Monarchiens

The Friends of the Monarchist Constitution (), commonly known as the Monarchist Club () or the Monarchiens, were one of the in the earliest stages of the French Revolution. The Monarchiens were briefly a centrist stabilising force criticized by the left-wing of the National Constituent Assembly, the spectators in the galleries and the patriotic press. Established in August 1789, the Monarchist Club was quickly swept away. Specifically, the brief movement developed when the Revolution was shifting away from the Ancien Régime during the Spring of 1789 and was defeated by the end of 1789. Subsequently, the term itself is usually derogatory.
Monarchien positions.
Monarchiens were once viewed as contributors to the Third Estate. They differed from Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau as they did not "speak the language of democracy". Instead, they formed their views based on the liberalism influences of the years of the Enlightenment and Constitution of the United Kingdom. They sought fairness under law and pushed for a working constitution. The Monarchiens position favored voting and common deliberations. It aimed to merge the rights of the royal authority with the rights of the common man. This idea was in fact part of their downfall as the changes brought about by the Revolution were far more different than what the Monarchiens viewed as change. Specifically, the Monarchiens were unable to understand and reform to the importance of political legitimacy when it came to discussing the constitutional process. In fact, they sought to establish a free government without substituting one power for another, but rather redefining the existing powers of the monarchy.
Founder, Jean-Joseph Mounier.
The group was founded and led by Jean Joseph Mounier, who was born in 1758. Though Mounier was neither graceful nor eloquent in his speeches, he was able to influence many with his strength and consistency. Among his followers were Pierre Victor, baron de Malouet, Nicolas Bergasse, Gérard de Lally-Tollendal and Stanislas Marie Adélaïde, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre. On 9 July, Mounier's views of the government's political position were outlined in a statement to the National Constituent Assembly. The Assembly ultimately voted against the introduced Monarchiens views of Mounier on 10 and 11 September. The rejection led to the resignation of Mounier.


Shlomo Karhi

Shlomo Karhi (, born 6 April 1982) is an Israeli academic and politician. He is currently a member of the Knesset for Likud.
Early life.
Karhi was born in the Zimrat moshav into a religious family, and was the oldest of 17 siblings. He was educated at the Kisse Rahamim and Mercaz HaRav yeshivas. He subsequently served in the Netzah Yehuda Battalion during his national service in the Israel Defense Forces, before earning a BA in management accounting and information systems at the Jerusalem College of Technology, and a master's degree and PhD in industrial engineering and management at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He began work as a lecturer at Sapir Academic College, before becoming part of the faculty at Ben-Gurion University and then Bar-Ilan University.
Political career.
Karhi was placed twenty-fifth on the Likud list for the April 2019 elections, a slot reserved for candidates from the Negev. He was subsequently elected to the Knesset as Likud won 36 seats.


Yisrael Hasson

Yisrael Hasson (, born 27 April 1955) is an Israeli politician and former Deputy Director of Shin Bet. He served as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu and Kadima between 2006 and 2014, before becoming Chairman of the Israel Antiquities Authority.
Biography.
Hasson was born in Damascus in Syria, and made aliyah to Israel at the age of seven. He has served in Shin Bet for twenty-three years, and is considered a celebrated agents' recruiter and operations leader. He was involved in the negotiations behind the Wye River, Taba, and Hebron agreements, as well as Ehud Barak's negotiations in Camp David. He has also been Israel's envoy to Arab countries on numerous occasions. During his last position in the Shabak, he was nominated as its Deputy Director, under Ami Ayalon.
In 2000, after Avi Dichter was preferred over him as Shabak Director, Hasson resigned from the organization and entered business. He founded the Hasson Energy company which delivers fuel to factories and gas stations in Israel's north, and also traded with the Palestinian National Authority. He was voted into the seventeenth Knesset in the 2006 elections.
In 2006 Hasson proposed a Knesset bill which require the internet websites to identify and tag every talkbacker who clicks on the talkback button, stating "I'm not seeking censorship... I only want people to know they must take responsibility for the words they write – just as they are responsible for what they say before a live audience."
In November 2008, Hasson left Yisrael Beiteinu to join Kadima. The immediate reason, while not official, is generally believed to be Lieberman's statements condemning Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. Placed twenty-fifth on the Kadima list, Hasson retained his seat in the 2009 elections.
Placed second on the Kadima list for the 2013 elections, Hasson was re-elected as the party won two seats. However, he resigned from the Knesset in December 2014 after being appointed Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority. He was replaced by Yuval Zellner.


Ivan Rakhmaninov

Ivan Gerasimovich Rakhmaninov (; born 1753 in Kazinka village, Kozlovsky district, Tambov Governorate – died ) was a Russian publisher, translator and educator.
In the 1780s he published his translations from Voltaire to the Russian language. In 1791 he started publishing a monumental 20-volume collection of Voltaire works translated to Russian, but in 1794 his typography was confiscated by authorities (only three volumes of Voltaire were published). Rakhmaninov also published his own magazine "Utrenniye chasy" ("Morning hours") and Ivan Krylov's magazine ("Spirit's Mail").


Antoine Joseph Santerre

Antoine Joseph Santerre (16 March 1752 in Paris6 February 1809) was a businessman and general during the French Revolution.
Early life.
The Santerre family moved from Saint-Michel-en-Thiérache to Paris in 1747 where they purchased a brewery known as the "Brasserie de la Magdeleine". Antoine Santerre married his third cousin Marie Claire Santerre, daughter of a wealthy bourgeois brewer, Jean François Santerre, from the Cambrai in March 1748. The couple had six children, Antoine Joseph being the 3rd. The others were Marguerite, born in 1750; Jean Baptiste, born in 1751; Armand Théodore, born in 1753; followed by François and Claire. The future general's father died in 1770, his mother just months later. His elder brother and sister, Marguerite and Jean Baptiste took charge of the household and family business, helping their mother raise the younger children, they never married. Armand Théodore went into the sugar business, and owned a factory in Essonnes, the other members of the family remained in the brewery business. François, known as François Santerre de la Fontinelle, had breweries in Sèvres, Chaville and Paris and Claire, the youngest, married a lawyer. Antoine Joseph was sent to school at the collèges des Grassins, followed by history and physics under M.M. Brisson and the abbot Nollet. His interest in physics led advances in beer production that pushed breweries out of their infancy.
In 1770 Antoine Joseph was emancipated, and 2 years later, with his inheritance he purchased with his brother François Mr. Acloque's brewery at 232 Faubourg St. Antoine for 65,000 French Francs. In that same year he married his childhood sweetheart, the daughter of his neighbour, Monsieur Francois, another wealthy brewer. Antoine Joseph was 20 years old and Marie François was sixteen. Marie died the following year from an infection derived from a fall during her 7th month of pregnancy.
Years later Antoine Joseph married Marie Adèlaïde Deleinte with whom he had three children, Augustin, Alexandre and Theodore.
Military life.
His generosity won great popularity in the Faubourg St. Antoine. When the French Revolution erupted in 1789, he participated in the storming of the Bastille and was given command of a battalion of the Parisian National Guard. After the Champ de Mars Massacre on 17 July 1791, a warrant was issued for his arrest and Santerre went into hiding. He emerged again the following year to lead the people of the Faubourg St. Antoine, the eastern units, in the assault on the Tuileries Palace by the Paris mob, which overwhelmed and massacred the Swiss Guard as the royal family fled through the gardens and took refuge with the Legislative Assembly. Louis XVI was officially removed as king soon after.
Santerre was appointed by the National Convention to serve as the jailer of the former king. He notified Louis that the motion had passed for his execution, and the next day, at eight o'clock on a 21 January morning, Santerre arrived at the convicted man's room and said, "Monsieur, it's time to go". He escorted Louis XVI through the some eighty thousand armed men and countless citizens down the streets of Paris to the guillotine. There are differing accounts of his conduct at the execution itself. According to some, he ordered a drum roll halfway through the king's speech in order to drown out his voice. Others say that it was actually General J.F. Berruyer – the man in command of the execution – who ordered the drum roll, and that Santerre only relayed the order. Santerre's family maintained, however, that he actually silenced the drums so that Louis could speak to the people.
Santerre was promoted to General of a division of the Parisian National Guard in July 1793. When the revolts broke out in the Vendée, Santerre took command of a force sent in to put a stop to the rebellions. He was not as successful as a military commander in the field; his first military operation saw the defeat of the Republican forces at Saumur. After the battle, reports circulated that Santerre himself had been killed; the Royalists even composed a humorous epitaph about his death. Nor was Santerre popular among the "sans-culottes" he commanded. Wounded soldiers returning to Paris reported that he was living in Oriental luxury and complained that their defeat was due either to his treason or his incompetence. Some demanded that he be relieved of his command or even sent to the guillotine. On the other hand, Santerre was not in supreme command, and not considered responsible for the outcome of the war.
In October, Santerre returned to Paris, where his popularity in the Faubourg St. Antoine was undiminished. Nevertheless, his report on this expedition, in which he drew attention to the plight of the Republican army in the Vendée, aroused suspicion. Accused of being a Royalist due to his lack of glory during the battles in the Vendée, he was arrested in April 1794 and was imprisoned until the fall of Robespierre. Upon his release, he resigned his command and attempted to return to business, but his brewery was ruined. He died in poverty in Paris on 6 February 1809.


Scottish Republican Socialist Movement

The Scottish Republican Socialist Movement (SRSM) is a political organisation that was formed out of the now defunct Scottish Republican Socialist Party (SRSP), a political party that operated in Scotland.
The SRSM campaigns for Scottish independence at a grassroots level and through cross-party organisations like Independence First, and organises regular events, including the annual 1320 Declaration of Arbroath rally, the Glencoe rally, and the John MacLean commemoration. It publishes two magazines, called "Scottish Worker's Republic" and "Red Duster".
History.
Formation.
The Scottish Republican Socialist Clubs were formed in 1973 to introduce socialism to the Scottish National Party (SNP) and grow support for Scottish independence among the left. After the expulsion of the 79 Group from the SNP, the Republican Clubs decided to form a coherent political party and the Scottish Republican Socialist Party was created in 1982.
While agreeing with the SNP insofar that they believed in independence, the SRSP believed this should be combined with support for revolutionary socialism. They argued that independence is meaningless to the working class unless it is socialist, and adopted an abstentionist position towards UK general elections.
Affiliation to the Scottish Socialist Party (1998–2006).
In 1998, the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) was formed and the SRSP narrowly decided to join them, reforming as a cross-party movement called the Scottish Republican Socialist Movement. Many members ended up within the SSP, but not exclusively.
In December 2004, the SRSM was designated as a banned organisation by the SNP because of its affiliation with the Scottish Socialist Party. As a result, SNP members were no longer allowed to be members of the SRSM.
The SRSM was active in campaigning against attempts within the SSP to ditch the policy of supporting independence. It succeeded at persuading high-profile SSP members like Alan McCombes, Rosie Kane, and Kevin Williamson to speak at its rallies and for its cause. The SRSM twice attempted to entrench a commitment to Scottish independence in the SSP's constitution.
In 2005, there were calls for the SRSM to be ejected from the SSP due to its vocal support for the Irish Republican Socialist Party and other Irish political groups that have been characterised as "opposed to the Northern Ireland peace process". In the "Sunday Herald", journalist Paul Hutcheon characterised the movement as having "web-links to Irish terror groups". John Patrick, a member of the SRSM and the SSP's animal rights spokesperson, insisted that the SRSM had no political links to organisations in Ireland but had a relationship "based on solidarity in trying to break up the British state".
Disaffiliation and later activity (2006–present).
In October 2006, the SRSM announced that it was disaffiliating from the Scottish Socialist Party, citing unhappiness with unionist elements within the party and the failure of their third attempt to entrench a commitment to independence in the party constitution. The SRSM confirmed it would continue to operate as a cross-party organisation, and a "minority" of SRSM members remained part of the SSP.
In September 2012, the SRSM were banned from participating in the 2012 March and Rally for Scottish Independence in Edinburgh, because reports circulated by the Better Together campaign characterised the SRSM as "a group who regularly burn Union flags, attack the Queen, glorify terrorism and advocate a violent Scottish revolution". The SRSM's organiser, Donald Anderson, responded by stating the organisation "do not have any intention of burning flags at the Edinburgh rally", and that: "We will be there as individuals carrying Saltires, despite Unionist objections to our national flag. The Imperialist Union flag is not called the 'butcher's apron' for nothing."
The organisation reaffirmed and also updated its key values/demands at its Ard Fheis on Saturday 29 November 2014. The SRSM stands for:
The organisation is cross party and non-party and endeavours to work with all other organisations that share its goal of an independent Scotland.
The organisation organises a number of annual events including a republican Burns Night and commemorations at Glencoe, Arbroath and Bannockburn. Its main annual event however is the John Maclean March and Rally each November.
The Honorary President is Donald Anderson. The National Organiser is Alan Stewart. The Treasurer is Gerry Cairns and the Convenor is Brian Quail.
The SRSM has a website, an on-line discussion forum, a facebook page and a periodical called "Scottish Workers' Republic." More recently it has also issued fortnightly "Political Education" bulletin.


Georgia Public Policy Foundation

The Georgia Public Policy Foundation (GPPF) is a free market public policy think tank based in Atlanta, Georgia. The president and CEO is Kyle Wingfield. The organization's board of directors currently includes eight individuals. GPPF was established in 1991. The mission of the organization is "to improve the lives of Georgians through public policies that enhance economic opportunity and freedom." The organization has advocated for increased school choice through charter schools.


Francesco Bigottini

Francesco or François Bigottini (c.1717, Rome - after 1794, probably in Paris) was an Italian actor, playwright, and set designer active in Italy, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Spain.
Life.
In his "Mémoires", Carlo Goldoni says he first met Bigottini in Rimini in 1741, where the latter was playing harlequin rôles. From the 1750s Bigottini appeared in the Netherlands, Austrian Netherlands and France, playing in Rotterdam in 1754, Brussels in 1756, and in Paris at the Théâtre-Italien in 1757. Gueullette wrote "On Wednesday 26 April [1757], an Italian harlequin called Bigottini made his début in "Arlequin Scanderberg" and "Arlequin Hulla"; in the former, he played a rôle as a master of music very well, and played very badly in "Arlequin Hulla"; he was sent packing shortly afterwards". Bigottini left for the French provinces and acted in Marseille in 1760, where he put on his own play "Coraline Protée" (1761). He was in Geneva from 1766 to 1768, where he printed his play "L'Origine d'Arlequin, avec sa naissance" (1766). The "Mercure de France" wrote that he was the "first inventor of the machines used in the metamorphosis in the "Fée Urgelle" in Geneva" (that is, the transformation of a cottage into a splendid castle).
After playing in Lyon, Bigottini travelled towards Spain and spent three years playing at the Italian opera-house in Cádiz, from which he negotiated to be taken on at Brussels Théâtre de la Monnaie. In one of his letters, he wrote to that theatre's heads, Vitzthumb and Compain "I have nearly all my sets and machines for my plays, and I would thus also furnish you with all that I have, sets, machines, ropes, pulleys, scrap and all the other "diableries", if you would be furnish me with the wood". They finally took him on as a harlequin for the 1774-1775 season, with his contract stipulating that he would "lend [the theatre] all his machines and sets".
On 18 February 1777, he made a second début at the Théâtre-Italien, in "Arlequin esprit follet", a play he had written himself. The "Mercure de France" wrote: "His metamorphoses are very numerous and very surprising. Mr Bigottini is admired for the variety of his changes, by their speed and attack with which he executes them, by the contrast he makes between his different rôles, and by the varied talents he develops. This actor sings, in a strong and pleasing manner, airs of his own composition.". However, after the suppression of the Italian theatrical genre in Paris at the start of 1780, Bigottini was dismissed with a compensation corresponding to his previous salary.
In January 1780, he collaborated with François Duval-Malter, Louis Hamoir and Jean-Nicolas Le Mercier to head the Théâtre des Variétés-Amusantes, but had to give up this post 11 months later due to his own financial difficulties. He left for the provinces and set himself up in Toulouse, where he devoted himself to painting and had a child, the future dancer Émilie Bigottini.


TorSearch


Roger Knapman

Roger Maurice Knapman (born 20 February 1944 in Crediton, Devon) is a British politician who served as a Conservative MP before becoming Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP).
Early life.
The son of Harry Arthur Blackmore Knapman, a farmer, and Joan Margot née Densham, Roger Knapman was educated at Allhallows School, Lyme Regis, and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Before entering politics, he was a Chartered Surveyor and partner with West Country, a firm of livestock auctioneers and surveyors, 1963–77. He was then a Chartered Surveyor in his own right 1978–85.
Parliamentary career.
As a member of the Conservative Party, Knapman was elected MP for Stroud in 1987, and was Vice-Chairman of the Conservative European Affairs Committee. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as
Parliamentary Private Secretary to the armed forces minister, Archie Hamilton. In this capacity he joined the Conservative Monday Club's Foreign Affairs Committee Delegation to the Croatian Government in October 1991 to observe their war of independence against Serbia. He resigned from his government position in order to oppose the Maastricht Treaty. He successfully defended his seat in the 1992 general election. In 1995 he became a government whip. In 1997, however, he lost his seat to the Labour candidate, David Drew.
UKIP.
Shortly afterwards, Knapman left the Conservative party to join UKIP. He stood as their candidate in the 2001 general election for North Devon, coming fourth yet narrowly retaining his deposit.
From 2000, he was UKIP's political advisor, and in 2002 he was elected unopposed as party leader. In 2004 he was elected a Member of the European Parliament for the South West England constituency. As leader of the only British party in the European Parliament to vote against the expansion of the EU in 2004 (and publicly opposing immigration), there was some amusement in May 2006 when it was revealed that he had employed a team of Polish builders to renovate his Grade II listed home in Devon, claiming there were no suitable local workers – a claim denied by local builders.
He contested Totnes at the 2005 general election, coming 4th with 7.7% of the vote.
In 2006, he announced that he had no intention of seeking re-election as party leader; the leadership contest was won in September of that year by Nigel Farage MEP. Knapman was the only leader of UKIP to have succeeded in completing a full four-year term until Farage did so in 2014 after returning to the role in 2010.


Johnny Bakke

Johnny Bakke (13 November 1908 – 2 November 1979) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Sogn og Fjordane during the terms 1954–1957, 1958–1961, 1961–1965 and 1965–1969. He met in "Storting" for a total of 18 days.
References.
<br>


Benjamin Bilski

Benjamin Jakub Bilski (born 11 August 1988) is a former professional German swimmer of Polish origin, the 2009 World Games bronze medalist. Also a FinTech businessman, a founder and a board member of The NAGA Group AG.
Biography.
Early years.
Benjamin "Ben" Bilski grew up in Frankfurt. His family is from Wrocław region.
He now resides in Hamburg.
Sporting career.
Benjamin officially entered competitive swimming in November, 2002, at the age of 14. He began swimming in SG Wetterau. In 2004 he was accepted to the German national team. Throughout his career, Bilski has won several regional and Southern German championships.
He reached a pinnacle in his sporting career in 2009 with a bronze medal of the IOC-backed World Games in Kaohsiung with the German record. Next year Bilski finished his professional career. "“I was never a high flyer, but I had a steady development”" – Benjamin Bilski commented at the end of his swimming career.


Bernard Goldberg

Bernard Richard "Bernie" Goldberg (born May 31, 1945) is an American author, journalist, and political pundit. Goldberg has won fourteen Emmy Awards and was a producer, reporter and correspondent for CBS News for twenty-eight years (1972-2000) and a paid contributor for Fox News for ten years (2009-2018). He is best-known for his on-going critiques of journalism practices in the United States - as described in his first book published in 2001, "". He was a correspondent for "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel" on HBO for 22 years till January 2021.
Personal background.
Goldberg was born in New York City, New York in 1945 and graduated from Rutgers University in 1967.
Personal politics.
Though frequently described as a conservative, Goldberg previously rejected the label, describing himself as a life-long liberal modeled after the 1960s ideals of the U.S. Democratic Party. In a February 22, 2012 interview, Goldberg said: "The reason (people claim I'm conservative) is so I'll be automatically marginalized. I wrote in that I would make racial discrimination a criminal offense, not just a civil offense.
On gay rights, I don’t know anyone more Libertarian than me. I don’t want the government getting involved in it. I’m pro-abortion with reservations. I’ve never set foot in a country club in my life. I consider myself to be an old-fashioned liberal. I’m a liberal the way liberals used to be when they were like John F. Kennedy and when they were like Hubert Humphrey, when they were upbeat and enthusiastic and mainstream. I am not a liberal the way liberals are today, at least as exemplified by Al Franken and Michael Moore, where they’re angry, nasty, closed minded, and not mainstream, but fringe. I think this is what really irks the media (about me). That this is coming from one of them. I was one of them for 28 years."
Goldberg has since accepted the label of "conservative," saying in 2020, "I see myself as a conservative with live and let live principles… a conservative libertarian I guess. Now, even when I agree with liberals on this issue or that, I no longer want to be on their team. I not only don’t accept their new left wing politics, it’s also their holier than thou elitism that annoys me. I no longer see myself as a liberal. They left me, not the other way around. Now, I’m a conservative. Not a right-wing nut, just a conservative with libertarian tendencies."
Career.
From 1972 to 1974 he worked for CBS News as a producer in Atlanta; he became a reporter in 1974 and correspondent in 1976. Goldberg frequently contributed to the "CBS Evening News" and CBS newsmagazines "Eye to Eye with Connie Chung" and "48 Hours". For CBS, he hosted two primetime documentaries, "Don't Blame Me" and "In Your Face, America". "Don't Blame Me" was broadcast on May 26, 1994 and explored alleged irresponsibility of Americans. "In Your Face, America", which aired on April 7, 1998, said that American culture suffers from a "coarsening" instigated by entertainment such as "The Jerry Springer Show", "South Park", and gangsta rap music.
In 2001, his first book, "" was published and became a number one "New York Times" bestseller.
Goldberg followed "Bias" with two books – "Arrogance: Rescuing America from the Media Elite" in 2003 and "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America" in 2005. "Boston Globe" journalist Cathy Young—praised by Goldberg in "100 People"—criticized the book for listing mostly liberal or liberal-leaning individuals and only "a Few Token Right-Wingers". There were also many favorable comments about the book including one from Jonah Goldberg (no relation) who said, "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America is a rollicking and revealing look at 100 of the most egregious obstacles on the path of our nation's return to glory" and Brent Bozell, who commented: "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America is out, and it's a wonderful read for anyone not on that list."
"Crazies to the Left of Me, Wimps to the Right: How One Side Lost Its Mind and the Other Lost Its Nerve" followed in 2007, then came "A Slobbering Love Affair: The True (And Pathetic) Story of the Torrid Romance Between Barack Obama and the Mainstream Media" in 2009. Both books were also national bestsellers with "A Slobbering Love Affair" hitting number two on the New York Times list.
Awards.
Goldberg has been awarded an Emmy for journalism 14 times (six at CBS News, eight at HBO). For his June 2000 segment "Dominican Free For All", in which he investigated corrupt Major League Baseball recruiting practices in the Dominican Republic, Goldberg won a Sports Emmy for "Outstanding Sports Journalism". He won that award again in 2005 for his story exposing Saudi Arabia's illegal use of young boys as camel jockeys, in 2008 for a story about post-concussion syndrome suffered by some former NFL players, and in 2009 for a story on "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel" about the slaughter of racehorses that were no longer making money for their owners.
In May, 2011 Goldberg won another sports Emmy, this one for his story on the connection between head trauma suffered by athletes and a disease similar to ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. In April 2012, Goldberg won his 12th Emmy, this one for a report on the College Bowl Money Trail. And in May 2017, he won his 13th Emmy for an investigation of the International Olympic Committee. Later that year, in October 2017, Goldberg won another Emmy, a News Emmy in the Investigative Reporting category, for his story on head injuries in youth football. Goldberg received the Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award in 2006 for a story on the exploitation of children in the United Arab Emirates. It marked the first time that a sports program had won a duPont award.
In 2012, Goldberg won his second duPont for a body of work on concussions in the NFL, the duPont committee saying that, "Correspondent Bernard Goldberg's interviews are sensitive and probing, moving the story forward. Goldberg and his team investigate the historical precedent of Lou Gehrig bringing to light new information about concussions he suffered as a baseball player at Columbia University and as a Yankee. The reporting raised awareness for the public, the NFL and Congress about this important health issue.
In 2018, Bernie and a team of Real Sports journalists won another duPont-Columbia Award for a story about the Olympics entitled “Lord of the Rings.” As the duPont committee described it: "This ambitions investigative report — filmed in nine countries — exposed graft and corruption in the IOC and detailed how its members pursue wealth, privilege, and self-glory at the expense of the Games.
In 2020, Bernie and the Real Sports team won the 2019 Investigative Reporters & Editors sports award for their piece "Game Change." The report focused on the changing demographics of tackle football.


Guillermo Calvo

Guillermo Antonio Calvo (born 1941) is an Argentine-American economist who is Director of Columbia University's mid-career Program in Economic Policy Management in their School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA).
He published significant research in macroeconomics, especially monetary economics and the economics of emerging markets and transition economies.
Biography.
Guillermo Antonio Calvo is Professor of Economics, International and Public Affairs, and Director of the Program in Economic Policy Management (PEPM) at Columbia University since January 2007. He is a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He is the former Chief Economist of the Inter-American Development Bank (2001–2006), President of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association, LACEA, 2000–2001, and President of the International Economic Association, IEA, 2005–2008. He graduated with a Ph.D. from Yale in 1974.
He was professor of economics at Columbia University (1973–1986), the University of Pennsylvania (1986–1989), and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland (1993–2006). He was Senior Advisor in the Research Department of the IMF (1988–1993), and afterwards advised several governments in Latin America and Eastern Europe.
His award and honors include the following: Fellow of the National Academy of Economic Sciences (Argentina), since 1993. Fellow of the Econometric Society, since 1995. King Juan Carlos Prize in Economics, October 2000.
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, since 2005. The Latin America and Caribbean Association (LACEA) Carlos Diaz Alejandro Prize, 2006. Doctor Honoris Causa, Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2012. On April 15–16, 2004, the Research Department of the IMF sponsored a conference in his honor.
Calvo showed his commitment to narrowing the gap between academic and practitioners by splitting his time between academia and international financial institutions. In the latter, he was instrumental in helping to set up world class research departments in the International Monetary Fund (where he was a Senior Advisor during 1990–1992) and the Inter-American Development Bank (where he was the Chief Economist during 2001–2006). His IMF research on the relevance of external factors and the bond market, led eventually to a refocusing of the analysis in the IMF area departments, paying more attention to external financial conditions, and maturity and currency denomination of public and private debt (for further details, see the various Interviews in the list of references).
Contributions to economics.
Calvo's research is impressive in that it covers a wide variety of relevant issues in a rigorous fashion and with high policy content. The focus of his current research is Emerging Market economies (EMs) that has also proven relevant for advanced economies like those in the eurozone. Calvo has been a frontrunner in incorporating financial sector issues in macroeconomic models and in emphasizing the role of external factors in EMs. His research has helped to highlight factors that conventional macroeconomics tended to ignore, and that have come back with a vengeance to everybody's attention in the context of the subprime crisis. His contributions remain widely cited in academic and policy circles, even though several of them were produced more than twenty years ago, such as his 1988 “Servicing the Public Debt: The Role of Expectations” and his 1991 “Perils of Sterilization.”
The "Calvo pricing" approach widely used by global central banks is named after him. This is one way of modelling sticky prices for example in New Keynesian DSGE-models (compare Calvo (staggered) contracts).
His analysis is typically couched in terms of rigorous but elegant models, unencumbered by superfluous detail. This has helped to bring his ideas to a wide public, and influence public policy. Expressions like "Calvo equation," "Sudden Stop," "Fear of Floating" – found in, or linked to, his papers – are common currency in the financial jargon. Several EMs have benefited from his research showing the severe risks imposed by the combination of high current account deficit, "dollarization," and financial contagion. This line of research led several economies in Latin America to taking defensive action and, thus, to navigate through the Lehman crisis without plunging into deep and long-lasting crisis, as was the case in other economies that exhibited large current account deficits (e.g., Iceland and the Baltic economies). Calvo's research illustrate the enormous synergy of the two worlds, a fact that he has managed to convey in inspiring ways in his two MIT books with a collection of his works.
Calvo has published several books and over 100 journal articles. Selected contributions follow
This paper is a frontrunner in the theory of Sunspot Equilibrium. It shows that a conventional overlapping-generations model can give rise to equilibrium multiplicity and, moreover, that the latter phenomenon is more likely to arise if the propensity to save is relatively inelastic with respect to the real interest rate, a case akin to that emphasized in Keynes's General Theory.
These papers show examples in which incomplete labor contracts could give rise to unemployment. The AER 1978 paper (Ref. 2a) is a seminal paper in this field and predates by more than five years the celebrated paper by Carl Shapiro and Joseph Stiglitz ("Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device," in: American Economic Review 1984, p. 433–444). Ref. 2b further shows that this type of unemployment equilibrium is Pareto inefficient, and can be improved upon by fiscal policy. This is another 'first' in this literature.
These are papers in the area of “policy credibility.” The Econometrica 1978 Time Inconsistency paper (Ref. 3a) follows on the lines of the paper by Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (for which the authors deservedly got a Nobel Prize. According to Calvo (in his book Money, Exchange Rate and Output, MIT Press 1996), his research was independent and he only became aware of the Kydland-Prescott paper when his paper was about to be accepted for publication (Prescott was one of the referees). In contrast with the Kydland-Prescott paper, Calvo's starts from standard micro-foundations in a Patinkin-Sidrauski economy. However, the paper's major value added was not so much getting an alternative proof of Time Inconsistency but, rather, proving that time inconsistency holds even if the government aims at maximizing social welfare. This is a fundamental result because it dispels any doubt one might have that time inconsistency follows from just the government trying to cheat the public by making promises that it does not intend to honor.
Calvo’s Time Inconsistency paper was the first step in a research program involving credibility issues. Ref. 3b sets the grounds for the conjecture that inflation stabilization is especially hard to achieve and enhances social costs if policymakers cannot convey a credible message that they are willing and able to implement the necessary policies to secure lower and more stable inflation. Prior to this paper, the dominant explanation for costly price stabilization programs relied on mechanical factors like adaptive expectations/Phillips curve. An advantage of Calvo's approach is that it highlights the relevance of central banks' ability to communicate with the public and the importance of getting strong support from the rest of the government and political apparatus, even though individuals are fully rational. Ref. 3b spawned a large literature dealing with EMs.
The 1979 JPE paper (Ref. 4a), contains a model examining the implications of imperfect information within the firm on the firm's wage distribution. This paper received considerable attention; it provides one of the earliest frameworks that help to explain, for instance, why a CEO can earn multiples of his/her underlings' salaries. The supervision technology in this paper is similar to the one utilized in Ref. 2 in connection with the issue of efficiency wages. The two key assumption are "loss of control" – which give rise to a hierarchical supervisory firm structure – and costly supervision. The combination of these two factors is shown to imply that the wage rate is a function of one's position in the hierarchy: the closer to the top of the hierarchical ladder, the higher the wage, even if individuals are, to all intents and purposes, identical. Ref. 2 & 4 are two outstanding examples of Calvo's research inspired by the conjecture that salient macro phenomena could be rooted in frictions within firms, a conjecture linked to the pioneering papers by Edmund Phelps et al.
This paper ranks first in Calvo's citations (more than 5700 citations according to Google Scholar, henceforth GM). The approach was first developed to clarify price stabilization puzzles in EMs, but was eventually incorporated as a fundamental component in New Keynesian economics. It does not involve an original idea, which hails back to papers by Edmund Phelps and John B. Taylor. The main value added is 'simplicity.' This highlights another characteristic of Calvo's research: simplicity, a feature that is highly valuable in macroeconomics, a field in which 'complexity' is the norm. Complex structures are also valuable but, as a general rule, are very hard to test empirically, a fact that detracts from complexity's scientific value. On the other hand, the risk of simplicity is oversimplification. Ref. 5 continues being a key assumption in central banks' monetary models — where it is usually referred to as 'the Calvo Equation' – and, on the whole, it has passed careful empirical tests.
This paper shows that under incomplete capital markets, public debt can give rise to multiple equilibriums which can be Pareto ranked. In the 'bad' equilibrium interest rates are high and lead to counterproductive behavior, e.g., high inflation or debt default; while in the 'good' equilibrium none of the latter takes place. The AER 1988 paper was motivated by stubborn high inflation in Brazil, despite low public debt and positive primary fiscal surplus. According to the paper this situation may result from a long record of high inflation that lead individuals to disbelieve official stabilization announcements, keeping interest rates high. The latter feeds into high fiscal deficit, validating high-inflation expectations – even under rational expectations. These ideas have acquired new significance in the present EU crisis. In this case, default, not high inflation, is at the heart of the debate. However, the model can also be applied (as shown in the original Calvo paper). This has led to active research in this subfield, and already appears to have guided ECB policy of trying to keep sovereign debt interest rates low by promising to purchase 'unlimited' amounts of public debt obligations in the euro zone. This is another example of the relevance of Calvo's research in the debate of central policy issues.
This is a short list of Calvo's papers focused on capital flows and financial crises. It is an area in which Calvo is still actively engaged. His first papers go back to the early 1980s, but his research on these topic took flight after the Mexican Tequila crisis in 1994/5 triggered by a sudden increase in US interest rates. Ref. 7b highlighting the relevance of the balance-sheet approach for understanding some of the puzzling dynamics of financial crisis, an issue that had so far been largely obliterated in the literature. This paper was circulated soon after that episode and helped to set the stage for sharply different explanations from the one offered in the seminal paper on the mechanics of balance of payment crisis by Paul Krugman. Ref.7c crowned this effort by defining and offering some simple but fundamental rationalization for a new concept that since then has become part of the economists’ jargon in the discussion of financial crises, namely, ‘Sudden Stop’. The paper focuses on large and largely unexpected declines in capital inflows, a characteristic of all major crises in EMs since at least the 1990s. Sudden Stop and empirical analyses carried out in 7f have become familiar staple in the literature that now stretches beyond EU.
Ref 7e shows that despite fixed exchange rates being singled out as a major factor in EM crises in the 1990s, governments in those economies continue 'pegging' their currencies in one way or another. This is an empirical paper which is still very visible and has more than 3100 citations according to GS. Finally, 7a is another empirical paper showing that capital inflows in Latin America are highly sensitive to external factors. The paper is widely cited (more than 1450 citations according to GS) and has become highly topical in the current conjuncture.


Thomas Hales (dramatist)

Thomas Hales ("c." 1740 – 27 December 1780) was a British-born French dramatist and librettist. He was from an Irish expatriate family in Gloucestershire and joined the Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War. He settled in Jamaica for a short time and then in Havana, Cuba, before moving to Europe to travel. He lived in Switzerland and Italy both before arriving in Paris, France, in 1770, where he was bankrupted (reportedly by pursuit of women and drunkenness).
He learned French quickly and became thoroughly fluent. He met the composer Grétry in 1775 and began to work with him as a librettist. Their first collaboration was "Les fausses apparences, ou, L'amant jaloux." The opera was a hit, and Hales would write four more plays/librettos in the coming years. In 1777 he wrote a short fiction entitled "Le roman de mon oncle." In 1778, he worked with Gréty on "Le jugement de Midas," which was based on "Midas" by the Irish playwright Kane O'Hara (1762). The same year, the two produced "Les fausses apparences" as a comic opera. The play was partially based on Susanna Centlivre's "The Wonder: a Woman Keeps a Secret" of 1714. The third opera was "Les evénements imprévus" in 1779, which was inspired by an unknown Italian original. It would inspire George Colman the Younger's "Gay Deceivers" of 1804. Finally, in prose, Hales wrote "Gilles ravisseur" (published in 1781).
Hales died of a chest infection in Paris. His mistress, Madame Bianchi, an Italian actress, had left him to return to Italy, and he apparently suffered complications from a military injury.


Irish republican electoral results, Northern Ireland Parliament

Below are the results of Irish republican parties in elections to the House of Commons of the Parliament of Northern Ireland from its creation in 1921, until its abolition in 1972. Also includes a list of those elected.
"Total electorate: 582,464; turnout: 88.0% (512,842)."
Elected:
"Electorate 611,683 (512,264 in contested seats); Turnout: 75.1% (384,745)."
Elected:
"Electorate 793,952 (250,519 in contested seats); Turnout 67.7% (169,690)."
Elected:
"Electorate: 845,964 (509,098 in contested seats); Turnout: 70.3% (357,882)."
Elected:
"The only Socialist Republican Party candidate was elected unopposed. Electorate 846,719 (477,354 in contested seats); Turnout 79.3% (378,458)."
"Electorate 888,352 (428,216 in contested seats); Turnout 60.2% (257,924)."
Elected:
"Electorate: 891,064 (359,816 in contested seats); Turnout: 67.1% (241,501)."
Elected:
"Electorate: 903,596 (458,838 in contested seats); Turnout: 66.0% (302,681)."
Elected:
"Electorate: 907,667 (563,252 in contested seats); Turnout: 57.6% (324,589)."
Elected:
"Electorate: 912,087 (778,031 in contested seats); Turnout: 71.9% (559,087)."
Elected:


The Restoration Game

The Restoration Game is a 2010 science fiction/techno-thriller novel by Ken MacLeod.
The novel's main character and narrator, Lucy Stone, a computer programmer, grew up in the fictional Caucasian Soviet republic of Krassnia and in 2008 works for a videogame company in Edinburgh. After Stone's mother, who once worked for the CIA, commissions her company to create an MMORPG based on Krassnian mythology, Stone becomes entangled in the region's politics and her own family history.
The story is set in the year 2008. MacLeod has said that he originally intended to set it in the near future, but the 2008 South Ossetia war made this impossible.
Reviews of the novel have generally been positive. "Financial Times" reviewer James Lovegrove writes that "Where his novel excels is in its depiction of the machinations used both by governments and families to coerce others into doing their bidding, and in its inquiry into the nature of reality."
The novel was nominated for the Prometheus Award.


Frederic Sterling Lee

Frederic Sterling Lee (November 24, 1949 – October 23, 2014) was an American heterodox economist. His primary theoretical contribution to heterodox economics lies in the areas of pricing, price, production, costs, market competition, market governance, and the modeling the economy as a disaggregated, emergent whole. He was the founding editor of the "Heterodox Economics Newsletter" (2004–09), the editor of the "American Journal of Economics and Sociology" (2009–13), the president of the Association for Institutional Thought (2012), the president of the Association for Evolutionary Economics (2015), and the founder and honorary life president of the Association for Heterodox Economics. Lee authored and edited seventeen books, including "Post Keynesian Price Theory" (1998), "A History of Heterodox Economics" (2009), and "Microeconomic Theory: A Heterodox Approach" (2017). He published fifty-six articles and over a hundred book chapters, book entries, book reviews, and notes of one sort or another.
Biography.
Lee was born in 1949 in Nyack, New York, and grew up in Virginia. His father, Sterling Lee, was a labor lawyer and his mother, Marian Burks Lee, was a politically active person. With this family background he was aware of progressive politics and civil and workers rights even in his early days. He went to Frostburg State College (Maryland, 1968–1972) and obtained a BA degree in history. While doing his undergraduate study, he was interested in philosophy and later in economics because he found that social questions in the 19th century were mainly examined by economists. After two years of working in Saudi Arabia (a supply clerk position with the Corps of Engineers in Riyadh), he returned to the United States and continued his study at Columbia University in New York City. In 1977 Fred Lee met Alfred S. Eichner who later became his “mentor, dissertation advisor, and friend.” He once noted that the “discovery of Eichner” was “the most important in my academic career.” With Eichner's encouragement and support, Fred Lee started his PhD study in economics at Rutgers University in 1978, where he was taught by Alfred Eichner, Paul Davidson, Jan Kregel, Nina Shapiro, and Alessandro Roncaglia, among others. After graduating from Rutgers University in 1983, he taught at University of California—Riverside (1981-1984), Roosevelt University (Chicago, 1984–1990), Staffordshire Polytechnic (Stoke-on-Trent, UK, 1990–1991), De Montfort University (Leicester, UK, 1991–2000), and the University of Missouri—Kansas City (2000–2014).


Josh Homme

Joshua Michael Homme ( ; born May 17, 1973) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as the founder, primary songwriter, and only continuous member of the rock band Queens of the Stone Age, which he formed in 1996 and in which he sings lead vocals and plays guitar, as well as occasionally playing bass, piano, and drums. He also Eagles of Death Metal in 1998, playing drums and bass guitar for their studio recordings and occasionally performing live with them.
Homme was formerly the and guitarist of the rock band Kyuss from 1987 to 1995. From 1996 to 1998 he was a touring guitarist in Screaming Trees. He has produced a musical improv series with other musicians (mostly from the Palm Desert Scene) known as The Desert Sessions since 1997. He formed a new project in 2009 called Them Crooked Vultures with Dave Grohl and John Paul Jones, releasing their debut album later that year. In 2016, he produced, , and performed on the Iggy Pop album "Post Pop Depression". He has also been involved with acts such as Foo Fighters, Arctic Monkeys, and Run the Jewels.
Early life.
Joshua Michael Homme was born in Joshua Tree, California, on May 17, 1973, the son of Irene and Michael Homme. His father was a private general contractor who built houses around the Coachella Valley. Homme has an older brother named Jason. His surname is believed to originate from the Norwegian village of Homme; he also has Canadian, English, French, German, and Swedish ancestry. He grew up in a family in and around Palm Desert, California. His paternal grandfather, Clancy "Cap" Homme, moved to the area from North Dakota and was an early settler of the Valley. Cap has a private street named after him in Rancho Mirage, marking the original road to the Homme ranch, as well as a park named after him in an exclusive enclave of the Valley. Homme moved with his family on a regular basis due to his father's work, residing in many towns around the Valley.
In 2011, Homme discussed having to "create [his] own fun" as a child growing up in the desert, stating that he did not start playing music to "get girls or make money" and that he assumed he would grow up to be a contractor like his father. He also has ties in Idaho and has talked about his formative experiences there, such as seeing Carl Perkins perform at the Sandpoint Music Festival and the first time purchasing his own electric guitar (an Ovation Ultra GP) in a Sandpoint music store. Homme began playing guitar at the age of nine, after his parents denied his wishes for a drum kit. He took guitar lessons for the next few years but his teacher mostly focused on polka, so he supposedly did not learn of a barre chord or a pick until his third year of lessons, lending to his unique playing style. He joined his first band, Autocracy, in 1985 at the age of 12. Despite his musical success, he continued to work on his grandfather's farm until releasing the first Queens of the Stone Age album at the age of 25, because he "didn't want to lose [his] grip on reality".
Career.
Kyuss (1987–1995).
In 1987, when he was 14 years old, Homme formed a punk rock-influenced heavy metal band with schoolmates John Garcia and Brant Bjork in Palm Desert called Katzenjammer; he was the band's guitarist. After changing their name a few times, first to Sons of Kyuss (they released an EP of the same name), they finally shortened it to Kyuss. The band garnered a cult following by the early 1990s, often driving for hours to isolated locations in the desert and plugging into generators to perform. These events, known as "generator parties", became urban legend among rock subculture. The band became both famous for their heavy, down tuned, groove oriented music, and infamous for their backstage fights with local LA bands when they traveled into town to play gigs. This soon brought the attention of Chris Goss, who became the band's mentor, helping the band sign to a label and eventually producing them exclusively in an effort to preserve their sound. Due to Homme being younger than 18 at the time of the band's signing, his parents signed the contract on his behalf. Kyuss released four albums ("Wretch", "Blues for the Red Sun", "Welcome to Sky Valley", and "...And the Circus Leaves Town"), of which the final three Goss-produced efforts are often cited as cornerstones to the development of the stoner rock genre in the 1990s. Kyuss partially reformed in 2010 under the name Vista Chino, but Homme opted out of the reunion.
Queens of the Stone Age (1996–present).
When Kyuss split up in 1995, Homme moved to Seattle, Washington, briefly abandoning his desire for a music career and attending the University of Washington to study business. During this time, he fell back in with old musician friends such as Ben Shepherd and Mike Johnson, and eventually agreed to join the Screaming Trees as a rhythm guitarist on the summer Lollapalooza tour in 1996, a replacement for Johnson, and that continued into the following year. Homme and vocalist Mark Lanegan became close friends during this time but, disliking the rest of the band's continual disharmony, began considering forming his own band. He founded Gamma Ray, a group more centered on his unique style and tastes, in 1996. After a cease and desist from a band of the same name, this band became Queens of the Stone Age. The first release under the new name would be the "Kyuss/Queens of the Stone Age" compilation EP featuring tracks from both Kyuss and songs recorded from the "Gamma Ray" EP sessions from 1996, released in late 1997. Queens of the Stone Age released their eponymous debut album in 1998. Initially, the band consisted of various friends of Homme's from the Seattle area. Homme had asked a number of singers, including Lanegan, to perform as lead vocalist for Queens of the Stone Age, but by the time of recording the band's debut album, he had moved back to Palm Desert and the band was pared down to just Homme and ex-Kyuss drummer Alfredo Hernandez. Homme was left to cover every other instrument and ended up singing for the first time in his career. Shortly after recording, Homme and Hernandez were joined by bassist and vocalist Nick Oliveri and guitarist, keyboardist, and lapsteel player Dave Catching, the band was now composed entirely of ex-Kyuss members and roadies.
Following their debut album, by which time Hernandez left the group, Queens of the Stone Age released the next album, "Rated R", during which the band used a wider range of instruments to achieve a more relaxed, spacious and psychedelic sound. Though it differed from the band's debut, "Rated R" became Queens of the Stone Age's first mainstream hit. The next release, 2002's "Songs for the Deaf", however, would gain even more buzz from the music community and fans alike. In "Songs for the Deaf", Homme continued his filtering of stoner rock and hard rock. The album centers on Homme's memories of uncomfortable rides through the California desert, where he had performed in his days with Kyuss, and where there was little to do but listen to Spanish radio stations.
During this time, Homme had a falling out with Oliveri. Following the release of "Songs for the Deaf", their relationship deteriorated until Homme fired Oliveri from the band in 2004. Homme reportedly strongly considered breaking up the band at this point.
Homme began writing the band's next album, "Lullabies to Paralyze", named after a lyric from the "Songs for the Deaf" hidden track "Mosquito Song". "Lullabies to Paralyze", created with "Songs for the Deaf" touring recruits Troy Van Leeuwen and Joey Castillo and collaborators and future recruits Alain Johannes and Natasha Shneider of Eleven, was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number five on the "Billboard" 200, QOTSA's best charting album on the "Billboard" 200 to date.
Queens of the Stone Age's fifth album, "Era Vulgaris", was released in early June 2007 and received generally positive reviews from critics. Following the album's touring cycle, the band took a break to focus on individual projects, during which Homme continued to produce and create more records outside the band. This break would unintentionally turn into a six-year gap between albums.
In 2010, following his work with rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures, Homme began performing more live shows with QOTSA. Following a deluxe reissue of "Rated R", a 2011 re-release of their debut album and corresponding tour followed, featuring the album played front to back in the style in which it was recorded. This was the first time many of the songs had been performed live since the album's original release.
On June 4, 2013, after a tumultuous writing and recording process, Queens of the Stone Age released their sixth album, "...Like Clockwork", receiving high praise from critics as well as topping the Billboard 200 charts. "...Like Clockwork" highlights Homme's collaborative recording process and features guests such as Elton John, Dave Grohl, Alex Turner, Jake Shears, Trent Reznor, Mark Lanegan, Nick Oliveri, and Homme's wife Brody Dalle.
Their seventh album, "Villains", was released on August 25, 2017. Conversely, "Villains" contains no collaborations, but was produced by Mark Ronson.
In 2018, the band was featured on "Revamp", a cover album containing various renditions of Elton John songs, on which they performed "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road".
The Desert Sessions (1997–present).
Homme founded The Desert Sessions in 1997 at the Rancho De La Luna in Joshua Tree, California, describing it as a musical collective series "that cannot be defined". He stated, "At Desert Sessions, you play for the sake of music. That's why it's good for musicians. If someday that's not enough anymore, or that's not the reason behind you doing it – that's not your "raison d'être" – then a quick reminder like Desert Sessions can do so much for you, it's amazing. It's easy to forget that this all starts from playing in your garage and loving it."
The recordings are done "on the spot" in a matter of hours, and the line-up constantly changes, with new contributors being added for each new recording. Artists such as PJ Harvey, Twiggy Ramirez, Dave Catching, Nick Oliveri, Mark Lanegan, Ben Shepherd, John McBain, Josh Freese, Chris Goss, Alain Johannes, Dean Ween, and many others from the Palm Desert Scene have contributed to The Desert Sessions recordings.
After 11 years of inactivity, Homme revealed in October 2014 that he would start working on more Desert Sessions material the following year. However, things remained silent until May 2019, when Homme posted an image on Instagram with the hashtags "#Desert, #Sessions, #11, #12". In September, it was announced that "Desert Sessions Volumes 11 & 12" will be released on October 25, 2019.
Eagles of Death Metal (1998–present).
In 1998, Homme formed Eagles of Death Metal with friend Jesse Hughes as a joke band in the context of the Desert Sessions. Recordings from the band first appeared on "Volumes 3 & 4", released that year. Over the next few years, Hughes settled into family life while Homme focused on Queens of the Stone Age. However, after Hughes' separation from his wife in 2003 and a spurt in creativity that resulted in dozens of songs, Homme convinced Hughes to pursue a full-time music career. Hughes writes, sings, and plays rhythm guitar, while Homme produces, arranges, and plays drums, bass, and various other instruments. So far, the band has released four albums: "Peace, Love, Death Metal" in 2004, "Death by Sexy" in 2006, "Heart On" in 2008, and most recently "Zipper Down" in 2015. Due to his commitments with Queens of the Stone Age and other projects, Homme does not regularly tour with Eagles of Death Metal, but occasionally makes appearances during live performances. In an October 2008 interview, he re-affirmed his commitment to the band saying, "This isn't a side project for me. I'm in two bands. I have musical schizophrenia, and this is one of those personalities."
Them Crooked Vultures (2009–2010).
In July 2009, it was revealed that Homme, Dave Grohl and John Paul Jones were recording together for a musical project named Them Crooked Vultures.
Though initially conceived as solely a studio project, the trio performed their first show together on August 9, 2009 in Chicago at The Metro to a crowd of approximately 1,100 ticketholders with additional live rhythm guitarist/auxiliary man Alain Johannes. Their album, "Them Crooked Vultures", was released by Interscope Records in the United States on November 17, 2009, and by Sony Music internationally. The band launched a world tour including performing on Saturday Night Live as a musical guest on February 6, 2010, and at Austin City Limits on October 2, 2009 as well as many festivals through 2010. Them Crooked Vultures won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards on February 13, 2011. Though the band has been inactive for an extended period due to the schedules of members other projects, Homme, Grohl, and Jones have all expressed interest in returning to the project.
Other projects.
Homme has collaborated with acts such as Mondo Generator, Foo Fighters, PJ Harvey, Fatso Jetson, Mark Lanegan Band, Trent Reznor, Masters of Reality, Millionaire, Wellwater Conspiracy, Unkle, Primal Scream, Melissa Auf der Maur, Paz Lenchantin, Run the Jewels, Death from Above 1979, Earthlings?, Mastodon, Peaches, Lady Gaga, The Strokes, Local H, Biffy Clyro, and Arctic Monkeys.
Homme, Nick Oliveri, and Brad Wilk contributed to the soundtrack for the 2002 film "The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys". Homme and Alain Johannes were originally meant to develop a score for the video game "Spec Ops" in 2005, however the project was cancelled before it later became "" in 2012. Any work done on the game would go unused. Homme was also set to provide music, including a cover of Joe Walsh's "In the City", for the 2005 video game adaption of the film "The Warriors". This also went unused.
Homme has been featured on compilation albums. He appeared on ' for a cover of the song "Stone Cold Crazy" alongside Eleven, as well as ' and the Turbonegro tribute "Alpha Motherfuckers" as part of QOTSA covering the song "Back to Dungaree High". The very first use of the QOTSA name was on the compilation album "Burn One Up! Music For Stoners" featuring a one-off lineup of Homme and Dave Catching with Beaver members Milo Beenhakker and Eva Nahon, recording the song "18 A.D."
Homme and frequent collaborator Chris Goss performed as The 5:15ers at the inaugural ArthurBall, an offshoot of the ArthurFest festival, in Los Angeles on January 26, 2006. The two were later credited as "The Fififf Teeners" when they co-produced QOTSA's second album "Rated R" and fifth album "Era Vulgaris".
In August 2009, Homme collaborated with The Prodigy's Liam Howlett for a remix of the Prodigy track "Take Me to the Hospital". It was re-titled "Take Me to the Hospital (Josh Homme and Liam H.'s Wreckage Remix)". That same year, he produced most of the Arctic Monkeys album "Humbug". He later provided backing vocals on "All My Own Stunts" from their 2011 album "Suck It and See", and vocals for the tracks "One For the Road" and "Knee Socks" on their 2013 album "AM".
In June 2010, Homme appeared on the Comedy Central series "Tosh.0" to do an unplugged duet version of the hit viral song "What What" with Samwell. He also provided the theme song to "Aqua Unit Patrol Squad 1", formerly known as "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", and collaborated with Mark Lanegan to provide the theme music for Anthony Bourdain's travel show "".
In May 2012, it was revealed on Dean Delray's comedy podcast "Let There Be Talk" that Homme would make a guest appearance on the album by Nick Oliveri's project Mondo Generator called "Hell Comes To Your Heart". The album was recorded over three days at Homme's Pink Duck Studios in Burbank, California, and features Homme playing guitar on the album's final track, "The Last Train". This marked the first time Homme and Oliveri collaborated since their public falling out in 2004. "The Last Train" also features fellow former Kyuss bandmate John Garcia providing vocals, which was recorded shortly before Homme's lawsuit with Garcia regarding the Kyuss Lives! band name; it was the first time Homme had collaborated with Garcia since 1997.
In June 2012, it was revealed that Homme would be starring in the music video for the song "A Better Place" from Glen Campbell's final album "Ghost on the Canvas". In the video, Homme plays a bartender who shows Campbell a photo album of his life, from his early childhood through his music career to the present day. The video marked the end of Campbell's musical career and was a retrospect on his life following his decision to retire after his diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In July, he had a very brief cameo at the end of Jack White's music video for "Freedom at 21", playing a police officer who intercepts White at a roadblock following White's escapades throughout the video. In September, he contributed the song "Nobody to Love" to the soundtrack of the action-drama film "End of Watch".
In early 2013, Homme and fellow Queens contributors Alain Johannes and Chris Goss added three tracks each to the soundtrack of Dave Grohl's documentary "Sound City: Real to Reel". Homme was interviewed for the documentary and is notably included in a scene where he collaborates with Grohl and Trent Reznor, under the name Sound City Players, to come up with a song called "Mantra". Homme played bass and provided backing vocals on the track.
Homme has appeared in a number of television comedies. In December 2014, Homme made an appearance on Channel 4 sitcom "Toast of London". The star of the show, Matt Berry, had been working alongside Morgana Robinson (the half-sister of Homme's wife Brody Dalle) in the BBC sitcom "House of Fools", in which both had prominent roles. Earlier in the year, Homme had also made appearances on IFC's "Comedy Bang! Bang!" and "Portlandia".
In July 2015, Homme began hosting a weekly hour-long show called "The Alligator Hour with Joshua Homme" on Apple Music's 24-hour streaming internet radio station Beats 1. The show features a highly eclectic selection of songs personally selected by Homme, interspersed with his own wry introductions of (and commentary on) the various tracks on that particular week's playlist. The show's musical selections typically have some sort of thematic, stream-of-consciousness-type relationship to each other.
In March 2016, Homme released a surprise album with Iggy Pop titled "Post Pop Depression". The nine-track album was recorded at Rancho De La Luna in Joshua Tree, California, as well as Homme's Pink Duck Studios. Their backing band included guitarist and keyboardist Dean Fertita and drummer Matt Helders; the two joined Pop and Homme on tour, along with Troy Van Leeuwen on guitar and Matt Sweeney on bass. The band made their debut on January 21, 2016 on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", announcing the album, and proceeded on a North American and European theater tour that March, culminating in a performance at the Royal Albert Hall, filmed and released as a concert DVD. The album's recording was also filmed and compiled into the 2017 documentary "American Valhalla". In October 2016, Homme produced "New Skin", the debut album from Nick Valensi's new band CRX.
In 2017, Homme composed the score for Fatih Akin's German-language drama "In the Fade", named after the Queens of the Stone Age song.
In 2018, Homme sang a song written by Daniel Lanois called "Cruel, Cruel World" for the soundtrack of the Rockstar action-adventure video game "Red Dead Redemption 2". The game features two versions of the song, with Homme's version playing over the end credits and Willie Nelson's version playing during the epilogue.
In 2020, Homme featured alongside Mavis Staples on the Run the Jewels song "Pulling the Pin" from their fourth album "RTJ4". Later that year, he and Staples joined Run the Jewels (via separate pre-recorded performances displayed on giant screens due to the COVID-19 pandemic) to play the song during the group's voter encouragement performance "Holy Calamavote", broadcast on YouTube.
In 2021, Homme produced the songs "Boilermaker", "Space", and "King" from the Royal Blood album "Typhoons". The former was included on the standard album release, while the latter two were made available on the deluxe edition.
Musical style.
Homme's work is usually described as alternative rock, desert rock, hard rock, and stoner rock. He has been evasive about the equipment he uses in the past, choosing to either change the subject or even lie when asked about his setup in interviews, as well as objecting to official photos of his pedalboard. He explained in June 2007, "I don't [share secrets] only because my sound is important to me and I've spent a lot of years just working it over with little tricks here and there, I almost feel like if you reveal too much of that you give away something that's near and dear to you. It's like you put it up on the altar and say, 'Here, everyone take a slice.'"
Homme relaxed his secretive approach to the subject in the 2010s, though much of his known equipment has been compiled through amateur photos and screenshots of him performing live and in the studio. In choosing his equipment, he tends to look for the odd or unique, opting to stay away from the typical choices of other guitar players. In an interview about guitars in 2008, he claimed at the time to own close to 35 guitars, and said that only three of them were "really good". He has said that he purposely does not use famous guitars such as Stratocasters or Les Pauls, but that he is always in search of intriguing and unique guitars which are not always generally accepted as high-quality. He said that he tends to buy "weird Japanese guitars" or guitars that are "scarred" and have an interesting story.
Charity work.
In 2013, Homme co-founded the Sweet Stuff Foundation, a charity which aims to give assistance to musicians, recording engineers, and their families struggling with illness and disability.
Personal life.
Homme met Australian singer and musician Brody Dalle at Lollapalooza in 1996, when he was 23 and she was 17; he was there to perform with Screaming Trees, while she was there to see her then-boyfriend Tim Armstrong's band Rancid. They reconnected seven years later in 2003, during her separation from Armstrong, and began dating. Homme claimed to have received multiple death threats from fans of Armstrong and Rancid. The two were married on December 3, 2005. They have a daughter named Camille Harley Joan Homme (born January 17, 2006) and two sons named Orrin Ryder Homme (born August 12, 2011) and Wolf Dillon Reece Homme (born February 13, 2016). Dalle filed for legal separation in November 2019 and divorce a month later, citing Homme's alcoholism and drug abuse; he subsequently entered rehab, but he and Dalle would accuse each other of domestic violence and have mutual restraining orders filed over the following months.
Homme has over 20 tattoos. On his knuckles, he has his grandparents' nicknames ("Cam" for "Camille" on the left and "Cap" on the right) with hearts and his two sons' names ("ORH" for "Orrin Ryder Homme" and "Wolf"). He has his daughter's name, also Camille, tattooed over his heart. His left arm has a switchblade with "Stay Sharp" underneath, while his inner right arm has a straight-edge razor with "Born to Win" inscribed; underneath, his nickname, "Baby Duck", is a shared tattoo with his Eagles of Death Metal bandmate Jesse Hughes, who has his nickname "Boots Electric" in the same location. Homme also shares a tattoo that says "Freitag 4:15" with former Queens of the Stone Age bandmates Nick Oliveri and Mark Lanegan and their sound engineer Hutch, commemorating their "worst show ever" at the Rock Am Ring Festival in Germany on Friday, June 1, 2001, at 4:15 pm. All were tattooed on their ribs so that it would hurt the most and serve as a reminder. Homme and Dalle share a small "TCB" logo, which stands for "Taking Care of Business", as made famous by Elvis Presley.
Homme once described himself as financially conservative but socially liberal, considering himself a "fallen libertarian". He said that he dislikes the idea of using his influence to tell people how to vote, and often likens his music to an "ice cream parlour or arcade" where people can simply have fun. Despite this, he referred to then-president Donald Trump as a "retarded human being" in June 2017, and began collaborating more with notably liberal artists such as Run the Jewels in the late 2010s. He owns several guns, including a classic Winchester rifle, a sawed-off shotgun, and a Beretta 9 mm target pistol. He owns a few motorcycles, including a custom Falcon and a Harley-Davidson Ultra Classic. The only car he drives is a silver 1967 Chevrolet Camaro, which was the first car he ever received (at age 14). In June 2017, he revealed on Steve Jones' radio show that he had recently tried to quit his decades-long smoking habit via hypnotherapy, but claimed that it failed because he was unable to relax enough to be fully influenced by the hypnotherapist.
Homme has adopted multiple pseudonyms over the years. He used the name "Carlo Von Sexron" to credit his bass, keyboard, piano, and drums playing on albums such as "The Desert Sessions Volumes 3 & 4", "Queens of the Stone Age", and "Peace, Love, Death Metal". Homme is known as "(King) Baby Duck" to Dalle and the members of Eagles of Death Metal. He is also referred to as "J.Ho." and "The Ginger Elvis". Nick Oliveri referred to him as "Mr. Lucky".
Homme "died" for a short time in 2010. After years of heavy touring and drug abuse severely weakened his immune system, he contracted an MRSA infection during surgery. In an attempt to restart his immune system, surgeons used a breathing tube which became stuck in his throat, choking him and leading to cardiac arrest. They eventually used a defibrillator to revive him. The experience left him physically and mentally weakened with a severely compromised immune system, and doctors confined him to bed without human contact for three months. He became depressed and considered quitting music, eventually finding himself unable to produce any new music at all for almost two years. He has said that this experience greatly contributed to the making of the 2013 album "...Like Clockwork". He credits Transcendental Meditation with helping him recover.<ref name="Rolling Stone 10/13"></ref> When "...Like Clockwork" was released, Homme's refusal to go into depth about his story resulted in the misconception that the events happened during a routine knee surgery, a separate surgery in no way related to his incident. In June 2016, he clarified that the knee surgery story was created by somebody else and that the reality actually involved him going "in too deep", without clarifying what he meant by that. Because the podcast host Dean Delray asked him right after that remark if it was "with some drugs", some people have surmised that may have been the case, but Josh never confirmed that during the conversation.
Legal issues and controversy.
In 2004, Homme was arrested for assaulting Dwarves frontman Blag Dahlia and Karl Doyle at the Dragonfly club in Los Angeles. Pleading no contest, he was ordered to remain at least 100 yards away from Dahlia and the club, sentenced to three years' probation with community service, and forced to enter a rehab program for 60 days.
In June 2008, at the Norwegian Wood Festival in Oslo, Homme drew criticism for his reaction to an audience member who had thrown a shoe at him. He called the audience member a "chicken-shit fucking faggot" and "a 12-year-old dickless fucking turd". The incident drew accusations of homophobia from several blogs, which were then picked up by the mainstream media. Homme eventually responded in a public letter in which he mentions that he was ill during the episode, and denied all accusations of homophobia. Reaction to his apology was mixed, with music journalist Tim Jonze stating, "Attempting to prove his pro-gay stance, Homme points out in his letter that he also called the guy a pussy and threatened to have anal sex with him. OK, so it's a fuzzy kind of logic we're talking about here." In an interview ten years later, Homme stated that he had often been beaten up during his youth in trying to defend his gay older brother, Jason, from homophobic bullying.
Following a September 2013 performance at Jay-Z's Made in America Festival, Homme made comments about Jay-Z during a radio interview with CBC Radio 2's "Strombo Show". He explained that his band was frisked by the event's security team prior to the performance and referred to Jay-Z's personal interaction with the band as a marketing stunt: "[Jay-Z] has his security frisking the bands on the way in. I just told them, 'If you open up my bag I'm not playing, so I guess it's up to you whether we are playing or not.' [...] He also gave us some champagne and wanted us to take a photo with it. And I thought, 'That's not a gift, that is a marketing tool.' So I destroyed it."
In April 2016, Homme was involved in a verbal altercation with autograph seller Jason Leckrone, who eyewitnesses said was taunting Homme for not signing autographs. Homme began to argue with Leckrone and called him an "entitled, spoiled motherfucker". In March 2017, Leckrone filed a lawsuit against Homme for assault and battery, claiming that Homme had grabbed him.
In September 2017, Royal Blood frontman Mike Kerr discussed Homme's drinking habits, telling Radio X interviewer Gordon Smart, "I can't go anywhere near [Homme] without having an unbelievable amount of tequila in my body. I did hide from him once [while touring together] because I could hear him coming and I was like, 'Oh no, I'm gonna have to do more tequila,' so I hid in the toilets of the dressing room."
In December 2017, Homme was captured on video kicking the camera of Shutterstock photographer Chelsea Lauren into her face during KROQ's Almost Christmas concert in Los Angeles. After staying through the show and photographing subsequent bands, Lauren went to Cedars-Sinai for treatment. In a statement, Homme claimed that he had been kicking over lighting equipment and was unaware that he had kicked Lauren until he was informed of it the next day. Lauren disputed this, stating that he had made eye contact with her before kicking her. Homme later issued a video response in which he admitted to kicking Lauren and apologized to her.


Red Bank Battlefield

The Red Bank Battlefield is located along the Delaware River in National Park, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. It was the location of the Battle of Red Bank in the American Revolutionary War on October 22, 1777. Fort Mercer and its sister, Fort Mifflin in Pennsylvania, defended the river and prevented the British from using it for transportation. The forts successfully delayed the British, but in the end, they were both destroyed or abandoned.
Today the site of the Battle of Red Bank is a part of the Gloucester County Parks system called Red Bank Battlefield Park.
James and Ann Whitall House.
The central feature of the park is the James and Ann Whitall House. This structure, a brick and stone house just outside the works of Fort Mercer, served as a hospital for some of the men wounded in the fighting. The house suffered damage during the battle. Ann Cooper Whitall had remained in the house during the fighting and tended to the wounded, earning her the epithet "Heroine of Red Bank."
Park features.
Although much of the battlefield has eroded into the Delaware River, some portions of Fort Mercer (named after Brigadier General Hugh Mercer, killed at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777.) remain. The prominent historical feature of the park is the remains of the ditch which surrounded the now-gone earthworks. Around these works and along the riverbank are several period cannons, including four raised from the wrecks of the British man-of-war and a British sloop, HMS "Merlin". The three American cannons facing the Whitall House were found in 1935 buried on the site. Nearer to the Whitall House, a preserved section of the "chevaux-de-frise" river defenses of the Fort Mercer and Fort Mifflin system is displayed, along with various cannonballs recovered from the battlefield. Several monuments honor the combatants, including a memorial to the fallen Hessian leader, whose remains were buried on the grounds, and a -tall monument.
Visiting.
The park is open to visitors during daylight hours. The Whitall House may be visited during more limited hours. An annual reenactment of the battle takes place on the park grounds in October. In the early 1980s, a lifeguard was on duty and swimming was permitted in the Delaware River.


Mishkei Herut Beitar

Mishkei Herut Beitar () is a revisionist Zionist settlement movement in Israel, affiliated with Beitar and Likud. It is based in the Metzudat Ze'ev offices on King George Street in Tel Aviv.
History.
Early Mishkei Herut Beitar settlements were established by members of the Platoon of the Wall brigade of Beitar. The first was Ramat Tyomkin (now part of Netanya) in 1932, followed by Tel Tzur near Zikhron Ya'akov. The movement was affiliated with the Herut party, which later merged into Likud. Due to ideological differences with other settlements, most of which were affiliated with Labor Zionism, in one case a separate regional council, Alona, was created for the three Herut Beitar settlements in Haifa District.
Many of the organisation's settlements were built in the 1980s, most of which are Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Golan Heights.
Member communities.
 Israeli settlement
Former members include Neot Sinai, an abandoned Israeli settlement in the Sinai Peninsula and Ganim, Homesh and Kadim, abandoned settlements in the West Bank.


Paddy McHugh

Patrick McHugh (born 23 January 1953) is a former Irish politician. He was an independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway East constituency. McHugh was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election, getting a 15.8% share of the vote. He was a member of the Technical group established to ensure Dáil speaking time for independent TDs. He lost his seat at the 2007 general election, getting a 5.8% share of the vote.
McHugh was first elected to Galway County Council in 1985. He was also elected to Tuam Town Council in 1999. In 2001, he left the Fianna Fáil party and became an independent. He served as a County Councillor until the abolition of the dual mandate in 2004.
References.


Nicolas Surcouf

Nicolas Surcouf (Saint-Malo, 1770 — 1848) was a French privateer. He was the brother and lieutenant of one of France's most famous and successful privateers, Robert Surcouf. Nicholas was the second eldest of four brothers, and Robert the second youngest.
Career.
In 1798 Nicholas sailed as second captain to Robert in the "Clarisse". On 3 January 1800, she detected two American 16-carronade ships forming a line of battle, which Surcouf engaged. "Clarisse" raked the rear-most ship, the "Louisa", and boarded her, while simultaneously firing a broadside on the other ship, "Mercury", which attempted to rescue her mate. Nicolas led a 30-man boarding party to seize "Louisa", while "Mercury" escaped. "Clarisse" could not give chase, her bowsprit having been destroyed in a collision with "Louisa". Nicolas Surcouf took a prize crew and sailed "Louisa" back to Port Louis.
In May 1800, Nicolas Surcouf captained the privateer "Adèle". He captured several small prizes, but on 12 November 1800, he encountered the brig-sloop , which captured "Adèle". Nicolas Surcouf surrendered to Captain Waller and offered him his sword, which Waller, as a sign of respect, declined to take; Surcouf was taken prisoner and sent to Calcutta, before ending up in England on a prison ship.
In 1804, Robert Surcouf returned to Saint-Malo and started equipping privateers. He gave Nicolas command of the 14-gun "Caroline", on which Nicolas cruised the Indian Ocean. Nicholas captured the ships "Waldegrave" and "Commerce" in the Indian Ocean, and "Melville" and "Prince de Galles" in the Gulf of Bengal
On 30 August 1815, Nicolas Surcouf joined the brig "Amitié", under Captain Beaudouin.
After his career as a privateer, Nicolas Surcouf entered business as a fishing shipowner. He outfitted a number of ships for cod fishing off Newfoundland between 1798 and 1840.
Notes, citations, and references.
Notes
Citations
References
External links


Ralph Gonsalves

Ralph Everard Gonsalves (born 8 August 1946) is a Vincentian politician. He is currently the Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and leader of the Unity Labour Party (ULP).
Gonsalves is the longest continuously serving head of government since St. Vincent and the Grenadines became independent in 1979. He became Prime Minister after his party won a majority government in the 2001 general election. He was the first Prime Minister from the newly constructed ULP, following a merger of the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Labour Party and the Movement for National Unity.
Gonsalves has been Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Central Windward since 1994. In 1994, upon the formation of the Unity Labour Party he became deputy leader, and became leader of the party in 1998.
With Gonsalves as leader, the ULP won a majority in the popular vote in every general election from 1998 through 2015, though it failed to secure the majority of parliamentary seats in the 1998 election. In 2020, the ULP won the election, but did not win the popular vote. On 7 November 2020, Gonsalves was sworn in for his fifth term as Prime Minister.
Early life and education.
Gonsalves, known affectionately as "Comrade Ralph", was born in Colonarie, Saint Vincent, British Windward Islands to his father, Alban Gonsalves, a farmer and small businessman (now deceased), and his mother, Theresa Francis, a small businesswoman. His ancestors came to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 1845 as indentured servants from the Portuguese island of Madeira.
Gonsalves attended Colonarie Roman Catholic School, and later the St Vincent Grammar School. He then enrolled at the University of the West Indies, where he completed a bachelor's degree in economics. He later returned there to earn a master's degree in government, which he completed in 1971. In 1974 he completed a doctorate in government at the University of Manchester. Gonsalves was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in London in 1981. He also attended Makerere University in Uganda according to his address at the United Nations during the Africa Day event on 25 May 2019.
Political career.
Gonsalves became involved in politics at university, as president of the University of West Indies' Guild of Undergraduates and Debating Society. In 1968, he led a student protest of the deportation of historian and intellectual Walter Rodney by the Jamaican government.
In 1994, Gonsalves became the deputy leader of the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Labour Party. After the resignation of Vincent Beache, Gonsalves became leader of the party in 1998. Gonsalves later led the Unity Labour Party to win the 2001 general election, becoming Prime Minister. His ULP was re-elected in the 2005 general election. In the 2010 general election, Gonsalves and the ULP were narrowly re-elected with 51.11% of the popular vote.
In 2009 Gonsalves and the ULP led a referendum campaign in favour of constitutional reform that would have abolished the country's constitutional monarchy, replacing Elizabeth II with a non-executive president. The referendum was defeated, with 55.64% of voters rejecting the changes.
On 3 July 2020, Gonsalves was elected Chairman of the Caribbean Community succeeding Mia Amor Mottley. His 6-month term ended on 1 January 2021, and he was succeeded by Trinidad and Tobago prime minister, Keith Rowley.
Outside politics.
Gonsalves practices law before the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. He has written and published on a range of matters including the Caribbean, Africa, trade unionism, comparative political economy, and developmental issues generally.
Personal life.
Gonsalves has been married twice; currently he is married to Eloise Harris. He has two sons by his first marriage, Camillo and Adam; one son by his second wife, Storm; and two daughters, Isis and Soleil.
Publications.
Books
Theses
Pamphlets


History of libertarianism


Battle of Mandora

The Battle of Mandora was a minor battle fought on 13 March 1801 between French forces under François Lanusse and the British expeditionary corps under Ralph Abercromby, during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
Background.
The British army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, had been sent to Egypt to remove the French garrison from the region, following Napoleon's departure in August 1799. On 1 March 1801, the British corps, originally consisting of 15,300 men but much affected by disease, carried by a fleet of 175 ships, arrived at the natural harbour of Abu Qir, (known to the British as "Aboukir Bay"), some 23 kilometres (14 miles) from the port city of Alexandria. On 8 March, the British vanguard of 5,500 came ashore by boat, opposed by a French force of some 2,000 drawn up on the sand dunes overlooking the landing beach, an action known as the Second Battle of Abukir. The outcome had essentially been decided in the first 20 minutes of the landfall, when Major General John Moore, commanding the centre of the British line, carried the main French position on a sand dune with a bayonet charge; the French were forced to retreat and the whole British corps had landed by nightfall.
Having established a depot and field hospital on the beach, the British besieged and captured Aboukir Castle from the French and began preparations to move against Alexandria. On 12 March, the British began their cautious advance towards Alexandria along a narrow isthmus between the Mediterranean and Lake Maadie (later known as Lake Aboukir). When they reached a feature called Mandora Tower, they made camp for the night.
Battle.
A personal reconnaissance by Abercrombie had shown that a French force of nearly 5,000 men under General François Lanusse were holding a ridge of high ground which crossed the western end of the isthmus; their line rested on the ruins of Nicopolis of Alexandria at the north and the Alexandria Canal at the south, and had been strengthened by the construction of a redoubt. Accordingly, on March 13, the British began their advance at first light, in two lines. The French unleashed a fierce fire from their artillery and muskets on the 92nd Regiment of Foot which was leading the left column and mounted a cavalry charge against the 90th Regiment of Foot which was leading the right. Few of the French cavalry reached the British line, most being driven off by an effective volley of musket fire. As the British lines continued their advance, the French began to withdraw to their fortifications on a further ridge just outside Alexandria; Dillon's Regiment (composed of various foreign troops and French émigré officers) captured two French guns by the canal in a bayonet charge.
Having secured the former French positions, Abercrombie, who was determined to take the French fortifications outside Alexandria by a "coup de main", began a further advance across the plain that separated the two ridges. General Hutchinson was ordered to take a hill overlooking the plain from the south which was successful, the 44th Regiment of Foot capturing a guarded bridge over the canal in the process. However, General Moore, commanding the right hand column, was met with intense artillery fire to which they were totally exposed. Halting while a reconnaissance was conducted by Abercrombie, during which his horse was shot from underneath him, the British forces eventually withdrew at sunset to the line which they had captured earlier in the day.
Aftermath.
The British set about further fortifying their new position, landed heavy guns from the ships offshore and bringing up supplies with the intention of blockading the French garrison. It was in this position that a French counterattack would be defeated in the Battle of Alexandria on 21 March.
The British 90th and 92nd Regiments of Foot, who had borne the brunt of the fighting, were awarded the battle honour "Mandora".
The Mandora Barracks (built 1895, demolished 1970) at Aldershot in Hampshire were named after this action.


Charles Goyette

Charles Goyette is a libertarian commentator and talk radio host.
Goyette joins with former presidential candidate and Congressman Ron Paul for the nationally syndicated twice-daily radio commentary "Ron Paul's America" heard on 125 stations across the country, as well as "Ron Paul and Charles Goyette -- The Weekly Podcast."
Overview.
He is the author of "The Dollar Meltdown: Surviving the Impending Currency Crisis with Gold, Oil, and Other Unconventional Investments". He also wrote "Red and Blue and Broke All Over: Restoring America's Free Economy".
Goyette is also the editor of the "Freedom & Prosperity Letter", a monthly political and financial newsletter.
Goyette also writes a bi-weekly column for the financial website MoneyandMarkets.com.
Goyette has filled in for several nationally syndicated talk shows over the years, most recently on the Laura Ingraham Show in July 2014.
He formerly hosted talk radio shows based in Phoenix, Arizona on KTAR, KFYI, KXXT, and KFNX. His show aired for the last time on KFNX on June 13, 2008.
KFYI, owned by Clear Channel Communications, moved Goyette was moved from a prime "drive time" commuting slot to the less desirable 7–10 p.m. slot, which Goyette called "radio Outer Darkness." Goyette said that the move was in retaliation for Goyette's criticism of President George W. Bush and the 2003 invasion of Iraq; he wrote in early 2004 that he did not expect his contract to be renewed when it expired later that year.
He was named "Best Phoenix Talk Show Host" by the "Phoenix New Times" in 2003.
Family history.
Charles Goyette's father, Dr. Ed Goyette, Jr., was a professor of philosophy at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff.
According to Arizona Daily Star newspaper reporter, David Leighton, Charles Goyette is the grandson of C. Edgar "Ed" Goyette, who was a prominent citizen of Tucson. Ed Goyette was the first student body president at the University of Arizona. He served as executive secretary of the Tucson Chamber of Commerce from 1940 to 1960 and much of Tucson's growth was due to his work in bringing new industry and military installations to the city. He was named Tucson’s “Man of the Year” for 1958 by the Tucson Advertising Club and former Arizona Governor Paul Fannin proclaimed Ed Goyette Day on April 5, 1960.


Hans Hjelle

Hans Hjelle (17 March 1916 – 9 July 2008) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Møre og Romsdal during the terms 1958–1961 and 1961–1965. In total he met during 76 days of parliamentary session.


Welcome to Obamaland

Welcome to Obamaland: I Have Seen Your Future and It Doesn't Work is a book by British journalist and author James Delingpole, published by Regnery Press in 2009.
Synopsis.
Writing for publication in the United States, Delingpole compares the differences between the United States and Great Britain, taking the view that the latter country is a failed socialist experiment.
The book was published in the month that Barack Obama was inaugurated as president, Delingpole having anticipated that Obama would win. Felicia Pride and Calvin Reid of "Publishers Weekly" wrote: "In case you thought everyone was thrilled about Barack Obama's historic election, conservative U.K. journalist Delingpole outlines a scary future under Obama-style socialism".
Reception.
Delingpole's partisan approach to such issues as the funding of health care has met with approval from sections of the American media.
Jerome C. Arnett for the "Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons" (publication of the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons (AAPS) a politically conservative organization founded in 1943 to "fight socialized medicine and the government takeover of medicine") wrote, "In Obamaland, author James Delingpole advises us that the land we love has been hijacked by a bunch of left-liberal zealots. They don't have much of an idea about how to fix the economy, but they do know exactly how to ruin your life, and they will. Over the next 'long, weary years' your taxes are going to rise, your standard of living is going to drop, and your liberties are going to be curtailed. The medical care of your Obamaland future is so costly it will eat up the biggest part of your tax dollar, but so terrible that even in your hour of greatest need, you'd rather walk barefoot across hot coals than ever have to use it, Delingpole writes. He believes there's not a lot we can do to stop the deluge of misery that is going to hit us now that the socialists are in charge".
Herb Denenberg writing for the Philadelphia "Bulletin" said, "The book covers a broad range of subjects, but one of the first things he takes up is the British national health insurance system and there’s good reason for that emphasis. He starts out by telling us he had so much envy for Americans".