Chevie Kehoe

Chevie O'Brien Kehoe (born January 29, 1973) is an American white supremacist and convicted murderer. He is serving three consecutive life sentences for the kidnapping, torture, and murder of William Mueller and his family. His accomplice, Daniel Lewis Lee, was sentenced to death for the murders, and was executed on July 14, 2020.
Early life and education.
Kehoe was born in Orange Park, Florida, United States. He was the oldest of eight sons born to Kirby and Gloria Kehoe, and was named after his father's favorite brand of automobile (Chevrolet). His father had served in the Navy during the Vietnam War. When Kehoe was an infant, his father moved the family to Madison County, North Carolina.
In 1985, Kirby moved the family again, this time to near Deep Lake in Stevens County, Washington. Kehoe entered Colville Junior High School as a ninth grader in 1987 where he was an honor student. Future serial killer Israel Keyes was a family friend. In 1988, his parents pulled him and his younger brother, Cheyne, out of public school, and from then on they were home-schooled.
Raised with increasingly extreme anti-government and white supremacist beliefs, Kehoe formed a plan to bring down the United States government with his self-styled "Aryan People's Republic" militia. Kehoe married Karena Gumm and the couple had three children. Kehoe took a second wife, Angie Settle (also known as Angie Murray) in 1993, but the relationship only lasted for 54 days.
Crimes.
In June 1995, Kehoe and an accomplice kidnapped and robbed Malcolm and Jill Friedman, a couple believed to be Jewish, who owned a store at which Kehoe was once employed.
Mueller family murders.
In January 1996, Kehoe and another accomplice, Daniel Lewis Lee, left the state of Washington and traveled to Arkansas. On January 11, 1996, they arrived at the home of William Frederick Mueller, a gun dealer who lived near Tilly, Arkansas, and who was in possession of a large collection of weapons, ammunition, and cash. Kehoe and his father had previously, in February 1995, robbed Mueller once already, and Kehoe expected to find valuable property at the house. Dressed in police raid clothing, the two men tried to enter the home of the Muellers, but they were not at home. When the Muellers returned, Lee and Kehoe overpowered and incapacitated Mueller and his wife, Nancy Ann Mueller (née Branch). They then questioned Nancy Mueller's 8-year-old daughter, Sarah Elizabeth Powell, about where they could find the cash, guns, and ammunition. After finding $50,000 in cash, guns, and ammunition, they shot each of the three victims with a stun gun, causing them to pass out. They then placed plastic bags over their heads, and sealed the bags with duct tape, suffocating them to death. There is some evidence that Lee was unwilling to kill Sarah, so Kehoe killed her. They took the victims in Kehoe's vehicle to the Illinois Bayou, where they taped rocks to them and threw each family member into the swamp. The bodies were discovered in Lake Dardanelle near Russellville, Arkansas in late June 1996.
Kehoe and his family took the stolen property to a motel in Spokane, Washington, by way of the Christian Identity community of Elohim City, Oklahoma.
William Mueller had put some of the stolen firearms into a Federal Firearms License registry as insurance against potential theft. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) used the ID numbers in the registry to trace the stolen firearms to several other men who confirmed they had purchased them in Spokane from Chevie Kehoe and his father Kirby.
1997 shootout.
On February 15, 1997, Kehoe and his brother Cheyne were involved in a shootout with an Ohio State Highway Patrol trooper, John Harold Harker and a Clinton County Sheriff's Office deputy, Robert Gates, in Wilmington, Ohio. The Highway Patrol trooper had stopped their vehicle, a blue Chevy Suburban, for driving too slowly and erratically on the road and found the license plate and registration had expired; the brothers also failed to produce any driver's licenses. Chevie, the driver, complied with the officer's orders to get out of the car but warned him against touching him when he tried to search him. The deputy noticed the trouble the state trooper was having with Chevie and stopped to help. As one of the officers called for a tow truck to impound the vehicle, Chevie suddenly began to dash back to the vehicle with the officers in pursuit. The officers had pinned Chevie to a patrol car and were trying to subdue him when Cheyne produced a handgun from his passenger seat and opened fire on the officers, allowing Chevie to jump back into the Suburban and escape. Cheyne himself fled into the nearby woods, where police searched unsuccessfully for him for the whole day. Later that day, Chevie was involved in a shootout in an electrical supply company parking lot with two Wilmington police officers, Ofc. Richard "Rick" Wood and Sgt. Robert "Bob" Martin. During the second shootout, a passer-by motorist, 56-year-old Frank Marsden, was hit in the shoulder. The two shootouts were recorded on both the trooper and the sergeant's dashboard camera in their patrol vehicle and was widely broadcast in the media at the time. Footage of the shootout was first aired in 1997 on FOX's "World's Scariest Police Shootouts". Since then it has been shown on television programs such as "Most Shocking", "Police In Pursuits", "World's Most Amazing Videos", and "Under Fire".
On the run and arrest.
After fleeing from police, Chevie and Cheyne Kehoe traveled secretly with their families through different states before settling in a ranch in Utah. They worked for the local ranch owner for a time, but disputes between the brothers over Chevie's extremist ideology grew bitter and eventually violent, and ultimately Cheyne left, taking his family with him. He subsequently surrendered to local police and directed them and the FBI back to the Utah ranch, where Chevie Kehoe was arrested on June 17, 1997.
In federal court Kehoe was charged with:
Kehoe denies the criminal accusations against him and has filed appeals. His appeals have been denied.
Sentencing.
On February 20, 1998, Kehoe pled guilty in Ohio state court to felonious assault, attempted murder, and carrying a concealed weapon related to a February 15, 1997, shootout in Wilmington, Ohio, with an Ohio State Highway Patrol Trooper and a Clinton County sheriff's deputy during a traffic stop resulting from expired tags on his 1977 Chevrolet Suburban.
In 1999, Kehoe was convicted in federal court for the January 1996 murders of gun dealer William Mueller, his wife Nancy Mueller, and her 8-year-old daughter, Sarah Powell. He received three sentences of life in prison without the possibility of parole. Kehoe's mother Gloria and his younger brother Cheyne served as prosecution witnesses and testified against him at the trial. However, they both kept the secret until he got caught. Cheyne Kehoe received a 24-year prison sentence for attempted murder and weapons possession due to his role in the Ohio shootout.
Kehoe was imprisoned at United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX in Fremont County, Colorado, under Federal Bureau of Prisons register number: #21300-009. In November 2019 he was transferred to United States Penitentiary, Florence High On December 18, 2020, Kehoe was transferred to United States Penitentiary, McCreary in Kentucky. As of April 2021, Kehoe is held at United States Penitentiary, Big Sandy in Inez.
Oklahoma City bombing.
Kehoe has been accused by his brother Cheyne and a Spokane motel manager of being involved in, or having prior knowledge of, the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995. Cheyne claimed to have knowledge of Chevie's involvement in the bombing shortly after he was sentenced for his role in the shootout. The manager of the Shadow motel in Spokane claimed to have seen Chevie with convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh at the motel four to six months prior to the bombing. The manager also claimed that on the morning of the bombing, Chevie showed up to the motel and asked him to put on CNN and became ecstatic when news of the bombing appeared. The manager also claimed that Chevie had told him in the days prior that something big would happen on April 19. Kehoe denied the allegations and the FBI found no evidence that McVeigh had ever travelled to Spokane.
Media.
The Discovery Channel's docudrama series "The FBI Files" reenacts the behavior of Chevie and Lee while also showing the forensic science used by the FBI to arrest them in season 2, episode 16, "Deadly Mission", originally aired: 2000.
The A&E criminal justice series "American Justice", profiled Chevie Kehoe's white supremacist motivations on season 10, episode 14, "Raised on Hate", originally aired: August 8, 2001.


George Rogers Clark National Historical Park

George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, located in Vincennes, Indiana, on the banks of the Wabash River at what is believed to be the site of Fort Sackville, is a United States National Historical Park. President Calvin Coolidge authorized a classical memorial and President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the completed structure in 1936.
On February 25, 1779, Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark, older brother of William Clark, led the capture of Fort Sackville and British Lt. Governor Henry Hamilton as part of the celebrated Illinois Campaign, which lasted from 1778 to 1779. The heroic march of Clark's men from Kaskaskia on the Mississippi River in mid-winter and the subsequent victory over the British remains one of the most memorable feats of the American Revolution.
In 1966, Indiana transferred the site to the National Park Service. Adjacent to the memorial is a visitor center which presents interpretive programs and displays. The center is situated on South 2nd Street in Vincennes. The site is located in the Vincennes Historic District.
History.
The memorial is placed at the believed site of Fort Sackville; no archeological evidence has shown the exact location, but it is undoubtedly within the park's boundaries. The episode being commemorated marked the finest moment in General George Rogers Clark's career. He was sent by the state of Virginia to protect its interest in the Old Northwest. His 1778-1779 campaign included the founding of Louisville, Kentucky and the capture of British forts in the lower Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Forces under Clark's command had captured Fort Sackville months before, but when notified that British forces under Henry Hamilton had retaken the fort, Clark led a desperate march to retake the fort again for the American cause, succeeding on February 25, 1779. This led to the newly formed United States claiming control of what would become the states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
As Vincennes grew in the 1800s, it overran the site of Fort Sackville and its boundaries were lost. In 1905, the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a stone marker on what they believed was the location of the fort. In 1929, local residents made a major effort to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Clark's campaign. The state of Indiana chose to build a memorial to General Clark's triumph in the 1930s, with the assistance of the United States government; the various funds amounted to $2.5 million. The memorial was designed by New York architect Frederic Charles Hirons and dedicated June 14, 1936, by President Franklin Roosevelt. Though the National Park Service in 1976 called the finished memorial the "last major Classical style memorial" constructed in the United States, the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt at the American Museum of Natural History by John Russell Pope was also completed in 1936, and Pope's Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. was completed 1939-1943, are of the same era.
Structures.
The memorial building is a circular granite structure surrounded by sixteen granite fluted Greek Doric columns in a peripteral colonnade, capped with a saucer dome of glass panels and resting on a stylobate. The north and east corners have restrooms and various maintenance rooms. Except for the maintenance rooms, these feature plastered walls and ceilings, marble wainscoting, and terrazzo flooring. Visitors enter the memorial by climbing thirty granite steps in the northwest corner. The basement is unfinished, with fluorescent lighting revealing a ceiling and walls of exposed concrete, and a dirt floor.
Other prominent features in the park include John Angel's granite statue of Francis Vigo, a monument overlooking the Wabash River erected in 1934 that honors the Italian-American merchant who assisted General Clark. The adjacent grounds of the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier hold a 1934 by Albin Polasek honoring Father Pierre Gibault, another figure in the Revolutionary War. Raoul Josset designed the Lincoln Memorial Bridge across the Wabash River to complement the memorial aesthetically. It includes relief carvings designed by a monument by Nellie Walker on the Illinois side of the bridge and celebrates the migration of Abraham Lincoln. A concrete floodwall that protects the memorial and Vincennes from Wabash flooding is also designed in a complementary Classical style. The grounds also hold a memorial to the soldiers from Knox County who served in World War I, a marker denoting where Clark's headquarters probably stood during his siege of Fort Sackville, and the original Daughters of the American Revolution memorial, which has moved several times due to construction of the main memorial.
Murals.
Muralist Ezra Winter executed a series of seven murals for the building.
Purpose and significance.
The park was authorized by the Act of July 23, 1966 (PL 89-517). This law (Appendix A) contains three provisions. The first authorized the Secretary of the Interior to accept from the State of Indiana, the donation of the Clark Memorial and surrounding grounds for a national park. This was accomplished within one year of the law's enactment. The second provision permits the Secretary to enter into cooperative agreements with the owners of other historic properties in Vincennes which are associated with George Rogers Clark and the Northwest Territory. Such properties would become part of the park, and the Secretary could assist in their preservation, renewal and interpretation. The third provision requires the Secretary to administer, protect, develop and maintain the park in accordance with the provisions of the act of August 25, 1916, which established the National Park Service.
George Rogers Clark NHP was established to commemorate the accomplishments of George Rogers Clark and the expansion of the United States into the Northwest Territory; to commemorate this story and its significance to the American people; and to cooperate in the preservation, renewal and interpretation of the sites and structures in Vincennes associated with this story. The park also commemorates the actions of Father Pierre Gibault and Francis Vigo who sided with Clark against the British.
The park is located on the site of Fort Sackville which Clark captured from the British during the American Revolution on February 25, 1779. The victory extended American land claims in the Ohio Valley and contributed to the United States acquisition of the Northwest Territory in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. No structures dating from the Revolution exist in the park today.
The historical theme represented by George Rogers Clark NHP is the "Revolution, War in the Frontier," according to 1987 History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program.
Restoration.
August 9, 2008, George Rogers Clark National Historical Park closed for 13 months to complete a three-million-dollar renovation by Frontier Waterproofing, Inc out of Denton, Texas. Park Superintendent Dale Phillips said, "This is a once-in-a-lifetime restoration project, and is critically needed for the long-term preservation of the Clark Memorial". The main goal was to fix the drainage of the terrace, which has leaked since the 1930s, and renovate the access steps. The monument reopened September 24, 2009, and was rededicated on October 3, 2009. The 2009 Spirit of Vincennes Rendezvous was not impacted by the renovation.
Work during the renovation included demolition and installation of new parapets and rustications; repair of wall cracks; removal, temporary storage, and numbering of approximately 1,000 large granite paving stones; installation of new waterproofing on the existing concrete structural deck of the plaza and the monuments stylobate; cleaning and repair of the granite stone, steps, and veneer; installation of a new exposed aggregate concrete walking surface around the Monument plaza; and replacing the existing sprinkler system and landscaping elements. This repaired problems first identified in a 1939 structural inspection.
George Rogers Clark National Historical Park was honored on an America the Beautiful Quarter representing Indiana in 2017.


Lantern (software)

Lantern is a free peer-to-peer internet censorship circumvention tool, used for casual web browsing. It provides a way to bypass state-sanctioned filtration through a network of trusted users, but it's not an anonymity tool like Tor. Using Lantern, users in countries having free internet access can share their bandwidth with those who are in countries where the network is partly blocked. Network connections will be dispersed between multiple computers running Lantern so it will not put undue stress on a single connection or computer.
Lantern's CEO and lead developer is Adam Fisk, a former lead engineer of LimeWire and LittleShoot.
In early December 2013 Lantern had a surge of Chinese users and could reach from 200 users to 10,000 users in just two weeks. Soon after that, the network was almost blocked by the Chinese government.
The software is financed by US$2.2 million (HK$17.1 million) seed funding by the US State Department.
Lantern is partially hosted on DigitalOcean's infrastructure, which was briefly reported as blocked in Iran during the civil unrest on January 2, 2018.
History.
In early versions, Lantern's framework required the use of Google Talk for users to invite other trusted users from their Google Talk contacts. It's financed through US Department of State seed funding. These have raised some concerns about privacy of users, though Fisk has said the State Department is "incredibly hands off" and never dictates how they should write Lantern, or how they should talk about it.
Users are not required to connect by invite since version 2.0 was released in 2015.
Privacy Policy.
Per Lantern's privacy policy document, Lantern doesn't claim to protect user's privacy.
(We may share information...) With vendors, consultants, marketing partners, and other service providers who need access to such information to carry out work on our behalf
Since Lantern operates at the routing layer of the TCP/IP stack, content blockers like uBlock Origin, Pi-hole that operate at the application layer remain ineffective in preventing data collection Lantern may engage in.
When you use our Services, we collect information sent to us by your computer, mobile phone or other access device. The information sent to us includes, but is not limited to, the following: data about the pages you access, computer IP address, device ID or unique identifier, device type, geo-location information, computer and connection information, mobile network information, statistics on page views, traffic to and from the sites, referral URL, ad data, and standard web log data and other information. We also collect information through our use of cookies and web beacons.
Lantern may use data they collect for advertisements and possibly share them with third-parties.
Personalize and improve the Services, including to provide or recommend features, content, social connections, referrals, and advertisements.
Lantern isn't a no logs VPN service, and so, it can be critiqued that it isn't an effective anti-censorship tool.
Device Information: We may collect information about your mobile device, including, for example, the hardware model, operating system and version, software and file names and versions, preferred language, unique device identifier, advertising identifiers, serial number, device motion information, and mobile network information.
Log Information: When you interact with the Services, we collect server logs, which may include information like device IP address, access dates and times, app features or pages viewed, app crashes and other system activity, type of browser, and the third-party site or service you were using before interacting with our Services.
Lantern isn't an anonymity network like Tor, in fact it does claim to collect personally identifiable information that may be subject to disclosure to the governments the countries they operate in.
 We may transfer the information described in this Statement to, and process and store it in, the United States and other countries, some of which may have less protective data protection laws than the region in which you reside.
Related events.
At the beginning of 2019, it was reported that the Guangdong police had imposed penalties on the basis of the "Interim Provisions on the Administration of the International Network of Computer Information Network of the People's Republic of China" for a Lantern user to "create and use illegal channels for international networking." The fine is a thousand Yuan. The document of the punishment was publicized on the “Guangdong Public Security Law Enforcement Information Disclosure Platform”.


Alexander Garden (naturalist)

Alexander Garden FRSE FRS (January 1730 – 15 April 1791) was a Scottish physician, botanist and zoologist. The gardenia flower is named after him. He lived for many years in Charleston, South Carolina, using his spare time to study plants and living creatures, and sending specimens to Carl Linnaeus.
Biography.
Garden was born in January 1730 in Birse, Aberdeenshire, the son of Rev Alexander Garden (1685–1756) the parish minister. He studied medicine at Marischal College in the mid-1740s, discovering an interest in natural history while there. After two years as a surgeon's assistant in the navy, he continued his medical studies at the University of Edinburgh. One of his teachers was Charles Alston, the King's Botanist and Keeper of the Garden at Holyrood where medicinal plants were cultivated; Alston was an influence on Garden's growing interest in botany.
An opportunity came to practise medicine in South Carolina, where, a distant relative Reverend Alexander Garden had gone to minister to a congregation in Charleston. The younger Garden arrived there in April 1752, and started work in Prince William Parish. Marischal College granted his MD in 1754 and the following year he moved to Charleston (at that time called Charles Town) where he married Elizabeth Peronneau (1739–1805). Their children were Alexander, Margaret A., Harriotte, Juliette (who married Alexander Fotheringham), and William.
Garden was partner in a busy practice but still found time for his greatest enthusiasm. He collected and studied flora and fauna and parcelled them up to send to John Ellis, a merchant and zoologist in London, and to Carl Linnaeus in Sweden, after discovering linnaean classification in 1754. There were no neighbours with similar interests – "there is not a living soul who knows the least iota of Natural History," he wrote to Ellis – and his botanical and zoological conversations were carried on by correspondence. His parcels to Europe included "birds, fish, reptiles, amphibia, insects, and plants" from South Carolina or further afield, some from new species or genera which were then described in the scientific literature. Garden was a member of several learned societies, and was elected to the revived American Philosophical Society (1768), as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (1773) and a founder Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783).
He sent various magnolias and some "Gordonia" specimens to London, and wrote descriptions of "Stillingia" and "Fothergilla", but ironically the plant named for him was nothing to do with his efforts, and not even American. Linnaeus had to be pushed to name a plant after Garden, and eventually Ellis persuaded him to use "Gardenia" as a name for the Cape jasmine, also known as Cape jessamine.
His zoological interests led Garden to write about cochineal insects and about the Greater Siren, ("Sirena lacertina"), once called the mud iguana. One of Garden's sirens is still in the London Natural History Museum, pickled in a jar. As a doctor, he used his scientific knowledge in the smallpox epidemic in Charleston in 1760 when he inoculated over 2000 people, and he published an essay on the medicinal properties of the pinkroot ("Spigelia marilandica").
During the American War of Independence he sided with the British and sent congratulations to Cornwallis after the Battle of Camden. Two years later his property (including 98 Broad Street) was confiscated, he had to leave South Carolina, and in 1783 he went to live in Westminster in London. He became vice-president of the Royal Society and is said to have been respected for his "benevolence, cheerfulness, and pleasing manners".
His health had been poor for a long time and he died of tuberculosis at Cecil Street, London, on 15 April 1791, aged sixty-one.


Mauro Gallegati

Mauro Gallegati (born 8 March 1958) is an Italian New-Keynesian economist, scholar of the agent based economics and professor at Marche Polytechnic University in Ancona, Italy.
Biography.
After having earned his PhD in economics in 1989 at Marche Polytechnic University with a thesis on financial fragility under the supervision of Hyman Minsky, he has held visiting positions, both as a scholar and as a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, University of Cambridge, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, Santa Fe Institute, Brookings Institution, University of Technology, Sydney, Kyoto University and ETH Zurich.
He currently teaches advanced macroeconomics at Marche Polytechnic University, in the Faculty of Economics with Giorgio Fuà. He has been the president of the ESHIA Society (economic science with heterogeneous interacting agents).
His research activity is mainly centred on complexity economics. Within this field of research he has published scientific works with Bruce Greenwald, Joseph Stiglitz and Domenico Delli Gatti.
With Joseph Stiglitz, Gallegati has developed a theory of asymmetric information with heterogeneous agents and its applications.
Gallegati is a member of the Institute for New Economic Thinking.


Girard B. Henderson

Girard Brown Henderson (February 25, 1905 – November 16, 1983) was an American business executive and philanthropist. He is best known as a director of Avon Products and the founder of the Alexander Dawson Schools.
Early life.
Girard Henderson (Jerry) was born on February 25, 1905, in Brooklyn, New York. He was the son of Alexander D. Henderson and Ella M. Brown. He was the grandson of Joseph Henderson (pilot) and brother to Alexander D. Henderson, Jr. In 1910, the family moved from Brooklyn to Suffern, New York. Henderson went to the Suffern Grammar School and later the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus. He continued his education at the preparatory Storm King School in Cornwall On Hudson, New York. He graduated in the class of 1923. In 1925, Henderson was accepted to Dartmouth College, but only attended his freshman year.
On February 28, 1927, Henderson married Theodora Gregson Huntington (1904-1979) from Spring Valley, New York, which was located five miles north of Suffern. They had two children. Henderson and Huntington divorced in 1960. In 1928, Henderson took a job with a stock brokerage firm in Paterson, New Jersey. When the stock market crashed in 1929, he worked selling life insurance for the Phoenix Mutual Insurance Company.
On June 5, 1964, Henderson married his second wife, Mary Hollingsworth (1905-1988) in Clark County, Nevada.
Career.
In the 1930s, Henderson flew a Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing airplane for David H. McConnell, president of the California Perfume Company. The company chartered his plane to transport executives going from Philadelphia and Albany on business. In 1933, Henderson opened the Henderson Motor Co., a Chrysler Dodge dealership in Suffern, New York with Kenneth Burnham. Henderson later landed a contract to truck materials for Avon from New York City to Suffern.
In 1940, Henderson was elected to serve on the Board of Directors for Avon Products. He was on the board for 35 years.
In 1950, Henderson created the Alarm Corporation in Carmel, California. The company provided underground cable service to Monterey Peninsula communities. The company had its receiving antenna site on the high ground of Pebble Beach.
In 1964, Henderson sponsored the Underground Home exhibit at the New York World's Fair. At the height of the Cold War and fearing nuclear war or other catastrophe, Henderson built and lived in underground homes in Colorado and Las Vegas, Nevada.
Alexander Dawson Foundation.
In 1960, Henderson created the Alexander Dawson Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to education.
In 1980, Henderson created the Colorado Junior Republic School (CJR) on a 380 acre site near Lafayette, Colorado, as a boarding school for children who otherwise wouldn't have an opportunity for an education. Today, the school is called the Alexander Dawson School (ADS) and is operated under the Alexander Dawson Foundation. The school is a coeducational college preparatory day school for grades K-12.
Aviation.
On September 1, 1978, Henderson invested in and was on the board of directors for Gulfstream American Corporation, a company formed by Allen Paulson, which acquired the Grumman American Aviation Corporation for $32 million and $20.5 million in preferred stock. The company, was a subsidiary of the Grumman Aerospace Corporation, that manufactured and sold the Gulfstream II executive aircraft. Gulfstream American also manufactured the Gulfstream American Hustler.
In 1964, Henderson got involved in the Blue Channel Seafood Company that was located in Port Royal, South Carolina due west of Lady's Island. He acquired full ownership in 1968 from Sterling Harris, the founder and president. The company did a lot of direct mail advertising of their products, which included Clam Chowder, She-Crab Soup, Oyster Stew, Crabmeat, etc.
Henderson created the Dawson Yacht Corporation in Las Vegas, Nevada, as a subsidiary of Alexander Dawson, Inc. The company sold about 300 Dawson 26 boats. In the "Story of the Windship 'Prodigal', Bob Lengyel talks about a three-week journey on a "Dawson 26". Henderson converted an "Air-Sea Rescue Craft," built in 1946 for the Army Air Force, into a luxurious yacht called the "Roosterfish".
Cecil Peak Station.
In 1975, Henderson purchased the Cecil Peak Station, near Queenstown, New Zealand on the western shore of Lake Wakatipu, from Fred "Popeye" Lucas. The Cecil Peak station became a tourist attraction. Henderson sold the property in 1986.
Storm King School.
Henderson attended the Storm King School from 1916-1923, graduating in the class of 1923. He later gave gifts for school buildings and educational programs. In 1981, Henderson provided a significant grant that launched the "Henderson Outdoor Recreation Program" at the Storm King School in New York.
Death.
On November 16, 1983, Henderson died at his underground home in Las Vegas, Nevada. Henderson's body was flown to Beaufort, South Carolina. His funeral was on November 20 at the Laurel Hill Plantation at Sam's Point Road on Lady's Island (South Carolina). He was buried inside a chapel he had built on a one-acre site with a street leading to it named "Henderson Way".


Ezourvedam

The Ezourvedam is a forgery and a fraud "consisting of certain 'Vedic' materials translated by Jesuits with the intention of isolating elements most in harmony with Christianity." Rather than an original Sanskrit work, the "Ezourvedam" turned out to be a French text, written by French Jesuits, and meant to be translated into Sanskrit.
History and authorship.
A manuscript called "Ezourvedam" was given to Voltaire in 1760 by Louis-Laurent de Federbe, Chevalier de Maudave. The text was in French, and said to be a French translation of a Sanskrit original. Voltaire was enthusiastic about the work, had it copied, and brought it to the attention of others. It was first published in 1778 (Voltaire died that same year). The genuineness of the Ezourvedam was first questioned in 1782; these doubts were confirmed in 1822. Rather than an original Sanskrit work, the "Ezourvedam" turned out to be a French text, written by French Jesuits, and meant to be translated into Sanskrit.
Title.
The name "Ezourvedam" was sometimes taken to be a corruption of Yajurveda, but the Ezourvedam has nothing in common with the Yajurveda. The "Ezourvedam" itself refers to the Yajurveda as "Zozu-vedam". "Ezour" is the sandhi-form of "Ezous-", that is, "Jezus", based on the Latin pronunciation used by the Jesuits. The name "Ezourvedam" means something like "Gospel of Jesus".
Content.
"Ezourvedam" is a French text in the form of a dialogue between two Vedic sages, one monotheist and one polytheist, they conclude the monotheism of 'pristine Hinduism' points to Christian truth and Hinduism is monotheism masquerading as polytheism concealing monotheism.


Battle of Vinegar Hill

The Battle of Vinegar Hill ("Irish": Cath Chnoc Fhíodh na gCaor), was an engagement during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 on 21 June 1798 when over 13,000 British soldiers launched an attack on Vinegar Hill outside Enniscorthy, County Wexford, the largest camp and headquarters of the Wexford United Irishmen. It marked a turning point in the rebellion, as it was the last attempt by the United Irishmen to hold and defend ground against the British military. The battle was actually fought in two locations: on Vinegar Hill itself and in the streets of nearby Enniscorthy.
Background.
By 18 June, the British had surrounded county Wexford with between 13,000 and 18,000 troops and were ready to pour into Wexford to crush the insurgency. The United Irishmen leadership issued a call to all its fighters to gather at Vinegar Hill to meet the army in one great, decisive battle. The number assembled was estimated at between 16,000 and 20,000, but the majority lacked firearms and had to rely on pikes as their main weapon. The camp also included many thousands of women and children who were staying there for protection against the rampaging military.
The British plan, as formulated by General Gerard Lake, envisaged the complete annihilation of the United Irishmen, Women and Children by encircling the hill and seizing the only escape route to the west, the bridge over the Slaney. Lake divided his force into four columns to accomplish this; three columns, under Generals Dundas, Duff and Needham were to assault Vinegar Hill, while the fourth column, under General Johnson, was to storm Enniscorthy and its bridge.
Battle.
Bombardment.
The battle began shortly before dawn with an artillery bombardment of Irish positions on the hill. Advance units quickly moved against the United Irishmen outposts under cover of the bombardment and moved artillery closer as forward positions were secured. The tightening ring forced the United Irishmen into an ever-shrinking area and increased exposure to the constant bombardment, including new experimental delayed-fuse shells (called Shrapnel's shells; later known as shrapnel shell) resulting in hundreds of dead and injured. At least two mass charges were launched by the United Irishmen which failed to break the lines of the military and the situation on Vinegar Hill soon became desperate for the United Irishmen. Over 13,000 soldiers attacked the Vinegar hill.
Attack on Enniscorthy.
Meanwhile, a detachment of light infantry under the command of General Johnson attacked the town of Enniscorthy but met with fierce resistance. Buildings in the town had been fortified, and the initial attack was driven back, with the loss of munitions and men. A second attack commenced with reinforcements including cavalry, which retook the lost cannon and ammunition while also incurring considerable casualties. The United Irishmen were slowly driven out of the town but managed to hold the Slaney bridge and prevent the British from crossing.
Rout and atrocities.
When British troops crested the eastern summit of Vinegar Hill, the rebels began to slowly withdraw through a gap in the British lines later known as "Needham's Gap", so-named because the late arrival of General Needham's troops prevented a total encirclement of the hill. Although the bulk of the United Irishmen army escaped, many were left behind and killed in the routing phase of the battle, from both cavalry and infantry attack, but also from the advanced field guns which were switched to grape shot to maximize casualties.
In addition to conventional casualties, there were also instances of British troops raping the women accompanying the United Irishmen and in Enniscorthy, United Irishmen wounded were burned to death when soldiers set fire to a building used as a casualty station. These atrocities may have been perpetrated in revenge for the execution by the United Irishmen of numbers of (mostly Protestant) loyalist prisoners of war in the preceding weeks. The United Irishmen abandoned much of the supplies they had taken from surrounding areas, and thirteen cannons were captured by the British, a number of which had been taken from the British forces previously.
Aftermath.
Meanwhile, the bulk of the United Irishmen force streamed uninterrupted towards the Three Rocks camp outside Wexford town and, following the decision to abandon the town, split into two separate columns in a new campaign to spread the rebellion beyond Wexford. One immediately set out to the west, the other northwards towards the Wicklow Mountains to link up with General Joseph Holt's forces.
The defeat was therefore not the immediate crushing blow to the Wexford United Irishmen that it has falsely been depicted as, but it did alter the course of the fighting as continued resistance now took the form of mobile warfare, raids, and large scale, guerilla-type operations.
Murphy was subsequently captured near Tullow, County Carlow and hanged. Casualties for the United Irishmen have been variously reported, with estimates ranging from 400 to around 1,200. Kevin Whelan estimates a figure of between 500 and 1,000 including camp followers, while Archibald McLaren, a British soldier eyewitness, wrote that the United Irishmen casualties totalled about 1,200 men. British casualties were around 100.
Cultural depictions.
The Battle of Vinegar Hill and the atrocities that occurred in its wake are depicted in the 2015 American musical "Guns of Ireland".
In his poem "Requiem For the Croppies" Seamus Heaney depicts Vinegar Hill as 'the fatal conclave' where the hopes of the rebels were finally crushed, but his final line shows the barley in the pockets of the dead buried in mass graves growing up out of their pockets, symbolizing that their dreams of independence live on.


Joseph Potier

Joseph Potier (5 May 1768, Saint-Malo — 10 November 1830) was a French privateer and slave trader. He was one of the lieutenants of Robert Surcouf.
Early life.
Joseph Potier was born to a family of low nobility of Saint-Malo. His mother was a descendant of Robert Surcouf de Maisonneuve, and he was therefore a distant cousin to Robert Surcouf.
Merchant navy captain.
Potier started sailing as a boy on the ships that his father equipped and sent out to Guinea and the Caribbean. He rose to become an officer in the merchant marine and eventually to Captain on 28 April 1792. With this rank, he served as first officer on the "Aimable-Rose", under Captain de La Coudraie.
French Navy in the Revolution.
Returning to France during the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror, he enlisted in the French Navy as an Ensign; he was appointed to a frigate bound for the Caribbean, which remained there for a few months before decommissioning in the USA. For fear of being considered an "émigré", he returned to France, where he served in the general staff of Brest harbour until late 1795. After the Battle of Quiberon, he commanded a company of sailors that hunted down the surviving émigrés.
Privateer.
Having obtained a release from Navy duty in late 1795, Potier enlisted on the privateer "Heureuse-Nouvelle" as first officer. "Heureuse-Nouvelle" was armed with 22 guns and had a crew of 130 men; she captured a number of prizes until 28 January 1798, when a British squadron under Captain Edward Pellew comprising HMS "Indefatigable", "Cambrian", and the hired armed lugger "Duke of York" captured her. The British took Potier prisoner.
Exchanged, Potier returned to Brest, where he re-entered the Navy. On 23 September 1800, he was released from duty. The following year, he enlisted as first officer on the three-masted merchantman "Courrier de l'Ile de France", under Captain Duval; when she arrived at Port Louis, Duval gave command of the ship to Potier for a cruise to Batavia, and return to Mauritius.
Returning to France on 29 March 1803, Potier witnessed the breakdown of the Treaty of Amiens and the outbreak of the War of the Third Coalition in May. On 2 January 1804, Robert Surcouf gave him command of the 14-gun privateer "Confiance". Potier led several campaigns on "Confiance", during which he captured two British merchantmen, one loaded with soap and the other with spirits.
In February 1807, Surcouf enlisted Potier as first officer on his new privateer "Revenant". After "Revenant" returned to Port-Louis from her first campaign, on 31 January 1808, Surcouf gave Potier command of the ship on 2 April.
In late April, as "Revenant" was completing her preparations and plotting her route, a prize taken by the privateer "Adèle" gave news of the new war between France and Portugal; she also brought intelligence about the "Conceçáo-de-Santo-Antonio", a 64-gun ship of the line armed en flûte in Goa, bound for Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon. Surcouf gave Portier the mission to intercept, and "Revenant" departed Port-Louis on 30 April. She arrived in her patrol zone on 17 May and detected her target on the 24th. "Revenant" captured "Conceçáo-de-Santo-Antonio" after a one-hour battle. Potier put a prize crew under First Lieutenant Fonroc on "Conceçáo", and returned to Mauritius one month later with his prize.
Potier left "Revenant", which was sent back to Saint-Malo "en aventurier" with colonial goods. next, he took command of the 18-gun 600-ton "Diamant", a British prize taken by the privateer "Napoléon" after a three-day chase. In mid-October, "Diamant" left Mauritius, also armed "en aventurier" with goods and passengers, and bound for Lorient. She arrived in Quiberon Bay in the evening of 21 January 1809 and ran into the British blockade; a frigate gave chase, but Potier managed to escape by throwing his artillery overboard. "Diamant" arrived off Bordeaux on the 23rd, where a storm forced Potier to have his masts cut down to save his ship; he finally arrived in Bordeau harbour on the 25th.
On his return to Saint-Malo, Portier co-founded the ship-owning company "Joseph Potier et Harembert". The company was then responsible for arming a number of privateers.
Carrying slaves in the Bourbon Restoration.
During the Bourbon Restoration, Portier armed the slave ship "Africain", on which he ferried slaves from Guinea to Martinique. "Africain" ended her career in Saint-Malo on 25 July 1816, after which Potier sailed only once more, on "Narcisse", in 1819.


Charles O. Paullin

Charles Oscar Paullin (20 July 1869 – 1 September 1944) was an important naval historian, who made a significant early contribution to the administrative history of the United States Navy.
Early life and education.
Raised in Greene County, Ohio, Paullin attended Antioch College from 1890 to 1893, but before his graduation transferred for his final year at Union Christian College, Merom, where he took his Bachelor of Science degree in 1893. He then taught mathematics at Key Mar College in Hagerstown, Maryland in 1893–94, before beginning his graduate studies at the Johns Hopkins University in 1894–1895. While employed from 1896 to 1900 at the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office, he also earned a degree in social sciences at the Catholic University of America in 1897. From 1900 to 1904, Paullin studied at the University of Chicago, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1904 with his pioneer study on the administration of the colonial navy during the Revolution, later published as "The Navy of the American Revolution: Its Administration, Its Policy, and its Achievements." While at Chicago he studied the Revolutionary period under the direction of J. Franklin Jameson.
Professional career.
Following completion of his doctorate, he published a series of articles in the U.S. Naval Institute's "Proceedings" between 1905 and 1914 that constituted the first administrative history of the U.S. Navy. They were published posthumously as a book in 1968, twenty-four years after his death. Similalry, a series of articles on "American Voyages to the Orient" was published in 1971.
From 1910 to his retirement in 1936, Paullin served on the research staff of the Carnegie Institution. In 1911, he gave the Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History at The Johns Hopkins University, which were published the following year as "Diplomatic Negotiations of American Naval Officers". In 1911–1913, Paullin lectured on naval history at the George Washington University. He published his major works on naval history between 1905 and 1918. In 1933, Columbia University awarded Paullin and John Kirtland Wright the Loubat Prize for their "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States" (1932). He died in Washington, D.C. in 1944, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery there.
Paullin's papers are in the Library of Congress, and include 1,459 maps on tracing paper used as compilation materials for the "Atlas of the Historical Geography".


Mark Christopher (radio host)

Mark Christopher is a conservative/libertarian talk radio host. His show titled "The Mark Christopher Show" initially broadcast on 99.7 WWTN and then, 1510 WLAC both in Nashville, Tennessee where he was named the Associated Press talk show of the year for 3 straight years, and the #1 talk show in Nashville in 2006.
Since that time The Mark Christopher Show has aired on KTRS St. Louis and Knews Radio in Palm Springs.


Ariel Weinstein

Ariel Weinstein (, born 2 May 1932, died 10 March 1996) was an Israeli journalist and politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Likud during the 1980s and 1990s.
Biography.
Weinstein was born in Jerusalem during the Mandate era. He joined the Haganah, and after Israeli independence, served in the IDF from 1950 until 1954, being demobilised with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.
He went to university, and later worked as an economic reporter for Ma'ariv and HaBoker, as well as editing economic journals. He served as chairman of the Finance Committee of the World Zionist Organization and was deputy chairman of the Israel Broadcasting Authority. In addition, he was a certified land appraiser, and chaired the Council of Land Appraisers.
He was on the Likud list for the 1981 elections, but failed to win a seat. However, he entered the Knesset on 18 October 1982 as a replacement for the deceased David Shiffman. He was re-elected in 1984 and 1988, but lost his seat in the 1992 elections. He returned to the Knesset on 30 December 1993 as a replacement for Roni Milo, but died in office on 10 March 1996. His seat was taken by Michael Ratzon.


29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot

The 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1694. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot to become the 1st Battalion, the Worcestershire Regiment in 1881.
History.
Formation in 1694 to end of the 18th Century.
The regiment was formed on 16 February 1694 during the Nine Years War by Colonel Thomas Farrington as Thomas Farrington's Regiment of Foot. Disbanded after the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, it was reformed in 1702 when the War of the Spanish Succession began; while intended for the West Indies, a notoriously unhealthy posting, Farringdon's protests meant instead it joined Marlborough's army in Flanders in 1704.
Too late for the Blenheim campaign, it fought at the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706 and the siege of Ostend in June. Lord Mark Kerr became Colonel when Farringdon died in October 1712, but with the war winding down, it became part of the Gibraltar garrison. It remained there for the next 30 years, including the Siege of Gibraltar during the 1727-1729 Anglo-Spanish War.
During the 1740-1748 War of the Austrian Succession, it was based in British North America and helped capture the French North American stronghold of Louisbourg in October 1745. In 1746, 27 soldiers died in the Port-la-Joye Massacre, in part because they were unarmed. In response, officers were ordered to carry swords and side arms even off duty, leading to the nickname, the "Ever Sworded."
The regiment remained in North America after the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned Louisbourg to France; in 1749, it helped establish the town of Halifax, Nova Scotia during Father Le Loutre's War.
A significant organisational change occurred in 1751; previously, regiments were considered the property of their Colonel, changed names when transferred from one to another and were disbanded as soon as possible. As part of a package of reforms driven by the increasing professionalisation of the military, each regiment was now assigned a number, based on precedence or seniority in the Army list; Colonel Peregrine Hopson's Regiment became the 29th Regiment of Foot.
George Boscawen replaced Hopson as Colonel in 1752 and his brother, Admiral Edward Boscawen presented him with 10 black youths taken in the 1759 Invasion of Guadeloupe. They were employed as regimental drummers, a tradition that continued until 1843.
Together with the 14th Regiment of Foot, the 29th was posted to Boston in 1768. On 5 March 1770, members of the Grenadier company under Captain Thomas Preston were involved in the Boston Massacre, when five colonists died during a riot in front of the Boston customs house. The 29th was later dubbed the "Vein Openers," for allegedly drawing first blood in the American Revolution.
Those involved were tried for murder, defended by John Adams, a future President of the United States; two soldiers, Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy were found guilty of manslaughter and branded on the thumb. Preston and the others were found not guilty and following the trial, the regiment moved to British-controlled Florida in 1771, then to England in 1773.
During the American Revolutionary War in 1775, the Americans tried to capture Quebec City; they were forced to retreat but the 29th arrived in Quebec in June 1776 to reinforce British forces in what is now modern Canada. The Light and Grenadier companies were detached to join the 1777 Saratoga campaign, and fought at the Battle of Hubbardton on 7 July under Brigadier Simon Fraser. Following defeat in the Battles of Saratoga, these companies surrendered with the rest of Burgoyne's force in October 1777. The other eight remained in Canada, fighting in a number of raids and small battles along the Vermont and New York state frontiers.
On 31 August 1782, the unit was renamed the 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot by a royal warrant giving county titles to all regiments that did not already have a special title. This was an attempt to improve recruitment, but no depot was established in the county and recruits were liable to serve in any regiment.
The regiment returned to England after the Anglo-French War ended in 1783; in 1791, it was given the regimental march known as 'The Royal Windsor,' allegedly composed by Princess Augusta, with the help of Lord William Cathcart.
The French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792 and in 1794, members of the 29th took part in the British naval victory known as the Glorious First of June, serving as marines on HMS "Brunswick" and "Ramillies". The regiment was awarded a naval crown for its participation in the battle, during which the "Brunswick" sank the French ship "Le Vengeur du Peuple" and disabled the "Achille". At the end of December 1794, a battalion of 21 officers and 640 men, formed from those in the 29th who were not detached to warships, embarked on the troopship "Maria" for the Caribbean island of Grenada, where discontent would lead to an insurrection in the coming months, known as Fédon's Rebellion or the Brigand's War. On their return to England in July 1796, the battalion had been reduced by battle casualties and disease to 5 officers and 87 men. It later fought in a more conventional role at Alkmaar in October 1799, during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.
19th Century.
In 1808, the 29th joined Wellington's army engaged in the 1807-1814 Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal. At Roliça on 17 August, it suffered heavy losses assaulting an entrenched French position, which was taken only after a prolonged defence; at Vimeiro four days later, it held off an attack by Brenier's Brigade, allowing two other British battalions to first regroup, then repulse the attack.
After the Battle of Grijó in May, it was engaged at Talavera in July; on 27th, with two other battalions, it attacked French positions on the hill called Cerro de Medellin. This was taken by the evening and then held throughout the next day, despite a series of French attacks and artillery bombardment; two French colours were captured in a bayonet charge that drove the French regiments from the field.
At the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811, it suffered heavy losses, including Ensigns Edward Furnace and Richard Vance killed saving the regimental colours. After this, it returned to England to refit and recruit more men.
In 1814, the 29th returned to Nova Scotia during the War of 1812 but did not see action; it was recalled to Europe in 1815 to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days campaign but arrived shortly after the Battle of Waterloo.
Transferred to Bengal in 1842, during the First Anglo-Sikh War the regiment fought at the Battle of Ferozeshah in December 1845 and the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846. At Sobraon, two battalions of Indian Sepoys twice unsuccessfully assaulted the Sikh earthworks before finally breaking through on the third assault: the regiment's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Taylor was killed in the assault.
The regiment fought at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849 and the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. A large detachment from the regiment helped to keep the Grand Trunk Road open between Kabul and Bangladesh during the Indian Rebellion.
Amalgamations.
In 1873 a practical system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted. The 29th Sub-District, consisting of the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire was created, with headquarters at Norton Barracks, three miles from the city of Worcester. The barracks became the depot for the regiment along with the 36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot and the militia of the two counties. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment became the 1st Battalion, the Worcestershire Regiment, while the 36th became the 2nd battalion.
Garter Star badge.
The regimental badge of the regiment and later of the Worcestershire Regiment show the influence of the Coldstream Guards on the regiment. The Coldstream Guards and the 29th are the only two regiments to have the elongated star and garter of the Order of the Garter as their regimental badge with its motto "Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense" translated "Shame be to him who evil thinks" earning a third nickname The Guards of the Line.
Battle honours.
Battle honours won by the regiment were:
Regimental Colonels.
Colonels of the Regiment were:


The Landowners

The Landowners (Danish: "Grundejerne") is a local political party set in Solrød Municipality.
History.
The Landowners was founded in March, 2013 by Eilif Nørgaard. The founding of the party was well received by local politicians from both Conservative People's Party and Social Democrats.
The party ran with five candidates in 2013, and got 9.4% of the votes in Solrød Municipality, giving them two seats in the municipal council. Jan Færch and Eilif Nørgaard were the two elected Landowners.


Roger Helmer

Roger Helmer (born 25 January 1944) is a British politician and businessman. He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the East Midlands region from 1999 to 2017. Before becoming an MEP, he was a business executive.
Helmer was elected to the European Parliament in 1999, 2004, and 2009 as a member of the Conservative Party and in 2014 as a member of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), having defected from the Conservatives to UKIP in March 2012. He has described himself as a eurosceptic and is a supporter of the Better Off Out campaign.
Background.
Born in London, Helmer attended King Edward VI School, Southampton on a state scholarship (1955–62). He read Mathematics at Churchill College, Cambridge, graduating in 1965 with a B.A., subsequently upgraded to an M.A. (Cantab) as per tradition.
He began his business career in that year with Procter & Gamble in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, going on to hold senior marketing and general management appointments in a range of companies, including Readers Digest, National Semiconductor, Coats Viyella and United Distillers. During his business career he lived and worked in various countries.
Political career.
Conservative.
In September 1998, following his selection as a candidate for the Conservative Party in the East Midlands, Helmer left his job as managing director of a Leicester textile company, Donisthorpe Ltd (the UK subsidiary of a French textile multinational), to campaign full-time ahead of the 1999 euro-elections, and took up his new role as an MEP immediately after his election.
He was re-elected as a Conservative MEP for the East Midlands Region in 2004.
He was suspended from the Conservative Party whip on 26 May 2005 after voting against party instructions on a motion to censure the European Commission and openly criticising his delegation leader, Timothy Kirkhope, in a parliamentary debate; the Conservative party whip was restored on 13 September 2006, but he remained "Non-Inscrit". He joined the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), with the other Conservative MEPs, in July 2009.
Having initially advocated the Conservative policy of renegotiating the EU treaties, since 2006 he has been a supporter of the Better Off Out campaign, calling for the UK to leave the EU.
He was appointed Adam Smith Scholar in 2005 by the conservative American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).
He became Chairman of the libertarian pressure group, The Freedom Association, in April 2007.
In November 2009 he stepped down as the Conservative party's spokesman on employment in the European parliament because he thought the Conservatives' new policy on not supporting a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty was "confused" and "essentially cosmetic".
UKIP.
On 12 October 2011, Helmer announced that he would resign from the European Parliament at the end of the year, citing "increasing disillusion with the attitudes of the Conservative Party" as the main reason, although also stating that his "twelve-and-a-half years banging my head against the same brick wall in Brussels is perhaps long enough".
Helmer expected to be replaced by Rupert Matthews who was next on the Conservative party list in the 2009 European Parliament election. However the party was reported to be looking into golliwog dolls featuring on the front cover of a book published by a company of which Matthews is director and shareholder and would not confirm that Matthews would succeed him.
Helmer delayed standing down, before it was announced on 2 March 2012 that he had defected from the Conservatives to the UK Independence Party. He faced accusations of hypocrisy as he had demanded in November 2000, that MEP Bill Newton Dunn immediately resign as a result of his move from Conservatives to the Liberal Democrats.
On 6 April 2014, Helmer visited the congress of Conservative People's Party of Estonia in Tallinn and gave a speech in support of Euroscepticism in Estonia.
On 6 May 2014 it was announced on the official UKIP website that Helmer would contest the Newark by-election, following the resignation of former Conservative MP Patrick Mercer. He came second with 25%, behind the Conservative Robert Jenrick who received 45% of the vote.
On 25 May 2014, he was re-elected for UKIP as the first on their list for the East Midlands seat in the 2014 European Elections.
On 13 June 2017, Helmer announced he would be resigning from the European Parliament, citing age and health status as reasons, but amid allegations of misuse of public funds. He was succeeded by Jonathan Bullock.
Views.
Rape stance.
On May 2011, Helmer supported Ken Clarke's comments on reduced prison sentences for rape by comparing stranger rape and date rape. He said: "Let me make another point which will certainly get me vilified, but which I think is important to make: while in the first case, the blame is squarely on the perpetrator and does not attach to the victim, in the second case the victim surely shares a part of the responsibility, if only for establishing reasonable expectations in her boyfriend’s mind." His comments were criticised by East Midlands politicians Bill Newton-Dunn and Nigel Mills though Helmer refused to change what he had said.
Views on sexuality.
On 19 July 2009, on his blog, Helmer defended the Polish Law and Justice MEP, and chairman of the ECR, Michał Kamiński from accusations of homophobia. He went on to write that homophobia does not exist and that the word: "is merely a propaganda device" designed to "denigrate and stigmatise those holding conventional opinions."
On 11 August 2009, Helmer defended himself against criticism of comments he had made, saying he was not claiming "that there is no discrimination, and that homosexuals do not suffer violence and prejudice from people because sadly, we all know that is not the case." but rather, he states, that the word homophobia has "no meaning" because he has "never met anyone with an irrational fear of homosexuals" and claims that the term is a propagandist one created by the "militant gay rights lobby."
In March 2012, Helmer spoke out in support of Cardinal Keith O'Brien, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, who had earlier condemned the government's plans to introduce same-sex marriage as a "grotesque subversion of a universally accepted human right." Although he had formerly been critical of the Roman Catholic Church, labelling it "systematically paedophile", Helmer praised O'Brien's statement, opining that "Christian moral principles are not a bad basis for a free and fair society". He furthermore commented that "once you start to tamper with the institution of marriage, you get into some very murky water indeed", and that such a move could set a precedent that would lead to the legalisation of communal marriage and incest.
Following accusations of homophobia, UKIP leader Nigel Farage confirmed that Helmer had relaxed his views on homosexuality in recent years, describing him as "somebody of 70 years of age who grew up with a strong Christian Bible background. He grew up in an age when homosexuality was actually imprisonable, and he had a certain set of views which he maintained for many years which he now says he accepts the world's moved on and he's relaxed about."
Ahead of the Newark by-election, Helmer gave an interview to "The Mail on Sunday", in which he said the NHS should fund the discredited gay conversion therapy, comparing it to sex-changes and homeopathy. He later told "The Independent" that his views had been misrepresented by the paper's editor.
Use of massage parlour.
In October 2014, Helmer was photographed visiting a "sleazy massage parlour" in Lutterworth. He told "The Sun" "MEPs are entitled to a private life. I work extremely hard and when I do occasionally have time off I enjoy a massage." The following day he confirmed the story, telling the "Derby Telegraph" that "I think "The Sun" quoted me quite well and I don't have anything to add to that.
Expenses.
Helmer was criticised in an article in the "Daily Telegraph" on 10 February 2010 regarding MEPs’ pensions. The article by Bruno Waterfield criticised an attempt by Helmer and other Conservative MEPs to water down attempts to overhaul their expenses arrangements. Helmer replied, in a letter to the "Daily Telegraph" printed on 13 February 2010, that accusations relating to protecting his pension rights, protecting his anonymity and seeking further public funding for pension contributions were false.
Following these accusations, Helmer made his MEP allowances available to view online. According to a June 2014 "Guardian" article, all three main UK parties expect their MEPs to provide an independent audit to verify expenses though this is not an EU requirement.
The NHS.
In August 2009, whilst a Conservative MEP, Helmer supported his fellow MEP Daniel Hannan's criticism of the NHS -described as a "60-year mistake". Speaking to BBC Radio 4's PM programme, Helmer stated that: "I think Dan has done us a service by raising these issues which need to be looked at. If 80% of Americans are getting better health care than we are in the UK then we ought to ask why, and we ought to ask how are we going to deliver equally good results." The attacks by Helmer and Hannan led Conservative leader David Cameron to release a statement to the BBC saying: "The Conservative Party stands four square behind the NHS".
The environment.
In April 2004, whilst a Conservative MEP, Helmer was criticised by Friends of the Earth for his voting record on environmental issues, voting in what they claimed was an environmentally friendly manner in only one out of ten possible "eco-friendly" votes.
In a letter to the "Leicester Mercury" on 16 November 2009, Helmer accused the Church of England of having "abandoned religious faith entirely and taken up the religion of climate alarmism instead." This was in response to a recent inter-faith event in Leicester concerning the challenge of climate change. In response, the Bishop of Leicester, Tim Stevens, said Helmer had not aired these views when he debated climate change in Leicester cathedral and asked whether "this was merely courtesy, or was it because the opportunity for a platform meant more to him than exposing his views to scrutiny or challenge from a live audience."
In December 2010, still as a Conservative MEP, Helmer attended the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference and spent EU funds on a billboard campaign in his constituency criticising climate change policy. Journalist Leo Hickman, blogging for "The Guardian" newspaper, questioned who was funding his attendance at the conference after it was confirmed that he was not there in an official capacity representing the EU or the Conservative Party – who both confirmed that they did not share Helmer's beliefs on the subject of climate change.
Within his local region, Helmer was criticised by academics from the University of Derby and the University of Northampton for being "out of step with the overwhelming scientific evidence on the subject of human induced climate change." Helmer welcomed the discovery by the British Geological Survey of rich deposits of shale gas under Melton and the Vale of Belvoir pointing to successful extraction in the US despite "horror stories circulated by green lobbyists."
Hunting.
In 2009, Helmer said he would support the repeal of the hunting ban, and said that he used to enjoy hare coursing.
Works.
Helmer has published three books. The first two were on European issues, "Straight Talking on Europe" in 2000, and "A Declaration of Independence" in 2002. A third book "Sceptic at Large" on a wider range of topics was published in 2011 by Bretwalda Books.


The Liberals (Italy)

The Liberals ("I Liberali") is a liberal political party in Italy.
The party was launched in February 2014 by a qualified group of liberals, including some splinters of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI). Renato Altissimo, Alfredo Biondi, Edoardo Croci (who was appointed president), Enrico Musso, Alessandro Ortis, Carlo Scognamiglio and Giuliano Urbani were among the most notable founding members.
The Liberals, who presentend themselves to the public during a press conference in March, successfully sought to run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), a joint list sponsored by the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. The Liberals' Musso stood as candidate for the party within SE in the North-West Italy European Parliament constituency, but was not elected as the list received a mere 0.7% nationally.
In March 2021 Carlo Cottarelli, a former director of the International Monetary Fund, was chosen by The Liberals, Carlo Calenda's Action (Az), Emma Bonino's More Europe (+Eu), the Italian Republican Party (PRI) and the Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy (ALI) to head of a scientific committee designed to elaborate of a joint political program.


Einar Knut Holm

Einar Knut Holm (born 12 August 1933) is a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Møre og Romsdal during the term 1981–1985.


Jean-Nicolas Bassenge

Jean-Nicolas or Nicolas Bassenge (24 November 1758, in Liège – 16 July 1811) was a politician from the Principality of Liège. He was active in the Liège Revolution then the French Revolution.
Life.
Youth.
From an upper-middle-class family, he studied at the collège at Visé, headed by the Oratorians. In 1781 he prepared "La Nymphe de Spa" for abbé Raynal, a letter in which he made an apologia for Enlightenment philosophy. This brought him much difficulty, despite the protection he enjoyed from the prince-bishop François-Charles de Velbrück. Exhausted by the minor persecutions his poetry suffered, he left for Paris, where he became friends with the most famous writers of the era. After Velbrück's death, conflict broke out between the new prince-bishop César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck and the people of his principality. Putting his pen at the service of his fellow citizens, Bassenge published pro-liberal pamphlets and at the same time studied the history of Liège, giving extracts of his historical research in his "Lettres à l'abbé de P..." (1787–1789).
Revolution.
An ardent defender of republican ideas, Bassenge returned to his birthplace on the outbreak of the revolution there in 1789, to support the insurgents. There he was elected as a deputy for the third estate in the conferences of the three orders and he, Fabry and Chestret quickly became the leaders of the liberal forces ranged against the prince-bishop. The Estates put him in charge of pleading their case before the imperial Reichskammergericht at Wetzlar, then in Berlin and finally at the congress of Frankfurt - he failed in his mission. The Société des amis de la liberté et de l'égalité de Liège then gave him the task of editing a report on the question of a merger with France, in which he supported such action. In December 1790 the Austrians reinstated the prince-bishop in Liège. Bassenge was excluded from the resulting amnesty and had to flee to France again, with many of his fellow liberals. In Paris he was put in charge of drafting the proposal for Liège's merger with France and then presenting it to the National Convention. At Sedan in 1791 he prepared an address from the inhabitants of Liège to Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, in which he protested against his arbitrary reaction to the Liège revolution.
In 1792 Bassenge returned to Liège with Charles François Dumouriez's French troops, which had captured the principality of Liège and the Austrian Netherlands from the Austrians, but the French defeat at the battle of Neerwinden forced him back into exile in France until 1795. Whilst in Paris from 1792 to 1795 he allied himself with the Girondins and was imprisoned and threatened with the guillotine during the Reign of Terror, until the Liége exiles intervened in his favour and won him Robespierre's support. On his release he returned to Liège on France's final annexation of it in 1795, becoming commissioner general to the executive directory within the departmental administration of Ourthe (one of the three departments created from Liège). In 1798 he was elected to represent that department in the Council of the Five Hundred in Paris (on which his younger brother also served - that brother later became sous-préfet for Montmédy and a member of the Corps législatif). Like many moderate republicans, he supported the 18 brumaire coup which brought Bonaparte and had no notion that Bonaparte would later make himself emperor. He gained a seat on the Corps législatif and defended his republican ideas in the "Décade philosophique", a scientific and literary journal headed by Pierre-Louis Ginguené and Amaury Duval.
Retirement and death.
He then retired from political life in 1802 and returned to his birthplace, where he was made curator of the city library. He was also a member of the Société d'émulation de Liège. He died unmarried on 16 July 1811 and his permanent secretary spoke his funeral elogy on 12 September that year. Bassenge's poems, letters and stories were posthumously published in two volumes as "Loisirs de trois amis" by his friends Henkart and Regnier in 1822.


Democratic Union (Slovakia)

The Democratic Union (, DÚ) was a liberal party in Slovakia.
History.
The party was established on 25 March 1995 by a merger of the Democratic Union of Slovakia and the National Democratic Party, and was led by was Eduard Kukan. In 1998, it joined the Slovak Democratic Coalition, and in 2000, it merged into the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union.


Monmouth Battlefield State Park

Monmouth Battlefield State Park is a New Jersey state park located on the border of Manalapan and Freehold Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. This park preserves the historical battlefield on which the American Revolutionary War's Battle of Monmouth (1778) was waged.
Appearance and information.
Monmouth Battlefield State Park preserves a rural eighteenth-century landscape of orchards, fields, woods and wetlands, encompassing miles of trails for hiking and horseback riding, space for picnic areas, and a restored Revolutionary War farmhouse called the Craig House.
The park's visitor center rests atop Combs Hill, a hill commanded by the Continental Army artillery. Within the park's visitor's center an array of excavated artifacts from battle are on display. On December 5, 2011, the Monmouth Battlefield Visitor Center was closed for renovations through Spring 2013. The renovated Visitors Center was officially reopened on June 13, 2013.
Every second weekend of June (usually Father’s Day weekend), an annual reenactment of the 1778 American Revolutionary War battle is performed and has been so for decades.
The battlefield is traversed by the rights-of-way (ROW) used by the Farmingdale and Squan Village Railroad/Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad and is under consideration for use as part of the Monmouth Ocean Middlesex Line.
History of the battlefield.
On June 28, 1778, as Sir Henry Clinton and his troops departed from the Monmouth Court House, George Washington and his Continental Army troops plotted an ambush on the rear column of Clinton's British Army soldiers. It became one of the largest battles of the American Revolution. It took place in the fields and forests that now make up Monmouth Battlefield State Park, though the battle soon ended in a standoff.
The Battle of Monmouth is notable for creating the American legend of Molly Pitcher, a housewife who boldly took her husband's place at the cannon only moments after his death. In honor of Pitcher, a white cenotaph was erected near the property of the battlefield.
Historic farmhouses and structures of the battlefield.
The site of the battlefield originally contained many colonial-era farmhouses though many did not survive the rapid development of the area in the 20th century. Three of the original seven farmhouses that were present during the battle are still standing in the park. These include the Sutfin Farmhouse (1731); the Rhea-Applegate House (1745); and the Craig House (1746).
Three other homes were built on the battlefield. The Conover-Perrine House (1832) is to the north of the park, erected on the site of the original 18th-century Perrine House, an important example of late Federal Architecture. The Italianate Cobb House was later constructed in 1872 near the Conover-Perrine House. The Combs' Farmhouse (mid-18th Century) was demolished sometime in the 1960s and was located near the park's playground and ice pond.


Binyamin Avniel

Binyamin Avniel (, born Binyamin Gatstein; 1 November 1906 – 18 June 1993) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Herut and Gahal from 1951 until 1969.
Biography.
Born in Jerusalem during the Ottoman era, Avniel was educated at a heder, before studying at a Teachers Seminary in Jerusalem and then education and social sciences at the University of Brussels, where he earned a PhD in social sciences and economics. He wrote several books, including "The Arab Problem in the Land of Israel" (1937), "The Canton Problem: Facts, Figures and Assumptions" (1937), "Democracy vs. Dictatorship" (1939) and "Labor Problem in the Land" (1940).
He was elected to the Knesset on the Herut list in 1951, and was re-elected in 1955, 1959, 1961 and 1965, by which time Herut had formed the Gahal alliance with the Liberal Party. He lost his seat in the 1969 elections, and died in 1993.


List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement

The following American politicians are affiliated with the Tea Party movement, which is generally considered to be conservative, libertarian-leaning, and populist. The Tea Party movement is a political movement that advocates reducing the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing U.S. government spending and taxes. It is not a single, formal political party, but is represented by activist groups such as the Tea Party Patriots and the Tea Party Express. However, research has shown that members of the Tea Party Caucus vote like a third party in Congress. The Tea Party Caucus was the primary vehicle for the movement in Congress. The Liberty Caucus and Freedom Caucus are closely associated with the Tea Party movement.


Christen Eriksen Berg

Christen Eriksen Berg (20 November 1864 – 5 August 1926) was a Norwegian telegrapher and politician.
He was born in Brevik to Andreas Gerhard Berg and Gina Thomsen. He served as mayor of Kragerø (1921). He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1922–1924, for the Liberal Party.


Johan Lauritz Eidem

Johan Lauritz Eidem (9 September 18916 July 1984) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Møre og Romsdal during the term 1950–1953.
References.
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Haakon Hansen (politician)

Haakon Aksel Kristian Jølle Hansen (5 May 1907 – 24 May 1971) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder during the term 1965–1969.
External links.
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James Ferguson (Scottish politician)

James Ferguson FRSE (25 May 1735 – 6 September 1820) was a Scottish advocate and Tory politician and the third Laird of Pitfour, a large estate in the Buchan area of north east Scotland, which is known as the 'Blenheim of the North'.
Ferguson studied law in Edinburgh, qualifying in 1757 to gain membership of the Faculty of Advocates. He then undertook a tour of Europe throughout 1758 before following in his father's footsteps by joining the Scottish legal profession. Later in life his interests turned to politics and he became a Scottish Tory politician.
Among the extensive work carried out by Ferguson at Pitfour, he is also credited with beginning work on a canal between the Pitfour estate and the sea at Peterhead in order to transport agricultural produce. Despite planning objections from neighbours, work began in 1797. He is also credited with establishing the planned village of Mintlaw in 1813.
Ancestry and early life.
James Ferguson was born at Pitfour on 25 May 1735. He was the eldest son of James Ferguson (1700–1777) and Ann Murray (1708–1793). His parents were married on 3 February 1733, and he was born three years later. They had five other, younger children.
Before undertaking a grand tour of Europe during 1758, Ferguson continued the family tradition of studying law in Edinburgh. After qualifying, he gained membership of the Faculty of Advocates and Society of Writers to the Signet in July 1757.
Ferguson spent a great deal of time at Pitfour but also had an apartment in St James Place, Westminster, Middlesex. Ferguson became the third Laird of Pitfour on the death of his father, Lord Pitfour, in 1777.
The Third Laird was a known associate of James Boswell and together with his brother Patrick, who was the designer of the Ferguson rifle, breakfasted with Boswell in November 1762. Other close associates were William Pitt the Younger and Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville.
He was the Rector at Aberdeen University from 1794 to 1796.
In a confidential report titled "View of the political state of Scotland" published in 1788, Ferguson was described as "a man of real good sense, but indolent." The document was published in 1887 but covered the personal circumstances of those involved in county elections in Scotland during the previous century. Ferguson was not a good-looking man and appeared plain, small and stocky. His mother once wrote to him:
He remained a bachelor although there was speculation he yearned for Jane Gordon, Duchess of Gordon. She was born in Edinburgh in 1749, and was a Scottish Tory political hostess who was shrewd, sharp-witted and humorous but good-natured. In a riddle written by the Duchess, the last two lines refer to Ferguson (Laird of Pitfour) and confirm that he was not an attractive man. It reads:
<poem>
</poem>
Around 1813, he established the planned village of Mintlaw, and he is also credited with expanding Longside in 1801.
Prior to his death his Edinburgh address was 30 Heriot Row in the Second New Town.
He died without issue, and on his death in St James' Place, London, in September 1820, the estate passed to his younger brother, George Ferguson (1748–1820), who was then 72 years old and in poor health. He was said to have died "without a struggle" of "apoplexy".
Political career.
Ferguson became a Scottish Tory politician. He sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1788 to 1800, and then in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom until his death in 1820.
He unsuccessfully contested Aberdeenshire at a by-election in 1786 with the support of the Duke of Gordon. George Skene—proposed by the Earl of Fife, who held tremendous sway in the political circles of that time—defeated him. The total electorate for Aberdeenshire was 190, and Ferguson was defeated by ten votes.
Ferguson was again nominated for Aberdeenshire in July 1790 and was appointed after Skene withdrew when his alcoholism began to blight his political career.
Ferguson was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Banffshire at a by-election in 1789, holding that seat until 1790. He was elected at the 1790 general election as MP for Aberdeenshire, and held that seat until his death 30 years later.
The Member became a close associate and political friend of the Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. After Pitt's death in 1806, Ferguson did not so easily retain his seat in Parliament. In the elections of 1806, he retained the seat by just two votes, and his opponent General Alexander Hay demanded he be investigated for bribery and corruption. Ferguson again beat Hay in the contest for the seat in June 1807, but this time with a more convincing majority of 54 to 39 votes. Ferguson was unopposed in the next three elections. Some records indicate that Ferguson never spoke in the Commons except to complain about a broken window behind his seat causing a draught. He is actually recorded as speaking on at least five occasions over the years.
The diarist and fellow lawyer Henry Crabb Robinson gave an indication of Ferguson's political party affiliation when he recorded in his diary of 1826:
It was not until after 1832 and the introduction of the Scottish Reform Act 1832 that control of Scottish politics was taken from the hands of landowners and a small number of merchants. The Friends of the People Society in the 1790s was opposed by those landed gentry politicians. After the Act came into effect, the constituencies were changed, and this raised the electorate from under 5,000 to 65,000.
Pitfour.
The Pitfour Estate beside Mintlaw in the Buchan area of north-east Scotland became one of the country's most extensive and lavish estates during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Pitfour estate is shown on old maps as Petfouir or Petfour.
The estate was purchased by Ferguson's grandfather, the first Laird, in 1700 and was developed and extended by both the Sheriff and Lord Pitfour. Covering a large area of Buchan, the policies stretched to around 50 square miles and would be valued at £30m at its peak in the 18th century. The third Laird is attributed with much of the development work on the mansion house which was designed by architect John Smith in 1809. In his architectural guide to Banff and Buchan, Charles McKean describes the estate as the "Blenheim of Buchan" and "the Blenheim of Northern Scotland".
Ferguson was Laird of Pitfour during the period known as the Industrial Revolution in Britain. He began work on a canal between Pitfour and Peterhead in 1797 despite major opposition from adjoining landowners. The canal was proposed to cover about ten miles following the course of the River Ugie. References also refer to Pitfour's canal as the St Fergus and River Ugie Canal.
A project Ferguson had considered since 1793, it was never completed owing to "difficulties in effecting the necessary arrangements with neighbouring heritors."
The objections were particularly raised by the Merchant Maiden Hospital, which owned the land on the south side of the Ugie. Despite being advised to take out an interdict to prevent the work, in January 1797 the Hospital did not feel it had a strong enough case. However, four months later when two miles of the canal had been dug up to where the north and south Ugie joined, the Hospital did apply for an interdict, and this was granted in July 1797.
A few years after starting work on the canal, the Member had an artificial lake built on a flat piece of land to the front of the mansion house. The landscape gardener William S Gilpin was carrying out work on the adjacent Strichen estate at about the same time, and it is assumed he gave help with the work at Pitfour. The lake extends to almost 50 acres and was based on the artificial lake at Windsor Great Park.
After the death of the Member intestate in 1820, the estate was inherited by his younger brother George Ferguson (1748–1820), who died shortly after inheriting the estate. He was succeeded by his illegitimate son George Ferguson who, despite incurring severe debts, continued to develop the estate by adding a stable block, race course, an observation tower and other follies. He had huge gambling debts, and although the estate had been valued at £300,000 when he inherited it, he sold off many of the farms and other parts of the estate to raise funds. Despite these injections of funds, when he died the estate was mortgaged to the extent of £250,000. It was further decimated by his son, George Arthur Ferguson (1835–1924). George Arthur was sequestrated, and what remained of the estate was marketed in 1909. It was eventually sold in mid-1926, and the mansion house was knocked down.
References.
Citations
Bibliography


Christin Milloy

Christin Scarlett Milloy is a Canadian politician and LGBT activist. She was the first political candidate at the Canadian provincial level to publicly identify as transgender and ran for the Ontario Libertarian Party. In 2014, she helped lead the Trans Pride march. She is a member of the Trans Lobby Group, which lobbied at Queen's Park to pass Toby's Law, and has campaigned for transgender rights and gay-straight alliances for LGBT youth.
Politics and activism.
Ontario provincial election candidature.
In 2011, at age 27, Milloy was a candidate in the Ontario provincial election, running for the Libertarian Party. Priorities of her platform included simplifying the process of changing one's sex designation on a birth certificate, increasing government-sponsored coverage of sex reassignment procedures, eliminating the harmonized sales tax (HST), and redistributing alcohol sales from the LCBO to private businesses, "such as convenience stores."
Publications.
In June 2014, Milloy published "Don't Let the Doctor Do This to your Newborn" on Slate.com, which advocated against observing an infant's sex. According to "PQ Monthly", it was met with "venomous opposition." In an interview discussing the article and its surrounding controversy, Milloy advocated for de-legislating gender, which she described as a "necessary and positive step forward for our society."
Milloy runs a blog covering the topic of transgender issues.
Personal life.
Milloy grew up in Mississauga. In a 2014 "Toronto Star" article, Milloy stated that her parents accepted her gender identity while her brother did not. She began identifying as a transgender woman at the age of 23. She works as a web developer.


Jacques Belhomme

Jacques Belhomme (17 June 1737 – 18 September 1824) was a personality of the French Revolution and the owner of the Pension Belhomme. He appears in the 1951 film "Dear Caroline" after the novel by Jacques Laurent.
Life.
A joiner in the village of Charonne, he was made the holder of the "pension bourgeoise", precursor to the clinics and rest homes of today, then a gaoler when the Jacobins sent prisoners there from the end of 1793.
He gained fame for a scandal that broke out just after his death, when the comte de Sainte-Aulaire prepared for the press an article accusing Belhomme of having profited from the Reign of Terror to ransome rich suspects. As ever, the reality was more subtle.


Community Sha Tin

Community Sha Tin is a local political group based in Sha Tin formed in 2017 by a group of pro-democracy Sha Tin District Councillors.
History.
The group was formed on 14 December 2017 by nine members of the Sha Tin District Council, including former Neo Democrats councillors Yau Man-chun, Billy Chan Shiu-yeung, Chiu Chu-pong and Hui Yui-yu, former Democratic Party's Chan Nok-hang and Ting Tsz-yuen, Labour Party's Yip Wing and two post-Occupy "umbrella soldiers" Lai Tsz-yan and Wong Hok-lai, to consolidate the pro-democratic force in the council.
Amid the intra-party conflicts between Democratic Party Legislative Councillor Lam Cheuk-ting and the members who were both members of the party's New Territories East branch members and Concern Group for Tseung Kwan O People's Livelihood (CGPLTKO), Ting Tsz-yuen, Community Sha Tin's convenor also quit the Democratic Party over the dual-membership allegation.
Community Sha Tin had many candidates overlapping with Democratic Party's candidates in the 2019 District Council elections, including the newly created Di Yee, where Tse Kit-wing and Democratic Party's Liu Qing contested in the same constituency. Due to the clashes, some candidates of the group were not endorsed by Power for Democracy.
Representatives.
District Councils.
The Community Sha Tin now holds ten seats in Sha Tin District Council (2020–2023):


David Ramsay (historian)

David Ramsay (April 2, 1749May 8, 1815) was an American physician, public official, and historian from Charleston, South Carolina. He was one of the first major historians of the American Revolutionary War. During the Revolution he served in the South Carolina legislature until he was captured by the British. After his release he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1782–1783 and again in 1785–1786. Afterwards he served in the state House and Senate until retiring from public service. In 1803, Ramsay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. He was murdered in 1815 by a mentally ill man whom Ramsay had examined as a physician.
Early life and family.
David Ramsay was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the son of an Irish emigrant. His brother was Nathaniel Ramsey, a Congressman and a brother-in-law of painter Charles Willson Peale.
He attended college at Princeton, and graduated in 1765. In 1773, he received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Ramsay settled in Charleston, South Carolina, where he built a large practice as a physician.
Ramsay's first two marriages were brief, both ending with the death of his wife after one year. In 1775, he married Sabina Ellis (b. 1753), and in 1783, he married Frances Witherspoon (b. 1759). His second wife was the daughter of John Witherspoon, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and president of Princeton (then the College of New Jersey).
On January 28, 1787, Ramsay married Martha Laurens (1759–1811), daughter of Henry Laurens, a wealthy Charleston planter and Revolutionary War statesman who had been president of the Second Continental Congress. Through this marriage, Ramsay also became related to South Carolina governor Charles Pinckney, Ralph Izard, John Rutledge, Arthur Middleton, Daniel Huger, and Lewis Morris. David and Martha Laurens Ramsay had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood.
Military and political service.
During the American Revolutionary War, Ramsay served from 1776 to 1783 as a member of the South Carolina legislature.
During the Siege of Charleston in 1780, when Charleston was attacked by the British, Ramsay served with the South Carolina militia as a field surgeon. He was captured when the British occupied Charleston, and was imprisoned for nearly a year at St. Augustine, Florida, until he was exchanged.
Ramsay served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1786. In the absence of its chairman, John Hancock, Ramsay served as chairman of the Congress of the Confederation from November 23, 1785 to May 12, 1786.
In the 1790s, Ramsay served three terms in the South Carolina Senate, and was its president. During this time, Ramsay was nominated to the U.S. Senate, but his nomination was defeated on account of his abolitionist leanings.
Historical writing.
In his own day, Ramsay was better known as a historian and author than as a politician. He was one of the American Revolution's first major historians, who wrote with knowledge and insights acquired by being personally involved in the events of the American Revolution.
His major historical works included:
In 1812, six weeks after the death of his wife Martha Laurens Ramsay, he published her diary and private letters under the title "Memoirs of the Life of Martha Laurens Ramsay". Her memoirs remain historically valuable as a chronicle of the life of a well-educated Southern woman during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the nation, including while she took her mother's place as hostess for her father's political gatherings in the 1780s.
Critical response.
Ramsay's "History of the American Revolution" was one of the first and most accomplished histories to appear in the aftermath of that event, according to Karen O'Brien in 1994. O'Brien wrote that Ramsay's history challenges American exceptionalist literary frameworks by presenting itself within the European Enlightenment historical tradition, reflecting Ramsay's belief that the United States would have no historical destiny beyond typical patterns of European political and cultural development. Epic portrayals of American history in the 19th century were more the product of New England's historiographic traditions coupled with German historical thought, treating national character as a historical agent, rather than a historical result, as Ramsay suggests. Ramsay's history, then, is better considered the last of the European Enlightenment tradition than the first of American historical epics.
Historian Peter C. Messer, in 2002, examined the transition in Ramsay's republican perspective from his "History of the American Revolution" (1789) to his more conservative "History of the United States" (1816–17). His works went from a call for active citizens to reform and improve societal institutions to a warning of the dangers of an overzealous population and the need to preserve existing institutions. In his discussion of the treatment of Indians and African American slaves he became less critical of whites and changed to reflect the views of society at large. Ramsay's increasing involvement in South Carolina's economic and political institutions and the need for stability that defined early-19th-century nationalism influenced this transformation.
Assassination.
Ramsay was appointed by a court to examine one William Linnen, a tailor known for serial litigation and nuisance suits, after Linnen had attempted to murder his attorney. Ramsay reported to the court that Linnen was "deranged" and that it would be "dangerous to let him go at large." After apparently regaining his sanity, Linnen was released; though he threatened Ramsay, the latter did not take the threat seriously.
On May 6, 1815, at 1:00 p.m., Ramsay passed Linnen on Broad Street in Charleston. Linnen took out a "horseman's pistol" that he had concealed in a handkerchief, and shot Ramsay twice, in the back and hip. According to a contemporary source:
Ramsay died at 7 a.m. on May 8, 1815. He was buried at the Circular Congregational Church in Charleston.