Sean Lomax

Sean Alan Lomax (born 1960) is an American professional whistler. A two-time winner at the International Whistlers Convention, Lomax quit his day job in 2005 to tour in Cirque du Soleil's "Corteo".
Life and career.
Lomax grew up in Braddock, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and at age 18 joined the United States Navy submarine service.
Possessing a whistling range of three octaves, Lomax says he was encouraged to attend the annual International Whistlers Convention in Louisburg, North Carolina, and first did in 1985. That year, he performed Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" but was disqualified for running overtime. He has returned to the competition many times, becoming the International Whistling Grand Champion in 1988 and 1992 and named Entertainer of the Year in 2009.
In 1990, while stationed for the Navy in San Diego, California, Lomax traveled to Louisburg and placed second in character as the "whistling sailor" with "The Barber of Seville" and "The Theme from "Superman"". After his 1988 win, he appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson"; in 1992, he appeared on "Late Night with David Letterman" and whistled the Fifth Symphony's first movement, the piece Lomax whistled to win the International Whistlers Convention that year.
"Corteo".
In 2000, he was described as "the strangest part of [a] program" who "wowed the audience with his true and occasionally adventurous renditions of old standards." In 2004, Lomax released the jazz holiday album "Whistling This Christmas". Also that year, Lomax made several television appearances and auditioned in Las Vegas for Cirque du Soleil. In April 2005, "Corteo" launched with Lomax in a leading role, so he left his job as a network technician to whistle full-time. In "Corteo", Lomax played circus ringmaster Mr. Loyal, performing upwards of 3,000 shows. In a review for the "Houston Chronicle", Molly Glentzer wrote, "ultimately, it's the least likeable character of all—Mr. Loyal, the angry ringmaster—who comes across as the most poignant, when he whistles a farewell to Mauro. Sean Lomax whistles so virtuosically he seems part bird, part angel and part seering violin." A second incarnation of "Corteo", again featuring Lomax, started in 2018.


Raja V. Ramani

Raja V. Ramani is an Indian-American scientist and Professor of Mining Engineering. He is best known for improvements in the health and safety of miners through a better understanding of the nature and control of airborne particulates.
Biography.
Ramani received his Bachelors from Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. In 1968 he completed his M.S., and in 1970 he earned his Ph.D. from Penn State University. He has been a member of the faculty of Penn State University since 1970. In 1998, he was appointed to the George H. Jr. and Anne B. Deike Chair in Mining Engineering.
In 2005, Ramani was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
In 2014, Ramani was selected as the Fulbright-Nehru Distinguished Chair to the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.


Small Fry (film)

Small Fry is a 2011 American computer animated short directed by Angus MacLane. It was shown in theaters with "The Muppets" on November 23, 2011.
"Small Fry" is the second short in the "Toy Story Toons" series, based on the characters from the "Toy Story" feature films. The short involves Buzz getting trapped at a fast food restaurant, where there is a support group for discarded kids' meal toys from over the years, with a kids' meal toy version of Buzz taking his place.
Plot.
One night at fast-food chicken restaurant Poultry Palace, Bonnie is disappointed to receive a Zurg belt buckle as her kids' meal toy, as the restaurant ran out of Mini Buzz Lightyear toys. In a nearby display cabinet, a Mini Buzz Lightyear complains to a Mini Zurg that they will never be played with, but Mini Zurg prefers to stay.
After eating dinner, Bonnie goes to play in the ball pit with Rex and Buzz Lightyear, whom she brought along. Seizing a chance to be played with, Mini Buzz sneaks out of the display cabinet, climbs into the ball pit, and pulls Buzz under the balls to take his place. Bonnie's mother packs the toys in her bag, unaware that Mini Buzz was not the real Buzz.
Mini Buzz successfully fools Rex into thinking he is the real Buzz and that he was shrunk by the plastic in the ball pit, though when they return home, the other toys instantly realize he is an imposter. Meanwhile, Buzz emerges from the balls and discovers he was left behind at the restaurant, which is now closed.
While trying to escape, Buzz discovers a storage room where a support group for abandoned fast food toys is being held, led by a mermaid toy named Neptuna.
The support group thinks Buzz is another victim of abandonment and he is forced to take part in the meeting. During a reenactment therapy session, Buzz meets Gary Grappling Hook, a toy grappling hook and a member of the group, and he uses him to escape. Back at Bonnie's house, the other toys demand Mini Buzz to reveal Buzz's whereabouts, and then begin devising a plan to break into Poultry Palace and save him.
However, Buzz soon finds his way home and returns, confronting Mini Buzz about his behavior. Mini Buzz is then seen at the support group opening up to the others, with Buzz now accompanying him as his sponsor. In a post-credits scene, Mini Zurg is left with the electronic belt buckle as his sole companion, much to his delight.
Production notes.
The "Condorman" toy is a reference to the Disney live action comedy/adventure film "Condorman" (1981); in an interview, director Angus MacLane said, "I'm hoping for a very small sub set of the Disney animation fans to be stoked that there is actually a Condorman toy. Maybe it will stir up some buzz about a gritty re boot."
Release.
This short premiered with the theatrical release of "The Muppets", on November 23, 2011.
Home media.
As of July 2012, "Small Fry" is available as a digital download on Amazon Video, and iTunes. The short was released on November 13, 2012, on the DVD and Blu Ray of "Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 2". It is also on the "Toy Story of Terror!" Blu Ray, released on August 19, 2014.


Robert Nosofsky

Robert Mark Nosofsky (born 1956) is a distinguished professor in the department of psychological and brain sciences at Indiana University Bloomington. He is best known for his exemplar theory, which has diverse applications in cognitive science and psychology. His research interest are categorization, recognition memory, math modeling, combining formal modeling and FMRI Studies. His research is in the development and testing of formal mathematical models of perceptual category learning and representation.
Life and education.
He was born in U.S.A. He graduated with a B.A. in psychology and mathematics at the State University of New York in Binghamton in 1978 and a Ph.D. in psychology at Harvard University 1984.
Exemplar theory.
The exemplar theory, which was proposed by Robert Nosofsky is different from the prototype theory, proposed by Eleanor Rosch, and the demarcator theory, proposed by Taraneh Javanbakht. According to the exemplar theory, the human cognition of concept categories is based on the use of exemplars of concepts. The exemplar theory explains how the human beings learn and use these concept categories.
Awards and honors.
Robert Nosofsky received the first New Investigator Research Award of the Society of Mathematical Psychology (1987), APA's Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology (1993), and the Troland Award from the National Academy of Sciences (1995). He was elected to the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the leading honorary society in the field, in 1998. In January, he accepted the editorship of the Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, one of the most prestigious theoretical-empirical journals in the field.


46th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 46th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best television, and film writers of 1993. Winners were announced on 13 March 1994..
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.


Ndai language

Ndai, also known as Galke or Pormi, is a nearly extinct Mbum language of northern Cameroon.


Richard W. Mansbach

Richard Wallace Mansbach (born 1943) is an American political scientist.
Mansbach studied political science, history, and Spanish at Swarthmore College and graduated in 1964. He then attended the University of Oxford as a Marshall Scholar. After completing his dissertation, Mansbach joined the Swarthmore College faculty, in 1967. He became an assistant professor in 1968. Mansbach remained at Swarthmore for two years. While teaching at Rutgers University, Mansbach was named a fellow of the American Council on Education in 1981, and worked for the Central Intelligence Agency. He later moved to Iowa State University. From 1999 to 2004, Mansbach was a co-editor of "International Studies Quarterly". In 2017, the International Studies Association convened a Distinguished Scholar Panel to honor Mansbach and Yale H. Ferguson.


Pig Iron Theatre Company

Pig Iron Theatre Company is a multidisciplinary ensemble based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The company has created over 25 original works over the past 16 years, performed both locally and internationally.
About.
The mission of the company is to "expand what is possible in performance by creating unusual and exuberant ensemble-devised works; by training the next generation of daring, innovative theatre artists; and by consistently asking the hardest questions, both in our art and in its relation to the world around us."
This mission statement is realized through the unique creation process that is used. Using improvisation, company discussion, and a development period of over a year, the projects are all unique and distinct. Shows range from a rock-n-roll cabaret piece emceed by James Joyce’s institutionalized daughter "(The Lucia Joyce Cabaret)" to an interactive “simulated economic environment” with a cast of 30 "(Pay Up)".
Pig Iron is made up of 3 artistic directors, 4 company members, a small administrative staff, and a board of directors. The company has received numerous awards for their work, including 9 Barrymore awards and an OBIE Award (2004-"Hell Meets Henry Halfway"). In 2010 co-artistic directors Gabriel Quinn Bauriedel, Dan Rothenberg, and Dito van Reigersberg won a Fellow award granted by United States Artists.
The company has toured both locally and internationally, including festivals in Poland, Lithuania, Scotland, Ireland, Romania, Brazil, Italy, Ukraine, and England. In addition to their main shows, Pig Iron also hosts a cabaret-style show as a fundraiser for the company each year.
Pig Iron embarked on a major new endeavor in 2011 with the launch of the Pig Iron School for Advanced Performance Training (APT) - a two-year post-graduate program for performers and directors rooted in Pig Iron’s own methods of physical and ensemble-based theatre.
In 2011, Pig Iron was awarded the American Theatre Wing's National Theatre Company Grant.


Michael Noer (editor)

Michael Noer (born 21 March 1969) is an American business writer and editor who has worked for "Forbes" magazine and "Wired Magazine", and is currently the executive news editor for Forbes.com.
Career.
Noer graduated "cum laude" from Rice University in 1992, the year before he became a Thomas J. Watson Fellow and spent 15 months traveling through Europe and the Middle East studying the history of Santa Claus.
As a reporter for Forbes, Noer worked on the Forbes 400 list, and in 1996 was the founding managing editor of Forbes.com. In a piece written by Adam Penenberg under Noer's tenure, the site uncovered the journalistic fraud of New Republic reporter Stephen Glass, a scoop that is widely considered a landmark moment for internet journalism and inspired the 2003 film "Shattered Glass". From 1999 to 2000 Noer served as Business editor of Wired, where he edited the Wired 40.
After returning to Forbes.com, he helped create the Forbes Fictional 15, for which he wrote a satiric look at the business practices of Santa Claus. The Fictional 15 has included Thurston Howell III and Tony Stark among others and continues to this day as more and more characters have been added to the list. He also edited a variety of features for the site, including a look at the greatest athletic achievements of all time,
 as well as special reports on communicating, money, and work.
Sexism controversy.
On 22 August 2006, Forbes.com published Noer's article "Don't Marry Career Women", which included statistics used to defend a thesis that men were unhappier in marriages in which the women earned more than $30,000 a year, as opposed to marriages in which the women worked less. Due to the controversy the article sparked among readers and bloggers, it was taken down after only one day. Hours later, it was republished with a counterpoint piece entitled "Don't Marry A Lazy Man", by Elizabeth Corcoran, a Forbes senior editor based in Silicon Valley. Forbes simultaneously opened up a reader response forum to discuss the issues raised by the two articles, and Steve Forbes, the magazine's editor-in-chief and leading shareholder, issued a public apology.


Fairhaven School (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)

Fairhaven School was founded in 1998 in Upper Marlboro, Maryland. It is one of over 30 schools based on the Sudbury Model. The model has two basic tenets: educational freedom and democratic governance. It is a private school, attended by children from the ages of 5 to 19. The school was founded by Mark and Kim McCaig after learning about Sudbury Valley School in Framingham, Massachusetts.
Fairhaven School practices a form of democratic education in which students individually decide what to do with their time, and learn as a by-product of ordinary experience rather than through classes or a standard curriculum. Students are given complete responsibility for their own education and the school is run by a direct democracy in which students and staff are equals. Fairhaven School enforces a flexible attendance policy, in which students must attend for 5 hours per day, but can come and go as they choose as long as they meet that minimum time requirement.
Philosophy.
Fairhaven School is run on the concept that all students and staff members should have equal rights and voices in the running of the school. Students that attend Fairhaven are entirely responsible for their success in academics. Because the Fairhaven has no set curriculum or classes, students are allowed to request what classes they want to attend.
School Meeting.
Every Wednesday the School holds a meeting in which major decisions such as electing staff and approving the budget are voted on. The School Meeting is run by a Chair and Secretary. This meeting serves as a place for students or staff to make announcements, and approve motions. All students and staff have the right to vote during these meetings. The School Meeting also acts as a court for Referrals and Not Guilty Trials.
Judicial Committee.
There is a daily judicial committee which meets to address grievances and give consequences to students who break rules. Two clerks are elected every six weeks, along with the two alternate clerks. One staff member sits in on J.C. Every student in the school takes their turn on JC, and serves a two-week term. There is a yearly election for Law clerks who act as overseers to the smooth functioning of JC, and Not Guilty trials in School Meeting.
Students may write up fellow students or staff members for breaking the rules in the law-book. A JC meeting unfolds as the following. First all available information is about the case is gathered, both the Defendant, and Plaintiff are given a chance to state their case. After a report has been approved the JC decides whether to charge any individuals with breaking school rules stated in the Law Book. If an individual is charged they have the right to plead either Guilty or Not Guilty. If the individual is found Guilty they are given a punishment, if they plead Not Guilty their case is sent to School Meeting for a final verdict. If a crime is considered to extreme to be handled by JC it is referred to School Meeting for further sentencing.
Committees & Corporations.
Many aspects of the school are determined by groups of students who form various Committees and Corporations. Corporations such as Kitchen Corp, Computer Corp, and even Board Game corp, meet regularly to decide how best to allocate their funds. Whereas Committees such as Judicial Committee, Cleaning Committee, Public Relations Committee, work on governing different areas of the school and even maintaining it. A new corporation or committee may be chartered at any time, given there is enough student support and a favorable School Meeting vote.
Graduation Process.
In order for a student to graduate from Fairhaven School, a student must write a thesis on how they have used the school's philosophy to become effective adults. This thesis is presented to tribunal of peers from other Sudbury schools, and thoroughly evaluated. During the process known as "Thesis Defense" the student is interviewed by the tribunal to ensure said student is ready to graduate. If the student passes both the "Thesis Defense" and the thesis review they are allowed to graduate, and provided with a high school diploma.


Papel language

Papel (Pepel, Papei), or "Oium" ("Moium"), is a Bak language of Guinea-Bissau.
Papel is the language spoken by the Papel people, who live in the central coastal regions of Guinea-Bissau, namely the Biombo Region where it is spoken by 136,000 Bissau-Guineans. Papel speakers are estimated to be around 140,000 in total globally.
Papel has 79,000 speakers living on Bissau Island (called "(b)uhlawʔ" or "(b)usawʔ" in Papel). Dialects include Biombo (Papel: "uyomʔ") in the southwest and Safim (Papel: "safli") in the northeast.
Classification.
Papel is part of the Bak language family based in the Senegal/Guinea-Bissau region, thus it is linguistically similar to the Mankanya and Mandjak languages, members of the 'Papel languages' a language sub-family. Today, Papel, along with its linguistic neighbours uses Latin-based script.


Jeanne Murray Walker

Jeanne Murray Walker (born May 27, 1944) is an American poet and playwright.
Life.
Jeanne Murray was born on May 27, 1944 in Parkers Prairie, Minnesota, the daughter of John Gerald and Erna Murray. In 1965, she won the Atlantic Monthly Award for both fiction and Poetry and was named the Atlantic Monthly Scholar at Bread Loaf School of English. She graduated from Wheaton College in Illinois with a B.A. in English in 1966. In 1969 she received an M.A. from Loyola University, and in 1974, she was granted a Ph.D. in English from The University of Pennsylvania.
Walker's poems and essays have appeared in "Poetry", "The Georgia Review", "Image", "The Atlantic Monthly", "Best American Poetry" and many other journals. Her plays have been staged across the United States and in London. Among her awards are an NEA Fellowship, an Atlantic Monthly Fellowship, and a Pew Fellowship in The Arts. In 2005 she hosted a documentary about poetry in Pennsylvania, which was broadcast and rebroadcast on television and the web. A selection from her "Aunt Joe Poems" was featured on buses and trains with the Poetry in Motion project. A Professor of English at The University of Delaware, Jeanne also teaches in the Seattle Pacific Low Residency MFA Program.
Walker has two children and three grandchildren. She is married to E. Daniel Larkin III and lives in Merion Station, Pennsylvania.


Kjersti Bale

Kjersti Bale (born 30 March 1959) is a Norwegian philologist.
She is a professor at the Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages, University of Oslo. She headed the aesthetics study programme from its inception in 2003 to 2005, and headed her Department from 2009 to 2012. She is a co-editor of the "Journal of Aesthetics & Culture" and editorial board member of "Agora". Among her literary interests are Cora Sandel and Michel de Montaigne.
She is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. She has also chaired the board of Gyldendal's Endowment, which awards the Gyldendal Prize and the Sult Prize.


Damariscotta Helm

Damariscotta "Scottie" Helm is the World Whistling Grand Champion of 2011 at the
International Whistlers Convention in Louisburg, North Carolina. 2011 was her second year competing where she placed 1st in both the Popular and Classical categories and Allied Arts.
Damariscotta is the only known whistler in the world who performs the 'double whistle' where she is able to whistle two different notes simultaneously.
Damariscotta was born and currently lives in Rocky Mount, North Carolina where she attends North Carolina Wesleyan College.


David Shipley

David Julian Shipley (born June 10, 1963) is an American journalist. He is executive editor of Bloomberg View, overseeing its editorial page and its associated columnists and op-ed contributors. He was picked for this position in December 2010 and jointly launched Bloomberg View with James P. Rubin in May 2011. Shipley was formerly the Deputy Editorial Page Editor and Op-Ed Page editor of "The New York Times". Prior to that, he served in the Clinton administration as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Presidential Speechwriter. In 1986, he landed his first journalism job with Simon & Schuster. In 2007, he co-wrote with Will Schwalbe the book "Send: The Essential Guide to Email for Office and Home" (republished under the title "Send: Why People Email So Badly and How to Do It Better"), published by Alfred A. Knopf.
Education.
Shipley obtained his degree from Williams College.
Family.
Shipley married Naomi Wolf in 1993; the couple had two children, a son and a daughter, and divorced in 2005.


Nzakambay language

Nzakambay (Njak Mbai), or Nzakambay Mbum, is an Mbum language of southern Chad and northern Cameroon.


Skip Battin

Clyde "Skip" Battin (February 18, 1934 – July 6, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, bassist, performer, and recording artist. He was a member of the Byrds, the New Riders of the Purple Sage, and the Flying Burrito Brothers.
Εarly life.
Clyde Raybould Battin was born in Gallipolis, Ohio, USA, attending local schools. He discovered the electric bass when he was 17 years old.
Two years later, he moved to Tucson to attend physical education classes at the University of Arizona. With fellow student Gary Paxton, he formed a college band, the Pledges. As Gary and Clyde, they recorded the single "Why Not Confess" (with "Johnny Risk" on the flipside) for Rev Records, a local label. In 1959, they went into the Desert Palm Studios in Phoenix, Arizona, the home of guitarist Duane Eddy, and recorded some Paxton compositions.
Entrepreneur Bob Shad issued the demo of the duo's song "It Was I" on his Brent label, and renamed the act as "Skip & Flip". Their song eventually made No 11 in the American charts. The follow-up, "Fancy Nancy", was a minor hit, but they charted again in 1960 with a cover of the Marvin and Johnny ballad "Cherry Pie". The novelty number "Hully Gully Cha Cha Cha", written by Paxton and Battin, garnered airplay but did not make the charts. A short time later, the pair disbanded.
In 1961, Battin moved to California, where he got small acting parts in films and on television. In 1966, after a few years out of the music industry, he formed the short-lived folk-rock group Evergreen Blueshoes, whose one album appeared on the Amos label. After the album failed to sell, Battin concentrated instead on session work for many musicians, such as Gene Vincent, Warren Zevon, and others.
Fame.
Battin is probably best known as bass guitarist and songwriter with the Byrds from 1970 to 1973. He was—by eight years—the oldest member of the Byrds. He recorded three albums with them and toured extensively. Many of his songwriting contributions were co-written with Kim Fowley. After the breakup of the Columbia Byrds, Battin recorded a solo album, "Skip".
In February 1973, he began work on his "Topanga Skyline" solo album. After it was completed, it was shelved for unclear reasons. Battin was invited to join the country-rock group New Riders of the Purple Sage, with whom he recorded three albums from 1974 to 1976.
He left the group to join his ex-Byrd cohort Gene Parsons in a new line up of the Flying Burrito Brothers. Meanwhile, he was replaced in the New Riders within the year by Stephen A. Love.
In 1984, Battin got into a fight with Roger McGuinn after a live performance in London, UK, when McGuinn failed to pay wages to a line-up called the Peace Seekers.
From 1989 to 1991, Battin toured occasionally with Michael Clarke's Byrds, named "The Byrds featuring Michael Clarke." After Clarke's death, the band continued as The Byrds Celebration, with Battin the sole ex-Byrds member. He stopped touring and recording after his Alzheimer's disease had reached an advanced state.
Personal life.
Battin married and had a son, Brent. In the 1980s he remarried, had a son, John-Clyde and daughter, Susanna, while pursuing his dream of farming with his wife Patricia in the agricultural Willamette valley of Oregon. Battin died on July 6, 2003, of complications from Alzheimer's disease in a care facility in Salem, Oregon.
In 2012, following negotiations undertaken by his son Brent with the record company, the 1973 solo album "Topanga Skyline" was released on Sierra records in celebration of the 40th anniversary of Skip Battin's first appearance with the Byrds.


Compelled signalling

The term compelled signalling refers to a class of telecommunications signalling protocols where receipt of each discrete signal needs to be explicitly acknowledged before the next signal is able to be sent.
For example, in R2 register signalling, the transmission of each signal involves the following five events:
The term is only relevant in the case of signalling systems that use discrete signals (e.g. a combination of tones to denote one digit), as opposed to signalling systems which are message-oriented, such as Signaling System 7 (SS7) and ISDN Q.931, where each message is able to convey multiple items of information (e.g. multiple digits of the called telephone number).
Compelled signalling is not suitable for satellite communication due to the long propagation delay.
The contrary of compelled signalling is referred to as "non-compelled" signalling. An example includes DTMF, where the originating side sends tones and silence in the forward direction, without being able to ascertain whether each tone has been correctly received by the terminating side. In order to minimise the risk of signalling errors, minimum durations are imposed, both on the tones and on the intervening periods of silence.


Afaa M. Weaver

Afaa Michael Weaver (born 1951 Baltimore, Maryland) formerly known as Michael S. Weaver, is an American poet, short story writer and editor.
He is author of numerous poetry collections and his honors include a Fulbright Scholarship and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, Pew Foundation, and Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award. He is the Director of the Writing Intensive at The Frost Place.
Life.
Born in Maryland, he studied two years at the University of Maryland. He started 7th Son Press and the literary journal "Blind Alleys". He graduated from Brown University on a fellowship, with an M.A, and Excelsior College with a B.A. He taught at National Taiwan University and Taipei National University of the Arts as a Fulbright Scholar, and was a faculty member at the Cave Canem Foundation's annual retreat. In addition, he was the first to be named an elder of the Cave Canem Foundation. He also studied Chinese language at the Taipei Language Institute in Taiwan.
He teaches at Simmons College, and is director of the Zora Neale Hurston Literary Center. He is Chairman of the Simmons International Chinese Poetry Conference. Tess Onwueme, the Nigerian playwright, gave him the Ibo name "Afaa," meaning "oracle," while Dr. Perng Ching-hsi has given him the Chinese name "Wei Yafeng."
His poems have appeared in literary journals and magazines including "Callaloo".
Published works.
Full-Length Poetry Collections
Plays
Anthologies Edited
Anthology Publications


Tewkesbury Academy

The Tewkesbury Academy was an important centre of learning for the Dissenters of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England during the early century. It was run by Samuel Jones and its students included both Dissenters such as Samuel Chandler and those who became significant Establishment figures such as Thomas Secker, who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury (1758–68), and Joseph Butler.
Background.
The Dissenting academies were an important part of England’s educational systems. It was difficult for any but practising members of the Church of England to gain admission to the old universities: Cambridge and Oxford. The Dissenters included nonconformist Protestants who could not in good conscience subscribe to the articles of the Church of England, but also Quakers, Roman Catholics, and Jews. As their sons were debarred from preparing for the ministry or the professions in the universities, many of them attended the dissenting academies.
Beginnings.
After finishing his education at Leiden, Samuel Jones moved to Gloucester, opening his academy in the Barton Street house of Henry Wintle, a Presbyterian. From the outset, the Academy was popular; over its short existence, it was to educate around one hundred students, mostly for the dissenting ministries, making it the largest academy of its type in the south of England. Jones's learning in Jewish antiquities and reformed theology encouraged students from across the country to attend his lectures.
This was in the face of state persecution. Under the 1662 Act of Uniformity, all schools and academies needed to be licensed by the local bishop, a situation which was not repealed (or even subjected to immunity from prosecution) by the Act of Toleration 1689. In September 1712, Jones was presented at the ecclesiastical court under the Act of Uniformity for keeping a school or seminary which had not been licensed. One of the most serious charges was that he infiltrated "seditious and antimonarchical principles" into his students. In the light of comments made by his students such as Thomas Mole, it seems unlikely that Jones's establishment was through-and-through "prejudicial to the present Establishment".
Growth.
Jones moved the academy to Tewkesbury early in summer 1713, at least partly in order to move to a bigger house; one of his students, possibly Secker, lent him £200 to enable his move; he repaid it over several years. Persecution of the Academy continued, however; following the Henry Sacheverell affair and the attempted passing of Schism bills in parliament, Jones's house was attacked by rioters on the day of the coronation of George I. This local hostility reflects the merger of popular politics and anti-academy state propaganda during Queen Anne's rule.
Decline.
The academy soon faced new problems. After moving to Tewkesbury, Jones became an increasingly heavy drinker and his teaching declined in quality and success. He died at Tewkesbury on 11 October 1719 aged thirty-seven, and was succeeded at the academy by his nephew, by Jeremiah Jones (1693-1724), who removed the Academy to Nailsworth. However, it soon declined in size and reputation.
People associated with it.
These students included future conformists of great eminence, such as Thomas Secker (later Archbishop of Canterbury), as well as major dissenting theologians and controversialists, such as Samuel Chandler.
Isaac Watts encouraged Secker to attend the Tewkesbury Academy. Contemporaneously with Secker were the later Church of England bishops Joseph Butler and Isaac Maddox, and John Bowes, later Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
In addition to Chandler, the future dissenting leader Vavasour Griffiths was also a member.
Description of life at the Academy.
The most detailed account of the academy was left by Thomas Secker. Writing to Isaac Watts, an eminent London dissenter who had encouraged him to study under Jones, Secker wrote:
 "Mr. Jones [...] I take to be a man of real piety, great learning, and an agreeable temper; one who is very diligent in instructing all under his care, very well qualified to give instructions, and whose well-managed familiarity will always make him respected. He is very strict in keeping good orders, and will effectually preserve his pupils from negligence and immorality. And accordingly I believe there are not many academies freer in general from those vices than we are. In particular, my bedfellow Mr. Scott is one of unfeigned religion, and a diligent searcher after truth. His genteel carriage and agreeable disposition gain him the esteem of every one. Mr. Griffith is more than ordinary serious and grave, and improves more in every thing than one could expect from a man who seems to be not much under forty; particularly in Greek and Hebrew he has made a great progress. Mr. Francis and Mr. Watkins are diligent in study and truly religious. The elder Mr. Jones, having had a better education than they, will in all probability make a greater scholar; and his brother is one of quick parts.
 "Our Logic, which we have read once over, is so contrived as to comprehend all Heereboord, and the far grater part of Mr. Locke's Essay, and the Art of thinking. What Mr. Jones dictated to us was but short, containing a clear and brief account of the matter, references to the places where it was more fully treated of, and remarks on, or explications of the authors cited, when need required. At our next lecture we gave an account both of what the author quoted and our tutor said, who commonly then gave us a larger explication of it, and so proceeded to the next thing in order. He took care, as far as possible, that we understood the sense as well as remembered the words of what we had read, and that we should not suffer ourselves to be cheated with obscure terms which had no meaning. Though he be no greater admirer of the old Logic, yet he has taken a great deal of pains both in explaining and correcting Heereboord, and has for the most part made him intelligible, or shewn that he is not so.
 "The two Mr. Jones's, Mr. Francis, Mr. Watkins, Mr. Sheldon, and two more gentlemen are to begin Jewish Antiquities in a short time. I was designed for one of their number, but rather chose to read Logic once more; both because I was utterly unacquainted with it when I came to this place, and because the others having all, except Mr. Francis, been at other academies will be obliged to make rather more haste than those in a lower class, and consequently cannot have so god or large accounts of any thing, nor so much time to study every head. We shall have gone through our course in about four years time, which I believe nobody that once known Mr. Jones will think too long.
 "I began to learn Hebrew as soon as I came hither, and find myself able now to construe, and give some grammatical account of about twenty verses in the easier parts of the Bible after less than an hour's preparation. We read every day two verses a-piece in the Hebrew Bible which we turn into Greek (no one knowing which his verse shall be, though at first it was otherwise). And this with Logic is our morning's work.
 "Mr. Jones also began about three months ago some Critical lectures in order to the exposition you advised him to. The principal things contained in them are about the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowels, the Incorruption of the Scriptures, ancient Divisions of the Bible, an account of the Talmud, Masora, and Cabala. We are at present upon the Septuagint, and shall proceed after that to the Targumim, and other versions, &c. Every part is managed with abundance of perspicuity, and seldom any material thing is omitted that other authors have said upon the point, though very frequently we have useful additions of things which are not to be found in them. We have scarce been upon any thing yet but Mr. Jones has had those writers which are most valued on that head, to which he always refers us. This is what we first set about in the afternoon; which being finished we read a chapter in the Greek Testament, and after that Mathematics. We have gone through all that is commonly taught of Algebra and Proportion, with the six first books of Euclid, which is all Mr. Jones designs for the gentlemen I mentioned above, but he intends to read something more to the class that comes after them.
 "This is our daily employment, which in the morning takes up about two hours, and something more in the afternoon. Only on Wednesdays in the mornings we read Dionysius's Periegesis, on which we have notes mostly geographical, but with some criticisms intermixed; and in the afternoon we have no lecture at all. So on Saturday in the afternoon we have only a thesis, which none but they who have done with Logic have any concern in. We are also just beginning to read Isocrates and Terence each twice a week. On the latter our tutor will give us some notes which he received in a college from Perizonius.
 "We are obliged to rise at five of the clock every morning, and to speak Latin always, except when below stairs amongst the family. The people where we live are very civil, and the greatest inconvenience we suffer is, that we fill the house rather too much, being sixteen in number besides Mr. Jones. But I suppose the increase of his academy will oblige him to remove next spring. We pass our time very agreeably betwixt study and conversation with our tutor, who is always ready to discourse freely of any thing that is useful, and allows us either then or at lecture all imaginable liberty of making objections against his opinion, and prosecuting them as far as we can. In this and every thing else he shows himself so much a gentleman, and manifests so great an affection and tenderness for his pupils, as cannot but command respect and love. I almost forgot to mention our tutor's library which is composed for the most part of foreign books, which seem to be very well chosen, and are every day of great advantage to us."


Donald Camp

Donald E. Camp (born 1940 in Meadville, Pennsylvania) is an American artist, photographer, and professor of photography at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania. Camp holds both a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Master of Fine Arts from Tyler School of Art in Philadelphia. Camp is notable for his portraits that explore the dignity and nobility that can be found in the human face, particularly those of African American men. Camp’s unique printing methods are based on early 19th Century non-silver photographic processes. He has adapted these processes to use photosensitized casein and earth pigments, essentially dust, to produce his photographs. His work has been collected by the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Donald Camp currently lives and works in Philadelphia.


Big Art Group

Big Art Group is a New York City-based experimental performance ensemble that uses language and media to push formal boundaries of theatre, film and visual arts to create culturally transgressive works. It has publicly declared its goal as the desire to develop innovative performances using original text, technology, and experimental methods of communication.
Development.
Founded by director Caden Manson and playwright Jemma Nelson in 1999, Big Art Group has produced original works, "CLEARCUT, catastrophe" (1999), "The Balladeer" (2000), "Shelf Life" (2001), "Flicker" (2002), "House of No More" (2004), "Dead Set #2 and #3" (2006-7),"The Sleep", "The Imitation", "The People" (2007), "S.O.S." (2008), "Cityrama" and "Broke House". The first two works, "Clearcut Catastrophe" and "The Balladeer", explored the development of new vocabularies for performance blending film and theatrical references and trained the ensemble in physically rigorous methods of stagecraft. "Clearcut Catastrophe" fused ideas from Chekhov's Three Sisters and the documentary Grey Gardens through methods of improvisation. These experiments evolved into a trilogy of works: "Shelf Life", "Flicker" and "House of No More." In these pieces, Manson invented an integrated spectacle which he dubbed ‘Real-Time Film’, a hybrid of film and theatre in which actors recombined formal ideas of performance through the use of simultaneous acting on stage and for live video using complex choreography, puppetry, and autobiography. He referred to the techniques of accomplishing filmic language such as cuts, pans, and zooms as treating "the actor as technology."
Thematically, the trilogy began with an acidic critique of consumerism with "Shelf Life", which also marks author Jemma Nelson's writing debut. The sister piece, "Flicker", used two storylines to create a linked examination of violence and commodity. The trilogy concluded with "House of No More", which dismantled ideas of theatrical narrative, and attacked the idea of spectacle through an investigation of theatre as an analogy for worldbuilding.
In 2006 the company began a series of experimental video art, musical collaborations and reality performances, "Dead Set #2 and #3","The Sleep","The Imitation" and "The People." "Dead Set #2 and #3" continued Big Art Group's experimentation with live theatre and video, set and costume design to comment on themes of trauma and popular culture. "The People" was an expansion of real-time film that moved the theatre to the street, combining local participants, documentary research and site-specific creations and also fusing avant-garde performance with community expression. Retelling a contemporary version of the Oresteia, "The People" was simultaneously played and live-projected and broadcast into the public square of the Italian town of Polverigi.
"S.O.S." followed in 2008, opening at the Wiener Festwochen in Austria and appearing in New York at The Kitchen. Combining a large scale video installation, dense text, sound, and fast pace, the play explored ideas of saturation and sacrifice in contemporary society. The text of the play was published in Yale's Theatre Magazine (Vol. 40,No. 2, 2010).
Caden Manson has been recognized as a Pew Fellow for his work with Big Art Group. Major funding for the company include grants received from the Rockefeller Multi-Arts Production fund, The Greenwall Foundation, the Foundation for Contemporary Art and the Florence Gould Foundation. In the United States, Big Art Group has performed at such venues as Performance Space 122, The Kitchen, The Wexner Center for the Arts, The Walker Art Center, and REDCAT. Performers include Heather Litteer, Farrad Mullins, David Commander and Theo Kogan. Their work is also in the permanent collection of the Yale Drama Library.
Production history.
CLEARCUT, catastrophe!
1999 Kraine Theatre, NYC
The Balladeer.
2000 Kraine Theatre, NYC
Shelf Life (Premiere - The Kraine Theatre, NYC 2001).
2004 Kaiitheatre (Brussels, Belgium), Hebbel Am Ufer (Berlin, Germany), Festpielhaus Hellerau (Dresden, Germany)
2003 Pan Pan Theatre Symposium (Dublin, Ireland), The Walker Arts Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota), Fresh Terrain/PS122/UT (Austin, Texas), The Wexner Center For The Arts (Columbus, Ohio), The Warhol Museum (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), Künstlerhaus Mousonturm (Frankfurt, Germany), Sommerszene (Salzburg, Austria)
Flicker (Premiere Performance Space 122, NYC 2002).
2005 In Motion Festival (Barcelona, Spain), RED/CAT (Los Angeles, California, USA), Teatro Central (Sevilla, Spain), VEO Festival (Valencia, Spain), Teatro Canovas (Málaga, Spain), Teatro Alhambra (Granada, Spain), Teatro La Fenice (Senigallia, Italy), Trafó (Budapest, Hungary), STUK (Leuven, Belgium)
2004 New Territories Festival (Glasgow, Scotland), Emilia Romagna Teatro (Modena, Italy), Sommerszene Festival (Salzburg, Austria)
2003 The Via Festival (Maubeuge, France), Inteatro Polverigi (Polverigi, Italy), Zürcher Theater Spektakel (Zurich, Switzerland), La Bâtie-Festival de Genève (Geneva, Switzerland), De (internationale) Keuze van de Rotterdamse Schouwburg (Rotterdam, Netherlands), Le Vie de Festival (Rome, Italy), SpielArt Festival (Munich, Germany), Hebbel Theater (Berlin, Germany), Mettre en Scène (Rennes, France)
2002 Théâtre Garonne (Toulouse, France), Festival d'Automne (Paris, France), Théâtre de Lorient (Brittany, France)
House of No More (Premiere Performance Space 122, NYC 2004).
2005 Dance Theater Workshop (NYC), Hebbel Theater (Berlin, Germany), Théâtre Garonne/TNT (Toulouse, France), Festival d'Automne à Paris (Paris, France), Le Manège (Maubeuge, France), Le Vie de Festival (Rome, Italy), La Rose Des Vents (Villeneuve d'Asq, France), Wexner Center (Columbus, Ohio), Art Rock Festival (Saint-Brieuc, France), Festival de Otoño (Madrid, Spain), Teatro La Fenice (Sinigalia, Italy), Semaines Internationales de la Marionnette (Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Théâtre de Nîmes (Nîmes, France)
2006 Temps d'Image at L'Usine C (Montreal, Canada), Festival Mois Multi (Québec, Canada), Donau Festival (Krems, Austria), Scene Festival (Salzburg, Austria)
Dead Set #2 (Premiere Hebbel Theater, Berlin Germany 2006).
2006 La Comète (Châlons-en-Champagne, France), Théâtre d'Angoulême (Angoulême, France), Festival d'Automne à Paris (Paris, France)
Dead Set #3 (Premiere The Kitchen, NYC 2007).
2007 deSignel (Antwerp, Belgium), Künstlerhaus Mousonturm (Frankfurt, Germany), Donau Festival (Krems, Austria)
The People.
2007 Inteatro Polverigi (Polverigi, Italy)
2008 Theater der Welt Festival (Halle, Germany)
S.O.S..
2008 Wiener Festwochen (Vienna, Austria), Théâtre Garonne (Toulouse, France)
2009 Temps d’Image Festival (Montreal, Canada), The Kitchen (NYC, USA), REDCAT (Los Angeles, USA),Yerba Buena Arts Center (San Francisco, USA),Prospettiva 09 (Turin, Italy)


Western Academic Talent Search

The Western Academic Talent Search (WATS) is a talent search program based at the CU Boulder in Boulder, Colorado for students in the states of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Montana, and Wyoming with high academic achievement. Students are selected from the top 95th percentile from each subject and are administered a number of college-entrance exams to determine their talent compared to others. If the exam scores are high enough, they are eligible for various programs including one-, two- and three-week college-level courses at CU Boulder. Usually, around 300 students attended the WATS/Center for Bright Kids summer camps each year.
Western Academic Talent Search (WATS) was formerly known as the Rocky Mountain Talent Search. WATS is part of the Center for Bright Kids.


Jeffrey Rosensweig

Jeffrey A. Rosensweig is the director of the John Robson Program for Business, Public Policy, and Government at Goizueta Business School of Emory University. Previously, he served as associate dean for corporate relations during a six-year tenure. Rosensweig was selected by "The Wall Street Journal" as one of the top 12 professors in Executive MBA programs worldwide.
Rosensweig has published papers in academic journals such as the "Journal of International Money and Finance", the "Journal of Business and Economic Statistics", the "Journal of Development Economics", and "Economic Inquiry". His first book, "Winning the Global Game: A Strategy for Linking People and Profits", published by The Free Press of Simon & Schuster, received critical acclaim. His third book, "Age Smart", was published by Pearson Prentice-Hall.
Rosensweig is the vice president for international of the Rotary Club of Atlanta. This club comprises 500 of Metro Atlanta's most influential leaders. He is the Global Economic Advisor for one of the world's leading charities, MAP (Medical Assistance Program) International, he is a Faculty Fellow and board member for the Emory University Ethics Center, and he is on the board of advisors for the Emory University Brain Health Center.
Education
Professor Rosensweig received his M.A. and B.A. summa cum laude from Yale University. He received a master's degree in philosophy, politics, and economics from Oxford University, where he studied as a . The British Government has selected him as chairman of the Marshall Scholarship Selection Committee for the Southeast. He received his PhD in economics from M.I.T. Prior to Emory, Rosensweig worked for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, the Government of Jamaica, and taught briefly at Yale University.


Georg Heinrich Bode

Georg Heinrich Bode (1802—1846) was a German classical philologist and translator. From 1820, he studied philology at the University of Göttingen. He published the three-volume "Geschichte der hellenischen Dichtkunst" (1838).


Centre for Socio-economic and Environmental Studies

The Centre for Socio-economic and Environmental Studies (CSES), founded in 1996, is an independent, non-profit, research institute based at Kochi, Kerala, India.
Overview.
The Centre works to fill the gap between the academic world on the one hand and the policy makers, opinion shapers and the general public on the other through its research, training programs, conferences, workshops, public lectures and publications. CSES has been associating with other research institutions, central, state and local governments and developmental agencies to conduct a wide range of research studies, projects and activities. The Centre is engaged in Situational Analysis, Evaluation Studies, Need Assessment Studies, Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) Studies, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Project Monitoring and Geographic Information System (GIS) based planning. The Centre has also conducted several multi-locational studies including large scale sample surveys all over South India.
Key Research Areas.
The Centre has made significant contributions in the following priority areas:
Governance and Public Service Delivery.
A major area of interest of CSES is how services are delivered to the general public by government agencies. From time to time, CSES has looked into service delivery of various public agencies, including government schools, health care facilities, anganwadis, welfare institutions, local governments and government offices. Through this research, CSES has identified service delivery parameters important to the citizens and developed performance indicators across these parameters that facilitate evaluation over time. Most of these studies are commissioned by various Government agencies including the Modernising Government Program (MGP), Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP) and the Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) of the Government of Kerala. The studies on water governance conducted for the World Bank and Jalanidhi focused on the sustainability of small water supply schemes.
Poverty and Social Exclusion.
The Kerala Model of Development which won accolades for high social development with low economic growth, also had its “outliers” or sections of the society that the development bypassed; namely the Scheduled Tribes and the Fisher-folk. Bringing the issues faced by such marginalized sections into mainstream academic and policy-level discourse is an objective that CSES has persistently followed. Research at CSES also addresses issues of other groups of marginalized sections in the society such as the rural and urban poor, migrant workers, elderly and disabled. For instance, studies on alternative education, tribal health, education of migrant children, management of household finances by poor, indebtedness among rural poor, welfare legislation for vulnerable groups, etc. bring out issues faced by these marginalized sections in domains such as education, health and livelihood. Similarly, the marginalization lens is applied to other research pursued at CSES to understand the dimensions of inequality and exclusion faced by these vulnerable sections vis-à-vis others, be it in service delivery, local governance or social development.
Public Finance.
Right from its inception, public finance was one of the core areas of research activity at the Centre. Issues related to state finances and fiscal federalism- fiscal powers of the central, state and local governments are some of the key research topics pursued in this area. The Centre has examined the implications of the recommendations of successive Central Finance Commissions to Kerala through its studies. Public expenditure management in the social sector is an area in which the Centre has engaged extensively in the past. CSES has also undertaken the analysis of state and local governments for children, Scheduled Tribes and Persons with Disabilities. These topics within public finance are closely intertwined with other core areas of the Centre such as inclusive governance, public service delivery and decentralized governance.
Decentralization.
Another major area of research where CSES has done various studies is that of Decentralization; research done includes studies on service delivery, planning, budgeting and financial management and analysis of local government budgets conducted for UNICEF, Commission for Protection of Child Rights, Kerala State Planning Board and Action Aid. CSES has also been extending technical support to several rural and urban local governments in different sectors in the preparation of perspective plans and for GIS based planning and preparation of watershed development plans. CSES is an ‘Institutional National Level Monitor’ of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and is involved in monitoring rural development programs and the functioning of the local governments in different states in India.
Education.
Education has been a major research theme of CSES ever since its inception. Being located in Kerala, a region which received national and international attention for its achievement in the field of education, CSES has tried to develop an insider’s perspective of the strengths and weaknesses of State’s education system right from pre-school education to professional and higher education. Broadly, CSES studies examined the social, economic, financial and management aspects of the education sector. Some of the specific aspects examined include exclusionary trends in the education sector, education of marginalized groups such as children from tribal families, children with disabilities and children of migrant labor, entry barriers to professional and higher education, private cost of education, changing enrollment patterns, functioning of the alternative schooling system, grants-in-aid policies and practices of the state government and service delivery in government schools.
Labor and Migration.
Labor studies is a prominent research theme pursued at the CSES particularly with a focus on labor market transformation in the state of Kerala. CSES conducted a pioneering study on interstate labor migration to Kerala. Of late, with increasing long-distance labor inflows to Kerala, CSES has been focusing on research to assess vulnerabilities encountered by migrant workers, education of migrant children and social protection programs available and accessible to them. Apart from the studies on interstate labor migration, CSES focuses on international labor migration as well as labor market outcomes of youth.
Urban Development.
Impact and implications of urbanization is a cross-cutting theme addressed in several research projects of CSES. In an effort to better understand facets of urbanization, CSES has undertaken a research study on the commuting pattern for work in Kochi which captures how mobility requirements of those commuting daily to the city are side-lined in city planning. A study commissioned by the GIZ on urban housing for those without formal rights in Kochi documents the complex web of statutory and customary systems one needs to mediate to secure access to housing. CSES research in this area also included service delivery of urban local governments, consequences of inter-state migration on urban governance and child budget analysis of urban local governments.
Demography and Health.
Dynamics of Kerala’s demographic transition— high life expectancy, low infant, child and maternal mortality, decreasing share of children and increasing share of elderly in the population —has been a focus of research at the CSES. These demographic issues are explored to identify changes observed, adaptations required in social sectors of education and health and in relation to the population pressure on land.
Health is a domain where CSES has worked extensively across regions, by conducting various rounds of District Level Household Survey on Reproductive and Child Health, Global Adult Tobacco Survey and Global Youth Tobacco Survey in different states. CSES has also conducted studies on the provision of health care services by the government and health care utilization, health care expenditure and health outcomes of the general population as well as vulnerable sections such as women, tribal, disabled and elderly. Research studies of the Centre, highlight the health issues relevant in the context of Kerala, which are different from those faced at the national level, and thus require a different approach and prioritization.
Gender.
Apart from undertaking researches exclusively on women’s issues viz. health, livelihood and employment, gender has figured as a major component in various studies of CSES. Through different research projects, CSES has looked into the implications of government policies, legislation and interventions on the lives of women. In 2018, a dedicated unit to undertake interdisciplinary research on gender issues— Gender Research Unit (GRU) was set up within CSES to promote well-informed, evidence-based policy reforms and to build a network among scholars, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other development partners working on gender issues. Since then, GRU has undertaken studies on indebtedness among rural poor, labor market outcome and documentation of livelihood program introduced for tribal women—where the gender dimensions were looked into in detail.
Disability.
CSES has been at the forefront in guiding government agencies about disability and the issues faced by Persons with Disabilities across their life course in various domains such as education, health, employment and livelihood, transport and communication, etc. through an exploration into various initiatives taken by the government for their welfare and rights. The experience that CSES gained through disability studies in different parts of the country for Leonard Cheshire has also helped in understanding regional issues and alternate solutions.
GIS Applications.
CSES uses digital mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) services in its projects. Such projects include preparation of river bank atlas, digital mapping of sand deposits in rivers, GIS based watershed development plans and mapping of natural resources and other resources. CSES is an off-campus training centre of the outreach program of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun. Courses are offered in Remote Sensing and GIS.
Internship.
CSES offers internship programs for students from Indian and foreign universities pursuing Post Graduate Degrees or PhD in social science (economics, sociology, anthropology political science, social work, gender studies, development studies), journalism, environmental studies and related disciplines.
Documentation/Library.
CSES has a good collection of valuable documents and research materials. Researchers, students, policy makers, social and political activists access the Centre's library.


Ernst W. Selmer

Ernst Westerlund Selmer (23 April 1890 – 14 April 1971) was a Norwegian philologist and phonetician. A professor at the University of Oslo from 1937 to 1960, he was best known for his work on Low German and North Frisian.
Personal life.
He was born in Funbo, Sweden as a son of Ludvig Marius Selmer (1860–1931) and Nina Maria Mathilda Westerlund (1868–1954). He grew up in Kristiania. He was a nephew of Johan and Jens Selmer, and a second cousin of Fredrik Selmer.
In March 1919 in Kristiania he married Ella Sejersted (1895–1968), a daughter of Colonel Nils Johannes Sejersted. He then became an uncle of Francis Sejersted, and the couple had several children. Knut Sejersted Selmer became a law professor, and married Elisabeth Schweigaard Selmer. Another son Ernst Sejersted Selmer became a mathematics professor.
A third son, Nicolay Sejersted Selmer born 1921, studied at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, but during the Second World War he first fought in the Norwegian Campaign, then participated in the underground resistance before he fled to Little Norway in Canada in 1941 to undergo pilot training. His bomber plane crashed during training in January 1943.
Career.
Selmer finished his secondary education at Kristiania Cathedral School in 1908, and graduated with the cand.philol. degree in German language in 1913. He later studied in several cities abroad, such as Oxford, Montpellier, Leipzig and Marburg, in addition to being research assistant in Hamburg from 1915 to 1917. During this stay, when he studied languages under Conrad Borchling and experimental phonetics under Giulio Panconcelli-Calzia, he collected material in Low German, allowing him to release the doctoral thesis "Sprachstudien im Lüneburger Wendland" in 1918.
Selmer was a research fellow at the Royal Frederick University from 1917 to 1924, and from 1924 docent in the fields phonetics and Germanic philology. He headed the Institute of Phonetics from its foundation in 1918 to 1960, and became the cornerstone in phonetics teaching in Norway. He doubled as lecturer in German language at both the University and several schools from 1919 to 1937, until he served as professor of phonetics and Germanic philology from 1937 to 1960. His university was renamed the University of Oslo in 1939.
His textbook in phonetics, "Håndbok i elementær fonetikk" written with Olaf Broch and released in 1921, was used at the university throughout his career. On the German language he issued a grammar "Tysk grammatikk for studerende og lærere" (with Hjalmar Falk in 1934) and a phonetic textbook "Tysk lydlære for lærere og studerende" (1936). He also published works about Swedish (Öland) and Norwegian dialects as well as Faroese and Zulu, but became best known for his research on Low German and North Frisian.
Selmer was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (from 1922), the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, the Fryske Akademy and the Linguistic Society of Uppsala. He died in April 1971 in Bærum.


Sewell Chan

Sewell Chan is an American journalist who currently serves as the editorial page editor at the "Los Angeles Times". In this role, he oversees the editorial board and the Op-Ed and Sunday Opinion pages of the Los Angeles Times. He previously worked at "The New York Times" from 2004 to 2018 in a variety of reporter and editorial positions, and was deputy managing editor at the "Los Angeles Times".
Early life and education.
Chan, the son of immigrants from China and Hong Kong, grew up in Flushing, Queens and attended New York City public schools and Hunter College High School, where he was the co-founder of the school's independent newspaper, "The Observer". His father was a taxi cab driver. He graduated from Harvard University with an AB in Social Studies in 1998 and received a Marshall Scholarship for graduate study at Oxford University. He received his MPhil in Politics in 2000. He interned for "The Philadelphia Inquirer" in 1995, "The Wall Street Journal" in 1996, and "The Washington Post" in 1997 and 1999.
Career.
From 2000 to 2004, Chan wrote for "The Washington Post", where he covered municipal politics, poverty and social services, and education. He was the co-author of a four-part investigative series about the treatment of juvenile delinquents in the District of Columbia, and won praise from the Society for American Archivists for his investigation into conditions at the District of Columbia Archives. He also covered the conflict in Iraq for the Post's Baghdad bureau.
After moving to "The New York Times" in 2004, Chan developed a reputation as a prolific reporter. He reported on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the 2005 transit strike, and the 2008 papal visit of Benedict XVI.
From 2007 to 2009, Chan was the founding bureau chief of City Room, the newspaper's local news blog. City Room was originally conceptualized as "a vehicle to hone and elevate" Chan's reporting, given that he had become recognized as "a powerhouse in the newsroom." Under Chan, City Room was part of "The Times"s 2009 Pulitzer Prize-winning breaking news reporting which led Eliot Spitzer to resign as governor of New York.
In January 2010, Chan joined "The Times"s Washington bureau as a correspondent covering economic policy. In February 2011, Chan was named deputy opinion page editor of "The Times".
In June 2015, Chan became "The New York Times" International News Editor, London, "leading "The Times"s real-time news operation there." From London, Chan reported on Brexit, terrorist attacks, and the European migrant crisis.
In August 2017, "The New York Times" announced that Chan had been appointed the newspaper's first "International News Editor," a deputy position joining the missions of the Express and International desks.
In August 2018, the "Los Angeles Times" named Chan a deputy managing editor. In the role he "will supervise a team of journalists responsible for initiating coverage and developing content for its digital, video and print platforms." In April 2020, he was promoted to editorial page editor, in charge of overseeing the editorial and op-ed pages.
In 2010 Chan was appointed as a member of the National Advisory Board of the Poynter Institute and has been honored with a Rosalynn Carter Fellowship for Mental Health Journalism. Chan is also a recipient of the German Marshall Fund of the United States's Marshall Memorial Fellowship.
In 2014, Chan was named to the "Out" magazine Out100 list of the most compelling lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in the world.
Chan now works as an Editorial Page Editor for the "Los Angeles Times."
Controversy.
On November 14, 2020, Chan spearheaded an initiative that turned over the "LA Times"'s editorial page solely to pro-Trump voices. He was criticized immediately by media commentators and experts, who widely noted that he selected unrepresentative views of Trump supporters that were more palatable to the "LA Times" readership, even though he had not engaged in such an effort for Clinton voters after the 2016 election. They argued that this was a breach of journalistic ethics for misrepresenting Trump voters' views. He angrily demanded that critics, "Read the damn letters."


Odean Pope

Odean Pope (born October 24, 1938) is an American jazz tenor saxophonist.
Biography.
Pope was raised in Philadelphia, where he learned from Ray Bryant while young. Early in his career, at Philadelphia's Uptown Theater, Pope played behind a number of noted rhythm and blues artists including James Brown, Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder.
He played briefly in the 1960s with Jimmy McGriff, and late in the 1960s he began working with Max Roach, including on tours of Europe in 1967-68. He was a member of Philadelphia group Catalyst in the early and mid-1970s, and assembled the Saxophone Choir, which consists of nine saxophones and a rhythm section (piano, bass and drums), in 1977. He became a regular member of Roach's quartet in 1979 and recorded extensively with him, in addition to numerous releases as a leader.
Pope has publicly spoken about his bipolar disorder, which he has had for over 30 years.
Pope was quoted in 2001 as saying, "Every time I pick that horn up there's always something that I discover I can do differently if I really seek. If you were on planet Earth for, like, 2 billion years, I feel as though there's always something new that you can find to do. There's no end."
Discography.
As sideman.
With Max Roach
With Catalyst
With others


Valamis

Valamis Group Ltd. is a Finnish enterprise software company headquartered in Joensuu, Finland. It is the developer of Valamis, an e-learning software used by enterprises and universities for online learning.
History.
Arcusys was founded on December 18, 2003, by Jussi Hurskainen, Mika Kuikka, Kyösti Nevalainen and Mikko Taivainen. In the early years, Valamis' main business was working as a subcontractor for large manufacturing corporations. When the technology development took off within the company in 2007, Valamis started work with universities.
In 2012, Arcusys acquired the software company Fudeco Ltd and expanded its offices to Oulu, Finland.
In 2016, the company acquired the predictive analytics company Olapcon Ltd.
In May 2018, Arcusys changed its name to Valamis.
In January 2019, Valamis acquired the software company Componence Services B.V. and opened an office in Amsterdam.


Remo Ruffini

Remo Ruffini (born May 17, 1942, La Brigue, Alpes-Maritimes, at that time, Briga Marittima, Italy). He is the Director of ICRANet, International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics Network and the President of the International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA). Ruffini initiated the International Relativistic Astrophysics PhD (IRAP PhD), a common graduate school program of several universities and research institutes for the education of theoretical astrophysicists. He is the Director of the Erasmus Mundus IRAP PhD program (IRAP Ph D Erasmus Mundus). He has been Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Rome "Sapienza" from 1978 to 2012.
Biography.
After his degree in 1966, he was post-doctoral fellow at the Mainz Academy of Sciences working with Pascual Jordan, in Germany. Then, he was post-doctoral fellow with John Archibald Wheeler and Member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and later became instructor and assistant professor at Princeton University. In 1975, he was visiting Professor at the Universities of Kyoto (Japan) and of Western Australia, Perth. In the years 1975–78, he cooperated with NASA being member of the task force on the scientific use of space stations. In 1976 he became Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Catania and in 1978 he was appointed Professor at the University "Sapienza". In 1985, he was elected President of the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA). In 1984 he was cofounder, with Abdus Salam, of the Marcel Grossmann Meetings. In 1987, he became co-chairman of the Italian-Korean Meetings on Relativistic Astrophysics. In the years 1989–93, he was President of the Scientific Committee of the Italian Space Agency. He is Editor of a variety of Scientific Journals. He is married to Anna Imponente and has a son, Iacopo.
His theoretical work led to the concept of Boson Stars. His classic article with John A. Wheeler popularized the astrophysical concept of Black Hole. With Demetrios Christodoulou he has given the formula for a Kerr-Newmann Black Hole endowed of charge, mass and angular momentum. His theoretical work led to the identification of the first Black Holes in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Together with his student C. Rhoades, he established the absolute upper limit to the mass of neutron stars. With his student Robert Leach, he used such an upper limit for fixing the paradigm which enabled the identification of the first Black Hole in the Milky Way Galaxy, Cygnus X1, using the splendid data of the Uhuru satellite by Riccardo Giacconi and his group.
For these works Ruffini won the A. Cressy Morrison Award of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1972.
With his students Calzetti, Giavalisco, Song and Taraglio, Ruffini developed the role of fractal structures in Cosmology.
Together with his collaborator T. Damour, Ruffini suggested the applicability of the Heisenberg-Euler-Schwinger process of pair creation in Black Hole physics and identified the dyadosphere where these processes take place. Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) seem to give the observational evidence of such pair creation process in astrophysics, prior to the observation of such phenomenon in Earth based experiments and represent the first evidence of the energy extraction process from Black Holes (the blackholic energy).
Books.
He is co-author of 21 books, including:


Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay

The Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay is one of three screenwriting Writers Guild of America Awards focused specifically for film. The award is presented to the best screenplay of the year for a documentary feature. It has been presented annually since the 57th Writers Guild of America Awards in 2005. Alex Gibney is the only person to win multiple awards, winning four. Gibney also holds the record for nominations with ten.


Karst dialect

The Karst dialect ("kraško narečje", "kraščina"), sometimes Gorizia–Karst dialect ("goriškokraško narečje"), is a Slovene dialect in the Littoral dialect group, spoken in western Slovenia and in parts of the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia. It takes its name from the Karst Plateau ().
Geographical distribution.
The name of the dialect is somewhat misleading because its use is not limited to the Karst Plateau, nor does it encompass the entire Karst Plateau. It is spoken only in the northwestern parts of the Karst Plateau, in a line from the villages of Prosecco and Contovello near Trieste, west of Sgonico and Dutovlje. East of that line, the Inner Carniolan dialect is spoken. In addition to the northwestern part of the Karst Plateau, the dialect is spoken in the lower Vipava Valley (west of Črniče), in the lower Soča Valley (south of Ročinj), and on the Banjšice Plateau and the Trnovo Forest Plateau ().
It thus encompasses most of the territory of the Municipality of Kanal ob Soči, and the entire territory of the municipalities of Nova Gorica, Renče-Vogrsko, Šempeter-Vrtojba, Miren-Kostanjevica, and Komen, as well as some villages in the western part of the Municipality of Sežana. It is also spoken in the southern suburbs of the Italian town of Gorizia (most notably in the suburb of Sant'Andrea/Štandrež), and in the municipalities of Savogna d'Isonzo, Doberdò del Lago, and Duino-Aurisina. It is also spoken in some northwestern suburbs of Trieste (especially in Barcola, Prosecco, and Contovello).
Some 60,000 to 70,000 Slovene speakers live in the territory where the dialect is spoken, most of whom have some level of knowledge of the dialect.
Phonological and morphological characteristics.
The Karst dialect does not have pitch accent. The dialect’s western territory is more conservative, with monophthongs, better preservation of soft consonants, broad reflexes of nasal "ę" and "ǫ", and without the development long "o" > "u". The rest of the dialect has the diphthongs "ie" and "uo", lenition of "g" > [ɦ], the third accentual retraction, and an "a"-colored reflex of "ə". The dialect has a short infinitive (without "-i") and development of long syllabic "l" > "u".


Peter Foote

Peter Godfrey Foote (26 May 1924 – 29 September 2009) was a scholar of Old Norse literature and Scandinavian studies. He inaugurated the Department of Scandinavian Studies at University College London, and headed it for 20 years.
Early life and education.
Foote was born and raised in Swanage, Dorset, the fourth of five sons of a butcher. His two eldest brothers had to leave school at 14; he and the other younger boys were able to attend grammar school. In 1942 he entered University College of the South West of England (now Exeter University) on a scholarship.
His studies were interrupted in 1943 by service in the Royal Navy, mostly in the Far East.
Upon demobilisation, Foote resumed his university studies at the start of 1947 and in 1948 earned a University of London external BA with first class honours. In 1948-49 he studied at the University of Oslo on a Norwegian government research studentship, where he was moulded by studying under Anne Holtsmark, Following that, he began postgraduate studies in the Department of English at University College, London, receiving an MA in 1951.
Academic career.
He had already been appointed a teaching assistant and then assistant lecturer in Old Icelandic within the Department of Scandinavian Studies, which at the time was still part of the Department of English. Over the next 13 years he advanced to reader in Old Scandinavian and then in 1963 to professor of Scandinavian Studies, with the separation of the field from English as a new department.
Together with Hugh Smith, director of University College's Department of English and Scandinavian Studies in the 1950s, Foote saw the wisdom of studying Old Norse literature and culture in association with the modern Scandinavian languages and the history of all the Scandinavian countries. In his inaugural lecture in 1964, on "Færeyinga saga", Foote looked forward in this spirit to the college teaching modern Icelandic and Faroese, and treating Scandinavian history as a unified field. He said then: "Old Scandinavian . . . confers a welcome freedom, so that I may with perfect propriety offer a lecture on an Icelandic text concerning Atlantic islanders of Norwegian origin whose descendants have now for some centuries technically owed allegiance to the Danish crown".
Foote expanded the new department during his tenure, adding first a full-time position in Scandinavian philology (1964), then another in Norse studies (1965), classes in Faroese (1968), then a teaching assistantship in modern Icelandic (1970s), and finally after considerable effort a lectureship in Nordic history (1970).
He continued to teach occasionally at University College until 2006, more than twenty years after retiring.
He was also very active in the Viking Society for Northern Research, editing "Saga-Book", its journal, from 1952 to 1976 and serving twice as president (1974–76 and 1990–92) among other positions.
He received honorary doctorates from the University of Iceland and the University of Uppsala and national honours from Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.
Publications.
Foote was greatly respected for the quality of his translations, which included "Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu" (1957) and together with others, the ancient Icelandic law book "Grágás" ("Laws of Early Iceland", 1980 and 2000). He co-wrote "The Viking Achievement" (1960) with David M. Wilson. After he retired he produced a three-volume edited translation, the first English edition, of Olaus Magnus's 16th-century Latin "Description of the Northern Peoples" (1996–98) and edited "Jóns saga helga" (2003).
Personal life.
In 1951 Foote married Eleanor McCaig, from the Stranraer region, whom he had met in the Far East during World War II when she was a nurse. She died in 2006. They had two daughters and a son. He enjoyed walking and bell-ringing, and participated until 2008 in a reading group that took its name, the Orðhenglar ("Pedants"), from his insistence on correct Icelandic.


Robert Lane Greene

Robert Lane Greene is an American journalist, best known for his work for "The Economist" and his book about the politics of language, "You Are What You Speak: Grammar Grouches, Language Laws, and the Politics of Identity", published by Delacorte Press in 2011. "Publishers Weekly" described the book as "drawing from such sources such as the Tower of Babel, the Balkan Wars and the Ebonics controversy, to explain how the claims people make about 'their' specific language are really about identity politics." He has written a regular column for "The New Republic" website. He has also written for "The New York Times", "Slate" and a number of other publications.
Greene was born in Johnson City, Tennessee, and grew up in Marietta, Georgia. He received a bachelor's degree from Tulane University in 1997 and earned a master's in European Politics in 1999 while attending Oxford University on a Marshall Scholarship.
In 2017, Greene received the Journalism Award of the Linguistic Society of America.
In 2018, he published the book "Talk on the Wild Side: Why Language Can't Be Tamed" (author: Lane Greene, without 'Robert'; title also: "Talk on the Wild Side: Why Language Won't Do As It's Told").


Bascom S. Deaver

Bascom Sine Deaver Jr. (born August 16, 1930 in Macon, Georgia) is a retired American physicist known for his research into superconductor applications, and a professor and assistant chairman for undergraduate studies of the physics department at the University of Virginia.
A leading researcher in the field of superconductors, he is noted for his discovery that the magnetic flux threading a superconducting ring is quantized, a foundational discovery that led to the development of superconducting quantum interference devices, superconducting magnetometers, and superconducting tunnel junction diodes for use in microwave receivers. As a professor, Deaver has overseen 26 Ph.D. students, developed two undergraduate concentrations in optics and computational physics, and created a B.A. degree for students a program designed to "expose students to the intellectual beauty of physics without sophisticated mathematics."
Education and career.
Deaver received his undergraduate B.S. degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1952, and his masters at Washington University in St. Louis in 1954.
Between 1954 and 1957, he was a physicist and commissioned a lieutenant in the United States Air Force at the Air Force Special Weapons Center at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico. Deaver began his career as a professor at the University of Virginia in 1965, having completed in 1962 his PhD at Stanford University, under the supervision of William M. Fairbank, with thesis "Experimental evidence for quantized magnetic flux in superconducting cylinders". He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow between 1966 and 1968.
Deaver has received a number of awards at the University, including the Alumni Association's Distinguished Professor Award for teaching in 2004. He is a member of the American Physical Society, the Virginia Academy of Science, the Raven Society, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Pi Sigma, and Omicron Delta Kappa. In 2000 he received the George B. Pegram Award, for "Excellence in the Teaching of Physics in the Southeast", from the Southeastern Section of the American Physical Society.
In 2008 the physics department announced the establishment of the Bascom S. Deaver Scholarship Fund, the first undergraduate scholarship program in physics at UVA, "in recognition of Prof. Deaver's great impact on [the UVA physics] program."
Deaver retired from academia in summer 2010, after 45 years at UVA.


Nicholas Hanges

Nicholas William Hanges was a mathematician at the City University of New York, known for his work in partial differential equations and the theory of several complex variables. He was a Professor of Mathematics at Lehman College.
Education and career.
Hanges earned his B.S degree in mathematics from the New York City College in 1970. He received his M.A. (1975) and Ph.D. (1976) from Purdue University, under the supervision of M. Salah Baouendi.
He was a visiting scholar at the Institute of Advanced Studies in 1977-1978, 1980-1981, 1991-1992 and again in 1994. In 1983, Hanges joined the faculty of Lehman College, City University of New York as a Professor of Mathematics from the University of Pittsburgh. From 2017 he served as Chairman of the Mathematics Department.
External links.
Lehman College Faculty bios


Landoma language

Landoma also called Landouman, Landuma, or Cocoli (Cikogoli), is a language of western Guinea. It is the most populous of the Baga languages, in the Mel branch of the Niger–Congo language family. It is related to Temne of Sierra Leone.
There are two different varieties, namely Landoma (Landuma) and Cikogoli (Cocoli). Cikogoli is being replaced by Fula.
The language sometimes goes by the name of one of its dialects, Tiapi, Tyapi, Tyopi a.k.a. Tapessi. Wilson (2007) reports that it is a derogatory name.


Gustav Storm

Gustav Storm (18 June 1845 – 23 February 1903) was a Norwegian historian, a professor at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania from 1877. He was a driving force in the research of Scandinavian history and literature of the Middle Ages.
Personal life.
Storm was born in Rendalen, Hedmark, as the son of Ole Johan Storm and Hanna Jørgine Mathilde Breda. The family moved to Lardal, Vestfold, where his father was a vicar. When Gustav was five years old, his father died, and the family subsequently moved to Christiania (now Oslo). He was a brother of linguist Johan Storm and a cousin of zoologist Vilhelm Storm. He died at Bygdøy in 1903.
Career.
Storm finished his secondary education in 1862. He studied philology at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania, graduating as cand.philol. in 1868. He then worked as teacher for some years, and also carried out research in the fields philology and history. Among his works were "Snorre Sturlassøns Historieskrivning, en kritisk Undersøgelse" from 1873, and his thesis "Sagnkredsene om Karl den Store og Didrik af Bern hos de nordiske Folk" from 1874. He was appointed professor of history in 1877.
Storm became a central person in history research and education at the university. He is regarded one of the most important investigators of primary sources in the science of history in Norway. He chaired the society for primary sources, "Kildeskriftforeningen", from 1886 to 1903, and the Norwegian Historical Association from 1899 to 1903. He was secretary general of the learned society, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1884 to 1903. His translation of "Heimskringla" into Norwegian in the late 1890s was the basis for a popular edition of Snorri Sturluson's work. Among his publications are treatments of the Battle of Hafrsfjord, studies of Norsemen's travels to Vinland, and Columbus' discovery of the American continent.
Storm was decorated Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1891, and Commander, First Class in 1901. He was a Commander, Second Class of the Spanish Order of Isabella the Catholic, and Knight of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.


Amy Clampitt

Amy Clampitt (June 15, 1920 – September 10, 1994) was an American poet and author.
Life.
Clampitt was born on June 15, 1920, of Quaker parents, and brought up in New Providence, Iowa. In the American Academy of Arts and Letters and at nearby Grinnell College she began a study of English literature that eventually led her to poetry. She graduated from Grinnell College, and from that time on lived mainly in New York City. To support herself, she worked as a secretary at the Oxford University Press, a reference librarian at the Audubon Society, and a freelance editor. Not until the mid-1960s, when she was in her forties, did she return to writing poetry. Her first poem was published by "The New Yorker" in 1978. In 1983, at the age of sixty-three, she published her first full-length collection, "The Kingfisher". In the decade that followed, Clampitt published five books of poetry, including "What the Light Was Like" (1985), "Archaic Figure" (1987), and "Westward" (1990). Her last book, "A Silence Opens", appeared in 1994. She also published a book of essays and several privately printed editions of her longer poems. She taught at the College of William and Mary, Smith College, and Amherst College, but it was her time spent in Manhattan, in a remote part of Maine, and on various trips to Europe, the former Soviet Union, Iowa, Wales, and England that most directly influenced her work. Clampitt was the recipient of a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship, a MacArthur Fellowship (1992), and she was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Poets. She died of cancer in September 1994.
Awards.
Clampitt earned a MacArthur Fellowship in 1992 for her writing. She was also awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts, US and Canada, in 1982, under the poetry category.


Julie Ault

Julie Ault (born 1957) is an American artist, curator, and editor who was a cofounder of Group Material, a New York-based artists' collaborative that has produced over fifty exhibitions and public projects exploring relationships between politics and aesthetics. She was awarded a MacArthur Fellows Program grant, commonly referred to as a MacArthur Genius Grant, in 2018 in recognition for her achievements "redefining the role of the artwork and the artist by melding artistic, curatorial, archival, editorial, and activist practices into a new form of cultural production."
Artistic practice.
As an artist, Ault works both individually and collaboratively with the artist Martin Beck for their contextual research projects. Their method can be regarded as an extended form of cultural praxis deriving from a general interest in the conservation and presentation of knowledge and culture. It questions the ways cultural economies present themselves, the conditional changes they undergo and to what extent they initiate a potential move. It is questions like: How does the presentation of history and the past shape the image of the present? Which aspects of cultural practices are (deliberately) kept in the shadows of official historiography and why?
Ault's and Beck's projects have been exhibited internationally, including the show "Installation" at Secession (Vienna, 2006), "Social Landscape" at the Weatherspoon Art Museum (Greensboro, NC, 2004) and "Outdoor Systems, indoor distribution" at the Neue Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst, Berlin, 2000. Together they also have produced numerous exhibition designs, including over two dozen shows for the International Center of Photography in New York between 2001 and 2004; "X-Screen: Film Installations and Actions of the 1960s and 1970s" (2003) and "Changing Channels: Art and Television 1963–1987" (2010) for Mumok – Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna; "Projekt Migration" (2005) at Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne; and "Jim Hodges: Give More Than You Take" (2014) at the Hammer Museum, Los Angeles.
Publishing.
Recently, Ault has edited several books on arts and artists, with a specific focus on the New York City art scene of the 1980s and 1990s. Her most recent books include a monograph she edited on the work of Felix Gonzalez-Torres and a major publication on the art of Sister Corita, which received an extensive review on the group blog Design Observer. In 2018 a collection of her writing was published as "In Parts: Writings by Julie Ault".
Education and teaching activities.
Julie Ault earned a B.A. from Hunter College of the City University of New York in 1995, and a Ph.D. from the Malmö Art Academy of Lund University in 2011.
She has taught at the École Supérieure d'Art Visuel in Geneva, UCLA, the Rhode Island School of Design, CalArts, the Bard Center for Curatorial Studies and Art in Contemporary Culture, Malmo Art Academy at Lund University, and the Cooper Union. In 2006–07 she taught at the Jutland Art Academy in Århus, Denmark by way of DIVA, the Danish International Visual Art Exchange Program.
Personal life.
Ault married photographer Andres Serrano in December, 1980. They divorced at an unknown point; Serrano referenced Ault as his "first wife" in a 2012 interview where he mentioned his current wife Irina Movmyga. Ault was born in Boston, MA. She currently lives and works in New York, NY and Joshua Tree, CA.


Alternative Pupil Placement for Limited Expelled Students

The Alternative Pupil Placement for Limited Expelled Students (acronym A.P.P.L.E.) is a high school located in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Toronto Catholic District School Board program for students who are on a limited expulsion. Backed by Monsignor Fraser College, this program provides a flexible and individualized alternative setting for youth 16 years of age and older who are at risk and are experiencing halted success with the regular secondary school system.
As St. Martin.
St. Martin Catholic School is a former Catholic elementary school from 1920–2002. It has a long history of serving the Catholic children in the Cabbagetown area of Toronto.
Over the years the students have been alternately served by the pastors of St. Paul's and Our Lady of Lourdes' churches. In 1995 the boundaries were expanded to allow more children to attend St. Martin. Most of these students came from Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School. For most of the school's history, the teaching staff consisted mainly of Loretto and Ursuline nuns. In the last few decades, lay teachers have replaced the nuns in staffing the school. It was closed in 2002 and are part of the Our Lady of Lourdes community.


Sungwadia language

Sungwadia, also known as Marino and North Maewo, is an Oceanic language spoken on Maewo, Vanuatu.


Richard Knabl

Richard Knabl (born 24 October 1789 in Graz, Styria; died 19 June 1874) was an Austrian parish priest and epigraphist who, though he lacked formal academic training as a historian, became a prominent contributor to our current knowledge of the Roman period in Noricum and western Pannonia, especially on the territory of modern Styria.
Youth and parish priest.
Knabl was a son of the syndic Ambros Knabl, who had been mayor of Styria's capital Graz from 1784 to 1788. He attended school and studied theology in his home town, was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in 1811, and spent the following years as a chaplain and parish priest at various places in Styria. In 1838 he was assigned to parishes in what was then the immediate vicinity of Graz, first to Karlau and then to St. Andrä.
Epigraphist and historian.
Only at this time, already at an age of 49 years, Knabl began to devote himself to epigraphy and numismatics. Inspired by the large collection of Roman artifacts on display at the "Joanneum" (the largest museum in Graz) and at the castle of Seggau, he embarked on private investigations which in 1845 led to his discovery that the archeological finds near Leibnitz marked the site of the Roman town Flavia Solva. His first major paper, published in 1848, presented such convincing epigraphic proof to this effect that the predominant academic opinion which had tentatively located Flavia Solva in the Zollfeld in Carinthia (actually the site of Virunum), quickly accepted it.
From this time onward Knabl published significant findings from his research on an almost yearly basis, earning himself a reputation as one of his period's most important investigative historians of Roman times in the eastern Alpine region. Among other things, he was particularly interested in Roman traffic routes. He investigated the Roman road that had connected Claudia Celeia (now Celje) and Poetovio (now Ptuj) and also the transalpine road from Virunum to Ovilava (now Wels), frequently combining epigraphy and numismatics with additional sources such as the Tabula Peutingeriana. However, the central project of his life - a codex of all epigraphic finds from antiquity made in the area encompassing today's Austrian province of Styria and northern Slovenia, documenting about 600 inscriptions at 183 sites on its 728 pages - remained unpublished; the manuscript is kept at the University of Graz.
Reception by academic historians.
Knabl's painstaking work, sustained over three decades and always adhering to the scientific standards of his time, earned him acceptance among accomplished historians such as Alfred von Arneth and Theodor Mommsen who in their official statements spoke highly of him. However, when they expressed their opinions in private, academic arrogance sometimes showed. For example, Mommsen (then a 40-year-old assistant professor in Berlin) wrote in a letter to a friend dated 8 September 1857:
"Number One among the sages in Graz is the priest Knabl, an aged type of 65 who has applied himself to the stones in his late years. If he learns of a Roman stone somewhere in Styria he will instantly travel there with comical enthusiasm, and will then lie there reading for two or three days; with a strong pretense at scholarship, but with even stronger respect shown towards myself whom he eagerly kisses the hands, collecting fragments for my biography. (...) However, his hobby is indeed useful and he has advanced historical knowledge by a good bit, although he did it more with his short legs than with his thick head..."
Honors.
In 1861 the University of Graz honored Knabl with a doctorate. The Austrian emperor awarded him the Golden Service Medal in 1862 and the Austrian Medal for Science in 1864, and named him Imperial Counsellor in 1868. Knabl reciprocated by donating his numismatic collection to the University of Graz in 1867, followed by his remaining antiquities on 15 April 1868. When Knabl died in 1874, aged 85 years, the university collected his library of 1,456 volumes as per his testament.