Strawberry poison-dart frog

The strawberry poison frog or strawberry poison-dart frog ("Oophaga pumilio", formerly "Dendrobates pumilio") is a species of small poison dart frog found in Central America. It is common throughout its range, which extends from eastern central Nicaragua through Costa Rica and northwestern Panama. The species is often found in humid lowlands and premontane forest, but large populations are also found in disturbed areas such as plantations. The strawberry poison frog is perhaps most famous for its widespread variation in coloration, comprising approximately 15–30 color morphs, most of which are presumed to be true-breeding. "O. pumilio", while not the most poisonous of the dendrobatids, is the most toxic member of its genus.
Diet.
The diet of "O. pumilio" causes the skin of the amphibian to become toxic in nature when certain subspecies of mites and ants are ingested. Alkaloid toxins are organic in nature and contain nitrogenous bases that react with carbon and hydrogen groups. Pumiliotoxin 251D is the specialized toxin that is sequestered by this species of frog. This toxin has a negative stimulating effect on cardiac function and is a severe disruptor of the sodium potassium ion channels within cells. Upon ingestion of Pumiliotoxin 251D, organisms preying on "O. pumilio" experience convulsions, paralysis, and death.
It has been found that once "O.pumilio" reaches sexual maturity, their granular glands significantly increase in size and their diet shifts. In females, it is common to find about 53% more alkaloids than adult males.
Oribatida mites belonging to the glandulate suborder Brachypylina are an important origin of pumiliotoxins in "O. pumilio". Hexane-extraction techniques indicate presence of alkaloid toxins in Brachypylina. Toxins appear to be biosynthesized in adult mites, as nymph and larval stages of the arachnid do not carry the toxins. Experimental analysis of this species of mite show alkaloid toxins are found almost exclusively in the opisthonotal glands of mites of the Scheloribatidae. Oil glands of the mite contain the toxins and are then released internally as the amphibian digests the arthropod.
"O. pumilio" can also attribute its cutaneous toxicity to its rich diet of formicinae ants. Species of the formicine genus "Brachymyrmex" contain pumiliotoxins which the frogs incorporate and accumulate poison from. There is a variability of alkaloid profiles among populations and individuals of "O. pumilio", which is indicative of varying levels of available prey within their infraspecific habitats. Research and physical analysis reveal that maternally derived alkaloids exist in young tadpoles. The increase in alkaloids in tadpoles suggests that the females are providing more chemical defenses to their more vulnerable young. This being one of the first found examples of provisioning that occurs after hatching. During tadpole-rearing, mother frogs feed their young an unfertilized egg from their ovaries after dropping each individual tadpole into a repository of water usually found in a bromeliad. Tadpoles lacking the obligate nutritive egg diet do not contain the alkaloid. This step is crucial for the tadpoles to sequester the alkaloid from their mother; without such, young tadpoles become susceptible to predation by arthropods and other frogs.
Behavior.
"Oophaga pumilio" is diurnal and primarily terrestrial, and can often be found in leaf litter in both forested and disturbed areas.Studies have shown that the optimal habitat is determined by the male, considering the resource benefits and defense costs. Males tend to expend more energy defending smaller but higher quality areas. There has also been evidence that the better competitors and fighters are the males guarding smaller sites with higher female density. In most Anura the louder the vocalization when competing usually means they are larger in size and in better health. However, in the O. pumilio species researchers have determined that these frogs call out at a lower rate to limit their energetic expenditures. Females, on the other hand, simply distribute themselves according to tadpole rearing sites.
Though brightly colored and toxic, these frogs are relatively small, growing to approximately in standard length.
Reproduction and parental care.
"Oophaga pumilio" is an external breeder, and other species of the genus "Oophaga" are notable in the amphibian world for exhibiting a high degree of parental care. The strawberry poison frog has dual parental care. The males defend and water the nests, and the females feed the oophagous tadpoles their unfertilized eggs. Although both male and female contribute to parental care, females invest more heavily in terms of energy expenditure, time investment, and loss of potential reproduction. When choosing a partner for mating, females will choose the closest calling male rather than the highest quality male. Females provide energetically costly eggs to the tadpoles for 6–8 weeks (until metamorphosis), remain sexually inactive during tadpole rearing, and care for only one clutch of four to six tadpoles at a time. The males contribute via the relatively "cheap" (in terms of energy) act of watering and protecting the eggs for a relatively short period (10–12 days), and can care for multiple nests at one time. The extreme maternal investment in their offspring is believed to be the result of high egg mortality. Only 5–12% of the clutch develops into tadpoles, so the female's fitness may be best increased by making sure those few eggs that form tadpoles survive.
After mating, the female lays three to five eggs on a leaf or bromeliad axil. The male then ensures the eggs are kept hydrated by transporting water in his cloaca. After about 10 days, the eggs hatch and the female transports the tadpoles on her back to some water-filled location. In captivity, on rare occasions, the male is observed transporting the tadpoles, though whether this is intentional, or the tadpoles simply hitch a ride, is unknown. Bromeliad axils are frequently used tadpole deposition sites, but anything suitable can be used, such as knots in trees, small puddles, or human trash such as aluminum cans.
Tadpoles are deposited singly at each location. Once this has been done, the female will come to each tadpole every few days and deposit several unfertilized food eggs. In captivity, tadpoles have been raised on a variety of diets, ranging from algae to the eggs of other dart frogs, but with minimal success. "O. pumilio" tadpoles are considered obligate egg feeders, as they are unable to accept any other form of nutrition.
After about a month, the tadpole will metamorphose into a small froglet. Generally, it stays near its water source for a few days for protection as it absorbs the rest of its tail.
Taxonomy.
"Oophaga pumilio" belongs to the genus "Oophaga", although the name "Dendrobates pumilio" is still sometimes used. There is evidence that the species of "Oophaga" (previously classified as the "female parental care group" of "Dendrobates") are a monophyletic evolutionary group. Due to the low level of genetic divergence between the species analyzed in this genus, it is estimated that they speciated relatively recently, after the formation of the current Panamanian land bridge in the Pliocene (3–5 million years ago). "Oophaga pumilio" is believed to be most closely related to "Oophaga arborea".
Evolution.
Strawberry poison frog, "Oophaga pumilio", shows extreme variation in color and pattern between populations that have been geographically isolated for more than 10,000 years. When populations are separated by geographic distances and landscape barriers, they frequently experience restricted gene flow, which can enable phenotypic divergence between populations through selection or drift. Their variety in warning coloration is used for their visibility, toxicity and resistance to predators. When divergent phenotypes are mostly restricted to separate islands, the biogeography of color polymorphism suggests a major role for neutral process. However, Summers et al. (1997) provide evidences that neutral divergence alone is unlikely to have caused the variation in color patterns. As shown by Lande, rapid evolution in sexually selecting species is led by the interaction of random genetic drift with natural and sexual selection such as random genetic drift in female mating preferences. Color is known to play a role in male–female signaling, mate attraction, and male–male signaling in anurans. Based on Tazzyman and Iwasa's study that involved collections of samples from main islands in the Bocas del Toro archipelago, its results proved that female preference on male calls led to call divergence and therefore divergence was driven by sexual selection. Mate choice plays a critical role in generating and maintaining biodiversity. Furthermore, spatial variation in predators or habitat features could exert divergent natural selection on coloration in response to its subjection to predator selection. It is still unclear to what extent sexual selection has driven the evolution of color morphs rather than reinforcing the reproductive isolation of morphs. In an aposematic organism such as "Oophaga pumilio", we cannot attribute a phylogenetic signal of selection to female mate choice alone but is quite possible that genetic drift would interact with female color preferences to trigger divergence Researchers Maan and Cummings had also found that in some cases female "Oophaga Pumilio" preferred male mates that had very different coloration than their own phenotype. In nature the equality of color through evolution is very unlikely considering the various sensory biases of predators and the different background colors of the environments these frogs habitat. Due to this variability in color evolution, it is unlikely to say there is superiority of aposematic purpose of color selection in the "Oopha"Species such as Oophaga Pumilio have been known to thrive and compete very well on disturbed and converted land. With temperatures rising in many different biomes, the success of many species is going to be determined by its ability to acclimate and adapt. In the study done by Rivera and Nowakowski, they discovered that in many cases O.pumilio is experiencing greater temperature stress in converted habitats than forests"ga Pumilio" species.
Habitat Niche.
These frog species utilize scattered structures throughout these disturbed lands to relieve some of the thermal stress, yet it was found that O. pumilio is still warmer than any other species in the forested areas, being exposed to temperatures up to 27 degrees Celsius. These findings suggest that this species of dart frog acts as an ecological buffer and is predicted to be more successful than other species as land use changes and temperatures rise.
Captivity.
"Oophaga pumilio" is a popular frog in captivity, due to its striking colors and unique life cycle. They have been imported in vast quantities to the United States and Europe since the early 1990s, when they would typically be available for around US$75 each. However, these shipments have since stopped, and "O. pumilio" is much less common and available in reduced diversity. In Europe, "O. pumilio" is much more diverse and available due to an increased frequency of smuggling and the resulting offspring of smuggled animals. Smuggling of dart frogs is less common elsewhere, but still problematic as it kills large numbers of animals and frequently degrades or destroys viable habitat.
Recently, "O. pumilio" has been exported from Central America again in small numbers from frog farms. Because of this, they have seen a huge increase in numbers in the dart frog community and are regularly available.
Common color morphs in captivity.
One example of a color morph is the blue jeans morph. It is most common throughout the species range, but is relatively rare in the United States pet trade. Most of these animals came from imports during the 1990s, or are their descendants. As of 2003, it was observed that this morph could be found throughout Costa Rica, as well as in mainland Panama.


Jung Woo-sung

Jung Woo-sung (born March 20, 1973) is a South Korean actor and the first Korean UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador.
Jung started his career as a fashion model, rising to stardom and teenage cult status with the gangster movie "Beat" (1997), for which he won Best New Actor at the 17th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards.
Jung is also widely popular in other Asian countries, notably in Japan. He is a versatile actor known for playing leading roles in a wide spectrum of "genres" including high-grossing box office hits: "Steel Rain" (2017), "The King" (2017), "" (2016), "The Divine Move" (2014), "Cold Eyes" (2013); martial arts pic: "Reign of Assassins" (2010), fantasy: "The Restless" (2006); dramas: "Don't Forget Me" (2016), "City of the Rising Sun" (1999), erotic thriller "Scarlet Innocence" (2014); romantic movies: "A Good Rain Knows" (2009), "Daisy" (2006), "A Moment to Remember" (2004) and historical epic "Musa" (2001). His critically acclaimed film "Innocent Witness" (2019) won him Best Actor at the 40th Blue Dragon Film Awards and the Daesang (Grand Prize) for Film at the 55th Baeksang Arts Awards.
He is also an accomplished television actor. For his first major TV drama part in "Asphalt Man" (1995) he won Best New Actor at SBS Drama Awards and at the 32nd Baeksang Arts Awards (TV). His other prominent roles were in high-budget espionage TV series "" (2010) and the romantic drama "Padam Padam" (2011).
Early life.
Jung grew up in Sadang-dong, then one of the poorest towns in Seoul. He gave up studying, dropping out of high school after one year, to work and thus support the family budget. He never hid this fact or regretted doing so. He was tall in elementary school, his height causing him to constantly hunch. When trying to break into the film industry, he was told he was too tall to become an actor, so he first worked as a model.
Career.
Film.
Jung Woo-sung made his film debut with a leading role in 1994's "The Fox with Nine Tails", one of the first Korean fantasy movies and the first to use computer-generated imagery. He debuted together with actress Ko So-young, who later co-starred with him twice including in his breakthrough 1997 film "Beat".
Directed by Kim Sung-su, "Beat" is a story of a high school student forced into gang life. The movie brought Jung widespread fame and started his rise to Korea's A-list actor and one of the most sought-after commercial models.
In 1999, he starred in director "City of the Rising Sun", playing an unsuccessful boxer who forms a friendship with an unlucky swindler. His co-lead in the movie, actor Lee Jung-jae, became his lifelong friend.
Jung later played a naval lieutenant in "Phantom: The Submarine" and a marathoner in "Love".
2001's "Musa" marked his third collaboration with director Kim Sung-su. In the epic blockbuster, Jung played opposite Chinese star Zhang Ziyi and received wide exposure abroad as well as in Korea. After spending time in 2002 directing a series of music videos and appearing in a large number of commercials, Jung took on the eccentric lead role in "Mutt Boy", the fifth film by director Kwak Kyung-taek.
Jung's next roles were in highly romantic roles that used his established screen image. In the box office hit "A Moment to Remember" he played an architect whose wife (played by Son Ye-jin) is diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease and in the Netherlands-set "Daisy", he played a hired assassin who falls in love with a street artist played by Jun Ji-hyun. He portrayed a happily committed fireman in "Sad Movie", and played a demon hunter seeking for lost love in "The Restless".
Kim Jee-woon's "kimchi western" "The Good, the Bad, the Weird" inspired by Sergio Leone's work, would become one of Jung's most iconic roles. He used his physicality to great effect as the Clint Eastwood counterpart in "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". The film was screened out of competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival which also marked its world premiere. Jung attended the festival together with his co-stars. He won Best Supporting Actor at the 3rd Asian Film Awards and Outstanding Achievement in Acting at the 2008 Hawaii International Film Festival for his performance. Shortly afterwards, Jung worked again with Kim Jee-woon on a short film for W Korea.
Jung then starred alongside Chinese actress Gao Yuanyuan in Hur Jin-ho's romance film "A Season of Good Rain", and Su Chao-pin's martial arts film "Reign of Assassins" with Michelle Yeoh.
In 2011, Jung was cast in the English-language 3D remake of John Woo's "The Killer". The film was to be shot in Los Angeles, and reunite him with "A Moment to Remember" director John H. Lee and "Reign of Assassins" director John Woo acting also as producer. The project has been put on hold while John Woo works on another film. The project has yet to take off, however.
Jung drew praise in his first villain role in "Cold Eyes", an action thriller that became a box office hit in 2013. He portrayed the ruthless head of a criminal organization specializing in bank robbery, eluding the detectives chasing him with uncanny dexterity.
Jung next played a baduk player seeking revenge in "The Divine Move", followed by an adulterous university professor gradually losing his eyesight in "Scarlet Innocence". "Scarlet Innocence" had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, meeting with positive reviews from critics. He then took a leading role in the melodrama indie feature "Don't Forget Me", also known as "Remember You", a remake of the 2010 short film "Remember O Goddess", both directed by Lee Yoon-jung. Jung had also co-produced this movie, explaining that he wanted to protect the director's original ideas that other producers wanted to modify.
In 2016, he starred in the noir crime thriller "", his fourth collaboration with director Kim Sung-su. Jung played a crooked detective who attempts to save his terminally ill wife while arresting a corrupt town mayor. "Asura" premiered globally at the 41st Toronto Film Festival in September, 2016, where it was shown in the Special Presentations section. The actor's second movie shot in 2016 and released in 2017 was Han Jae-rim's political drama "The King", whose plot revolves around a senior prosecutor being manipulated by an overambitious younger colleague connected to the mafia.
In 2017, Jung stars in "Steel Rain", playing a former agent from North Korea's intelligence bureau.
In 2018 he played an officer of the elite police unit in the science fiction action thriller '. The film, based on the Japanese anime ', was his second collaboration with director Kim Jee-woon.
In 2019, he is set to star in drama film "Innocent Witness" as a lawyer. His performance earned him the Grand Prize in film at the Baeksang Arts Awards.
The same year he starred in the thriller "Beasts that Cling to the Straw".
Jung is set to star in the sequel of "Steel Rain", titled "Summit: Steel Rain". Jung is set to produce upcoming Netflix series "The Silent Sea".
Television.
In 1995 Jung appeared in his first major television role in SBS drama series Asphalt Man, playing an aspiring race driver who leaves to United States to realize his dream. The part not only expanded his popularity but also brought him critical acclaim with Best New Actor award at 32nd Baeksang Arts Awards and SBS Drama Awards.
In 2010 Jung returned to the small screen after 15 years' absence in the big-budget spy series "", playing an NTS (National Anti-Terror Service) agent. "Athena" was a spin-off to the 2009 highly successful KBS2 drama "IRIS". With a budget of (), the series was shot on location in Italy, New Zealand, Japan and the United States. The aired in SBS channel, and its pilot episodes gathered 22.8% of the audience share. Jung and another actor were injured during filming in January 2011, causing a week's postponement of one of "Athena's" episodes. The series was also edited into a two-hour movie version, and released in 2011 as "Athena: The Movie".
He made his Japanese drama debut with a guest appearance in episodes 6 and 7 of "Good Life ~Arigatou, Papa. Sayonara~".
Jung followed that with another TV series "Padam Padam" which marked the establishment of new cable broadcasting station jTBC. Jung said he "decided on this drama because (he) was drawn to the way Noh Hee-kyung writes 'family drama.' Whether mother-son or father-son, the love and pain experienced by families is something (he)'d like to try portraying in a realistic way." He played a man who has recently been released from jail after serving a 16-year sentence for a crime he didn't commit. The series premiered on December 5, 2011.
On December 20 2020 he replaced Bae Seung-woo for SBS television series "Delayed Justice" as leading role
Directorial work.
In 2000 Jung had started to try his hand at directing. His first works were music videos for one of the top South Korean pop music group G.o.d.. In 2012, he directed and starred in the promotional commercial for cable channel XTM. And a year later, Jung was among four celebrities who directed a short film using smartphone Samsung Galaxy S4 with the theme "Meet a Life Companion." His short "Love" explored the feelings of first love, and recorded 1.8 million views on YouTube. He then directed another short film for Samsung Galaxy S4, this time for the project "Story of Me and S4." In Jung's short "Beginning of a Dream", Choi Jin-hyuk starred as an ordinary office worker who dreams of leaving his mundane existence and entering a world of fantasy; he is approached by a blue fish, rides a sports car at supersonic speed, sees a boy floating past holding a balloon, hangs out with a hippie band in their van, and meets himself as a young boy at a bus stop.
In 2014, Jung along with Chinese actors Francis Ng and Chang Chen, directed three short films for "Three Charmed Lives", an omnibus commissioned by the Hong Kong International Film Festival. Critics praised Jung's short "The Killer Behind the Old Man" as the strongest and most stylish entry. In it, a son hires an ultra-methodical hitman (played by Andy Choi) to assassinate his own father, but the killer however finds himself transfixed by the man's slow-moving and ordered life, and thus hesitates to carry through with his mission.
Jung was invited to present "The Killer Behind the Old Man" at the 9th London Korean Film Festival in November 2014.
UNHCR engagement.
In May 2014, UNHCR Korea appointed Jung Woo-sung as its first celebrity supporter. He was officially nominated UNHCR National Goodwill Ambassador on June 17, 2015. He went on his first UNHCR mission to Nepal in 2014. He then donated () to help victims of the April 25th earthquake.
In 2015 he visited South Sudan and in the beginning of March 2016 he met with Syrian refugees in Lebanon. In June 2017 he went to Kurdistan Region of Iraq and visited Qushtapa camp for Syrian refugees and Hasansham U3 camp housing mainly Iraqis displaced from Mosul region.
Talent management firms.
In October 2012 Jung left "Taurus Films", his agent since 2009, and established new talent agency "Red Brick House" appointing his manager of 10 years as CEO.
In May 2016, Jung and actor Lee Jung-jae co-founded and became CEOs of the talent management agency, Artist Company. Apart from the owners the company represents other artists, among which are: Lee Si-a, Go Ara, Ha Jung-woo, Esom, Nam Ji-hyun and Yum Jung-ah.
Film festival jury member.
Jung has attended various international film festivals, not only as an actor or director, but has served on the following festivals' juries:
Personal life.
He is best friends with fellow actor Lee Jung-jae, whom he met while filming "City of the Rising Sun". They are co-owners and co-investors of several businesses, including management agency "Artist Company".
The actor is notoriously private about his romantic involvements. The only one that he publicly acknowledged so far was his short-lived relationship with "Athena" co-star Lee Ji-ah. After they were photographed on a date in Paris, Jung confirmed in March 2011 they were dating. But after Lee's married and divorced past with top Korean singer-songwriter Seo Taiji became exposed to the public the following month, the Korean press reported in June that Jung and Lee had broken up.
Despite this and contrary to some other South Korean mega stars Jung's life remains untouched by any scandals and he is often praised by fellow filmmakers for his cooperativeness and willingness to help junior colleagues on the set. He is known for picking up the tab when eating with his co-workers or ordering meals for the entire crew.


Mary Jean Eisenhower

Mary Jean Eisenhower (born December 21, 1955) is an American humanitarian. She is the chairman emeritus (and former president and Chief Executive Officer) of People to People International. She is a granddaughter of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States.
Early life.
Mary Eisenhower was born in Washington, D.C., during her grandfather's first term and christened in the Blue Room of the White House. She grew up on Eisenhower estate in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where President Eisenhower retired after leaving office. Ms. Eisenhower attended Schuylkill Consolidated School in fifth grade and Westtown School in Pennsylvania until her father, John Eisenhower, was appointed United States Ambassador to Belgium. She lived in Belgium from 1969 to 1972. Eisenhower began her career working on Capitol Hill and then managed an engineering firm. She also has served as a Fellow at Stanford University.
In 1973, Mary Jean Eisenhower was presented as a debutante to high society at the prestigious International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. All of her sisters and many other members of the Eisenhower family have been presented as debutantes at the International Debutante Ball in New York City.
Work with People to People International.
She has worked to develop and expand the mission of People to People International. Eisenhower became the Chief Executive Officer of People to People International in January 2000 and its president in 2003. She served as chief executive officer until June 2013. She currently holds the title of Chairman Emeritus. In February 2016, Eisenhower resumed her position as CEO of People to People International and President in October 2016.
During her work with People to People International, Eisenhower visited Morocco to represent her family to the King on the 50th anniversary of the Casablanca Conference. She also traveled to the beaches of Normandy to meet many of the veterans who served with her grandfather on the D-Day invasion. In the last six years, Eisenhower has left United States soil over 70 times and visited over 40 countries. Missions have ranged from meeting first families to distributing foodstuffs in developing countries to cultural and humanitarian exchanges.
Inspired by an orphanage she visited in Morocco, Eisenhower launched the People to People International Friendship Fund in 1999. The Fund is designed to enable individuals to support the service-oriented facilities they visit throughout the world and to provide a mechanism through which the network of PTPI Chapters can assist one another. Today, the fund has supported causes ranging from the Global Humanitarian Eradication of Landmines, Children's Mercy Hospital in London, England, United Kingdom, earthquake relief in India, disaster relief to victims of September 11 attacks, and their families, support of under resourced schools in China and Sri Lanka, a home for leukemia victims and their families in Cuba, to a library project in Vietnam and the Friends of Egypt organization. One hundred percent of all funds received by the International Friendship Fund are allocated in support of the projects specified by donors.
After the September 11 attacks, Eisenhower became intently focused upon bringing young people from around the globe into contact with one another in order to expose them to diverse cultures and conflict management tools that might facilitate the amelioration of long-standing disputes. Her vision came to fruition with Peace Camp 2003: An Evolution of Thought and Change and the Global Peace Initiative. Both the Peace Camp and the Global Peace Initiative brought participants from over 30 nationalities together in Egypt to discuss contemporary issues and gain nuanced insights into the varied and unique cultures represented among the participants. Suzanne Mubarak, former First Lady of Egypt co hosted this event.
Personal life.
Mary Jean Eisenhower and Army 2nd Lt. James Brewton Millard married in May 1976 at a private military ceremony in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by her grandmother, former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower. Her son is Merrill Eisenhower Atwater, who became Chief Operations Officer and then Chief Executive Officer of People to People International in 2018.
Awards.
Eisenhower has been awarded the Knight of Peace Award from the International University in Assisi, Italy. She also holds Honorary Doctorates in Humane Letters from Schiller International University, Park University and William Jewell College. She also holds an Honorary Doctorate in Law from York College, in York, Nebraska. She was awarded the Medal of Honor from the Slovak Republic as well as Friendship Ambassador from the People's Republic of China, The Award of Excellence from the Consular Corps, Membership in the OSS Society, among others.


Taldumande Youth Services

Taldumande Youth Services is a youth homelessness service in New South Wales, Australia, founded in 1976.
"Taldumande" is an Aboriginal word meaning "refuge."
Founding of Yfoundations.
In 1976, Taldumande along with Young People's Refuge and Caretakers Cottage, and other early NSW youth refuges, founded Yfoundations, a peak body organisation, to represent youth refuges to government.
Going Home Staying Home.
Following the NSW Government's "Going Home Staying Home" reforms to the homelessness sector, Taldumande Youth Services joined a partnership with Mission Australia and contracted with the state to provide services in the northern Sydney region. Following the reforms, Taldumande expanded its service.


Order of Police Merit (Spain)

The Order of Police Merit is a Spanish distinction created, initially only as a medal, in 1943 to offer a special reward to members of the police. Currently it is awarded in four categories: Gold Medal, Silver Medal, Cross with red badge and Cross with white badge. All of them, except the Cross with white badge, have pensions attached to the salary of the police.
Creation, design and categories.
This order was created by decree of June 18, 1943, with the aim of providing a way to reward the police for their outstanding actions, both in the form of ""extraordinary services practised" " and in the ""work or studies of outstanding scientific interest or professional technique" ".
The creation of the medal was raised to the rank of law on May 15, 1945 and extended the corresponding pension to immediate family members in case the decorated was for death in the act of service.
Initially, the medal was awarded in three categories: gold, silver and bronze, but Law 5/1964, of April 29, in addition to specifying the causes that could lead to the award of the first two categories, eliminated the last one. In its place the categories of Cross with red badge and Cross with white badge were created.
Medals.
The design of the medals was established in 1945, based on two of the works submitted to the public tender called. The adopted model was a 40 mm circle with an obverse showing the "sacrifice for the service under guardianship of the Guardian Angel" with the inscription "To the police merit". On the back a sword representing Justice with the slogan "Service-Sacrifice". The medal hangs on a green ribbon with the colors of the Spanish flag on the edges. The ribbon carries a pin with the corresponding metal (gold or silver) in which it is inscribed the year of the concession. In the version that was accompanied by a pension on the ribbon, a longitudinal white stripe appeared.
Crosses.
The 1964 law that created the Cross also specified its design, which has "a total length of 4.5 cm and is a regular octagon of 8 mm on the side." In the center, on gold enamel, a sword enamelled in white and decorated. The arms, on the inner surface, will be enamelled in red or white depending on the class, and in the center, from left to right, it will read: "To Police Merit".
Reasons for the award.
In this law of 1964 the reasons for the granting of the different categories were also specified:
References.
Spanish version: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_del_M%C3%A9rito_Policial#V%C3%A9ase_tambi%C3%A9n


Evelyn Lau

Evelyn Lau (; born July 2, 1971) is a Canadian poet and novelist.
Biography.
Evelyn Lau was born in Vancouver, British Columbia on July 2, 1971 to Chinese-Canadian parents from Hong Kong, who intended for her to become a doctor. Her parents' ambitions for her were wholly irreconcilable with her own; consequently, her home and school lives were desperately unhappy. Lau attended Templeton Secondary School in Vancouver. In 1986 Lau ran away from her unbearable existence as a social outcast and pariah in school and a tyrannized daughter at home.
Evelyn Lau began publishing poetry at the age of 12; her creative efforts helped her escape the pressure of home and school. In March 1986, at age 14, Lau left home and spent the next several years living itinerantly in Vancouver as a homeless person, sleeping mainly in shelters, friends' homes, and on the street. She also became involved in prostitution and drug abuse during this time.
Despite the chaos of her first two years' independence, she submitted numerous poems to journals and received some recognition. A diary she kept at the time was published in 1989 as "Runaway: Diary of a Street Kid." The book was a critical and commercial success; Lau received praise for frankly chronicling her relationships with manipulative older men, the life and habits of a group of anarchists with whom she stayed immediately after leaving home, her experiences with a couple from Boston who smuggled her into the United States, her abuse of various drugs, and her relationship with British Columbia's child support services. The diary was adapted as a film "The Diary of Evelyn Lau" (1993), starring Canadian actress Sandra Oh.
Lau had a well-publicized romantic relationship with W. P. Kinsella, a University of Victoria creative writing professor and poet more than 30 years her senior. After she published a personal essay in 1997 about the relationship, Kinsella sued her for libel. ("Me and W.P." won a Western Magazine Award for Human Experience, and was shortlisted for the Gold Award for Best Article).
Her work in magazines has won four Western Magazine Awards and a National Magazine Award; she also received the Air Canada Award, the Vantage Women of Originality Award, the ACWW Community Builders Award, and the Mayor's Arts Award for Literary Arts. Her poems were selected for inclusion in Best American Poetry (1992) and Best Canadian Poetry (2009, 2010, 2011, 2016). Lau has also worked as writer-in-residence at the University of British Columbia, Kwantlen University, and Vancouver Community College, and was Distinguished Visiting Writer at the University of Calgary.
Lau lives in Vancouver, where she is a manuscript consultant in Simon Fraser University's Writing and Publishing Program. On Oct. 14, 2011, Lau was named the poet laureate for the city of Vancouver. She is the third poet to hold this honorary position; her plan is to offer 'poet-in-residence consultations with aspiring poets'.


David Anthony Purser

Professor David Anthony Purser CBE is a British toxicologist.
Purser was educated at Bedford School. He graduated from Birmingham University with a BSc degree in Zoology in 1966, and a PhD in Neurocommunications in 1969. Purser has worked for over 35 years on fire toxicity and human evacuation behavior. He has been Director of Hartford Environmental Research since 2006. He is a Visiting Professor at the University of Greenwich and University of Central Lancashire. He has previously been a Visiting Professor at the University of Bolton and University of Ulster. He has been a member of the Adjunct Faculty of the University of Maryland. Purser has chaired Fire Engineering and Toxicity committees in British Standards and ISO, is a member of the scientific committee of the US National Association of State Fire Marshals, and wrote the chapter on Assessment of Hazards to Occupants in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers' Handbook. Purser was awarded the Rasbash Medal by the Institution of Fire Engineers in 2013 in recognition of his contribution to the advancement of knowledge in fire behaviour. He is a medalist of the GIDIA Fire Research Centre at the University of Cantabria. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to Fire Safety.


IMO 4906666


Joana Nnazua Kolo

Joana Nnazua Kolo (born in 1993) is a humanitarian and the youngest serving Commissioner for Youth and Sports Development in Kwara State. At 26, she is believed to be the youngest commissioner in the history of Nigeria. She was a 2018 graduate of Library Science of Kwara State University, Kwara State.
Joana Nnazua was nominated two weeks before the completion of her National Youths Service Corps (NYSC) programme early October 2019, in Jigawa State, where she taught at Model Boarding Junior Secondary School Guri.
In 2020, Joana was listed as one of the "Top 100 Most Influential Women" by Guardian Newspaper, through her humanitarian, community development and advocacy for good governance as the youngest commissioner in Nigeria.


Marine insurance

Marine insurance covers the loss or damage of ships, cargo, terminals, and any transport by which the property is transferred, acquired, or held between the points of origin and the final destination. Cargo insurance is the sub-branch of marine insurance, though Marine insurance also includes Onshore and Offshore exposed property, (container terminals, ports, oil platforms, pipelines), Hull, Marine Casualty, and Marine Liability. When goods are transported by mail or courier, shipping insurance is used instead.
History.
Marine insurance was the earliest well-developed kind of insurance, with origins in the Greek and Roman marine loan. It is the oldest risk hedging instruments to mitigate risk in medieval times were sea/marine (Mutuum) loans, commenda contract, and bill of exchanges. Separate marine insurance contracts were developed near Genoa, in Camogli in 1853 and other Italian cities in the fourteenth century and spread to northern Europe. Premiums varied with intuitive estimates of the variable risk from seasons and pirates. Modern marine insurance law originated in the Lex mercatoria (law merchant). In 1601, a specialized chamber of assurance separate from the other Courts was established in England. By the end of the seventeenth century, London's growing importance as a centre for trade was increasing demand for marine insurance. In the late 1680s, Edward Lloyd opened a coffee house on Tower Street in London. It soon became a popular haunt for ship owners, merchants, and ships' captains, and thereby a reliable source of the latest shipping news.
Lloyd's Coffee House was the first marine insurance market. It became the meeting place for parties in the shipping industry wishing to insure cargoes and ships, and those willing to underwrite such ventures. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market Lloyd's of London and several related shipping and insurance businesses. The participating members of the insurance arrangement eventually formed a committee and moved to the Royal Exchange on Cornhill as the Society of Lloyd's. The establishment of insurance companies, a developing infrastructure of specialists (such as shipbrokers, admiralty lawyers, bankers, surveyors, loss adjusters, general average adjusters, "et al."), and the growth of the British Empire gave English law a prominence in this area which it largely maintains and forms the basis of almost all modern practice. Lord Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice in the mid-eighteenth century, began the merging of law merchant and common law principles. The growth of the London insurance market led to the standardization of policies and judicial precedent further developed marine insurance law. In 1906 the Marine Insurance Act codified the previous common law; it is both an extremely thorough and concise piece of work. Although the title of the Act refers to marine insurance, the general principles have been applied to all non-life insurance. In the 19th century, Lloyd's and the Institute of London Underwriters (a grouping of London company insurers) developed between them standardized clauses for the use of marine insurance, and these have been maintained since. These are known as the Institute Clauses because the Institute covered the cost of their publication. Out of marine insurance, grew non-marine insurance and reinsurance. Marine insurance traditionally formed the majority of business underwritten at Lloyd's. Nowadays, Marine insurance is often grouped with Aviation and Transit (cargo) risks, and in this form is known by the acronym 'MAT'.
It is common for marine insurance agencies to compete with the offerings provided by local insurers. These specialist agencies often fill market gaps by providing cover for hard-to-place or obscure marine insurance risks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to find insurance cover for. These agencies can become quite large and eventually become market makers. They operate best when their day to day management is independent of the insurers who provide them with the capital to underwrite risks on their behalf.
Practice.
The Marine Insurance Act includes, as a schedule, a standard policy (known as the "SG form"), which parties were at liberty to use if they wished. Because each term in the policy had been tested through at least two centuries of judicial precedent, the policy was extremely thorough. However, it was also expressed in rather archaic terms. In 1991, the London market produced a new standard policy wording known as the MAR 91 form using the Institute Clauses. The MAR form is simply a general statement of insurance; the Institute Clauses are used to set out the detail of the insurance cover. In practice, the policy document usually consists of the MAR form used as a cover, with the Clauses stapled to the inside. Typically, each clause will be stamped, with the stamp overlapping both onto the inside cover and to other clauses; this practice is used to avoid the substitution or removal of clauses. Because marine insurance is typically underwritten on a subscription basis, the MAR form begins: "We, the Underwriters, agree to bind ourselves each for his own part and not one for another [...]". In legal terms, liability under the policy is several and not joint, i.e., the underwriters are all liable together, but only for their share or proportion of the risk. If one underwriter should default, the remainder are not liable to pick his share of the claim. Typically, marine insurance is split between the vessels and the cargo. Insurance of the vessels is generally known as "Hull and Machinery" (H&M). A more restricted form of cover is "Total Loss Only" (TLO), generally used as a reinsurance, which only covers the total loss of the vessel and not any partial loss. Cover may be on either a "voyage" or "time" basis. The "voyage" basis covers transit between the ports set out in the policy; the "time" basis covers a period, typically one year, and is more common.
Protection and indemnity.
A marine policy typically covered only three-quarter of the insured's liabilities towards third parties (Institute Time Clauses Hulls 1.10.83). The typical liabilities arise in respect of collision with another ship, known as "running down" (collision with a fixed object is a "allision"), and wreck removal (a wreck may serve to block a harbour, for example). In the 19th century, shipowners banded together in mutual underwriting clubs known as Protection and Indemnity Clubs (P&I), to insure the remaining one-quarter liability amongst themselves. These Clubs are still in existence today and have become the model for other specialized and noncommercial marine and non-marine mutuals, for example in relation to oil pollution and nuclear risks. Clubs work on the basis of agreeing to accept a shipowner as a member and levying an initial "call" (premium). With the fund accumulated, reinsurance will be purchased; however, if the loss experience is unfavourable one or more "supplementary calls" may be made. Clubs also typically try to build up reserves, but this puts them at odds with their mutual status. Because liability regimes vary throughout the world, insurers are usually careful to limit or exclude American Jones Act liability.
These two terms are used to differentiate the degree of proof that a vessel or cargo has been lost. An actual total loss occurs when the damages or cost of repair clearly equal or exceed the value of the property. A constructive total loss is a situation in which the cost of repairs plus the cost of salvage equal or exceed the value. The use of these terms is contingent on there being property remaining to assess damages, which is not always possible in losses to ships at sea or in total theft situations. In this respect, marine insurance differs from non-marine insurance, with which the insured is required to prove his loss. Traditionally, in law, marine insurance was seen as an insurance of "the adventure", with insurers having a stake and an interest in the vessel and/or the cargo rather than simply an interest in the financial consequences of the subject-matter's survival.
The term "constructive total loss" was also used by the United States Navy during World War II to describe naval vessels that were damaged to such an extent that they were beyond economical repair. This was most often applied to destroyer-type ships in 1945, the last year of the war, many which were damaged by kamikazes. By this time enough ships were available for the war that some could be disposed of if severely damaged.
General averages.
"Average" in marine insurance terms is "an equitable apportionment among all the interested parties of such an expense or loss."
General average stands apart for marine insurance. In order for "general average" to be properly declared, 1) there must be an event which is beyond the shipowner's control, which imperils the entire adventure; 2) there must be a voluntary sacrifice, 3) there must be something saved. The voluntary sacrifice might be the jettison of certain cargo, the use of tugs, or salvors, or damage to the ship, be it, voluntary grounding, knowingly working the engines that will result in damages. "General average" requires all parties concerned in the maritime venture (hull/cargo/freight/bunkers) to contribute to make good the voluntary sacrifice. They share the expense in proportion to the 'value at risk" in the adventure. "Particular average" is the term applied to partial loss be it hull or cargo.
Average – is the situation in which the insured has under-insured, i.e., insured an item for less than it is worth. Average will apply to reduce the claim amount payable. An "average adjuster" is a marine claims specialist responsible for adjusting and providing the general average statement. An Average Adjuster in North America is a 'member of the association of Average Adjusters' To insure the fairness of the adjustment a General Average adjuster is appointed by the shipowner and paid by the insurer.
Excess, deductible, retention, co-insurance, and franchise.
An excess is the amount payable by the insured and is usually expressed as the first amount falling due, up to a ceiling, in the event of a loss. An excess may or may not be applied. It may be expressed in either monetary or percentage terms. An excess is typically used to discourage moral hazard and to remove small claims, which are disproportionately expensive to handle. The term "excess" signifies the "deductible" or "retention".
A co-insurance, which typically governs non-proportional treaty reinsurance, is an excess expressed as a proportion of a claim in percentage terms and applied to the entirety of a claim. Co-insurance is a penalty imposed on the insured by the insurance carrier for under reporting/declaring/insuring the value of tangible property or business income. The penalty is based on a percentage stated within the policy and the amount under reported. As an example: a vessel actually valued at $1,000,000 has an 80% co-insurance clause but is insured for only $750,000. Since its insured value is less than 80% of its actual value, when it suffers a loss, the insurance payout will be subject to the under-reporting penalty, the insured will receive 750000/1000000th (75%) of the claim made less the deductible.
Tonners and chinamen.
These are both obsolete forms of early reinsurance. Both are technically unlawful, as not having insurable interest, and so were unenforceable in law. Policies were typically marked P.P.I. (Policy is Proof of Interest). Their use continued into the 1970s before they were banned by Lloyd's, the main market, by which time they had become nothing more than crude bets. A "tonner" was simply a "policy" setting out the global gross tonnage loss for a year. If that loss was reached or exceeded, the policy paid out. A "chinaman" applied the same principle but in reverse: thus, if the limit was not reached, the policy paid out.
Specialist policies.
Various specialist policies exist, including:
Warranties and conditions.
A peculiarity of marine insurance, and insurance law generally, is the use of the terms condition and warranty. In English law, a condition typically describes a part of the contract that is fundamental to the performance of that contract, and, if breached, the non-breaching party is entitled not only to claim damages but to terminate the contract on the basis that it has been repudiated by the party in breach.
By contrast, a warranty is not fundamental to the performance of the contract and breach of a warranty, while giving rise to a claim for damages, does not entitle the non-breaching party to terminate the contract. The meaning of these terms is reversed in insurance law. Indeed, a warranty if not strictly complied with will automatically discharge the insurer from further liability under the contract of insurance. The assured has no defense to his breach, unless he can prove that the insurer, by his conduct, has waived his right to invoke the breach, possibility provided in section 34(3) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 (MIA). Furthermore, in the absence of express warranties the MIA will imply them, notably a warranty to provide a seaworthy vessel at the commencement of the voyage in a voyage policy (section 39(1)) and a warranty of legality of the insured voyage (section 41).
Salvage and prizes.
The term "salvage" refers to the practice of rendering aid to a vessel in distress. Apart from the consideration that the sea is traditionally "a place of safety", with sailors honour-bound to render assistance as required, it is obviously in underwriters' interests to encourage assistance to vessels in danger of being wrecked. A policy will usually include a "sue and labour" clause which will cover the reasonable costs incurred by a shipowner in his avoiding a greater loss.
At sea, a ship in distress will typically agree to "Lloyd's Open Form" with any potential salvor. The Lloyd's Open Form (LOF) is the standard contract, although other forms exist. The Lloyd's Open Form is headed "No cure — no pay"; the intention being that if the attempted salvage is unsuccessful, no award will be made. However, this principle has been weakened in recent years, and awards are now permitted in cases where, although the ship might have sunk, pollution has been avoided or mitigated.
In other circumstances the "salvor" may invoke the SCOPIC terms (most recent and commonly used rendition is SCOPIC 2000) in contrast to the LOF these terms mean that the salvor will be paid even if the salvage attempt is unsuccessful. The amount the salvor receives is limited to cover the costs of the salvage attempt and 25% above it. One of the main negative factors in invoking SCOPIC (on the salvor's behalf) is if the salvage attempt is successful the amount at which the salvor can claim under article 13 of LOF is discounted.
The Lloyd's Open Form, once agreed, allows salvage attempts to begin immediately. The extent of any award is determined later; although the standard wording refers to the Chairman of Lloyd's arbitrating any award, in practice the role of arbitrator is passed to specialist admiralty QCs. A ship captured in war is referred to as a prize, and the captors entitled to prize money. Again, this risk is covered by standard policies.
Marine Insurance Act, 1906.
 The most important sections of this Act include::§4: a policy without insurable interest is void.:§17: imposes a duty on the insured of "uberrimae fides" (as opposed to "caveat emptor"), i.e., that questions must be answered honestly and the risk not misrepresented.:§18: the proposer of the insurer has a duty to disclose all material facts relevant to the acceptance and rating of the risk. Failure to do so is known as "non-disclosure" or "concealment" (there are minor differences in the two terms) and renders the insurance voidable by the insurer.:§33(3): "If [a warranty] be not [exactly] complied with, then, subject to any express provision in the policy, the insurer is discharged from liability as from the date of the breach of warranty, but without prejudice to any liability incurred by him before that date.":§34(2): where a warranty has been broken, it is no defence to the insured that the breach has been remedied, and the warranty complied with, prior to the loss.:§34(3): a breach of warranty may be "waived" (ignored) by the insurer.:§39(1): implied warranty that the vessel must be seaworthy at the start of her voyage and for the purpose of it ("voyage policy" only).:§39(5): no warranty that a vessel shall be seaworthy during the policy period ("time" policy). However, if the assured knowingly allows an unseaworthy vessel to set sail the insurer is not liable for losses caused by unseasworthiness.:§50: a policy may be assigned. Typically, a shipowner might assign the benefit of a policy to the ship-mortgagor.:§§60-63: deals with the issues of a constructive total loss. The insured can, by notice, claim for a constructive total loss with the insurer becoming entitled to the ship or cargo if it should later turn up. (By contrast an "actual total loss" describes the physical destruction of a vessel or cargo.):§79: deals with subrogation, i.e., the rights of the insurer to stand in the shoes of an indemnified insured and recover salvage for his own benefit. Schedule 1 of the Act contains a list of definitions; schedule 2 contains the model policy wording.
Australia has adopted an amended version of this Act, being the Marine Insurance Act 1909.
Claims basis and deductibles.
Marine insurance is always written on an occurrence basis, covering claims that arise out of damage or injury that took place during the policy period, regardless when claims are made. Policy features often include extensions of coverage for items typical to a marine business such as liability for container damage and removal of debris.
A deductible is the first amount of a claim that the policy holders bears themselves. There can occasionally be a zero deductible but in most cases a deductible applies to claims made under a policy of marine insurance.


Air Quality Act


Los Trigos Land Grant

The Los Trigos Land Grant was established in the very early 19th century. The grant is situated on the Pecos River in San Miguel County, New Mexico, about 29 miles south west of Santa Fe and 38 miles west of Las Vegas via I-25.
Geography.
The "communities" within the grant were Los Trigos itself, Pajarito and Las Ruedas. Of the three, only Pajarito remains with a few buildings visible from I-25 a couple of miles south of Rowe, New Mexico. The grant never had any other communities and itself was sandwiched between the Pecos Pueblo Indian Grant on the north and The San Miguel del Bado Land Grant on the South.
Owners.
Over recent times, the grant has been owned by a succession of people, mostly associated with the film industry. They have included Greer Garson and her husband Buddy Fogelson, Jane Fonda and Val Kilmer. Currently there is no private access to the grant except for the northern portion currently owned and managed by the Pecos National Historical Park.
At one time, the grant was owned by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and extensively logged for railroad ties. The Ponderosa Pine, which was an important component on the grant, was essentially removed as a result of the tie making going on as the railroad passed near by.
The name of New Mexico's first Hispanic Governor, Donaciano Vigil, after the Americans conquered and annexed the province, is closely associated with the grant.


BEACH Act

The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act of 2000, or BEACH Act, is a United States federal statute that sets national standards for recreational water testing and authorizes grants to pay for beach monitoring programs at state and federal levels. The Act was signed by President Bill Clinton on October 10, 2000. The law amends the Clean Water Act and requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set standard criteria for testing, monitoring, and notifying the public of possible pollution within coastal recreational waters. Water pollution levels are required to be monitored regularly for bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E.coli), and other pathogen indicators. Agencies at local, state, and federal levels report and monitor the levels and post warning signs as necessary.
Background.
Congress passed the BEACH Act based on the concern for public health and water quality. It was originally known as Beach Bill (H.R. 999) when it was presented to the House of Representatives on March 4, 1999. It was proposed a second time to the House on April 19, 1999 as the Beaches Environmental Assessment, Cleanup, and Health Act of 1999; the BEACH Act was amended and passed through the House on April 22, 1999. Numerous changes were made to the draft before being passed through the Senate, including deadlines on publications and studies for the EPA, the clarification of waters covered, the inclusion of territories and Indian Tribes, and implementation of monitoring programs. The Senate passed the act on September 21, 2000 and President Clinton signed the act into law on October 10, 2000.
The BEACH Act covers 35 coastal recreational waters near coastal states and territories. Supporters of the BEACH Act argue that without the support of environmental groups such as the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Center for Marine Conservation, and American Oceans Campaigns, the BEACH Act would not exist.
Surfrider Foundation Involvement.
Members of the Surfrider Foundation and other activists carried a Sign-the-Surfboard petition in support of the BEACH Act through Congress when the act was proposed to President Clinton; they gained over 100 signatures from members of the House of Representatives and Senate. The Surfrider Foundation continues to fight for the implementation and funding of the BEACH Act by emphasizing the importance of public health. Surfrider also has many alliances with other organizations and programs, such as the Clean Ocean Action, Riverkeeper, NRDC, Waterkeeper Alliance, Heal the Bay, and Alliance for the Great Lakes. These organizations have been active in supporting federal funding for the BEACH Act grant program.
Water Quality Criteria.
Initially, the coastal recreation water quality criteria stated that every state adjacent to coastal recreational waters must submit their pathogen and pathogen indicator criteria no later than 42 months after the enactment of section 303(i) and section 304(a). The revised standards of coastal recreation water quality criteria under section 304(a)(9) states that every state adjacent to coastal recreational waters must submit to the revised water quality criteria of pathogen and pathogen indicators set by the Administrator no later than 36 months after the Administrator's publications.
Provisions as a result of the BEACH Act.
The BEACH Act added numerous amendments to the Clean Water Act. For example, section 303(i) requires that "states, territories, and tribes" along the coasts implement new water quality standards for pathogens and pathogen indicators. The addition of Section 303(i) also authorizes the EPA to regulate states to abide by health standards.
Under the addition of Section 104(v) and 304(a), the EPA must perform studies on the effects pathogens and pathogen indicators have on human health, and publish new or revised pathogen indicator criteria based on prior studies. Section 303(i)(1)(B) requires that states, territories, or tribes along coastal recreational waters must adopt any new, or revised, EPA water quality standards based on Section 304(a) criteria within three years of publication.
Section 502 defines key terms in the BEACH Act. For example, coastal recreation waters are defined as "Great Lakes, marine coastal waters, coastal estuaries designated under the Clean Water Act Section 303[c] by a State for swimming, bathing, surfing, and any other water contact activities," and exclude waters, waters upstream of a river, or stream's mouth which have access to the open sea.
Section 406 of the Clean Water Act had the largest revisions. Under this provision, the EPA is required to:
Funding.
When the BEACH Act became federal law, the federal government had to step in and take responsibility of providing funds to individual states and governments. Congress was provided $30 million for the BEACH Act, but Congress did not use nearly the amount of money for its programs. In 2007, Congress funded $9.9 million for water quality monitoring. In 2008, however, funding decreased to $9.75 million. Difficulties within the economy have led to stringent budgets for the BEACH Act funds. There has been a $10 million cut in grants for testing, which has led local governments to fund pollution monitoring activities. The decrease of federal funds caused testing to become less frequent.
In 2007, U.S Representatives gathered to discuss the issue of the undercut of funding. They proposed a $60 million fund for water testings at a national pollution level. In conjunction to the BEACH Protection Act of 2007, most of the water quality testings may could have been put into play. However, Congress never passed the BEACH Protection Act, leaving beach testings extremely under-funded.
In 2015, federal funds of $9.5 million have to be distributed among 35 coastal states. These funds have to protect the lives of 100 million people who are active beach-goers. Beach programs help protect public confidence in pristine beaches, eventually attracting tourists and jobs.
The BEACH Act Grant Program.
Coastal and Great Lake states are eligible for funding if they fall under the requirements of CWA section 406 (b)(2)(A). Eligible "states" include the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In order for tribes to be eligible for grants, they must be nearby coastal recreational waters that are accessible to the public. The tribe must also show that it abides by the "treatment in the same manner as a state." Once granted funds, states and tribes must use these funds for programs for comprehensive monitoring or notifying. EPA has set aside approximately $149 million in grants for implementation of beach programs. When allocating grants, EPA considers several factors such as the length of the beach season, shoreline miles, and coastal county population. The EPA wants Great Lakes and coastal states to apply for the 2011 BEACH grant.
The first grant allocation was issued on March 31, 2003. To apply for a grant, applicants must report an outline of methodologies, data, and steps taken to notify the public about water quality standards. The state and local government must abide by different steps. These steps include identifying all coastal recreation waters, methodologies implementing programs, outlining steps for how to move forward.
State Implementation.
Once a state is granted funds for the BEACH Act, they must comply to the EPA Administrator(s) and what they deem appropriate. The Administrator writes up a report that describes two aspects. One, the report must consist of data collected as part of the program for monitoring and notifying. Second, the report must address the actions needed to alert the public when water quality levels exceed national levels. If states do not adopt the water quality criteria of pathogen and pathogen indicators that the Administrator has proposed, the Administrator will immediately propose new, revised regulations that allow state to better meet its standards.
Indiana implemented grant funds for the Lake Michigan Beaches Program. The funding increased monitoring of the bacteria, E.coli, at Indiana's Lake Michigan Beaches. The presence of E.coli is potent, because the bacteria symbolizes sewage or waste contamination. To comply with the BEACH Act, the state of Indiana developed a Beach Monitoring and Notification Plan (BMNP). Prior to Indiana's BMNP, Indiana's coastal beaches were overseen once or twice a week. After supplying funds for the BMNP, communities came together to monitor pollution levels five to seven days out of the week. The Indiana Department of Environmental Management also allocated its resources to share the importance of beach monitoring. Beach managers and park departments developed a system of kiosks to inform the public when there are signs of E.coli contamination in recreational waters.
BEACON 2.0.
Under the BEACH Act, the EPA is required to publish a report every four years that outlines recommendations for water quality improvement, the actions that have been taken to enhance the quality of coastal recreation waters, an evaluation of the efforts taken to implement the BEACH Act at the federal, state, and local level; and the recommendations to improve monitoring systems for coastal recreation waters. To meet this requirement, the EPA created the Beach Advisory and Closing Online Notification (BEACON) system. The BEACON system is a public database that shows the pollution within coastal recreational waters. Recently, it has been upgraded to BEACON 2.0 with a new mapping interface, report creation wizard, and RSS feed generator. The EPA databases are the data sources for the BEACON 2.0 system. Data is gathered from all states, tribes, and territories that receive grants from the BEACH Act.
There are four main databases that BEACON 2.0 supplements its information from. The Reach Address Database (RAD) provides geographic data, defining a beaches location and the locations of water monitoring stations. The STOrage and RETrieval (STORET) database and Water Quality Exchange (WQX) provides updated data from the monitoring stations. The PRogram tracking, beach Advisories, Water quality standards, and Nutrients (PRAWN) database provides information on any beach closings or advisories.
Post 2000 BEACH Act Movements.
The BEACH Act jumpstarted numerous water related, health-based movements such as the Beach Protection Act of 2007, Clean Coastal Environment and Public Health Act of 2009, and the EPA's 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria.
EDC vs. EPA (2003)
Following the passing of the BEACH Act, the EPA failed to comply to the provisions made to section 104 and section 304(a) by the specified deadline, and the NRDC sued for inaction. EPA has made promises to update their storm water protections, but they have not acted upon this. The EPA settled to publish a new standard in 2012.


Delaware Valley Resource Recovery Facility

The Delaware Valley Resource Recovery Facility is a trash incineration plant located in Chester, Pennsylvania. The waste-to-energy plant - which incinerates waste to generate power - was built and operated by Westinghouse from 1991 to 1997. It is currently operated by Covanta and has been criticized for the level of pollution it produces. The plant has the largest capacity of any waste-to-energy plant in the United States.
Description.
The Delaware Valley Resource Recovery Facility was built in 1991 by Westinghouse Corporation and operated by the firm until 1997. It has been operated by Covanta since 2005, first leasing and later buying the facility from GE Energy Financial Services for $94 million in 2012. The plant is one of the largest trash incineration plants in the United States and has the greatest maximum daily burning capacity (3,510 tons) of any plant in the country. The facility contains six rotary combustors feeding a 90 megawatt turbine generator. The facility is provided water by the Delaware County Regional Water Authority (DELCORA) and funnels its wastewater to a DELCORA treatment plant adjacent to the recovery center's property.
The facility intakes municipal waste from several cities on the East Coast, including nearby Philadelphia, New York City, and cities in New Jersey. The plant's intake increased after the China waste import ban began in early 2018.
According to Covanta, the facility has a waste processing capacity of 3,500 tons per day with a maximum power output of 87 megawatts.
History.
In 1988, the mayor of Chester, Willie Mae James Leake, and her administration developed plans to build a large trash incinerator able to handle 4,000 tons of trash a day. Meanwhile, Delaware County officials contracted with the Westinghouse Corporation to develop a more modestly sized incinerator in Chester.
While Chester officials argued that their plans for a trash incinerator were safer for residents than the one planned by Delaware County, there was also a major difference in finances where the Chester developed plant would have meant $34 million in profit for the city, while the Delaware County developed plant would only provide $2 million annually.
A major public confrontation occurred between proponents of the city and county plans on April 27, 1988 at a public hearing sponsored by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER). Hundreds of angry Chester residents gathered in the Chester High School auditorium along with Leake and Pennsylvania representative Robert C. Wright.
On October 25, 1988, Chester city council signed an agreement to allow the development of the county sponsored Westinghouse trash incinerator plant in Chester with Leake abstaining. The groundbreaking for the new incinerator plant occurred on December 15, 1988. The plant opened in the summer of 1991 and was operated by Westinghouse until 1997.
The subsequent mayor of Chester, Barbara Bohannan-Sheppard, led efforts seeking environmental justice for the residents of Chester. She coordinated a town meeting of Chester residents, government officials, industry representatives, Environmental Protection Agency representatives and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection representatives to raise concerns about pollution, noise and trucks associated with the placement of the Westinghouse Corporation trash incinerator in Chester. Bohannan-Sheppard argued that the addition of a contaminated soil remediation facility along with the Westinghouse trash incinerator, the DELCORA sewage waste treatment center and the Abbonizio Recycling facility resulted in "environmental apartheid" for the residents of majority African-American Chester.
Pollution.
The Delaware Valley Resource Recovery Facility has been criticized for emitting relatively high levels of pollution; several sources name the plant as one of the most polluting waste-to-energy facilities in the United States. A report published by PBS on the Chester facility compared the facility to other plants owned by Covanta and concluded that the facility was one of the dirtiest operated by the company. The PBS report also cited a 2009 inspection of the plant by the EPA to conclude that Covanta had not installed mercury and NOx control systems at the Chester facility.
Data released by the EPA in 2014 indicated that the plant produced more NOx and SO2 than any other waste-to-energy plant in the state of Pennsylvania, only being surpassed in emissions by aging coal power plants.


Halsall v Brizell

Halsall v Brizell [1957] Ch 169 is an English land law case, concerning the enforceability of a positive covenant, that is required positive obligations, in this case the obligation to pay money for upkeep and repair.
Facts.
Homebuyers on a Liverpool estate owned their property enjoying the right (having an easement) to use estate roads, drains, the promenade, and sea walls subject to the obligation to contribute to repair and upkeep. Brizell, a successor of an original purchaser (buyer from the developer), wished to continue to benefit from all of these but claimed he should not need to pay, as payment was a positive covenant.
Law.
It was already trite law that positive covenants routinely bind successors in leasehold land. Until this case, conflicting decisions pointed to a narrow category of application of positive covenants (chiefly limited to for example the obligation to erect and maintain railings or fences) could bind successors (beyond the first covenantee, that is purchaser or donee) owning freehold land. This decision clarified that positive covenants, such as the responsibility to maintain or repair infrastructure, attached to a right to enjoy and use that infrastructure, can routinely attach to freeholders who choose to use that infrastructure.
Judgment.
Mr Justice Upjohn held (decided) that Brizell could not claim the benefit of the facilities without having to pay for them. He could not exercise the rights without paying his costs of ensuring that they could be exercised.
Significance.
The case was approved by "Rhone v Stephens", but also distinguished. Lord Templeman said the following.


Enrique Bernales Ballesteros

Enrique Martín Bernales Ballesteros (6 November 1940, in Lima – 24 November 2018) was a Peruvian scholar and politician. He was a member of the Peruvian Senate and the first UN Special Rapporteur on mercenaries.
Bernales Ballesteros served as Principal Professor of Social Sciences at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). He also served as the general secretary of the Revolutionary Socialist Party (PSR).
Childhood and academic career.
Bernales Ballesteros was the son of Luis E. Bernales (director of Colegio Guadalupe) and Laura Ballesteros. Whilst his family was relatively wealthy, he grew up in the Barrios Altos. He went to school at Colegio La Salle for his primary and secondary education. He studied Law at PUCP and Political Science at the University of Grenoble. During his three years as a student in Europe, he was molded in socialist thought. He obtained a degree in Political Science and a doctorate in Law. In 1971 he was elected Dean of the Political Science faculty at PUCP. In 1975 he studied Methodology of Historical Investigation at universities in Paris, London and Madrid.
Senator.
He was elected as a senator, standing as a United Left (IU) candidate. In the 1985 election he was elected with 111,808 votes. At the time, he was called the 'Gentleman of the Peruvian Left'. He led the left-wing faction in parliament.
Special Rapporteur.
Between 1987 and 2004 he served as the UN Special Rapporteur on the question of the use of mercenaries. He was the first person to hold this post. In 2004 he was replaced by Shaista Shameem, who adopted a more conciliatory approach to the private security industry that Bernales Ballesteros. The post was abolished the following year. he was the chairman of the United Nations Human Rights Committee.


White v White

White v White is an English family law decision by the House of Lords, and a landmark case in redistribution of finances as well as property on divorce. This case involved a couple with assets exceeding £4.5m which was deemed more than either needs for their reasonable requirements. It was held that the absence of financial need did not mean departing from a more generous settlement for an applicant in big money cases. This, therefore, enables the courts to make settlements reflecting the wealth of the parties, and not just their needs and requirements.
It is clear from Lord Nicholls' leading speech that he intended much of what he said to apply to all matrimonial financial proceedings, not just big money ones. He said that in all cases, regardless of division of assets, a judge would always be well advised to check his tentative views (on distribution of assets) against the "yardstick of equality of division". This was not to introduce a presumption of equality in all cases, but "to ensure the absence of discrimination", for instance, between a wage earner, and a child-carer, thereby recognising the non-financial contribution of the parent caring for children.
Facts.
White v White [2001] in the court of final appeal was a divorce: divorce financial proceedings case with regard to the court's wide discretion of lump sum award between Martin White and Pamela White who are both farmers and married in 1961. They were independent farmers prior to marriage and continued farming in equal partnership thereafter. Their farming business at Blagroves Farm was a tremendous success and they purchased more assets, including Rexton Farm, which were held by the two of them jointly.
Following the breakdown of their marriage, the wife petitioned for divorce in 1994 and was advised to apply for ancillary relief. The judge found that the net assets were £4.6m, of which £1.5m belonged to the wife. In fact, all the assets were jointly-owned. The simplest solution, as proposed by the wife, would have been to share the assets to enable them to continue to farm but as sole traders not in partnership. The judge did not find this acceptable: he ordered the wife to sign away her property rights. The judge then capitalized the wife's income needs and assessed the cost of buying a home for her, awarded her a lump sum of £ 800,000 on a "clean break" basis, leaving the farms and business with the husband.
The wife's legal instructions were to appeal to restore her position and share the two farms. Her instructions were reversed by counsel who preferred to contend "inter alia", that the judge had failed to give sufficient weight to the duration, extent, diversity and value of her contribution to the partnership and to recognize that her contributions were the dominant factor in the balancing act required by section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, and that an award of approximately 40% of the total available net assets unfair and plainly wrong.
Judgment.
Court of Appeal.
The Court of Appeal held, allowing her appeal, that an approach based on the wife's future needs or reasonable requirements was inappropriate and that, having regard to all the circumstances of the case in accordance with section 25 of the 1973 Act as substituted, she was entitled to a lump sum of £1.5m reflecting her contribution both to the business and to the family. All consecutive appeals and cross appeals made by the husband and wife hereafter were dismissed.
House of Lords.
A clean break is an arrangement whereby the wife abandoned her right to claim monetary maintenance in return for a transfer by the husband of a capital asset, usually but not always, the matrimonial home, thus encouraging the parties to the marriage to put the past behind them. However, in the case of "Minton v Minton [1979]", Lord Scarman's definition of a 'clean break' is such as "to begin a new life which is not overshadowed by the relationship which has broken down." It is usually not possible to come to terms with clean break on divorce when there are children under the age of 18. Much of the legislation's and statutes of this case involves the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 especially the interpretation of section 23, 24, and 25.
The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 section 23 & 24 empower the court to make financial and property (assets) provision orders when a decree of divorce is granted. Financial provision orders under section 23 include that one party to the marriage shall make payment to the other party, and the payments may be in secured (securities, bonds, shares) or unsecured, or in lump sums. Section 24 empowers the court to order the sale of property for the purpose of ancillary relief.
Significance.
According to a 2012 Law Commission consultation report on marital property agreements, this case led to a perception of English law as being more generous than other jurisdictions when it came to divorce. With several high-profile divorces involving record-setting settlements that followed, London (where many such cases are heard) earned a reputation as the "Divorce Capital of the World".


Los Angeles Park Ranger Division

The City of Los Angeles Park Ranger Division is a Park Ranger division serving the City of Los Angeles, California parks. The headquarters of the City of Los Angeles Park Rangers is located at the Griffith Park visitor's center. The division is a specialized agency controlled by the Department of Parks and Recreation and employs 22 Park Rangers who are sworn peace officers under 830.31 of the California Penal Code.
Overview.
The City of Los Angeles Park Rangers provides public assistance and emergency services in Los Angeles City parks, including first aid, park policing, search and rescue, and are trained wildland firefighters. They have various responsibilities in public parks and provide not only emergency and public safety services but also informational services at several parks. Park rangers receive law enforcement training and have certified peace officer status in California. All Park Rangers are required to obtain a Basic P.O.S.T certificate to remain employed. Park Rangers attend the Los Angeles Police Department's academy. The Ranger Division is a participating agency in P.O.S.T which sets the standards of training for peace officers. In 1996 due to spikes in violent crime in city parks patrolled by the Rangers, the union representing the rangers requested that the Rangers be trained to carry semi-automatic handguns similar to the police but the request was eventually denied due to opposition from the LAPD and the Parks Department. In 2000 the Parks and Recreation Department and the LAPD attempted to change the duties of the Park rangers by signing an agreement that would make the LAPD responsible for all arrests made in city parks and that Rangers would only be allowed to make arrests if someone's life was in danger. After strong opposition from the Park rangers, the city council eventually rejected the proposed agreement and Park rangers continued with their original peace officer status.
Park Rangers wear gray uniform shirts and forest green pants, with a gold-colored metal oval shield badge. Security Officers assigned to the Park Ranger division wear similar shirts with dark brown pants. They are issued a gold-colored metal "pinched shield" eagle-top badge, a design used by many other city departments. Both classifications wear straw campaign hat-style ranger hats.


New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol

The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation maintains a unit of full-time and seasonal uniformed officers who enforce parks department rules and regulations, as well as New York State laws within the jurisdiction of New York City parks. Established in 1981, NYC Parks Enforcement Patrol officers patrol on foot, bicycle, horseback, and in marked vehicles. Parks Enforcement officers are responsible for protecting NYC Park land, waterways under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and Recreation, city owned monuments, and public pools. PEP officers acting as Parks’ ambassadors.
The New York City Police Department patrol all New York City parks and is the primary Policing and investigation agency within the New York City as per the NYC Charter (law).
History.
The history of the Park Enforcement Patrol Officers can be traced back to 1919, when the concept of the Parks Enforcement Patrol was first thought of by Bronx Parks Commissioner Joe Hennessy, who reported in the "1919 Annual Report of the Department of Parks" the "necessity of a proper protective force" to be established. The following year in his 1920 annual report to the mayor, Commissioner Hennessy once again pushed for a full-time park police force. On page 16 of the 1920 annual report he wrote that "Vandalism is ever present. It can never be checked until the Parks Department has a force of keepers with police authority" and he recommended that the "Park protectors should be under control of Park Commissioners absolutely". In 1920, legislature was passed for the creation of a force of park keepers for NYC parks but the city refused to approve it and authorize funding.
In an effort to show the mayor the effectiveness of a park patrol force in hopes of having a full-time force established, Commissioner Hennessy created volunteer park inspectors (later called "Auxiliary Park Inspectors") to patrol the Bronx parks during the day. According to his "1919 annual report of the Department of Parks", the first park inspector he appointed was Inspector William Blackie. Inspector Blackie was injured on Columbus Day 1919 while attempting to arrest two men poaching song birds in Van Cortlandt Park.
Despite the objection of the New York City Police Department, Commissioner Hennessy established the first Park Patrol Harbor unit when he obtained two small motor boats from the Navy which he immediately put into service and had park staff patrol the waterways of the Hutchinson River.
In 1922, Commissioner Henessy (through his annual report) requested the mayor to establish special magistrates to deal with park related violations the same day the violator was arrested, provide police authority to the parks commissioners (each borough had a commissioner), and provide funding for a park patrol unit because the New York City Police officers "detailed to the Bronx parks in the summer on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays are not anxious to serve summonses or enforce the ordinances"
Staffing.
As of 2016, the agency employed on estimate 300+ officers. After the end of the year 2016, there are going to be, on estimate, about 180 more officers on the field . Numbers have fallen due to budget constraints and personnel leavings. As of 2014, there were 280 officers with the expectancy of 400 officers by the year 2015. To address the need for additional PEP officers and to ensure that more City parks receive the benefit of having PEP officers present, the Council allocated $5 million in the Fiscal 2015 budget for 80 additional
PEP officers. However, because the funding was not base-lined, it is not included in the Fiscal
2016 Preliminary Budget. The Council urges the Administration to increase the baseline funding
for PEP officers in Fiscal 2016 by $5 million for 80 additional PEP officers, bringing the total
number of PEP officers to 360, including 98 that are privately funded in Fiscal 2016.
Ranks.
Following a paramilitary model, There are seven titles (referred to as ranks) in the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation, Parks Enforcement Patrol:
Power, authority and equipment.
New York City Park Enforcement Officers are Special Patrolmen are appointed in connection with special duties of employment, and such designation confers limited Peace Officer powers upon the employee pursuant to New York State Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10(27). The exercise of these powers is limited to the employee's geographical area of employment and only while such employee is actually on duty as listed in Chapter 13 subsection (C): Special Patrolmen.
Training.
As of 2016, parks enforcement officer attend an 11-week peace officer training academy at Randall's Island. Training encompasses physical fitness, ethics, customer service, criminal procedure and penal law, parks rules and regulations, summons writing, verbal Judo, traffic control, NYC Parks & Urban Park Ranger history, animal rescue (domestic/wildlife), Ranger duties, ice rescue training, CPR and first aid, unarmed self-defense training and baton (PR-24) certification.
Urban Park Rangers.
Begun in 1979 NYC Urban Park Rangers are a separate division within the department, and although they do have peace officer powers through Special Patrolman status, their primary function is to link New Yorkers to the natural world through public education. Unlike the Parks Enforcement officers, who have a primary mission of law enforcement in the parks.
Rangers operate out of the city's seven nature centers and lead nature-oriented programs. Like PEP, they patrol in marked vehicles. Rangers are also responsible for handling injured, abandoned, or displaced wild animals found in the city's parks.
Mounted auxiliary unit.
Begun in 1996 the NYC Parks Enforcement Patrol Mounted Auxiliary Unit is a volunteer unit within the department. This unit is made up of private citizens who volunteer their time by working with officers of the Parks Enforcement Patrol.
Auxiliary officers patrol in full uniform and on horseback in various NYC parks, and "ensure the preservation of the natural and living resources in the city's parks, as well as the safety of those utilizing the parks, by maintaining a clearly visible presence. They monitor areas that are not accessible by vehicle; they deter, identify and report illegal or unsafe activities that require Parks Enforcement Patrol or police attention; and they advise the public on park rules and regulations."
As an IRS 501C Corporation, the Auxiliary solicits funding to purchase horses, tack and provide training for both the Volunteers and the Professional Officers. Since inception it has provided several hundred thousand dollars towards the operation of the Mounted Unit, including the Capital Construction of a new barn. Former Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe was quoted as saying "there is some doubt that the Parks Department could afford to run a mounted unit without the Mounted Auxiliary."
Auxiliary officers do not have powers beyond a citizen and cannot make arrests. For this reason a typical patrol will include a PPEP Officer and an Auxiliary Officer. By combining the two, the manpower of the Parks Enforcement Patrol is significantly increased at no cost to the city. Should the team come upon a situation requiring enforcement, the PEP Officer can deal with it while the Auxiliary Officer covers the Officer's back and radios the situation to Parks Central and if needed will ask for additional help.
Union representation.
Urban Park Rangers and Associate Urban Park Rangers (Sergeants) are represented by DC37 Local 983, a civil service employees union. The union is currently headed by President Joseph Puleo.


Edwin Chota

Edwin Chota was a Peruvian environmental activist and a leader of the Asháninka indigenous group and the president of the settlement of Saweto, Peru.
On September 1, 2014, Chota and three other community leaders, Jorge Ríos, Leoncio Quinticima, and Francisco Pinedo, were shot and killed by illegal loggers while they were protesting the illegal harvesting of mahogany within the boundaries of Saweto's land claim.
The 800-square-kilometre section of land claimed by Saweto is home to approximately 80 percent of the illegal logging in Peru. For 13 years, Chota had led the fight for the Peruvian government to recognize their land claims and end the illegal logging.
In response to the murder, the Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest (AIDESEP) claimed the police and the judiciary had done absolute nothing to protect the men, despite repeated complaints and reports of death threats against them. AIDESEP also called on the Peruvian government to do more to protect indigenous people from criminal organizations.
On January 30, 2015, the regional government of Ucayali and the government of Peru granted the land title to the Saweto community confirming their ownership of the land.


Ed Mitchell

Edward Frederick Mitchell (born 1953) is a British former television presenter, business journalist and newsreader, best known for his work with ITN. Mitchell was educated at Worthing High School for Boys and Durham University. He also worked for Reuters, BBC News, Channel 4 News, European Business Channel, Asia Business News, European Business News and CNBC Europe in the 1990s until he was made redundant from CNBC in 2000.
In 2007, newspapers revealed that he had become homeless and was sleeping rough on Hove seafront.
On 20 November 2007, he filed for bankruptcy.
In January 2008, an ITV documentary, "Saving Ed Mitchell", was shown about his struggle with huge credit card debts, alcoholism and homelessness. The end of the documentary, presented by his ITN colleague Carol Barnes, showed him being given an opportunity to return to presenting if he attended the Priory clinic for rehabilitation. He has successfully continued to abstain from drinking since then. He is the author of the best-selling book, "From Headlines to Hard Times", which was published by Blake Publishing in January 2009. He made enough money from the book's sales to eventually move into a flat in Shoreham-by-Sea. A revised and updated paperback was published in 2010.
In November 2014, Mitchell began presenting a daily programme for a new financial radio station, Share Radio, in London.


LAMP Community

LAMP Community (originally the Los Angeles Men's Place) is a Los Angeles-based nonprofit organization located in Skid Row that seeks to permanently end homelessness, improve health, and build self-sufficiency among men and women living with severe mental illness.
Lamp Community also played a prominent role in the movie "The Soloist".<ref name="http://lampcommunity.org/about_lamp.php">LAMP Community about page </ref>
History.
The Los Angeles Men's Place was founded by Mollie Lowery and Frank Rice in 1985 as a night-time drop-in centre for homeless men with mental problems. The pair later expanded the service to provide permanent supportive housing and complementary social support services.
Services.
Lamp Community operates under, and helped to pioneer, the Housing First model. It offers immediate access to affordable, safe and permanent housing without requiring sobriety or participation in treatment. Once settled in their home, new tenants are surrounded with customized services such as mental health treatment, drug recovery, healthcare, budgeting, visual performing arts, job opportunities, and other supports to help them achieve their goals and become part of their community. LAMP employees are sometimes former tenants. There is also a volunteer program for those wanting to contribute to the foundation.


Percentage rent

Percentage rent, or a percentage lease, is a type of lease seen in commercial real estate. It is a rental charge based on the gross income of the tenant rather than a fixed monthly or annual value. In most examples, the percent rent only applies after a certain amount of base rent has been paid. The amount where the percentage rent begins to apply is known as the breakpoint. Some leases may be purely percent based and have no base component, but such cases are not common. Percent rent is normally considered an additional rent term.
For example, if a tenant has a base rent of $1,000 per month, and a percentage rent of 5% of income on an annualized basis, then the natural breakpoint is (12 x 1,000) / 5% = $240,000. That means the tenant will pay only base rent until they have an annual income greater than $240,000, although they may agree to some other breakpoint value as part of the lease negotiation. If their income surpasses the breakpoint, the percent rent is only the portion that has not already paid. In this example, if the tenant were to have an annual income of $260,000, they would owe (260,000 - 240,000) x 5% = $1000 percent rent, and thus their total rent for the year would be $12,000 + $1000 = $13,000.
Percent rent is common in retail settings, where the month-to-month income is highly variable and many tenants may make the majority of their income in the one or two months around the holiday shopping season. In these cases, the landlord can offer a lease with a base rent that is far below fair market value, but still within the tenant's capabilities to pay during the "lean times". Any potential losses are then made up with the percentage term. This often appeals to the tenant, as it means their rent scales with their own success.
Percent rent may also be used for new tenants whose business are just being set up. In this case, the tenant may need a very large space, like a warehouse or factory, but does not expect to see profits for an extended period of time. In these examples, it is common to have several breakpoints with a reduced percentage as sales increase, say 5% for the first million in sales, 4% for sales between 1 and 10 million, and then 3% for all sales over 10 million.