Training School for Betar Instructors

The Training School for Betar Instructors (or Betar "madricihim", also often translated as "youth guides" or "youth leaders") was founded in Tel Aviv in 1928 as a military academy for revisionist youth in British Mandatory Palestine.
Jeremiah Halpern, an experienced activist who had been involved in the Haganah in 1920 and had served Betar in many capacities, was the first director of the school. Halpern had worked with Moshe Rosenberg since the 1920s in the development of Betar's military programmes and together they conceived of a school for Betar "madrichim". Shortly after becoming director, Halpern recruited the revolutionary Zionist Abba Ahimeir as an instructor of the nationalist youth and together they led the school in an increasingly radical direction in which military training was viewed as a means of establishing the military wing of a national liberation movement.
Under the leadership of Halpern (and later of Ahimeir), the 24 cadets took the lead in organising demonstrative activities outside Betar, which notably included taking the initiative in the march to the Western Wall in August 1929. The demonstration was later identified as the proximal cause of the 1929 Palestine riots by the Shaw Commission.
Halpern's cadets formed the nucleus for the right-wing Maximalist tendency in Revisionism and the activities of Halpern and Ahimeir contributed to the evolution of the Irgun and to the support of Revisionist Maximalism within Betar.


Battle of Tara Hill

The Battle of Tara Hill was fought on the evening of 26 May 1798 between British forces and Irish rebels involved in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in a heavy defeat for the rebels and the end of the rebellion in County Meath.
Background.
Following the outbreak of the rebellion signaled in Meath by the prearranged signal of the seizing of a mail coach near Turvey hill, road blocks were posted on the Navan road United Irishmen and rebels in Meath began to assemble at the hill of Tara. Tara was chosen as it provided strategic control of road access to the capital Dublin and cultural significance as the former seat of the high kings of Ireland. Between 4,000-7,000 rebels gathered at the hill. There were incidents of violent encounters throughout the countryside as rallying rebels made their way to Tara from the outbreak of the rebellion on the 23rd to the day of the battle on the 26th.
Battle of Tara.
Picking up yeomanry reinforcements along the way, the combined fencible, yeomanry and militia forces formed up at the bottom of the hill to attack the rebels who had established a large camp on the hill. The lack of any cannon or cavalry placed the rebels at a great disadvantage despite their numbers. Disciplined volley fire and flanking cavalry action combined with withering grapeshot delivered from a 6 pounder cannon drove the rebels to within graveyard walls at the summit. There at dusk, the rebels made their last stand on the hill until a final grenadier assault finished them.
The loss to the fencibles, yeomanry and militia was minimal. However rebel casualties have estimates running from several hundred to several thousand dead and many wounded. Many bodies were removed during the night of the 26th and 350 dead were counted still lying on the battlefield the following day. Witnesses to the burial recollect many more bodies of those rebels who died of their wounds during the night being collected from the surrounding countryside in carts. It was noted by the witnesses that the bodies were universally disembowelled by the victors. The dead were buried in a mass grave marked by the Lia Fail standing stone which was moved to mark the burial site. The defeat effectively ended the United Irishmen's rising in Meath.


Jean-Remy de Chestret

Jean-Remy de Chestret (Liège 1739 - Paris 1809) was a Burgomaster of Liège in 1784 and 1789 and one of the chiefs of the Liège Revolution and later a member of the French "Sénat conservateur".
He is referred to in the revolutionary song "Valeureux Liégeois".


Pierre-Charles Roy

Pierre-Charles Roy (1683 — 23 October 1764) was a French poet and man of letters, noted for his collaborations with the composers François Francoeur and André Cardinal Destouches, to produce librettos for several opera-ballets, on classical subjects or pseudo-classical pastiches, for seven tragedies, and for his rivalry with the young Voltaire, who immortalised Roy with some disdainful public words.
In an early letter of 1719 to Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, Voltaire says, "I have been so unfortunate under the name of Arouet that I have taken another one especially to be confused no more with the poet Roy."
Roy was born and died in Paris. His first opera libretto, "Philomèle", was performed at the Paris Opéra on 20 October 1705. By 1718 he had provided texts for seven "tragédies en musique" and was being hailed as a successor to Quinault. His involvement with musicians was not always positive: He was involved in a public brawl with composer Rameau after penning a derogatory poem about the latter.
Roy won prizes from the Académie Française and was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, but his attempts to become an "immortelle" of the Académie Française were repeatedly rejected, occasioning some clandestine satires and epigrams on his part; however, the Duchess of Maine invited him to write for the "Grandes Nuits de Sceaux" in 1714 and 1715. He was appointed a Chevalier of the Order of St-Michel (1742), the first man of letters to be so honoured; and Mme de Pompadour had his works performed at her Théâtre des Petits Cabinets in the Petite Galerie at Versailles, 1747-51.


People for Democracy and Justice

People for Democracy and Justice ("Russian:" Народ за демократию и справедливость [НДС]) is a Russian political party, established in 2007. The party leader is former Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov.
Kasyanov's new party was established on 22 September 2007, when he was elected party chairman by 228 votes to 4. Delegates from 57 Russian regions worked on the founding congress.


Progressive Party (Belgium)

The Progressive Party of Belgium (French: Parti Progressiste) was a progressive liberal party which existed from 1887 until 1900.
History.
The Belgian Liberal party in the 1860s and 1870s had a strong progressive wing in the cities, which in the 1870s even dominated Belgian liberalism.
After the defeat of the Liberal party in the general elections of 1884 the "doctrinarian-bourgeois" faction continued to dominate the Belgian Liberal party. However, the "progressistes" or radicals no longer wanted to toe the line. In 1887 they established their own party, the "Parti Progressiste", with Paul Janson as its president. Although the radicals shared some ideas with the socialist Parti Ouvrier Belge (POB), they rejected universal suffrage.
Over the years, it became more radical in its views and in 1894, they asked for the creation of a Ministry of Labour, the creation of maximum hours for a working day, and compulsory insurance against accidents, disease, unemployment and disability. More important still, it envisaged the creation of a true public sector by the nationalization of the railroads, canals, roads, bridges and coal mines and by the replacement of the national bank by a bank of state, etc. They reunited with the Liberal Party in 1900, which made many concessions to the radicals.


Hagbard Emanuel Berner

Hagbard Emanuel Berner (12 September 1839 – 24 January 1920) was a Norwegian jurist, Liberal Party politician and newspaper editor. He initiated a series of long-lived enterprises, including the publishing house Det Norske Samlaget, the newspaper "Dagbladet" and the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights. Berner served as a liberal Member of Parliament, as Auditor General of Norway and as Burgomaster of Christiania.
Background.
Berner was born in Sunndal in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. He was the son of parish priest Ole Christian Berner and Laura Nicoline Collin. The family moved to Akershus in 1850. He married Selma Augusta Hovind in 1871. He was the brother-in-law of both industrialist Hans Mustad and Hans Gerhard Stub (1849–1931), Bishop of the Norwegian Lutheran Church in America.
Career.
Berner graduated as a student in 1858, and as a jurist in 1863. In Christiania he befriended intellectuals such as Ernst Sars and Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, and became politically active and a supporter of the Nynorsk language. He co-founded the publishing house Det Norske Samlaget in 1868, and was its chairman until 1877.
In 1868 he co-founded the newspaper "Dagbladet", together with Danish-born author and literary figure, Anthon Bang (1809–1870). He was editor of "Dagbladet" from 1869 to 1879. The newspaper had close connections to the political movement that later came to be the Liberal Party of Norway.
His demand for a "clean" Norwegian flag, instead of the then-flag with a union badge (popularly known as "Sildesalaten"), led to political turbulence in 1879. The parliamentary majority voted for the removal of the union badge three times, but was defeated by royal veto twice. Finally, in 1898, the third royal veto was overruled and the union badge was removed from the national and the state flag.
He was elected as a member of the Parliament of Norway in 1879, representing Akershus, and was re-elected in 1882 and 1885. Berner co-founded the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1884, together with Gina Krog, and was the organization's first chairman. He was Auditor General of Norway from 1883 to 1898, and burgomaster of Kristiania from 1898 to 1912.


Adam Holloway

Adam James Harold Holloway (born 29 July 1965) is a British Conservative Party politician and former journalist and military officer. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gravesham since 2005. He has been a vocal supporter of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave.
Early life and career.
Holloway was born on the 29 July 1965 in Faversham, Kent, the son of the Revd Roger Holloway OBE (died 2010). He was privately educated at Cranleigh School before going to Magdalene College, Cambridge where he studied social and political sciences, graduating as MA, before postgraduate studies at Imperial College London (MBA).
After graduating from university Holloway attended the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, from which he was commissioned into the British Army's Grenadier Guards in 1987. During his four-year military career he saw service with the British Army on the Rhine as an Armoured Infantry platoon officer, and in the Persian Gulf War.
After resigning from the Army in 1991 with the rank of captain, Holloway worked as an investigative journalist and reporter with ITN, "World in Action", "Panorama", and also the "Sunday Times". During his media career he produced an award-winning documentary series for ITV called "No Fixed Abode" (1991), in which he spent three months homeless on the streets of London examining the plight of the capital's growing homeless population, particularly those with mental health issues.
Parliamentary career.
Holloway was elected in the 2005 general election to represent the Kent constituency of Gravesham, defeating a former Labour Minister, Chris Pond, by just 654 votes, but with one of the largest swings from Labour to Conservative in the country at 4.9% at that general election. This was the first time since the Second World War that Gravesham (or its predecessor Gravesend constituency) had not been held by the party of Government.
He delivered his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 28 June 2005. Holloway was also invited to speak (on 15 September 2006) alongside US Congressman John Shimkus to students on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE).
In 2009 a report written by Holloway suggested that some of the claims about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction used to support the UK government's case for war in 2003 originated from an Iraqi taxi driver, and that this may have included the claim about their being "ready to launch in 45 minutes". According to Holloway, reservations expressed by MI6 analysts about much of the data were ignored when preparing the case for war under pressure from Downing Street.
He was criticised in the local media in May 2009 for having the highest expenses claims in North Kent, but argued his claims were legitimate. In the wake of the Westminster Parliamentary Expenses scandal in 2009, Holloway was ordered by Sir Thomas Legg, the head of a committee examining abuse of expenses by Members of Parliament, to repay £1000 to the Exchequer which he had over-claimed. In July 2009, he was criticised by a local newspaper after he responded to a request for an interview about his plans for the summer recess with an expletive laden rejection. This came after all the other local MPs had given answers to the newspapers questions.
Holloway was returned as MP for Gravesham on 6 May 2010 with 22,956 votes (48.5% of the vote) and with an increased majority of 9,312. He went on to be re-elected in 2015 and 2017.
In October 2010 he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to David Lidington, Minister of State for Europe and NATO in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In 2011, he resigned this junior governmental post to defy of a three-line (party) whip and vote in favour of an early referendum on membership of the EU.
In October 2014 he was one of just six Conservative MPs to vote against air strikes targeting Islamic State in Iraq, after visiting a border region held by the Kurdish Peshmerga. He argued the campaign hadn't "been thought through". He actively abstained in the vote for air strikes in Syria in November 2015.
In a September 2015 Parliamentary speech Holloway described giving asylum to refugees from the Middle East as "bonkers", stating than many asylum seekers go on holiday in the countries they had fled from and used his barber as an example. His barber, a Kurdish refugee, subsequently stated that he was holidaying in Great Yarmouth that week, not Iraq.
Holloway publicly supported the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.
He was criticised by political rivals in June 2017 after he was seen campaigning with Janice Atkinson, a former UKIP MEP, who had been suspended from her former party after a fraud enquiry was started relating to her expenses and who had subsequently become vice-president of Marine Le Pen's far-right European Parliament grouping.
As Chairman of the All Party Parliamentary Group on drones, Holloway provided an article to "Politics Home" and was interviewed about drones on BBC Radio 5 Live on 17 July 2018.
Holloway was a member of the Defence Select Committee from 2006 to 2010, and served for a time as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council. In Parliament, he has additionally been a member of the Science and Technology Committee, the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee, the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Public Administration Committee.
In April 2018, Holloway said in Parliament that sleeping rough is "a lot more comfortable" than military exercises and that the majority of rough sleepers were "foreign nationals", in a debate on tackling street homelessness. Rival politicians and charities pointed to evidence that 78 homeless people had died the previous winter and that 80% of recorded homeless people were UK nationals. Holloway defended his position during the debate by pointing to his personal experience of being in the army and having spent several months sleeping on the streets as part of a television programme.
In 2020, he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government Secretary of State Robert Jenrick.


Battle of Castricum

The Battle of Castricum (October 6, 1799) saw a Franco-Dutch force defeat an Anglo-Russian force near Castricum, Netherlands. The battle was fought during the War of the Second Coalition against Revolutionary France between French and Dutch forces under the command of General Guillaume Brune and Herman Willem Daendels and British and Russian forces under the command of the Duke of York, Sir Ralph Abercromby and the Prince of Orange.
Background.
An Anglo-Russian force of 32,000 men landed in North Holland on August 27, 1799, captured the Dutch fleet at Den Helder on August 30 and the city of Alkmaar on October 3. Following a series of battles at Bergen on September 19 and Alkmaar on October 2 (also known as 2nd Bergen), they faced the French and Dutch armies at Castricum on October 6.
Action.
The town of Castricum passed from Batavian-French to British-Russian hands repeatedly several times until the latter finally fled, losing 2536 men and 11 guns; the Batavian-French losses stood at 1382. The defeat persuaded the Duke that his position was untenable. After a chaotic retreat, the parties signed the Convention of Alkmaar on October 10.
Aftermath.
The British and Russians were allowed to withdraw, without paying reparations, and retaining captured bounty. As a sign of gratitude for enabling him honourably to emerge from the inglorious Dutch imbroglio, Brune received a number of horses from the Duke. By 19 November all the British and Russian troops had been embarked and the expedition was over. In the years following the 1799 invasion, defensive lines were constructed in Holland to protect Amsterdam from future invasions from the north.
Commemoration.
In the Huis met de Kogel (House with the Cannonball) in Castricum, a cannonball that got stuck in the wall during the battle can still be seen. A plaque beneath the cannonball commemorates the battle. Various locality names in Castricum also provide a reminder of the battle, like the Russenbergen dunes and the Doodelaan street. The Russisch Monument in Bergen marks the fighting there. The French victory was also commemorated on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris as "Alkmaer".


Morton L. Montgomery

Morton Luther Montgomery (1846–1933) was a native-born Pennsylvanian and Harvard-trained lawyer who became a respected military and public historian and author of more than a dozen books, lecture-related content and other materials documenting the history of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from its earliest days through the early part of the 20th century.
Formative years.
Born on November 10, 1846 in Reading, Pennsylvania and christened three days later at that city’s Trinity Lutheran Church, Morton Luther Montgomery was a son of Reading resident Catharina (Rush) Montgomery (1809–1865) and Johan Leonard Montgomery (1812–1880), a native of Northumberland County who became the proprietor of a hardware business after relocating to Reading in 1841.
His maternal grandfather, Phillip J. Rush (1784–1872), was a Reading native and weaver who had served in the Pennsylvania Militia as a Fife Major with Brigadier-General John Addams’ 1st Regiment, 2nd Brigade during the War of 1812. His maternal grandmother, Barbara (Spohn) Rush (1876–1853), was a daughter of Revolutionary War Patriot Captain John Spohn, whose troops fought in the Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776.
Reared in Reading with his brothers and sisters, Jonas A. (1844–1903), who later served as a bugler for the 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery during the American Civil War and wed Mary Renninger; Mary Elizabeth, Sarah and John, Morton L. Montgomery experienced tragedy early in life when his two youngest siblings died sometime before 1850. That year, a federal census taker noted that the family resided in Reading’s Northeast Ward, and was composed only of Leonard and Catharine Montgomery and their children: Jonas, Morton and Mary.
Educated in his community's common elementary school from childhood through 1860, and then at a high school in Reading until 1863, he showed an aptitude for drafting and mathematics. Following graduation, he apprenticed for eight months with Reading city engineer and Berks County surveyor Daniel S. Zacharias before accepting a position with Pottsville coal mining engineer Daniel Hoffman, a job he held for two years. Returning to Reading sometime around 1866, he took his first steps along the path toward becoming a practicing attorney, studying for three years under Jacob S. Livingood, Esq. According to Montgomery’s later recollections, in addition to his studies, he assisted “in the preparation of cases, arguments, proceedings in partition, conveyancing, etc.”
During the fall of 1869, he took a brief break from his studies to broaden his horizons, traveling throughout America’s eastern and middle states. By 1870, he was a 23-year-old law student at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.”
When not on campus, according to the federal census that year, he resided at the home of his father, Leonard, in Reading’s 8th Ward. Also living there was his 21-year-old sister, Mary Montgomery. After completing two years of study at Harvard in 1871, he returned home to Reading, where he finished his required third year of study in practicum with attorney Samuel L. Young, Esq. Admitted to the State Bar of Pennsylvania on August 28, 1871, Montgomery then practiced law professionally.
It was also during this decade that he wed and began a family. After marrying Florence Baugh in Chester County in 1875, he and his wife greeted the arrival of daughter Florence Baugh Montgomery (1878–1960) on November 22, 1878. She was christened on June 8, 1878 at the same church – Trinity Lutheran in Reading – where Morton Montgomery had been baptized thirty-two years earlier.
As he advanced professionally as an attorney, Morton Montgomery quickly began to appreciate the historical importance of the data he was uncovering while conducting research for a wider and wider range of clients, particularly as it “relat[ed] to the early settlements and formation of the townships … and all the districts of [Berks] county.” This realization inspired him to pen a series of articles about the county’s history for local newspapers and his "Political Hand-Book of Berks County, Pennsylvania" (1883), and also became the impetus for his landmark "History of Berks County in Pennsylvania". A culmination of a decade’s worth of research and writing, the latter was published in 1886.
 In 1896, he researched and wrote a history of the Berks County Militia unit known as the Reading Artillerists, and then delivered a lecture based on that work for the Artillerists’ 102nd anniversary celebration at Metropolitan Hall in Reading on May 25, 1896.
He followed with "School History of Berks County in Pennsylvania" in 1899, “the first book of the kind published in the United States,” according to Montgomery. As his written works became more widely known, he was invited to speak to interested audiences at historical societies, libraries, teacher in-service days, and special civic events across the county and statewide. Early lecture titles included “Conrad Weiser, the First Representative Man of Berks County” and “Revolutionary Heroes of Berks County.” The next year, during his city’s Fourth of July celebrations in 1890, he delivered an oration “on the objects, influence and success of the ‘Patriotic Order Sons of America”.
Still practicing law after the turn of the century while continuing to work on his historical research and writing, he and his wife and daughter, Florence, were documented by federal census takers as residents of a home at 1104 Perkiomen Avenue in Reading in 1900.
The year of 1909 proved to be a particularly memorable one for Morton Montgomery for several reasons. In April, local newspapers announced that his daughter, Florence – “one of the most popular of Reading’s young society women” – was engaged to Joshua Brooke Lessig, president of Lessig Iron Works and of Pottstown’s Citizens National Bank. This same announcement described Morton Montgomery as a “leading lawyer and local historian … social favorite and accomplished musician.”
He also released a revised version of his "History of Berks County". Expanded with enough additional content to fill a two-volume set of books, the 1909 edition was published by Chicago’s J.H. Beers & Co. as "Historical and Biographical Annals of Berks County, Pennsylvania: Embracing a Concise History of the County and a Genealogical and Biographical Record of Representative Families".
In 1914, he was suddenly widowed when his wife collapsed and died on the evening of Friday, November 20. "The Philadelphia Inquirer" reported that she “was found dead on the floor of her home here [in Reading] today from heart failure, brought on by exhaustion following her return from a visit to her daughter, Mrs. Joseph Brooke Lessig, at Pottstown”, and also described Morton Montgomery as “a prominent local lawyer and historian”.
Sometime after his wife's death, he relocated to the city of Allentown in Lehigh County, and was documented as a resident of that city on both 1920 and 1930 U.S. federal census ledgers, the latter of which confirmed that he was a widower residing as a boarder at the Sixth Street home of Martin and Mary Bontz.
Death and legacy.
Morton L. Montgomery died in Allentown in 1933.
Citation of Montgomery's work by other historians.
Morton L. Montgomery's published works continue to be cited by respected historians in their books, journal article submissions and other publications. An abridged list of 20th and 21st-century academic, military and public historians who have cited Montgomery's work includes:


Porkbusters

Porkbusters is an effort led by mostly conservative and libertarian bloggers to cut pork barrel spending by the U.S. Congress used to help pay for projects.
The effort was launched on September 18, 2005, after the massive scale of the reconstruction effort necessary for the areas devastated by Hurricane Katrina had become apparent. It quickly picked up steam as blogger Glenn Reynolds (aka "Instapundit") began promoting the idea and the influential-though-anonymous blogger NZ Bear set up a website showing which members of the U.S. Congress had committed to cutting projects in their own districts to help offset the disaster recovery effort.
Reynolds encourages his readers to send him copies of pork-cutting letters they send to their representatives and Senators, along with the responses from the elected officials. He then posts these on his website under the heading "Porkbusters Update".
In operation for less than six weeks, as of October 13, 2005 the project has already managed to garner $84,000,000 in specific budget cut commitments out of various Representatives and non-specific agreements out of many more. In addition, those Representatives who have been contacted and have negative responses are highlighted and their contact information is made available for their constituents.
Coburn Amendment.
The Porkbusters project endorsed the Coburn Amendment. Officially titled the "Coburn Amendment to the Transportation, Housing, and Urban Development appropriations bill" (HR 3058), the Coburn Amendment was a bill proposed by Senator Tom Coburn that would divert money from the transportation bill, specifically the $220 million for the Gravina Island Bridge in Alaska to the reconstruction of the "Twin Spans" bridge in Louisiana. The amendment was defeated 82–15.
Next phase.
On October 30, 2005, N.Z. Bear posted an entry to his blog entitled The Next Phase of Porkbusters. In it he states
As of December 9, 2005, Senator Coburn has the Porkbuster logo on his site, along with a separate page listing his Porkbuster efforts, though Porkbusters had a few setback when Senator Sununu lost his Senate seat in 2008 and when Senator McCain voted on the highly controversial Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which is thought to have worsened their fight against pork.
In August 2006, Porkbusters, Talking Points Memo and other blogs from across the political spectrum worked together to support the proposed Obama-Coburn Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (S. 2590). "Secret holds" placed on the bill were eventually tracked down to Senators Ted Stevens and Robert Byrd. The bill became law in September 2006.


Diane de Polignac

Diane Louise Augustine de Polignac (1746-1818), was a French aristocrat, writer and courtier, and a lady-in-waiting to Princess Élisabeth of France.
Biography.
She was the daughter of Louis Héracle Armand, marquis de Polignac and Diane Adélaïde Zéphirine de Mancini, and never married; through her brother Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac, she was the sister-in-law to Yolande de Polastron. She had been introduced at court during the reign of Louis XV, served as reader and as lady-in-waiting to the countess of Artois in 1774-78, and to Princess Élisabeth of France from 1778 until 1789.
She was described as shy but clever and with a sarcastic wit; she was not liked by queen Marie Antoinette herself, but she was described as a driving force within the so-called "Polignac Clan", who exerted so many advantages through her sister-in-law's position as a favorite of the queen.
She emigrated with the rest of the Polignac family after the outbreak of the French revolution in 1789.
Cultural references.
Diane de Polignac is the main character of the novel "Les Adieux à la reine" by Chantal Thomas (2002).


Ingjerd Thon Hagaseth

Ingjerd Thon Hagaseth (born 17 December 1967) is a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Oppland during the term 2013–2017. She has been deputy mayor of Etnedal, is educated in science from the University of Oslo and is a former school principal.


Humanist Power Party

The Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) (, PPU-SL) is a centre-left political party in Romania. It was founded in 2015 by members of the Conservative Party (PC) who did not want to merge with the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR), led by Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu.
History.
In the summer of 2015, the Conservative Party (PC), led by Daniel Constantin, merged with the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR), creating the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE). At the same time, PC MEP Maria Grapini opposed this decision, criticizing the disappearance of the party's ideology and announced that she would join a new group, the Party of Humanist Power (PPU).
Controversy.
In 2018, former Sector 4 mayor, Cristian Popescu Piedone join PPU and reentered politics, having previously been prosecuted for the Colectiv nightclub fire back in 2015. He was accounted responsible and in 2019 sentenced to 8 years in prison, but the sentence was not decisive and was attacked by the Bucharest Court of Appeal. With all the legal problems and controversy surrounding Piedone, PPU still endorsed him as candidate in the 2016 Romanian local elections for mayor of Sector 4 as well as in the 2020 Romanian local elections for mayor of Sector 5, winning the latter.
Electoral history.
Legislative elections.
Notes:
1
Local elections.
Mayor of Bucharest.
Notes:
1


Yorktown Wrecks

The Yorktown Wrecks is an expansive archaeologically sensitive area of Virginia's York River, in whose waters significant naval remnants of the American Revolutionary War are located. As a result of surveys conducted in the 1970s, at least ten sunken vessels sunken or scuttled around the time of the 1781 Siege of Yorktown have been identified. In the days preceding the siege, American and French naval forces sank a number of British vessels off Yorktown, and General Charles Cornwallis ordered the scuttling of other ships. At the end of the siege and the British surrender, at least twenty-six British vessels were unaccounted for, and are believed to lie in the York River.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973; it was the first underwater listing on the register.


The Diamondback

The Diamondback is an independent student newspaper associated with the University of Maryland, College Park. It began in 1910 as "The Triangle" and acquired its current name in 1921. Now a weekly online journal, "The Diamondback" was published as a daily print newspaper on weekdays until 2013. It is published by Maryland Media, Inc., a non-profit organization. The newspaper receives no University funding and derives its revenue from advertising.
History.
"The Diamondback" was founded in 1910 as "The Triangle." The name was then changed a few times to "The M.A.C. Weekly", "Maryland State Review", and "University Review." The newspaper was renamed for a final time in 1921 to "The Diamondback", in honor of a local reptile, the Diamondback terrapin (the terrapin became the official school mascot in 1933). In the 1930s, the newspaper was printed weekly, increasing to five times per week by the 1950s and distributed for free at various campus locations, until the Friday edition was eliminated in 2013. In 2015, the four days per week publication was reduced to a weekly print edition. The change mirrored a nationwide trend in student newspapers at U.S. universities in the 2010s, such as at the University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska, and Arizona State, where daily print editions were dropped as readers increasingly gravitated towards social media and online news sources. In March, 2020, the print edition of the newspaper was discontinued altogether. By then, it was published once a week on Monday, with a print circulation of 8,000, down from a high of more than 21,000, and what used to be annual advertising revenues of more than $1 million. It was usually twelve to sixteen pages.
Over the years, the newspaper has been noted for its willingness to challenge authority. In 1935, "The Diamondback" sharply criticized then-University President Raymond A. Pearson, saying in an editorial that faculty morale was deteriorating following salary cuts and the departure of highly regarded professors had resulted in lowered academic standing. In response, the Board of Regents formed a special committee for a "full investigation". Pearson defended the salary cuts as due to reduced state funding attributable to the Depression and denied that scholastic excellence had been impaired. Pearson subsequently resigned.
In a November, 1940, editorial written in the wake of a disappointing football season, the "Diamondback" called for the University to provide football scholarships. Saying that state universities "cannot afford not to have a good football team", the editorial added, "the boys who play college football deserve financial aid where they need it. They work hard enough in the course of a season to qualify for pay on a full time job".
In 1972, the Board of Regents granted Maryland Media Inc. a non-profit charter and free office space on campus, under which the "Diamondback" operates independently. The newspaper receives no University funding and derives its revenue from advertising.
In 1996, the "Diamondback" was described by Maryland's largest newspaper, "The Baltimore Sun", as having a "hard-edged reputation", especially when compared to student newspapers at other colleges in the state. In 2001, a controversy erupted between "The Diamondback" and the University's journalism school when the "Diamondback" student staff objected to the Dean of Journalism's proposal that publisher Maryland Media hire a paid editorial advisor for the newsroom, accusing the Dean of a "takeover" that would jeopardize the newspaper's independence. The month before, the "Baltimore Sun" reported that Maryland Media had a $4 million surplus, with the "Diamondback" non-student manager paid $179,123 and potentially earning as much as $300,000 per year, further exacerbating relations.
Currently.
"The Diamondback" now publishes a daily digital-only edition during the school year at dbknews.com. It has been independently published since 1972 by Maryland Media, a non-profit corporation. The paper's offices are located on the third floor of the South Campus Dining Hall, across from the WMUC-FM radio station and the University of Maryland's Residence Hall Association office. As of September, 2019, the newspaper's editor said that "The Diamondback" website had 160,000 visitors for the month.
Sections.
"The Diamondback" is split into four sections:
Awards.
"The Diamondback" has received many awards throughout its history for categories including photography, news writing and cartoons, especially from the Society of Professional Journalists. In 1949, it was named the "Best College Newspaper" among schools having more than 6,000 students by Pi Delta Epsilon, the national honorary journalism fraternity (now the Society for Collegiate Journalists).
For the 2012–2013, 2015 and 2016 school years, "The Diamondback" was named the "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper" in Region 2 by the Society of Professional Journalists.
For the 2010–2011 school year, "The Diamondback" received a first-place "Mark of Excellence" award for its region, and saw several of its journalists go on to win individual national awards from the Society of Professional Journalists, including for column writing and sports reporting.
For the 2008–2009 school year, "The Diamondback" placed second in the national Society of Professional Journalists Mark of Excellence Awards ranking of daily student newspapers. It received the first-place award for its region.
For the 2005–2006 school year, "The Diamondback" received a "Mark of Excellence" award, placing 3rd nationally for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper" and placing first in its region in the same category.
Alumni.
Journalists.
Notable journalists who worked at "The Diamondback" include:


Robert J. Gordon

Robert James "Bob" Gordon is an American economist. He is the Stanley G. Harris Professor of the Social Sciences at Northwestern University. Gordon is one of the world’s leading experts on inflation, unemployment, and long-term economic growth. His recent work asking whether U. S. economic growth is “almost over” has been widely cited, and in 2016 he was named as one of Bloomberg’s top 50 most influential people in the world.
Education.
Gordon graduated magna cum laude with a B.A. from Harvard University in 1962. He then attended Oxford University as a Marshall Scholar and received his B.A. in 1964. He received his Ph.D. from MIT in 1967 with a dissertation titled "Problems in the Measurement of Real Investment in the U.S. Private Economy."
Career and contributions.
From 1995 to 1997, he served on the Boskin Commission to assess the accuracy of the United States Consumer Price Index (CPI), having written the definitive criticism of CPI inflation overstatement in 1990. He was also a member of the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the NBER, which determines when recessions start and end, for more than three decades.
Robert J. Gordon's popular text "Macroeconomics" was the first to incorporate the rational expectations hypothesis into the analysis of the Phillips curve. Soon all subsequent macro textbooks were expounding the "Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve." In addition, Gordon has written for economic journals, outlining the relation of the productivity growth of modern-day inventions to the great inventions of the late 19th century. He focuses on the impact of computers in the post-1995 economy on the durable manufacturing sector. Furthermore, he emphasises the marginal productivity of computing technology affects standard of living in a much more contained fashion than the earlier great American inventions. He downplays the role of computer technology in the economic growth of the latter 20th century in accounting for business cycle and trends. In addition, he also questions the actual productivity of such technological developments.
In 2016 his book "The Rise and Fall of American Growth" was published by the Princeton University Press. The book discusses the immense economic growth that occurred in the century after the Civil War as well as why such growth cannot be repeated.
Family.
Gordon is a member of a family of economists. Both his parents Robert Aaron and Margaret earned distinction independently, each contributing to economic knowledge with a view to real practical benefit for society, as did his brother David, himself more of a radical. For example, his father is the namesake of the "Gordon Report" which proposed reforms for the computation of the unemployment rate by the US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. He currently resides in Evanston, Illinois with his wife Julie.


Henry Munro (United Irishman)

Henry Munro (1758 – 1798) was a United Irishman born in Lisburn, County Down, who in 1798 commanded rebel forces, the United Army of Down, at the Battle of Ballynahinch.
Life.
He was the only son of a Presbyterian tradesman of Scottish descent settled at Lisburn. His father died in 1793, leaving a widow whose maiden name had been Gorman. She brought up Henry and her two daughters in the Church of England and died at Lisburn about 1832.
Henry received a mercantile education in his native town, and having gone through an apprenticeship entered the linen business about 1788. He afterwards paid frequent visits to England to buy silks and cloth and sell linen. While still a youth he joined the Irish Volunteers and is said to have been adjutant of the Lisburn corps.
He is described as rather under middle height but strong and agile, with deep blue eyes and an intelligent expression, honourable in his dealings and prosperous in trade, a good speaker, romantic in his views and without decided intellectual tastes.
In 1795, he joined the United Irishmen, with the view of forwarding the cause of Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform.
Ballynahinch.
On the outbreak of the rebellion in Co. Down in the early summer of 1798, Munro, after the arrest of William Steel Dickson, was chosen by the committee of leaders at Belfast to take the command. On 11 June, while at the head of a horse of rebels seven thousand strong at Saintfield, he sent a detachment to seize the town of Ballinahinch, halfway between Lisburn and Downpatrick.
The town was occupied without opposition; but it was evacuated on the evening of the 12th, when General Nugent advanced from Belfast with a horse inferior in numbers to the rebels, but much superior to them in artillery.
During the night, word was brought to Munro, who had taken up a position outside the town, that the victorious troops within were in a state of disorder, drinking, burning, and plundering, but he declined to direct a night attack, on the ground that it was unfair.
The result was that several hundred of his best men immediately deserted.
About two o'clock on the morning of 13 June the rebels succeeded in effecting an entrance into the town, and had apparently gained the day when the bugle sounded for the retreat of the royal troops, and the rebels, mistaking the signal for the pas de charge, fled in disorder from the south, while Nugent's men were evacuating Ballinahinch by the north.
The latter soon rallied and cut off the retreat of the Irish in all directions but one.
Through this loophole Munro led about 150 men after the rest had been hopelessly routed.
In the pursuit no quarter was given.
Munro fled alone to the mountains.
He was taken early in the morning of 15 June about six miles from Ballinahinch.
He was immediately removed with one Kane, or Keane, who was captured at the same time, to Hillsborough, whence he was taken to Lisburn, tried by court-martial, and hanged opposite his own door, and in sight, it was said, of his wife and sisters.
He behaved with marvellous coolness to the last.
He settled a money account with Captain Stewart, a yeomanry officer, at the foot of the gallows, then said a short prayer and mounted the ladder.
A rung gave way, and he was thrown to the ground.
On reascending it, he gave the signal for his execution, after uttering the words, 'Tell my country I deserved better of it.'
His head was afterwards fixed on a pike and placed upon the market-house of Lisburn.
His house and property were destroyed by the royal troops.
The green and white plume which he wore at Ballinahinch was afterwards given to Bishop Percy, 27 October 1798.
Henry Munro's remains were believed to have been exhumed in 1843, during construction works on a family vault in Lisburn Cathedral's cemetery, and the identification of the corpse was confirmed by Rev. Edward Cupples, the Rector of Glenavy and Vicar General of Down and Connor, who had attended the execution as a youth. In the grave was also found an axe, which local folklore claimed had been used for the beheading.
Family.
Munro married in 1795, Margaret Johnston, fourth daughter of Robert Johnston of Seymour Hill in Antrim.
His widow died at Belfast in February 1840.
His daughter married one Hanson, an independent minister.


Democratic Party (South Africa)

The Democratic Party (DP) was the name of the South African political party now called the Democratic Alliance. Although the Democratic Party name dates from 1989, the party existed under other labels throughout the apartheid years, when it was the Parliamentary opposition to the ruling National Party's policies.
Background.
The Progressive Federal Party had formed the main parliamentary opposition to the Apartheid regime in the whites-only House of Assembly since 1977. But the party was ousted as the official opposition in the 1987 election and pushed into third place behind the far-right Conservative Party, which opposed even the limited reforms the NP had recently implemented. This led to great disillusionment amongst South Africa's white liberal community, and some questioned the merit of continuing to serve in the apartheid parliament. By 1989, they had regrouped, however, and aimed to strengthen the white parliamentary resistance to apartheid; the Progressive Federal Party merged with two smaller reform-minded parties, the Independent Party and the National Democratic Movement (NDM), to become the Democratic Party. The new party had three co-leaders from each of the parties that had entered the merger: Zach de Beer, Denis Worrall and Wynand Malan. De Beer, from the dominant PFP-faction, eventually became the sole leader, however.
History.
The DP showed its political strength by winning a local by-election in the mostly Afrikaner Linden suburb in Johannesburg, described as a "shock upset" that showed the NP that voters were ready for change. It went on to win 34 seats in the 1989 election, up from 20 before the vote.
In 1990, the NP shifted its race policies towards the centre. President FW de Klerk released Nelson Mandela and announced the unbanning of struggle organisations such as the African National Congress, while embracing liberal democracy and opening up its membership to all races. This shift narrowed the political space available to the DP, and the party saw itself further marginalized during the Codesa negotiations which were dominated by the ANC and NP. In the 1994 election, the party won a disappointing 7 seats in the democratic parliament.
Post-1994.
Following the 1994 election, Tony Leon became the party's sole leader.
Under Leon's leadership, the DP would become the most active and influential opposition party in the National Assembly, despite its small size. A mid-term review in 1997 found that the party's seven members of parliament had asked 50% as many parliamentary questions as the members of the National Party, despite being more than ten times smaller. In 1998, political columnist Howard Barrell wrote that "Seven DP MPs make their National Party counterparts look like 80 feather dusters". The DP won its first local by-election in a traditional NP constituency in March 1997, and this was followed by several others.
1998 to 2000.
By 1998, the party was growing its support base significantly, and after the 1999 election, the DP, under the leadership of Leon, became Official Opposition to the ANC-led government, winning 38 seats. In the Western Cape province, it achieved kingmaker status and became the junior partner in a governing coalition with the renamed New National Party (NNP).
This electoral success came at a price, however. The party's new supporters largely came from the National Party and consisted overwhelmingly of ethnic minorities, mainly whites. The DP had contested the 1999 election with a highly negative campaign under the controversial slogan "Fight Back", and many, such as ANC President Thabo Mbeki, were of the view that it was "the transformation of the DP into a right wing political party" that allowed it to capture these voters. Leon and other party leaders dismissed this, however, maintaining that the new supporters would not lead the DP to change its principles. Instead, he said the new recruits would have to ascribe to the liberal-democratic values to which the DP had historically adhered.
Formation of the Democratic Alliance.
To unify national opposition against the ANC government, the DP and the NNP began planning a merger of the two parties. Accordingly, they formed the Democratic Alliance (DA) in June 2000. The merger agreement was short-lived, with the NNP leaving the alliance in 2001, but the DA closed ranks and retained the new creation, establishing it at all levels of government from 2003 onwards.


Edith Efron

Edith Efron (; 1922 – April 20, 2001) was an American journalist and author.
Biography.
Efron was born in New York. Graduating from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, where Efron studied under journalist John Chamberlain, her career began as a writer for the "New York Times Magazine". In 1947, she married a Haitian businessman, with whom she had a child. After living in Haiti and working as a Central America correspondent for "Time" and "Life" magazines, she divorced and returned to New York City where she worked on the staff of television journalist Mike Wallace. After her return to New York, she also became part of Ayn Rand's circle, contributed to Rand's magazine, "The Objectivist", and presented a lecture series on non-fiction writing at the Nathaniel Branden Institute in the 1960s, although the two women later parted ways.
She became a writer and, later, a senior editor of the widely circulated "TV Guide" magazine in the 1960s and 1970s, where she wrote celebrity profiles, political columns and editorials. In the 1970s, she was also ghostwriter for former Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon's book "A Time For Truth". In her editorials for "TV Guide", Efron criticized what she saw as liberal media bias, and she defended conservative politicians Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan. Efron and other columnists writing in "TV Guide" like Kevin Phillips and Pat Buchanan advocated the elimination of the Fairness Doctrine by the Federal Communications Commission, in order to permit conservative viewpoints greater access to the airwaves. The FCC would remove the policy in the late 1980s.
In their 1993 history of "TV Guide", "Changing Channels: America in TV Guide", Cornell professors Glenn C. Altschuler and David I. Grossvogel have stated that "no writer...did more to shape "TV Guide"," a publication that reached over 40 million readers at the time. Her impact on the magazine, they said, included her role as "the quintessential "TV Guide" voice on race relations." All the positions she took on race in her articles, Efron is quoted as saying, "were determined by what I thought would be good for a young, vulnerable black child," a reflection of the issues which Efron herself had faced while bringing up a biracial son in the segregated America of the 1950s.
In 1971, Efron published "The News Twisters", a controversial book which claimed to find media bias in the television news coverage of the 1968 U.S. presidential election, one of the first studies of its kind ever conducted. This was followed by her 1972 work, "How CBS Tried to Kill a Book", an examination of CBS News's reaction to her study.
She was a contributing editor to "Reason" magazine from the 1970s until her death in 2001, where she wrote psychological studies of former President Bill Clinton and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. The latter prompted Justice Thomas to declare that Efron had been the "only person" to understand what was going through his mind during the hearings that made him a household name, according to "Reason" editor Virginia Postrel.
In 1984, Efron published "The Apocalyptics", described as "an exposé of shoddy science and its effects on environmental policy," which systematically examined the regulatory "science" behind the banning of chemicals in consumer products, debunking the alleged "cancer epidemic" claimed to exist by many in the media.


Third-party and independent senators in the United States

Third-party and independent senators in the United States have been rare during the country's existence. Since 1856, the United States has had two major political parties: The Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The list below includes anyone who, while holding office as a U.S. Senator since the beginning of the Reconstruction era, was affiliated with a party that is neither the Democratic Party or the Republican Party. Linked below are similar lists of U.S. Representatives, governors, and state legislators.


John Clement Fitzpatrick

John Clement Fitzpatrick (August 10, 1876 – February 10, 1940) was an archivist and an early American historian, widely regarded as an authority on George Washington. He was noted for his groundbreaking work editing Washington's diaries and many letters and documents. Appointed by the "George Washington Bicentennial Commission" he prevailed over the editorship in his acclaimed 39 volume work, "The Writings of George Washington", published between 1931 and 1944. His involvement during this prolonged effort set many of the standards for the management of manuscripts in the Library of Congress. Fitzpatrick died before all the volumes had been published. He belonged to a number of historical societies while also earning honorary degrees from several prominent universities. Fitzpatrick's years of correspondence and other records have provided historians with valuable sources of information on the life of and events surrounding George Washington, and on the history of Washington D.C. for that era.
Early life.
Fitzpatrick was born in Washington, D.C. His father was James Nicholas Fitzpatrick who worked as a financial clerk for the U.S. Senate. His mother was Elizabeth Ann Combs. He graduated from Washington High School in 1894 and thereafter worked for three years as a journalist for the "U.S. Government Daily Advertiser". He married Elizabeth V. Kelly, later in life in 1922, their marriage producing one daughter, Elizabeth Fitzpatrick Gerrety, born in 1926. Fitzpatrick's wife died in 1933. Elizabeth inherited the Fitzpatrick estate including many of his letters and other writings, which she gave to the Library of Congress.
Career.
Before beginning his academic and historical career, Fitzpatrick worked as an auditor for the United States Senate and later for the Treasury Department. In 1897 he began working at the Library of Congress and was soon appointed by its Librarian John Russell Young, as an entry technician, the same year the Library of Congress created its Manuscripts Division. In 1902 he became the assistant chief of the division which grew under his direction to include one the greatest collections of source materials in the world. He had always recognized the importance of establishing the national archives department, serving for a while on the commission to evaluate its role and importance in the academic world.
Fitzpatrick was given the task of calendaring (an arduous process of indexing manuscripts) the George Washington papers. He finally completed the project in 1909. During this time he assumed greater responsibility for the Manuscripts Division. In 1908 Fitzpatrick was appointed the chief clerk, which placed him in charge of its administrative duties.
In 1918, still with his tenure at the Library, he edited "The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren" which he published in 1920. He also edited and published the documentary journals of the Continental Congress along, George Washington’s diaries and in 1921 wrote, "Notes on the care, cataloguing, calendaring and arranging of manuscripts", published by the Library of Congress. He remained chief clerk until his departure in 1928 to preside over the George Washington Bicentennial Commission, founded by Congress to celebrate the coming 200th anniversary in 1932 of George Washington's birth in 1731. His resignation was also prompted by being passed over to become chief of the newly formed Manuscripts Division in favor of historian John Franklin Jameson. Among the Commission's projects was the publication of the monumental Writings of Washington, which was compiled and edited over a twelve-year period by Fitzpatrick. Under his direction the commission conducted a thorough investigation of all available books, pamphlets, reports, and other material relating to the life and times of George Washington. Due to the wide-ranging field associated with Washington the commission was required to examine the requirements they would follow in the selection of material, while also making sure they didn't exclude any essential data. After being transcribed to print, edited and printed the individual volumes would in turn be published over a twelve-year period under the authority of Congress and the George Washington Bicentennial Commission. While working on the Washington's writings project Fitzpatrick was invited to speak about his involvement at a special meeting and celebration sponsored by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission on May 7, 1932.
Fitzpatrick was awarded honorary degrees from Saint Mary's College, George Washington University, and Washington and Lee University. His scholarly pursuits primarily involved the American Revolution, and ventured outside this realm only once to edit and publish the "Autobiography of Martin Van Buren". History being his primary interest Fitzpatrick was a prominent member of the New York Historical Society, the American Irish Historical Society, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He was known to have a few ardent interests besides history, which included art and religion and he belonged to the American Artists Professional League. He was also president of the American Catholic Historical Society from 1928–1929, and a member of "L'Institut Français de Washington", In 1928 he was accepted into the American Antiquarian Society, however he could rarely be persuaded to leave his work in Washington to participate in their meetings.
Fitzpatrick died at the relatively young age of 63 on February 10, 1940, while editing the 29th volume (of a 39-volume work) of "The Writings of George Washington", taken from Washington's original manuscripts, letters, records and journals. Publishing the numerous individual volumes took several years. When Fitzpatrick died only twenty six of the volumes had been published while the remaining volumes were still in page proof and not yet ready for publication. Fitzpatrick is buried at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington DC.
Fitzpatrick papers.
The papers of John Clement Fitzpatrick range from 1927 to 1941: They consist of general correspondence with a wide range of people, including New York Congressman Sol Bloom, director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, and lend themselves to a variety of Washington related topics. The bulk of his correspondence is dated between 1927 and 1941 and primarily relate to Fitzpatrick's undertakings while editor of his widely acclaimed, "The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799", prepared under the direction of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission. They include letters concerning the locations of original Washington documents which were to be published in his forthcoming 39-volume work, along with correspondence with the Government Printing Office relating to their printing. In 1932, the bicentennial of Washington's birth, interest in Washington's life was greatly renewed, prompting thousands of letters of inquiry into virtually every aspect of Washington's personal and professional life. Fitzpatrick's replies to these wide-ranging questions are a valuable source of information on Washington. His letters of reply provided information on Washington's appearance and his dental problems along with valuable information regarding Washington's birthday, birthplace, life mask, death, burial and grave sites, and provided information to inquiries about his education along with Washington's ideas about education, his library, service sword, bookplate, the family coat of arms and the genealogy of the Washington family. Fitzpatrick's papers were given to the Library of Congress shortly after his death by his sister, Katherine F. Rodgers, in 1940. Some of the papers were transferred from the Library of Congress Archives to the Manuscript Division in 1988. The Fitzpatrick Papers were arranged into five separate categories: The John C. Fitzpatrick Series, the 'Fitzpatrick and Combs Families Series', the 'Elizabeth F. Gerrety Series', a 'Photographs Series', along with the 'Oversized Series'. The series contains information covering the Fitzpatrick and Combs families offering historical insights to anyone with an interest in the history of Washington D.C. for the time period. Fitzpatrick was affectionately referred to by the Library of Congress staff as "Uncle Sam's authority on Washingtonia."
Works by Fitzpatrick.
The writings of George Washington.
<br> See also: George Washington Bicentennial Commission publications for access to any given volume.
The diaries of Washington
Other writings


Noel Whelan (politician)

Noel Whelan (24 November 1968 – 10 July 2019) was a barrister and adviser for the Fianna Fáil party in Ireland. He was also considered a political analyst, and his opinions on elections, anniversaries and other political events were regularly sought by the mainstream media. He ran for Fianna Fáil in the 1997 general election.
Whelan wrote a weekly column in "The Irish Times", had a degree and Masters in History and Politics, and wrote "Fianna Fáil: A Biography of the Party". He has also addressed the McGill Summer School in Glenties, County Donegal.
When Bertie Ahern resigned as Taoiseach in 2008, the views of various personalities were sought by the mainstream media. Whelan said: "The country has celebrated 10 years of peace on the island and more than a decade of strong economic growth. Enoch Powell said all political careers end in failure. This one hasn't; it's ended under pressure."
Whelan was married to Sinead McSweeney, and the son of Wexford Councillor Seamus Whelan.
He died on 10 July 2019, at the age of 50.


Three Pigeons

The Three Pigeons was a prominent and famous meeting place in Bergen Township, New Jersey during the revolutionary period, and was used historically as a landmark as well as a popular place for hosting special occasions.
Location and name.
The Three Pigeons stood at the bottom of the west side of the Hudson Palisades, east of a main road that was later to be the Hackensack Turnpike, and currently Bergen Turnpike. The two-story building was located near the southern fringe of the settlement of Maisland near the intersection of what is now Tonnelle Avenue and Hackensack Plank Road, within modern North Bergen, New Jersey., Today, the intersection is called "Six Corners", where a laundromat and cafe share the same name, in the residential and commercial neighborhood called New Durham.
By the time the inn was erected, the name "Three Pigeons" had been used repeatedly in plays as the backdrop for scenes, for instance in "She Stoops to Conquer" (1773), Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1602) and Ben Jonson's "The Alchemist" (1610). Later literary scenes involving a "Three Pigeons" appear in "Creatures of Impulse" (1870) and Charles Dickens' "Our Mutual Friend" (1864–65), as well as in actual inns, such as the English Shakespearian actor John Lowin's "The Three Pigeons" at Brentford. It has been said that the name "Three Pigeons" in any of its variants may have more literary associations than any other tavern name. Many other inns and taverns in England still use this name today.
History.
The earliest account is of a tavern keeper, William Earle who was born in 1690, and flourished in the early 18th century. Prior to the American Revolution, the Three Pigeons Tavern was well known in the area during the colonial era where the community in New Durham was located, as can be seen in the map below printed 1776. Along with Snake Hill and Priors' Mills, Three Pigeons made up one of three prominent land points in Hudson County; with the Three Pigeons namely being a site well referenced in describing proximity at the time as well. It has been said that General Washington had also spent time at the Three Pigeons, likely before and during the years of the revolution.
American Revolution.
On March 14, 1779, Colonel Van Buskirk, a British loyalist in the New Jersey Volunteers
received intelligence that a party of Carolina Troops, along with a Captain and Lieutenant were at the Three Pigeons. Van Buskirk dispatched the Fourth Battalion and a lieutenant to approach the building, but the rebels were able to escape into the Bergen Woods. They were chased for 12 miles, and in the end after shots were exchanged, 2 rebels were captured as prisoners.
Months later, during the Battle of Paulus Hook, Major Light Horse Harry Lee along with Captain Handy and the rest of his men moved towards Douwe's Ferry at the Hackensack River to cross with prisoners, only to find no boats, leaving Lee to return the way he came from fear of capture if remaining like sitting ducks. After diverting back, Lee picked up 50 of his lost Virginians at the Three Pigeons and assigned them as flankers. Then at Fort Lee Ferry Road, Lee's troops, as decided by Lord Stirling, were reinforced by Colonel Henry Ball along with 200 additional troops, and soon after were attacked unsuccessfully by Van Buskirk and his Tories from within the Bergen woods. By August 19, Lee led his troops and 159 prisoners safely to New Bridge. One Captain Meals was captured at the Three Pigeons, and on him were found the positions and orders of Lee's command relating to the attack and march at Paulus Hook.
Finally, on October 20, Lee met for the last time with John Champe, a double agent chosen by George Washington and Lee himself in an attempt to capture the American traitor Benedict Arnold, sent Champe up the road up towards the Three Pigeons, and worked to give him a start of about an hour and a quarter before he would release the information of Champe's whereabouts to the dragoons. Just above the Three Pigeons, Champe and the dragoons simultaneously spotted each other; troopers then began pursuit of Champe, but were unsuccessful as Champe had jumped into the Hudson and was picked up by a British boat, claiming to seek British protection in New York City.
Also during the revolution, a British adherent who had tried to visit his family was captured at the Three Pigeons and was subsequently killed.
Afterwards.
For local Bergen and regional elections, the Three Pigeons was used as a voting house for the mayoral elections from 1804 through 1806; it would open there during these years and close at Peter Stuyvesant's, another local tavern on the southwest corner of Bergen and Glenwood Avenues. James Gore King, a prominent businessmen and Whig Party politician endorsed General Winfield Scott's bid for presidency, a fellow whig, and gave a speech in support at the Three Pigeons in 1852. It had been used repeatedly during the remainder of the 19th century as a landmark for describing official government and military positions, as well as in deed purchases. Finally in 1893, the Three Pigeons was destroyed.


NextGen America

NextGen America is a progressive advocacy nonprofit and political action committee created in 2013 by billionaire hedge fund manager Tom Steyer. The group mobilizes young voters on issues including climate, health care, reproductive freedom, immigration, and equality. Since its founding, the organization has registered 1.3 million voters, and contacted millions of young people with messages encouraging them to vote.
History.
Businessman Tom Steyer founded NextGen America (originally called NextGen Climate) in 2013, and stepped down as president after announcing his presidential bid in 2019.
2014 election cycle.
NextGen America's political arm, super PAC NextGen Climate Action Committee, began lending support to candidates in 2013. In the 11 most competitive 2014 U.S. Senate elections, NextGen Climate Action Committee spent slightly more than $19 million to support Democratic candidates, making it the seventh-biggest spender amount outside groups. They backed Democrat Edward Markey in the special election to fill Secretary John Kerry's Senate seat, as well as Democrat Terry McAuliffe in the Virginia race for governor against Republican Ken Cuccinelli. Markey and McAuliffe both won.
The super PAC was a contributor in the 2014 midterm elections, targeting demographics believed to be most likely to vote based on environmental concerns. U.S. senate races in Michigan, Iowa, New Hampshire and Colorado were targeted in an effort to help Democrats maintain their majority in the U.S. Senate. The super PAC also supported gubernatorial candidates in Maine, Florida and Pennsylvania.
2016 election cycle.
In 2016, NextGen supported candidates who pledged to enact an energy policy that would lead to a shift to 50% renewable energy use in the U.S. by 2030, and 100% by 2050. In April 2016, it launched a campaign to register voters on college campuses in seven political battleground states. NextGen spent over $25 million in seven key battleground states during the 2016 election, contributing to Democratic gains at the federal and state levels, including Catherine Cortez Masto's successful senate bid in Nevada and Maggie Hassan's successful Senate campaign in New Hampshire.
2017 Virginia elections.
In 2017, NextGen America spent $3.3 million in the Virginia statewide elections, contributing to a record number of young voters turning out to cast a ballot. The group spent most of the funds on grassroots organizing, with a focus on college students and other young voters, new immigrant voters, and working-class/labor voters, in support of Democratic gubernatorial nominee Ralph Northam and other Democratic candidates.
2018 election cycle.
In the 2018 election, Steyer aimed to flip the House, targeting Republican incumbents and setting a goal of impeaching impeach Donald Trump. NextGen said that it was targeting the millennial generation; in a humorous ad on Mother's Day 2018, NextGen video asked mothers not to let their children become Republicans. During the 2018 election cycle, Steyer spent at least $123 million. Of this, $33 million went to the youth voter mobilization initiative NextGen Rising; $40 million went to the Need To Impeach initiative, $30 million went to clean energy ballot initiatives in Michigan, Arizona, and Nevada; $10 million went to the Need to Vote initiative; and $2.2 million went to the NextGen Climate Action super PAC, which worked in supprot of 22 House Democratic candidates and 4 Senate Democratic candidates. Of the 22 House Democrats supported by NextGen Climate Action, 59% won. The group spent funds in Florida and California, and Virginia, among other places. The Steyer-backed clean energy initiatives won in Michigan and Nevada, but lost in Arizona.
2019 election cycle.
In 2019, NextGen committed over $1M to registering and turning out young voters across Virginia in the statewide elections. NextGen is also running voter contact and registration programs in 10 other states in 2019, including Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Florida, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Maine, Arizona, Nevada, Michigan, and Iowa.
2020 election cycle.
NextGen has already registered more than 20,000 young voters in preparation for the 2020 election cycle. The organization plans to mobilize an historic number of young voters to flip the White House, Senate, to protect the Democratic majority in the House, and to create Democratic trifectas at the state level.


Pilot and Transcript

The Pilot and Transcript was a daily Whig newspaper published in Baltimore, MD from April 2, 1840 to January 25, 1841. The paper was briefly titled "The Pilot" before being renamed "The Pilot and Transcript".
Duff Green established "The Pilot and Transcript" to support the Harrison-Tyler presidential ticket. While the paper was initially successful in supporting the campaign, Green soon got caught up in a religious controversy about the influence of the Catholic Church in politics. Maryland Whigs grew uncomfortable with the controversy and withdrew their support of the "Pilot" leading to the paper's end in 1841.


Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power

Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power () is a local political group based in Tsz Wan Shan of Wong Tai Sin District founded in January 2015 by a group of HKGolden netizens. Inspired by the Umbrella Revolution, the group contested in the 2015 District Council election but failed to win any seats. It won two seats in a historic pro-democracy landslide in 2019 District Council election.
History.
The group was formed in January 2015 by a group of HKGolden netizens attempting to prevent the pro-Beijing camp from running uncontested in the 2015 District Council election after the Umbrella Revolution. Members Mak Tsz-ho and Tam Chun-man ran in Ching Oi and Tsz Wan East against Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) incumbents anti-Occupy lawyer Maggie Chan Man-ki and Ho Hon-man respectively but both failed to win a seat.
In 2016, the group formed an electoral alliance under the name "ALLinHK with five other localist groups: Youngspiration, Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, and Tuen Mun Community. It planned to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's self-determination. Two Youngsipration candidates of the ALLinHK alliance Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching were elected, but were soon disqualified over the Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy in October 2016.
The group made a second attempt in the 2019 District Council election amid the large scale anti-extradition protests, with Cheung Ka-yi and Sham Yu-hin contested in Fung Tak and Ching Oi. In the historic pro-democracy landslide, both candidates were successfully elected by defeating the DAB opponents.


Waterloo Medal

It was announced in the London Gazette on 23 April 1816 that the Prince Regent had been graciously pleased, in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty, to confer The Waterloo Medal upon every officer, non-commissioned officer and soldier of the British Army (including members of the King's German Legion) who took part in one or more of the following battles: Ligny (16 June 1815), Quatre Bras (16 June 1815) and Waterloo (18 June 1815).
History.
After the victory at Waterloo, the House of Commons voted that a medal be struck for all those who participated in the campaign. The Duke of Wellington was supportive, and on 28 June 1815 he wrote to the Duke of York suggesting:
 ... the expediency of giving to the non commissioned officers and soldiers engaged in the Battle of Waterloo a medal. I am convinced it would have the best effect in the army, and if the battle should settle our concerns, they will well deserve it.
On 17 September 1815 Duke of Wellington wrote to the Secretary of State for War, stating:
I recommend that we should all have the same medal, hung to the same ribbon as that now used with the [Army Gold] Medal.
The medal was issued in 1816–1817 to every soldier present at one or more of the battles of Ligny, Quatre Bras and Waterloo. Each soldier was also credited with two years extra service and pay, to count for seniority and pension purposes, and were to be known as "Waterloo Men".
This was the first medal issued by the British Government to all soldiers present during an action. The Military General Service Medal commemorates earlier battles, but was not issued until 1848. The Waterloo Medal was also the first campaign medal awarded to the next-of-kin of men killed in action.
At the time the medal was granted, when such things were not at all the norm, it was very popular with its recipients, though veterans of the Peninsular War may have felt aggrieved that those present only at Waterloo – many of them raw recruits – should receive such a public acknowledgement of their achievements. Meanwhile, those who had undergone the labours and privations of the whole war, had had no recognition of their services beyond the thirteen votes of thanks awarded to them in Parliament. There was no doubt some truth in this discontent on the part of the old soldiers; at the same time British military pride had hitherto rebelled against the practice common in Continental armies, of conferring medals and distinctions on every man, or every regiment, who had simply done their duty in their respective services. The medal was as much a symbol of the importance of the victory as it was of a desire to give general campaign medals to soldiers.
Number awarded.
A total of 39,000 medals were produced, not all of which were awarded. About 6,000 were issued to cavalry; 4,000 to Foot Guards; 16,000 to infantry line regiments; 5,000 to artillery and 6,500 to the King's German Legion. With staff, Sappers and Miners and eight companies of the Royal Waggon Train, approximately 38,500 medals were awarded in total.
Appearance.
The medal is made of silver and is in diameter. Thomas Wyon, recently appointed Chief Engraver to the Royal Mint was selected to design the medal. Originally the medals were to be awarded in bronze, but the decision was made at a late stage to produce them in fine silver.<br>The medal's design was as follows:
Obverse: A left facing effigy of the Prince Regent with the inscription .
Reverse: A figure of Victory seated on a plinth with the words above, and and the date below. The design was modelled on an ancient Greek coin from Elis, now in the British Museum collection.
Suspension: The ribbon passes through a large iron ring on top of the medal, attached to the medal by way of a steel clip. Many recipients replaced this with a more ornate silver suspension.
Ribbon: The wide ribbon is crimson with dark blue edges, each approximately wide. This is the 'military ribbon' also used for the Army Gold Medal and later the Military General Service Medal. There was no provision for a ribbon bar, with the medal itself worn in uniform at all times.
Naming: This was the first medal on which the recipient's rank, name and regiment were inscribed around the edge. The machine for impressing the names was designed and made by two Royal Mint workmen, Thomas Jerome and Charles Harrison. It impressed, somewhat heavily, large serifed capitals into the rim with the space at each end filled by a series of star shaped stamps. Any engraved Waterloo Medal is renamed and any unnamed example has either had the name erased or is a "specimen" which has been mounted.
The design of the medal, including size, metal and naming, set the pattern for most future British campaign medals.
Other Waterloo medals.
Seven nations of the Seventh Coalition struck medals for soldiers who took part in the campaign:
See also.
St. Helena Medal issued to French veterans


Malplaquet proclamation

The Malplaquet proclamation was issued by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, commander of the Anglo-allied army on 22 June 1815. It announced to the French people that Wellington's army was there to restore their rightful king (Louis XVIII) and government that had been usurped by Napoleon Bonaparte on his return from the island of Elba; and that their lives and their property rights would be honoured.
Prelude.
In response to Napoleon Bonaparte leaving Elba and landing in France on 13 March 1815 Seventh Coalition powers meeting at the Congress of Vienna declared and that they would render "all the assistance requisite to restore public tranquillity" to the French King and nation.
After the Seventh Coalition's victory at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the Anglo-allied army under the command of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Prince Blücher followed up the general French retreat and crossed the frontier into France intending to march on Paris. Although they marched close enough to come to each other's aid if needed the commanders chose slightly different axis of advance.
At daybreak of 19 June, that portion of Wellington's army which had fought the Battle of Waterloo, broke up from its bivouac, and began to move along the high road to Nivelles. Those troops which had been posted in front of Hal during 18 June, were likewise directed to march upon Nivelles. Wellington's army occupied Nivelles and the surrounding villages during the night of 19 June; in the course of which the Duke arrived from Brussels, and established his headquarters in the town. It was there that he issued a general order to his army. In he made it clear to those under his command:
The Anglo-Allied Army marched on 20 June to Binche and Mons with the cavalry screen fanning out to cover the van and flanks of the army. Wellington established his headquarters at Binche. On 21 June, Wellington crossed the French frontier, moving the principal portion of his army to Bavay, and the remainder from Mons upon Valenciennes, which fortress was immediately blockaded; and established his headquarters at Malplaquet, on site of the Battle of Malplaquet where the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy had won a famous victory against the French a century before.
Proclamation.
It was at Malplaquet Wellington issued a proclamation to the French people that Napoleon Bonaparte was an usurper and that his army came as liberators not as enemy invaders and that he had issued orders to his army that all French citizens who did not oppose his army would be treated fairly and with respect.
In contrast no proclamation of a similar nature was issued by Prince Blücher, commander of the Prussian army, nor were any direct orders given by the latter to remind his troops that France was "to be treated as a friendly country", or to forbid them taking anything "for which payment be not made".
In the opinion of Siborne and Gifford:
Meanwhile, the British, Dutch, and German troops under the Duke of Wellington acquired from the outset the goodwill and kindly disposition of the inhabitants of the country through which they passed. The Anglo-Allied troops inspired the people with confidence: the Prussians awed them into subjection.
Much of the cause of all this may be traced to the different views entertained by the two great Commanders. Blücher's extreme hatred of the French would not allow him to modify, still less to abandon, the opinion which he had imbibed from the first moment he heard of the escape of Napoleon from Elba; that they ought not only to be thoroughly humbled, but also severely punished. Neither he nor his soldiers could ever forget the cruelties and extortions which their own country had been compelled to endure when overrun by the French: and now that they were once more brought into the land of their enemies, and another period of retribution had arrived; but one sentiment pervaded the whole Prussian Army — that those who had not scrupled to inflict the scourge of war throughout the whole continent, should, in their turn, be made duly sensible of its evils. In Siborne's opinion a contrary train of ideas, or a different course of proceeding, on the part of the Prussians was scarcely to be expected. Hence the value of the excellent and orderly conduct of the British troops operating as a salutary counterpoise to the domineering and revengeful spirit which actuated the Prussians.
Blücher felt equally with Wellington that the advance upon Paris before the approach of the other allied armies, which were then only crossing the Rhine, was a departure from strictly military principles; and that this could only be justified by the extraordinary moral effect which would be produced by the signal defeat of Napoleon. But his views were limited to the military part of the plan, which was to make a dash at the capital; and, if possible, to intercept Marshal Grouchy and his still intact and undefeated wing of the Army of the North, whilst endeavouring to rejoin the routed force under Marshal Soult.
Wellington's policy embraced a wider field. He invariably kept in view the great object for which the war had been undertaken. The information which he contrived to obtain relative to the effect which Napoleon's disaster produced upon the minds of the leading men of the great political parties by which France was then agitated, and upon the Members of the two Chambers of Parliament generally, combined with the knowledge he had already acquired of the disposition of the inhabitants of the Department of the North, which, in fact, had not evinced that enthusiasm attendant upon the return of Napoleon from Elba that was manifested throughout the greater part of the nation, convinced him that by adopting measures calculated to impress upon the French people that the allies were friendly towards them, though inveterately hostile to Napoleon, and by seizing every advantage afforded by the presence and the influence of their legitimate monarch, he was, by such means, ensuring the security of the operations upon Paris more effectively than could have been accomplished by additional military force applied under different circumstances.
The aid which such a line of conduct, on the part of Wellington, gave to the cause of Louis XVIII was immense. The people of the Northern Departments, who, in general, were wearied by the continuance of wars; and who now longed to enjoy the blessings of peace, saw in the friendly disposition of the allies, and the support which these yielded to the King's authority, a pledge of their determination to crush the war party, and at the same time, to cement their alliance with the legitimate sovereign. White flags were soon seen to wave from countless steeples. The tide of Royalty, favoured in no small degree by the versatile nature of a population now familiar changing regimes, was already setting in fast: and as it rolled steadily on towards the capital, Wellington's foresight and good tact gave it an impulse which not only bore him along with it in easy triumph, but; when it subsequently reached the goal, swept away every vestige of the government that supported Napoleon and his adherents.


David Freiheit

David Freiheit (born September 29, 1979), is a Canadian lawyer, and YouTuber under the pseudonym Viva Frei.
Biography.
Freiheit grew up in Montreal, Quebec, as the youngest of five siblings. He enjoyed creating videos. He studied Creative Arts at Dawson College and received his Bachelor of Arts at McGill University. He then received his civil law degree from Université Laval where he was the editor-in-chief of the university's law journal.
In 2007, Freiheit began practising law, following in the footsteps of his father and older siblings. He worked professionally for the prominent commercial litigation firm Borden Ladner Gervais for six years, but left to be a freelance litigator after his first child to have a more favorable work-life balance, starting a firm called Freiheit Legal.
For the first few years of his YouTube career, Freiheit was a practicing commercial litigator, and he struggled to find time to create his videos. In January 2018, he discontinued his litigation practice and turned full-time to YouTube.
YouTube career.
Early content and awards (2014-2019).
Freiheit started his YouTube career in early 2014 by posting videos of him lip syncing to various pop songs while running obstacle courses dressed in a full suit. These videos were not receiving many views, so Freiheit decided to try another style; in late 2014, Freiheit started posting nature-related stunts. He gained popularity when he posted a video of a squirrel picking up his GoPro action camera and carrying it up a tree. Freiheit then started posting videos of stunts involving the use of a drone.
In 2016, Freiheit won a GoPro Award for his use of their cameras in his videos. He won a Shorty Social Good Award for Best Overall Youtube Presence in 2017.
In January 2019, Freiheit was invited by GoPro to be a featured panelist at the Consumer Electronics Show at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Style change (2019-present).
From 2014 to 2019, Freiheit had only accumulated around 60,000 subscribers. In April 2019, he decided that since law-related content was by far his channel's most popular genre, he would change the style of his channel and only post vlogs analyzing different current issues from a legal standpoint. He started a second channel, "Viva Family", as a place to maintain his former content style.
Freiheit classifies the political stance he takes on his channel as non-partisan, claiming that the internet, through the use of the terms right or left-wing, only succeeds in "pigeonholing, categorizing, dichotomizing, just reducing a complex individual to either right or left in all of their... beliefs.". In an interview, he described his channel's content as including a "pretty decent balance of left and right".
In 2019 attorney Robert Barnes began making weekly Sunday evening appearances on the Viva Frei law vlog YouTube channel.


Liberal Democratic Centre

The Liberal Democratic Centre (, CDL) was a liberal political party in Spain.
It was launched in February 2006 and was led by Manuel Alonso, a former leading member of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS). The party was closely linked with the British Liberal Democrats and became a full member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party. It became an observer on 17 April 2009.
In February 2014, almost 88% of the members voted to merge the party with Citizens – Party of the Citizenry.


Suzanne La Follette

Suzanne Clara La Follette (June 24, 1893 – April 23, 1983) was an American journalist and author who advocated for libertarian feminism in the first half of the 20th century. As an editor she helped found several magazines. She was an early and ardent feminist and a vocal anticommunist.
Family.
She was born in Washington state into the politically prominent La Follette family. Her father was U.S. Congressman William La Follette; her brothers were politician William Leroy LaFollette Jr. and Chester La Follette, a painter. Author Mimi LaFollette Summerskill was her niece. While living in Washington, D.C. with her family, Suzanne worked in her father's Capitol Hill office as well as that of his cousin Senator Robert M. La Follette. As a young woman still in college, she observed many of the great political and intellectual debates of the time at the home shared by the two LaFollette families.
Work.
Her full-length book, "Concerning Women", published in 1926, broke ground in the 1920s, but went out of print for a second time after a 1972 reprint in the Arno Press "American Women" series. In 1973, an excerpt entitled "Beware the State" was included in "The Feminist Papers," an anthology edited by Alice Rossi. A short biography of La Follette, based on interviews with her grandniece Maryly Rosner, her brother Chester La Follette, and her colleagues John Chamberlain, Priscilla Buckley (sister to conservative editor William F. Buckley Jr.) and Helen Tremaine, can be found in the article "Suzanne La Follette: The Freewomen" by Sharon Presley.
La Follette was active in the League of Equal Opportunity, a feminist organization that, unlike the larger National Women's Party, opposed not just sex-based minimum wage legislation, but all such legislation. She explained her opposition to such laws in "Concerning Women." Her economic views, like those of her mentor Albert Jay Nock, were libertarian but influenced by Henry George.
She had been interested in Russia since the revolution of 1917 and had been in contact with many exiles, including former president Alexander Kerensky. In the 1930s, La Follette served on the Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, also known as the "Dewey Commission" as secretary to its chairman, philosopher John Dewey. La Follette wrote the summary of the Committee's findings after holding an investigative meeting in Mexico where Trotsky was in exile (and later murdered by an agent of Joseph Stalin). Many of the committee's members, like La Follette, Carlo Tresca and Dewey, were not Trotskyists, but consisted of anti-Stalinist socialists, progressives and liberals.
She worked on the literary journal "The Freeman" both as a contributor and as assistant to the editor, Albert Jay Nock, and she later founded a revival of the magazine, called "The New Freeman" in 1932 which lasted only fifteen months. In the early 1950s, she served as a managing editor of yet another revival of Nock's journal, the libertarian periodical "The Freeman", with John Chamberlain and Henry Hazlitt serving as executive editors. In that role, she came into periodic conflict with Hazlitt due to her "sometimes strident way of expressing herself" on behalf of Senator Joseph McCarthy. It is this magazine which is widely considered to be an important forerunner to the conservative "National Review", founded by William F. Buckley Jr., another journal for which she was also an early contributor and managing editor.
However, La Follette was not a traditional conservative. In the 1950s, there was no outlet for libertarian thought so she joined forces with conservatives, who at that time were closer to libertarians than any other group. In the interview conducted by Presley in 1980, her colleague, John Chamberlain stated that she was a libertarian, not a conservative. Her feminist views in fact often clashed with the conservative point of view. Based on an interview with Buckley, as reported in the "Freewoman" profile, Presley states, for example, that "in 1964, when the New York Conservative Party, of which she was a co-founder, came out in favor of anti-abortion laws, she demanded that her name be dropped from the Party's letterhead – and it was."
Early years and education.
La Follette was born on a ranch in eastern Washington state, the fourth of seven children of a pioneer family that owned large wheat and fruit farms in the rolling hills of the Palouse and along the Snake River. She grew up in the wide open spaces of the American West. Her grandfather, John Tabor, was a 49er, having crossed the plains to California after service in the Mexican–American War.
Her father, William La Follette, had first come to the Washington Territory as a 16-year-old from Indiana. By the turn of the 20th century, he was one of the largest growers and shippers of fruit in the Inland Empire.
Along with her older siblings, La Follette began her formal studies at Washington State University in Pullman, Washington where her family had moved into a large house her father had built near the college. When William La Follette was elected to Congress in 1910, Suzanne moved with her family to the nation's capital and finished her studies there, graduating from Trinity College (Trinity Washington University) in 1915.
Washington, D.C..
While completing her college education, La Follette was involved with many of the great events of the day. She worked in her father's congressional office as well as the office of their cousin, Senator Robert M. La Follette. For much of that period the two LaFollette families lived together in a large home that William La Follette had purchased in Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C.. Debate and conversation were encouraged at the dinner table and a steady stream politicians, writers, labor leaders, professors and other opinion makers engaged in policy and political arguments late into the evening.
New York City.
After her father left Congress. she moved to New York City where she lived and worked for fifty years. She lived for most of this period in the Chelsea Hotel. Her brother Chester La Follette's art studio was upstairs from her apartment on the tenth floor. During the 1920s she spent four years as an editor for the "Freeman" working as a deputy to Albert Jay Nock editing and writing. When the magazine folded, she turned her talents to writing, producing award-winning poetry as well as two books on very different subjects. In "Concerning Women," she broke new ground as she analyzed feminism from the perspective of economic equality. Her former mentor, Nock, found the book to be brilliant and original. In "Art in America" she produced a monumental survey of American art from colonial times to the 20th century. The art historian, Walter Pach wrote the introduction.
In the 1930s she organized a new version of the "Freeman," won a Guggenheim Fellowship for study of the fine arts, lectured at the Art Students League of New York, and traveled to Mexico as a member of the Dewey Commission. La Follette served as secretary to its chairman, the philosopher John Dewey and wrote the summary of the Commission's findings after conducting investigations in Mexico where Trotsky was in exile (soon after he was murdered by a Russian agent). In the 1940s and during World War II La Follette worked as director of foreign relief programs for the American Federation of Labor, focusing her efforts on keeping communists out of the American labor movement. She maintained her close relationship with Alexander Kerensky and other Russians she had befriended through the years.
La Follette returned to editing in the 1950s when she and a number of old colleagues, including John Chamberlain and Henry Hazlitt produced a new version of "The Freeman". In her final editorial effort she became the founding managing editor of the magazine William F. Buckley Jr. founded in 1955, "The National Review." She retired from this post in 1959 at the age of sixty-six.
Still politically active in the 1960s, she was one of the founders of the New York Conservative Party. She ran for Congress in 1964 and lost.
In her 2004 book, "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century," Susan Ware described the many intellectual gifts that made La Follette such a force among the New York intelligencia for so many decades. La Follette was "a rigorous opponent of government intervention. She was a very beautiful woman, with a hilarious sense of humor, a grammatical stickler ... a feminist ... generous and warm-hearted, recalled William F. Buckley Jr., who knew her in later years."
California.
In the 1970s, La Follette sold her Bucks County farm and left the Chelsea Hotel and New York City. She returned to the West Coast, settling in Palo Alto, not far from the Stanford University campus. She is interred in Colfax, Washington with other family members.