Weldon L. Kennedy

Weldon Lynn Kennedy (September 12, 1938 - June 13, 2020) was a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation and served for 33 years. He is known for negotiating a peaceful end to the Atlanta Prison Riots and his involvement in the investigation of the Oklahoma City bombing.
He retired as the FBI's No. 2 in command, Deputy Director, in February 1997.
History.
Weldon was born on September 12, 1938, in Menlow, Texas, a small community in Hill County that no longer exists.
After service as an Lieutenant (junior grade) in the United States Navy's Office of Naval Intelligence from 1959 to 1963, Weldon joined the FBI in 1963. In 1987, he earned fame as the special agent in charge during a riot at United States Penitentiary, Atlanta, where he negotiated a 13-day takeover. He was also Special Agent in charge of the arrests and investigation of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols of the Oklahoma City bombing. In August 1995, he was appointed Deputy Director by Director Louis J. Freeh. In February 1997, Kennedy retired and was succeeded by William Esposito, but only for a few months. Thomas J. Pickard assumed the office officially after Esposito.
After leaving the FBI, Kennedy was hired as Vice Chairman of Guardsmark by Ira A. Lipman.
He now resides with his family in Prescott, Arizona. He died on June 13, 2020 at the age of 81. His memoir, "On-Scene Commander: From Street Agent to Deputy Director of the FBI", was published on September 10, 2007.
FBI.
On July 22, 1963, Weldon began training for the FBI in Washington, D.C. After spending one night in D.C., Weldon was transported by bus to the FBI Academy at Quantico Marine Base in Quantico, Virginia where he received basic training for the FBI. During sixteen weeks of basic training, Weldon and his fellow trainees were bussed back and forth between Quantico, Virginia and Washington, D.C. every few weeks in order to receive hands on training in Washington. While Weldon was receiving FBI training, his wife, Kathy, and their son stayed in Texas at Weldon’s parents’ house and also at Kathy’s parents house.
Weldon’s involvement in the Atlanta Prison Riots.
On Monday, November 23, 1987, prisoners of the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia began rioting in reaction to recent news from Cuba. It had been announced that President Fidel Castro would allow certain Cubans who traveled to the United States during the 1980 Mariel boat lift, to return to Cuba. The Cubans that were allowed to return were individuals that broke laws in the United States, or came to the U.S. with pre-existing mental disorders or criminal records. Many inmates in Atlanta claimed that they would prefer death over the return to Cuba. As many of the Cuban inmates were thought to have served in the Cuban military, there was organization involved in the riot that led to over thirty prison guards being held as hostages by the prisoners. Along with hostages being taken, the inmates also started multiple fires throughout the penitentiary while rioting.
Kennedy was the leader of the FBI in Atlanta, Georgia at the time of the Atlanta prison riots. In order to end the prison riots peacefully, Kennedy had to be extremely careful with every decision he made, especially because prison guards were being held hostage. While interacting with the prisoners, Kennedy and his team learned that the Cuban prisoners wanted outside negotiators that they could trust brought in to the prison. Thus, Kennedy brought into the prison Auxiliary Bishop Agustin Roman of Miami and a group of American Civil Liberties Union lawyers who had sympathized with the Cuban prisoners in the past. After Kennedy explained to both outsider parties what role they would play and how they were supposed to act, he was able to conduct a peaceful end to the prison riots.


Social Liberal Group (Estonia)

Social Liberal Group was formed on 8 May 2004 by former Centrists who left the Estonian Centre Party. It dissolved 10 May 2005 having only achieved group status, not even a fraction or a party status.
Social-liberals had three seats in Parliament. In Riigikogu they had a vice chairman chair, Peeter Kreitzberg. The group members had a different ideology, so it was likely that the group would split up to other parties. On 31 March they made an agreement with Estonian Socialdemocratic Party. This agreement declared their co-operation in parliament and in local council election in 2005.
On 4 April 2005, Olev Laanjärv returned to the Centre Faction. On 10 May 2005 Peeter Kreitzberg and Sven Mikser joined with ESDP, Robert Lepikson joined with People's Union and Harri Õunapuu joined with Reform Party. On 22 November 2005 Jaanus Marrandi joined with People's Union. On 27 November 2005, Mark Soosaar joined with ESDP.


David Gold (talk radio host)

David Gold is an American conservative talk radio host. Gold, who has been a talk radio host since the mid-1970s, one of the first U.S. conservative talk radio hosts. His philosophy has been characterized as in the conservative/libertarian vein.
Broadcasting career.
Gold has worked as a local talk host in markets such as Boston, Denver, Tampa, Miami and Dallas.
Gold began his career at KWBZ Radio in Denver, a powerful talk radio station the country's 22nd largest radio market, where he worked alongside legendary host Alan Berg. Then, during the mid-1980s, Gold moved to Tampa, Florida, where he became that city's first conservative talk host on WPLP-AM. Gold then moved to Miami to do a talk show before heading west to Dallas, where he would find the most success hosting local talk radio programs.
Along with his friend Kevin McCarthy, Gold was one of the top hosts at KLIF, the first full-time talk radio station in the fifth-biggest U.S. radio market. Unusual for a radio station, the station became prominent in the city's mediascape. Its hosts were often quoted in local media and amongst local politicians. Gold was a staple at KLIF, where he ruled the afternoon "drive time" show from 1986 to 1997.
Current radio work.
Gold most recently hosted an afternoon show at KSFO (AM) in San Francisco. His voice has often been heard as a fill-in host at stations in markets such as Tampa and Seattle.
Other media work.
Gold has been asked to present his opinion as a guest on numerous programs including "Nightline", "Crossfire" and "Good Morning America". Gold co-hosted a weekly debate on the Dallas NBC Affiliate, KXAS-TV.
Quotes.
One Dallas publication described Gold's influence in Dallas media:


Nicholas Kaldor

Nicholas Kaldor, Baron Kaldor (12 May 1908 – 30 September 1986), born Káldor Miklós, was a Cambridge economist in the post-war period. He developed the "compensation" criteria called Kaldor–Hicks efficiency for welfare comparisons (1939), derived the cobweb model, and argued for certain regularities observable in economic growth, which are called Kaldor's growth laws. Kaldor worked alongside Gunnar Myrdal to develop the key concept Circular Cumulative Causation, a multicausal approach where the core variables and their linkages are delineated. Both Myrdal and Kaldor examine circular relationships, where the interdependencies between factors are relatively strong, and where variables interlink in the determination of major processes.
Gunnar Myrdal got the concept from Knut Wicksell and developed it alongside Nicholas Kaldor when they worked together at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Myrdal concentrated on the social provisioning aspect of development, while Kaldor concentrated on demand-supply relationships to the manufacturing sector. Kaldor also coined the term "convenience yield" related to commodity markets and the so-called theory of storage, which was initially developed by Holbrook Working.
Biography.
He was born Káldor Miklós in Budapest, and was educated there, as well as in Berlin, and at the London School of Economics, where he graduated with a first-class BSc(Econ.) degree in 1930 and subsequently became an assistant lecturer and (by 1938) lecturer and reader in economics. Between 1943 and 1945 Kaldor worked for the National Institute of Economic and Social Research and in 1947 he resigned from the LSE to become Director of Research and Planning at the Economic Commission for Europe. He was elected to a Fellowship at King's College, Cambridge and offered a lectureship in the Economics Faculty of the University in 1949. He became a Reader in Economics in 1952, and Professor in 1966.
From 1964, Kaldor was an advisor to the Labour government of the UK and also advised several other countries, producing some of the earliest memoranda regarding the creation of value added tax. Inter alia, Kaldor was considered, with his fellow-Hungarian Thomas Balogh, one of the intellectual authors of the 1964–70 Harold Wilson's government's short-lived Selective Employment Tax (SET) designed to tax employment in service sectors while subsidising employment in manufacturing. In 1966, he became professor of economics at the University of Cambridge. On 9 July 1974, Kaldor was made a life peer as Baron Kaldor, of Newnham in the City of Cambridge.
Kaldor was invited by then Prime Minister of India—Jawaharlal Nehru—to design an expenditure tax system for India in the 1950s. He also went to India's Centre for Development Studies (CDS) in 1985 to inaugurate and deliver the first Joan Robinson Memorial Lecture. Owing to these links, the Kaldor family donated his entire personal collection to the CDS Library. There are 362 books in the collection and they cover a wide range of titles on economic theory, classical political economy, business cycles and history of economic thought.
Business cycle theory.
After the publication of John Maynard Keynes' General Theory many attempts were made to build a business cycle model. The models that were built by American Neo-Keynesians such as Paul Samuelson proved unstable. They could not describe why an economy should cycle through recession and growth in a stable fashion. The British Neo-Keynesian John Hicks tried to improve the theory by imposing rigid ceilings and floors on the model. But most people thought that this was a poor way of explaining the cycle as it relied on artificial, exogenous constraints. Kaldor, however, had actually invented a fully coherent and highly realistic account of the business cycle in 1940. He used non-linear dynamics to construct this theory. Kaldor's theory was similar to Samuelson's and Hicks' as it used a multiplier-accelerator model to understand the cycle. It differed from these theories, however, as Kaldor introduced the capital stock as an important determinant of the trade cycle. This was in keeping with Keynes' sketch of the business cycle in his General Theory.
Following Keynes, Kaldor argued that investment depended positively on income and negatively on the accumulated capital stock. The idea that investment depends positively on the growth of income is simply the idea of the accelerator model that holds that in periods of high income growth and hence demand growth, investment should rise in the anticipation of high income and demand growth in the future. The intuition lying behind the negative relationship to the accumulation of the capital stock is due to the fact that if firms have a very large amount of productive capacity accumulated already they will not be as inclined to invest in more. Kaldor was in effect integrating Roy Harrod's ideas about unbalanced growth into his theory.
In the standard accelerator model that stood behind Samuelson's and Hicks' business cycle theories investment was determined as such:
This states that investment is determined by exogenous investment and lagged income multiplied by the accelerator coefficient. Kaldor's model modified this to include a negative coefficient for the capital stock:
Kaldor then assumed that the investment and savings functions are non-linear. He argued that at the peaks and troughs of the cycle the marginal propensity to save shifts in opposite ways. The intuition behind this is that during recessions people will cut their savings to maintain their standard of living while at high levels of income people will save a larger proportion of their income. He also argued that at the peaks and troughs of the cycle the marginal propensity to invest shifts. The intuition behind this is that at the trough of the cycle there will be a large amount of excess capacity and so businessmen will not want to invest more, while at the peak of the cycle rising costs will discourage investment. This creates non-linear dynamics in the economy that then drive the business cycle.
When Kaldor combines these components we get a clear six-stage model of the business cycle. In the first stage the economy is in equilibrium position. Investment is taking place and the capital stock is growing. In the second stage the growth in the capital stock leads to a downward shift in the investment curve as businessmen decide their factories become overfull. In the third stage (which overlaps with the second stage) the high growth in income causes higher saving which pushes the savings curve upwards. At this point the two curves become tangential and the equilibrium becomes unstable which generates a recession. In the fourth stage the same dynamics kick in but this time moving in the opposite direction. By the sixth stage the equilibrium is again unstable and a boom is produced.
Kaldor also noted the importance of income distribution in his theory of the business cycle. He assumed that savings out of profits were higher than savings out of wages; that is, he argued that poorer people (workers) tend to save less than richer people (capitalists). Or:
Kaldor believed that the business cycle had an inherent mechanism built into it that redistributed income across the cycle and that these mitigated "explosive" results. As we have seen, in a cyclical upswing where planned investment begins to outstrip planned savings prices will tend to rise. Kaldor assumed that those who set prices have more power than those who set wages and so prices will tend to rise faster than wages. This means that profits must also rise faster than wages. Kaldor argued that due to the different savings propensities of capitalists and workers this will lead to higher savings. This will then dampen the cycle somewhat. In a recession or depression Kaldor argued that prices should fall faster than wages for the same reasons that Keynes laid out in his General Theory. This meant that income would be redistributed to workers as real wages rose. This would lead savings to fall in a recession or depression and so would dampen the cycle.
Kaldor's model assumes wage and price flexibility. If wage and price flexibility are not forthcoming the economy may have a tendency to either perpetual and rising inflation or persistent stagnation. Kaldor also makes strong assumptions about how wages and prices respond in both inflations and depressions. If these assumptions do not hold Kaldor's model would lead us to conclude that the cycle might give way to either perpetual and rising inflation or stagnation.
Kaldor's non-linear business cycle theory overcomes the difficulty that many economists had with Roy Harrod's growth theory. Many of the American Neo-Keynesian economists thought that Harrod's work implied that capitalism would tend toward extremes of zero and infinite growth and that there were no dynamics that might keep it in check. Robert Solow, who eventually created the Solow Growth Model in response to these perceived problems, summarised this view as such:
In fact, Kaldor's 1940 paper had already shown this to be completely untrue. Solow was working with an erroneous and underdeveloped theory of the business cycle that he had taken over from Samuelson. By the time Solow was working on his growth theory, the Cambridge UK economists had already satisfactorily laid out a self-limiting theory of the business cycle that they thought was a reasonable description of the real world. This is one of the reasons that the Cambridge economists were so hostile in their reaction to Solow's growth model and went on to attack it in the Cambridge Capital Controversy of the 1960s. The ignorance on the part of the American economists' knowledge of Kaldor's model also explains why the Cambridge Post-Keynesian economists found the ISLM model favoured by the American Neo-Keynesians to be crude and lacking.
Personal life.
Kaldor was married to Clarissa Goldsmith, a prominent figure in Cambridge city life and a history graduate from Somerville College, Oxford, and they had four daughters: Penny Milsom, a former London Borough of Islington Labour councillor, Katharine Hoskyns, who has stood as a Labour candidate for Westminster City Council, Frances Stewart, Professor of Economic Development at the University of Oxford, and Mary Kaldor, Professor of Human Security at the London School of Economics.
He died in Papworth Everard, Cambridgeshire.


William Wright Abbot

William Wright Abbot III (May 20, 1922August 31, 2009) was an American archivist and historian, widely noted for his work compiling and editing the George Washington papers. After his undergraduate study, he joined the U.S. Navy and served in the Pacific theater during World War II. He then earned advanced degrees and became a professor and historian. In undertaking the editing and publishing of the papers of George Washington, Abbot examined some 135,000 letters and documents from and to Washington. Abbot's career as a teacher and historian lasted nearly 50 years.
Early years.
Abbot was born in Louisville, Georgia, the son of William Wright Abbot II and Lillian Abbot. He attended Louisville Academy public high school and graduated in 1939. He soon enrolled in Davidson College and attended for two years. In 1941 he transferred to the University of Georgia and graduated in 1943. That year he was awarded the Baccalaureate degree just before joining the United States Navy. Abbot's career as a teacher began when he was assigned to teach celestial navigation to young naval cadets at Duke University in the spring of 1946; he studied under Charles Sydnor. That fall, he returned to his hometown to teach science and English grammar at his old high school. Abbot then went back to Duke University to study history under the GI Bill and earned his master's and doctorate degrees. He completed his PhD studies in 1953 and was hired by the College of William & Mary in Virginia as an assistant professor of history.
Career.
During World War II, Abbot served in small naval ships and saw service in the Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He later remarked that he had reached the height of his personal authority at age 22, when, while serving in the Pacific theater, he was in charge of SC-504, a submarine chaser. He served from 1943-1946, and rose to the rank of lieutenant junior grade.
Abbot was a history professor at the University of Virginia (UVA). In 1960–1961 he edited the university's publication "Journal of Southern History". Abbot was the "James Madison Professor of History" and taught colonial history at the UVA. He became a longtime editor of Washington's correspondence and papers. The aim of his undertaking was to compile and publish a definitive collection of Washington's works. He worked on Washington's papers for more than 15 years, raising several million dollars in funding while reading or editing more than 135,000 of Washington's documents. His research into the Colonial period has been acclaimed for greatly expanding on the existing knowledge of the Continental government during its formative period.
Works.
The "Papers of George Washington",
Abbot's Washington papers project, has approximately 50 volumes and was expected to be completed in 2017 and expand to more than 80 volumes. The voluminous work is divided into five categories: the Colonial Series; the Revolutionary War Series; the Confederation Series; the Presidential Series; and the Retirement Series. It is estimated that there are some 135,000 pieces of correspondence from or addressed to Washington. This project differs from earlier attempts to chronicle and edit Washington's papers due to its greater depth of coverage. Abbot's comprehensive perspective project about the first president covers "both sides of the story", which also includes thousands of letters addressed to Washington, according to former project editor Dorothy Twohig. She further maintains that Abbot was very meticulous and went to great lengths to consult every possible document which provided detailed information, explaining the context of every letter and diary entry of Washington in his effort to help readers understand "why Washington took the measures that he did". Edward G. Lengel also was involved in the editing of the Washington papers.
Abbot's 1959 work, "The Royal Governors of Georgia", is said to be unsurpassed and unchallenged in Georgia history. It is considered the leading authority on Governors Reynolds, Ellis and Wright and the most important work covering Georgia's history. For his effort, Abbot was awarded the "John Macpherson Berrien Award" by the Georgia Historical Society.
Abbot also wrote "The Colonial Origins of the United States, 1607–1763", published in 1975.
Death.
Abbot died of congestive heart failure on August 31, 2009, in a hospital in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 87. He is buried in Louisville City Cemetery in Louisville, Georgia.


Garage Logic


Philip D. Morgan

Philip D. Morgan (born 1949) is a British historian. He has specialized in Early Modern colonial British America and slavery in the Americas. In 1999, he won both the Bancroft Prize and the Frederick Douglass Prize for his book "Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry" (1998).
Life.
Born in England, Morgan graduated from Cambridge University and received his PhD from University College London.
Morgan taught at the College of William and Mary and was editor of the "William and Mary Quarterly" from 1997 to 2000. He teaches at Johns Hopkins University, where he is the Harry C. Black Professor of History, and during the 2011-12 academic year is the visiting Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University.
Awards.
For "Slave Counterpoint" (1998)


National Liberal Party (Moldova)

The National Liberal Party (, PNL) is a political party in the Republic of Moldova. It was founded in 1993 but temporarily disappeared through political amalgamation in 2000 before being refounded in 2006.
It is not officially recognised by the National Liberal Party of Romania (PNL) and therefore does not have the right to share the historical tradition of the prewar party of the same name, which was forcibly dissolved in 1947 in post-war Romania by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) after the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia.
Political agenda.
The party supports the unification of the Republic of Moldova with Romania and shares copies the identity and ideology of the traditional party in neighbouring Romania. Nonetheless, very much unlike the Romanian PNL (which is dominant on the centre-right as well as Romania's second largest political party), the Moldovan PNL might actually be considered a micro party with respect to Moldovan politics. In addition to support for political union with Romania, as an interim measure, the PNL supports EU and NATO membership for Moldova. In early 2020, the PNL became one of the founding members of Mișcarea Politică Unirea (MPU), a political party established purposely for the unification of Romania and Moldova.
Electoral history.
Notes:
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2
3


Monthei Eriksen Haug

Monthei Eriksen Haug (9 March 1861 – 9 June 1933) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Nordre Odalen. He served in the military and attended Sagatun folk high school before settling as a farmer. He was elected to Nordre Odalen municipal council in 1891, and served as mayor from 1895 to 1901. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1900, representing the constituency of Hedemarkens Amt, and was re-elected in 1904 and 1907. He had been a deputy representative during the term 1895–1897.


Col. James Barrett Farm

The Col. James Barrett Farm (Barrett's Farm) is a historic farm at 448 Barrett's Mill Road in Concord, Massachusetts.
Background.
James Barrett was Colonel of the Concord, Massachusetts, Militia during the Battles of Lexington and Concord that began the American Revolutionary War. His farm was the storage site of all the town of Concord's Militia gunpowder, weapons and two pairs of prized bronze cannons, according to secret British intelligence.
On the morning of April 19, 1775, the British Regulars were ordered by General Thomas Gage to march from Boston to the town of Concord, about 20 miles inland, and seize the cannon and raid the arsenal at the provincial farm. The British met resistance at both Lexington, Massachusetts and Concord. Before the British arrived and searched, the stores had been concealed in a field nearby, and the British never found them.
The farm was built in 1705 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The farmhouse was in disrepair and was restored over eight years by Save Our Heritage. The restoration was funded by local and private funding as well as a Department of the Interior grant.
In March 2009, Congress passed legislation to add Barrett's Farm to Minute Man National Historical Park. In August 2012, the National Park Service obtained ownership of the Barrett House and surrounding 3.4 acres from Save Our Heritage. In October, 2012 Minute Man National Historical Park and Save Our Heritage hosted a celebration of completion of the restoration and transfer of ownership of the Col. James Barrett House to the Minute Man Park. Congresswoman Niki Tsongas helped make Barrett's Farm part of the national park system and spoke at the event.


Grandmesnil (actor)

Jean-Baptiste Fauchard (19 March 1737, Paris – 24 May 1816, Paris), stage name Grandmesnil or Grand-Ménil), was a French actor and playwright.
Life.
At first a lawyer in the parliament of Paris, then a counsellor in the Admiralty, he spoke out against the Parlement Maupeou and left France in 1771. Taking refuge in Brussels, he gave himself over the theatrical interests he had always had and appeared in several servant roles. Returning to France some years later, he acted in Marseille and then in Bordeaux, where he played financiers and "rôles à manteau".
On 31 August 1790, he made his début at the Comédie-Française (becoming a societaire of it in 1792), from which he retired on 21 March 1811. Grandmesnil was noted as one of the best interpreters of Molière and particularly excelled in the rôles of Arnolphe and Harpagon. The distinction of his manners and the constant regularity of his lifestyle were highly valued and in 1796 he was summoned to the Académie des Beaux-Arts de l'Institut de France on its formation, in the Literature and Fine Arts classe.
Works.
Grandmesnil wrote two plays, although they may have never been performed in his lifetime.


The Multiracial Activist

The Multiracial Activist (TMA) is a left-libertarian activist journal covering social and civil liberties issues of interest to individuals who perceive themselves to be biracial or multiracial. In addition, interracial couples and families and transracial adoptees are also constituencies covered. The magazine is based in Alexandria, Virginia.
History.
Founded in April 1997 by James A. Landrith, Jr., "The Multiracial Activist" is registered with the Library of Congress in Washington, DC under .
In addition to covering news on its core constituencies, "The Multiracial Activist" is involved in various civil liberties coalitions. Coalition topics include racial classifications, domestic surveillance, racial profiling, financial privacy, national identification cards, immigration reform, and general civil liberties issues. "The Multiracial Activist" participated as a plaintiff in a controversial lawsuit initiated by the Center for National Security Studies against the Department of Justice in December 2001.
Advocacy.
"The Multiracial Activist" participated in the efforts in the late 1990s to allow respondents to the U.S. Census and other government forms that collect racial classification data to check more than one racial classification box. Beginning in 1998, "The Multiracial Activist" published a letter from Bob Jones University, which eventually led to the repeal of their long-standing ban on interracial relationships among their student population.
In addition to working on racial classification issues, multiracial identity and interracial marriage, "The Multiracial Activist" and its founder currently serve on a diverse variety of civil liberties coalitions. Most notable are the Coalition for Patient Privacy, Asylum Working Group (sponsored by Human Rights First), Liberty Coalition and In Defense of Freedom.
Books.
"The Multiracial Activist" has been profiled in numerous books. Most notable are: 2003 "The Fundamentals of Extremism", 2004 "Social Identities: Multidisciplinary Approaches" by Gary Taylor and Spencer Steve, 2004 "The Politics of Multiracialism: Challenging Racial Thinking" edited by Heather M. Dalmage, and 2006 "Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?" by G. Reginald Daniel.


Mark Hoppus

Mark Allan Hoppus (born March 15, 1972) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and former television personality best known as the bassist and co-lead vocalist of the rock band Blink-182, as well as part of pop rock duo Simple Creatures with All Time Low's Alex Gaskarth.
Born in Ridgecrest, California, Hoppus spent his childhood moving back and forth between his mother and father's houses, as they divorced when he was in third grade. He became interested in skateboarding and punk rock in junior high and received a bass guitar from his father, Tex Hoppus, at the age of fifteen. After moving to San Diego to attend college at California State University, San Marcos in 1992, Hoppus's sister introduced him to Tom DeLonge, and together with drummer Scott Raynor, they formed the band Blink-182. In 2015, Hoppus became the last remaining original member of the group.
Blink-182 produced several rock recordings and toured exhaustively before signing to major label MCA to co-distribute their sophomore effort, 1997's "Dude Ranch", which featured the Hoppus-penned hit "Dammit". After replacing Raynor with Travis Barker, the trio recorded "Enema of the State" (1999), which launched the band into multiplatinum success. Two more records followed—the heavier "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket" (2001) and the more experimental "untitled album" (2003)—before the band split in 2005 following internal tension. Hoppus continued playing with Barker in +44 in the late 2000s. Blink-182 subsequently reunited in 2009 and continue to record and tour worldwide.
Aside from his musical career, Hoppus has had multiple successes behind the recording console, producing records for groups such as Idiot Pilot, New Found Glory, The Matches, Motion City Soundtrack, and PAWS. He has previously co-owned two companies, Atticus and Macbeth Footwear, and created a new clothing line in 2012 named Hi My Name is Mark. Hoppus hosted a weekly podcast in 2005 through 2006, which returned in 2015, and he hosted his own television talk show, "Hoppus on Music", from 2010 to 2012 on Fuse.
Life and career.
Origins and early life.
Mark Hoppus was born in Ridgecrest, California, on March 15, 1972, to Kerry Wernz and George "Tex" Hoppus (born 1947). Ridgecrest is a small town in the California desert, composed mainly of what Hoppus later described as "geniuses, scientists, physicists and then just complete strung-out meth-heads". Hoppus' Finnish paternal great-grandparents, Aaron and Lempi Orrenmaa, emigrated to the U.S. from Laihia. His father, like many in Ridgecrest, worked for the U.S. Department of Defense, designing missiles and bombs for the town's Navy testing center. Hoppus describes himself as "pretty mellow" until his parents divorced when he was eight, which had a "drastic, unsettling effect" on him. "When my parents argued, it was always behind closed doors. I remember sitting outside my parents' room when I was seven years old, hearing the dulled voice of anger behind the door. It upset me a lot." Following these events, he spent two years shuffling between his parents' homes with sister Anne, until he and his father moved to Monterey. His father was often away earning a postgraduate degree in college. He later would describe his childhood as lonely, remarking, "[I] was living by myself in the fifth grade." His father introduced him to the music of The Beatles, Elton John and Billy Joel.
Hoppus describes himself as "pretty straight" until junior high, when he began skateboarding and listening to punk rock. He lived in Fairfax, Virginia (a suburb of Washington, D.C.) during his early high school years and attended Annandale High School during his second year, at which time he received his first bass guitar and attended his first concert: They Might Be Giants at the shortly before his sixteenth birthday, March 4, 1988. "I didn't know where I should stand or what I should do, so my friends and I bought some menthol cigarettes and smoked for the first time and tried to look as cool as we could. We probably looked like idiots," Hoppus remembered. Hoppus received his first bass (a Mako) as a gift from his father, purchased at a local music shop in Annandale. He earned money for a set of amplifiers by helping him paint his house. Hoppus never took bass lessons, instead he taught himself by playing to bands such as the Descendents, The Cure, and Bad Religion. Hoppus has remarked that "Silly Girl" by the Descendents was the "song that made me fall in love with punk rock music […] that song changed my life forever." Likewise, Hoppus borrowed a cassette version of The Cure's "Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me" from friend Wendy Franklin the summer following junior high school and was taken with "Just Like Heaven".
Hoppus began to dress like frontman Robert Smith, donning eyeliner and "occasionally bright red lipstick" to his high school classes ("This all went over exceedingly well with the faculty and staff in the small desert town where I grew up," Hoppus remarked in 2009). Beginning in his first year, Hoppus gained solace through music of both The Cure and The Smiths. Hoppus played by himself and sang in the band Pier 69, primarily covering songs by The Cure, and recorded a live demo with a group named The Attic Children in 1988, featuring covers of The Cure songs. Hoppus returned to Ridgecrest in 1989, completing high school at Burroughs High School. In his teen years, a friend of Hoppus would steal his mother's car in the middle of the night and pick Hoppus up; the two would sneak out to the desert and burn trees and any objects they could find.
After graduating from Burroughs High School in 1990, he began playing in a band called of All Things he formed with two friends, covering songs by Descendents, Social Distortion and Bad Religion, as well as writing original punk numbers. The group primarily performed at friend's parties and bonfires, and once played Oasis, the local music venue. Hoppus left Ridgecrest in summer 1992 to attend college and get a job at a local music store in San Diego. Hoppus continued playing gigs with of All Things, returning on weekends. Eventually, Hoppus' manager became suspicious of his weekend activities (Hoppus having told him he worked with mentally disabled children in Ridgecrest) and refused any time off on weekends. His "short lived attempt" at college, studying at California State University, San Marcos, revolved around plans to become an English teacher. He recalls he "hated" college and his reasoning behind becoming a teacher involved sights set for educational reform. He dropped out in the early 1990s after "things began to take off with Blink-182" and lived with his mother for many of the early years of the band. Hoppus describes his mother as always supportive in his decisions to drop out of college and tour with Blink-182; however, he describes his father as "more realistic, [...] he said, 'Have something to fall back on.'" "I'm really fortunate that my mom always completely supported me, even to the point that I dropped out of college and lived at her house for five years before our band started to catch on," said Hoppus.
Beginnings of music career.
After moving to San Diego in the summer of 1992, Hoppus was reunited with his sister Anne Hoppus, to whom he expressed his desire to be in a band. Anne attended Rancho Bernardo High School, and had become friends with new student Tom DeLonge over the summer. In August 1992, Anne introduced the two, and Hoppus and DeLonge immediately began performing music in DeLonge's garage. To impress DeLonge, Hoppus climbed to the top of a streetlight outside of DeLonge's home – however, he broke both ankles on the way down, resulting in being in crutches for the next few weeks. DeLonge recalled the meeting in 2000: "When I first met Mark, we were running around naked, doing weird stuff. We were up skateboarding until late hours of the morning, antagonizing security guards, and we were just always having fun." DeLonge recruited old friend Scott Raynor from his days at Poway to become the drummer for the new band, named blink.
Hoppus and his girlfriend at this time lived in a basement apartment, barely scraping together funds to pay rent. With money in savings, Hoppus went out and bought his first professional equipment: a new amp and bass cabinet. He came home and his girlfriend proceeded to argue with him, angry that he spent money on something they did not need. "I just kept telling her that this was what mattered to me, this was my life," Hoppus recalled. She demanded he make a choice between the band and her, which resulted in Hoppus leaving the band shortly after formation. Shortly thereafter, DeLonge told Hoppus he had borrowed a four track recorder from a friend and was preparing to record a demo tape, which prompted Hoppus to break up with his girlfriend and return to the band. "Flyswatter"—a combination of original songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynor's bedroom and landed the band their first shows. Three more demos were recorded over the course of 1993 and the band began performing its irreverent live show at local all-ages venue SOMA, which alerted local independent label Cargo Music. Cargo signed the band on a trial basis, and Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor. During this time, Hoppus lived at home in San Diego at his mother's, where the band would prepare cassette demos and the entire family would fold cassette inserts. Raynor, whose parents moved to Reno, Nevada, stayed with Hoppus in summer 1994.
Blink's first album, "Cheshire Cat" (1995), was a strong seller for the independent band and would come to be regarded as iconic within the skate punk scene. In 1995, the band signed on for their first national tour, which extended as far as the East Coast. The band purchased their own tour van and embarked on the GoodTimes tour with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds. The band slowly built a young, devoted following with indie recordings and an endless series of performances and various clubs and festivals. MCA Records signed the band in 1996 and would co-distribute their next release, the sophomore effort "Dude Ranch". Hoppus penned the record's lead single, "Dammit", which became a nationwide rock radio hit single as the band toured on the Vans Warped Tour.
Multiplatinum success.
Hoppus grew increasingly lonely on these tours, having no significant other while other band members did. The exhaustive schedule created tensions within the band, who would fire Raynor in the summer of 1998 in mysterious circumstances never fully explained. With new drummer Travis Barker behind the kit, the trio hit the studio with producer Jerry Finn and recorded "Enema of the State", which launched the band's career, catapulting them into the "stratosphere of pop music" and solidifying them as the biggest pop punk act of the era. Three singles were released from the record—"What's My Age Again?", "All the Small Things", and "Adam's Song"—that crossed over into Top 40 radio format and experienced major commercial success. Hoppus got married in 2000 (see Personal life) just before the band prepared to record their highly anticipated follow-up, "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket" (2001). Hoppus felt complacent creatively but DeLonge felt otherwise, creating post-hardcore side project Box Car Racer to experiment with ideas he deemed unsuitable for blink.
Hoppus felt betrayed (Barker was also in Box Car Racer) and a rift developed between Hoppus and DeLonge that would carry on into the band's future. When the band regrouped to record their next record in 2003, all of the members had become fathers (or, in the case of Barker, becoming one) and the trio took a darker, more "mature" direction with their untitled fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into their usual pop punk sound partially inspired by Box Car Racer. Unresolved feelings from that project would arise in late 2004 when the band began to argue regarding their future and recording process. The February 2005 break-up of blink-182 affected Hoppus greatly: "I had no idea what to do. After blink broke up I had such a loss of identity and purpose. I just had a giant sense of void." Hoppus then began to work on even darker, electronic demos with Barker in his kitchen. He also turned to producing, hitting the studio with Motion City Soundtrack to record "Commit This to Memory" (2005). In October 2005, Hoppus and Barker purchased a studio together (named Opra Music), where they would bring together a full band to expand upon those electronic demos, creating +44's "When Your Heart Stops Beating" (2006).
The record, by all accounts, sold poorly and received mixed reviews in the music press. Hoppus and Barker continued touring on the Honda Civic Tour and commenced work on a second +44 album. The August 2008 death of friend and producer Jerry Finn deeply affected Hoppus, who referred to Finn as a lifelong friend and mentor. The following month, Barker and collaborator Adam Goldstein (aka DJ AM), were involved in a plane crash that killed four people, leaving Barker and Goldstein the only survivors. Hoppus immediately boarded a plane to the burn unit, and DeLonge reconnected with the duo under the tragic circumstances. When the band regrouped in the studio for a day, past acrimony vanished with near immediacy. Regarding these experiences, Hoppus wrote, "The events of the past two months supersede everything that happened before. Life is too short." In February 2009, the band's official website was updated with a statement: "To put it simply, We're back. We mean, really back. Picking up where we left off and then some. In the studio writing and recording a new album. Preparing to tour the world yet again. Friendships reformed. 17 years deep in our legacy."
Reuniting and recent events.
The band reconnected musically and emotionally on the reunion tour, but were still "on eggshells" throughout the recording of their comeback album. The recording's delay was due to the way the band chose to work – in bits and pieces, alone and together, in a pair of California studios – in addition to each member's busy schedules. The band struggled to record juggling individual priorities; in the case of Hoppus, his new television show "Hoppus on Music" required him flying to New York once a week. Hoppus moved to London with his family late in the recording process, also complicating matters. The band's comeback album, "Neighborhoods" (2011), debuted high but undersold label expectations, and Blink-182 parted with Interscope Records in 2012, going independent for their next release, the EP "Dogs Eating Dogs".
The band toured Australia in February 2013 without Barker, who did not attend due to his fear of flying (Brooks Wackerman of Bad Religion filled in for him). The band toured the United States in September 2013, where they planned to begin writing songs for their seventh studio album. "We're hoping to head into the studio next year [and to have the] album out in late spring/early summer," Hoppus told "Kerrang!". In the interim, Hoppus began recording songs with frequent engineer and producer Chris Holmes that the duo plan to release by the end of the year. "We probably have seven or eight songs in various stages of completion," Hoppus remarked in August 2013. "I still haven't chosen a name [for the project] yet; we still have to figure that out. It's like guitar mixed with electronics…. at this point." Hoppus will share lead vocals with Holmes on the tracks. On April 25, 2014, Hoppus announced, via Twitter, the name of the band as Nothing and Nobody. Their first album is expected to be released in the "not-too-distant future".
In 2015, blink-182 played three shows in California. With the departure of Tom DeLonge from the band, Matt Skiba of Alkaline Trio, filled in. It was the first time Hoppus performed under the name "blink-182" without Tom DeLonge by his side. The shows were on March 18, March 20, and March 22. Hoppus later hired Skiba full-time, and blink-182 have since recorded two albums with him, 2016's "California" and 2019's "Nine".
Hoppus has also performed DJ sets at Emo Nite in Los Angeles on several occasions from 2015 to 2017.
In non-musical endeavors, Hoppus launched his own clothing line, Hi My Name is Mark (stylized as "HiMyNameIsMark"), in July 2013.
Simple Creatures (2019-present).
On 24 January 2019, Mark announced he was forming a new group with Alex Gaskarth of All Time Low called Simple Creatures. A debut song called "Drug" was released in January, followed by their first EP, "Strange Love", on March 29, 2019. Their second EP, "Everything Opposite", was released on October 11, 2019.
Musical style and equipment.
Hoppus primarily writes most of his songs on an acoustic guitar. Hoppus is self-taught, "and consequently I don't have the best technique," he remarked in 2004. "I think you would learn how to paint by painting, rather than reading books about painters or painting and I think it's the same with music. You learn by doing and getting influences from other artists."
Hoppus used three different bass guitars while recording "Enema of the State": a Fender Precision Bass, Fender Jazz Bass and a Music Man StingRay. After primarily recording with the two Fender basses, he merged the two together for the Fender Mark Hoppus Signature Jazz Bass, which debuted in 2000. "I took a Jazz Bass body because I thought it looked really cool and gives a good tone and then I put a P-Bass neck on it because it's a wider neck and it's easier to play—especially for my style, which isn't so much finger work," he said. As of 2015, Hoppus has switched to customized Fender Jaguar Basses when performing on stage with Blink-182, although he still occasionally uses his original signature model.
For live sound, Hoppus originally plugged his basses into three Ampeg SVT Classic bass heads running into two Ampeg 8x10 SVT bass cabs. Prior to the use of the all-tube SVT Classic heads, Hoppus used two Ampeg SVT-4 Pro heads which only feature a tube preamp. After the "Neighborhoods" album release, Hoppus used New Vintage amplifiers and cabinets, specifically the Undertow 300 amplifier and NW 8x10 bass cabinets. In 2016, he began using Kemper Profiler amps in concert.
Non-musical endeavors.
Hoppus and Tom DeLonge co-owned two companies, Atticus and Macbeth Footwear, Hoppus has since sold his share in both companies; as well as loserkids.com.
Mark Hoppus has made several acting appearances in films and television, often as part of blink-182. He first appeared as a member of a garage band in the hugely successful teen comedy "American Pie" (1999) with bandmates Tom DeLonge and Travis Barker, (Though the film's credits list Barker as Scott Raynor.) He appeared again with DeLonge, singing a cover of Jan and Dean's "Dead Man's Curve" in the CBS television movie "Shake, Rattle and Roll: An American Love Story" (1999). Hoppus and DeLonge hosted the MTV show "You Idiot!" in 1999. The band appeared in the "Two Guys and a Girl" episode "Au Revoir, Pizza Place" in 1999, as well as an animated cameo in "The Simpsons" episode "Barting Over" in 2003. The band made a guest appearance on "MADtv" in 2002, in a segment titled "Leave It to Blink-182", spoofing 1950s-era sitcoms. Hoppus was a guest actor on an episode of the show "Haunted" in 2002. In 2011, he appeared in the documentary film "The Other F Word". Hoppus was featured as a panelist on the comedy show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" in 2012.
He also wrote columns for "Risen Magazine's" March/April and May/June 2005 issues entitled "Beyond Us". Mark Hoppus has been confirmed to be a part of a documentary about modern punk music entitled "One Nine Nine Four". The film was due to be released in 2009 but has been delayed.
In 2010, he joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.
Mark Hoppus worked to help relief efforts in Japan after the devastating earthquake and tsunami Tōhoku. He announced that his group Blink-182, will be auctioning off items to benefit the American Red Cross on EBay. "So sad for what's happening in Japan. Gonna dig in the bins & find some old blink-182 items to auction for the Red Cross" said Mark. The items auctioned off included the original lyrics sheet to the group's hits "The Rock Show" and "Adam's Song", Bad Religion autographed cymbal, hand-painted 1.5 FT tall Bunny, blink-182 tour backstage pass, stickers, postcard/magnets, trading cards, the band's dressing room sign from the 2000 VMAs, and Hoppus orange sweater from the "Dammit" music video. Among the 33 items auctioned off for charity he totaled 4,318 dollars.
HiMyNameIsMark (2005, 2012–present).
"HiMyNameIsMark" is a podcast that was set up in the wake of the Blink-182 hiatus by Hoppus, and can be found at HiMyNameIsMark.com. Every few weeks he released a show of songs by underground bands, interviews with band members and/or friends, and reminisces about happenings in his life. He is often joined on the show by his friends Chris Holmes (+44's engineer) and James Ingram (+44's assistant engineer). Hoppus has also created various side projects including "Hopp on Popp" where he reviews one of his favorite up and coming artists, some of which have been Matt & Kim, fun., and Japandroids. In late 2014, the podcast returned from a hiatus.
"Hoppus on Music" (2010–2012).
On June 22, 2010, Fuse announced that Hoppus would be hosting his own weekly, one-hour television series entitled "A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus". In relation to the press release, Hoppus stated "I am stoked to join the Fuse family and have a show where I can talk about a topic that I'm passionate about, music. More importantly, I'm excited to force millions of people to watch me on a weekly basis on national television." According to Fuse senior vice president of programming and development Sal LoCurto, ""A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus" was developed to complement the wide variety of music programming on Fuse – including live concerts, festival coverage and in-depth interview series with the biggest names in music. On August 5, Hoppus revealed the co-host of the show would be comedian Amy Schumer."
The show focuses on music news, fun panel discussions and special reports from the show's correspondents. The show also features musical performances by both mainstream and emerging bands. The show officially premiered on September 16, 2010 on Fuse. The show's second season premiered in March 2011 and the show was re-titled "Hoppus on Music".
Personal life.
Hoppus married Skye Everly on December 2, 2000. Hoppus met Everly at a rehearsal for the music video of "All the Small Things". According to a 2004 interview, Everly, who was then an MTV talent executive, initially refused to date Hoppus: "Tom [DeLonge] always used to embarrass me. Any girl he'd talk to, he'd say, 'Hey, you wanna go on a date with Mark?' He asked Skye, my wife, who looked at me and said 'No.' That's how it all started." Two years after marrying Hoppus, Everly gave birth to a son, Jack, in 2002.
In 2004, Hoppus told "Risen" that he was a registered Libertarian. "To me, it means to respect other people and let them do their own thing. The government is there to help people but not control them," he remarked. A 2000 "Rolling Stone" profile notes that Hoppus "pray[s] every night". He elaborated on his religious views in a 2005 interview: "It's amazing to me that anyone can say that one thing is right. [...] To draw lines over something that none of us on earth could possibly comprehend seems like a waste of time." Throughout 2016 - 2020, Hoppus was openly vocal about his criticism of the Trump Administration. During the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election, Hoppus posted a picture on his Instagram account sporting a Biden-Harris t-shirt.
In 2011, Hoppus and his family relocated to Mayfair, London, as blink-182 were in the process of completing their sixth album, "Neighborhoods". They would remain in London for another three years before moving to Beverly Hills, California, in 2014. As a resident of London, he enjoyed jogging in the city's parks and became a fan of Chelsea FC.
Hoppus is a vegetarian and does not strictly follow a vegan diet like bandmates Travis Barker and Matt Skiba.
Hoppus is currently the only member of blink-182 not to have any body piercings or clearly visible tattoos (the only ones he has are hidden on his wrists, dedicated to his wife and son).


Marc Allan Feldman


Basil Moore

Basil John Moore was a Canadian post-Keynesian economist, best known for developing and promoting endogenous money theory, particularly the proposition that the money supply curve is "horizontal," rather than upward sloping, a proposition known as horizontalism. He was the most vocal proponent of this theory, and is considered a central figure in post Keynesian economics
Moore studied economics at the University of Toronto and at Johns Hopkins University. In 1958 he started a distinguished academic career at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut and became professor emeritus at the University. He left in 2003 to move to South Africa where he joined the University of Stellenbosch with which he had long maintained an association and, "where he was Professor Extraordinary of Economics."
Theory.
Moore emphasizes the mechanics of credit creation, particularly lines of credit extended by banks to large corporations on the money supply. He argues that the ability of commercial banks to extend credit is limited only by demand for money by creditworthy borrowers, as central banks are compelled to act to ensure there is always a sufficient supply of money for demand to be met (at their target interest rate).
Moore contrasted his own "horizontalist" view of the money supply, shared by some post-Keynesian economists, with a more mainstream "structuralist" view of the economy, in which the quantity of money is supply- constrained.


Voice of Canadians

Voice of Canadians was a right-wing political advocacy group that existed in Canada during the 1990s. Based in Ontario, it opposed official multiculturalism and official bilingualism. Some of its leading members, including chairman Dick Field, later joined the Freedom Party of Ontario.


Nahum Levin

Nahum Levin (, born 8 June 1905, died 8 June 1967) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Herut and Gahal from 1955 until 1965.
Biography.
Born in the Vitebsk, Russian Empire (modern day Belarus), Levin was a member of the central committee of the HaHaver movement. He was arrested by the Soviet authorities, and made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine in 1924. He studied at the Technion, where he was chairman of the student union, and was certified as a building engineer.
He joined the Haganah and served as a platoon commander between 1924 and 1931. He later joined the Revisionist Zionist movement and switched the Irgun, in which he served as an officer between 1931 and 1937, before becoming a commissary officer.
A member of the Herut central committee, he was elected to the Knesset on the party's list in 1955. He was re-elected in 1959 and 1961, before losing his seat in the 1965 elections. He also served as a member of the presidium of the Israel Industrialist Association and chaired the Association of Wood Product Producers.
He died on his birthday in 1967 at the age of 62.


Ilay Campbell, Lord Succoth

Sir Ilay Campbell, Lord Succoth LLD (1734–1823) was a Scottish advocate, judge and politician.
Life.
Campbell's birthplace is given as either Argyll or Edinburgh. His mother was Helen Wallace, and his father, Archibald Campbell of Succoth, Principal Clerk of Session to the Scottish Courts.
He attended Mundell's School in Edinburgh and then the University of Glasgow to study law, graduating in 1751.
An advocate from 1757, he was engaged in the Douglas peerage case from 1764 to 1769. He was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland in 1783 and Lord Advocate in 1784. He became Member of Parliament for Glasgow Burghs in the same year. He was Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General from 1789 to 1808, where he sat as "Lord Succoth".
On his resignation in 1808, he was created a baronet, and resided at Garscube House, about four miles from Glasgow on the banks of the river Kelvin. There he engaged in the management of his estate, and the performance of his duties as a country gentleman. Lord Cockburn says of him that "he lived like a patriarch in a house overflowing with company, beloved by troops of relations, and courted for his character and hospitality by many friends."
Campbell was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) from the University of Glasgow in 1784, and elected Lord Rector of the University in 1799. He died in 1823 aged 89.
Campbell was succeeded by his son Archibald, also a Senator of the College of Justice under the same title of "Lord Succoth".
It is worth observing that the title "Lord Succoth" derived from the 1st and 2nd baronets' status as law lords rather than as Lords of Parliament. As such, the title "Lord Succoth" was not hereditable. The honorific "The Much Honoured" references a feudal barony ("of Succoth"). Sir Ilay's descendants remained baronets until the extinction of the baronetcy in 2017.
Family.
Campbell married Susan Mary Murray of Murrayfield, sister of Alexander Murray, Lord Henderland in 1766. She lived until 1815.
Their daughter, Margaret Campbell, married Sir John Connell, Judge of the Admiralty Court, and their son, Arthur Connell FRSE (Campbell's grandson) was a chemist who discovered connellite.
Their daughter Elizabeth Campbell (d.1853) married William Dalziell Colquhoun. Their daughter Mary Frances Campbell died in 1870 without marrying. These two sisters are buried in Dean Cemetery.


Claude Perier

Claude-Nicolas Perier (28 May 1742 - 6 February 1801) was assured an important place in French history when he opened his Château de Vizille near Grenoble to the famous meeting of the estates of the Province of Dauphiné (21 July 1788) heralding the coming of the French Revolution. He is notable also as the founder of the remarkable Perier family "bourgeois dynasty" that rose to economic and political influence and prominence in France during the 19th century. Claude's descendants became leading Paris bankers, regents of the Bank of France and owner-directors of Anzin, the major coal mining company of France in the Department of Nord. They were mayors of towns, prefects of departments and members of municipal tribunals and chambers of commerce. Many were elected representatives of departments to the Chamber of Deputies in Paris and appointed to France's Chamber of Peers. Most notably, Casimir Pierre Perier (1777-1832), the fourth of Claude's eight sons, became Prime Minister of France in 1831-32 during the Orleanist monarchy of Louis-Philippe I. Casimir's grandson, Jean Casimir-Perier (1847-1907), was elected president of the Third Republic in 1894. Claude Perier was sufficiently wealthy before 1789 to be known as "Perier-Milord" in Grenoble and surroundings, but it was mainly during the decade of revolution 1789-99 that he created the financial underpinning of the Perier dynasty. His eight sons and two daughters would share his legacy of around 5,800,000 francs.
Children of Claude Perier.
Jacques-Prosper (1768) Died at birth
Elisabeth-Josephine (1770-1850) m. Jacques-Fortunat Savoye de Rollin; Member of the Tribunat; Deputy (Isère); Prefect (Eure, Seine-Maritime, Deux-Nèthes, Côte-d'Or); Legion of Honor
Euphrosine-Marie (1771-1779) Died young
Augustin-Charles (1773-1833) m. Henriette de Berkheim. École Polytechnique; Banker, Manufacturer (Grenoble/Vizille); Deputy (Isère); Peer of France; Legion of Honor
Alexander-Jacques (1774-1846) Manufacturer and mayor, Montargis; Deputy (Loiret); Legion of Honor
Antoine-Scipion (1776-1821) m. Louise de Dietrich. Perier Bank (Paris); Regent Bank of France; Anzin owner-director; Chaillot machine shops, Paris Chamber of Commerce
Casimir-Pierre (1777-1832) m. Pauline Loyer. Perier Bank (Paris); Regent Bank of France; Anzin owner-director; Chaillot machine shops; Paris Chamber of Commerce; Deputy (Seine, Aube); Prime Minister; Legion of Honor
Adelaide-Hélène (Marine) 1779-1851) m. Camille Teisseire (Sub-Prefect, Ardèche; Deputy, Isère; Legion of Honor)
Camille-Joseph (1781-1844) m. Pelagie Lecouteulx de Canteleu. École Polytechnique; Auditor Conseil d'État; Mayor (Chatou); Prefect (Corrèze, Meuse); Deputy (Corrèze, Sarthe); Peer of France; Legion of Honor
Alphonse (1782-1866) m. Antoinette-Bonne de Tournadre. École Polytechnique; Manufacturer, Banker, Tribunal of Commerce (Grenoble/Vizille); Mayor (Eybens); Deputy (Isère); Auditor Conseil d'État, Legion of Honor
Amédée-Auguste (1785-1851) Auditor Conseil d'État
André-Jean-Joseph (1786-1868) m. Marie-Aglae Clavel de Kergonan. Perier Bank (Paris); regent Bank of France; Anzin owner-director; Deputy (Marne); Legion of Honor
Claude Perier at Grenoble and Vizille before 1789.
Early life.
Grenoble, the capital city of the Province of Dauphiny in southeastern France, was where the Periers began their rise to prominence. Claude's father, Jacques Perier (1702-1782), moved there about 1720 from the hamlet of Perier, located near the small town of Mens some 50 kilometers south of Grenoble. He was an aspiring merchant of linen and canvas cloth, and Grenoble at the time was becoming a main commercial center with links to important markets at Arles, Avignon, Lyons, Marseilles and the great annual fair at Beaucaire. He prospered at Grenoble and in 1741 married Marie Dupuy, the daughter of a merchant and one-time municipal consul. Claude Perier, born in 1742, was the first of their seven children. In 1749, Jacques purchased an imposing, multi-story home for the family on the Grande Rue.
Business career.
Jacques' business developed as a family affair over the years. His daughter Elisabeth, for example, married Pierre Jordan, a wealthy merchant in Lyon. Commerce with Voiron near Grenoble was added by François Perier-Lagrange, who was a nephew. In 1764, Madeleine Perier, a niece, married a leading merchant in Voiron, François Tivolier. Claude Perier cemented these connections when he came of age by marrying Marie-Charlotte Pascal (1749-1821), the daughter of a leading Voiron merchant. Her dowry in 1767 amounted to 60,000 livres. By that date Claude was already an active member of the family enterprise. In 1764 the business was named "Jacques Perier, Father, Son, Nephew & Company." Claude Perier and Perier-Lagrange were the minor partners. When this association was renewed in 1773, the shares of Jacques and his son, Claude, were 344,266 livres and 72,493 livres, respectively.
The trade in linens was a mainstay, but the Periers also acted as credit bankers for area businesses, made land investments, and ventured into manufacturing at Grenoble on their own account (muslins, 1777; hardware, 1779). Most importantly, Claude and his father responded to the increasing demand in France for printed cotton cloths ("toiles peints") and wallpapers ("papiers peints"). Printed cottons were mainly imported from India and were known as "indiennes", but they began to be fabricated in France in 1760 by the famous industrialist Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf (1738-1815). His factory for cotton prints at Jouy near Paris, which employed 900 workers by 1774, was named a "royal manufacturer" in 1783 by Louis XVI. Oberkampf invented the first machine for printing wallpaper in 1785. Jacques and Claude Perier began the production of these printed stuffs in 1775-1777 at Vizille, a small village just south of Grenoble.
Purchase of the Château de Vizille.
Famously, in a bold entrepreneurial move in 1780, Claude purchased the historic 17th century Château de Vizille with its large rooms and spacious main hall, extensive grounds, numerous out-buildings, streams and water park, as well as nearby lands in Oisans and La Mure. All told, here were ideal conditions for the manufacture of "indiennes." Claude paid Gabriel Louis de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, approximately 1,254,000 livres for the buildings and properties. By 1785, about 100 workers (400 by 1789) were employed at the château producing printed cottons.
As became typical of his business style, Claude Perier was involved in other money-making projects even as production of printed cottons at the Vizille factory began to get underway. In fact, the factory was rented out to Swiss experts from Geneva, Jean-Louis Fazy and his son, who ran the operation until January, 1794, at which time other specialists from Geneva and Mulhouse were brought in. Only beginning in 1798 would Claude's eldest son, Augustin-Charles, assume direction of the family enterprise.
Cane sugar investments.
Meantime, in 1782, Jacques Perier died leaving a fortune of 600,000 livres to be divided among his three sons, Claude, Jacques-Augustin and Antoine. As the eldest son, Claude's share of the estate was 400,000 livres. These were funds that helped Claude establish a new commercial house at Voiron in 1783. The purpose was to make money importing cane sugar from the Caribbean. The business was called "Perier, Father and Son ,Berlioz, Rey & Company." Berlioz and Joseph Rey, who were business associates at Grenoble, each invested 48,000 livres (4 shares) in the company; Claude also invested 48,000 livres, plus 240,000 as working capital; and one share (12,000 livres) was listed in the name of Augustin Perier, Claude's then 10-year-old son. In 1784 Claude took a half-interest in another sugar import company at Marseilles, "Pierre Chazel & Company." These companies were very profitable until 1793.
Involvement in Hospital General.
In the 1770s the directors in charge of the Hospital General of Grenoble (a facility meant to incarcerate paupers and beggars) abandoned the hospital. A group of new men became the directors and among them was Claude. In fact, out of all the directors, Claude Perier was the wealthiest. Claude was wealthy and powerful enough to bring along his business associates onto the board of directors for the Hospital as well: Monsieur Dupy, Monsieur Pascal, and his cousin Périer-Lagrange.
Claude Perier from Grenoble/Vizille to Paris, 1789-1801.
Involvement in the French Revolution.
Claude Perier played an important role in the onset of the French Revolution by supporting resistance in Grenoble (Assembly of Vizille) by the Parlement of Dauphiny against the centralizing and fiscal abuses of the monarchy of Louis XVI. His eldest son Augustin would write later: "His travels in England had given him a proper idea of the benefits of a free government. Associating himself readily with all the opinions and all of the hopes of that period, he made hurriedly all the preparations necessary for such a large gathering, and his eagerness, which was not without danger, was worthy of the tokens of public gratitude." Almost 500 persons gathered at the Château de Vizille (21 July 1788) where Claude provided a large banquet for the deputies of the province. Mostly, although also with popular support, it was an assemblage of well-to-do "notables": churchmen, landed nobility, lawyers, notaries, municipal officials, businessmen and doctors. Their famous demand was for the convocation in Paris of an Estates-General wherein the Third Estate would have double-representation and votes would be by head rather than by order. Thus was precipitated a revolutionary movement in France more inclusive, complex and disruptive than anyone could have anticipated.
Claude Perier dealt opportunistically with the escalating political postures of France's decade of revolution, 1789-99. He became a valuable member of the new municipal council of Grenoble (Department of Isère), but did not aspire to political leadership or fame. He remained at heart and acted basically as a merchant-banker and inveterate "money-manager" ("manieur d'argent").
He kept abreast of opportunity in matters of investment and enterprise. Early on (1789–90), when it was considered patriotic, he purchased nationalized properties of the church and emigrated nobles, paying in "assignats", the paper money issued by the National Assembly in Paris. In 1790, he acquired a mechanized cotton-spinning factory at Anilly, near Montargis. In 1791, he invested heavily in a sugar refining company in Marseilles, "Seren & Company."
In 1793, when France was at war and Jacobins of the National Convention held sway in Paris (Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 31, 1793), he organized a company to manufacture rifles for the French Army in Savoy; and with the chemist-geologist Alexandre Giroud, he petitioned Paris for permission to establish the production of commercial soda at the cantons of Vizille and Mure near Grenoble. These initiatives enhanced his reputation as a patriot and good citizen ("bon citoyen") at an opportune time, for in October 1793 Claude found himself denounced as an enemy of the Revolution by Pierre Chépy, who was president of Grenoble's "Société Populaire". He was accused of cupidity, for liquidating his sugar importing company (Perier, Berlioz & Rey) by paying investors in depreciated "assignats", and more seriously, of supporting an anti-Jacobin revolt in southern France at Lyons. There was some substance to these charges - Claude Perier's opportunism was not always circumspect. But ultimately, his 'indiscretions' came to be excused, probably most importantly because he had befriended Camille Teisseire, a very popular Jacobin member of Grenoble's municipal council and the city's chief of police. In 1794, Teisseire married Marine Perier, Claude's youngest daughter.
Claude Perier in Paris.
When the Thermidorian Reaction cooled down revolutionary fervor in France, Claude shifted his business activity to Paris, where he took up residence (28 November 1794) at No.341-43 rue Saint-Honoré. His eldest son, Augustin, was primed to take over family affairs at Grenoble/Vizille. In Paris, Claude made contacts with leading merchant-manufacturers and money-managers, such as Jean Lecouteulx de Canteleu, William Sabatier, Médard Desprez and Jean Perregaux, and also the noted legal advisor, Pierre-Nicolas Berryer. His first financial coup came in 1795 when he participated in a major loan of 2,418,505 livres to the owners of the Anzin Coal Company in the department of Nord. The loan allowed the company to buy back shares in the enterprise that had been nationalized/confiscated by the government of the Convention. Claude's investment in the loan was 393,425 livres, payable in "assignats". In return, he received a large number of the company's coveted shares and (in 1798) a directorship. Anzin would be a major client of the Paris bank founded in 1801 by two of Claude's sons, Casimir and Scipion.
Claude Perier's most notable achievement as a money-manager came in 1799-1800 when he was a founder and became one of the first regents of the Bank of France. Claude had associated in 1796 with a group of twenty or so bankers and businessmen to establish a private bank called the "Caisse des Comptes Courants". This bank, with offices in Paris on the Place des Victoires, was capitalized modestly at 5 million francs and specialized in short-term business loans at 6 per cent interest, but the group aspired to grow the capital base and expand into long-term investments and government finance. In brief, these were the financiers who, shortly after the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) established the government of the Consulate, met with the new First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, and convinced him to enlarge and transform the "Caisse des Comptes Courants" into the Bank of France, to be capitalized at 30 million francs. They agreed to loan the new government 12 million francs to get the bank started. Claude Perier, aided by the lawyer Berryer, drafted the statutes of the bank. He was appointed as one of its first fifteen regents. Subsequently, he was named a member of Napoleon's "Corps Législatif". The Bank of France began its operations on February 29, 1800, in the former offices of the "Caisse des Comptes Courants" at the Hôtel Massiac, Place des Victoires. Jean-Frédéric Perregaux was named president of its directing Council of Regents.
Late life.
Claude Perier died at his mansion in Paris on February 6, 1801. He was 59 years old. He had brought the Periers successfully through the difficult years of the Revolution, leaving an enormous fortune and invaluable social and business connections that would help the family on its way to prominence. For the Perier family, he had "opened the doors to the two powers entrusted to Notables, politics and high finance." Paris now became the major arena of Perier business activity. Claude had positioned his family members well to play significant roles in the industrialization of France during the early 19th century.
Addendum regarding the death of Claude Perier:
Writers sometimes report Stendhal's assertion that Claude Perier died of the cold in the night because he was too miserly to pay for wood to heat his mansion. However, as Madeleine Bourset warns in her biography of Casimir Perier, the novelist Stendhal exercised a certain personal bitterness toward Claude Perier, claiming even that his sons, Casimir and Scipion, were left to starve and share clothing for lack of money. Claude was in fact very careful about money and did not pamper his sons. They were not raised with a sense of entitlement. But he loved them and saw to it that they had allowances. He ceded them income-providing properties. As for Claude's death, Bourset references the matter-of-fact report in the Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier's "Notices historiques sur la famille Perier" (Paris, 1844), that "he died for having spent an hour in his unheated study wearing a mere dressing-gown."


Federico Tinoco Granados

General José Federico Alberto de Jesús Tinoco Granados (21 November 1868 – 7 September 1931) was a Dictator of Costa Rica from 1917 to 1919.
After a career in the army, he was appointed Minister of War in the cabinet of President Alfredo González. On January 27, 1917 he and his brother José Joaquín seized power in a coup d'état and established a repressive military dictatorship that attempted to crush all opposition. Though his government won support from the upper classes because it turned back the austerity measures adopted by President González, and declared war on the German Empire in May 1918, it failed to win the recognition of the United States, where President Woodrow Wilson supported the deposed government.
Popular sentiment against Tinoco, which began on June 13, 1919, quickly came to a head, and his brother was assassinated in early August. On August 13 Tinoco resigned in favor of Juan Bautista Quirós and went into exile in Europe. He died in Paris in 1931.
Due to a dispute over the legitimacy of the government of Tinoco, Costa Rica was not a party to the Treaty of Versailles and did not unilaterally end the state of war between itself and Germany. The technical state of war ended after World War II only after they were included in the Potsdam Agreement. Costa Rica did not issue a declaration of war against Germany in World War II.


William Sayle

Captain William Sayle (c. 1590–1671) was a prominent British landholder who was Governor of Bermuda in 1643 and again in 1658. As an Independent in religion and politics, and an adherent of Oliver Cromwell, he was dissatisfied with life in Bermuda, and so founded the company of the Eleutheran Adventurers who became the first settlers of the Bahamas between 1646 and 1648. He later became the first governor of colonial South Carolina from 1670 to 1671.
Life in Bermuda.
Bermuda, or the "Somers Isles", was settled in 1609 as a result of the wrecking of the "Sea Venture", the flagship of the Virginia Company. Although most of the passengers and crew continued to Jamestown, Virginia, the following year on two Bermuda-built ships, the Royal Charter of the company and the boundaries of Virginia were extended to include Bermuda in 1612, when the first governor (at the time, actually the "lieutenant-governor") and sixty colonists joined the three men who had remained behind from the "Sea Venture". Bermuda's 21 square miles were subdivided into nine parishes (at first called "tribes"). The easternmost, St. George's (where St. George's town was established), was designated "common" or "Crown" land, but the remainder were further subdivided into "shares", each equivalent to a specific share held in the company. The parishes (other than St. George's) were each named for a major shareholder (or "adventurer") in the company. Administration was handed to the crown in 1614, and then in 1615 transferred to a spin-off of the Virginia Company called the Somers Isles Company. The Company appointed a governor, who from 1620 oversaw a House of Assembly that differed from the House of Commons in having no property qualification (due to most land in Bermuda being then owned by absentee landlords). As the House of Assembly consequently governed for the benefit of Bermuda's landless men, a Council made-up of prominent local men appointed by the company was introduced as a combination of upper house and cabinet. This was intended to ensure the balance of power remained with the company, rather than the settlers, but with no other group from which to appoint its members, the council quickly became dominated by men from the same prominent local families that filled the Assembly, and political power rested firmly with this emerging local elite and their descendants until the introduction of universal adult suffrage and party politics in the 1960s.
Although Bermuda quickly became a thriving colony, the growth of tobacco as a cash crop that was the basis of the economy under company administration became unprofitable from the 1620s as Virginia became stable and self-sufficient and England established newer and larger colonies, all of which emulated Bermuda's economy, flooding the English market with cheap tobacco. Few shareholders in the company actually settled in Bermuda, and the land was occupied and worked by tenants and by indentured servants who repaid the cost of their transport to Bermuda with seven years' labour. The more successful settlers (whether they arrived as shareholders or tenants at their own expense or as indentured servants) increased their landholdings by purchasing shares from adventurers who were finding them ever less profitable. Whereas absentee landowners primarily relied on tobacco exports, residents began to switch to maritime trades, replanting the fields that had been cleared from the forest with Bermuda cedar, which was vital to shipbuilding and more valuable than cash crops like tobacco. They also grew food crops and raised livestock for their own consumption, and exported their excess production aboard their new ships for sale in other colonies. This put them at odds with the company, which only earned profits from the tobacco grown for export. This contest between the settlers and the company would end when the settlers took their complaint to the Crown and the company's Royal Charter was revoked in 1684.
Sayle appears to have settled in Bermuda by about 1630. He owned considerable property in the colony, with 165 shares totalling 220.5 acres in Southampton, Smith's, and Pembroke parishes, according to the 1662–1663 survey by Richard Norwood. Among his possessions was the property where the house in Smith's known as Verdmont was built about 1710 off Sayle Road. As one of the colony's most prominent men, he was at times a member of the Council (that combined the roles now performed by the Senate and the Cabinet). By this period, the Somers Isles Company had ceased sending new Governors from abroad, and appointed a succession of prominent residents to the position. Sayle was appointed Governor in 1643, but as an Independent Puritan, aligned with the Parliamentary cause, the Commonwealth and then Oliver Cromwell's Protectorship, he was to be at odds with the majority of Bermuda's dominant elite.
The Civil War.
In the 1640s, Bermuda was divided by conflict between the episcopal Church of England and Bermuda's revolutionary Independent Puritans and Presbyterians. This was the same as the conflict between Bermudian Royalists and Parliamentarians, as the English Civil War extended into the English colonies. In Bermuda, most of the settlers had already become estranged from the Somers Isles company as those shareholders who had remained in England had barred those who lived in Bermuda from having any say in the management of the company. This meant that, although most land was by then owned by residents like Sayle, their interests were thwarted in order to ensure maximum profits for the shareholders in England. As most of the shareholders in England sided with Parliament when war broke out, most Bermudians saw their interests as aligned with the Crown's.
As the Crown and the Church of England attempted to assert their authorities, similar conflicts took place in other parts of the English realm leading up to the Civil War and the Interregnum, as well as in English-ruled Ireland (where native Irish Catholics and royalists would be suppressed after the 1649–1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, and from where Presbyterian settlers from the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resenting the Crown's attempts in the 1630s to bring them under Episcopalian authority, had begun to re-emigrate to North America where they became known as "Scots-Irish" or Scotch-Irish).
In Bermuda, at least, the Royalist–Episcopal forces held sway. After Parliamentary victory in England in 1646, five of the financiers of Sayle's mission to Eleuthera signed the death warrant of King Charles I. However, Bermuda, like Virginia and a handful of other colonies, remained loyal to the Crown. Bermuda was the first to recognise Charles II as King following the 1649 execution of his father. Royalists in Bermuda, with control of "the Army" (nine companies of militia infantry and the volunteer artillery that manned the coastal batteries), ousted Captain Thomas Turner, the Company-appointed Governor, in 1649 and elected John Trimingham as their leader. The Commonwealth barred trade with these colonies, which were singled out by the Rump Parliament in An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego, which was passed on 30 October 1650. This stated that due punishment [be] inflicted upon the said Delinquents, do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada's, Antego, Bermuda's and Virginia, that have contrived, abetted, aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions, or have since willingly joyned with them, to be notorious Robbers and Traitors, and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever; and do forbid to all maner of persons, Foreiners, and others, all maner of Commerce, Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever, to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada's, Bermuda's, Virginia and Antego, or either of them. Parliamentary privateers were authorised to prey on vessels trading with these colonies. The Rump Parliament began amassing forces for the conquests of these colonies before the English colonies in the West Indies were caught up in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Bermuda would eventually reach a compromise with the London Government which kept the Parliamentary forces out, and preserved the status quo within the colony.
Settlement of the Bahamas.
William Sayle established the first English settlement of the Bahamas between 1646 and 1648 on the island of Eleuthera, establishing England's claim to the Bahamas archipelago. He left Bermuda with seventy settlers, mostly Bermudians and some English, who were looking for a place where they could worship God freely. To this end they settled on the Island of Segatoo which they gave the name "Eleuthera", from the Greek word meaning "freedom". This settlement was planned and authorised from England, and did not result from Bermuda's internal strife. As England's first trans-Atlantic colony to become self-sustaining, Bermuda had been important in supporting the establishment of other English colonies in North America and the west Indies, and the settlement of the Bahamas was to take place from the Bermuda, rather than directly from England. Many of the settlers were, in fact, driven out of Bermuda by intolerance and persecution resulting from the Civil War. In 1644, Bermudian Independent Puritans had sent an expedition to explore the Bahamas, but one vessel was lost and the other failed to find a suitable island.
The exact dates and circumstances of Sayle's voyage are uncertain. Some sources say that Sayle first left Bermuda in 1646, however, Sayle and his Eleutheran Adventurers did not agree on their "Articles and Orders of Incorporation" until 9 July 1647. Perhaps Sayle made at least two voyages, for in a letter of March 1646, William Rener of Bermuda writes to John Winthrop of Massachusetts to report that of two ships recently sailed to the Bahamas, one had been lost and one returned to Bermuda without having found the Bahamas. Rener also mentions that he and Sayle had purchased half interest in a ship, the "William", for the purpose of sailing to the Bahamas. In any case, Sayle took seventy people to settle at some point between spring 1646 and autumn 1648. The victorious Royalist Government of Bermuda subsequently ordered two other Cromwellian ministers, and sixty of their followers, to emigrate to the Bahamas.
Sayle's legal claim to proprietorship in the Bahamas now seems questionable. In 1646, Sayle, then of Bermuda, claimed to have a grant from the English Parliament to the island of Sagatos, Bahamas, but no record of this grant can be found in "The Journal of the House of Commons". However, on 31 August 1649 "The Journal" does record that "An Act for Settling the Islands in the West Indies betwixt the Degrees of Twenty-four and Twenty-nine North Latitude was passed." Though the Act does not mention William Sayle specifically, a letter from lawyer John Bolles dated 15 August 1654 refers to an act passed in 1650 "for encouragement of adventurers to some newly discovered Islands", and Bolles mentions "William Saile" as one of the twenty-six proprietors. Authorisation, then, may have come after the fact. Sayles was the only one of the twenty-six proprietors to settle in the Bahamas, and he tried to exercise propriety rights over the island much of his life.
The difficulties of frontier life and of internal conflicts were not fertile ground for a democracy. On the voyage to the Bahamas, a Captain Butler, one of the settlers from England, rebelled against the Articles and caused such trouble in the new settlement that William Sayle left the original settlement in north Eleuthera for the nearby island of St. George's Cay, now known as Spanish Wells.
In 1657, Sayle returned to Bermuda, and in 1658, he was re-appointed Governor (he was first appointed Deputy Governor and Captain General on 30 June), a position he lost in 1662, when he was appointed to the Council of Bermuda.
Articles and orders of 1647.
The Articles that Sayle drew up in 1647 reflect the ambiguities of the English Civil War taking place at that time between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Therefore, while the preamble refers to the "Raign of our Soveraign Lord Charles, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland; Defender of the Faith, &c", the articles themselves make clear that the new settlement was to be effectively independent, making no further mention of royal authority. On the contrary, they concern the rules governing the "Members of the Republick" and the "Magistracie or officers of the Republicke". The articles established freedom of religion and opinion, three hundred acres of land per settler, governance under a governor and twelve councillors chosen from a senate composed of the first 100 settlers, and humane treatment of any indigenous people still on the island. It has been noted that if Sayle's settlement had been successful, then he would have created in the Bahamas "the first democratic state in the New World," some 130 years before the American Revolution.
Governor of Carolina Colony.
In 1669, Sayle took over the command of a party of settlers to a new settlement in Carolina after Sir John Yeamans resigned, while undergoing repairs of his vessel in Bermuda. He arrived in South Carolina aboard a Bermuda sloop with a number of Bermudian families, and founded the town of Charleston. In 1670, William Sayle, then in his eighties, became the first Colonial Governor of the colony of Carolina (in 1669, Carolina would be split into two provinces, and in 1712 the southern "Clarendon province", that included Charleston, became South Carolina while the Albemarle province became North Carolina). Sayles was also instrumental in encouraging the Lords Proprietors to successfully apply for a grant of The Bahama Islands in 1670. He died in 1671.


David McGuinness

David McGuinness (born 18 July 1986) is an Irish former independent politician who was elected to Fingal County Council on 5 June 2009, becoming Dublin West's youngest Councillor, at the age of 22.
Biography.
McGuinness was born and raised in Sheephill Park, Corduff, Blanchardstown. His schooling started at St Patrick's primary school, Corduff while progressing to second level education at Riversdale community college. McGuinness graduated from Trinity College Dublin with an Honors bachelor's degree in Music, Education and History. Having become Fianna Fáil's youngest County councillor in Ireland, on being elected to Fingal County Council in June 2009 for the Mulhuddart Local Electoral Area, McGuinness subsequently ran on a two-person ticket in the 2011 general election with Brian Lenihan Jnr, which helped secure Fianna Fáil's only seat in Dublin that year. McGuiness was selected the following October by Fianna Fáil Dublin West, to contest the by-election caused by the death of his colleague Brian Lenihan. McGuiness contested the 2011 Dublin West by-election. Representing Fianna Fáil, McGuinness received 21.7% of the first preference vote (7,742 votes), and ultimately finishing second, while increasing his party's support from the Dublin West election by 5%.
In April 2015, McGuinness resigned from Fianna Fail indicating that he could not support a party who chose a candidate to run in the 2016 Irish general election with no life experience or working record. McGuinness also indicated that he was never in Fianna Fail to ensure its survival but to use it as a means to provide fair public representation for his entire constituency. He did not contest the 2019 local elections.


Haldor Andreas Haldorsen

Haldor Andreas Haldorsen (21 February 1883 – 23 April 1965) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Finnås.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland in 1945, and was re-elected on one occasion. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1928–1930, 1931–1933 and 1934–1936.
Haldorsen was a member of the executive committee of Bremnes municipality council from 1916 to 1942.