboveground parking structure, a private practice medical building, and a Burger King. All of these were razed in preparation for the new facilities. Numerous tax incentives allowed financing of the development to become finalized.
The design of the facility includes a four-story, 2,300 space underground parking structure with four buildings built on the top levels. The four buildings will have approximately of space and created approximately two thousand new jobs.
The project is scheduled to be completed in two primary phases.
Phase I consisted of:
Phase II consisted of:


Wake-Walker v SS Colin W Ltd

Wake-Walker v SS Colin W Ltd is a Canadian admiralty law case concerning the issue of inevitable accident. The case was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, in an appeal affirming a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada.
The collision between HMS "Dragon" and the "Maplebranch".
On August 13, 1934, under the command of Captain Frederic Wake-Walker was entering the Market (or Victoria) Basin in the harbour of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After entering the basin, it attempted to avoid colliding into the "Saguenay Trader", but it subsequently collided with an oil bunkering steamer, the "Maplebranch", which was securely moored at the time of the collision. The "Maplebranch" sank. The owners of the "Maplebranch" sued Wake-Walker for the damages to the "Maplebranch" and its cargo.
Decisions of the Canadian courts.
Exchequer Court.
The admiralty action was heard by Mr. Justice Demers of the Exchequer Court of Canada (Quebec Admiralty District), assisted by two nautical assessors. The plaintiffs alleged that the collision was caused solely by the improper and negligent navigation and mismanagement of "Dragon" by Wake-Walker. In his defence, Wake-Walker pleaded inevitable accident, said to be caused by the maneuvering of the "Saguenay Trader", which Wake-Walker was trying to avoid hitting. On June 21, 1935, Demers J. held that Wake-Walker was liable.
Supreme Court of Canada.
On a 3-2 majority, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the finding of liability. In his opinion for the majority, Davis J. held that when a vessel under steam collides with a moored vessel, the commander of the vessel under steam is presumed liable for the collision, and has the onus of proving that he was not negligent. Wake-Walker had not done so. In summary, the majority stated:
Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Wake-Walker's appeal was dismissed by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The opinion was delivered by Viscount Sankey which noted:
Therefore, the Privy Council agreed with the courts below that Wake-Walker had not discharged the onus to prove that the accident had been inevitable.
Subsequent career.
In spite of the finding of liability, Wake-Walker continued to rise in the Royal Navy. Promoted to rear-admiral in 1939, he was involved in Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940. Ships under his command played a key role in hunting the Bismarck in 1942, and he was heavily involved in creating the flotilla of landing craft needed for Operation Torch in North Africa, and later the Normandy landings on D-Day.


National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth

National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth [1965] is an English land law and family law case, concerning the quality of a person's interest in a home when people live together, as well as licenses in land.
The House of Lords, the court of final appeal, held that someone living in a home, who was deserted, did not by that fact alone have an interest in equity. Lord Wilberforce offered a definition of property rights, however this level of the decision was compromised, and forms heavily amended principles of law, as the concept of the constructive trust was developed further.
More widely approved has been its principles of the overturned decision in the court below: the judgment of Denning LJ (noting the concurrence by Donovan LJ) some of which were cited with approval in the House of Lords in this case also.
Facts.
Mr and Mrs Ainsworth lived in Milward Road, Hastings, Sussex and had four children. Mr Ainsworth was the registered owner, but moved out in 1957, borrowed £1,000 in 1958 from the bank, and gave the bank a charge (security by mortgage) over it. The money was used for his small business, Hastings Car Mart Ltd, incorporated at the end of 1959. He had left his wife living in the home, deserting their relationship. In 1962 he (as borrower) fell behind in the payments to the bank who soon sought possession of the house and sued, bringing this action. However, Mrs Ainsworth refused to leave because she contended that she had an interest in the home that bound the bank.
Judgment.
Court of Appeal.
The Court of Appeal held Mrs Ainsworth had a right to occupy that bound the bank. Lord Denning MR held that the ‘deserted wife’s equity’ was capable of binding a third party like a bank. The reasons for his judgment were as follows.
Donovan LJ concurred. Russell LJ dissented.
House of Lords.
The House of Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal, finding that Mrs Ainsworth’s right did not count as a property right and was not capable of binding the bank.
Lord Upjohn said the following.
Lord Wilberforce noted that a deserted wife’s equity has been there partly because of a persistent post war housing shortage, and has been variously described as an equity, clog, licence or status of irremovability, and said this is all about whether despite Mrs Ainsworth’s rights against her husband, she had any against the bank. The wife, he continued,


Pearse Canal

Pearse Canal is a channel or strait forming part of the Canada–United States border at the southern end of the Alaska Panhandle and adjacent to the mouth of Portland Inlet. It is on the northwest side of Wales and Pearse Islands, which are in British Columbia, Canada, and forms part of the southwestern edge of Misty Fiords National Monument in Alaska, United States. The southwest entrance to the strait is between Phipp Point and Maie Point, both in Alaska.
Name origin.
The strait was named by Captain Daniel Pender in 1868 as part of surveying of the coast, in association with Pearse Island.
International boundary.
Pearse Canal was established as part of the Canada-United States border as part of the outcome of the Alaska boundary dispute with the Hay-Herbert Treaty, otherwise known as the Alaska Boundary Settlement, of January 24, 1903. US claims had included Wales and Pearse Island. Under the terms of the treaty, Pearse Canal along with Tongass Passage (due west of Canada's Wales Island) and the Portland Canal is defined as "Portland Channel", a term which was established as defining the boundary by the Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825 but which remained undefined and not on maps until this time. Disputes over the meaning of the term were pivotal to the eventual settlement of the boundary in this region. A varying interpretation maintained the meaning was Clarence Strait, while the original US interpretation interpreted it as south of Wales Island.


IMO 4902505


Agua del Pueblo

Agua del Pueblo (AdP) is a private, non-profit, non-denominational and Guatemalan organization. AdP has completed more than 900 integrated rural water, sanitation and community development projects serving more than 500,000 Guatemalan citizens. AdP is the oldest non governmental organization focused on rural water supply and sanitation in the world.
Establishment.
A team of young, international volunteers founded "Agua del Pueblo" in 1972 in San Lucas Tolimán, Sololá, Guatemala. Agua del Pueblo (AdP) is a private, non-profit, non-denominational organization. Agua del Pueblo was incorporated in 1973 in the State of Missouri as "The People's Consutants. The US Internal Revenue Service classifies the People's Consultants as a 501(C)(3) public charity. Researchers have studied the impact of AdP projects on economic development, community development and health. Agua del Pueblo's headquarters is in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, and has regional offices in Coban, Alta Verapaz and Poptun, Peten.
Mission.
AdP's prime directive is to promote, advise, direct and generate financing for non-profit activities related to community development and the introduction of potable water, latrines and other aspects of environmental sanitation in rural and urban communities. AdP's aims are to: a) Build potable water and sanitation systems; b) Promote rural and urban development. c) Cooperate with any organization in drinking water, sanitation, education and community development, including training of appropriate personnel. d) Research the impacts of such projects on public health and economic development and e) Participate in international, state, municipal or private projects with similar goals.
AdP focuses on the poorest of the poor throughout the highlands of Mayan Guatemala. For that reason, AdP's board prioritized the departments of San Marcos, Huehuetenango, Quiché, Totonicapan, Quetzaltenango, Solola, Retalhuleu, Suchitepequez, Chimaltenango, Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz and Peten. AdP views water and sanitation projects as a means to the end of conscious-level raising and rural development. AdP favors projects based on renewable energy with minimal operation and maintenance requirements. Education and community organization form the foundation of AdP's work.
The Guatemalan government incorporated the Association of Agua del Pueblo on May 22, 1981 and registered the Association on 6 July 1981. The Guatemalan “Association of Agua del Pueblo” is included in the Registry of the Municipality of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, Book 1 NGO.
The State of Missouri (USA) incorporated People's Consultants – Agua del Pueblo-USA (web site) in 1973. AdP’S founders established the People's Consultants to support AdP's work around the world. The US Internal Revenue Service recognizes the People's Consultants as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.
History.
In 1972, volunteers from the San Lucas Mission, the Maryknoll's (Father Bill Woods and Dave Hennessey's) Ixcan Project and San Carlos University's school of social work (Dr. Sayra Cabrera) founded Agua del Pueblo. Father John Goggin sponsored AdP's first water project in Tzalamabaj, San Lucas Toliman. Sr. Benito Pic directed the project. Sr. Pic's son, Don Oscar Pic Solís, eventually became the first re-elected mayor of San Lucas Toliman.
With the help of Jerry Carmody, Bruce Clemens incorporated the organization in St Louis Mo. Jerry was in Law School at St. Louis University. Ms. Louise Clemens was the first registered agent. The Board included Tom Gullette, Bill Copacino and Bruce. In order better describe the breadth of Agua del Pueblo's (AdP's) goals, the Board incorporated the organization under the name “The People's Consultants”. The name was later modified to “The People's Consultants aka Agua del Pueblo USA”.
Monsenor Gregory Schaffer led AdP's next project in Pampojila and Panimaquib was one of the first rural pumping water supply project in Guatemala (Karp, Cabrera and Cabrera). The project had a significant impact on improving the plight of indentured servants in Guatemala's south coast. Sr. Andres Tos Toy led the first successful strike against a large absentee landlord (Don Oscar Dias, owner of San Andres Pampojila).
One of the original goals was to “Guatemalize” AdP. In 1979, AdP began incorporation as an independent Guatemalan non-profit “Asociacion Pro Agua del Pueblo ApAdP”. Lic. Carlos Gomez was the first Director of the AdAdP.
Accomplishments.
Agua del Pueblo has:


Crow v Wood

 is an English land law case, confirming an easement commonly exists for the right to have a fence or wall kept in repair expressed in earlier deeds, which is a right which is capable of being "granted" by law and secondly, as a separate but on the facts, related issue, of the right of common land pasture (common pasture) asserted by continued use (an easement by prescription).
Facts.
Mrs Edna Crow of Stone House Farm sued Mr Robin Wood of Wether Cote Farm (both in Hawnby) for his sheep straying into her land, alleging cattle/chattel trespass. She lived on a Yorkshire moor, once long in common ownership where sheep had the right to stray, but then parcels were sold off, several maintaining their straying animals such as Wood. From 1966 Crow ceased to keep up a fence. Wood claimed that under an implied grant at common law and Law of Property Act 1925, section 62, she was under a duty to keep up her fences separating her private element of her land from the commons element (for the benefit of those with grazing rights on it).
Judge awarded £205 damages and an injunction, and Mr Wood appealed.
Judgment.
Lord Denning MR held that the right to have a fence repaired "lay in grant", and so could pass under Law of Property Act 1925, section 62. Further, the right to have a fence or wall kept in repair is considered by the law "in the nature of an easement". Since the plaintiff was in breach of her duty to fence she could not complain of cattle trespass.
Edmund Davies LJ stated that the duty to fence arises from proof that the land is accustomed to be fenced. This was strongly disapproved in the same court, five years later.
Obiter dictum of Edmund-Davies.
This was disapproved in:


Joe Sample

Joseph Leslie Sample (February 1, 1939 – September 12, 2014) was an American keyboardist and composer. He was one of the founding members of the Jazz Crusaders, the band which became simply the Crusaders in 1971, and remained a part of the group until its final album in 1991 (not including the 2003 reunion album "Rural Renewal").
Beginning in the 1970s, he enjoyed a successful solo career and guested on many recordings by other performers and groups, including Miles Davis, George Benson, Jimmy Witherspoon, B. B. King, Eric Clapton, Steely Dan, Joni Mitchell, Anita Baker, and the Supremes. Sample incorporated jazz, gospel, blues, Latin, and classical forms into his music.
Biography.
Sample was born in Houston, Texas, on February 1, 1939, the youngest son of Alexander Sample, a mail-carrier, and Agatha (née Osborne) Sample, a seamstress. Sample began to play the piano at the age of five. He was a student of the organist and pianist (Theodore or T.) Curtis Mayo.
In high school in the 1950s, Sample teamed up with friends saxophonist Wilton Felder and drummer "Stix" Hooper to form a group called the Swingsters. While studying piano at Texas Southern University, Sample met and added trombonist Wayne Henderson and several other players to the Swingsters, which became the Modern Jazz Sextet and then the Jazz Crusaders, in emulation of one of the leading progressive jazz bands of the day, Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers. Sample never took a degree from the university; instead, in 1960, he and the Jazz Crusaders made the move from Houston to Los Angeles. He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.
The group quickly found opportunities on the West Coast, making its first recording, "Freedom Sounds", in 1961 and releasing up to four albums a year over much of the 1960s. The Jazz Crusaders played at first in the dominant hard bop style of the day, standing out by virtue of their unusual front-line combination of saxophone (played by Wilton Felder) and Henderson's trombone. Another distinctive quality was the funky, rhythmically appealing acoustic piano playing of Sample, who helped steer the group's sound into a fusion between jazz and soul in the late 1960s. The Jazz Crusaders became a strong concert draw during those years.
While Sample and his band mates continued to work together, he and the other band members pursued individual work as well. In 1969 Sample made his first recording under his own name; "Fancy Dance" featured the pianist as part of a jazz trio. In the 1970s, as the Jazz Crusaders became simply the Crusaders and branched out into popular sounds, Sample became known as a Los Angeles studio musician, appearing on recordings by the likes of Joni Mitchell, Marvin Gaye, Tina Turner, B. B. King, Joe Cocker, Minnie Riperton, Anita Baker and The Supremes. Sample was a founding member of the L.A. Express, which was started as the backing band for Tom Scott; however, both Sample and fellow Crusader Larry Carlton left after that group's first album. In 1975 Sample went into the studios with jazz legends Ray Brown, on bass, and drummer Shelly Manne to produce a then state-of-the-art recording direct to disc entitled "The Three". About this time Blue Note Records reissued some of the early work by the Jazz Crusaders as "The Young Rabbits". This was a compilation of their recordings done between 1962 and 1968.
The electric keyboard was fairly new in the sixties, and Sample became one of the instrument's pioneers. He began to use the electric piano while the group retained their original name, and the group hit a commercial high-water mark with the hit single "Street Life" and the album of the same name in 1979. In 1978 he recorded "Swing Street Café" with guitarist David T. Walker.
The Crusaders, after losing several key members, broke up after recording "Life in the Modern World" for the GRP label in 1987. Despite the disbanding of the Crusaders, the members would join each other to record periodically over the years, releasing "Healing the Wounds" in the early 1990s. Felder, Hooper, and Sample recorded their first album, called "Rural Renewal", as the reunited Crusaders group in 2003 and played a concert in Japan in 2004.
After Sample's "A Fancy Dance" (1969), he recorded several solo albums, including "Sample This", produced by George Duke.
GRP also released "Joe Sample Collection", and a three-disc "Crusaders Collection", as testament to Sample's enduring legacy. Some of the pianist's recent recordings are "The Song Lives On" (1999), featuring duets with singer Lalah Hathaway, and "The Pecan Tree" (2002), a tribute to his hometown of Houston, where he relocated in 1994. His 2004 album on Verve, "Soul Shadows", paid tribute to Duke Ellington and Jelly Roll Morton, and pre-jazz bandleader James Reese Europe. In 2007 he recorded "Feeling Good" with vocalist Randy Crawford. In the mid-1970s, the Crusaders added guitarist Larry Carlton.
Sample appeared on stage at the Waterfront Hall in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on 28 May 2000, playing keyboard solo on George Benson's "Deeper Than You Think". This concert was recorded and a DVD entitled "George Benson: Absolutely Live" was subsequently released. A studio version of "Deeper Than You Think" was recorded featuring Joe Sample in New York in May 1999 during sessions for a Benson collection that took the title "Absolute Benson". Fans again believe there may have been other collaborations of Sample–Benson that remain in the vaults unreleased.
Some of Sample's works were featured on The Weather Channel's "Local on the 8s" segments and his song "Rainbow Seeker" is included in their 2008 compilation release, "". Nicole Kidman sang his song "One Day I'll Fly Away" in the Baz Luhrmann film "Moulin Rouge!" (2001). The very popular "In All My Wildest Dreams", also from the 1978 album "Rainbow Seeker", was sampled on Tupac's "Dear Mama", De la Soul's "WRMS's Dedication to the Bitty", Toni Braxton's "What's Good" and Arrested Development's "Africa's Inside Me".
Sample died of mesothelioma in Houston, Texas, at the age of 75. His survivors included his son, bassist Nicklas Sample (with ex-wife Marianne), who is a member of the Coryell Auger Sample Trio featuring Julian Coryell and Karma Auger.
At the time of his death, Sample had been working on a project, "Quadroon," with singer-songwriter Jonatha Brooke.
On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Joe Sample among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.
Discography.
With The (Jazz) Crusaders.
With CreoleJoe Band
As sideman.
With Gene Ammons
With Kenny Burrell
With Michael Franks
With Richard "Groove" Holmes
With Milt Jackson
With Al Jarreau
With B.B. King
With Cher
With Rod Stewart
With Natalie Cole
With Jerry Butler
With Marvin Gaye
With B.B. King and Eric Clapton
With Harold Land
With Minnie Riperton
With Bobby Hutcherson
With Paul Anka
With Boz Scaggs
With George Benson
With Carmen McRae
With Joan Baez
With Tina Turner
With Brenda Russell
With Melissa Manchester
With Blue Mitchell
With Joni Mitchell
With Dion DiMucci
With Ringo Starr
With Martha Reeves
With Albert King
With Lalo Schifrin
With Michael Franks
With Randy Crawford
With Solomon Burke
With Eric Clapton
With Gloria Jones
With Johnny Rivers
With The Rippingtons
With Sonny & Cher
With Anita Baker
With Steely Dan
With Stanley Turrentine
With Dusty Springfield


National Street Rod Association

The National Street Rod Association or NSRA is an organization that hosts a number of Hot Rod and Muscle Car shows in the United States.
History.
The editors of "Rod and Custom" magazine joined with street-rod clubs across the country to organize the first Street Rod Nationals in 1970, leading to the formation of the NSRA. Initially, the NSRA required that cars had to be manufactured before 1948. The rule was changed in 2010 to admit cars that are at least 30 years old.
Shows.
The shows that are put on by the NSRA are:


Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology

The Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology (WFVZ) is a charitable institution based in Camarillo, California, United States.
It hosts a natural history collection specializing in eggs and nests of birds. The collection comprises ~225,000 sets of bird eggs representing approximately 4,000 species, including all orders of extant birds; ~20,000 nests; and more than 56,000 bird study skins from around the world. The Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable corporation, is both a natural history collection specializing in eggs and nests of birds from around the world, and a research and education institution dedicated to bird conservation. The Foundation's collections are among the largest in the world, and its mission is to contribute to the conservation of the world’s wild bird species through the accessibility of the collections and their data to researchers, educators, students, and the public. The WFVZ also contributes to bird conservation through bird education programs for scientific professionals and the public, and field- and collections-based bird conservation research projects and publications.
The Western Foundation’s collections have contributed to multiple scientific fields (e.g., conservation, ecology, taxonomy, and toxicology). The Foundation’s egg sets have also figured prominently in studies of eggshell thinning due to contaminants (e.g., DDT and heavy metals).
It publishes a journal, the "Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology".
Visitors can take guided tours of the collections on the last Friday of every month at 3pm, except in May, November, and December. You have to call in advance to be in the list. There are also group tours.


Tanner v Tanner

Tanner v Tanner [1975] 1 WLR 1346 is an English land law and family law case, concerning implied licenses and constructive trusts in land between cohabiting couples with children.
Facts.
Mr Tanner, ‘milkman by day and a croupier by night’, got involved with Miss Macdermott while still married, she had twins girls in 1969 and changed her name to Mrs Tanner, though he never married her. She moved in with him in 1970, giving up her rent controlled tenancy hoping she would remain there until the twins left school. Mr Tanner did divorce his first wife, but then married another woman, and offered Mrs Tanner £4000 to leave, and maintenance that he had not previously paid. She refused. He brought an action to remove her, and succeeded at first instance. She left, and went to a council flat, but appealed, arguing that he was under a contractual duty to allow her to remain until the twins left school, although she merely claimed damages.
Judgment.
Lord Denning MR held that the licence could not be terminated, so that Miss Macdermott was entitled to remain in the house. He said as follows.


The Welcoming Center

The Welcoming Center is a nonprofit organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Its mission is to promote inclusive economic growth through immigrant integration. This is based on studies that show that immigrants strengthen the productivity, profitability, and stability of the region, and contribute to Pennsylvania's economic growth.
History.
The Welcoming Center was founded in 2003 by Anne O'Callaghan to address the barriers that immigrants face in finding employment in their new country.
Trained as a physical therapist at the University of Dublin (Trinity College) School of Medicine and the Oswestry and North Staffordshire School of Physiotherapy in Ireland, O’Callaghan came to the United States in 1970.
As a physical therapist with foreign credentials, O’Callaghan faced numerous hurdles in becoming licensed to practice in Pennsylvania. After successfully completing the long process to become licensed, O’Callaghan worked in the physical therapy field for twenty years as a practitioner, college-level instructor, and service director. She brought her entrepreneurial skills to the founding and building of a software development company to serve the home health care industry.
In 1999, O’Callaghan began volunteering at a small center for Irish immigrants in Delaware County, PA. It was there that she saw that there were many other immigrants like her who were having trouble navigating the job market. Faced with the need for a centralized organization promoting immigrants’ economic self-sufficiency and civic engagement, O’Callaghan founded the Welcoming Center for New Pennsylvanians in 2003.
In 2021, the organization announced that it had renamed itself to The Welcoming Center.
Services.
The Welcoming Center offers the following services:
Workforce Development.
The Welcoming Center provides employment services as well as contextualized ESL classes.
Entrepreneurship & Innovation.
The Welcoming Center provides technical assistance to help American-born and immigrant entrepreneurs start or expand their businesses.
Community Engagement.
The Welcoming Center prepares immigrants with the tools necessary to engage in the civic life of Philadelphia.
Solas Awards.
The Solas Awards are an annual honor bestowed upon individuals by The Welcoming Center for their contributions to improving the quality of life for immigrants to Pennsylvania. Solas means "light" in Irish.
Some previous honorees include: