Multi-rate symmetric digital subscriber line

Multi-rate symmetric DSL (MSDSL or MDSL) is a proprietary, non-standardized symmetric digital subscriber line technology with a maximum distance of . It is capable of multiple transfer rates, as set by the Internet service provider, typically based on the service and/or price. Eight data rates are available, ranging from 160 kbit/s to 2.32 Mbit/s.
Technology.
MSDSL uses either 2B1Q or carrierless amplitude phase modulation (CAP) transmission with a capacity of up to 2.32 Mbit/s. The bandwidth is generally split between a full E-carrier E1 payload (2.048 Mbit/s), with the remaining bandwidth accommodating up to three voice channels or two ISDN channels. Additional bandwidth is used for management purposes. Transmission over the single pair requires echo cancellation and adaptive equalizers in order to achieve the maximum range at a specific rate. For each user rate, the modem changes the 2B1Q or CAP transmission rate, employing different filters and equalizer settings. The modem's adaptive setting is determined during its initial use, and continues constantly during operation.


Maghdi language

Mághdì is an Adamawa language of Nigeria.


Applied Psycholinguistics

Applied Psycholinguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of psycholinguistics. It covers research on all aspects of this field, including language development and language disorders, especially studies made from a cross-language perspective. The journal was established in 1980 and is published quarterly by Cambridge University Press. The current editor-in-chief is Martha Crago (Dalhousie University).
Abstracting and indexing.
"Applied Psycholinguistics" is abstracted and indexed in:


John Jantsch

John Jantsch (born April 2, 1960) is an author, speaker, and marketing consultant who specializes in assisting small businesses. He is the author of "Duct Tape Marketing", "The Referral Engine", and "".
Early career.
Jantsch grew up in Kansas City and attended the University of Kansas. In 2002, Jantsch created the Duct Tape Marketing System, which trains and licenses small business consultants. Two years later he added the Duct Tape Marketing Consultant Network.
Duct Tape Marketing offers marketing workshops and consulting to small businesses looking to expand. Jantsch suggests treating small business marketing systematically and not creating individual "marketing events." One way to do this, Jantsch says, is to maintain a strong and consistent internet presence through blogs, social media, and forums tailored to small business interests.
Author.
"Duct Tape Marketing".
In 2007, Jantsch published "Duct Tape Marketing: The World's Most Practical Small Business Marketing Guide", which outlines his systematic approach to marketing. The book is divided into three parts. Part I is titled "The Duct Tape Foundation—The Way to Sticky Marketing" and deals with laying the groundwork for a successful marketing system. Part II is titled "The Duct Tape Lead Generation Machine—Turning Stickiness Into a System That Works for You" and it focuses on implementing the strategies of Part I. Part III is titled "Getting on a Roll!" and it serves as a conclusion meant to ground the preceding two parts.
Michael Gerber said "Duct Tape Marketing" is "just like its namesake – Duct Tape – it's good, incredibly smart, amazingly practical, and immensely sticky stuff." "Duct Tape Marketing Revised & Updated" was published in 2011.
"The Referral Engine".
In 2010, Jantsch published "The Referral Engine: Teaching Your Business to Market Itself". The book outlines an approach to marketing that moves away from complicated marketing campaigns and instead focuses on personal interactions with customers through outlets such as social media and friend-to-friend word of mouth. The idea, Jantsch writes, is that a business should always focus on and understand the importance of referrals.
"The Referral Engine" was a "Wall Street Journal" bestseller, a "Small Business Trends" "Editor's Choice Best Business Books 2010," "Library Journal"'s "Best Marketing Book 2010," and was on 800-CEO-READ's "Best Business Book of 2010" shortlist.
"The Commitment Engine".
"The Commitment Engine: Making Work Worth It" is directed at helping business owners establish lasting commitment in their employees, customers, and businesses and examines what makes some businesses worth referring. The book diagnosis the key qualities of successful, "effortless" business approaches.
"The Commitment Engine" has been featured in "Forbes", CNBC, "The New York Enterprise Report", and was reviewed positively by "Trust Agents" author Chris Brogan. Jantsch has given a TEDx talk about the book.
"SEO for Growth".
In 2016 John Jantsch and co-author Phil Singleton published SEO for Growth - The Ultimate Guide for Marketers, Web Designers, and Entrepreneurs. The book is aimed at teaching marketers, designers and entrepreneurs the strategic nature of search engine optimization as well as the SEO forces at play in web design and social media. Excerpts from SEO for Growth have appeared in Entrepreneur, Copyblogger, and Search Engine Journal as well as on MSNBC.
Reception.
Jantsch's Duct Tape Marketing blog was chosen as a "Forbes" favorite for marketing and small business and his Duct Tape Marketing podcast was called a "must listen" by "Fast Company" magazine. Jantsch has delivered keynote speeches to organizations such as American Express, Microsoft, Verizon, HP, and eBay. He also is the featured marketing contributor to American Express OPENForum.
Jantsch's small business advice has been featured in "New York Times", "Wall St. Journal", and CNNMoney among others. Seth Godin called Jantsch the "Peter Drucker of small business tactics."


Baltic Development Forum

The Baltic Development Forum is an independent think-tank and non-profit high-level and agenda-setting networking organisation with strategic partners and sponsors from large companies, major cities, institutional investors, business associations and academia in the Baltic Sea Region. The network involves more than 8,000 decision-makers from all over the region and beyond.
History.
March 2014 former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mrs. Lene Espersen replaced the interim Chairwoman, Mrs. Helle Bechgaard as chairwoman of Baltic Development Forum.
Until November 2011, Baltic Development Forum was chaired by Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Denmark 1982–1993. Mr. Ellemann-Jensen is co-founder of Baltic Development Forum (in 1998) and the Council of the Baltic Sea States (1992). Former CEO of Confederation of Danish Industry Hans Skov Christensen replaced Uffe Ellemann-Jensen as chairman. When Hans Skov Christensen died in autumn 2013 he was provisionally replaced by Member of the Board, Mrs. Helle Bechgaard.
The Baltic Development Forum Honorary Board and Advisory Board consist of high-level political dignitaries and prominent business executives and researchers representing the entire Baltic Sea Region.
Director of Baltic Development Forum is Hans Brask since August 2007. His background is in international affairs. He holds a MA in Political Science from the University of Aarhus (1990) and an MA in History and Philosophy from the University of Essex, UK (1990).
Mission.
The mission of Baltic Development Forum is to promote the Baltic Sea Region as an integrated, prosperous and internationally competitive growth region, to position the Baltic Sea Region in the EU and on the global map. Baltic Development Forum has consolidated its position as internationally recognized think-tank and networking organization that wants to inspire and challenge national and international decision-makers within business and government in the Baltic Sea Region. The Region's potential and challenges are highlighted at the Summit as an important part of an increasingly globalised world. BDF offers a unique platform for innovative thinking, informal cross-sector/cross-border/cross-level encounters and concrete new business opportunities with a global perspective.
Main activities.
The Annual Summit takes place in different capitals and metropolis in the Baltic Sea Region - 1999: Copenhagen; 2000: Malmö; 2001: Copenhagen; 2002: St. Petersburg; 2003: Riga; 2004: Hamburg; 2005: Stockholm; 2006: Helsinki; 2007: Tallinn; 2008: Copenhagen/Malmö; 2009: Stockholm; 2010: Vilnius; 2011: Gdańsk; 2012: Copenhagen/Malmö; 2013: Riga. 2014: Turku, Finland.
Baltic Development Forum's Baltic Sea Award has been established together with Swedbank as sponsor in 2007. Recipient of the Award is given to personalities that have made an extraordinary contribution to the future of the region.
Baltic Development Forum publishes different reports in order to support a common regional agenda for integration, innovation and sustainable growth. The State of the Region Report has developed into a key reference document on tracking the region's competitiveness and economic development. Nordic Council of Ministers, European Investment Bank, and Nordic Investment Bank have co-sponsored this report.
Baltic Development Forum also carries out different cooperation projects with partners from many parts of the region in the field of energy, water, investment promotion, transport, branding and ICT.
Baltic Development Forum has been a key supporter of the EU's adoption of an EU strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. In October 2009, the European Council of the EU endorsed the first EU strategy for a macro-regional area of the EU. The Baltic Sea Region thereby has the chance to make an innovative combination of European and regional integration and news efforts to improve territorial cohesion of the EU according to EU's Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region.
The History of the Region.
The Baltic Sea Region comprises 11 nations and more than 100 million inhabitants. The Baltic Development Forum defines the Baltic Sea Region as including the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, Northern Germany (Hansestadt Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein), Northern Poland (Pomorskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie and Zachodnio-Pomorskie), and Russia's Northwestern region including Kaliningrad.
The region shares many historical ties, which often are symbolized by the legacy of the Hanse around the Baltic Sea. Thus, the Baltic Sea has been the facilitator of integrative processes in more than 1000 years with more intensive periods than other. Naturally, the Cold War to a large extent hindered extended cooperation, but when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 new strong ties emerged. Nowadays the Baltic Sea Region is interlaced by a myriad of formal and informal cross-border organisations and fora signalising the multidimensional scale of interaction.


Qualcomm MSM Interface

The Qualcomm MSM Interface is a proprietary interface for interacting with Qualcomm baseband processors and is a replacement for the legacy cellular extensions of the Hayes command set. With mobile chipsets, communication between the application processor and the baseband processor happens through shared memory. On PCs with data cards, QMI is exposed through USB.
Linux.
In the Linux kernel, QMI can be used through two mutually exclusive drivers: codice_1 and codice_2. These two drivers take completely different approaches to handle the protocol. codice_1 is a complex driver which implements within the kernel most of the core protocol logic, while codice_2 leaves all those
tasks to user-space processes, and therefore keeping the kernel driver as small as possible. There are several userspace implementations, such as codice_5 on OpenWrt, oFono and codice_6


History of stand-up comedy

United States.
Stand-up comedy got its start in the 1840s from the three-act, variety show format of minstrel shows (via blackface performances of the Jim Crow character); Frederick Douglass criticized these shows for profiting from and perpetuating racism. Minstrelsy monologists performed second-act, stump-speech monologues from within minstrel shows until 1896, although traces of these racist performances continued to be used until the mid-1900s. Stand-up comedy also has roots in various traditions of popular entertainment of the late 19th century, including vaudeville (via minstrel shows, dime museums, concert saloons, freak shows, variety shows, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus), American burlesque (via Lydia Thompson's feminization of the minstrel show, concert saloons, English music halls, and circus clown antics), and humorist monologues like those delivered by Mark Twain in his first (1866) touring show, "Our Fellow Savages of the Sandwich Islands". Unadulterated, vaudeville monologuist run-times were 10-15 minutes.
Pleasure gardens had outdoor "rooms" with themes. While pleasure gardens hosted shows of minstrelsy and burlesque, the era of "American vaudeville" can be traced back to 1836, at a pleasure garden called Niblo's Garden, but the term "vaudeville" wasn't in regular verbal use until the 1840s and didn't commonly appear in writing until the 1890s. With the turn of the twentieth century and spread of urban and industrial living, the structure, pacing and timing, and material of American humor began to change. Comedians of this era often depended on fast-paced joke delivery, slapstick, outrageous or lewd innuendo, and donned an ethnic persona—African, Scottish, German, Jewish—and built a routine based on popular stereotypes. During the stand-up eras of minstrel, vaudeville, and burlesque, jokes were generally considered to be in the public domain and humorous material was widely shared, appropriated, and stolen. Industrialized American audiences sought entertainment as a way to escape and confront city living. A precursor to stand-up, the era of "American burlesque" started in the 1860s and ran uncensored until 1937, when the term burlesque could no longer legally be used in New York; burlesque comics used stereotypes and sexually suggestive dialogic humor to appeal to heterosexual men. The burlesque routine Who's on First? was made famous by Abbott and Costello.
The founders of modern American stand-up comedy include Moms Mabley, Jack Benny, Bob Hope, George Burns, Fred Allen, Milton Berle and Frank Fay, all of whom came from vaudeville or the Chitlin' Circuit. They spoke directly to the audience as themselves, in front of the curtain, known as performing "in one". Frank Fay gained acclaim as a "master of ceremonies" at New York's Palace Theater. Vaudevillian Charlie Case (also spelled Charley Case) is often credited with the first form of stand-up comedy, performing humorous monologues without props or costumes. This had not been done before during a vaudeville show.
The 1940s-50s elevated the careers of comedians like Milton Berle and Sid Caesar through radio and television. From the 1930s-50s, the nightclub circuit was owned and operated by the American Mafia. Nightclubs and resorts became the breeding ground for a new type of comedian: a stand-up, specifically Lenny Bruce. Acts such as Alan King, Danny Thomas, Martin and Lewis, Don Rickles, Joan Rivers and Jack E. Leonard flourished in these venues.
In the 1950s and into the 1960s, "new wave" stand-ups such as Mort Sahl and Lord Buckley began developing their acts in small folk clubs like San Francisco's hungry i (owned by impresario Enrico Banducci and origin of the ubiquitous "brick wall" behind comedians) or New York's Bitter End. These comedians added an element of social satire and expanded both the language and boundaries of stand-up, venturing into politics, race relations, and sexual humor. Lenny Bruce became known as 'the' obscene comic when he used language that usually led to his arrest. After Lenny Bruce, arrests for obscene language on stage nearly disappeared until George Carlin was arrested on 21 July 1972 at Milwaukee's Summerfest after performing the routine "Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television" Carlin's act was ruled indecent but not obscene, and the Supreme Court granted the FCC permission to censor in a 5-4 ruling from FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.
Other notable comics from this era include Woody Allen, Shelley Berman, Phyllis Diller, and Bob Newhart. Some Black American comedians such as George Kirby, Bill Cosby, Flip Wilson, Godfrey Cambridge, and Dick Gregory began exploring the criticism of "history and myth" in the 1950s-60s, with Redd Foxx testing the boundaries of "uncensored racial humor".
In the 1970s, several entertainers became major stars based on stand-up comedy performances. Richard Pryor and George Carlin followed Lenny Bruce's acerbic style to become icons. Stand-up expanded from clubs, resorts, and coffee houses into major concerts in sports arenas and amphitheaters. Steve Martin and Andy Kaufman were the most popular practitioners of anti-comedy from the 1970s into the 1980s. The older style of stand-up comedy (no social satire) was kept alive by Rodney Dangerfield and Buddy Hackett, who enjoyed revived careers late in life. Don Rickles, whose legendary style of relentless merciless attacks on both fellow performers and audience members alike kept him a fixture on TV and in Vegas from the 1960s all the way to the 2000s, when he appeared in the wildly popular Pixar "Toy Story" films as Mr Potato Head, whom Rickles gave his grouchy onstage mannerisms. Television programs such as "Saturday Night Live" and "The Tonight Show" helped publicize the careers of other stand-up comedians, including Janeane Garofalo, Bill Maher and Jay Leno.
In the 1980s, Eddie Murphy shaped African American comedy when he created the "Black Pack": similar to the Rat Pack, it was a group of stand-up comedians, its members included Paul Mooney, who wrote for Richard Pryor and later starred on Chappelle's Show.
From the 1970s to the '90s, different styles of comedy began to emerge, from the madcap stylings of Robin Williams, to the odd observations of Jerry Seinfeld and Ellen DeGeneres, the ironic musings of Steven Wright, to the mimicry of Whoopi Goldberg, and Eddie Murphy. These comedians would serve to influence the next generation of comedians.
After the height of the 80s stand-up comedy boom, there was a 90s comedy bust.
The Aristocrats is a 2005 film based on the original vaudeville joke The Aristocrats, where comedians tell their version of the dirty joke.
Official recognition of present-day stand-up comedians comes from the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, the New York Friars Club roasts, and The Andy Kaufman Award.
Britain and Ireland.
Early twentieth-century front-cloth comics started in music halls, paving the way for stand-up comedy in Great Britain. Notable front-cloth comics who rose through the variety theatre circuit were Morecambe and Wise, Arthur Askey, Ken Dodd and Max Miller. Until 1968, the heavy censorship regime of the Lord Chamberlain's Office required all comedians to submit their acts for censorship. The act would be returned with unacceptable sections underlined in blue pencil (possibly giving rise to the term "blue" for a comedian whose act is considered bawdy or smutty). The comedian was then obliged not to deviate from the act in its edited form.
The rise of the post-war comedians coincided with the rise of television and radio, and the traditional music hall circuit suffered greatly as a result. By the 1970s, music hall entertainment was virtually dead. Alternative circuits had evolved, such as working men's clubs. Some of the more successful comedians on the working men's club circuit—including Bernard Manning, Bobby Thompson, Frank Carson and Stan Boardman—eventually made their way to television via such shows as "The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club". The "alternative" comedy scene also began to evolve. Some of the earliest successes came from folk clubs, where performers such as Billy Connolly, Mike Harding and Jasper Carrott started as relatively straight musical acts whose between-song banter developed into complete comedy routines. The 1960s had also seen the satire boom, including the creation of the club, the Establishment, which, amongst other things, gave British audiences their first taste of extreme American stand-up comedy from Lenny Bruce. Victoria Wood launched her stand-up career in the early 1980s, which included observational conversation mixed with comedy songs. Wood was to become one of the country's most successful comedians, in 2001 selling out the Royal Albert Hall for 15 nights in a row.
In 1979, the first American-style stand-up comedy club, the Comedy Store was opened in London by Peter Rosengard, where many alternative comedy stars of the 1980s, such as Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders, Alexei Sayle, Craig Ferguson, Rik Mayall and Ade Edmondson began their careers. The stand-up comedy circuit rapidly expanded from London across the UK. The present British stand-up comedy circuit arose from the 'alternative' comedy revolution of the 1980s, with political and observational humor being the prominent styles to flourish. In 1983, young drama teacher Maria Kempinska created Jongleurs Comedy Clubs before it closed in 2017. Stand-up comedy is believed to have been performed originally as a one-man show. Lately, this type of show started to involve a group of young comedians, especially in Europe.
Mexico.
In terms of , the predecessors of this comic style are:
The new generation of comedians decided to use their own lives as the theme of their comedy, imitating the American style:
Brazil.
The one-man-show genre, which is similar, but allows other approaches (enacting characters, songs and scenes) was introduced in Brazil by José Vasconcellos in the 60's. Taking a step closer to the North American format, Chico Anysio and Jô Soares maintained the format - specially in their live nation-wide talks shows, and generally, in the opening monologues - bringing to Brazil a genre more similar to what is currently known as Stand-up.
Stand-up began to be interesting news in 2005 in "São Paulo", when the first club was created, called "Clube de Comédia Stand-Up:" composed of Marcelo Mansfield, Rafinha Bastos, Oscar Filho, Marcela Leal and Márcio Ribeiro. In São Paulo the comedy club would present in Beverly Hills, the traditional comedy venue in Moema. Shortly afterwards it migrated to Mr. Blues and Bleeker Street, in "Vila Madalena". In "Rio de Janeiro", "Comédia em Pé, ("Comedy Standing Up): composed of Cláudio Torres Gonzaga, Fábio Porchat, Fernando Caruso and Paulo Carvalho, had its debue at the venue "Rio Design Leblon". These were the first stand-up performances in the country.
In 2006, the comic Jô Soares watched "Clube de Comédia" in São Paulo and invited the comic Diogo Portugal for an interview in his talk show. That was a definitive moment to call attention towards the genre. He mentioned many different shows that he was a part of and attracted the public attention and media coverage to the bars that held these presentations. In Curitiba, with this momentum, many other stand-up nights began opening up. In São Paulo, Danilo Gentili, that had just become a part of "Clube da Comédia," invited Mário Ribeiro and gathered other young comics that were frequent spectators at the club, to create "Comédia Ao Vivo" (Live Comedy): composed of Dani Calabresa, Luiz França, Fábio Rabin.
With the show CQC - "Custe o Que Custar", on TV Bandeirantes, a nation-wide TV outlet, in 2008, the genre took gained its permanent spot on the national stage. With big names like Danilo Gentili, Rafinha Bastos and Oscar Filho, the curiosity grew exponentially.
Following CQC's example many channels and TV shows on Brazil's national television invested in Stand-up comedy. After this many other groups gained recognition in the clubs and live performances around the two biggest cities of Brazil.
Spain.
Although the antecedents of this genre can be traced back to the monologues of Miguel Gila in the 1950s, took a long time in comparison with the American continent. The first generalized relationship with this comic genre occurred in 1999 with the creation of the Paramount Comedy channel, which included the "New Comics" program as one of its flagship programs, where monologuists such as Ángel Martín, José Juan Vaquero, David Broncano, and Joaquín Reyes stood out.
Also, in 1999 began the journey of the program The club of comedy, an open adaptation of the popular comic format. In its first stage (1999-2005), it underwent several chain changes and released comedians like Luis Piedrahita, Alexis Valdes or . In its new stage, starting in 2011 in La Sexta and presented by Eva Hache, it tries to start in the genre of comic monologue media characters from different artistic fields such as: Imanol Arias, José Luis Gil, Isabel Ordaz and Santiago Segura.
Special mention deserves the program, started in 2005. The presenter, Andreu Buenafuente, made an initial monologue of about 9 to 11 minutes where he links current issues with everyday humorous situations. This became the most famous part of the program and made him one of the most recognized comedians in Spain, for his connection with the public and his ability to improvise.
On the other hand, the comedian Ignatius Farray became one of the most representative icons of this genre today.
India.
Modern stand-up comedy in India is a young art form, however Chakyar koothu was prominent in Trivandrum and southern Kerala during the 16th and 17th centuries. It had all the attributes of modern stand-up comedy and is widely considered to be the oldest known staged comedy act anywhere in the world.
Even though the history of live comedy performances in India traces its early roots back to 1980s, for a long time stand-up comedians were only given supporting/filler acts in various performances (dance or music).
In 1986, India's Johnny Lever performed in a charity show called "Hope 86", in front of the whole Hindi film industry as a filler and was loved by audience. His talent was recognized, and he would later be described as "the iconic comedian of his generation".
It was not until 2005, when the TV show "The Great Indian Laughter Challenge" garnered huge popularity and stand-up comedy in itself started getting recognised. Thus, a lot more comedians became popular and started performing various live and TV shows. The demand for comedy content continues to increase. Some popular comedians around 2005-2008 include Raju Srivastav, Kapil Sharma and Sunil Pal. Most of them performed their acts in Hindi.
Raju Srivastav first appeared on the comedy talent show "The Great Indian Laughter Challenge". He finished as second runner-up and then took part in the spin-off, The Great Indian Laughter Challenge — Champions, in which he won the title of "The King of Comedy". Srivastava was a participant on season 3 of "Bigg Boss". He has participated in the comedy show "Comedy Ka Maha Muqabla".
Kapil Sharma is ranked no. 3 at the most admired Indian personality list by The Economic Times in 2015. Currently he is hosting the most popular Indian comedy show "The Kapil Sharma Show" after "Comedy Nights with Kapil". Sharma had been working in the comedy show "Hasde Hasande Raho" on MH One, until he got his first break in The Great Indian Laughter Challenge, one of the nine reality television shows he has won. He became the winner of the show in 2007 for which he won 10 lakhs as prize money.
Sharma participated in Sony Entertainment Television's "Comedy Circus". He became the winner of all six seasons of "Comedy Circus" he participated in. He has hosted dance reality show "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 6" and also hosted comedy show "Chhote Miyan". Sharma also participated in the show "Ustaadon Ka Ustaad".
Around 2008-2009, two other popular comedians Papa CJ and Vir Das returned to India and started making their marks on Indian comedy scene. Both of them were exposed to UK and US comedy routines and they performed mostly in English. At the same time, a few more youngsters got inspired and started taking plunge into stand-up comedy.
Since 2011, the stand-up comedy has been getting substantial appreciation. The Comedy Store from London opened an outlet in Mumbai's Palladium Mall where people would regularly enjoy comedians from UK. The Comedy Story also supported local comedians and helped them grow. This outlet eventually become Canvas Laugh Club in Mumbai.
Around 2011, people started organizing different comedy open mic events in Mumbai, Delhi (and Gurgaon), Bangalore. All of this happened in association with growth of a counterculture in Indian cities which catered to the appetite of younger generations for live events for comedy, poetry, storytelling, and music. Various stand-up events were covered by popular news channels such NDTV / Aajtak etc. and were appreciated by millions of viewers.
As a result of these developments, plus the increasing penetration of YouTube (along with Internet/World Wide Web), Indian stand-up comedy started reaching further masses. While the established comedians such as Vir Das, Papa CJ were independently growing through various corporate / international performances, other comedians such as Vipul Goyal, Biswa Kalyan Rath, Kenny Sebastian, Kanan Gill, Kunal Kamra grew popular through YouTube videos.
The industry, still in its early stages, now sees a lot more influx of aspiring comedians as it transforms the ecosystem around it.


Status tones

Status tones are short tones that are generated and placed on the telephone line while a call is being initiated, while it is being conducted, and while it is being monitored by a third party to inform all on the line of an active or defined event.
Examples.
A user with call waiting service will hear double beeps on the line when another party is calling to their phone, but the recipient is actively engaged on the line. The call waiting tone is known as a "Feature" in some Telephone communities, and is billed by the Telephone Company as an Enhanced Service.
Other examples include:


Toll restriction

Toll restriction or toll denial is a feature offered by telephone companies which allows a line to be so programmed that it is impossible to originate long-distance calls from that line, or to accept charges reversed to the number by other parties. Such lines usually allow calls to be made to no-charge numbers locally and toll-free (in North America, area codes 1-800, 1-844, 1-855, 1-866, 1-877 and 1-888), so customers can still make some long-distance calls.
Most commonly this restriction is applied at the request of the owner of the premises, who does not wish to be subject to unlimited liability for costly unauthorised calls made by others at the site. Restriction of calls to overseas or premium-rate telephone numbers are common options on some systems, such as voice over IP. Private branch exchange clients are often able to configure toll restriction on a per-extension basis through the local PBX, either blocking all trunk calls or requiring that a numeric password be dialled to complete the call.
Telephone companies may sometimes require high-risk-account customers, or those requiring basic phone service for security and health reasons, to accept toll restriction.


Maria Mavroudi

Maria Mavroudi (born 1967) is a history professor at University of California, Berkeley.
Fluent in classical Greek and Arabic, she also understands Coptic, Latin, and Syriac, and speaks modern Greek and English fluently. She formerly taught at Princeton University.
Life.
She graduated from Anatolia College in Thessaloniki, Greece, from the University of Thessaloniki with a Philology degree, and from Harvard University with a PhD in Byzantine Studies.
She researches the recycling of the ancient tradition between Byzantium and Islam; Byzantine intellectual history; survival and transformation of Byzantine culture after 1453, along with other various topics.


Alex Anderson (cartoonist)

Alexander Hume Anderson Jr. (September 5, 1920 – October 22, 2010) was an American cartoonist who created the characters of Rocky the Flying Squirrel, Bullwinkle, and Dudley Do-Right, as well as Crusader Rabbit. He was not directly involved in "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show", however.
Biography.
Alexander Hume Anderson Jr. was born September 5, 1920 in Berkeley, California, to Olga B. (née Terry) and Alexander Anderson. He attended the University of California, Berkeley,and the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco.he received an honorary degree from San Francisco Art institute in 2000
Anderson was a nephew of Mighty Mouse producer Paul Terry, and began his career in 1938, working summer vacations, during college, at his Terrytoons animation studio. Anderson served in Navy intelligence during World War II.
Anderson pitched a “limited animation” cartoon series for TV, to his uncle, Paul Terry, but he couldn’t because, 20th Century Fox, who distributed Terrytoons cartoons, saw TV as a threat.
After the war, Anderson and Jay Ward, a former real-estate salesman and childhood friend, formed a business in the late 1940s to pitch cartoon ideas to television, including Crusader Rabbit, Rocky, Bullwinkle, and Dudley Do-Right. In 1948, Anderson and Ward created a television pilot, "The Comic Strips of Television"
Only Crusader Rabbit was accepted, and after Anderson's other cartoon ideas failed to sell, he joined a San Francisco advertising agency, becoming an art director, while Ward moved to Los Angeles to try to sell TV studios on a Bullwinkle series.
Anderson saw a 1991 documentary about the show which did not mention his name, he filed suit against Jay Ward Productions, two years after Jay Ward's death. Anderson, who had not received public recognition for creating Dudley Do-Right, Bullwinkle and Rocky, learned the characters had been copyrighted in Ward's name alone. Consequently, Anderson sued Ward's heirs to reclaim creator credit. In 1993 or 1996, (sources differ), Anderson received a settlement and a court order acknowledging him as "the creator of the first version of the characters of Rocky, Bullwinkle and Dudley."
Ted Key, creator of the comic strip "Hazel", had a similar situation with his characters Mr. Peabody and his pet boy Sherman.
Death.
Anderson died due to complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 90 on October 22, 2010, at a nursing home in Carmel, California. He was survived by his wife of 36 years, Patricia Larsen Anderson, his third spouse following divorces from first wife Gail and second wife Beverly. He had two children from his first marriage, sons Terry and Scott, and three stepchildren, Matthew Kennedy, Carolyn Kennedy, and Daniel Kennedy.


Glenforest Secondary School

Glenforest Secondary School (GFSS) is a public secondary school located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1969, Glenforest Secondary School is a member of the Peel District School Board.
The school mascot is the mythological creature the gryphon, lovingly nicknamed Griffy. The Glenforest Gryphons are the official sports team of the school. Glenforest Gryphons excel in a variety of sports, including badminton, table tennis, swimming, and cricket. Many Gryphons compete in provincial competitions in their respective sport.
International Baccalaureate.
Glenforest has been recognized as an International Baccalaureate World School since November 2004. It offers the IB program from grades 9-12 with a vast range of subjects included. The IB program is sub-divided into two stages: MYP (Middle Years Programme) and IB. MYP is the initialization and preparation for the students entering the official IB program in grade 11.
"The IB Mission Statement".
The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect.
Clubs and Activities.
Glenforest offers numerous clubs and activities to its students. The major ones are:
Demographics.
The curriculum covers a wide variety of cultures, and academic programs. Currently, the school offers the International Baccalaureate Program, in both its MYP (Middle Years Program) and DP (Diploma Program) varieties, and a regional enhanced program. Academic and Applied level students account for roughly half of the school demographic, with the other half populated by IB students. The school is also widely known for being very multicultural.
Athletics.
The Gryphons are the official sports team. The school has teams active in many sports and recreational activities. There are many other sports available to the students as well. The school participated in the non-profit fundraiser known as The Inside Ride to help raise money for cancer research. This included riding indoor bicycles for a total of an hour inside the school gym. Students formed teams to raise money and each team dressed up in their respective themes to relayed the bike ride throughout the hour. The school recently underwent a gym renovation in 2014, after a flooding wrecked the original gym floor dating back to 1969. The school specializes in sports such as badminton, volleyball, ball hockey, flag football, cricket, soccer, rugby, table tennis, and track and field.
The Glenforest Pool.
Glenforest Secondary is well known for its swimming pool. The pool is available for the residents of Mississauga for recreational purposes as it has been owned and operated by the city for 25 years. It is a 25-meter-long, 6 lane, rectangular shaped pool located inside the school. Some activities facilitated are Scuba diving and swimming.
Additionally, the Glenforest Swim Team conducts frequent swimming practices in the pool on weekdays.


Rasmus B. Anderson

Rasmus Bjørn Anderson (January 12, 1846 – March 2, 1936) was an American author, professor, editor, businessman and diplomat.
He brought to popular attention the fact that Viking explorers were the first Europeans to arrive in the New World and was the originator of Leif Erikson Day.
Life and career.
Anderson was born in the Town of Albion in Dane County, Wisconsin and grew up in Koshkoning. His parents Bjørn Anderson Kvelve (1801–1850) and Abel Cathrine von Krogh (1809–1885) were immigrants from Sandeid / Vikedal in Ryfylke in the county of Rogaland, Norway. His mother also had Danish, Swedish, German, Dutch, and Flemish ancestry. His parents were part of a small band of Quaker sympathizers who organized a Norwegian emigration to America in 1836.
Anderson was a graduate of Luther College and the University of Wisconsin. He was a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1867 to 1883. While there, he was the founding head of the Department of Scandinavian Studies, the oldest such department in an American university. He also persuaded Norwegian violinist Ole Bull to give a concert for the benefit of a projected Norwegian language library at the university. Ole Bull subsequently paid Anderson's expenses for a trip to Norway to purchase books for the library.
Rasmus B. Anderson founded a publication company, The Norrœna Society, which focused on republishing translations of texts devoted to "the History and Romance of Northern Europe". Anderson was the author of a number of books with Scandinavian themes. He also did a series of translations from Scandinavian languages, most notably the writings of Norwegian novelist Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. From 1905 to 1907, Rasmus Anderson acted as editor-in-chief of the Norrœna Library.
From 1885 to 1889, Anderson served as the United States Ambassador to Denmark. After his return to the U.S. in 1889, he was editor (1898–1922) of the Norwegian language weekly, "Amerika". He also served as president of the Wisconsin Life Insurance Co. from 1895 to 1922.
Anderson's book "America Not Discovered by Columbus " helped popularize the now familiar fact that Norse explorers were the first Europeans in the New World. Anderson was the originator of the movement to honor Leif Erikson with a holiday in the United States. Through efforts he started and led, Leif Erikson Day became an official observance in his native Wisconsin and other US states. Decades after Anderson's death, it first became a federal observance by presidential proclamation in 1964.
Personal life.
In 1868, he married Bertha Karina Olson (1848–1922). They were the parents of five children. His wife died in 1922. Anderson spent the last years of his life in their home in Madison, where he died in 1936. He was buried at Lake Ripley Cemetery in Cambridge, Wisconsin.


Mary J. Wilson

Mary Jeannette Wilson (2 January 1937 – 25 May 2020) was the first African-American senior zookeeper at the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore.
Early life.
Mary J. Wilson was born in West Baltimore, Maryland. She had two siblings, one older and one younger. Her parents were Willie Wilson and Mary Henry. Her mother Mary died of diphtheria when Wilson was only five years old. She graduated from Paul Laurence Dunbar High School.
Career.
Wilson began working at the then Baltimore Zoo in 1961. She was hired by Arthur R. Watson, who was head of the zoo from 1948 until 1980. While most women zookeepers at the time were assigned to work with smaller animals, Wilson worked with mammals from the beginning of her career, specializing in gorillas, cats and elephants. She was known for bringing home baby animals to care for them. She retired in 1999 after working 38 years at the zoo. The zoo still has two otters named after her: Mary and Wilson.
Death.
In July 2019, Wilson began to show signs of Alzheimer's disease. On April 1, 2020 she moved to Genesis Healthcare Patapsco Valley Center in Randallstown, Maryland. On May 4, 2020 she was diagnosed with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland, and was admitted to Northwest Hospital on May 8. She died on May 25 after being unresponsive for 14 days. She was survived by her daughter, Sharron Wilson Jackson, who was the first African-American female senior zookeeper at the Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, in Omaha, Nebraska, and by a grandson, Felipe Herrara.


TICCIT

TICCIT (an acronym for Time-shared, Interactive, Computer-Controlled Information Television) was first developed by the MITRE Corporation in 1968 as an interactive cable television (CATV) system.
From June, 1971 through July, 1972 MITRE demonstrated a number of potential social, commercial, governmental, and educational interactive services through the Reston, Virginia cable television system. The original system created computer generated frames, converted to NTSC color signals, that subscribers could interact with on their television sets through a touch-tone telephone. In December, 1971, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Technological Innovations Group granted a contract to MITRE to further develop the TICCIT system as a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system for community colleges and universities. MITRE subcontracted with the CAI Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin and also with the Department of Instructional Research, Development, and Evaluation of Brigham Young University to refine the user interface and create the massive amounts of courseware needed to teach a complete college-level English and algebra course. A trial implementation of the English and algebra courseware took place through the 1975-77 school years, and was evaluated by the Educational Testing Service (ETS).
TICCIT installations ran on a Data General Nova minicomputer that could support over 100 simultaneous users. Participating community colleges were Northern Virginia Community College in Alexandria, Virginia, and Phoenix College in Phoenix, Arizona. Following the end of the NSF-funded project, the Hazeltine Corporation acquired the rights to commercialize the TICCIT system, which they did for several years, selling systems to military, industrial, and educational customers. With the advent of the personal computer, Hazeltine released an updated version of TICCIT, known as MicroTICCIT.
Courseware developed over the years for TICCIT included algebra, chemistry, Danish, English (grammar, mechanics, spelling, and composition), English as a second language (ESL), French, German, humanities, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, physics, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Thai. Later projects at Brigham Young University adapted material authored for TICCIT to Apple II computers, DOS PCs, and eventually DVDs.
One of the major innovations of the TICCIT system was the architecture of its instruction. A standard set of displays was provided for each segment of subject-matter (representing one or more instructional objectives). The definition of the display set was based on the Component Display Theory of M. David Merrill. The goal of this arrangement was to place moment-to-moment control of instruction in the hands of the learner. A special keypad was provided for learners to the right of the standard keyboard keys. This provided keys for each instructional display type as well as for other administrative and navigational functions. Using these keys a learner could navigate freely through the displays provided within a segment and manage the instructional session itself. Help and Advice keys were provided, and computer-chosen instructional sequencing was available if the learner chose.
The U.S. Marine Corps Communications/Electronics School at MCB 29 Palms, California, used a TICCIT system for courses in its schools in the 1980s. Electronics-related courseware and data communications operations were the primary focus.


Trisha Brown

Trisha Brown (November 25, 1936 – March 18, 2017) was an American choreographer and dancer, and one of the founders of the Judson Dance Theater and the postmodern dance movement.
Early life and education.
Brown was born in Aberdeen, Washington in 1936, and received a B.A. degree in dance from Mills College in 1958. Brown later received a D.F.A. from Bates College in 2000. For several summers she studied with Louis Horst, José Limón, and Merce Cunningham at the American Dance Festival, then held at Connecticut College.
Work.
Dance.
In 1960 Brown participated in an experimental workshop devoted to improvisation at the studio of Anna Halprin, in Kentfield, California. Subsequently, at the urging of fellow choreographers, Simone Forti and Yvonne Rainer, Brown moved to New York to study composition with Robert Dunn, who taught a class at Merce Cunningham's studio, based on John Cage's theories of chance.
After moving to New York City in 1961, Brown trained with dancer Anna Halprin and became a founding member of the avant-garde Judson Dance Theater in 1962. There she worked with experimental dancers Yvonne Rainer, Steve Paxton, Twyla Tharp, Lucinda Childs, and David Gordon. She also joined a composition class led by Robert Dunn, a musician from the Merce Cunningham dance studio who was interested in applying the musical ideas of John Cage (Cunningham's partner and regular collaborator) to dance.
In the late 1960s Brown created her own works which attempted to defy gravity, using equipment such as ropes and harnesses, to allow dancers to walk on or down walls or to experiment with the dynamics of stability. These "equipment pieces" were the first dances to comprise a distinct series in what would become a working method for Brown as she went on to create various "cycles" of dances throughout her career. Brown's early works "Walking on the Wall" (1971) and "Roof Piece" (1971) were designed to be performed at specific sites.
In 1970 Brown cofounded the Grand Union, an experimental dance collective, and formed the Trisha Brown Dance Company. "Accumulation" (1971), which is executed with the dancers on their backs, has been performed in public spaces of all kinds, including on water, with the dancers floating on rafts as they methodically work through the piece's graduated gestures. "Walking on the Wall" involved dancers in harnesses moving along a wall, while "Roof Piece" took place on 12 different rooftops over a ten-block area in New York City's SoHo, with each dancer transmitting the movements to a dancer on the nearest roof. In 1974, Brown began a residential relationship with the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, MN, that has continued to this day. With 1978's "Accumulation with Talking plus Watermotor", a complex solo combining elements of three other pieces, she demonstrated a mental and physical virtuosity seldom seen in the dance world, then or now. Brown's rigorous structures, combined with pedestrian or simple movement styles and tongue-in-cheek humor brought an intellectual sensibility that challenged the mainstream "modern dance" mindset of this period.
During the 1980s Brown produced large-scale works intended for the stage and began her artistic collaborations, beginning with "Glacial Decoy" (1979) which had sets and costumes by artist Robert Rauschenberg. This period was most notable for the slithery and highly articulated movement style which characterized much of her work during this time. The Molecular Structure cycle, which included "Opal Loop" (1980), "Son of Gone Fishin"' (1981) and another collaboration with Rauschenberg, "Set and Reset" (1983), featuring a score by performance artist Laurie Anderson and a set design by Rauschenberg, solidified Brown's stature as an innovator within the dance world and as an artist of global significance. Three screens simultaneously broadcast separate black and white film collages from five 16 millimeter projectors (more than 20 years before a video component became the norm in new choreography), while the dancers rippled around the stage in part-translucent costumes marked with gray and black figures that resembled newsprint.
Unlike Merce Cunningham and John Cage, who worked separately on projects and left it to the viewer to put the elements together, Brown and her collaborators worked toward a shared vision.
Sculptor Nancy Graves designed the set for "Lateral Pass," (1985), which began Brown's Valiant cycle. It used a larger pad, bolder movement phrases to articulate Brown's evolving spatial aesthetics. This led to "Newark" (1987), with decor and a sound concept by Donald Judd. For "Astral Convertible" (1989) and "Foray Forêt" (1990), costumes and sets were once again made by Rauschenberg. "Astral Convertible", in particular, originally was commissioned by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., as part of a major Robert Rauschenberg exhibition in 1991 and presented on the museum's steps, overlooking the National Mall. Performances of "Foray Forêt" include local marching bands from the presenting city. "For M. G." (1991; "M.G." refers to Michel Guy, a former French minister of culture who died in 1990) is sculptural and kinetic, opening with a dancer running in figure-eight circles around the stage, slowing into loping motion down the center.
In "You Can See Us" (1996), she performed together with Mikhail Baryshnikov. A mirror duet drawn from a solo, "If You Couldn't See Me" (1994), in which Brown performed entirely with her back to the audience, it is performed to ten minutes of an electronic "sound score" on a bare stage.
In the 1990s she turned to choreographing classical music, creating "M.O." (1995) based on the Musical Offering by German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, and her first opera production, "L'Orfeo" (1998) by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. Brown found inspiration in jazz for "El Trilogy" (1998–2000), completed her second opera, "Luci mie traditrici" (composed by Salvatore Sciarrino) in 2001, and in 2002 choreographed the song cycle "Die Winterreise (Winter's Journey)" by Austrian composer Franz Schubert for Simon Keenlyside. Brown worked again with Laurie Anderson in 2004 on "O Zlozony/O Composite" for the Paris Opera Ballet. Among her well-known disciples are Diane Madden and Stephen Petronio, Brown's first male dancer in 1979. Brown choreographed her last piece in 2011.
Drawing.
Though Brown has long been known for her collaborations with artists, it is less known that she has also produced a substantial body of drawings. In recent years she has shown these drawings, including during a major multidisciplinary 2008 celebration of her work at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. In 2009, the Chelsea gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Company, which represents her husband, Burt Barr, presented her first solo exhibition in New York, featuring work dating to the 1970s.
Exhibitions.
In 2003, "Trisha Brown: Dance and Art in Dialogue 1961-2001", was organized by the Addison Gallery of American Art at Phillips Academy and the Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College; the exhibition later travelled to the Henry Art Gallery in 2004. In 2007, works of Brown's choreography and drawings were included in documenta 12. In 2008, the Walker Art Center presented "Trisha Brown: So That the Audience Does Not Know Whether I Have Stopped Dancing." In honor of her company's 40th anniversary season in 2010, the Whitney Museum of American Art hosted several performances as part of "Off the Wall: Part 2 — Seven Works by Trisha Brown".
In 2011, the Trisha Brown Dance Company took over the atrium of the Museum of Modern Art as part of a Performance Exhibition Series in conjunction with the survey "On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century". That same year, "Trisha Brown" was mounted at the Serralves Foundation, Porto.
Recognition.
In 1983, Brown received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Oberlin College. She has also received numerous honorary doctorates. She received a MacArthur Foundation grant in 1991, and served on the National Council on the Arts from 1994 to 1997.
Brown is an Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1988 she was named "Chevalier dans L'Ordre des Arts et Lettres" by the government of France. In January 2000 she was promoted to officier and in 2004, was again elevated; this time to the level of commandeur. Brown's "Set and Reset" is included in the baccalaureate curriculum for French students pursuing dance studies.
Brown was a 1994 recipient of the Samuel H. Scripps American Dance Festival Award, and she was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2002, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts, and in 2005 she won the Prix Benois de la Danse for lifetime achievement.
As part of the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative in 2010-11, Brown selected Australian dancer and choreographer Lee Serle as her protégé.
In 2011, Brown won the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, an award worth about $300,000 that was named after the silent film actresses, and the Bessie Award for lifetime achievement.
In 2012 Brown was the recipient of a United States Artists Fellow award. She also received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Robert Rauschenberg Award in 2013.
Death.
Trisha Brown died on March 18, 2017, in San Antonio, Texas, after a lengthy illness. She is survived by her son, Adam Brown, his wife Erin, her four grandchildren – and by her brother Gordon Brown and sister Louisa Brown. Trisha Brown's husband, artist Burt Barr, died on November 7, 2016.
Works.
Brown's works include:
References.
Notes
Bibliography


William A. Christian

William Armistead Christian Jr. (born 1944) is an American religious historian and independent scholar. He was the J.E. and Lillian Byrne Tipton Distinguished Visiting Professor in Religious Studies at University of California, Santa Barbara. Christian is a graduate of the University of Michigan (PhD 1971).


Adam J. Matzger

Adam J. Matzger, a researcher in polymers and crystals, is the Charles G. Overberger Collegiate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Michigan, and an Associate Editor for the American Chemical Society's journal "Crystal Growth and Design".
Biography.
Matzger is a native of Piedmont, California but moved to Ohio to complete his undergraduate career at Oberlin College, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Chemistry in 1992. From there he moved back to California for his graduate work at the University of California at Berkeley where he studied under Professor Peter C. Vollhardt. In 1997 he earned his Ph. D. degree with a thesis titled "Synthetic, Theoretical, and Structural Studies on Dehydrobenzoannulenes and Phenylenes."
He then was a Postdoctoral Researcher at California Institute of Technology (co-mentored by Robert H. Grubbs and Nathan S. Lewis) until 2000 when he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry and of Macromolecular Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan. In 2006 he became an Associate Professor and finally a full Professor in 2009; in 2013 he was appointed as the Charles G. Overberger Collegiate Professor of Chemistry. His group researches a range of topics in organic materials, specifically porous materials, polymorphism and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). He is also leading a Multi-University Research Initiative (MURI), funded by the US Army, for improving material properties through cocrystallization.
Scientific career.
While traditionally polymorphs are discovered or selectively made through manipulation of growth conditions, such as temperature or solvent, Matzger's group has instead found the ability to control polymorphs by employing different polymers to induce heteronucleation. He first showed this ability with the control over the monoclinic and orthorhombic forms of acetaminophen, a widely used pharmaceutical. This is the only polymorph discovery technique invented in the last 100 years to substantially increase the range of polymorphs accessible;
Matzger has pioneered the use of cocrystallization for development of energetic materials. His group has made numerous cocrystals with increased power and decreased sensitivity. Among these are a 2:1 cocrystal of CL-20:HMX and a 1:1 CL20:TNT(2,4,6-trinitro-toluene). CL-20(2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaiso-wurtzitane) is a powerful explosive that is too sensitive to be viable in military use and HMX(1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane) is a standard military explosive. Previous to his work, only aromatic energetic materials were able to form cocrystals because of their ability to pi-stack. Cocrystals that his group have formed are realized through CH hydrogen bonding with the oxygen atoms from the nitro groups, thus opening cocrystallization to the more powerful non-aromatic energetics.
His group uses scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the spontaneous self-assembly of physisorbed monolayers at atmospheric conditions, two-dimensional crystallization. From this they have created a two-dimensional structural database (2DSD) which has helped unify the view of interfacial self-assembly making it possible to draw comparisons to bulk crystals. This allows the investigation of the differences that arise due to the presence of an interface or reduced dimensionality.
His lab synthesized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high surface areas. Through a collaboration with Michael O'Keeffe and Omar M. Yaghi, they developed MOF-177, or Zn4O(1,3,5-benzenetribenzonate)2, which has a very large surface area, 4,500 m2g−1 and extra large pores which allow the binding of large guest molecules, such as polycyclic organic molecules, the combination of which was not possible in a single material prior to this. Developments from this have included the introduction of coordination copolymerization for producing high surface area materials from simple feedstocks.


Manana Matiashvili

Manana Matiashvili (; ; born 30 November 1978) is a Georgian poet, translator, journalist, PhD in Philology.
Biography.
Manana Matiashvili was born in Rustavi, Georgia. She graduated from Tbilisi State University in 2002 with a master's degree in the field of Translation and Literary Relations; In 2003–2006 she was a post-graduate student at the faculty of philology and in April 2006 she got PhD for her thesis 'Translator's techniques in Georgian translations by Zviad Ratiani of T. S. Eliot's poems'.
Now a lecturer of Translation Theory and Practice at Caucasus University.
In 2010 was awarded Vakhushti Kotetishvili prize for young translators of poetry, also the 3rd place in the competition held by Roustaveli State Theatre together with Tumanishvili fund for revealing the best Georgian translation of foreign plays.
Manana Matiashvili lives in Tbilisi. She has the husband and three daughters.


Simple learning design 2.0

Simple Learning Design 2.0 (SLD 2.0) is a learning design specification proposed by Durand and Downes from the National Research Council of Canada in 2009.
SLD 2.0 is designed to be easily implemented by developers in a commercial e-learning application.
The intent behind SLD 2.0 was to propose a specification with a good balance between its expressivity and the simplicity of its implementation; all features that might have been deemed too complex to implement were systematically avoided."
SLD 2.0 can be used as an add-on to IMS Common Cartridge, respecting and reusing the features of IMS-CC.
To implement the specification an XML schema is available online (here) and explained in the XML Binding Document.


Price Pritchett

Price Pritchett is a business advisor, speaker, and author specializing in mergers, culture, and organizational change.
Biography.
Pritchett was born December 14, 1941, near Glenwood, Arkansas.
In 1974, Pritchett founded the Pritchett & Associates (now Pritchett LP) in Dallas, Texas. It was reportedly the first firm in the United States to specialize in merger integration strategy. Pritchett has written books on corporate mergers, large scale change, leadership, culture as well as personal and organizational performance.
Books.
Mergers & Acquisitions
Change Management
Culture
Individual Performance
Leadership


Bernhard Korte

Bernhard H. Korte (born November 3, 1938 in Bottrop, Germany) is a German mathematician and computer scientist, a professor at the University of Bonn, and an expert in combinatorial optimization.
Biography.
Korte earned his doctorate (Doctor rerum naturalium) from the University of Bonn in 1967. His thesis was entitled "Beiträge zur Theorie der Hardy'schen Funktionenklassen" (translated, "Contributions to the theory of Hardy function classes"), and was supervised by Ernst Peschl and Walter Thimm. He earned his habilitation in 1971, and briefly held faculty positions at Regensburg University and Bielefeld University before joining the University of Bonn as a faculty member in 1972. At the University of Bonn, Korte is the director of the Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics.
Korte has been a guest professor at Stanford, Cornell, the University of Waterloo, MIT, Yale and Rutgers University, along with institutions in Rome, Pisa, Barcelona and Rio de Janeiro.
Awards and honors.
In 1997, Korte received the State Prize of Nordrhein-Westfalen, and in 2002 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He is also a winner of the Humboldt Prize and a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.


Evan Rosen

Evan Rosen is an American author, speaker, business strategist, blogger, and journalist. He is Executive Director of The Culture of Collaboration Institute and Chief Strategist of Impact Video Communication, Inc., which he co-founded.
Rosen is the author of The Culture of Collaboration series of books. The first book in the series is "The Culture of Collaboration" (, ), a Gold Medal Winner in the Axiom Business Book Awards. The second book in the series is "The Bounty Effect": 7 Steps to The Culture of Collaboration" ().
"The Culture of Collaboration" shows how collaboration creates business value and demonstrates how collaborative culture is changing business models and the nature of work. Terms Rosen coins in the book include "mirror zones" and the "Ten Cultural Elements of Collaboration". Companies used as examples in the book include Boeing, Toyota, The Dow Chemical Company, Procter & Gamble, BMW, Mayo Clinic, Myelin Repair Foundation, Industrial Light & Magic and DreamWorks Animation.
"The Bounty Effect: 7 Steps to The Culture of Collaboration" provides a framework for replacing obsolete Industrial Age organizational structures based on command-and-control with collaborative organizational structures designed for the Information Age. The book gets its name from the mutiny that occurred on the H.M.S. Bounty in 1789. Rosen uses the mutiny to illustrate how exigent circumstances compel companies, governments and organizations to change their structures from command-and-control to collaborative. The book includes a back-cover quote from Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple.
Rosen is also the author of "Personal Videoconferencing" (Manning/Prentice Hall, 1996, ), the first book on PC-based videoconferencing. In the book, he coined the word "collabicate", which means to collaborate and communicate.
Rosen’s work has been featured in "The Wall Street Journal", "Investor's Business Daily", "Bloomberg BusinessWeek", "The Washington Post", "MIT Technology Review", "CIO Magazine", "IndustryWeek", "NetworkWorld", "InformationWeek", "Workforce", "The Washington Times", "Executive Travel", "Talent Management", "Computerworld Canada", "Leader to Leader", "CableWorld", "Communication World", "Sales and Marketing Management", "InfoWorld Netherlands", "TechWorld United Kingdom", "Exame Magazine of Brazil", and he has appeared on CNN, CBS News, CNBC's "Collaboration Now" primetime special and on numerous local television and radio broadcasts. Rosen is a columnist for "Bloomberg BusinessWeek".com and he also writes The Culture of Collaboration® blog.
Rosen spent his early career reporting on Silicon Valley and the automobile industry for television stations. He has held news positions at KICU-TV in San Jose, WTOL-TV in Toledo, WABC-TV in New York, WXYZ-TV in Detroit, KODE-TV in Joplin, Missouri, and WCBN-FM in Ann Arbor.
He holds a B.A. in history from the University of Michigan -Ann Arbor where he was news director and a member of the board of directors of the Campus Broadcasting Network. He is also a graduate of Horace Mann School in New York City where he was executive editor of "The Record".


Milken Community Schools

Milken Community Schools, colloquially Milken, is a private Jewish high school and middle school. It is located on Mulholland Drive in the Bel-Air area of Los Angeles, California. It is one of the largest Jewish day schools in the United States. Long affiliated with Stephen S. Wise Temple, a Reform congregation, the school is officially non-denominational, and became independent from the temple in July 2012. Despite the separation, Milken Community Schools continues to be the school in which many Stephen S. Wise students are enrolled.
In 1998 it was the largest non-Orthodox Jewish high school in the United States. As of 1994 it was the only Reform Jewish high school in the United States and was a part of the only K-12 Jewish education program west of Chicago that was not a part of Orthodox Judaism.
History.
The school began in Van Nuys in 1984 as the Golda Meir School, and was later renamed the Einstein Academy. When the school became affiliated with Stephen S. Wise Temple, it was renamed Stephen S. Wise High School. After a large donation from Lowell and Michael Milken's Milken Family Foundation the school, then reported to be the "largest non-Orthodox Jewish high school in the country", was named Milken Community High School. At the beginning of the 2013–2014 school year, the school was renamed to Milken Community Schools, with the intention of creating a name that encompassed both the middle school and the high school.
The Upper School was held in temporary trailers, on the lot where the new Middle School now stands, from 1994 to 1998 until the current Upper School campus was opened in 1998. This campus had a cost of $30 million. Until the Middle School campus was completed in 2009, the Middle School occupied temporary trailers on the parking lot of the Bel Air Presbyterian Church from 1981 to 2008.
The Middle School and Upper School have historically had the same name, yet after the completion of the new Middle School campus in 2009, the Middle School was officially renamed the David and Hillevi Saperstein Middle School of Milken Community High School after a subsequent donation from David and Hillevi Saperstein, while the Upper School remained the Milken Community High School.
On March 25, 2011, Milken Community High School and Stephen S. Wise Temple announced that the school would become independent from the temple, effective July 1, 2012.
The Guerin Family Institute for Advanced Sciences, which opened in the fall of 2016, houses the Los Angeles areas only MIT-Inspired Fab Lab, joining a global network of Fab Labs spanning the world; a CAD lab; an Engineering Lab; and an International Classroom to connect students globally. Students have access to state-of-the-art equipment and complex professional grade industrial tools to help fabricate their ideas into reality.
Judaism.
All students were required to take four years of Hebrew, of which 18 different levels are offered; but as of the beginning of the 2018 school year, the new administration dropped this requirement. Four years of Jewish studies are still required, and are offered at college-preparatory, honors, and high honors levels (9th-Jewish Law, 10th-Chumash, 11th-Jewish Law, 12th-Jewish Thought). Spiritual Practice takes place once a week, with varied options such as traditional-egalitarian minyan, yoga, meditation, doubters' minyan, and others. An optional daily morning minyan is also offered. Through the Advanced Jewish Studies Center (AJSC), numerous Judaic electives are offered, including comparative religion, intensive Talmud study, comparative film, and others. The Kivun program, in which guest speakers lecture students on topics relating to Judaism, is offered most Fridays during 2.Oneg.
Tiferet Israel Fellowship.
In partnership with the Alexander Muss Institute for Israel Education (AMIIE), MCHS offers an opportunity for students to learn and live in Israel for the Spring semester of the 10th grade. Through a full academic program, schedule of tiyyulim (field study and trips), personalized Chuggim (individualized activities) and partnership with Israeli teens, Tiferet Israel Fellows learn inside and outside of the classroom and build relationships with the land and people of Israel. The semester abroad is followed by two years of additional programming. The junior year focuses on public presentation skills, training fellows how to best advocate for the State of Israel. The senior year concludes with an intensive seminar based at the Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, examining Israeli cultural and political issues.
Extracurricular activities.
The FIRST Robotics Competition team, The MilkenKnights, was a finalist at the Los Angeles Regional in 2012 and the Orange County Regional in 2016. They have won several awards including two Dean's List Finalist Awards (Nathan Schloss in 2010 and Jared Hasen-Klein in 2017). In 2010, the team became one of the first American robotics teams to compete in the Israeli FIRST robotics regional.
The school has won at least one Pete Conrad Spirit of Innovation Award for every year that the competition has been running.
Sports.
The track team, after expanding to over 60 team members in 2008, won the league champions for the third consecutive year. The Milken basketball team has 10 league championships and one CIF SS Championship.
In fall 2011, after the previous year held an undefeated season and championship for the Wildcats' flag football team, Milken began to play tackle football in the Heritage League. They play their games on Thursday nights instead of the traditional Friday night because the latter is the Jewish Sabbath.


Bieria language

Bieria, or Vovo (Wowo), is an Oceanic language spoken on Epi Island, in Vanuatu.


Kenneth C. Catania

Kenneth C. Catania (born 1965) is a biologist and neuroscientist teaching and conducting research at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. As an undergraduate, Catania worked as a research assistant at the National Zoo in Washington D.C. while attending the University of Maryland, College Park. In 1989, he received a BS in zoology from the University of Maryland. He received a master's degree (1992) and Ph.D. (1994) in neurosciences from the University of California, San Diego, working with Glenn Northcutt. He did his post-doctoral work with Jon Kaas at Vanderbilt University before joining the Vanderbilt Biological Sciences faculty in 2000 where he is currently a Stevenson Professor of Biological Sciences.
He studies animal sensory systems, brain organization, and behavior in diverse species including star-nosed moles, water shrews, naked mole-rats, alligators and crocodiles, snakes, earthworms, and electric eels. His studies often focus on predators that have evolved special senses and weapons to find and overcome elusive prey and he is considered an expert in extreme animal behaviors. He studies specialized species because they can reveal general principles about brain organization and sensory systems. But he also believes "there is unappreciated beauty and elegance in the behaviors and diverse forms of these extraordinary animals".
Catania was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2006 and in 2013 he received the Pradel Research Award in Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences for "highly imaginative investigations of the neural basis of sensory behavior in model organisms" and "discoveries of fundamental principles of behavior, sensory processing, and brain organization".
In addition to his scientific publications, his work has also been featured in magazines such as Scientific American, Natural History Magazine, and The Scientist. His discovery of a "mechanism similar to a taser" in an electric eel by absorbing the shock through his fingertips was widely covered in the popular press.
Notable awards.
2014 Guggenheim Fellowship
2013 Pradel Award in Neuroscience, National Academy of Sciences
2006 MacArthur Award
2005 C. J. Herrick Award in Neuroanatomy
2003 National Science Foundation Career Award
2001 Searle Scholar Award
1998 Capranica Foundation Award in Neuroethology


SkyDSL

skyDSL is a Europe-wide service offered by skyDSL Global GmbH that offers internet access via satellite. skyDSL is available throughout Europe and reaches all regions not covered by regular DSL.
skyDSL operates its service by running the downstream and upstream connection transmitting to and receiving from satellites. SkyDSL 2 offers a 100% satellite solution for those lacking phone lines, a common problem in many communities.
A major speed factor in this type of internet connection is statistical contention between users for access to the satellite channel. Satellite bandwidth is shared by all users. During a download, the transmission rate can be expected to fluctuate as other users sign on and off and vary their rates of download.


Jeffrey Brenner

Jeffrey Brenner is a primary care physician. He is the founder of the Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers, and was its executive director from 2006-2017. The Camden Coalition provides preventive care to high-risk patients in order to reduce healthcare costs. This practice is known as "hotspotting". The program, which began in Camden, has since expanded to ten cities, including Allentown, Aurora, Kansas City and San Diego.
Brenner won a MacArthur Award in 2013. He left his role as executive director of the Camden Coalition in 2017 to join UnitedHealthcare as Senior Vice President of Integrated Health and Social Services.
Dr. Brenner and his notable discovery of medical hotspots in impoverished communities in Camden, New Jersey was featured in an episode of PBS Frontline called "The Pot Republic" in episode 12 of the 2011 season.


William Larson

William Larson (October 14, 1942 - April 4, 2019) is an American photographer who has influenced the photographic world with conceptual pieces that examine the role of technology in art.
Life.
Larson completed his masters from the prestigious Institute of Design in Chicago in 1968, where he studied under Harry Callahan and Aaron Siskind. Although he began his career half a century ago, he has never stopped analyzing and experimenting with the medium of photography.
His first exploration dealt primarily with the issues of time, continuity, and movement. Larson was one of the first to create slit-scan photographs (see strip photography), made using medium format film and a special motorized camera. With these stretched-out images, Larson managed to portray the fluid feeling of moving cinema within a still photograph. At the same time, he displayed his incredible technical expertise. In his next step, Larson questioned the inherently “visual” aspect of image-making. Fascinated by the way a fax machine could convert a photograph using audio code, he used this new technological device to create works of art. Through the last few decades, Larson has delved into the moving image, investigating film projectors and toying with notions of video art. He has shown at Gallery 339, in Philadelphia, and is represented by Gitterman Gallery, in New York.
Larson’s continuing innovation in the field of photography has earned him many honors in the art community. His works can be found in many significant collections such as the George Eastman Museum, the Center for Creative Photography and the National Gallery of Australia, and in smaller quantities at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Born in North Tonawanda, NY, Larson lived and worked out of Philadelphia, PA.
Awards.
He has received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1982), a Pew Fellowships in the Arts (2001), several fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (1995, 1994, 1992, 1971, 1979, 1986), two Pennsylvania Council on the Arts Fellowships (1988, 1983), an Aaron Siskind Foundation Fellowship (1993), and two grants from the Polaroid Corporation (1979).


Gabriel Martinez (artist)

Gabriel Martinez (born 1967 in Miami, Florida) is a Cuban-American interdisciplinary artist based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, working mostly in photography, sculpture, installation and performance.
Martinez graduated from the University of Florida in 1989 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Photography. He continued his education at the Tyler School of Art, Temple University, earning his Master of Fine Arts in Photography in 1991. Martinez attended the Skowhegan School of Sculpture and Painting in 2003. Martinez was a Pew Fellowship in the Arts recipient in 2001 and was a Joan Mitchell Foundation Fellowship recipient in 2003. He has received two Individual Artists Grants from the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts. Martinez has been an artist-in-residence at both the Fabric Workshop and Museum and at the Rosenbach Museum and Library, both in Philadelphia.
Martinez's work over the last seventeen years has most often been focused upon the male body. Early on, Martinez used his own naked body in both photography and performance-based works. His work from about 1997 to present has in many ways embodied the homosexual male gaze upon the heterosexual male body. The work typically evokes tension and apprehension.
His best-known body of work perhaps is "Self Portraits by Heterosexual Men." In 1998, Martinez created ambrotypes from 'self-portraits' recorded on 35mm film by one hundred, presumably straight men who took the shots at the point of manually, self-induced ecstasy (with the assistance of a cable release). In 2007, Martinez revisited this project arming the performers with a digital camera and a remote controlled shutter release with multi-exposure capabilities. This allowed the men to snap several photos during the time of expulsion and gave Martinez the ability to select the most expressive image for the individual giving insight on the location and objects the performer kept around at the time of the act. The project was composed of one hundred 20" x 30" framed c-prints.
Martinez held the position of Director of Graduate Photography Studies from 2004 to 2007 at the University of Pennsylvania and is currently the Coordinator of Undergraduate Photography at University of Pennsylvania.
Martinez work has been exhibited extensively: the Philadelphia Museum of Art (2006); Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, Miami, FL (2004); Philadelphia Art Alliance (2003); Nexus Gallery, Philadelphia (1998, 1995); White Columns, New York, NY (1995). Over seventy group exhibitions since 1989, including Exit Art, NY (2006, 2005); Art Mur Gallery, Montreal, Canada (2005); Gallery Muu, Helsinki, Finland (2004); Athens Institute for Contemporary Art, Athens, GA (2004); Miami Art Central, Miami, FL (2004); Goliath Visual Space, Brooklyn, NY (2004); Samson Projects, Boston (2004); Thread Waxing Space, New York, NY (2000); Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (2000); Fabric Workshop & Museum, Philadelphia, PA (1998); Philadelphia Museum of Art (1998, 1997); Franklin Furnace, New York (1997); Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia (1996); Centro Cultural Ricardo Rojas, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1995); ABC No Rio, New York (1992).


Craig Hogan

Craig Hogan is a Professor of Astronomy and Physics at the University of Chicago and he is the director of the Fermilab Center for Particle Astrophysics.
He is known for his theory of "holographic noise", which holds that holographic principle may imply quantum fluctuations in spatial position that would lead to apparent background noise or holographic noise measurable at gravitational wave detectors, in particular GEO 600.
He attended Palos Verdes High School. Hogan earned in 1976 his B.A. in astronomy, with highest honors, from Harvard University, and his Ph.D. in astronomy from King's College at the University of Cambridge, England in 1980.
He was an Enrico Fermi Fellow at the University of Chicago from 1980 to 1981, a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Cambridge the years 1981 to 1982 and a Bantrell Prize Fellow in Theoretical Astrophysics at the California Institute of Technology from 1982 to 1985.
He was a member of the international High-z Supernova Search Team which co-discovered dark energy in 1998.
He won the Alexander von Humboldt Research Award and an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship. He is the author of "The Little Book of the Big Bang" published in 1998 by Springer-Verlag, which was translated into six languages.
Awards.
Also, the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Hogan's colleagues Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess, from the High-z Supernova Search Team for the work done by that collaboration.


Clive Bradley (screenwriter)

Clive Bradley (born 1959) is a British screenwriter who has written for film and television. After graduating from the National Film and Television School, he was one of the winners of the first Orange Prize for Screenwriting in 1999.
Career.
Bradley's first work for television was the episode "Force of Nature" for ITV’s "The Vice" in 2001, a series for which he contributed two more episodes (2002-2003).
He has worked closely with Touchpaper Television, writing the three-part "Last Rights" (Channel Four Education 2004), "A Harlot's Progress" (Channel Four 2006), and the series "City of Vice" (Channel Four 2007), for which he was the lead writer; he and Peter Harness were nominated for a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for the series.
"That Summer Day" (Children’s BBC 2006) won the BAFTA Award for Best Children’s Drama (2007).
"WΔZ", directed by Tom Shankland, was released in 2008.
His two-part episode of the Irish police drama, "Single-handed", was broadcast on RTÉ in Ireland in December 2010, and on ITV in the UK in 2011. He teaches at the National Film and Television School.
In 2016 he won the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award for "Best Long Form TV Drama" for co-writing the first series of the Icelandic TV series "Trapped". (in Icelandic: "Ófærð"). He also wrote the second series, filmed in 2017.
Politics.
Bradley is a socialist and has been involved with the Alliance for Workers' Liberty and its predecessors since the 1980s.


Ringing tone

Ringing tone (audible ringing, also ringback tone) is a signaling tone in telecommunication that is heard by the originator of a telephone call while the destination terminal is alerting the receiving party. Audible ringing is typically a repeated tone that is not necessarily synchronous with the cadence of the power ringing signal that is sent to the called party.
Audible ringing is usually generated in the switching system closest to the calling party, especially when under the control of strict implementations of Signalling System No. 7 and the Customized Application of Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) signaling system. It may also be generated in the distant switch, transmitted in-band, so that in analog networks the caller could monitor the quality of the voice path of the connection before the call is established. Remote call progress indication permits customized tones or voice announcements by a distant switch in place of the ringing tone.
The ringing tone is often also called "ringback tone". However, in formal telecommunication specifications that originate in the Bell System in North America, ringback has a different definition. It is a signal used to recall either an operator or a customer at the originating end of an established telephone call. It is also needed for coin-telephone lines to ring the telephone when the customer has hung up prematurely, for example to collect required overtime charges.
National characteristics.
Europe.
Many European countries use tones which follow the recommendation of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Almost all of these tones are 425 Hz; France uses 440 Hz. Typically, the pattern is 1 second of tone followed by 3 to 5 seconds of silence.
Japan.
In Japan, the standard audible ringing tone is a repeating 1-second tone with a 2-second pause between. The tone has a frequency of 400 ± 20 Hz, and the amplitude modulation is 15 to 20Hz.
North America.
In North America (excluding Mexico, Central America and parts of the Caribbean), the standard audible ringing tone is a repeated cadence of a two-second tone and four seconds of silence. The signal is composed of the frequencies and .
United Kingdom, Ireland, Commonwealth nations.
In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and many Commonwealth nations, it is a double ring. For most countries, it consists of a 0.4-second pulse, a 0.2-second pause, a 0.4-second pulse, and a 2-second pause. In all cases except Australia, the pulse is made by mixing a 400 Hz and 450 Hz sine wave; Australia uses up to three different combinations of frequencies. The example shown is created by mixing 400, 425, and 450 Hz sine waves.
India.
In India, the ringing tone is called "caller ringback tone" (CRBT), which varies with different network operators.
Personalized ringing tones.
Some telecommunication carriers have offered a service called of "ringback tones", which play a song of the subscriber's choice in lieu of the standard ringing tone.
Patents for personalized ringing tone delivery systems were first filed in Korea by Kang-seok Kim (10-1999-0005344) in October 1999 and in the United States by Mark Gregorek "et al." (U.S. patent 5,321,740), and Neil Sleevi (U.S. patent 4,811,382). The first functional ringing tone replacement system was invented by Karl Seelig (U.S. patents 7,006,608 and 7,227,929). In 2001, Seelig's prototype was described in the Orange County Register and the Economist Magazine. Onmobile Global Ltd. India filed a patent entitled "Method and system for customizing ringing tone in an inter-operator telecommunication system" on Nov, 18 2010.
The first US national carrier offering this service was Verizon Wireless in 2004. Because of low sales, AT&T stopped offering ringback tones in 2014.
Ringback music.
Also known as caller tunes in some countries, such as India, ringback music is a service offered by mobile network operators to permit subscribers to select music or even install personalized recorded sounds for audible ringing.
Ringback advertising.
Ringback tone advertising (AdRBT) was introduced using a range of models in several commercial markets in 2008. In America, Ring Plus offered the first interactive advertisement platform. In Turkey, 4play Digital Workshop launched 'TonlaKazaan' AdRBT with Turkcell, and Xipto AdRBT launched in the United States with Cincinnati Bell wireless; OnMobile launched an Ad-supported Music RBT program in India with Vodafone. 4Play Digital workshop accumulated several hundred thousand users of their service in the first few months of commercial deployment, and received an innovation award in February 2009 at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. AdRBT typically rewards the caller or the called party with discounted Music RBT service, free minutes, cash, or other rewards in return for accepting advertising messages integrated with Music Ringback, or for selecting advertisements instead of music as a personalized advertising ringback.
In May 2011, Adfortel started the first ad-sponsored calling service in Austria with Orange, with users hearing a targeted advertisement instead of the regular waiting ring tone.
A Juniper Research report released in January 2011 predicts that ringback tone advertising will reach $780 million annually by 2015.
Interactive reverse ringing tone.
Interactive reverse ringback tones (IRRBT) are the same as normal ringback tones but have interactive functionalities and are targeted to the person who configures the tone. IRRBTs are heard on the telephone line by the caller who sets the IRRBT while the phone they are calling is ringing.
Unlike the RBT, the IRRBT is often generated in the nearest switch and transmitted in-band, so the IRRBT will take precedence if both are configured.
Social network ringback tones provide interactive social network content to subscribers. Mixcess is the first platform (social network) using IRRBTs in the United States. The IRRBT was developed by Ring Plus, Inc. (U.S. Patent No. 7,227,929 invented by Karl Seelig, et al.). The IRRBT can be used to share videos, music and messages from friends.


Automatic ring back

Automatic ring back is a service offered by phone companies.
On making a telephone call to a number that is engaged, automatic ring back is a service provided by the telephone company whereby, when the called number becomes available, the caller is rung back, usually with a distinctive "ring back" ring. When the phone is picked up, it calls the previously engaged number. The service is typically invoked by keying a number on hearing the engaged tone.
In the UK the service is also known as Ringback.
In the United States the service is often called Auto Redial.
In the United States Army on post wide communications networks, this is referred to as Callback or Automatic Callback.


Robert V. Decareau

Robert Vincent Decareau (May 26, 1926 – January 18, 2009) was an American food scientist who was involved in the development of microwave applications in food technology, specifically technology that would lead to the development of the microwave oven. He also served in the United States Navy during World War II and in the United States Army during the Korean War. Decareau also was charter member of Phi Tau Sigma while pursuing his Ph.D. at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Early life.
Decareau was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, but lived in the Arlington and Burlington areas. After graduating in 1943, he enlisted in the US Navy, serving aboard the USS "Randolph" aircraft carrier as an anti-aircraft gunner. While aboard the "Randolph", Decareau survived two kamikaze attacks in early 1945.
Return home and back to service.
After World War II, Decareau returned to Massachusetts, enrolling at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. There, he earned two degrees in chemistry with his Bachelor's degree in 1949 and his Master's degree in 1951. After earning his master's degree, Decareau was commissioned as a First Lieutenant in the US Army during the Korean War, though he was stationed in Linz, Austria. While in Austria, Decareau met his wife; he would be married to the former Rosa Kaiser until his death.
Back to school and Phi Tau Sigma.
After his discharge from the US Army, Decareau returned to the University of Massachusetts Amherst to pursue his Ph.D in chemistry. Decareau also became a charter member of Phi Tau Sigma.
Industrial career.
After earning his Ph.D in 1955, Decareau worked for Raytheon in Allston on microwave technology that would lead to the development of the microwave oven. Decareau's wife, Rosa, commented that a lot of work on the microwave oven was done at their home. Then at Lipton, he was involved in freeze drying. In the 1960s, Decareau moved to Palo Alto, California to work with Litton Industries. While at Litton, he developed microwave ovens that would be the foundation of commercial versions. Decareau moved back to Natick, Massachusetts later in his career to work in research and development at the United States Army Soldier Systems Center to develop food processing techniques for military and space exploration applications. His work would earn him Fellowship of the Institute of Food Technologists in 1994. During his career, Decareau was one of the first people to refer to himself as a food scientist.
Microwave consulting and support.
Decareau authored nine books on microwave power, including "Microwave Processing and Engineering" and "Microwaves in the Food Processing Industry". A founder of the International Microwave Power Institute (IMPI), he also served as editor of the "Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy". Decareau also received a fellowship from IMPI. His colleagues at Natick would refer to him as "Mr. Microwave" for his numerous research studies in the field.
Personal life.
Decareau and Rosa had four daughters, two sons, seven grandchildren, one great-grandson, a niece, and a nephew. He was involved in his church in Milford, New Hampshire and enjoyed classical music, chess, and the Boston Red Sox. Decareau died in Nashua, New Hampshire of Alzheimers after fighting the disease for 17 years. The memorial service was held on January 22, 2009 in Milford.


William H. Janeway

William Hall "Bill" Janeway (born May 3, 1943) is an American venture capitalist and economist. His work on the innovation economy emphasizes the strategic role played by the state and by financial speculators—sources of investment unconcerned with economic value—in overcoming fundamental uncertainty and driving the development and deployment of transformational technologies.
Early life and academic career.
Bill Janeway was born on May 3, 1943 in Manhattan, the second son of Elizabeth Janeway, author and critic, and Eliot Janeway, political economy columnist. He attended Trinity School in New York, from which he graduated as valedictorian of the class of 1961, and Princeton University, from which he graduated as valedictorian of the class of 1965. He received a Marshall Scholarship to the University of Cambridge, where he matriculated at Pembroke College and received a Ph.D. in economics in 1971. His doctoral thesis on "The Economic Policies of the Labour Government of 1929-1931" was supervised by Professor Lord Kahn.
Investment career.
Investment banking:
In 1970, Janeway joined F. Eberstadt & Co., Inc., the investment-banking firm that was founded by Ferdinand Eberstadt. In 1979, he became director of corporate finance. In 1985, F. Eberstadt was acquired by Robert Fleming & Co., the London merchant bank and investment management firm. Janeway served as director of corporate finance of the resulting American subsidiary, Eberstadt Fleming & Co., Inc., until 1988.
Venture capital:
Janeway joined Warburg Pincus, the private equity firm, in 1988 as head of its high technology investment team. The firm’s high-tech investments through the 1990s centered on information and communications technology, and, after 1991, increasingly focused on enterprise software.
In 1992, the firm funded the launch of OpenVision Technologies, which subsequently merged with VERITAS Software in 1996. In 1999, Warburg Pincus also was the founder and sole investor in BEA Systems. Warburg Pincus eventually distributed its positions in both companies to its limited partners, realizing total returns of $750 million in VERITAS shares and $6.5 billion in BEA shares on investments in each of approximately $50 million.
In 2006, Janeway retired as a Vice Chairman of Warburg Pincus. He remains a Special Limited Partner.
Recent research.
In collaboration with Professor Michael McKenzie of the University of Sydney, Janeway conducted research on venture capital returns.
He served as a teaching visitor at Princeton University’s economics department in 2012.
Work on innovation.
Janeway re-engaged with academic economics through a friendship with Hyman Minsky that began in the mid-1980s. Janeway’s article, "Doing Capitalism: Notes on the Practice of Venture Capitalism," presented at the annual meeting of The Association for Evolutionary Economics in December 1985, was written at Minsky’s behest.
Current positions.
William H. Janeway is a Special Limited Partner of Warburg Pincus. He joined Warburg Pincus in 1988 and was responsible for building the information technology investment practice: leading investments included BEA Systems and VERITAS Software. Previously, he was executive vice president and director at Eberstadt Fleming. Dr. Janeway is a director of Magnet Systems and O'Reilly Media. He is an Affiliated Member of the Faculty of Economics at Cambridge University.
Dr. Janeway is a co-founder and member of the board of governors of the Institute for New Economic Thinking. He is a member of the board of directors of the Social Science Research Council and of the Advisory Board of the Princeton Bendheim Center for Finance. He is a member of the management committee of the Cambridge-INET Institute, University of Cambridge and a Member of the Board of Managers of the Cambridge Endowment for Research in Finance (CERF). He is a Member of the Board of Directors of the Fields Institute for Research in the Mathematical Sciences. He is the author of Doing Capitalism in the Innovation Economy: Reconfiguring the Three-Player Game between Markets, Speculators, and the State, the substantially revised and extended new edition of the book initially published by Cambridge University Press in November 2012.
Dr. Janeway received his doctorate in economics from Cambridge University where he was a Marshall Scholar. He was valedictorian of the class of 1965 at Princeton University.
Philanthropic work.
Janeway and his wife, Weslie Janeway, established the Cambridge Endowment for Research in Finance in 2001 and funded the annual Princeton-Cambridge Finance Seminars in 2004.
Personal life.
In 1985, Janeway married geneticist Weslie Resnick in a non-denominational ceremony in New York City.
Honors.
In September 2012, Janeway was granted the honorary honor of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to education in support of Cambridge University and to UK/US relations".
Janeway's book "Doing Capitalism" was included in Foreign Affairs' 2012 list "Best Books on Economic, Social, and Environmental Subjects", as well as the Financial Times' "Best books of 2012".
2017 Marshall Medal, Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission