Rubber stamp (politics)

A rubber stamp, as a political metaphor, refers to a person or institution with considerable "de jure" power but little "de facto" power — one that rarely or never disagrees with more powerful organizations.
In situations where this superior official's signature may frequently be required for routine paperwork, a literal rubber stamp is used, with a likeness of their hand-written signature. In essence, the term is meant to convey an endorsement without careful thought or personal investment in the outcome, especially since it is usually expected as the stamper's duty to do so. In the situation where a dictator's legislature is a "rubber stamp", the orders they are meant to endorse are formalities they are expected to legitimize, and are usually done to create the superficial appearance of legislative and dictatorial harmony rather than because they have actual power.
Historian Edward S. Ellis called this type of legislature a toy parliament, with specific reference to Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II's General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, created in 1876 with the sole purpose of appeasing the European powers. One of the most famous examples of a rubber stamp institution is the Reichstag of Nazi Germany, which unanimously confirmed all decisions already made by Adolf Hitler and the highest-ranking members of the Nazi Party. Many legislatures of authoritarian and totalitarian countries are considered as rubber stamps, such as communist parliaments like the Chinese National People's Congress, or the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations during the Fascist regime.
Rubber-stamp legislatures may occur even in democratic countries if the institutional arrangement allows for it: unlike in the United States Congress, where the legislative leadership is exercised by a Speaker of the House chosen separately from the President of the United States, the majority leader of the French Fifth Republic's National Assembly is a presidentially-appointed Prime Minister (who is still dependent on a parliamentary majority's support). Since the French National Assembly is elected two months after the President, which results in a coattail effect guaranteeing the presidential party a parliamentary majority, the French President can effectively control the legislative agenda through a subordinate Prime Minister.
During the reign of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden (1751–71), the Riksdag of the Estates had the power to sign binding documents with a literal name stamp, sometimes against the will of the king who by law was an absolute monarch.
Conversely, in a constitutional monarchy, the monarch is typically a "rubber stamp" to an elected parliament, even if he or she legally possesses considerable reserve powers or disagrees with the parliament's decisions. In parliamentary republics such as India, the President is often described as a rubber stamp.


Academy Award for Best Film Editing

The Academy Award for Best Film Editing is one of the annual awards of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Nominations for this award are closely correlated with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 33 consecutive years, 1981 to 2013, every Best Picture winner had also been nominated for the Film Editing Oscar, and about two thirds of the Best Picture winners have also won for Film Editing. Only the principal, "above the line" editor(s) as listed in the film's credits are named on the award; additional editors, supervising editors, etc. are not currently eligible. The nominations for this Academy Award are determined by a ballot of the voting members of the Editing Branch of the Academy; there were 220 members of the Editing Branch in 2012. The members may vote for up to five of the eligible films in the order of their preference; the five films with the largest vote totals are selected as nominees. The Academy Award itself is selected from the nominated films by a subsequent ballot of all active and life members of the Academy. This process is essentially the reverse of that of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA); nominations for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing are done by a general ballot of Academy voters, and the winner is selected by members of the editing chapter.
History.
This award was first given for films released in 1934. The name of this award is occasionally changed; in 2008, it was listed as the Academy Award for Achievement in Film Editing.
Four film editors have won this award three times in their career:
To date, two film directors have won this award, James Cameron and Alfonso Cuarón for the films "Titanic" and "Gravity", respectively. Directors David Lean, Steve James, Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (under the alias "Roderick Jaynes"), Michel Hazanavicius, Jean-Marc Vallée (under the alias "John Mac McMurphy") and Chloé Zhao have been nominated for editing their own films, with Cameron, Cuarón, and the Coens each being nominated for the award twice. Additionally, Best Film Editing winner, Walter Murch, although known for film editing and sound, directed the Oscar nominated "Return to Oz" and is, to date, the only person with Oscars for both sound engineering and film editing, winning them in the same year for his work on "The English Patient". Also, nominated editors Robert Wise, Francis D. Lyon, who won for "Body and Soul" and Hal Ashby, who won for "In the Heat of the Night", became directors whose films were in turn nominated for Best Film Editing, namely "Somebody Up There Likes Me", "I Want to Live!", "West Side Story", "The Sound of Music", "The Sand Pebbles" and "The Andromeda Strain" for Wise, "Crazylegs" for Lyon and "Bound for Glory" and "Coming Home" for Ashby.
Superlatives.
Superlatives taken from a document published by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Winners and nominees.
These listings are based on the Awards Database maintained by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Multiple nominations.
The following editors have received multiple nominations for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. This list is sorted by the number of total awards won (with the number of total nominations listed in parentheses).


Mkd (software)

mkd is a software application for extracting pre-encoded comments lines to generate software documentation according to the ISO/IEC standard. mkd is an abbreviation of "make documentation". mkd was originally known as "mkdoc".
Availability.
mkd is compilable 'as is' for all UNIX or Linux systems (format of characters UTF-8) and has been used extensively with Red Hat on Personal computers, on SUN Sparc and HP-UX, up of the year 2000 in the ASCII format; The location of the directories was different from the current location (man, whatis, ...).
The Fedora and Red Hat RPM packages are distributed since 2015 by the maintainers of mkd.
For Debian and Ubuntu systems, mkd is provided and distributed as Ubuntu packages of launchpad
mkd is, in principle, compatible with all Unix and Linux systems, except, sometimes, the location of the manuals and documentations directories.
mkd is also available for Microsoft Windows


Carel Willink

Albert Carel Willink (; 7 March 1900 – 19 October 1983) was a Dutch painter who called his style of Magic realism "imaginary realism".
Life and career.
Albert Carel Willink was born on 7 March 1900 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. He was the eldest son of the mechanic Jan Willink and Wilhelmina Altes. His father was an amateur artist who encouraged his son to paint.
After briefly studying medicine, in 1918-19 Willink studied architecture at the Technische Hogeschool in Delft. Afterwards he left for Germany, where he failed to get into the academy in Düsseldorf. He later studied for a short time at the Staatliche Hochschule in Berlin.
Willink's earliest paintings were in an expressionist manner, although he also painted abstract works at the time that he exhibited with the November group in 1923. By 1924 he had adopted a figurative style influenced by Picasso's neoclassical paintings of the early 1920s, and especially by Léger. Later in the decade, Willink developed a magic realist style related to the metaphysical paintings of Giorgio de Chirico.
From 1935 until his death Willink lived in Amsterdam. His realistically rendered paintings frequently depict slightly disquieting scenes taking place in front of imposing buildings. He also painted many portraits.
Willink married four times. His first marriage in 1927 with Mies van der Meulen (1900-1988) dissolved after a year, but his second in 1930 with Wilma Jeuken (1905-1960) lasted until her death of a brain tumor. In 1962 he started a relationship with the 38-year younger Mathilde de Doelder, whom he married in 1969. Their eccentric relationship made them a mainstay in the Dutch gossip columns of the time. In 1975 Willink started an affair with the 44-year younger sculptor . In 1977 he divorced De Doelder, who either committed suicide or was murdered 4 months later. The same year he married Quiël.
Willink died, at the age of 83, in Amsterdam on 19 October 1983. A small park in Amsterdam, near the Rijksmuseum, is named in his honour.
Public collections.
Among the public collections holding works by Carel Willink are:


Menippus

Menippus of Gadara (; "Menippos o Gadarevs"; fl. 3rd century BC) was a Cynic satirist. The Menippean satire genre is named after him. His works, all of which are lost, were an important influence on Varro and Lucian, who ranks Menippus with Antisthenes, Diogenes, and Crates as among the most notable of the Cynics.
Life.
Little is known about the life of Menippus. He was a Phoenecian from the Greek city of Gadara in Coele-Syria. The ancient sources agree that he was a slave. He was in the service of a citizen of Pontus, but in some way obtained his freedom and relocated to Thebes. Diogenes Laërtius relates a dubious story that he amassed a fortune as a money-lender, lost it, and committed suicide.
Writings.
His works (written in a mixture of prose and verse) are all lost. He discussed serious subjects in a spirit of ridicule, and especially delighted in attacking the Epicureans and Stoics. Strabo and Stephanus call him the "earnest-jester" (, "spoudogeloios"). His writings exercised considerable influence upon later literature, and the Menippean satire genre is named after him. Although the writings of Menippus no longer survive, there are some fragments of Varro's "Saturae Menippeae", which were written in imitation of Menippus. One of the dialogues attributed to Lucian, his avowed imitator, who frequently mentions him, is called "Menippus", but since the sub-title ("The Oracle of the Dead") resembles that of a work ascribed to Menippus by Diogenes Laërtius, it has been suggested that it is imitated from his "Necromancy".
Diogenes Laërtius says the following works were written by Menippus:
In addition, Athenaeus mentions works called "Symposium" and "Arcesilaus", and Diogenes Laërtius mentions a "Sale of Diogenes" () written by Menippus which seems to be the main source of the story that Diogenes of Sinope was captured by pirates and sold into slavery.


Skandha (Jainism)

Skandha (Sanskrit) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In the religion of Jainism, Skandha is a combination of Paramanus (elementary particles). In contrast to Buddhism that allows aggregates of non-matters, Jainism allows only aggregation between matter (only first type out of the five types of aggregates allowed in Buddhism). Jainism doesn't include the last four types of aggregates of Buddhism because those phenomena are explained in Jainism by the groupings between matter (karma particles, second last from the list below) and Atman (unified individual whose existence is denied in Buddhism). A grouping between matter and Atman is not considered a Skandha but is considered a Bandha (bondage).
Each Paramanu has "intensity points" of aridness or cohesiveness that, because of transformation, can increase or decrease between one and infinity. These Paramanus can combine with each other to create Skandhas or Aggregates when there is a difference of two "intensity points", whether it is arid or cohesive or whether having even or odd "intensity points" except the minimum (one) "intensity point". For example, a paramanu with two points of cohesiveness can combine with a paramanu of four points of cohesiveness or aridness; and that of three points with that of five points and so on. This definition is given in Pravachanasara.
Skandhas and Paramanus are two types of Pudgalas (Matter).
Skandha are of six types: Gross-gross, gross, gross-fine, fine-gross, fine, and fine-fine. This classification is given in Niyamsara.


Weyl scalar

In the Newman–Penrose (NP) formalism of general relativity, Weyl scalars refer to a set of five complex scalars formula_1 which encode the ten independent components of the Weyl tensor of a four-dimensional spacetime.
Definitions.
Given a complex null tetrad formula_2 and with the convention formula_3, the Weyl-NP scalars are defined by
Note: If one adopts the convention formula_9, the definitions of formula_10 should take the opposite values; that is to say, formula_11 after the signature transition.
Alternative derivations.
According to the definitions above, one should find out the Weyl tensors before calculating the Weyl-NP scalars via contractions with relevant tetrad vectors. This method, however, does not fully reflect the spirit of Newman–Penrose formalism. As an alternative, one could firstly compute the spin coefficients and then use the NP field equations to derive the five Weyl-NP scalars
where formula_17 (used for formula_18) refers to the NP curvature scalar formula_19 which could be calculated directly from the spacetime metric formula_20.
Physical interpretation.
Szekeres (1965) gave an interpretation of the different Weyl scalars at large distances:
For a general asymptotically flat spacetime containing radiation (Petrov Type I), formula_22 & formula_23 can be transformed to zero by an appropriate choice of null tetrad. Thus these can be viewed as gauge quantities.
A particularly important case is the Weyl scalar formula_25.
It can be shown to describe outgoing gravitational radiation (in an asymptotically flat spacetime) as
Here, formula_30 and formula_31 are the "plus" and "cross" polarizations of gravitational radiation, and the double dots represent double time-differentiation.
There are, however, certain examples in which the interpretation listed above fails. These are exact vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations with cylindrical symmetry. For instance, a static (infinitely long) cylinder can produce a gravitational field which has not only the expected "Coulomb"-like Weyl component formula_18, but also non-vanishing "transverse wave"-components formula_24 and formula_25. Furthermore, purely outgoing Einstein-Rosen waves have a non-zero "incoming transverse wave"-component formula_24.


Mind Science Foundation

The Mind Science Foundation (MSF) is a private non-profit scientific foundation in San Antonio, Texas, USA, established by the philanthropist Thomas Baker Slick in 1958.
The Foundation's mission is to raise awareness and levels of funding for one of the major unsolved questions in science: how consciousness arises in human beings.
Awards and sponsorship of research.
MSF is a principal, international supporter of pilot data grants for consciousness research. Some recent award recipients include:
Lecture events.
In addition to funding leading researchers in the field, the Mind Science Foundation hosts a Distinguished Speakers Series to heighten public awareness of practical topics related to human consciousness. Examples of past speakers include:
Sponsoring events.
The Foundation also supports international symposia and conferences focused on the scientific study of consciousness and has also helped to sponsor events with the following organizations:


Arthur Storer

Arthur Storer (c. 1648 – 1686) was America's first colonial astronomer. He came to Calvert County, Maryland, from Lincolnshire, England. He was among the first observers to sight and record data about a magnificent comet that passed over Patuxent skies in 1682. Storer's work shows up in a number of Newton's writings. The comet became known as Storer's Comet, until Edmund Halley later predicted the comet's return; thereafter this celestial marvel was known as Halley's Comet.
His observations of the great comet of 1680 are mentioned twice in Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
A planetarium bearing Storer's name is located in Prince Frederick, Maryland.
Isaac Newton.
Isaac Newton's well known confessions list in the Fitzwilliam notebook of 1662 includes "beating Arthur Storer".
When Isaac was about 12 years old, he was sent away to the Grammar school in Grantham. While in school he boarded at the home of William Clarke, an apothecary on Grantham High Street next to the George Inn. Clarke was the second husband of Arthur's mother Katherine. Katherine brought her four children Edward, Arthur, Katherine and Ann to the marriage.
Arthur's sister Katherine Storer, did not deny that Newton may have had a romantic interest in her. William Stukeley interviewed her in 1727 after Newton's death when she was 'Mrs Vincent' a widow of 82 years. He wrote: "Sir Isaac & she being thus brought up together, it is said that he entertain'd a passion for her, when they grew up: nor dos she deny it.
Storer's Comet.
At about dawn on August 14, 1682, looking westward over the Patuxent River near Hunting Creek, Arthur Storer apparently saw what is now known as Storer's Comet. The comet stayed visible in the area until September 18, 1682.
Storer's observations of the comet are considered to be the most accurate of his contemporaries with the exception of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich.


Joseph Weizenbaum

Joseph Weizenbaum (8 January 1923 – 5 March 2008) was a German American computer scientist and a professor at MIT. The Weizenbaum Award is named after him. He is considered one of the fathers of modern artificial intelligence.
Life and career.
Born in Berlin, Germany to Jewish parents, he escaped Nazi Germany in January 1936, emigrating with his family to the United States. He started studying mathematics in 1941 at Wayne State University, in Detroit, Michigan. In 1942, he interrupted his studies to serve in the U.S. Army Air Corps as a meteorologist, having been turned down for cryptology work because of his "enemy alien" status. After the war, in 1946, he returned to Wayne State, obtaining his B.S. in Mathematics in 1948, and his M.S. in 1950.
Around 1952, as a research assistant at Wayne, Weizenbaum worked on analog computers and helped create a digital computer. In 1956 he worked for General Electric on ERMA, a computer system that introduced the use of the magnetically encoded fonts imprinted on the bottom border of checks, allowing automated check processing via Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR).
In 1964 he took a position at MIT.
Psychology simulation at MIT.
In 1966, he published a comparatively simple program called ELIZA, named after the ingenue in George Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion", which performed natural language processing. Driven by a script named DOCTOR, it was capable of engaging humans in a conversation which bore a striking resemblance to one with an empathic psychologist. Weizenbaum modeled its conversational style after Carl Rogers, who introduced the use of open-ended questions to encourage patients to communicate more effectively with therapists. The program applied pattern matching rules to statements to figure out its replies. (Programs like this are now called chatbots.) It is considered the forerunner of thinking machines. Weizenbaum was shocked that his program was taken seriously by many users, who would open their hearts to it. Famously, when observing his secretary using the software - who was aware that it was a simulation - she asked Weizenbaum: "would you mind leaving the room please?".
Apprehensions about Artificial Intelligence.
He started to think philosophically about the implications of artificial intelligence and later became one of its leading critics. In an interview with MIT's "The Tech", Weizenbaum elaborated on his fears, expanding them beyond the realm of mere artificial intelligence, explaining that his fears for society and the future of society were largely because of the computer itself. His belief was that the computer, at its most base level, is a fundamentally conservative force and that despite being a technological innovation, it would end up hindering social progress. Weizenbaum used his experience working with Bank of America as justification for his reasoning, saying that the computer allowed banks to deal with an ever-expanding number of checks in play that otherwise would have forced drastic changes to banking organization such as decentralization. As such, although the computer allowed the industry to become more efficient, it prevented a fundamental re-haul of the system.
Despite working so closely with computers for many years, Weizenbaum frequently worried about the negative effects they would have on the world, particularly with regards to the military, calling the computer "a child of the military." When asked about the belief that a computer science professional would more often than not end up working with defense, Weizenbaum detailed his position on rhetoric, specifically euphemism, with regards to its effect on societal viewpoints. He believed that the terms "the military" and "defense" did not accurately represent the organizations and their actions. He made it clear that he did not think of himself as a pacifist, believing that there are certainly times where arms are necessary, but by referring to defense as killings and bombings, humanity as a whole would be less inclined to embrace violent reactions so quickly.
Difference between Deciding and Choosing.
His influential 1976 book "Computer Power and Human Reason" displays his ambivalence towards computer technology and lays out his case: while Artificial Intelligence may be possible, we should never allow computers to make important decisions because computers will always lack human qualities such as compassion and wisdom. Weizenbaum makes the crucial distinction between deciding and choosing. Deciding is a computational activity, something that can ultimately be programmed. Choice, however, is the product of judgment, not calculation. It is the capacity to choose that ultimately makes us human. Comprehensive human judgment is able to include non-mathematical factors, such as emotions. Judgment can compare apples and oranges, and can do so without quantifying each fruit type and then reductively quantifying each to factors necessary for comparison.
Weizenbaum was the creator of the SLIP programming language.
Returning to roots.
In 1996, Weizenbaum moved to Berlin and lived in the vicinity of his childhood neighborhood.
A German documentary film on Weizenbaum, "Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work.", was released in 2007 and later dubbed in English. The documentary film Plug & Pray on Weizenbaum and the ethics of artificial intelligence was released in 2010.
Until his death he was Chairman of the Scientific Council at the Institute of Electronic Business in Berlin. In addition to working at MIT, Weizenbaum held academic appointments at Harvard, Stanford, the University of Bremen, and other universities.
Weizenbaum was buried at the Weißensee Jewish cemetery in Berlin. A memorial service was held in Berlin on 18 March 2008.


Japan Academy Film Prize for Best Film Editing

The Japan Academy Prize for Best Film Editing is one of the Japan Academy Prize presented annually by the Japan Academy Prize Association. It is one of several awards presented for feature films.


Yogashikha Upanishad

The Yogashikha Upanishad (Sanskrit: योगशिखा उपनिषत्, IAST: Yogaśikhā Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. It is one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas.
Two versions of the "Yogashikha Upanishad" exist, one short that is attached to the Atharvaveda in some anthologies, and a long version which is often found attached to the Krishna Yajurveda in Telugu language anthologies. The long version consists of six chapters, and is about forty times longer than the short version. The short version appears interspersed within the first chapter of the long version.
History.
The Yogashikha is an ancient text, states Mircea Eliade, who suggests a relative chronology. He dates it to the same period when the following Hindu texts were composed – Maitri Upanishad, the didactic parts of the Mahabharata, the chief Sannyasa Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads such as Brahmabindu, Brahmavidya, Tejobindu, Yogatattva, Nadabindu, Kshurika, Dhyanabindu and Amritabindu. These texts along with the Yogashikha Upanishad, adds Eliade, were composed earlier than the ten or eleven later yogic Upanishads such as the Yoga-kundali, Varaha and Pashupatabrahma Upanishads. Gavin Flood dates this text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.
Georg Feuerstein calls the Yogashikha Upanishad, as the "Crest of Yoga" and the "most comprehensive of the Yoga Upanishads". The ideas found in Yogashikha are shared in many Hatha Yoga texts such as those by Gorakhnath.
Some manuscripts of the text are titled as "Yoga-sikhopanisad" (योगशिखोपनिषत्). It is listed at number 63 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads. In the Colebrooke's version of 52 Upanishads, popular in north India, it is listed at number 22. The Narayana anthology, popular in South India, also includes this Upanishad at number 22 in "Bibliothica Indica". In the collection of Upanishads under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed Dara Shikhoh in 1656, consisting of a Persian translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, the Yogashika is listed at number 20 and is named "Djog Sank'ha." According to Alain Daniélou, this Upanishad is one of the 12 Raja Yoga Upanishads, seven of which are attached to the Krishna Yajurveda and five to the Shukla Yajurveda.
The text was influential on medieval Hindu literature such as in section 1.2 of the early 12th-century encyclopedic text "Manasollasa", and the Hath yoga literature such as the "Yogabīja".
Contents.
The text is composed in poetic verse style. The chapter 1, the longest, includes a discussion of the role of yoga in achieving moksha, that is liberation while living ("Jivanmukta"), and contrasts it to "Videhamukti" (liberation in afterlife). The first chapter asserts Om to be "Mula-Mantra" (root mantra), and describes it to be part masculine Shiva and part feminine Shakti. It asserts that anger, greed and such psychological states to be defects that ultimately lead to sorrow, that the pure being is one who is beyond these, a state that can only be achieved through simultaneous pursuit of knowledge and yoga.
The Telugu language anthology edition of Yogashikha Upanishad is notable for its discussion of Jnana-Yoga (path of knowledge).
Chapters 1 and 5 of the text discuss six kinds of Yoga, Kundalini and five fires within a human body. It asserts that the awareness of Chakra with Hatha Yoga practice is a form of spiritual experience. The human body, metaphorically asserts the text, is the temple of Vishnu, as Brahman. It is incorrect to regard one's eternal Atman (self, soul) to be same as the temporal body.
The Upanishad explains Brahma Granthi as the first knot of the Kundalini, being situated in the Muladhara chakra (the root chakra). Tantric texts are different than Yogashikha Upanishad, states Harish Johri, because they identify Brahma Granthi to be positioned in the Manipura Chakra which is the third chakra. The text, states Georg Feuerstein, suggests Yoga is a journey and recommends a steady spiritual practice with a Guru (teacher).
The Upanishad calls one's Guru as the one who is a spiritual guide and one worthy of devotion, praising the Guru as Brahman, Vishnu, Achyuta, identical to one's "Atman" (soul), declaring that there is no one greater in the universe than one's Guru. The verse 2.22 states that those who have faith in Ishvara and Guru will become great. The last chapter of the Upanishad emphasizes the importance of Dhyana (meditation) on the highest self, Hamsa and Om.
The variation in the manuscripts suggest corruption of the text over time, states Deussen, such as the abrupt, non-metric addition of "reciting this text thrice a day leads to liberation" in verse 8 of the short version.


List of English words without rhymes

The following is a list of English words without rhymes, called refractory rhymes—that is, a list of words in the English language that rhyme with no other English word. The word "rhyme" here is used in the strict sense, called a "perfect rhyme", that the words are pronounced the same from the vowel of the main stressed syllable onwards. The list was compiled from the point of view of Received Pronunciation (with a few exceptions for General American), and may not work for other accents or dialects. Multiple-word rhymes (a phrase that rhymes with a word, known as a "phrasal" or "mosaic" rhyme), self-rhymes (adding a prefix to a word and counting it as a rhyme of itself), and identical rhymes (words that are identical in their stressed syllables, such as "bay" and "obey") are often not counted as true rhymes and have not been considered. Only the list of one-syllable words can hope to be anything near complete; for polysyllabic words, rhymes are the exception rather than the rule.
Definition of "perfect rhyme".
Following the strict definition of rhyme, a perfect rhyme demands the exact match of all sounds from the last stressed vowel to the end of the word. Therefore, words with the stress far from the end are more likely to have no perfect rhymes. For instance, a perfect rhyme for "discomulate" would have to rhyme three syllables, "-ulate." There are many words that match most of the sounds from the stressed vowel onwards and so are near rhymes, called slant rhymes. "Ovulate, copulate," and "populate," for example, vary only slightly in one consonant from "discombobulate", and thus provide very usable rhymes for most situations in which a rhyme for "discombobulate" is desired. However, no other English word has exactly these three final syllables with this stress pattern. And since in most traditions the stressed syllable should not be identical—the consonant before the stressed vowel should be different—adding a prefix to a word, as "be-elbow" for "elbow," does not create a perfect rhyme for it.
Words that rhyme in one accent or dialect may not rhyme in another. A commonplace example of this is the word "of" , which when stressed had no rhymes in British Received Pronunciation prior to the 19th century, but which rhymed with "grave" and "mauve" in some varieties of General American. In the other direction, "iron" has no rhyme in General American, but many in RP. Words may also have more than one pronunciation, one with a rhyme, and one without.
Words with obscure perfect rhymes.
This list includes rhymes of words that have been listed as rhymeless.
Non-rhyming English words.
The majority of words with antepenultimate stress, such as "ambulance", "animal, citizen, dangerous" and "obvious," and with preantepenultimate stress, such as "(un)necessary, logarithm, algorithm" and "sacrificing," have no rhyme.
Masculine rhymes.
Refractory one-syllable rhymes are uncommon; there may be fewer than a hundred in English. A great many end in a present or historical suffix "-th," or are plural or participle forms. This list includes a few polysyllabic masculine rhymes such as "obliged," which have one syllable in their rhyming part.
"pork" has no rhymes in conservative RP and GA. However, the distinction between "horse" and "hoarse" has been mostly lost in younger generations, and for them and many others "pork" which was an exception to the normal rule, now rhymes with "fork", "cork", etc. (). The OED no longer lists as an alternative pronunciation in its third edition.
Nonce words ending in "-ed" ('provided with') may produce other potentially refractory masculine rhymes. There are additional words which are only partially assimilated into English, such as Russian "kovsh" , which are refractory rhymes.
The contraction "daren't" has no known rhymes in any English dialect, however the legitimacy of contractions as a single word is disputed. Regardless of this, "daren't" lacks both perfect rhymes and phrasal rhymes.
Although not meant as a complete list, there are some additional refractory rhymes in GA. Some of these are due to RP being a non-rhotic accent, and having merged rhymes formerly distinguished by .
Feminine rhymes.
For feminine rhymes, the final two syllables must match to count as a rhyme. Once the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable, rhymeless words are quite common, perhaps even the norm: there may be more rhymeless words than words with rhymes. The following words are representative, but there are thousands of others.


Fred Pellerin

Fred Pellerin (born November 22, 1976) is a Canadian musician and storyteller from Saint-Élie-de-Caxton, Quebec. He is a three-time Juno Award nominee for Francophone Album of the Year, garnering nominations at the Juno Awards of 2011 for "Silence", the Juno Awards of 2012 for "C'est un monde", and the Juno Awards of 2020 for "Après", and recorded "L'Hymne", the theme song for the film "Snowtime! (La guerre des tuques 3D)", in duet with Céline Dion.
Career.
A graduate of the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, he began performing and touring as a story teller in the 2000s. His stories typically centre on the Mauricie region of Quebec where he grew up, often introducing some elements of magic realism into their depictions of smalltown life. In 2007, Pellerin and his brother Nicolas released their first album as a folk music duo; the album won a Prix Félix for Best Folk Album in 2008. He has since released the solo music albums "Silence", "C'est un monde" and "Plus tard qu'on pense", as well as several books and spoken word recordings of his stories. In 2012, he appeared on Dion's TVA special to promote the release of her album "Sans attendre", performing Gerry Joly's "Mille après mille" as a duet with Dion.
In 2011, a story from his book "Il faut prendre le taureau par les contes" was adapted by Luc Picard for the film "Babine". The following year, Picard released another film of an original Pellerin screenplay, "Ésimésac".
With Francis Leclerc, he cowrote the screenplay for the 2017 film "Barefoot at Dawn (Pieds nus dans l'aube)", based on a novel by Félix Leclerc.
"The Time Thief (L'Arracheuse de temps)", the third film adaptation of Pellerin's work, entered production in 2020 for a planned release in 2021.
Awards.
He has won numerous Prix Félix from ADISQ.
In 2012, the government of Jean Charest named Pellerin to the National Order of Quebec. He initially declined the honour in solidarity with the 2012 Quebec student protests against Charest's government, but accepted it after Charest was defeated in the 2012 provincial election.


South from Granada

South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village is an autobiographical book by Gerald Brenan, first published in 1957.
Brenan, a fringe member of the Bloomsbury Group, moved to Spain in 1919 and lived there on and off for the rest of his life. The book is an example of travel literature, mixing an autobiographical account of his life in Yegen, the village where he found his first home in Spain, with detailed background information about the Alpujarras region of Andalusia. He describes visits to his home by Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, and Dora Carrington.
Film version.
"South from Granada" has been adapted into a film, "Al sur de Granada" (2003), directed by Fernando Colomo. The film includes some biographical material not in the original book.


Norimasa Kaeriyama

 (1 March 1893 – 6 November 1964) was a pioneering Japanese film director and film theorist.
Biography.
Beginning with articles he submitted to Yoshizawa Shōten's magazine "Katsudō shashinkai" while still a student, Kaeriyama developed a long series of critiques of contemporary Japanese cinema that would make him the leading spokesman of the Pure Film Movement in the 1910s. The ideas about what cinema should be that he developed in the journal "Kinema Record", which he helped found with Yukiyoshi Shigeno, were accumulated in his 1917 book, "The Production and Photography of Moving Picture Drama" (Katsudō shashingeki no sōsaku to satsueihō), an influential work that continued to be reprinted into the 1920s. Although an engineer by training, Kaeriyama entered the film industry, first at Nihon Kinetophone in 1914, and then at Tennenshoku Katsudō Shashin (Tenkatsu) in 1917. It was at the latter that he was able to put his ideals into practice with films such as "The Glow of Life" (Sei no kagayaki) and "Maid of the Deep Mountains" (Miyama no otome), which were filmed in 1918 with his production group, the Geijutsu Eiga Kyōkai, but released in 1919. These were hailed as some of the first "pure films" in Japan, in part because Kaeriyama was one of the first to use actresses in a Japanese produced film. Several figures who later made significant contributions to Japanese cinema worked with him on these projects, including Minoru Murata (later a director), Shizue Natsukawa, Iyokichi Kondō, and Sugisaku Aoyama (the latter all actors). Kaeriyama continued directing films until the mid-1920s, but rarely to much success. Afterwards, he returned to engineering work, while continuing to write how-to books on filmmaking as well as pursuing the study of sex in cinema.


Veerwal

Veerwal (also spelled as Virval) is a Jain community in the Mewar region in Rajasthan, India.
The Veerwals are followers of Sameer Muniji Maharaj who introduced them to Jainism. His death anniversary is celebrated by the All Indian Jain Veerwal Jain Sangh every year.
Sameer Pavan Dham in Ahimsa Nagar in Chittorgarh serves as a main center. Ahimsa Nagar, located about 4 miles from Chittorgarh, was inaugurated by Mohanlal Sukhadia in 1966. Even though Sameer Muniji belonged to the Sthanakvasi tradition,
Sameer Pavan Dham hosts Jain dignitaries from other traditions also.


Complex random variable

In probability theory and statistics, complex random variables are a generalization of real-valued random variables to complex numbers, i.e. the possible values a complex random variable may take are complex numbers. Complex random variables can always be considered as pairs of real random variables: their real and imaginary parts. Therefore, the distribution of one complex random variable may be interpreted as the joint distribution of two real random variables.
Some concepts of real random variables have a straightforward generalization to complex random variables—e.g., the definition of the mean of a complex random variable. Other concepts are unique to complex random variables.
Applications of complex random variables are found in digital signal processing, quadrature amplitude modulation and information theory.
Definition.
A complex random variable formula_1 on the probability space formula_2 is a function formula_3 such that both its real part formula_4 and its imaginary part formula_5 are real random variables on formula_2.
Examples.
Simple example.
Consider a random variable that may take only the three complex values formula_7 with probabilities as specified in the table. This is a simple example of a complex random variable.
The expectation of this random variable may be simply calculated:
formula_8
Uniform distribution.
Another example of a complex random variable is the uniform distribution over the filled unit circle, i.e. the set formula_9. This random variable is an example of a complex random variable for which the probability density function is defined. The density function is shown as the yellow disk and dark blue base in the following figure.
Complex normal distribution.
Complex Gaussian random variables are often encountered in applications. They are a straightforward generalization of real Gaussian random variables. The following plot shows an example of the distribution of such a variable.
Cumulative distribution function.
The generalization of the cumulative distribution function from real to complex random variables is not obvious because expressions of the form formula_10 make no sense. However expressions of the form formula_11 make sense. Therefore, we define the cumulative distribution formula_12 of a complex random variables via the joint distribution of their real and imaginary parts:
Probability density function.
The probability density function of a complex random variable is defined as formula_13, i.e. the value of the density function at a point formula_14 is defined to be equal to the value of the joint density of the real and imaginary parts of the random variable evaluated at the point formula_15.
An equivalent definition is given by formula_16 where formula_17 and formula_18.
As in the real case the density function may not exist.
Expectation.
Definition.
The expectation of a complex random variable is defined based on the definition of the expectation of a real random variable:
Note that the expectation of a complex random variable does not exist if formula_19 or formula_20 does not exist.
If the complex random variable formula_1 has a probability density function formula_22, then the expectation is given by formula_23.
If the complex random variable formula_1 has a probability mass function formula_25, then the expectation is given by formula_26.
Properties.
Whenever the expectation of a complex random variable exists, taking the expectation and complex conjugation commute:
The expected value operator formula_28 is linear in the sense that
for any complex coefficients formula_30 even if formula_31 and formula_32 are not independent.
Variance and pseudo-variance.
Definition of variance.
The variance is defined as:
Properties.
The variance is always a nonnegative real number. It is equal to the sum of the variances of the real and imaginary part of the complex random variable:
The variance of a linear combination of complex random variables may be calculated using the following formula:
Definition pseudo-variance.
The pseudo-variance is a special case of the pseudo-covariance and is given by
Unlike the variance of formula_31, which is always real and positive, the pseudo-variance of formula_31 is in general complex.
Covariance and pseudo-covariance.
Definition.
The covariance between two complex random variables formula_37 is defined as
Notice the complex conjugation of the second factor in the definition. In contrast to real random variables, we also define a pseudo-covariance (also called complementary variance):
The second order statistics are fully characterized by the covariance and the pseudo-covariance.
Properties.
The covariance has the following properties:
Uncorrelatedness.
Two complex random variables formula_31 and formula_32 are called uncorrelated if
Orthogonality.
Two complex random variables formula_31 and formula_32 are called orthogonal if
Circular symmetry.
Circular symmetry of complex random variables is a common assumption used in the field of wireless communication. A typical example of a circular symmetric complex random variable is the complex Gaussian random variable with zero mean and zero pseudo-covariance matrix.
Definition.
A complex random variable formula_1 is circularly symmetric if, for any deterministic formula_51, the distribution of formula_52 equals the distribution of formula_1.
Properties.
By definition, a circularly symmetric complex random variable has
formula_54 for any formula_55.
Thus the expectation of a circularly symmetric complex random variable can only be either zero or undefined.
Additionally,
formula_56 for any formula_55.
Thus the pseudo-variance of a circularly symmetric complex random variable can only be zero.
If formula_31 and formula_59 have the same distribution, the phase of formula_31 must be uniformly distributed over formula_61 and independent of the amplitude of formula_31.
Proper complex random variables.
The concept of proper random variables is unique to complex random variables, and has no correspondent concept with real random variables.
Definition.
A complex random variable formula_1 is called proper if the following three conditions are all satisfied:
This definition is equivalent to the following conditions. This means that a complex random variable is proper if, and only if:
Covariance matrix of the real and imaginary parts.
For a general complex random variable, the pair formula_70 has the covariance matrix
However, for a proper complex random variable, the covariance matrix of the pair formula_70 has the following simple form:
Theorem.
Every circularly symmetric complex random variable with finite variance is proper.
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for complex random variables, which can be derived using the Triangle inequality and Hölder's inequality, is
Characteristic function.
The characteristic function of a complex random variable is a function formula_75 defined by


Alice Hoffman

Alice Hoffman (born March 16, 1952) is an American novelist and young-adult and children's writer, best known for her 1995 novel "Practical Magic", which was adapted for a 1998 film of the same name. Many of her works fall into the genre of magic realism and contain elements of magic, irony, and non-standard romances and relationships.
Early life and education.
Alice Hoffman was born in New York City and raised on Long Island, New York. Her grandmother was a Russian-Jewish immigrant. She graduated from Valley Stream North High School in 1969, and then from Adelphi University with a Bachelor of Arts. She was a Mirrielees Fellow at the Stanford University Creative Writing Center in 1973 and 1974, where she earned a Master of Arts in Creative Writing.
Career.
When Hoffman was twenty-one and studying at Stanford, her first short story, "At The Drive-In", was published in Volume 3 of the literary magazine "Fiction". Editor Ted Solotaroff contacted her, and asked whether she had a novel. At that point, she began writing her first novel, "Property Of". It was published in 1977, by Farrar Straus and Giroux, now a division of Macmillan Publishers. A section of "Property Of" was published in Solotaroff's literary magazine, "American Review".
Hoffman's first job was at Doubleday, which later published two of her novels.
She was the recipient of a New Jersey Notable Book Award for "Ice Queen". She won a Hammett Prize for "Turtle Moon".
She wrote the screenplay for the 1983 film "Independence Day", starring Kathleen Quinlan and Dianne Wiest.
In September 2019 Hoffman released "The World That We Knew" based on a true story told to her by a fan at a book signing. The woman confided to Hoffman that during World War 2, her Jewish parents had her live with non-Jewish people to escape the Nazis. These were known as "hidden children" and Hoffman thought about this woman and her unusual upbringing for years before deciding to travel to Europe and learn more.
The third novel in her "Practical Magic" series, "Magic Lessons", was released in October 2020. This prequel takes place in the 17th century and explores the life of Maria Owens, the family matriarch.
For Scholastic Press, Hoffman has also written the young adult novels "Indigo", "Green Ange"l, and its sequel, "Green Witch". With her son Wolfe Martin, she wrote the picture book "Moondog".
In 2015, Hoffman donated her archives to her alma mater, Adelphi University.
Personal life.
She resides in Boston. After being treated for breast cancer at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, she helped establish the hospital's Hoffman Breast Center.
Hoffman is Jewish.


Adolf Reinach

Adolf Bernhard Philipp Reinach (23 December 1883 – 16 November 1917) was a German philosopher, phenomenologist (from the Munich phenomenology school) and law theorist.
Life and work.
Adolf Reinach was born into a prominent Jewish family in Mainz, Germany, on 23 December 1883.
Adolf Reinach studied at the "Ostergymnasium" in Mainz (where he became at first interested in Plato) and later entered the University of Munich in 1901 where he studied mainly psychology and philosophy under Theodor Lipps. In the circle of Lipps' students he came in contact with Moritz Geiger, Otto Selz, Aloys Fischer and above all Johannes Daubert. From onward 1903/4 he was increasingly busy with the works of Edmund Husserl, especially his "Logische Untersuchungen" ("Logical Investigations").
In 1904, Reinach obtained his doctorate in philosophy under Lipps with his work "Über den Ursachenbegriff im geltenden Strafrecht" (On the concept of cause in penal law). In 1905, he still intended to continue his studies in Munich (where in the meanwhile he had also befriended Alexander Pfänder), to obtain a degree in law, but then decided to go to study with Husserl at the University of Göttingen. In that period more students of Lipps (captained by Daubert) had decided to abandon Munich and to head for Göttingen, inspired by Husserl's works (which is referred to as the Munich invasion of Göttingen).
Later in 1905 Reinach returned to Munich to complete his studies in law and then continued in 1906–07 at the University of Tübingen. He attended several lectures and seminars on penal law by the legal theorist Ernst Beling, by which he was quite impressed and to which he owes a great deal of inspiration of his later works. In the summer of 1907 he took the First State Examination in Law, but also went later to Göttingen to attend discussion circles with Husserl.
With the support of Husserl, Reinach was able to obtain habilitation for university teaching at Göttingen in 1909. From his lectures and research, we can see that at the time he was influenced also by Anton Marty and Johannes Daubert, besides obviously and greatly by Husserl. On his turn Reinach appears to have inspired several young phenomenologists (like Wilhelm Schapp, Dietrich von Hildebrand, Alexandre Koyré and Edith Stein) with his lectures. Besides giving an introduction to phenomenology, he lectured i.a. on Plato and Immanuel Kant.
In this period, Husserl embarked on a thorough revision of his main work, the "Logical Investigations", and asked Reinach’s assistance in this endeavour. Moreover, in 1912 Reinach, together with Moritz Geiger and Alexander Pfänder founded the famous "Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung", with Husserl as main editor.
Besides his work in the area of phenomenology and philosophy in general, Reinach is credited for the development of a forerunner to the theory of speech acts by Austin and Searle: "Die apriorischen Grundlagen des bürgerlichen Rechtes" (The A Priori Foundations of Civil Law) is a systematic treatment of social acts as performative utterances and "a priori" foundations of civil law. Reinach's work was based mostly on Husserl's analysis of meaning in the "Logical Investigations", but also on Daubert's criticism of it. Alexander Pfänder (1870–1941) had also been doing research on commands, promises and the like in the same period.
After Husserl's publication of the "Ideen" (Ideas) in 1913, many phenomenologists took a critical stance towards his new theories and the current of Munich phenomenology came effectively into being, as Reinach, Daubert and others chose to remain closer to Husserl's earlier work, the "Logical investigations". Instead of following Husserl into idealism and transcendental phenomenology, the Munich group remained a realist current.
Reinach was converted to Lutheranism along with his wife
At the outbreak of World War I Reinach volunteered to join the army. After many battles and having received the Iron Cross, Reinach fell outside Diksmuide in Flanders on 16 November 1917.
After his death, Edith Stein was given the task of arranging his manuscript writings. Reinach had said shortly before his death that he would only teach philosophy in the future as a means of leading men to God, and this may have been reflected in these writings. But Edith Stein was impressed by the resignation and faith of his widow. She wrote, "This was my first encounter with the Cross and the divine power it imparts to those who bear it ... it was the moment when my unbelief collapsed and Christ began to shine his light on me – Christ in the mystery of the Cross." Several years later she became a Christian and a Carmelite nun.
List of main works.
His collected works: "Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Ausgabe mit Kommentar" (in two volumes) München: Philosophia Verlag 1989. Eds. K. Schuhmann & B. Smith. Some on-line texts and translations of works by Reinach are available here.


Jack Sargeant (writer)

Jack Sargeant (born 1968) is a British writer specializing in cult film, underground film, and independent film, as well as subcultures, true crime, and other aspects of the unusual. In addition he is a film programmer, curator, academic and photographer. He has appeared in underground films and performances. He currently lives in Australia.
Since 1995 Sargeant has written and contributed to numerous books on underground film, including: "Deathtripping: The Cinema of Transgression", about Cinema of Transgression filmmakers such as Richard Kern and Nick Zedd, "Naked Lens: Beat Cinema", and "Cinema Contra Cinema", a collection of essays on alternative film. He is the editor of the journal "Suture", and has co-edited two volumes "Lost Highways: An Illustrated History of the Road Movie" (with Stephanie Watson) and "No Focus: Punk on Film" (with Chris Barber). In 2007 "Deathtripping" was republished by Soft Skull Press, this was followed by a re-printing of "Naked Lens: Beat Cinema" in 2008. In 2014 a collection of essays on the world of William Burroughs and associated artists such as Brion Gysin was published as "Against Control" by Swedish publisher Eight Millimetre. In 2016 Amok Books published Flesh and Excess: On Underground Film.
He has contributed to numerous books on subjects ranging from Andy Warhol movies to road rage and car crash songs and his work has been included in collections such as Mikita Brottman's "Car Crash Culture", Mendick & Harper's "Underground USA", Wollen & Kerr's "Autopia", among others.
He has also authored and edited true crime books including "Born Bad, Death Cults", "Bad Cop Bad Cop", and "Guns, Death Terror"'. These books have featured contributions from Monte Cazazza, Michael Spann, Andrew Leavold, John Harrison, Simon Whitechapel, Chris Barber, and others.
Sargeant has written introductions for Joe Coleman's "Book of Joe" and photographer Romain Slocombe's "Tokyo Sex Underground".
He has contributed to publications such as Headpress as well as Panik, Electric Sheep, The Wire, Fortean Times and Bizarre magazine, as well as academic journals such as "Senses of Cinema" and "M/C". Since 2008 he has written film reviews and a regular column for the Australian film magazine FilmInk focusing on unusual areas of film culture. He has also appeared as an occasional guest on ABC Radio National's MovieTime.
Between 2001–2003 he was film editor at large for Sleazenation. He has written cover notes for DVDs by various underground and independent filmmakers, including the British Film Institute's DVD release of Kirby Dick's film "Sick: The Life And Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist" and their "Jeff Keen" DVD box set. In addition he has contributed liner notes to the Throbbing Gristle "TGV" DVD box set.
As a public speaker Jack Sargeant has given numerous talks on a variety of subjects including the work of JG Ballard, William Burroughs, and many other subjects often related to subjects he has written about.
Sargeant has appeared in numerous film and TV documentaries on culture and film, as well as having cameos in underground films. He has also appeared on a recording by the experimental group I/O.
He has promoted and organised shows for filmmakers and artists at the Horse Hospital in London and Cinematheque in Brighton, UK, and has also toured film festivals in America, Europe, and Australia, including the New York Underground Film Festival, the Chicago Underground Film Festival, Melbourne Underground Film Festival, Brisbane International Film Festival, and Sydney Underground Film Festival. In 2002 and 2003 he collaborated with Simon Kane on The Salon, an annual event that has featured performances by David Tibet, Cosey Fanni Tutti, and Cotton Ferox.
Since 2008 he has been Program Director for the Revelation Perth International Film Festival, and in 2010 he curated the film program for Sydney Biennale.
Sargeant has been a frequent collaborator of art and theory group monochrom and founder Johannes Grenzfurthner. He got invited to Vienna as Q21/MQ artist in residence by monochrom in winter 2018.


Flatbed editor

A flatbed editor is a type of machine used to edit film for a motion picture.
Picture and sound rolls load onto separate motorized disks, called "plates." Each set of plates moves forward or backward separately, or locked together to maintain synchronization between picture and sound. A prism reflects the film image onto a viewing screen, while a magnetic playback head reads the magnetic audio tracks. The two most common configurations are the "six-plate" (one picture transport and two sound transports) and the "eight-plate" (two picture and two sound transport) models. (The edges of two of the plates on the six-plate model can be seen pictured at the right.)
Process.
Preparation.
Most films are shot double-system: The picture is shot on film, while the sound is recorded separately on quarter inch audiotape on a Nagra III, 4.2, 4S or occasionally a Stellavox SP7. For convenience during the editing process, the sound is transferred to a magnetic track ("mag") — sprocketed recording film, which is filmstock coated with magnetic oxide, instead of photo-sensitive emulsion. One "frame" on the magnetic film equals one frame of picture. The magnetic film is usually edge-coded: sequential numbers are stamped on the edge every few frames to facilitate locating particular frames or scenes.
Synchronizing.
Since picture and sound are usually recorded separately, the editor must synchronize them. The editor loads one picture roll onto a film plate and its corresponding magnetic roll onto a sound plate. Then he advances the film to find the frame where the two parts of the Clapperboard came together. The editor repeats the process on the magnetic roll to find the frame with the clap sound. Once found, he marks the frame on both rolls as the synchronization point, and switches the flatbed to interlock mode. From then on, both picture and sound rolls advance or reverse by exactly the same amount to maintain synchronization.
Editing.
When the editor finds a point to cut one shot into another, he marks it on both picture and sound rolls, then makes the cut and splices in the next shot.
History.
One of the first and most popular film editing machines was the Moviola. With it, one could manage a thousand-foot eleven-minute 35 mm roll. It was difficult to use compared to later machines, because it did not have high-speed operation. European flatbeds came into more common use in the United States during the 1970s, although never completely replacing the Moviola.
By the mid-1990s, flatbeds were increasingly replaced by computer-based non-linear systems, such as Avid and Lightworks. As of 2007, some film schools were still using flatbed editors for their educational value. Feature films in the United States now use electronic non-linear systems almost exclusively.
Brands.
The two most common brands of flatbed editor, Steenbeck and K-E-M (Keller-Elektro-Mechanik), were invented in Germany in the 1930s. There are also the Italian "Prévost", the Dutch "Oude Delft" or "Oldelft", the French "Atlas" as well as "Moritone" flatbeds. The U.K. produced the "LEM", and America the "Moviola" flatbed and the exclusively 16 mm Showchron of which approximately 400 were produced in 4, 6, or 8 plate configurations, 6 being the most common. (A few 35 mm Showchrons were built, but never sold commercially.)
All these machines employ a rotating prism rather than the Geneva drive intermittent mechanism first used by the American upright Moviola. The rotating prism allows the editor to move the film smoothly and continuously, reducing mechanical noise and film wear. It also makes high-speed operation feasible, and some machines can move the film at up to ten times standard speed. The K-E-M Universal, which has a modular construction, supports up to three picture heads and up to three sound tracks.


Saving Eliza

Saving Eliza is the name for both a campaign, and associated three minute video, focused on saving the life of Eliza O'Neill. Eliza, then a 3-year-old living in Columbia, South Carolina, was diagnosed in 2013 with Sanfillipo syndrome – a terminal, rapidly degenerative disease in children. The O'Neill family is working to raise the money needed to fund a clinical trial which could save the lives of Eliza and other children with the disease. Their efforts are part of a trend, by concerned private citizens, to raise money for research and drug trials regarding rare diseases, which might otherwise be under-addressed by pharmaceutical companies. The O'Neills had found that researchers at Nationwide Children's Hospital, in Columbus, Ohio, had found a gene therapy that worked on mice, but they would need an additional $2.5 million to start clinical trials humans.
The O'Neills established the non-profit "Cure Sanfilippo Foundation" to advocate for and fund research towards the cure for children. The campaign was launched in October 2013. After raising only $250,000 in the first half year, they expanded their efforts with the addition of the video in July 2014.
The original Saving Eliza campaign was channeled through the GoFundMe web platform in October 2013. By 2016, after the video went viral, the GoFundMe campaign surpassed its original goal of $2 million – a new record, at that time, as the most money ever raised for a single GoFundMe campaign.


Field specification

A field specification or "fspec" defines a portion of a word in some programming language. It has the form "("L":"R")" where "L" is the leftmost byte and "R" is the rightmost byte, and counting begins at zero. For example, the first three bytes of a word would have the fspec (0:2) for bytes numbered 0, 1, and 2.


National Independence Day (Poland)

National Independence Day () is a national day in Poland celebrated on 11 November to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918 from the German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. Following the partitions in the late 18th century, Poland ceased to exist for 123 years until the end of World War I, when the destruction of the neighbouring powers allowed the country to reemerge. It is a non-working day in Poland.
Significance of the date.
The restoration of Poland's independence was gradual. The date of 11 November is the one on which Marshal Józef Piłsudski assumed control of Poland. It was a day of military ceremony since 1920. The holiday was constituted in 1937 and was celebrated only twice before World War II. After the war, the communist authorities of the People's Republic removed Independence Day from the calendar, though reclamation of independence continued to be celebrated informally on 11 November. The holiday was officially replaced by the National Day of Poland's Revival as Poland's National Day, celebrated on 22 July anniversary of the communist PKWN Manifesto under Joseph Stalin. In particular, during the 1980s, in many cities, including Warsaw, informal marches and celebrations were held, with the outlawed Solidarity Movement supporters participating. Typically these marches were brutally dispersed by the communist militarized police forces, with many participants arrested by the security police. During this time 11 November Independence Day marches, alongside the Constitution Day on 3 May celebration gatherings, also banned by the communist authorities, were the customary dates of demonstrations by the opponents of the communist regime. As Poland emerged from communism in 1989, the original holiday—on its original 11 November date—was restored.
The date coincides with the celebration of the Armistice in other countries. All of these holidays and Polish Independence Day are indirectly related because they all emerged from the circumstances at the end of World War I. In other countries, holidays were established in the spirit of grief and horror at the enormous human cost of the war, and they mark the sacrifices of those who fought. For Poland, however, the tragedy of the war was tempered by what had been accomplished at its end: the restoration of a sovereign Polish state that had been lost entirely in the partitions of Poland, after 123 years of struggle. The Polish holiday is therefore simultaneously a celebration of the reemergence of a Polish state and a commemoration of those who fought for it.
Historical meaning.
Crucial to restoring independence was the defeat in the war of all three of the occupying powers. Russia was plunged into the confusion of revolution and civil war, Austria-Hungary disintegrated and went into decline, and the German Empire bowed to pressure from the forces of the Entente. For Poles, this was a unique opportunity to reclaim their independence.
Following the defeat of the occupying forces, the Poles seized military and civil power, building the foundations of their future state. On 28 October 1918 the Polish Liquidation Commission was formed in Kraków. The Commission seized power from the Austrians in Galicia and Cieszyn Silesia. A few days later they succeeded in disarming the Austrian forces using members of the secret Polish Military Organisation as well as legionnaires and young people. On the nights of 6 and 7 November the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Poland was formed in Lublin under the supervision of Ignacy Daszyński. The government was made up of representatives from the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), the Polish Social Democratic Party (PPSD) and the Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" (Liberation). At the same time the Government troops disarmed the occupying forces around the city of Kielce and Lublin. It was at this point that the country's future head of state, Józef Piłsudski, returned to Poland after incarceration by the Germans. His 10 November arrival in Warsaw was enthusiastically met by the population of the capital and saw the mass disarmament of the occupying forces across the whole of Poland. Piłsudski assumed authority on 11 November, forming a new centralized government and soon calling parliamentary elections.
National celebrations.
Presided by the President of Poland in his capacity as Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, the televised celebrations at Warsaw's Piłsudski Square serve as the national celebratory event in honor of the anniversary of the restoration of Polish independence in 1918. The parade contingent is made up of a regiment-sized formations of two battalions, two composed of armed forces personnel and the other made up of personnel of the civil services and is led by a general or flag officer (at times a Colonel/Captain) of the Armed Forces, usually the commanding officer of the Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces or as commanding general of the Warsaw Capital Garrison or armed forces formations stationed in the capital.
The parade formation is formed up into:
These formations, except for the 1 Honor Guard Company (Presidential Joint Service), have extra two personnel for the guard mounting segment in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which is during the ceremony proper. Behind the formations is the RHGR's State Honors Artillery Battery, whose 4-5 vintage First World War field guns are stationed.
The ceremony begins at 10am, before that the Minister of National Defense and the Prime Minister each inspect the formations assembled. As the troopers of the Presidential Horse Guard Mounted Ceremonial Squadron of the Polish Armed Forces take their places at the west end, the President arrives as the musicians of the RCB-PAF sound a fanfare and then the Marsz Generalski is played as following the disembarking from the vehicle, he/she then inspects the troopers, following which the Chief of the General Staff walks to him/her following the first inspection to inform him of the commencement of the parade and ceremony event:
The report received, the President then inspects the two battalions of the parade joint regiment, which had just presented arms at the order of the parade commander. He/she stops to render honors to the ceremonial colours of each of the units that compose the parade. After all have been inspected, the President then stops at the center of the square nearest the presidential grandstand to greet the formations:
Following this both the President and the Chief of the General Staff proceed to the south end facing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier to render honors to the Unknown Soldier of the Polish War of Independence buried there in 1925. Another contingent of battalion size is present, representing military veterans, reservists and the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association. Following this, the Presidential Fanfare is sounded as the presidential jack is raised to indicate the presence of the President as Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Both then proceed to the grandstand to receive the other dignitaries present, including the following:
Ceremony.
The parade commander then shouts "For the raising of the national flag, colour guard, take post!" to commence the flag raising ceremony segment, in which three servicemen from 1 Honor Guard Company (Presidential Joint Service), 1st Guards Battalion, RHGR-PAF, then march off from their positions to take their place at the square's central flagpole. As they stop and the Flag of Poland is unfurled another fanfare is sounded and following the command "In honor of the anniversary of the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Poland, colour guard, raise the national flag!" the RCB-PAF's musicians, together with the singers of the Symphony Orchestra and Choir of the Armed Forces, perform the National Anthem "Poland Is Not Yet Lost".
Following this, a serviceman from the Warsaw Capital Garrison Command reads in public the Act of National Remembrance of and to the Fallen ("Apel Pamięci"), in which the parade remembers the millions of Polish war and civilian dead in the wars and conflicts fought by the Polish nation and people over the years. When the reading is completed a 21-gun salute is fired as 3 Scouts and Guides escort a ceremonial candle from the square to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier as the tribute of the nation's young men and women to the memory of the millions who perished for country and people. The Armed Forces Memorial Fanfare ("Haslo Wojska Polskiego") is then sounded.
Guard mounting at the Tomb.
The act of remembrance finished the parade commander then prepares the companies for the solemn guard mounting at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Each of the company commanders, save that of 1 Honor Guard Company (Presidential Joint Service), after having taken their posts at the center of the square and with the parade now at the order arms position and then ordered at ease, then inform him of the readiness of their companies for the guard mount:
After all the company commanders have returned to their posts, the parade renders honors again as a fanfare call is sounded and then the parade commander orders the parade to begin the mounting of the guard sentry platoon. The guard commander is an officer of the Warsaw Garrison Command, with the platoon made up of the extra two personnel assigned to each of the units forming the parade. To music of the band the sentry platoon takes its position at the center of the square and then march on to the tomb for the guard mount, wherein as the sentry platoon, the New Guard, takes its place of honor, the old guard section of just two soldiers from the WGC march off back to the parade formation with the guard officer.
Wreath laying.
Following the presidential address that follows the guard mounting ceremony, wreaths are laid in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in honor of the millions of men and women who perished for country and people through the centuries of Polish existence. The President, Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense are the first to offer their remembrances there, followed by other high ranking civil, military and public security officials and representatives of the public and private sectors and veterans' organizations. "Spij Kolego" is played by a trumpeter of the band once all the wreaths have been laid.
March off and march past.
Following the wreath laying, the band plays the Armed Forces March "We Are the First Brigade". After this, the parade commander orders the beginning of the march past of all the units present:
Following this the commander of 1 Honor Guard Company (Presidential Joint Service) orders his company at attention for the march off, followed by the commanding officers of each of the other companies that form the parade battalions. All companies slope arms, execute a right turn and then begin the march off as the band starts playing. Outside the square, if any, are a number of living history and historical reenactment formations that prepare to march past after all the contingents on the square have marched off the grounds, wearing uniforms from various eras of Polish history. The band plays a neutral march first as the parade forms up for the march past by companies and then "Warszawianka" is played at the signal of the band drum major, marking the signal for the march past to begin. All the parade companies salute at the eyes right with all colours dipped and officers saluting their sabres.
Controversies.
Starting in 2008 on 11 November in Warsaw selected nationalist organizations participated in a "March of Independence" launched by the far-right National Radical Camp (ONR) and All-Polish Youth leading to notable violent incidents and arrests. During the 2012 clashes between extremists and the police, 176 rioters were detained and 22 police officers wounded. In 2013 a group of 72 far-right hooligans were detained and 12 police officers taken to hospital. Damages to private and public property by the masked youth was estimated at 120,000 zł. Significant acts of vandalism included the burning of the LGBT "Tęcza" Rainbow Arch at a Warsaw square, others took place near the Russian embassy. The unofficial march was declared illegal by the authorities and the city. As of April 2014 administrative courts continue to analyze evidence.
However, the desire for street celebrations has already been expressed by the public. In 2011 over 20,000 people took place in a daytime march in different cities, preceding the nighttime clashes in Warsaw. In response, the President of Poland Bronisław Komorowski proposed in 2011 that he will lead the new official Independence March in 2012. His offer was backed by the ruling PO and PSL coalition, but opposed by the nationalists.
As of 2012 there is a popular and all-inclusive march taking place in Warsaw led by the President under the name "Razem dla Niepodległej" ("Together for the Independent"). It is considered a continuation of the official ceremonies of the anniversary, and accompanied by patriotic displays and songs. The number of participants in the 2012 Presidential march was estimated at 10,000.
Meanwhile, the violent incidents were heavily covered in the Polish media, with commentators criticizing the lack of leadership on the part of the government in the face of the extremity of the far-right rhetoric. The media coverage is seen as selective and unduly focused on riots instead of the Presidential march which is in no way connected with them.
In 2017, 60,000 people marched in a procession organized by the Polish National Radical Camp and other far-right groups, some chanting "Death to enemies of the fatherland" and "Catholic Poland, not secular".
The slogan of the march was "We want God", which comes from an old Polish religious song and a phrase quoted by US President Donald Trump during his visit to Poland earlier in the year.
The Independence March in 2018 took place without major incidents. In Warsaw alone, at least 250,000 civilians participated in the celebrations.


National Lifeguard

National Lifeguard is a lifeguarding certification program in Canada, offered by the Lifesaving Society.
National Lifeguard certification builds on the fundamental skills, knowledge and values of the Lifesaving Society to develop the practical skills and knowledge required by lifeguards. National Lifeguard education is designed to develop a sound understanding of lifeguarding principles, good judgment and a mature and responsible attitude toward the role of the lifeguard.
The primary role of the National Lifeguard is the prevention of emergency situations and where this fails, the timely and effective resolution of emergencies. The National Lifeguard program is designed to prepare lifeguards to fulfill this role as professional facilitators of safe, enjoyable aquatics.
Industry standard.
National Lifeguard was officially launched in 1964 in response to a need identified by employers for a single, recognized lifeguard certification for those charged with the responsibility of supervising pools and waterfronts. In 1973, the Lifesaving Society Canada, one of the National Lifeguard founding members, assumed responsibility for National Lifeguard. National Lifeguard is endorsed and supported by the National Lifeguard Advisory Committee composed of lifeguard employers, facility operators and national agencies: Canadian Parks and Recreation Association, Physical and Health Education Canada, YMCA and Canadian Forces.
Training.
The National Lifeguard course (minimum 40 hours) cannot in theory or practice prepare candidates for every situation which might be encountered by National Lifeguards working in Canadian aquatic environments and facilities. National Lifeguard training is designed to develop the basic lifeguarding skills, principles and decision-making processes which will assist the lifeguard to evaluate and adapt to different aquatic facilities and emergencies. The National Lifeguard certification is available in four options – Pool, Waterpark, Waterfront and Surf.
Prerequisites.
Minimum 15 years of age, Lifesaving Society Bronze Cross certification, and Standard First Aid certification. National Lifeguard Pool certification is a prerequisite to National Lifeguard Waterpark. National Lifeguard Waterfront certification is a prerequisite to National Lifeguard Surf.


Society of Janus

The Society of Janus is the second BDSM organization founded in the United States (after The Eulenspiegel Society) and is a San Francisco, California based BDSM education and support group. It was founded in August 1974 by Cynthia Slater and Larry Olsen. According to the Leather Hall of Fame biography of Slater, she said of the Society of Janus,
""There were three basic reasons why we chose Janus. First of all, Janus has two faces, which we interpreted as the duality of SM (one’s dominant and submissive sides). Second, he’s the Roman god of portals, and more importantly, of beginnings and endings. To us, it represents the beginning of one’s acceptance of self, the beginning of freedom from guilt, and the eventual ending of self-loathing and fear over one’s SM desires. And third, Janus is the Roman god of war--the war we fight against stereotypes commonly held against us"."
The Society of Janus is nonprofit, volunteer run and is devoted to the art of safe, consensual and non-exploitative adult power exchange. They publish a bimonthly newsletter called "Growing Pains" and a monthly schedule of BDSM events called "Rapid Release" which are mailed to members.
A group called Cardea, a women's discussion group within the Society of Janus, existed from 1977 to 1978 before discontinuing. A core of lesbian members of Cardea, including Pat Califia, who identified as a lesbian at the time, Gayle Rubin, and sixteen others, were inspired to start Samois on June 13, 1978, as an exclusively lesbian BDSM group. Samois was a lesbian-feminist BDSM organization based in San Francisco that existed from 1978 to 1983, and was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States.
The Society of Janus was one of the founding coalition partners of the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, which was founded in 1997.
In 2004, the Society of Janus Hall of Fame was established. Some of its inductees are: Guy Baldwin, Patrick Califia, Dossie Easton, Janet Hardy, Viola Johnson, Midori, Fakir Musafar, Charles Moser, Gayle Rubin, Cynthia Slater, Jim Ward, Mollena Williams-Haas, and Jay Wiseman.
In 2014, the Society of Janus held their 40th Anniversary Dinner, Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony & Play Party, which was awarded "Best Organization Anniversary Event" at The SF Leather Community Awards for that year.
In 2017, the art installation known as the San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley was installed; in it Society of Janus cofounder Cynthia Slater is honored with a metal bootprint displaying her name and a short statement about her.
In 2018, the Society of Janus was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame.


Mark Leno

Mark Leno (born September 24, 1951) is an American politician who served in the California State Senate until November 2016. A Democrat, he represented the 11th Senate district, which includes San Francisco and portions of San Mateo County. Before the 2010 redistricting, he represented the 3rd Senate district.
A member of the California Legislative LGBT Caucus, Leno was the first openly gay man elected to the State Senate. He was previously one of the first two openly gay men (along with John Laird) to serve in the California State Assembly.
Before being elected to the State Senate in 2008, Leno served in the California State Assembly, representing the 13th Assembly District. Before his time in the Legislature, he served as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors between 1998 and 2002. Leno is the owner of Budget Signs Inc., a small business, and was a candidate in the San Francisco mayoral special election, which was held June 5, 2018.
Early life and education.
Leno is the grandson of Russian Jewish immigrants. A native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he attended Nicolet High School and later the University of Colorado at Boulder. He was valedictorian of his graduating class at the American College in Jerusalem, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree. Leno also spent two years in rabbinical studies at Hebrew Union College in New York. Afterward, he moved to San Francisco on the invitation of his sister. He lived his first four years in the Tenderloin before moving to the Noe Valley neighborhood.
In 1978, Leno started Budget Signs as owner and operator. The business incorporated in 1982. Working with his life partner, Douglas Jackson, the business continued to grow and their involvement in community affairs steadily expanded. Jackson died from complications related to AIDS in 1990. Prior to his election, his political background included raising money for candidates and causes such as AIDS services, the San Francisco LGBT Community Center, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the Democratic Party.
Board of Supervisors.
Leno was appointed to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors by Willie Brown in April 1998. He was elected citywide to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in November 1998 and re-elected in the reinstated district races of 2000. Leno's district included The Castro, Noe Valley, Glen Park, Diamond Heights, Twin Peaks, Duboce Triangle, and the westernmost part of the Mission District.
Leno introduced legislation to allow tenants to replace a roommate without losing their lease, measures to aid those with HIV/AIDS, and a measure to promote the federal Earned Income Tax Credit to help low income residents. He authored legislation to ban mercury thermometers, one of the first such proposals in the country. In 2000, as a supervisor, he supported Proposition L, the slow-growth measure and authored legislation to protect neighborhood business districts from big box retail. He was a statewide spokesman for the No on Proposition 22 campaign.
In 2001, Leno successfully introduced an ordinance providing equal access to the city's health plan for transgender employees of San Francisco.
State Assembly.
Leno was elected to the California State Assembly in 2002 and was re-elected in 2004 and 2006. He was the chair of the Assembly's Appropriations Committee, as well as the Select Committee on Childhood Obesity & Related Diabetes.
In 2005, Leno authored AB 849, a bill legalizing same-sex marriages that became the first bill of its kind to pass a legislative body in the United States. The bill passed both the Assembly and the State Senate but was vetoed by Governor Schwarzenegger. In 2007, Leno introduced AB 43, the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act, that would have allowed for same-sex marriage. This bill passed the Assembly and Senate but was again vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. Same-sex marriage was legalized by the California Supreme Court in a May 2008 decision, becoming effective June 16, 2008.
In 2006, Leno and Republican Assemblyman Chuck DeVore co-authored a bill that would legalize the cultivation of non-psychoactive hemp. The bill does not conflict with the federal Controlled Substances Act and would mandate that hemp be tested to ensure it is non-psychoactive. He authored California Assembly Bill Number AB 1668, on February 23, 2007 — a bill encouraging Open Document Formats ODF in California.
In Leno's first two terms in the Assembly, 58 of his bills were signed into law. He co-authored AB 32 to cap greenhouse emissions. He authored AB 706 to prohibit the use of fire retardants in upholstered furniture. He authored AB 2573 to allow San Francisco public utilities to install solar panels on public infrastructure. He also authored Assembly Bill 1358, the California Complete Streets Act, to require cities and counties to consider including walking and bicycling in their general plans. He coauthored the AB 583, California Clean Money and Fair Elections Act, to bring public financing to political campaigns.
State Senate.
In 2008, he won the Democratic Party nomination for California's 3rd Senate district with 43.8 percent of the vote, defeating incumbent Senator Carole Migden, who had 28.6 percent of the vote, and former Assemblyman Joe Nation, who had 27.6 percent of the vote. Leno was a principal co-author of SB 840, the Single-Payer Universal Health Care Act, which would have provided health care coverage for all Californians and would have replaced hundreds of health insurance companies with state-provided coverage.
During his 14-year term in the State Legislature, Leno authored numerous bills including:
Awards and honors.
Senator Leno has been recognized by LGBT organizations, civil rights advocacy groups, and non-profits throughout his tenure for his commitment to public service and for authoring legislation to combat discrimination, protect the rights of all Californians, and lift millions out of poverty.
In 2003, Leno earned recognition from the American Heart Association, the California Association of Food Banks and Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays. In 2004, Leno received the Award of Courage from American Foundation for AIDS Research and was honored by the Lesbian and Gay Lawyers Association of Los Angeles at their 25th Anniversary. Also in 2004, Leno (and Chris Reynolds and Steve Sampson) received a President's Award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
Leno was the first out leatherman to be a state legislator in the United States. He also served as Chair of the California Legislative LGBT Caucus.
In 2005, he was honored by the California Attorneys For Criminal Justice with their Scales of Justice Award in recognition to his fair and balanced approach in chairing the Assembly Public Safety Committee. He received the "Lifetime Friend and Champion" award from the Harvey Milk Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Democratic Club and was chosen by "OUT Magazine" as one of 2005's "Most Intriguing Gay Men." In 2006, he was honored by the Stonewall Democratic Club in Los Angeles with their Sheila Kuehl Trail Blazer Award, the Lazarus Project's Lazarus Award for Marriage Equality, the California Young Democrats' Mentor of the Year, Partners Ending Domestic Abuse's Kamala Harris Leadership Award, and Temple Beth Chayim Chadashim's 2006 Herman Humanitarian Award.
In 2011, the Consumer Attorneys of California presented him with the Leadership of the Year Award and he received the Transgender Law Center's Community Ally Award in 2010. He received the California Community Choice Aggregation Champion award in 2014 for his dedication to green energy by Marin Clean Energy.
In 2015, he received the leadership award from the Northern California Innocence Project for advancing legislation to prevent wrongful conviction and the Women's Human Rights Award by Friends of the Commission on the Status of Women.
In 2016, he was recognized by the Coachella Valley Harvey Milk Diversity Coalition for his leadership on LGBT issues, the Mental Health Association of San Francisco for his work on mental health issues, the Western Center on Law and Poverty for his dedication to public service, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for his work to protect digital privacy, among other recognitions.


Ethical will

An ethical will (Hebrew: ) is a document that passes ethical values from one generation to the next. Rabbis and Jewish laypeople have continued to write ethical wills during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (Riemer) In recent years, the practice has been more widely used by the general public. In "BusinessWeek" magazine and in an American Bar Association electronic newsletter it is described as an aid to estate planning; (Murphy; Friedman) in health care and hospice (Baines; Freed) and as a spiritual healing tool. (Weil; Freed).
Origins.
The ethical will is an ancient document from the Jewish tradition. The original template for its use came from Genesis . A dying Jacob gathered his sons to offer them his blessing and to request that they bury him not in Egypt, but instead in Canaan in the cave at Machpelah with his ancestors.
Other biblical examples of ethical wills include Deuteronomy where Moses instructs the Israelites to be a holy people and teach their children, and Matthew , where Jesus blesses his disciples. The early rabbis urged men to "transmit the tradition’s ethical teachings" and they communicated orally to their sons. Later they were written as letters. Eleazar ben Samuel HaLevi of Mainz, Germany, who died 1357, wrote to and instructed his sons to "Put me in the ground at the right hand of my father...".
Medieval to early modern periods.
Medieval ethical wills contain the directions of fathers to their children or of aged teachers to their disciples. They were often written calmly in old age. Some of them were carefully composed, and read as formal ethical treatises. But most were written in a personal writing style, and were intended for the private use of children and relatives, or of some beloved pupil who held a special place in his teacher's regard. Because they were not designed for publication, they often revealed the writer's innermost feelings and ideals. Israel Abrahams, while editor of the "Jewish Quarterly Review", judged that many of these ethical wills are intellectually poor, but of a high moral level.
The earliest extant ethical will was written by Eleazar, the son of Isaac of Worms (about 1050). "Think not of evil," says Eleazar, "for evil thinking leads to evil doing... Purify thy body, the dwelling-place of thy soul... Give of all thy food a portion to God. Let God's portion be the best, and give it to the poor." The will of Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, a translator, (about 1190) contains at least one passage worthy of Ruskin: "Avoid bad society, make thy books thy companions, let thy book-cases and shelves be thy gardens and pleasure-grounds. Pluck the fruit that grows therein, gather the roses, the spices, and the myrrh. If thy soul be satiate and weary, change from garden to garden, from furrow to furrow, from sight to sight. Then will thy desire renew itself, and thy soul be satisfied with delight." The will of Nahmanides is an unaffected eulogy of humility. Asher, the son of Yechiel (fourteenth century), called his will "Ways of Life", and it includes 132 maxims, which are often printed in the prayer-book. An example is, "Do not obey the Law for reward, nor avoid sin from fear of punishment, but serve God from love."
The elaborate "Letter of Advice" by Solomon Alami (beginning of the 15th century) is composed in rhymed prose, and is a historical record. Alami shared the sufferings of the Jews of the Iberian peninsula in 1391, and this gives context to his counsel: "Flee without hesitation when exile is the only means of securing religious freedom; have no regard to your worldly career or your property, but go at once."
The ethical wills of the 16th through 18th centuries are similar to earlier, but they tend to be more learned and less simple.
Modern perspectives.
Celebrity physician Andrew Weil promoted the ethical will as a "gift of spiritual health" to leave to family, asserting that the ethical will's "main importance is what it gives the writer in the midst of life." The goal of writing an ethical will is to link a person to both their family and cultural history, clarify their ethical and spiritual values, and communicate a legacy to future generations; it addresses people's "universal needs". Writing an ethical will clarifies identity and focuses life purpose. Writing an ethical will addresses a person's needs to belong, be known, be remembered, have one's life make a difference, bless and be blessed.
Ethical wills are written by both men and women of every age, ethnicity, faith tradition, economic circumstance, and educational level. Published examples include "The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and Yours" by Marion Wright Edelman, "Everything I Know: Basic Life Rules from a Jewish Mother", and President Barack Obama's legacy letter to his daughters of January 18, 2009. The ethical will is a tool for spiritual healing in religious communities and in the care of seniors, the ailing and the dying. Estate and financial professionals use the ethical will to help clients articulate values to inform charitable and personal financial decisions and preparation of the last will and testament. The ethical will is nevertheless a legal document.
The concept of the ancient traditional ethical will was to "transmit ethical instructions to future generations". Modern heirs may resist being "controlled from the grave" and more readily accept explicitly spiritual blessings from elders.
Content.
The content of an ethical will may be similar to that of a memoir or autobiography, but is differentiated by its "intention to transmit love and learning to future generations". Writing can include family history and cultural and spiritual values; blessings and expressions of love for, pride in, hopes and dreams for children and grandchildren; life-lessons and wisdom of life experience; requests for forgiveness for regretted actions; the rationale for philanthropic and personal financial decisions; stories about meaningful objects for heirs to receive; clarification about and personalization of advance health directives; and requests for ways to be remembered after death.


Story of One Appointment

Story of one Appointment () is a Russian drama film directed by Avdotya Smirnova. It stars Aleksey Smirnov, Yevgeny Kharitonov and Irina Gorbacheva. The premiere of the film in Russia was on 6 September 2018.
Plot.
In the infantry regiment in the Tula Oblast, where the capital lieutenant Grigory Kolokoltsev, inspired by advanced ideas, goes to service, a crime occurs. The soldier, who is found guilty, faces a military tribunal and execution. Kolokoltsev appeals for help to Count Tolstoy, who decides to protect the innocent.