Roast (comedy)

A roast is a form of humor in which a specific individual, a guest of honor, is subjected to jokes at their expense, intended to amuse the event's wider audience. Such events are intended to honor a specific individual in a unique way. In addition to jokes and insult comedy, such events may also involve genuine praise and tributes. The implication is that the roastee is able to take the jokes in good humor and not as serious criticism or insult. The individual is surrounded by friends, fans, and well-wishers, who can receive some of the same treatment as well during the course of the evening. The party and presentation itself are both referred to as a "roast". The host of the event is called the "roastmaster" (a pun on toastmaster). Anyone who is mocked in such a way is said to have been "roasted".
There is a parallel tradition in some countries in which the host of formal events, such as award ceremonies and annual dinners, is expected to good-naturedly mock the event's attendees. In some cases this has caused controversy when the host is seen as being too insulting. There is also a concept of roasting on internet social media, where a person asks others to mock them, usually by putting up a photo of themselves. Though the mockery is solicited, this activity, too, has caused controversy, with some considering it a form of cyberbullying. Even more controversial is the practice of simply insulting others for comedic effect, which some have referred to as "roasting", though comedians have stressed that a true roast requires the consent of the target.
The Friars Club.
In 1949, the New York Friars Club held their first roast, with Maurice Chevalier as the guest of honor.
Televised roasts.
"Kraft Music Hall".
The final few seasons of the television show "Kraft Music Hall", from 1968 to 1971, included broadcasts of the Friars Club Roast; the celebrities roasted included Johnny Carson, Milton Berle, Jack Benny, Don Rickles, and Jerry Lewis.
Dean Martin's Celebrity Roasts.
Dean Martin hosted a series of roasts on television in 1974 as part of the final season of his self-titled variety show. After the show was cancelled, NBC decided to schedule a series of "The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast" specials from the former MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (now Bally's Las Vegas) in the Ziegfeld Room; these were recorded and aired approximately once every two months from late 1974 to early 1979, and another three were produced in 1984. The celebrities roasted included actors Kirk Douglas, Bette Davis, and Jimmy Stewart; athletes Muhammad Ali, Joe Namath, and Wilt Chamberlain; comedians Lucille Ball, Jackie Gleason, and Redd Foxx; politicians Ronald Reagan and Barry Goldwater; and singers Frank Sinatra and Martin himself. The humor at these broadcast tributes was far tamer than the sometimes extremely vulgar and explicit language of the private, non-televised ones.
Comedy Central.
From 1998 to 2002, the cable channel Comedy Central produced and broadcast the annual roast of the New York Friars Club, with roasts of the celebrities Drew Carey, Jerry Stiller, Rob Reiner, Hugh Hefner, and Chevy Chase.
Based on the success of these roasts, Comedy Central began hosting their own roasts on an approximately annual basis, under the name "Comedy Central Roast". The first roastee was Denis Leary in 2003, followed by Jeff Foxworthy, Pamela Anderson, William Shatner, Flavor Flav, Bob Saget, Larry the Cable Guy, Joan Rivers, David Hasselhoff, Donald Trump, Charlie Sheen, Roseanne Barr, James Franco, Justin Bieber, Rob Lowe, Bruce Willis, and Alec Baldwin.
Comedian Jeff Ross notably gained fame through his participation in the televised Comedy Central roasts, and is frequently referred to as the "Roastmaster General" (a position he in fact holds with the New York Friars' Club).
In 2010, Comedy Central's international affiliates began to produce and air their own local roasts as well. Comedy Central New Zealand has aired roasts of Mike King and Murray Mexted, Comedy Central Africa has aired roasts of Steve Hofmeyr, Kenny Kunene, Somizi Mhlongo, and AKA, Comedy Central Latin America has aired a roast of Héctor Suárez, Comedy Central Spain has aired roasts of Santiago Segura, El Gran Wyoming, and José Mota, and Comedy Central Netherlands has aired roasts of Gordon (which was the highest-watched broadcast in the history of the channel), Giel Beelen, Johnny de Mol, and Ali B..
Other televised roasts in the United States.
The fourth episode of "The Richard Pryor Show" produced a roast of Richard Pryor in 1977.
"Playboy" produced one roast in 1986, of Tommy Chong, which aired on the Playboy Channel.
Basketball player Shaquille O'Neal produced two editions of his "Shaq's All Star Comedy Roast": of himself in 2002, and of Emmitt Smith in 2003.
The cable channel MTV produced one roast in 2003, of Carson Daly, which was billed as the "MTV Bash".
The cable channel TBS produced one roast in 2008, of Cheech & Chong, which was billed as "".
The cable channel A&E produced one roast in 2008, of Gene Simmons.
The magazine "Guitar World" organized three "Rock & Roll Roasts" from 2012 to 2014, of musicians Zakk Wylde, Dee Snider, and Corey Taylor.
A Friars Club roast of Terry Bradshaw was broadcast on ESPN2 in 2015.
The cable channel Fusion aired a roast of Snoop Dogg in 2016, billed as the "Snoop Dogg Smokeout".
RuPaul's Drag Race has aired five roast-themed episodes: A roast of RuPaul in season 5 in 2013 and in RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race in 2020, a roast of Michelle Visage in season 9 in 2017, a mock-funeral roast of Lady Bunny in season 4 of All-Stars in 2019 and a Nice Girls Roast in season 13.
The cable channel TNT aired a roast of the anchors of the TNT show "Inside the NBA" in 2020.
United Kingdom.
Some attempts have been made to adapt the American roast format to a British audience. Channel 4 launched the latest British version on April 7, 2010 with "A Comedy Roast", with initial victims being Bruce Forsyth, Sharon Osbourne, and Chris Tarrant. Davina McCall and Barbara Windsor were other victims. However, more suited to the British sense of humour has been the "wildly successful" Roast Battle format which was announced to have been commissioned for a third series in September 2018.
India.
The Indian comedy group All India Bakchod organized the live show "AIB Knockout" in January 2015 featuring Arjun Kapoor and Ranveer Singh with Karan Johar as the roastmaster. The programme caused a controversy for allegedly featuring distasteful, sexist, offending, and humiliating content. Videos of the event were removed from YouTube. Comedy Nights Bachao by Optimystix Productions is also based on this format; however, they avoid going too racy to keep the show family friendly.
China.
Artists and producers working for Shanghai Xiao Guo Culture Co. Ltd., started importing foreign stand-up comedy formats since 2012. "Roast!", a Chinese version of Comedy Central Roasts, has reached 2.33 billion hits on Tencent's video streaming platform, according to Maoyan, a movie and TV site. "Roast!" differs in that, instead of a single annual special, it consists of annual seasons of 10 shows with a different celebrity victim - typically singers or actors - each week (season one contains 11 including a triple-length Chinese New Year special). Its offspring, web show "Rock & Roast", has also become a hit in China, with 70 million viewers in its 2019 season a steady increase from 50 million from its prior season.
Fictional roasts.
Roasts have sometimes been portrayed in fictional TV shows. In other cases, standalone roasts have been produced of historical characters, with both roastee and roasters played by actors.
"The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast" aired one fictional roast, of George Washington (played by Jan Leighton), on March 15, 1974.
Part 2 of the 1979 TV special "Legends of the Superheroes" was a roast of various DC Comics superhero characters, hosted by Ed McMahon.
The 1997 episode "The Roast" of the series "The Larry Sanders Show" revolved around a roast of the title character. The theme of one of the episodes (Season 5 episode 15) of the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation was the main character Leslie Knope roasting the media of the fictional town of Pawnee in a local correspondents lunch. In the 2009 episode "Stress Relief" of "The Office", main character Michael Scott organizes a roast of himself.
The 2019 Netflix series "Historical Roasts", hosted by Jeff Ross, featured roasts of historical figures Abraham Lincoln (played by Bob Saget), Freddie Mercury (James Adomian), Anne Frank (Rachel Feinstein), Martin Luther King Jr. (Jerry Minor), Cleopatra (Ayden Mayeri), and Muhammad Ali (Jaleel White).
In politics.
The White House Correspondents' Association and Radio and Television Correspondents' Association have annual dinners that, in some years, feature a comedy roasting of the U.S. President. Don Imus at the RTCA in 1996, Stephen Colbert in 2006 and Michelle Wolf in 2018 have received particular attention for their biting remarks during their speeches.
During presidential election years in the U.S., it is customary for both major party candidates to attend the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, typically engaging in a roast of each other, and occasionally themselves.


Musica Sacra (New York City)

Musica Sacra is the longest continuously-performing professional chorus in New York City. Its founder, Richard Westenburg, directed the chorus from 1964 until 2007, when he was succeeded as director by Kent Tritle. The chorus regularly performs in Carnegie Hall and other New York concert halls.
Musica Sacra is not associated with the chorus of the same name in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect

The Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect ("kozjansko-bizeljsko narečje"), also known as the Brežice-Kozje dialect ("brežiško-kozjansko narečje") or the Bizeljsko-Sotla dialect ("bizeljsko-obsoteljsko narečje") is a Slovene dialect in the Styrian dialect group. It extends north of the Sava River at Brežice, ranging from Jurklošter to Podčetrtek in the north, encompassing the settlements of Kozje and Bizeljsko, and to the Sotla River in the east. It is the southernmost dialect in the Styrian dialect group.
Phonological and morphological characteristics.
The Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect has transitional features to the Lower Carniolan dialects such as an originally preserved semivowel with a positionally conditioned "a" reflex of the long semivowel, and retention of pitch accent. The former acute accent is bimoraic, the circumflex is monomoraic, and original quantitative distinctions between vowels have largely been replaced by qualitative differences. It is characterized by the phonemic developments "a" > "ɔ", "u" > "ü", unaccented "u, ə," and yat > "i", and lowering of high vowels before "r".


Malcolm Pasley

Sir John Malcolm Sabine Pasley, 5th Baronet, FBA (5 April 1926 – 4 March 2004), commonly known as Malcolm Pasley, was a British philologist affiliated with the University of Oxford. He was considered the foremost British authority of German studies. Pasley is particularly well known for his dedication to and publication of the works of Franz Kafka.
Biography.
Early life.
Born in Rajkot, India, Pasley was educated at Sherborne. He was a direct descendant of Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley, 1st Baronet, who distinguished himself in the French Revolutionary Wars and was made a baronet in 1794.
1944–1946 he served in the Royal Navy.
Academics and honors.
Following is the outline of the academic career of Sir Malcolm Pasley:
Marriage and children.
Sir Malcolm Pasley was married in 1965 to Virginia Wait they had two sons:
German language.
Pasley wrote of many German authors, with his initial works on the German language, Nietzsche in particular, gaining him much fame. Pasley's work in this area was pioneering; his book "", first published in 1972, is still in heavy demand.
Kafka.
Pasley is best known for his work on the Kafka writings. He began studying Kafka in the early part of his career and was introduced to Marianne Steiner born Pollak, Kafka's niece and daughter of his sister Valli, by her son Michael, who was a student at Oxford. Through this friendship Pasley became the key adviser to Kafka's heirs. Pasley regarded Kafka as "a younger brother".
In 1956, Salman Schocken and Max Brod placed Kafka's works in a Swiss vault due to concerns surrounding unrest in the Middle East and the safety of the manuscripts, which were with Brod in Tel Aviv. After significant negotiation, Pasley took personal possession of Kafka's works that were in Brod's possession. In 1961, Pasley transported them by car from Switzerland to Oxford. Pasley reflected on the adventure as one that "made his own hair stand on end".
The papers, except "The Trial", were deposited in Oxford's Bodleian Library. "The Trial" remained in the possession of Brod heiress Ilse Ester Hoffe, and in November 1988 the German Literary Archives at Marbach, Germany purchased the manuscript for £1.1 million in an auction conducted by Sotheby's.
At Oxford, Pasley headed a team of scholars (Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit, and Jürgen Born) that recompiled the text, removed Max Brod's edits and changes, and began publishing the works in 1982. This team restored the original German text to its full (and in some cases incomplete) state, with special attention paid to the unique Kafka punctuation, considered to be critical to his style.
Criticism of Pasley's work on Kafka.
Subsequent to the publication of the Kafka works, Pasley began receiving criticism about the completeness of their German publication. To that end, Stroemfeld Verlag has requested permission to scan the manuscripts to produce a facsimile edition and CD-ROM.
Aside from completeness, they cited a concern for the preservation of the works; some were written in pencil, and many were fading and crumbling.
Pasley refused their requests, joined by Marianne Steiner, who in 1998, told "The Observer" "I cannot forgive them for [the terrible things they had said about Pasley]. I do not want them to have anything to do with the manuscripts."
In April 1998, Stroemfeld published a facsimile version of "The Trial". This manuscript, being owned by the German government, was accessible to them. In this publication the manuscript and transcription are listed side by side.
Scholars in favor of the Stroemfeld editions include Jeremy Adler, professor of German at King's College London, American writers Louis Begley and Harold Bloom, professor of Humanities at Yale.


Faculty Authoring Development Program and Courseware Authoring Tools Project


Kalahasti P. Prasad

Kalahasti Parvatheeswara Prasad (15 June 1944 – 5 April 2010) was a researcher and educator in Electrical Engineering in the Andhra Pradesh province of India.
Biography.
He was born at Nellore of Nellore district at a time when this was still part of Madras Presidency to Kalahasti Ramanathan Sastrulu (1909–2003) and Kalahasti Gnanamba (1919–1989). He moved to Visakhapatnam to get B.E. and M.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Andhra University in 1968. He went on to get a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in digital signal processing from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1974. His work included creating and implementing new DSP algorithms in FORTRAN and Pascal (programming language) languages on the DEC PDP-11 as well as the IBM System/360 platforms.
Career.
In 1975, Prasad was invited to work as a Post-doctoral Research Fellow by Concordia University. He spent five years there. His primary research output was in digital signal processing algorithms and Complex Analysis techniques. Subsequently, he was selected as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow working at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in 1981 where he remained for the next five years returning to India in 1985. While he was at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, he published two textbooks, one on digital signal processing algorithms implementation in FORTRAN and another textbook on Fast Fourier transform algorithms. He revisited University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow between 1990 and 1992. Meanwhile, he spent a few years organizing the Electrical Engineering department at Sri Venkateswara University between 1986 and 1990. He was also a continuous recipient of German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Scholarship grants for research in Digital and Statistical Signal Processing areas between 1981 and 1994.
Prasad published about 150 technical research papers among which at least 75 papers were published in international journals like IEEE Communications Magazine and Institution of Engineering and Technology journal while the rest were published in Indian journals. He was also associated with Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers local Indian chapter at Sri Venkateswara University. He helped organize their annual technical meetings, conferences and symposia while remaining the Head of Electrical and Communications departments in the Engineering College from 1995 until he retired in 2004.
He also served as an editor of IEEE Communications Magazine for a few journal editions in the 90s. He also served as a member of AICTE as well as an honorary member of UGC from 1994 till 2004. His accreditation approval and verification processes helped to launch and grow at least three local Engineering Colleges in the Tirupati and Warangal regions of Andhra province in the 90s and 2000s including Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at Tirupati, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science at Warangal and K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences (KMMITS) at Tirupati.
After retirement, he served as a Managing Director of KMM Institute of Technology and Sciences (KMMITS) at Tirupati from 2005 till 2010. He simultaneously worked as a consulting Professor in the ECE department affiliated with Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at Tirupati.
Kalahasti Parvatheeswara Prasad died on 5 April 2010 due to a stroke.
Positions held.
(1) Head of Engineering College, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
(2) First Principal, K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tirupati
(3) AICTE Accrediting Program Director, 1995–2004
(4) UGC Grants Program Director, 1995–2004
(5) Senior Editor and Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Communications
(6) Director, Tirupati Chapter, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers


Modern kana usage

 is the present official "kanazukai" (system of spelling the Japanese syllabary). Also known as , it is derived from historical usage.
History.
As long ago as the Meiji Restoration, there had been dissatisfaction regarding the growing discrepancy between spelling and speech. On November 16, 1946, soon after World War II, the cabinet instituted the modern Japanese orthography as part of a general orthographic reform. The system was further amended in 1986.
General differences.
There were no small kana in the pre-reform system; thus, for example, would be ambiguous between "kiyo" and "kyo" while could be either "katsuta" or "katta".
The pronunciation of medial "h"-row kana as "w"-row kana in the pre-reform system does not extend to compound words; thus, was pronounced "nihon", not "nion" (via **"niwon"). There are a small number of counterexamples; e.g., "duck", pronounced "ahiru" rather than "airu", or , pronounced Fujiwara, despite being a compound of Fuji (wisteria) + hara (field). The h-row was historically pronounced as "fa, fi, fu, fe, fo" (and even further back, "pa, pi, pu, pe, po"). Japanese "f" () is close to a voiceless "w", and so was easily changed to "w" in the middle of a word; the "w" was then dropped except for "wa". This is also why "fu" is used to this day and has not become "hu".
The vowel + "(f)u" changes do not apply between elements of compound words, for example, the name was "Terauchi" not "Terōchi", as it is "Tera" (temple) + "uchi" (inside, home). The "-fu" of the modern "-u" series of verbs (that is, those verbs using the actual kana う, such as "kau" or "omou") was not affected by the sound changes on the surface; however, some reports of Edo era Japanese indicate that verbs like "tamau" and "harau" were pronounced as "tamō" and "harō" instead. In contrast, the -ō in "darō" and "ikō" is a product of the sound change from au to ō.
Furthermore, the topic particle "wa" , the direction particle "e" and the direct object particle "o" were exempted from spelling reform. In contemporary Japanese, the を-character is used only for the particle.
Examples.
Here, for example, ("a") includes "all" kana using the /a/ vowel, such as ("ka") or ("ta").
Regarding – these four morae are distinguished or merged to varying degrees in different Japanese dialects, with some dialects (Tōhoku and Okinawan, for example) merging all four into one, while other dialects (Tosa and Satsugū, for example) distinguish among the four. Standard spelling reflects the pronunciation of standard Japanese, which merges these into two sounds.


Studienstiftung

The German Academic Scholarship Foundation (German: "Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes", or "Studienstiftung" for short) is Germany's largest, oldest and most prestigious scholarship foundation. In line with its statutes, it supports "the university education of young people who, on account of their exceptional academic or artistic talents and their personalities, can be expected to make an outstanding contribution to society as a whole". The "Studienstiftung" is non-political, non-denominational and ideologically independent. Its headquarters are located in Bonn; it also has an office in Berlin. The current president is Reinhard Zimmermann, and the President of Germany, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is patron ("").
The "Studienstiftung," like 12 other scholarship foundations (), is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, with funds from the federal government, the German federal states and local authorities, a large number of foundations and businesses as well as numerous private donors. In 2015, the "Studienstiftung's" budget was over €103 million. Between 1925 and 2015, it has supported over 65,000 students and doctoral candidates; it currently has over 60,000 alumni worldwide.
The selection process is extremely rigorous and only those students who show outstanding academic and personal promise are chosen. The Studienstiftung awards scholarships to fewer than 0.5% of German students. It is often referred to as Germany's "secret elite university".
Initially founded in Dresden in 1925 as a department of the , an amalgamation of German student committees, the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes was dissolved in 1934 under and replaced by the "Reichsförderung", a department of the newly founded . The Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes was newly formed as a registered association in in 1948. As well as offering scholarship programmes on a national level, in 2005 the Studienstiftung began the Max Weber Programme, through which it supports exceptionally talented students within the framework of the Bavarian Elite Support Act (BayEFG).
Admission.
The Studienstiftung offers a general scholarship for bachelor's and master's studies that consists of both financial and academic support. Elegibility is based on the criteria for BAFöG, the German state support system for students. The Studienstiftung scholarship accepts only applicants that study full time at university. An least past of an applicant's university studies must be at a university in Germany, in another EU country, or in Switzerland. German or EU citizenship are not required, and there are no age criteria.
The Studienstiftung accepts exceptionally talented students and doctoral candidates selected in accordance with its mission statement, which is based upon the principles of "excellence, initiative and responsibility". Scholars are admitted through various channels:
If admission occurs before the end of the fourth semester, sponsorship is usually granted until the end of the sixth semester. An extension of the scholarship beyond the sixth semester usually depends on academic performance in the first four semesters. In borderline cases, aspects other than academic achievements – such as exceptional social engagement or particular personal circumstances – may positively influence the decision to approve further funding. After an application has been approved, funding is awarded from the 6th semester until studies are completed (for example, until the master's degree or state examinations have been completed). In 2014, 91% of requests for further funding were approved.
The Studienstiftung also offers a doctoral scholarship for highly qualified and prosocial PhD students. The doctoral scholarship accepts applications from doctoral candidates at universities in Germany and at universities worldwide under certain conditions.
Support.
The general Studienstiftung scholarship consists of both financial and academic support.
Financial support.
Financial support includes an allowance (€300 month) and a need-based basic scholarship, which is calculated according to the BAföG (Federal Training Assistance Act) and can be up to €825 per month.
PhD scholars receive a monthly award of €1,350 plus a research allowance of €100. Additional funds are provided for students and PhD students with children. Financial support is regulated by the guidelines of the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).
Visits abroad are also supported by grants or overseas allowances and the partial payment of tuition fees. Under the terms of No. 11 (EStG – German Income Tax Law) scholarship payments are tax-free.
Academic support.
The Studienstiftung's academic support includes summer schools, research groups, language courses, workshops and mentoring by local tutors, academics who carry out this task for the Studienstiftung on a voluntary basis. Scholars are required to submit a report on their studies and other activities every semester during the first semesters (usually until the end of the fourth semester), and once a year thereafter. Scholars can also apply for funding in order to organise their own conferences and other events.
Internal scholarship programmes.
In addition to its regular scholarship scheme, the Studienstiftung offers additional internal scholarship programmes for selected scholars and alumni. Examples include the KAUST-Studienstiftung programme, a joint partnership between KAUST and the Studienstiftung under the patronage of the German Federal Foreign Office which allows scholars from the STEM disciplines to join KAUST for research internships or to enroll in Master or PhD programs. In the musical field, for example, in cooperation with the Beethoven House residence scholarships are awarded for young composers.
Open scholarship programmes.
Moreover, the Studienstiftung offers open scholarship programmes which are run and financed in cooperation with other organisations. They include the , the and the . Participation in these scholarship programmes does not require previously holding a regular scholarship by the Studienstiftung.
Literatur.
Studienstiftung und Zeitgeschichte


Dong language (Nigeria)

Dong, or Donga, is a poorly documented language in Nigeria. Though clearly Niger–Congo, it is difficult to classify; British linguist Roger Blench proposes that it is one of the Dakoid languages, the closest to Gaa.


Comedy Central Presents

Comedy Central Presents is the network's main half-hour program which highlights either one or a series of stand-up comedians each episode. In 2011, the series ended and Comedy Central replaced it with the revamped "The Half Hour", now called "Comedy Central Stand-Up Presents", 30-minute stand-up specials.
DVDs.
Starting in 2008, Comedy Central started releasing "Best of" compilation DVDs, with uncensored audio. Previously, some of these episodes have appeared on DVDs of comedians' stand-up specials, only they remained censored.
"The Best of Comedy Central Presents: Uncensored".
This DVD was released on February 5, 2008. On this DVD, only the audio was uncensored. There is one moment in Dane Cook's special when he gives the finger, which was blurred on television, that remains blurred.
The shows featured on this DVD are:
"The Best of Comedy Central Presents: Uncensored II".
This DVD was released on August 26, 2008. Unlike the first DVD, this DVD removes all of the commercial bumper titles and isolates the credits of each show. The shows featured on this DVD are:


Alice J. Shaw

Alice J. Shaw was an American musical performer, who was billed as "The Whistling Prima Donna" and, in French, "La Belle Siffleuse."
Early life.
Alice Horton was born in Elmira, New York, the daughter of William Horton, a stock broker.
Career.
Alice J. Shaw toured the Europe and India performing as a whistler, starting in 1886 with a performance for teachers at Steinway Hall in New York City. In England the following year, she whistled for the Prince of Wales.
Because a "whistling woman" was sometimes considered vulgar or unwise, Shaw was careful to craft her shows with the utmost decorum, both in her physical movements and in her facial expressions. Reviewers remarked on her ability to follow sheet music, which emphasized her self-discipline. An anonymous "New York Times" reviewer, however, commented that "her notions of melody are weird and uncanny ... and reminds one of little children, in that she ought to be seen but not heard. However, she seems determined to make a noise ..." Another reviewer that year acknowledged her uniqueness, and hoped she would remain so, because "a generation of whistlers is an appalling thing to imagine."
Later in life, she performed with two of her daughters, Ethel and Elsie, whistling and singing twins known as "the May Blossoms." Shaw also made some of the earliest recordings of whistling. In 1888, while touring England, she made wax cylinders with Edison's representative, George Edward Gouraud. She later made commercial recordings, some of which have survived. She was also one of the earliest celebrity spokeswomen for a weight loss product, in 1897 ads for "Dr. Edison Obesity Pills and Obesity Fruit Salts".
Personal life.
Alice Horton married William Holland Shaw. They had four daughters before they divorced in 1888. There was a rumor that she divorced to marry "Buffalo Bill", William Cody. She testified that she had no material assets and lived with her aunt in 1903. She hoped to marry again, to David L. Howell, but he died in 1907 before their wedding.
Sample from 1907.
A 1907 recording of Alice Shaw and her twin daughters performing a whistling trio, "Spring-tide Revels"


Kathryn Starkey

Kathryn Starkey is Director of German Studies at Stanford University and author of multiple books on medieval German philology and visual culture. Her recent translation of the works of Neidhart von Reuental was the first into English that has been published. She is the PI on the Global Medieval Sourcebook, and worked in the international collaboration through the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation on "Tristan and Isolde and Cultures of Emotion in the Middle Ages".
Education.
Before earning her PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, she studied at Queen's University in Canada.


Party line (telephony)

A party line (multiparty line, shared service line, party wire) is a local loop telephone circuit that is shared by multiple telephone service subscribers.
Party line systems were widely used to provide telephone service, starting with the first commercial switchboards in 1878. A majority of Bell System subscribers in the mid-20th century in the United States and Canada were serviced by party lines, which carried a billing discount over individual service; during wartime shortages, these were often the only available lines.
British users similarly benefited from the party line discount. Farmers in rural Australia and South Africa used party lines, where a single line spanned miles from the nearest town to one property and on to the next.
History.
Telephone companies offered party lines beginning in the late 1800s, although subscribers in all but the most rural areas may have had the option to upgrade to individual line service at an additional monthly charge. The service was common in sparsely populated areas where remote properties were spread across large distances. An example is Australia where these were operated by the Government Postmaster General's Department. In rural areas in the early 20th century, additional subscribers and telephones, often numbering several dozen, were frequently connected to the single loop available.
Party lines provided no privacy in communication. They were frequently used as a source of entertainment and gossip, as well as a means of quickly alerting entire neighbourhoods of emergencies such as fires, becoming a cultural fixture of rural areas for many decades.
The rapid growth of telephone service demand, especially after World War II, resulted in a large fraction of party line installations in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. This often led to traffic congestion in the telephone network, as the line to a destination telephone was often busy. Nearly three-quarters of Pennsylvania residential service in 1943 was party line, with users encouraged to limit calls to five minutes. Shortages persisted for years after each war; individual lines in Montreal remained in short supply at the end of 1919 and similar shortages were reported by telephone companies in Florida as late as 1948. Some rural users had to run their own wires to reach the utility's lines.
Objections about one party monopolizing a multi-party line were a staple of complaints to telephone companies and letters to advice columnists for years and eavesdropping on calls remained an ongoing concern.
In December 1942, University of Tennessee's strategy in an American football game versus University of Mississippi was revealed to the opposing coach as a telephone on the Ole Miss team's bench had been inadvertently wired to the same party line. In May 1952, an alleged bookmaking operation in St. Petersburg, Florida was shut down after one month of operation in a rented storefront using a party-line telephone. In June 1968, the conviction of three Winter Park, Florida men on bookmaking charges was overturned as police had used a party-line telephone in a rented house on the same line as the suspects to unlawfully intercept their communications.
In 1956, Southern Bell officials refused a request from a public utilities commissioner in Jackson, Mississippi to segregate party telephone lines on racial boundaries.
While primitive lockout devices to prevent two subscribers from picking up the same line at the same time were proposed relatively early, multiple simultaneous calls did not become viable until the initial tests of transistorised pair gain devices in 1955. Any handset off-hook therefore tied up the line for everyone.
Many jurisdictions require a person engaged in a call on a party line to end the call immediately if another party needs the line for an emergency. Such laws also provide penalties for abuse by falsifying emergency situations. In May 1955, a Rhinebeck, New York woman was indicted by a grand jury after her refusal to relinquish a party line delayed a volunteer firefighter's effort to report a grass fire; the fire destroyed a shed and a barn. She was given a suspended sentence. In June 1970, a sixteen-year-old girl and a woman were charged after refusing to relinquish a party line to allow a distress call as three boys drowned in a pond in Walsenburg, Colorado.
Decommissioning.
By the 1980s, party lines were removed in most localities. They were not supported by new technologies and subscriber-owned equipment such as answering machines and computer modems. Meanwhile, the electro-mechanical switching equipment required for their operation was rapidly becoming obsolete, supplanted by electronic and digital switching equipment. The new telephone exchange equipment offered vertical service code calling features such as call forwarding and call waiting, but often was incompatible with multi-party lines. Party lines in the United States were also ineligible for Universal Service Fund subsidies, leading telephone companies to convert them to individual lines to benefit from these subsidies.
In 1971, Southern Bell announced plans to gradually phase out all party lines in North Carolina.
One of the last manual telephone exchanges with party lines in Australia was closed down in 1986 in the township of Collarenebri, where most town residents had a telephone number of only three digits, and to make a call outside the exchange area it was necessary to call the exchange to place a call. For rural residents, many were on a single telephone line identified by a number and a property name, such as "Gundabluie 1". Each party on that single line was identified by a letter, and the ringing pattern for that party would consist of the corresponding letter in Morse code. This distinctive ring would alert all parties on the line who the call was for.
In 1989, the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company replaced party lines with individual lines in Talcott, West Virginia, a rural area which once had as many as sixteen subscribers on one line. Universities also phased out the systems, which were once common in student dormitories. Illinois State University terminated its last party line in 1990. Woodbury, Connecticut's independent telephone company abandoned its last party lines in 1991, the last in that state to do so. The same year, Southwestern Bell announced its intentions to replace all of its party lines in Texas with individual line service by November 1994, and the company's last party line finally shut down in 1996.
Pacific Bell phased out most of its party lines by 1997, and the last ones operating in Nevada shut down in 2001. As of 2002, SBC Ameritech's only operating party lines were located in Michigan. "USA Today" reported in 2000 that over 5,000 party lines still existed in the United States, but the majority of them were only connected to one telephone, and therefore appeared like individual telephone service at cheaper rates.
Selective ringing.
To signal specific subscribers on party lines selectively, telephone operating companies implemented various signaling systems.
The earliest selective system was the "code ringing" system, in which each telephone subscriber was assigned a specific ringing cadence, (not to be confused with modern ring tones).
Although various systems were implemented, one that limited the number of coded rings but established a uniform and readily understood format, was to first give the subscriber number as individual digits, which could be from one to four digits long per exchange, separated by the instructional word "ring" followed by the two digits of the ring code where the first digit indicated the number of long rings, followed by the second digit indicating the number of short rings. Thus spoken, for example, as "nine, three; ring two, two" to mean subscriber No. 93 with ringing code 2 long and 2 short, and written as "93R22", (and if outside the given exchange, then the exchange would be asked for by name before the requested number and ringing code, e.g. "Rockridge nine, three; ring one, two" i.e. "(On the) Rockridge (exchange), (subscriber No.) nine, three; ring one long, and two short," and written as “Rockridge 93R12”. (The two examples cited in this paragraph are taken directly from usage in the 1935 American film "Party Wire".) Whilst this practice was common, it was not ubiquitous, since despite giving a standard configuration for terse, easily interpreted numbers with their respective ring codes, its chief functional drawback was with the first ring always being long and the second always being short, which limited the number of brief and thus practical ringing combinations that could be used on single multiparty subscriber numbers.
Further to this functional deficiency, was a twofold practical deficiency. For though one was "only" to answer "one's own" ringing code, every party on the same subscriber line could hear all the ringing codes. This meant firstly, frequently ringing telephones were a disruptive annoyance, as each party on the line had to stop to listen every time the telephone rang in order to determine according to the ringing cadence if they were the party being called on any given ring. Secondly, if any party on a given line should so be inclined, there was the insidious opportunity to listen in on other parties' calls.
More selective ringing methods were introduced using various technologies.
In the system of "divided ringing", the ringing circuit was separated from the talking circuit by adding a ground connection between the central office and the subscriber stations for ringing. On the same subscriber line, one party used the tip side of the line and ground for ringing, whilst the other party on the same line used the ring wire and ground for ringing, to achieve full selectivity for two-party lines, in which only the selected station would ring. These names for the wires are derived from the paired cord plugs—used on a manual switchboard—composed of three parts: the "tip" and the "sleeve" separated by a narrow metal band called the "ring", each of these three components being insulated from one another.
In the Bell System, the two stations were thus called the "tip party" and the "ring party", In combination with code ringing, this method could be extended to four and eight subscribers to reduce the number of disturbances. In several variations of divided ringing, also called grounded ringing, the bells were activated with polarized current, so that full selectivity was achieved for up to four parties.
Another selective ringing system was based on using different ringing frequencies for each station on the party line. In North America, this was used mostly by independent telephone systems, while the Bell System abandoned frequency selective ringing in the early 1900s. Initially four frequencies were used, which were based on a system of harmonic multiples of a frequency of  Hz. Combined with divided ringing, this provided fully selective service for up to eight stations.
All fully selective ringing systems on party lines still brought the inconvenience of finding the line in use occasionally, by hearing talking, when one picked up the phone to make a call. All party lines also required special equipment to complete calls to another party on the same party line.
Characteristics.
In the local-battery system of the early cranked magneto phones, the phone's own battery powered its transmitter as well as the receiver of the called phone. If too many phones were off-hook and listening, the additional receivers would load down the transmitter's battery with a voltage so low that no phone could receive an intelligible signal.
With party-line service, particularly if there were more than two subscribers on the line, it was often necessary to complete a long-distance call through the operator to identify and correctly bill the calling party. In some cases, the calling party would misidentify themselves in an attempt to send the bill to another party.
A two-party line split between "tip party" and "ring party" could be created in such a way as to allow the central office to determine which party placed an outbound toll call by detecting that one of the ringers was disconnected when that subscriber went off-hook. This system would fail if any provision was made to allow the subscriber to turn off the bells (do not disturb) for privacy or unplug the telephone; it also presumed that each subscriber only had one telephone connected to the line.
One variation of identifying the calling party on direct-dialed long-distance calls is a party code, usually a single digit inside a circle displayed on the phone's number tag. The dialing sequence for such calls is "1" (access number for DDD), the party code, the area code, and the desired number (1 + party code + area code + number).
Systems which identify the caller's name and address to emergency telephone numbers (such as Enhanced 9-1-1 in North America) may be unable to identify which of multiple parties on a shared line placed a distress call; this is aggravated by the use of old mechanical switching equipment for party lines as this obsolete apparatus consistently provides no caller ID and often also lacks automatic number identification capability.
When the party line was already in use, if any of the other subscribers to that line picked up the phone, they could hear and participate in the conversation. Eavesdropping opportunities abounded. If one of the parties used the phone heavily, then the inconvenience for the others was more than occasional, as depicted in the 1959 comedy film "Pillow Talk". Dialing one's own number and hanging up would make all phones on the network ring, resulting in the residents on the system (sometimes a half a dozen or more) all answering the phone at the same time; this was sometimes used as a form of prank call, but could also be employed as a form of early warning system for the immediate area, a user could alert all local residents at once. Party lines were typically operated using mechanical switching systems which recognized certain codes for revertive calls; these no longer work on modern electronic or digital switchgear.
Party lines are not suitable for Internet access. If one customer is using dial-up, it will jam the line for all other customers of the same party line. Bridge taps made party lines unsuitable for DSL, even in the few areas where distance from the central office did not already preclude its use. Telephone companies typically do not allow client-owned equipment to be directly connected to party lines, posing an additional obstacle to their use for data.
Barbed wire telephone lines.
Barbed wire telephone lines were local networks created in rural America at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century.
In some isolated farmers' communities, it was not cost-effective for corporations to invest in the telephone infrastructure.
Instead, the existing extent of barbed wire fences could be used to transmit electric signals and connect phones in neighboring farms.
In 1902, "The New York Times" reported that ranchers in Montana were inaugurating a telephone exchange in Fort Benton, with the goal of eventually connecting every city in the state.
The main purpose of such networks was to transmit information about weather conditions and train schedules.
Railroad systems.
Telephone service for dispatchers and service personnel between way stations along railways used a form of party line service for many decades starting in the early 1900s. Railroad telephone systems often consisted of several dozen way stations interconnected with a shared line that used DC voltages as high as 400 V for selective signaling to alert called stations.
Carrier systems.
With the advent of sophisticated electronics in the early part of the 1990s, telephone service providers developed methods to share a single copper line to transmit multiple telephone calls simultaneously. Various pair gain methods using time-division multiplexing and frequency-division multiplexing prevented interference between simultaneous calls. A distant suburb may have a subscriber loop carrier or digital loop carrier system in which a remote concentrator is located near the subscribers to connect multiple local subscriber loops to one common line to a central office exchange. A single optical fibre can also be shared between multiple subscribers in fibre to the cabinet systems.
CATV cable modems are connected to an inherently shared medium. The signal from the shared line is split to multiple subscribers. Signals for television, and data operate at various different carrier frequencies.
Digital wireless connections, such as mobile phones or voice over IP running over rural wireless Internet infrastructure are also inherently a shared medium. Sufficiently high levels of usage of simultaneous active connections cause congestion on a mobile telephone network or impair transmission quality.
Modern usage.
Party lines remain primarily in rural areas where local loops are long and individual circuits are uneconomical when spread sparsely over a large area. Privacy is limited and congestion often occurs. In isolated communities, party lines have been used for local service only, without the facilities to switch calls through a central office for connection to the public switched telephone network.
An example of a community linked by party line is in Big Santa Anita Canyon high in the mountains above Los Angeles, near Sierra Madre, California, where 81 cabins, a group camp and a pack station all communicate by magneto-type crank phones. One ring is for the pack station, two rings for the camp and three rings means all cabins pick up. There are also eight emergency phone stations along the hiking trail. The system is a single wire using the ground as a return path. In 2018 maintenance of the line was assumed by the association of cabin owners.
In modern use, the term "party line" has occasionally been used to market conference calling and voice bulletin board services.


The Student School

The Student School, stylised THESTUDENTSCHOOL, is an alternative high school in the Toronto District School Board founded in 1979. It has approximately 160 students and generally offers 11th and 12th grade academic courses. It is in the same building as Western Technical-Commercial School and Ursula Franklin Academy.
The school is based loosely on the principles of participatory democracy. It allows students to vote on significant school policies and actions taken on by the school community in bi-weekly general assemblies. Notably, students and teachers alike receive one vote. Furthermore, students are encouraged to take an active role in community and global politics through various committees and organizations present at school.
It is well known for its support of social justice causes and boycotts. For example, it has a yearly auction that works as a fundraiser for women living in shelters over the holiday season. Also it is home to a community-run garden, a kitchen collective that provides subsidized lunches and free breakfasts to students, and a number of student-run associations.
The school has a number of unique course offerings that correspond to various standard course codes recognized by the Toronto District School Board, for example, "a history of imperialism and protest," "women and gender studies," or "alternative economic models."
Much like several other alternative schools, teachers are on a first name basis with students.


Hanns Petersen

Hanns-Herbert Schulz (26 June 1927 – 9 June 2006), better known as Hanns Petersen, was a German opera singer (baritone), music college teacher and pop singer. He is known for his career in popular music (Schlager), his many operatic performances at the Semperoper and the Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar and his work as a professor at the Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber and Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar.
Career.
Studies and first performances.
Hanns-Herbert Schulz, the son of Ella Schulz-Schulenburg and Walter Schulz, solo cellist at the German National Theater Weimar and professor at the "Leipzig University of Music" and director of the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar, studied the violoncello as a guest student from 1942 to 1944. Thereafter, he studied singing under Hauschild and opera production with Kranz at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar from 1945 to 50. After graduating, he began both his career as a soloist and as an opera singer at the German National Theater Weimar under his real name Hanns-Herbert Schulz and his career as a singer in light entertainment music under the pseudonym Hanns Petersen.
'Schlager' singer Hanns Petersen.
Hanns Petersen's career began as a singer with the "Leipzig Radio Dance Orchestra (Rundfunk-Tanzorchester Leipzig)" conducted by Kurt Henkels. Petersen became known through his numerous radio productions, television broadcasts, Amiga recordings and public events. However, first recordings were made on Weimar's provincial radio ("Landessender Weimar") as early as 1946. In June 1951 he also took part in the '"3." "Tag des Rundfunks"' as a singer in the "Kurt Henkels Orchestra". In the same year he published the popular song "Am Samstag Um Vier" (On Saturday At Four) with singer Sonja Siewert. Petersen also sang several duets and love songs with the German pop singer Irma Baltuttis. 1959 he ended his career in the Schlager genre.
Opera singer Hanns-Herbert Schulz.
After finishing his studies, Hanns-Herbert Schulz sang at the Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar from 1952 to 1959 and at the Staatsoper Dresden (Semperoper) from 1959 to 1962, as well as from 1965 to 1969. He became a widely acclaimed opera singer through his performances as Nabucco, Don Giovanni, Kaspar (Der Freischütz) and Eugen Onegin et al. In the meantime (from 1962 to 1965) he was also working as an opera singer at the Opernhaus Leipzig.
University teaching position.
Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber.
In 1970 he was instrumental in setting up the popular music departments at the music academies in Dresden and Weimar, where he began teaching singing. In 1986 he received his professorship in Dresden. Many well-known German singers, such as Veronica Fischer, Reinhard Fißler, Heinz-Jürgen Gottschalk, Ike Moriz, Ute Freudenberg, Brigitte Stefan and Tom Luca studied singing under Schulz. He taught here for a total of over thirty years until shortly before his death in 2006.
Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt Weimar.
Schulz taught from 1968 as a lecturer, from 1970 as a singing teacher and from 1983 to 1992 as professor for singing in the dance and popular music department at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar. He remained connected to the university as a lecturer until 1994.
Discography.
Song titles (selection).
All published by Amiga (record label):


Jeffrey Rosen (legal academic)

Jeffrey Rosen (born February 13, 1964) is an American academic and commentator on legal affairs, who is widely published on legal issues and constitutional law. Since 2013, he has served as the president and CEO of the National Constitution Center, in Philadelphia.
Education.
Rosen attended the Dalton School, a private college preparatory school on New York City's Upper East Side, and graduated in 1982 as valedictorian. He then studied English literature and government at Harvard University, graduating in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts "summa cum laude". He was subsequently a Marshall Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford in philosophy, politics, and economics, from which he received a second bachelor's degree in 1988. He then attended the Yale Law School, where he served as a senior editor of the "Yale Law Journal" and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1991.
Career.
After graduating from law school, Rosen served as law clerk to Chief Judge Abner Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Rosen was the commentator on legal affairs for "The New Republic" from 1992 to 2014. He then joined "The Atlantic", as a contributing editor. He was a staff writer at the "New Yorker", and he is a frequent contributor to the "New York Times" Magazine.
Rosen is a professor of law at the Law School of George Washington University in Washington, D.C.. He is a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, where he speaks and writes about technology and the future of democracy. He often appears as a guest on National Public Radio.
Personal life.
Rosen, the son of Estelle and Sidney Rosen, is married to Lauren Coyle Rosen, a cultural anthropologist, attorney, and assistant professor of anthropology at Princeton University. Previously, he was married to Christine Rosen (formerly Stolba), a historian. Rosen worked with Justice Elena Kagan for many years and is the brother-in-law of Justice Department attorney Neal Katyal.
Journalism.
Rosen has written frequently about the U.S. Supreme Court. He has interviewed Chief Justice John Roberts, Justice John Paul Stevens, Justice Stephen Breyer, Justice Elena Kagan, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Justice Neil Gorsuch and Justice Anthony Kennedy. Justice Ginsburg credited his early support for her Supreme Court candidacy as a factor in her nomination. "...she sent me a generous note, fanning my hopes of becoming a judicial Boswell. ("You planted the idea," she wrote, "I'll try hard to develop it.")" His essay about Sonia Sotomayor, then a potential Supreme Court nominee, provoked controversy for its use of anonymous sources, however, other media outlets, including the "New York Times", had relied upon similar sources. In an opinion piece published after Kagan's nomination hearings and before the Senate's vote on her confirmation, Rosen encouraged Kagan to look to the late Justice Louis Brandeis as a model "to develop a positive vision of progressive jurisprudence in an age of economic crisis, financial power and technological change."
In 2006, the legal historian David Garrow called him "the nation's most widely read and influential legal commentator."
National Constitution Center.
Congress chartered the Constitution Center "to disseminate information about the U.S. Constitution on a non-partisan basis." Rosen became president of the National Constitution Center in 2013. He has articulated the goal of creating an environment in which Americans with different political perspectives may convene on all media platforms for constitutional education and debate.
During Rosen's tenure, with a $5.5 million grant from the Templeton Foundation, the NCC formed the Coalition of Freedom Advisory Board, chaired by the heads of the conservative Federalist Society and liberal American Constitution Society, to oversee the creation of the "Interactive Constitution," which the College Board has made a centerpiece of the new AP history and government exams. The Interactive Constitution project commissions scholars to write about every clause of the Constitution, discussing areas of agreement and disagreement between left and right. It also allows users to explore the historic sources of the Bill of Rights and compare America's protected liberties to other constitutional systems throughout the world. The Interactive Constitution received nearly five million unique visitors in its first year online.
Rosen moderates the weekly podcast "We the People" for the National Constitution Center, convening liberal and conservative scholars to discuss timely constitutional issues as well as constitutional debates. In 2014, the Constitution Center opened the George H. W. Bush Bill of Rights gallery, displaying rare copies of the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and one of the twelve original copies of the Bill of Rights. In 2015, the Center opened a constitution drafting lab, supported by Google, that convenes constitution-drafters and students from around the world for constitution drafting exercises.


Kurt F. Reinhardt

Kurt Frank Reinhardt (November 6, 1896 – June 13, 1983) was a German-born American Germanist, philosopher and educator who was Professor at the Department of Modern European Languages and of the German Studies Department at Stanford University from 1930 to 1962.
Biography.
Kurt Frank Reinhardt was born in Munich on November 6, 1896. He attended the classical gymanisum in Mannheim, and subsequently studied literature, philosophy, and art history at the University of Munich, Heidelberg University and University of Freiburg. During World War I, he worked as a dramaturge. Since 1925 he worked for Verlag Herder, a major German publisher. During this time Reinhardt was a correspondent for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
From 1928 to 1930, Reinhardt taught German literature at the University of Oregon. From 1930 to 1962, he was Professor at the Department of Modern European Languages and of the German Studies Department at Stanford University. Reinhardt died in Palo Alto on June 13, 1983.


Rudi Assauer

Rudolf "Rudi" Assauer (30 April 1944 – 6 February 2019) was a German football player, manager and executive. After his professional career for Borussia Dortmund and Werder Bremen, Assauer served as the general manager of FC Schalke 04 for many years.
Career.
Born in Saarland, Assauer played in 307 matches for Borussia Dortmund and Werder Bremen between 1964 and 1976. From 1976 to 1981, he remained the general manager of Werder Bremen, before leaving to work as a general manager for Schalke 04 for the first time between 1981 and 1986 (he was the interim head coach in 1981 on two occasions; firstly with Heinz Redepenning, and secondly, on his own). This first tenure ended with his dismissal, and Assauer spent four years out of football and went into real estate. He re-entered management in 1990, and in 1993, he once again became the general manager (not a coaching position) at Schalke.
Since taking over for the second time, Schalke have seen much success, including a 1997 UEFA Cup win, and victory in the DFB-Pokal finals of 2001 and 2002. Schalke narrowly lost the Bundesliga title race in 2001 in the very last minute to Bayern Munich, which was described as the most bitter moment in his career. Assauer also oversaw the development of a brand new stadium for the club. In May 2006, Assauer was suspected of giving away secret information concerning the financial problems of Schalke, so the club and Assauer parted company.
As of February 2009, he had been a player agent. His agency Assauer Sportmanagement AG represents, among others, Marc-André Kruska, Stefan Wächter, Sun Xiang and Pekka Lagerblom.
Image and personality.
Assauer was one of the best-known German football executives, also because of his distinctive image and appearance. He was very outspoken with his opinions and had the image of a "macho with heart". Due to his habit of smoking a great number of cigars, he was given the nickname "Stumpen-Rudi" or "Cheroot Rudi". He was described by Michael Meier, former chairman of Borussia Dortmund, as a "Kashmir Hooligan".
In 2010, he was quoted as saying openly gay footballers should find another job. "If a player came to me and said he was gay I would say to him: 'You have shown courage'. But then I would tell him to find something else to do. That's because those who out themselves always end up busted by it, ridiculed by their fellow players and by people in the stands. We should spare them these witch hunts."
Personal life.
Assauer lived with the actress Simone Thomalla until January 2009.
On 31 January 2012, Assauer confirmed media reports that he, still only 67, was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Aussauer spoke openly about his disease in a number of interviews afterwards, which started a public discussion about Alzheimer's, but withdrew from public during his last years. On 6 February 2019, his life partner Beata Schneider announced that he had died.
Honours.
Player.
Borussia Dortmund


Jule Selbo

Jule Britt Selbo is an American screenwriter, playwright, author, producer and professor. She was born in Fargo, North Dakota. She is currently a Professor in the Cinema and Television Arts Department at California State University, Fullerton and is a member of the WGA.
Education.
Selbo attended Southern Methodist University and obtained her B.F.A. She continued her educational path into graduate school and received her M.F.A. from the University of North Carolina and her Ph.D. from the University of Exeter for her work in Film Genre.
Career.
Selbo has worked with industry pioneers like George Lucas, Roland Joffe, Lauren Shuler-Donner, Michael Newell, Aaron Spelling and with all the major Hollywood Studios. She was involved in screenwriting and producing works in feature film, television, animated series and daytime dramas for Columbia Pictures, Paramount, Universal and HBO.
Selbo has written animated films for the Jim Henson Company and Walt Disney Studios, notably work on ", " and "The Hunchback of Notre Dame II".
Publications.
Selbo has written books for screenwriters on screenwriting structure and film genre as well as on film history including "Women Screenwriters: An International Guide" and "Film Genre for Screenwriters".
She is a co-editor of the "Journal of Screenwriting" (Intellect Press) since 2008 until current day. She has also written for theatre with productions in New York, Los Angeles, Louisville and other theaters in the USA.


Severin Hacker

Severin Hacker (born 1984) is a Swiss computer scientist who is the co-founder and CTO of Duolingo, the world's most popular language-learning platform.
Biography.
Hacker was born and raised in Zug and studied at ETH Zurich. In a 2020 interview, Hacker specified that gaming played a large role in his interest in computer science: "What originally drew me to computers was video games and the desire to build your own games and understand how those games are built. I was somewhat obsessed."
He moved to Pittsburgh to study at Carnegie Mellon University where he co-founded Duolingo with Luis von Ahn in 2009.
He received his BS in Computer Science from ETH Zurich in 2006 and his PhD in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University in 2014.
Founding of Duolingo.
Initially, Hacker and his former graduate advisor, Luis von Ahn, wanted to develop an application that could translate internet sites, so that they would be accessible for non-English speakers. They felt that automated translation software wasn't as effective as using the skills and knowledge of bilingual speakers. During Hacker's doctoral studies, Duolingo became a by-product of this idea, or "happy mistake." Hacker's goal for Duolingo was to make it "100% free" so the most disadvantaged person with an internet connection would still have access to it.
Duolingo.
Hacker and his team of PhD students used machine learning to personalize Duolingo to each user. Specifically, they wanted to predict what language concepts the user was on the verge of forgetting. In 2012, a study by American universities showed that spending 34 hours of learning on Duolingo was equivalent to a full-semester of a college language course. Hacker and von Ahn still intend to use Duolingo to get closer to their original idea. In 2015, they started selling translations, such as to the Spanish tech news group of CNN.
Retention Philosophy.
There are two parts to Hacker's "Retention Philosophy": learning should be fun and motivation should remain high. Through Duolingo, Hacker wants users to have the option to increase their 'stay-tuned quota' which involves adjusting the learning time and difficulty of the course. Another idea derived from Hacker's philosophy was to apply gamification to Duolingo. This was to apply game elements and principles instead of classroom learning tools to the course.


Warwick Sabin

Warwick Sabin is a Democratic member of the Arkansas House of Representatives who represented the 33rd district. The 33rd includes Hillcrest, Leawood, Briarwood, Hall High, Capitol View/Stifft's Station, Downtown and the Arkansas State Capitol Building. Representative Sabin was a candidate for Mayor in the 2018 Little Rock mayoral election. Though initially leading in the polls and being the leader in fundraising, he lost the election to Frank Scott Jr.
He also served as senior director of U.S. Programs at Winrock International.
Early life.
Sabin was born in New York City. In 1993, he was chosen to represent New York State at Boys Nation, where he met President Bill Clinton in the White House Rose Garden 30 years to the day after Clinton, as the Arkansas delegate to Boys Nation, met President John F. Kennedy. Sabin went on to attend the University of Arkansas, and graduated in 1998 "summa cum laude" as valedictorian with a degree in political science. He was also elected president of the student government, and during his tenure Sabin led a successful campaign to have all schools in the University of Arkansas System officially observe the federal holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
In 1997 he won the Harry S. Truman Scholarship, and in 1998 he was named to the USA Today Academic All-Star Team and won the Marshall Scholarship for study at the University of Oxford. While in England, Sabin was the speechwriter to U.S. Ambassador Philip Lader. During the summer of 1999, he was an intern at "Foreign Affairs" magazine. He left Oxford in June 2000 with a Master of Arts in philosophy, politics and economics.
Professional career.
Sabin went from Oxford to Washington, D.C., where he was press secretary for then U.S. Representative Robert Marion Berry. In March 2002, he moved to Little Rock to accept the position of director of development for the William J. Clinton Foundation. Two years later, Sabin became Associate Editor of the "Arkansas Times", where he wrote cover stories and a weekly opinion column. During this time, he co-hosted a program on Arkansas public television called "Unconventional Wisdom".
In 2007, he took the post of Associate Vice President for Communications at the University of Central Arkansas. Early in 2008, he was appointed Publisher of the "Oxford American" after the magazine was the victim of an embezzlement.
Sabin was named to the FOLIO:40 list in 2009, and the "Oxford American" won the National Magazine Award for Video in 2011.
Sabin announced in August 2013 that he was leaving the "Oxford American" to create the Arkansas Regional Innovation Hub, where he served as the founding executive director until the Innovation Hub became part of Winrock International in June 2016, and he was named senior director of U.S. Programs.
He writes for "The Huffington Post" and serves on the board of directors for the Center for a Better South. He received the University of Arkansas Young Alumni Award in 2005 and was named to the Arkansas Business "40 Under 40" in 2003, and he has volunteered and served on the boards of directors for numerous community and nonprofit organizations and projects in Little Rock, including the Public Education Foundation, Little Rock Workforce Investment Board, Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families and the Arkansas Literacy Councils. He is married to Jessica DeLoach Sabin.
Arkansas House of Representatives.
In 2012, Sabin was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives from District 33, which includes downtown Little Rock and other neighborhoods. Both "Arkansas Democrat-Gazette" columnist John Brummett as well as "Talk Business Quarterly" named him among the top ten legislators of the 2013 legislative session, and the "Arkansas Times" called him the "Freshman of the session". Sabin was elected Chair of the 41-member bi-partisan Freshmen Caucus for the 89th General Assembly (2013–14) and he now holds the position of Assistant Speaker Pro Tempore for the 90th General Assembly (2015–16). In 2014, he was named a 2014 Aspen Institute Rodel Fellow, and in 2015 he was named a winner of the NewDEAL "New Ideas Challenge" for his Working Families Opportunity Act.
In the 2018 elections, Sabin ran for mayor of Little Rock. He finished in third place in the nonpartisan election, missing the runoff election, behind eventual winner Frank Scott Jr. and Baker Kurrus.


Luis Alfaro

Luis Alfaro (born 1963 in Los Angeles, California) is a Chicano performance artist, writer, theater director, and social activist.
He grew up in the Pico Union district near Downtown Los Angeles, and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in East Los Angeles. His plays and fiction are set in Los Angeles's Chicano barrios, including the Pico Union district, and often feature gay and lesbian and working-class themes. Many of Alfaro's plays also deal with the AIDS pandemic in Latino communities. Noted plays include "Bitter Homes and Gardens," "Pico Union," "Downtown," "Cuerpo Politizado," "Straight as a Line," "Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner," "No Holds Barrio," and "Black Butterfly." Many of these plays have also been published as stories or poetry. He is the playwright-in-residence at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival and an associate professor in the School of Dramatic Arts at the University of Southern California.
His writing, both sole-authored and collaborative, is collected in numerous anthologies. In 1994 his spoken-word CD, "Downtown" was released. His short film "Chicanismo" was produced by the Public broadcasting Service and released in 1999. He also contributed to the 1995 film "Pochonovela", a collaboration between the Cuban American performer Coco Fusco and the LA-based Chicano performance ensemble, Chicano Secret Service. This mock telenovela explores and sends up Chicano activism and assimilation in a sardonic exploration of working class barrio life.
In 2010, his play "Oedipus El Rey," a Chicano retelling of "Oedipus Rex", had its world premiere at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco. "Oedipus El Rey" had its Texas regional premiere at Dallas Theater Center from January 16-March 2, 2014 under the direction of Kevin Moriarty. The play received a production at San Diego Repertory Theatre from March 10–29, 2015 under the direction of Sam Woodhouse. "Oedipus El Rey" received its New York premiere at The Public Theater in collaboration with The Sol Project and Jacob Padrón in 2017. The play was produced at The Public Theater's Shiva Theater from October 3-November 19 under the direction of Chay Yew and was scheduled to run in 2018. The New York cast featured Juan Castano, Sandra Delgado, Julio Monge, Joel Perez, Brian Quijada, Reza Salazar, and Juan Francisco Villa.
Luis Alfaro's solo show "St. Jude" is the playwright's tribute to his father. "St. Jude" is an autobiographical play that details the complicated relationship between Alfaro and his father. The show begins with Alfaro describing going back home to rural California after learning his father has suffered a stroke. The play moves back and forth between Alfaro growing up and the events that follow his father's stroke. There are many stories within the larger narrative and they all relate to the overall theme of finding identity. Scenes from his childhood include working in the fields during summers, family celebrations, and some rocky teenage years, including once running away. The small stories and anecdotes from Alfaro's childhood all relate back to his father or his personal journey. "St. Jude" was produced at the Kirk Douglas Theatre in Culver City, CA from September 19-October 6, 2013 under the direction of Robert Egan. The play ran from February 13–16, 2014 at South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa, CA. "St. Jude" was produced as part of Victory Gardens Theater's Up Close and Personal Series in 2017.
Luis Alfaro's "Mojada: A Medea in Los Angeles" is a contemporary retelling of "Medea". "Mojada" was first produced at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco in 2012 under the title "Bruja". "Mojada: A Medea in Los Angeles" was then produced at the Getty Villa in 2015. "Mojada" received a production at Oregon Shakespeare Festival from February 19-July 5, 2017 under the direction of Juliette Carrillo. The cast featured Sabina Zúñiga Varela, Lakin Valdez, VIVIS, Nancy Rodriguez, Vilma Silva, Jahnangel Jimenez, and Connor Chaney. "Mojada" played Off-Broadway at the Public Theatre July 2-August 11, 2019 under the direction of Chay Yew with Sabina Zúñiga Varela reprising her starring role, but with the play itself set in Queens instead of L.A.
Rosa Andújar edited "The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro" which brought together for the first time Alfaro's three 'Greek' plays. These plays are based on Sophocles' "Electra" and "Oedipus", and Euripides' "Medea". Alfaro's "Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey", and "Mojada" platform the concerns of the Chicanx and wider Latinx communities in Los Angeles and New York through ancient drama.
Grants and awards.
Alfaro has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the MacArthur "Genius" Foundation Fellowship in 1997, and the 1998 National Hispanic Playwriting Competition Prize. In 2013, he began a three-year term as the Playwright in Residence at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival through the National Playwright Residency Program, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and administered by HowlRound. In 2016, the grant was renewed for an additional three years.


25th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 25th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers of 1972. Winners were announced at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, California, U.S. on March 16, 1973.
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.


UK Beatbox Championships

The UK Beatbox Championships (UKBC) are hosted every year in London, England. This historic annual all-day event, which brings together the country's top beatbox artists for gladiatorial knock-out of face to face beatbox battles, in five different categories solo, female, team, loopstation and under-18. The 2019 UK Beatbox Championships was held on 23 and 24 November 2019.
History.
The UK Beatbox Championships are one of the major tournaments in British Hip Hop music scene, and has been held at various venues in its history that include the Scala at Kings Cross, O2 Academy Islington, the Garage, and the Grand Theatre, Clapham, London. The first ever UK Beatbox Championship took place in 2005 in London, England, hosted by UK Beatbox Championships.
Qualification for the UK Beatbox Championships consists of geographical heats held around Britain, which are contested from February through to June in London(South-east), Bristol (South-West) (Bristol heats), Nottingham (Midlands) and Liverpool (North).
Beatboxing is the art of producing percussion, rhythm and musical sounds using only parts of the human body, namely the mouth, lips, tongue, vocal cords, nasal passage and throat. The event attracts around 1000 spectators and is live streamed to around 90 countries globally.
A panel of highly respected judges include former winners and international judges from the beatboxing fraternity.
The judges listen for originality, musical composition, technique, clarity, complexity, timing, rhythm, flow, and performance. They look for witty response in battle, ingenuity, endurance and intelligence.
Winners of the solo event include Faith FSX (2005), Beardyman (2006,2007), MC Zani (2008), Reeps One (2009,2010), Ball-Zee (2011, 2012, 2013), Contrix (2014, 2015), D-Low (2016) and Frosty (2017).
A solo event for ladies was introduced in 2012 and won by Grace Savage (2012, 2013) and Bellatrix (2014) before being disbanded the 2016 event.
A team event was introduced in 2012 and has been won by Illbits (2012, 2013, 2014), the all female group BURD (2015, 2016) and Kotcha (2017).
Loopstation was introduced in 2013 and has been won by Hobbit (2013, 2014), Oxbox (2015), Bellatrix (2016) and Balance (2017).
An Under 18 tournament was introduced in 2014 and has been won by D-low (2014), Redbeard (2015), Frosty (2016) and Epos (2017).
The tournament was sponsored in the early years by Vauxhall, since then the sponsor has been Relentless energy drink and Popbox.
The winners of each title qualify for the Beatbox Battle World Championship in Berlin.


Mark Danner

Mark David Danner (born November 10, 1958) is an American writer, journalist, and educator. He is a former staff writer for "The New Yorker" and frequent contributor to "The New York Review of Books". Danner specializes in U.S. foreign affairs, war and politics, and has written books and articles on Haiti, Central America, the former Yugoslavia, and the Middle East, as well as American politics including President Donald Trump. In 1999, he was named a MacArthur Fellow.
, Danner holds the Class of 1961 Endowed Chair in Journalism and English at UC Berkeley and James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and the Humanities at Bard College.
Danner is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the World Affairs Council of Northern California, and the Century Association, and is a fellow of the Institute of the Humanities at New York University. In 2008 he was named the Marian and Andrew Heiskell Visiting Critic at the American Academy in Rome, a post he took up again in 2010. Danner has had a longtime association with the Telluride Film Festival, where he introduces films and conducts interviews; in 2013, he was named resident curator there.
Background and education.
Danner was born at Utica, New York. He attended Utica Free Academy, a public high school, and then Harvard, where he graduated, magna cum laude, with a degree in modern literature and aesthetics in 1981. At Harvard, he studied with Stanley Cavell, Robert Kiely, Stanley Hoffmann, and Frank Kermode, who in 1977-78 was the Charles Eliot Norton Lecturer and became Danner's mentor and friend.
Career.
Early years.
After leaving Harvard, Danner joined the staff of "The New York Review of Books", where he worked as an assistant to editor Robert B. Silvers from 1981 to 1984. In 1984, he moved to "Harper's Magazine" as a senior editor. In 1986, he joined "The New York Times Magazine", where he specialized in foreign affairs and politics, writing pieces about nuclear weapons and about the fall of the Duvalier dictatorship in Haiti, among other stories.
"The New Yorker" and El Mozote.
In 1990, Danner joined the staff of "The New Yorker" shortly after the magazine published his three-part series on Haiti, "A Reporter at Large: Beyond the Mountains".
On December 6, 1993, for only the second time in its history, "The New Yorker" devoted its entire issue to one article, Danner's piece, "The Truth of El Mozote", an investigation into the El Mozote massacre in El Salvador, thought to be one of the worst atrocities in modern Latin American history. The Mozote article became the basis for Danner's first book, "The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War", which was published in 1994. "The New York Times Book Review" recognized "The Massacre at El Mozote" as one of its "Notable Books of the Year."
The Balkans and "The New York Review of Books".
During the mid-1990s Danner began reporting on the wars in the Balkans, writing a series of eleven extended articles for "The New York Review of Books", which began with Danner's cover piece, "The US and the Yugoslav Catastrophe" (November 20, 1997) and concluded with "Kosovo: The Meaning of Victory", (July 15, 1999).
His 16,000-word essay, "Marooned in the Cold War: America, the Alliance and the Quest for a Vanished World," which appeared in World Policy Journal (Fall 1997) provoked a prolonged exchange of letters and responses from Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke, Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, Congressman Lee H. Hamilton, and Ambassador George F. Kennan.
Iraq and the War on Terror.
Danner began writing about the war on terror soon after September 11, 2001, publishing "The Battlefield in the American Mind" in "The New York Times" in October of that year. He began speaking out against invading Iraq, notably in a series of debates with Christopher Hitchens, Leon Wieseltier, Michael Ignatieff, David Frum, William Kristol and others. He reported from Iraq for "The New York Review of Books" in a series of lengthy dispatches including "Iraq: How Not to Win a War" (September 25, 2003), "Delusions in Baghdad" (February 12, 2004), and "The War of the Imagination" (December 21, 2006).
In May 2005 Danner wrote an essay for The New York Review accompanying the first American publication of the so-called "Downing Street Memo", the leaked minutes of a July 2002 meeting of high-level British officials that confirmed that when it came to the debate over whether to go to war in Iraq, "the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy," and that the invasion of Iraq was in fact a foregone conclusion. The essay provoked a number of responses and led to two subsequent essays, all of which were collected, along with relevant documents and a preface by "The New York Times" columnist Frank Rich, in 2006 in "The Secret Way to War: the Downing Street Memo and the Iraq War's Buried History".
In October 2016, Brian Lamb sat down with Mark Danner to talk about his latest book, "Spiral: Trapped in the Forever War", which looks at the 15-year U.S. war on terrorism. The interviewed aired on C-SPAN on Oct. 27, 2016.
Torture and Abu Ghraib.
Beginning in the spring of 2004, he wrote a series of essays for "The New York Review of Books" on the emerging torture scandal that came to be known as Abu Ghraib. In October 2004, he collected these essays and gathered them, together with a series of government documents and reports, into his book, "Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror".
In March 2009, Danner published an essay in "The New York Review", "US Torture: Voices from the Black Sites", which revealed the contents of a secret International Committee of the Red Cross report based on testimony from "high-value detainees" in the "War on Terror," who had been captured, held, and interrogated at secret US prisons—the so-called "black sites". Shortly thereafter, he published a second essay, "The Red Cross Report: What it Means" and released the full text of the report on "The New York Review" website. Weeks later, President Obama ordered released four Justice Department memos in which the Bush administration purported "to legalize torture." Senior Obama officials Rahm Emanuel and David Axelrod claimed publicly that the memos' release was prompted by publication of the Red Cross Report.
Mark Danner On Donald Trump.
In the spring of 2016, Danner began covering the 2016 general election for "The New York Review of Books", profiling then Republican presidential candidate Donald J. Trump on his campaign trail. In May, "The New York Review of Books" published "The Magic of Donald Trump," and on Dec. 22, the magazine published "The Real Trump."
Following the articles, Danner has appeared as a guest on multiple radio shows, including WNUR 89.3FM Chicago's "This is Hell!" and KALW 91.5FM San Francisco's "Your Call", to discuss Trump's presidency. He also has sat down with Bard President Leon Botstein twice to discuss President Donald Trump's first days in office and his approach to foreign and domestic policy.
In March 2017, "The New York Review of Books" published Danner's "What Could He Do?," which chronicles Trump's first days in office.
Mark continued his coverage Donald Trump in the 2020 election. In October 2020, "The New York Review of Books" published Danner's "The Con He Rode In On," outlining the fallacies and damage of the Trump Presidency and campaign. After the 2020 election, Danner reported on the Capitol Hill insurrection in his piece "Be Ready to Fight," commenting on his first hand experience at the Capitol.
Other works.
Books.
In addition to "The Massacre at El Mozote" (1994), "Torture and Truth" (2004), and "The Secret Way to War" (2006), Danner is the author of "The Road to Illegitimacy: One Reporter's Travels through the 2000 Florida Recount" (2003) and "Stripping Bare the Body: Politics Violence War" (2009). His most recent book is "Spiral: Trapped in the Forever War," published in June 2016.
Television and commentary.
Danner co-wrote and helped produce two-hour-long television documentaries for ABC News' Peter Jennings Reporting series: "While America Watched: The Bosnian Tragedy" and "House on Fire: America's Haitian Crisis", which both aired in 1994. As commentator, Danner has appeared on "The Charlie Rose Show", "The MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour" and "Bill Moyers Journal" on PBS, CNN's Prime News, The Situation Room, and "Anderson Cooper 360", ABC's "World News Now", C-Span's "Morning Show," and "The Rachel Maddow Show" on MSNBC, among others.
Academic career.
Since 2000, Danner has been a Professor of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2002 he also accepted a Henry R. Luce professorship in Human Rights and Journalism at Bard College, where, in 2006, he was named the James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and the Humanities. As of 2018, he holds the Class of 1961 Endowed Chair in Journalism and English at UC Berkeley. He teaches on foreign affairs, politics, and literature, including seminars on war and revolution, crisis management, Chekhov, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky. At Bard he conducts seminars on politics and literature, including on torture, utopia, Faust, the picaresque, drone warfare, and the politics of the War on Terror. In April 2010, Danner delivered the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Stanford, entitled "Torture and the Forever War: Living in the State of Exception."
Personal life.
In 2011, while teaching at Al Quds University in Palestine, Danner met Michelle Sipe of Burpee, Minnesota, a Victorian Literature professor. They married in 2014 and have two children, Grace Beth Danner and Truman Leo Danner. The family divide their time between their house in the Berkeley hills of California and the Hudson Valley of New York State.


27th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 27th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers of 1974. Winners were announced in 1975.
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.


Value shop

A value shop is an organization designed to solve customer or client problems rather than creating value by producing output from an input of raw materials. The principles of value shop were first conceptualized by Thompson in 1967, and properly defined by Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998), who also created the name.
Compared to Michael Porter's concept of the value chain, there is no sequential fixed set of activities or resources utilized to create value. Each problem is treated uniquely and activities and resources are allocated specifically to cater to the problem in question.
According to the research of Charles B. Stabell and Øystein D. Fjeldstad, the value configuration analysis (1998), five main generic activities are carried out in the organization:
Value is created in the shop by several mechanisms allowing the organization to solve problems better or faster than the client. These are variables such as:
Some of the classical examples of value shops include management consultancies such as Boston Consulting Group, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and McKinsey. The value shop concept has also been applied to a number of other activities including Norwegian police investigations (e.g. Gottschalk, 2007) and the knowledge-intensive energy exploration business (Woiceshyn and Falkenberg, 2008).


5th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 5th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers of 1952. Winners were announced in 1953.
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.
Special Awards.
Laurel Award for Screen Writing Achievement
Sonya Levien


Brad Riddell (screenwriter)

Brad Riddell is an American screenwriter and professor whose works include ' (2005), and ' (2009).
Education.
Brad earned a BA in English with a minor in Theater from the University of Kentucky, and a MFA in screenwriting from the USC School of Cinematic Arts.
Career.
Riddell has written four produced feature films on assignment for Paramount, MTV, Universal and independent producers. Brad’s first film, "", remains the highest-grossing live action DVD release in history, selling two million copies and reaching syndication on TBS. His most recent film, "Crooked Arrows", was released nationally in theaters in 2012, and is the first mainstream lacrosse movie ever produced.
Teaching.
Riddell taught MFA and BFA screenwriting courses at USC for seven years. He then went on to teach undergraduate courses at SUNY Oswego for one year, before joining DePaul's School of Cinema and Interactive Media in 2012.
Filmography.
Upcoming projects.
Ridell has optioned and adapted Katrina Kittle‘s third novel, "The Kindness of Strangers", which he will produce with Present Pictures, to be directed by Anne Renton ("Bones, The Perfect Family"). The story deals with a broken family healing itself after taking in a sexually abused child far more broken than they are.


Mondropolon language

The Mondropolon language is a West Manus language spoken by approximately 300 people on north-central Manus Island, Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. Its speakers also use Kurti. It has SVO word order.


Elu language (Papua New Guinea)

Elu is an Austronesian language spoken on the northern coast of Manus Island, New Guinea.


36th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 36th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best television, and film writers of 1983. Winners were announced in 1984.
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.