Joshua Oppenheimer

Joshua Lincoln Oppenheimer (born September 23, 1974) is an American-born British film director based in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is known for his Oscar-nominated films "The Act of Killing" (2012) and "The Look of Silence" (2014), Oppenheimer was a 2014 recipient of the MacArthur fellowship and a 1997 Marshall Scholar.
Life and career.
Oppenheimer was born to a Jewish family, in Austin, Texas, and grew up in and around Washington, D.C., and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Oppenheimer received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) "summa cum laude" in film-making from Harvard University and a PhD from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, University of the Arts London, while studying on a Marshall Scholarship. He is Professor of Film at the University of Westminster.
His first film "The Entire History of the Louisiana Purchase" (1997) won a Gold Hugo from the Chicago International Film Festival (1998).
From 2004 to 2012, he produced a series of films in Indonesia. His debut feature film about the individuals who participated in the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, "The Act of Killing" (2012), premiered at the 2012 Telluride Film Festival. It went on to win many prizes worldwide, including the European Film Award for Best Documentary, a Panorama Audience Award, and a Prize of the Ecumenical Jury from the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival. The film also received the Robert Award by the Film Academy of Denmark, a Bodil Award by Denmark's National Association of Film Critics, and the Aung San Suu Kyi Award at the Human Rights Human Dignity International Film Festival 2013
Oppenheimer appeared on "The Daily Show" on August 13, 2013, to talk about "The Act of Killing".
"The Act of Killing" won the BAFTA for Best Documentary, European Film Award for Best Documentary, the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Documentary, and was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards.
Oppenheimer's next film, "The Look of Silence" (2014), is a companion piece to "The Act of Killing". It was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 88th Academy Awards. It was screened in competition at the 71st Venice International Film Festival and won the Grand Jury Prize, the International Film Critics Award (FIPRESCI), the Italian online critics award (Mouse d'Oro), the European Film Critics Award (F.E.D.E.O.R.A.) for the Best Film of Venezia 71, as well as the Human Rights Nights Award. Since then, it has gone on to win a further 70 international awards, including an Independent Spirit Award, an IDA Award for Best Documentary, a Gotham Award for Best Documentary, and three Cinema Eye Honors, including Best Film and Best Director. Cinema Eye Honors named him a decade-defining filmmaker in 2016, and both his films as decade-defining films.
In a 2015 interview with "The New York Times", Oppenheimer stated that the West shares "a great deal" of responsibility for the mass killings in Indonesia, noting in particular that "the United States provided the special radio system so the Army could coordinate the killings over the vast archipelago. A man named Bob Martens, who worked at the United States Embassy in Jakarta, was compiling lists of thousands of names of Indonesian public figures who might be opposed to the new regime and handed these lists over to the Indonesian government." In 2014, after a screening of "The Act of Killing" for US Congress members, Oppenheimer called on the US to acknowledge its role in the killings. In October 2017, the U.S. government declassified thousands of files related to the killings, with officials citing the impact of Oppenheimer's films.
In July 2016 he was named as a member of the main competition jury for the 73rd Venice International Film Festival. In September 2017 he was the guest director for the Telluride Film Festival.
Personal life.
Oppenheimer is openly gay and lives with his partner Shu in Copenhagen, Denmark.


Verlyn Klinkenborg

Verlyn Klinkenborg (born 1952 in Meeker, Colorado) is an American non-fiction author, academic, and former newspaper editor, known for his writings on rural America.
Early life and education.
Klinkenborg was born in Meeker, Colorado and raised on a farm in Iowa. He attended elementary school in Clarion, Iowa until the 6th grade before his family relocated to Osage, Iowa. His family then moved to Sacramento, California.
Klinkenborg attended the University of California, Berkeley before earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from Pomona College. He then earned a Ph.D from Princeton University, also in English literature.
Career.
Klinkenborg taught literature and creative writing at Fordham University while living in The Bronx in the early to mid-1980s. He later taught at St. Olaf College, Bennington College, Sarah Lawrence College, Bard College, and Harvard University. In 1991, he received the Lila Wallace–Reader's Digest Writer's Award and a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship.
Klinkenborg's books include "More Scenes from the Rural Life" (Princeton Architectural Press), "Making Hay" and "The Last Fine Time".
His book "Timothy; or, Notes of an Abject Reptile" concerns the tortoise which the English eighteenth century parson-naturalist Gilbert White inherited from his aunt, as described in his 1789 book "The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne". In the first half of 2006, Klinkenborg posted a farm and garden blog about The Rural Life, consisting of entries from the daily journal kept by Gilbert White in Selborne in 1784, and his own complementary daily entries.
From 1997 to 2013, he was a member of the editorial board of "The New York Times".
Klinkenborg has published articles in "The New Yorker", "Harper's Magazine", "Esquire", "National Geographic" and "Mother Jones" magazines.
He has written a series of editorial opinions in "The New York Times"; these are generally literary meditations on rural farm life. On December 26, 2013, he announced in that column that it was to be the last he would be writing in that space.
From 2006 to 2007, he was a visiting writer-in-residence at Pomona College, where he taught nonfiction writing. In 2007, he received a Guggenheim fellowship, which funded his book "The Mermaids of Lapland", about William Cobbett. In 2012, he published “Several Short Sentences About Writing”.
He currently teaches creative writing at Yale University and lives on a small farm in Upstate New York.


Karaboro languages

The Karaboro languages are spoken in Burkina Faso by approximately 65,000 people (SIL 1995/1991). They belong to the Senufo subfamily, but are separated from other Senufo languages by a small band of unrelated languages. Within Senufo they are thought to be most closely related to the Senari languages.


David Cranage

 The Very Rev David Herbert Somerset Cranage (10 October 1866 – 22 October 1957) was an Anglican Dean in the second quarter of the 20th century.
Born on 10 October 1866 he was educated at King's College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1897, he held curacies at Little Wenlock and Much Wenlock and was Secretary of the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate until his appointment as Dean of Norwich, a post he held for 19 years. He died on 22 October 1957.
His published works include "The Home of the Monk", "Loyalty and Order", "Cathedrals and How They Were Built", and his autobiography "Not Only a Dean", which was published in 1952.


Prospect Foundation

Prospect Foundation (), is a think tank based in Taiwan, established in 1997, which aims to analyze the Cross-Taiwan-Strait relations and international politics and economy and provide suggestions of policies for Taiwan government. There are about a dozen of research fellows in Prospect Foundation who research and analyze the development of Cross-Strait relations and international developments.
The Prospect Foundation ranks 94th in the Top Think Tanks in Southeast Asia and the Pacific of Global Go To Think Tank Index 2017 report published by Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program.
History.
After Tsai Ing-wen assumed the office of president in Taiwan, former secretary of Ministry Of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Tan-sun Chen(Traditional Chinese 陳唐山) serves as the chairman of the Prospect Foundation on August 10, 2016, and I-chung Lai(Traditional Chinese 賴怡忠) serves as the president of the Prospect Foundation and Tin-huey Lin(Traditional Chinese 林廷輝) serves as the vice president.
Publications.
The Prospect Foundation periodically publish 《Prospect Journal》 in English and 《Prospect Foundation Quarterly》 in traditional Chinese.


Diane Henderson

Diane Marie Henderson is an American applied mathematician, specializing in fluid dynamics and mathematical oceanography. Unusually for a mathematics professor, some of her research involves physical experiments with wave tanks, high speed cameras, and oil droplets.
Henderson earned her Ph.D. in physical oceanography from the University of California, San Diego in 1990. Her dissertation, "Faraday Waves", was supervised by John W. Miles.
She is a professor of mathematics at Pennsylvania State University and one of two faculty members leading the William G. Pritchard Fluid Mechanics Laboratory at Pennsylvania State University.
Henderson is a 1992 Packard Foundation Fellow.
She was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship in 1996.


Central Savinja dialect

The Central Savinja dialect ("srednjesavinjsko narečje", "srednja savinjščina") is a Slovene dialect in the Styrian dialect group. It is spoken in the central Savinja Valley in the basins of the Bolska, Paka, and Hudinja rivers east of the Upper Savinja dialect and west of the Central Styrian dialect, south of the Mežica and South Pohorje dialects, and north of the Eastern Upper Carniolan, Zagorje-Trbovlje, and Laško subdialects. It includes the settlements of Trojane, Špitalič, Vransko, Topolšica, Šoštanj, Velenje, Frankolovo, Vojnik, and Celje.
Phonological and morphological characteristics.
The Central Savinja dialect has preserved accented short vowels. It does not have the change "u" > "ü" nor "a" > "ɔ", the diphthongs "ou" and "ei" have monophthongized but "ie" and "uo" are pronounced, and there is limited akanye. Vocalic "r" has developed into "ar" and vocalic "l" into "aw". The feminine singular instrumental ending for nouns and adjectives is "-oj/-uj" (in contrast to standard "o").


Customer Service System

The Customer Service System (CSS) of the BT Group (previously British Telecommunications) is the core operational support system for BT, bringing in 70% of income for the company (figures from 1997). BT rolled out CSS nationally in 1989 and provided an integrated system for telephony—order handling, repair handling and billing.
BT Customer Service System (BT/CSS) was developed by Logica in 1984, costing £1bn to implement, representing the largest computer project undertaken in Europe and the largest integrated database in the world, at the time.
In 2005, the CSS databases deployed by BT handled 23 million customers, with 13 terabytes of data spread out over 28 mainframe images. The databases supported 230 million transactions per day generated by over 40,000 users.
CSS is still used by BT but it is now controlled by Openreach. BT retail migrated all accounts from CSS to a new billing system known as Geneva/Oneview/Avalon. This was to support the migration to WLR3.


Casey Kasem

Kemal Amin "Casey" Kasem (April 27, 1932 – June 15, 2014) was an American disc jockey, radio personality, and voice actor, who created and hosted several radio countdown programs, notably "American Top 40". He was the first actor to voice Norville "Shaggy" Rogers in the "Scooby-Doo" franchise (1969 to 1997 and 2002 to 2009).
Kasem began hosting the original "American Top 40" on the weekend of July 4, 1970 and remained there until 1988. He would then spend nine years hosting another countdown titled "Casey's Top 40", beginning in January 1989 and ending in February 1998, before returning to revive "American Top 40" in 1998. Along the way, spin-offs of the original countdown were conceived for country music and adult contemporary audiences, and Kasem hosted two countdowns for the latter format beginning in 1992 and continuing until 2009. He also founded the "American Video Awards" in 1983 and continued to co-produce and host it until its final show in 1987.
Kasem also provided many commercial voiceovers, performed many voices for children's television (such as "Sesame Street" and the "Transformers" cartoon series), was "the voice of NBC" and helped with the annual Jerry Lewis telethon.
Early life.
Kasem was born in Detroit, Michigan on April 27, 1932, to Lebanese Druze immigrants, Helen and Amin Kasem, who were grocers. He was named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a man Kasem said his father respected. Kasem's parents did not allow their children to speak Arabic and insisted they assimilate into American life.
In the 1940s, "Make Believe Ballroom" reportedly inspired Kasem to follow a career in radio. Kasem received his first experience in radio covering sports at Northwestern High School in Detroit. He then attended Wayne State University, where he voiced children on radio programs such as "The Lone Ranger" and "Challenge of the Yukon." In 1952, Kasem was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Korea. There, he worked as a DJ/announcer on the Armed Forces Radio Korea Network.
Career.
Early career.
After the war, Kasem began his professional broadcasting career in Flint, Michigan, later working in Detroit as a disc jockey for WJBK-AM (and doing such shows as "The Lone Ranger" and "Sergeant Preston of the Yukon"), WBNY in Buffalo, New York and a station in Cleveland before moving to California. At KYA in San Francisco, the general manager suggested he tone down his delivery and talk about the records instead. At KEWB in Oakland, California, Kasem was both the music director and an on-air personality. He said he was inspired by a "Who's Who in Pop Music, 1962" magazine he found in the trash. He created a show that mixed biographical tidbits about the artists he played, and attracted the attention of Bill Gavin, who tried to recruit him as a partner. After Kasem joined KRLA in Los Angeles in 1963, his career began to blossom and he championed the R&B music of East L.A.
Kasem acted in a number of low-budget movies and radio dramas. While hosting "dance hops" on local television, he attracted the attention of Dick Clark, who hired him as co-host of a daily teenage music show called "Shebang", starting in 1964. Kasem's roles on network TV series included "Hawaii Five-O" and "Ironside". In 1967, he appeared on "The Dating Game", and played the role of "Mouth" in the motorcycle gang film "The Glory Stompers". In 1969, he played the role of Knife in the film "Wild Wheels", and had a small role in another biker movie, "The Cycle Savages," starring Bruce Dern and Melody Patterson, and "The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant" (also with Dern).
Kasem's voice was the key to his career. In 1964 during the Beatlemania craze, Kasem had a minor hit single called "Letter from Elaina", a spoken-word recording that told the story of a girl who met George Harrison after a San Francisco Beatles concert. At the end of the 1960s, he began working as a voice actor. In 1969, he started one of his most famous roles, the voice of Shaggy on "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!". He also voiced the drummer Groove from "The Cattanooga Cats" that year.
1970–1988: Acting/voiceover work and "American Top 40".
On July 4, 1970, Kasem, along with Don Bustany, Tom Rounds, and Ron Jacobs, launched the weekly radio program "American Top 40" ("AT40"). At the time, top 40 radio was on the decline as DJs preferred to play album-oriented progressive rock. Loosely based on the TV program "Your Hit Parade", the show counted down from #40 to #1 based on the "Billboard" Hot 100 weekly chart. Kasem mixed in biographical information and trivia about the artists, as well as flashbacks and "Long-Distance Dedication" segments in which he read letters from listeners wishing to dedicate songs to distant loved ones. Frequently, he mentioned a trivia fact about an unnamed singer before a commercial break, then provided the name of the singer after returning from the break. Kasem ended the program with his signature sign-off, "Keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars."
The show debuted on seven stations but soon went nationwide. In October 1978, the show expanded from three hours to four. "American Top 40" success spawned several imitators, including a weekly half-hour music video television show, "America's Top 10", hosted by Kasem himself. "When we first went on the air, I thought we would be around for at least 20 years," he later remarked. "I knew the formula worked. I knew people tuned in to find out what the number 1 record was." Because of his great knowledge of music, Kasem became known for his commentaries on music history that he interspersed with trivia about the artists.
In 1971, Kasem provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin/Bass production of "Here Comes Peter Cottontail". In the same year, he appeared in "The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant", in what is probably his best-remembered acting role. From 1973 to 1985, Kasem voiced Robin for several "Super Friends" franchise shows. In 1980, he voiced Merry in "The Return of the King". He also voiced Alexander Cabot III on "Josie and the Pussycats" and "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space", and supplied a number of voices for "Sesame Street".
In the late 1970s, Kasem portrayed an actor who imitated "Columbo" in the "Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" two-part episode "The Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom." He portrayed a golf commentator in an episode of "Charlie's Angels" titled "Winning is for Losers", and appeared on "Police Story", "Quincy, M.E." and "Switch". In 1977, Kasem was hired as the narrator for the ABC sitcom "Soap", but quit after the pilot episode because of the show's controversial content. Rod Roddy took his place on the program. In 1984, Kasem made a cameo in "Ghostbusters", reprising his role as the host of "American Top 40". For a period in the late 1970s, he was the staff announcer for the NBC television network.
In 1983 Kasem helped found the "American Video Awards", an annual music video award show taped for distribution to television, which he also hosted and co-produced. His goal was to make it the "Oscars" of music videos. There were only five award shows. The final show aired in 1987.
1988–1998: "Casey's Top 40".
In 1988, Kasem left "American Top 40" because of a contract dispute with ABC Radio Network. He signed a five-year, $15 million contract with Westwood One and started "Casey's Top 40", which used a different chart, the Radio & Records Contemporary (CHR)/Pop radio airplay chart (also employed contemporaneously by "Rick Dees Weekly Top 40"). He also hosted two shorter versions of the show, "Casey's Hot 20" and "Casey's Countdown." During the late 1990s, Kasem hosted the Radio Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
Kasem voiced Mark in "Battle of the Planets" and several "Transformers" characters: Bluestreak, Cliffjumper, Teletraan I and Dr. Arkeville. He left "Transformers" during the third season because he believed the show contained offensive caricatures of Arabs and Arab countries. In a 1990 article, he explained:
From 1989 to 1998, Kasem hosted Nick at Nite's New Year's Eve countdown of the top reruns of the year. He also made cameo appearances on "Saved by the Bell" and "ALF" in the early 1990s. In 1997, Kasem quit his role as Shaggy in a dispute over a Burger King commercial, with Billy West and Scott Innes taking over the character in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
1998–2009: "American Top 40" second run.
The original "American Top 40", hosted by Shadoe Stevens after Kasem's departure, was cancelled in 1995. Kasem regained the rights to the name in 1997, and the show was back on the air in 1998, on the AMFM Network (later acquired by Premiere Radio Networks).
At the end of 2003, Kasem announced he would leave "AT40" once his contract expired and would be replaced by Ryan Seacrest. He agreed to a new contract to continue hosting his weekly adult contemporary countdown shows in the interim, which at the time were both titled "American Top 20". In 2005 Kasem renewed his deal with Premiere Radio Networks to continue hosting his shows, one of which had been reduced to ten songs and was retitled "American Top 10" to reflect the change.
In April 2005, a television special called "American Top 40 Live" aired on the Fox network, hosted by Seacrest, with Kasem appearing on the show. In 2008, Kasem did the voice-over for WGN America's "Out of Sight Retro Night". He was also the host of the short-lived American version of "100%" during the 1998–99 season.
In June 2009, Premiere announced it would no longer produce Kasem's two remaining countdowns, ending their eleven-year relationship. Kasem, at 77, decided against finding another syndicator or replacement host, citing a desire to explore other avenues such as writing a memoir. He sent a press release announcing he would retire from radio on the July 4 weekend, the 39th anniversary of the first countdown show.
Kasem also performed TV commercial voice-overs throughout his career, appearing in more than 100 commercials.
In 2002, Kasem reprised the role of Shaggy. In 2009, he retired from voice acting, with his final performance being the voice of Shaggy in "Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword". He did voice Shaggy again for "The Official BBC Children in Need Medley", but went uncredited by his request. Although officially retired from acting, Kasem provided the voice of Colton Rogers, Shaggy's father, on a recurring basis for the 2010–2013 series "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", again uncredited at his request.
As for his recognizable voice quality, "It's a natural quality of huskiness in the midrange of my voice that I call 'garbage,'" he stated to "The New York Times". "It's not a clear-toned announcer's voice. It's more like the voice of the guy next door."
Personal life.
Kasem was a dedicated vegan, supported animal rights and environmental causes, and was a critic of factory farming. He initially quit voicing Shaggy in the mid to late 1990s when asked to voice Shaggy in a Burger King commercial, but returned in 2002 after negotiating to have Shaggy become a vegetarian.
Kasem was active in politics, supporting Lebanese-American and Arab-American causes, an interest triggered by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. He wrote a brochure published by the Arab American Institute entitled "Arab-Americans: Making a Difference". He called for a fairer depiction of heroes and villains on behalf of all cultures in Disney's 1994 sequel to "Aladdin" called "The Return of Jafar". In 1996, he was honored as "Man of the Year" by the American Druze Society. Kasem campaigned against the Gulf War, advocating non-military means of pressuring Saddam Hussein into withdrawing from Kuwait, was an advocate of Palestinian independence and arranged conflict-resolution workshops for Arab Americans and Jewish Americans.
A political liberal, Kasem narrated a campaign ad for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign, hosted fundraisers for Jesse Jackson's presidential campaigns in 1984 and 1988, supported Ralph Nader for U.S. President in 2000, and supported progressive Democrat Dennis Kucinich in his 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns. Kasem supported a number of other progressive causes, including affordable housing and the rights of the homeless.
Kasem was married to Linda Myers from 1972 to 1979. They had three children: Mike, Julie, and Kerri Kasem.
Kasem was married to actress Jean Thompson from 1980 until his death. They had one child, Liberty Jean Kasem.
In 1989, Kasem purchased a home built in 1954 and located at 138 North Mapleton Drive in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, previously owned by developer Abraham M. Lurie, as a birthday present for his wife, Jean. In 2013, Kasem and his wife put the home on the market for US$43 million. After the dueling lawsuits between Kasem family members were settled, the property was re-listed in 2021 for US $37.9 million.
Illness and death.
In October 2013, Kerri Kasem announced her father had Parkinson's disease, diagnosed in 2007. However a few months later, she said he had Lewy body dementia, which is hard to differentiate from Parkinson's. His condition left him unable to speak during his final months.
As Kasem's health worsened in 2013, his wife Jean prevented any contact with him, particularly by his children from his first marriage. On October 1, the children protested in front of the Kasem home. Some of Kasem's friends and colleagues, and his brother Mouner, joined the protest. The older Kasem children sought conservatorship over their father's care. The court denied their petition in November.
Jean removed Kasem from his Santa Monica, California nursing home on May 7, 2014. On May 12, Kerri Kasem was granted temporary conservatorship over her father, despite her stepmother's objection. The court ordered an investigation into Casey Kasem's whereabouts after his wife's attorney told the court that Casey was "no longer in the United States". He was found soon afterward in Washington state.
On June 6, 2014, Kasem was reported to be in critical but stable condition in hospital in Washington state, receiving antibiotics for bedsores and treatment for high blood pressure. It was revealed he had been bedridden for some time. A judge ordered separate visitation times for Kasem's wife and his children from his first marriage. Judge Daniel S. Murphy ruled that Kasem had to be hydrated, fed and medicated as a court-appointed lawyer reported on his health status. Jean Kasem claimed he had been given no food, water or medication the previous weekend. Kerri Kasem's lawyer stated that she had him removed from artificial food and water on the orders of a doctor and in accordance with a directive her father signed in 2007 saying he would not want to be kept alive if it "would result in a mere biological existence, devoid of cognitive function, with no reasonable hope for normal functioning." Murphy reversed his order the following Monday after it became known that Kasem's body was no longer responding to the artificial nutrition, allowing the family to place Kasem on "end-of-life" measures over the objections of Jean Kasem.
On June 15, 2014, Kasem died at St. Anthony's Hospital in Gig Harbor, Washington at the age of 82. The immediate cause of death was reported as sepsis caused by an ulcerated bedsore. His body was handed over to his widow. Reportedly, Kasem wanted to be buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.
By July 19, a judge had granted Kerri Kasem a temporary restraining order to prevent Jean Kasem from cremating the body in order to allow an autopsy to be performed. However, when Kerri Kasem went to give a copy of the order to the funeral home, she was informed that the body had been moved at the direction of Jean Kasem. Kasem's wife had the body moved to a funeral home in Montreal on July 14, 2014. On August 14, it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper "Verdens Gang" that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo.
Jean Kasem had him interred at Oslo Western Civil Cemetery on December 16, 2014, more than six months after his death.
In November 2015, three of Kasem's children and his brother sued his widow for wrongful death. The lawsuit charges Jean Kasem with elder abuse and inflicting emotional distress on the children by restricting access before his death. A 2018 police investigation initiated by a private investigator working for Jean found that he had received appropriate medical care while in Washington, and that there was no evidence pointing to homicide. The suits were settled in 2019.
Honors.
In 1981, Kasem was granted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame radio division in 1985, and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1992. Five years later, he received the Radio Hall of Fame's first Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2003, Kasem was given the Radio Icon award at the Radio Music Awards.


Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts

Fellowship of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (FRSA) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) judges to have made outstanding achievements to social progress and development.
In the official language of the Fellowship Charter, the award recognizes the contributions of exceptional individuals from across the world who have made significant contributions relating to the Arts, Manufacture and Commerce. Fellowship is only awarded to those who can demonstrate that they have made significant contributions to social change, and support the mission of the RSA. Fellows of the RSA are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRSA after their name and gain access to the RSA Library and to other premises in central London.
Past and current Fellows include leading activists, artists, writers, journalists and former politicians who have made significant contributions to their fields. Previous Fellows have included Stephen Hawking, Charles Dickens, Karl Marx and Benjamin Franklin.
History.
The Royal Society of the Arts was founded in 1754 by William Shipley as the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce, it was granted a Royal Charter in 1847, and the right to use the term Royal in its name by King Edward VII in 1908. The shorter version, The Royal Society of Arts and the related RSA acronym, are used more frequently than the full name.
In addition to the Fellowship, the RSA awards three medals, the Albert Medal, the Benjamin Franklin Medal (following a decision by the Board in 2013, the Benjamin Franklin Medal is now overseen by the RSA US, although the final nomination is ratified by the UK Board) and the Bicentenary Medal. Medal winners include Sir Frank Whittle and Cambridge Professor Stephen Hawking.
Fellowship.
Since 1754, the RSA Fellowship has been a community of leaders in the fields of art, literature, journalism, and business who have made significant contributions to society or the arts, and are able to support the mission of the RSA.
Acceptance into the fellowship is strict. New fellows are selected by the nomination of an existing fellow or by a request for fellowship. If applicants apply without a nomination, they have to be supported by two referees. All nominations and applications are reviewed by a fellowship admissions panel.
Notable fellows.
Some of its Fellows, who come from diverse backgrounds and professions, include:
Previous Fellows have included:


Kutoka Interactive

Kutoka Interactive was an educational software company founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1995. The company produced, developed, and distributed both subject-based and grade-based video games for Windows and Macintosh from 1996 to 2017. They were most famous for their "Mia" games.
Background.
Founded in Montreal in 1995, Kutoka started developing multimedia CD-ROM titles for third-party publishers. Some of the company's biggest clients included Fisher-Price, Corel, and Compaq.
In 1998, Kutoka launched its first self-published title "Mia's Reading Adventure: The Search for Grandma's Remedy", assuming complete responsibility for product development, publishing, and distribution.
In March 2009, Kutoka's products were sold through licensees in 42 countries, in 14 languages.
In 2017, Kutoka decided to shut down their operations after 22 years of service. There was no bankruptcy. The company transferred its assets and IP to Zoki S.E.N.C. An open letter from the company's remaining employees was posted to Kutoka's website, which gave thanks to their supporters and shareholders. The website's former page web has been archived by the Wayback Machine at the request of Kutoka. and is also available via a link in the message on the home page.
Products.
Mia.
Cartoon series.
In 2010 Radio Canada and Sardine Productions began developing a 26-episode cartoon series based on the games. The series was broadcasting on the Toonavision channel as of December 2019.


History of the Dutch language

Dutch is a West Germanic language, that originated from the Old Frankish dialects.
Among the words with which Dutch has enriched the English vocabulary are: "brandy, coleslaw, cookie, cruiser, dock, easel, freight, landscape, spook, stoop, and yacht". Dutch is noteworthy as the language of an outstanding literature, but it also became important as the tongue of an enterprising people, who, though comparatively few in number, made their mark on the world community through trade and empire. Dutch is also among some of the earliest recorded languages of Europe. Countries that have Dutch as an official language are Belgium, the Netherlands, Suriname, Aruba and Curaçao.
Relation to the Germanic languages group.
Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages.
This common, but not direct, ancestor (proto-language) of all contemporary Germanic languages is called "Proto-Germanic", commonly assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated Proto-Germanic. These two laws define the basic differentiating features of Germanic languages that separate them from other Indo-European languages.
There are no known documents in Proto-Germanic, which was unwritten, and virtually all our knowledge of this early language has been obtained by application of the comparative method. All modern Germanic languages (such as English, German, Dutch, etc.) gradually split off from Proto-Germanic, beginning around the Early Middle Ages. As the earliest surviving Germanic writing, there are a few inscriptions in a runic script from Scandinavia dated to c. 200. It obviously represents Proto-Norse spoken in Scandinavia after it had split as a local dialect from common Proto-Germanic.
West Germanic.
From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic dialects were divided into three groups, West, East, and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible to some degree throughout the Migration Period. This means some individual dialects are difficult to classify. The Western group would have formed as a dialect of Proto-Germanic in the late Jastorf culture (ca. 1st century BC).
During the Early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) and related Old Frisian, the High German consonant shift, and the relatively conservative (in respect to common West Germanic) ancestors of Low Saxon and Old Dutch.
Frankish language.
The Frankish language, also Old Frankish was the language of the Franks. Classified as a West Germanic language, it was spoken in areas covering modern France, Germany, and the Low Countries in Merovingian times, preceding the 6th/7th century. The Franks first established themselves in the Netherlands and Flanders before they started to fight their way down south and east. The language had a significant impact on Old French. It evolved into Old Low Franconian in the north and it was replaced by French in the south, Old Frankish is reconstructed from loanwords in Old French, and from Old Dutch.
The singular direct attestation from Old Frankish is the Bergakker inscription, that was found in 1996 near the Dutch town of Bergakker, near Tiel. It is a 5th-century Elder Futhark inscription on a metal mount for a sword scabbard.
The inscription can be read as
where V is a non-standard rune, apparently a vowel (variously read as e or u, or as "any vowel").
Several readings have been presented in literature. Quak (2000) for example, reads "Haþuþewas ann kusjam loguns", interpreting it as "Property of Haþuþewaz. I bestow upon the choosers of the swords".
Old Dutch.
Old Dutch is the language ancestral to the Low Franconian languages, including Dutch itself. It was spoken between the 6th and 11th centuries, continuing the earlier Old Frankish language.
The present Dutch standard language is derived from Old Dutch dialects spoken in the Low Countries that were first recorded in the Salic law, a Frankish document written around 510. From this document originated the oldest sentence that has been identified as Dutch: "Maltho thi afrio lito" as sentence used to free a serf. Other old segments of Dutch are "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare" ("A fish was swimming in the water") and "Gelobistu in got alamehtigan fadaer" ("Do you believe in God the almighty father"). The latter fragment was written around 900.
Arguably the most famous text containing what is traditionally taken to be Old Dutch is: "Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu" ("All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for"), dating around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.
The oldest known single word is "wad", attested in the toponym "vadam" (modern Wadenoijen), meaning a ford (where one wades), in Tacitus's "Histories".
Middle Dutch.
Linguistically speaking, Middle Dutch is a collective name for closely related dialects which were spoken and written between about 1150 and 1550 in the present-day Dutch-speaking region. There was at that time as yet no overarching standard language, but they were all highly mutually intelligible.
In historic literature "Diets" and Middle Dutch ("Middelnederlands") are used interchangeably to describe the ancestor of Modern Dutch. Although almost from the beginning, several Middle Dutch variations emerged, the similarities between the different regional languages were much stronger than their differences, especially for written languages and various literary works of that time.
Within Middle Dutch five large groups can be distinguished:
The last two of the Middle Dutch dialects mentioned above show features, respectively, of Middle High German and Middle Low German, since these two areas border directly onto the areas of Middle Low and High German.
Standardization and Modern Dutch.
A process of standardization started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardization became much stronger in the 16th century, mainly based on the urban Brabantic dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to Holland, influencing the urban dialects of that province. Brabantian, as compared to other main Dutch dialects, had a big influence on the development of Standard Dutch. This was because Brabant was the dominant region in the Netherlands when standardization of the Dutch language started in the 16th century. The first major formation of standard Dutch also took place in Antwerp, where a Brabantian dialect is spoken. The default language being developed around this time had therefore mainly Brabantian influences. The 16th-century Brabantian dialect is rather close to colloquial Dutch. The standard Dutch language has mainly developed from Brabantian and later some Hollandish dialects from post 16th century. The Standard Dutch language has evolved little since the 16th century. In 1637 a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the first major Dutch Bible translation, the Statenvertaling, was published that people from all over the United Provinces could understand. It used elements from various dialects, but the spoken form was mostly based on the urban dialects from the Province of Holland. A linguistic saying therefore is that "The Dutch language was born in Flanders, grew up in Brabant and reached maturity in Holland."
Development of Germanic sounds.
Linguistically speaking, Dutch has evolved little since the late 16th century; differences in speech are considered to be negligible, especially when comparing the older form with modern regional accents. Grammar has been somewhat simplified, but a great deal of the grammar lost in contemporary Dutch is preserved in many much-used expressions dating back to or before that time.


Sub-niche market

In marketing, a sub-niche market is a very small market niche having specific appeal. A sub-niche is small group of individuals removed from mainstream marketplace. A niche market may become so large that it may seem that it is part of a mainstream group when actuality it is still a niche. It can then be divided into a smaller group of individuals within the niche itself.
Etymology.
The term "sub-niche" was first used by internet marketers to describe people or products in the market who are in very small niches. When used in business a sub-niche is targeted for selling products or services that are more suited for these individuals than the larger niche.
Marketing for and in sub-niche markets.
Sub-Niche Marketing is the process of finding niche markets where the individuals can be broken down into smaller subsets of the niche itself. Usually this occurs in larger niche markets where the niche may no longer be targeted enough to satisfy the entire population of that niche. While the product and/or services provided by that particular niche serve to fulfill a need it may not to so to the highest degree. In this case a sub-niche would serve this purpose.
Online sub-niche marketing.
This technique is often used by affiliate marketers. The sub-niche is a more profitable group based in the internet market as opposed to a tangible marketplace because of the specificity required in targeting such a market. Online business has little start up cost and can afford and even target multiple sub-niche markets to create a steady form of revenue. The technique of sub-niche marketing is duplicated in multiple markets to achieve the desired amount of income.


4th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 4th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers of 1951. Winners were announced in 1952.
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.


Dummy pronoun

A dummy pronoun, also called an expletive pronoun or pleonastic pronoun, is a pronoun used to fulfill the syntactical requirements without providing explicit meaning.[entry for "dummy"] As such, it's an example of form-meaning mismatch.
Dummy pronouns are used in many Germanic languages, including German and English. Pronoun-dropping languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Turkish do not require dummy pronouns.
A dummy pronoun is used when a particular verb argument (or preposition) is nonexistent (it could also be unknown, irrelevant, already understood, or otherwise "not to be spoken of directly") but when a reference to the argument (a pronoun) is nevertheless syntactically required. For example, in the phrase "It is obvious that the violence will continue", "it" is a dummy pronoun, not referring to any agent. Unlike a regular pronoun of English, it cannot be replaced by any noun phrase.
The term "dummy pronoun" refers to the function of a word in a particular sentence, not a property of individual words. For example, "it" in the example from the previous paragraph is a dummy pronoun, but "it" in the sentence "I bought a sandwich and ate it" is a referential pronoun (referring to the sandwich).
Dummy subjects.
Weather "it".
In the phrase "it is raining—", the verb "to rain" is usually considered semantically impersonal, even though it appears as syntactically intransitive; in this view, the required "it" is to be considered a dummy word.
Other views.
However, there have been a few objections to this interpretation. Noam Chomsky has argued that the "it" employed as the subject of English weather verbs ("weather "it"", so called because of its predominant use in reference to weather) can control the subject of an adjunct clause, just like a "normal" subject. For example, compare:
If this analysis is accepted, then the "weather "it"" is to be considered a "quasi-(verb) argument" and not a dummy word.
Some linguists such as D. L. Bolinger go even further, claiming that the "weather "it"" simply refers to a general state of affairs in the context of the utterance. In this case, it would not be a dummy word at all. Possible evidence for this claim includes exchanges such as:
where "it" is implied to mean "the local weather".
Raising verbs.
Other examples of semantically empty "it" are found with raising verbs in "unraised" counterparts. For example:
Extraposition.
Dummy "it" can also be found in extraposition constructions in English, such as the following:
Dummy objects.
In English, dummy object pronouns tend to serve an "ad hoc" function, applying with less regularity than they do as subjects. Dummy objects are sometimes used to transform transitive verbs to transitive light verbs form; "e.g.", "do" → "do it", "to engage in sexual intercourse"; "make" → "make it", "to achieve success"; "get" → "get it", "to comprehend". Prepositional objects are similar; "e.g.", "with it", "up to date"; "out of it", "dazed" or "not thinking". All of these phrases, of course, can also be taken literally. For instance:
Dummy predicates.
It has been proposed that elements like expletive "there" in existential sentences and "pro" in inverse copular sentences play the role of dummy predicate rather than dummy subject, so that the postverbal noun phrase would rather be the embedded subject of the sentence.
Gender.
A dummy pronoun may be conventionally of a particular gender (e.g., "she'll be right, mate" in older Australian vernacular), even though there is no gendered noun with which it must agree.


Gerald Levinson

Gerald Charles Levinson (born June 22, 1951 in Westport, Connecticut) is an American composer of contemporary classical music.
Life.
At university, he studied with George Crumb, Richard Wernick, and George Rochberg. After college, Levinson went to study composition with Olivier Messiaen at the Paris Conservatory. He was inspired by Messiaen's use of birdsong and his unique harmonic ideas, as well as the musics of Bali and India. Levinson has also worked with Simon Rattle, Ralph Shapey, and Seiji Ozawa.
His notable works include "Anahata", Symphony No. 2, and "Black Magic/White Magic" (1981), a collaboration with his wife, poet Nanine Valen. Numerous CDs of his music have been released, and his scores are published by Theodore Presser.
He has taught music at Swarthmore College since 1977. His works have previously been performed by orchestras such as the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. A new work for organ and orchestra by Levinson was premiered by the Philadelphia Orchestra in its 2005–2006 season. He has two children, Adam Valen Levinson, and Ari Valen Levinson.


Barry Cohen

Barry Cohen AM (3 April 1935 – 18 December 2017) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served in federal parliament from 1969 to 1990, representing the Division of Robertson in New South Wales. He held ministerial office in the Hawke Government from 1983 to 1987.
Biography.
Cohen was born in Griffith, New South Wales and educated at Griffith High School, Sydney Grammar School and North Sydney Technical High School. He received a Bachelor of Arts from the Australian National University. He was a businessman before entering politics.
He was the federal member for the seat of Robertson from 1969 until his retirement before the 1990 election. Following the Australian Labor Party's win under Bob Hawke at the 1983 election, he was Minister for Home Affairs and the Environment from 1983 to 1984 and then Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Environment until 1987.
At the 1999 New South Wales state election he was a candidate for Gosford, losing to the incumbent Liberal member, Chris Hartcher.
After politics.
Cohen wrote a number of books on political anecdotes, and an autobiography:
In 2015, Cohen and three other former MPs brought a case before the High Court of Australia, purporting that reductions to their retirement allowances and limitations on the number of "domestic return trips per year" under the Members of Parliament (Life Gold Pass) Act 2002 were unconstitutional under S51(xxxi) of the Constitution of Australia. They lost the case in 2016, with the court finding that Parliament was entitled to vary the terms of allowances.
Personal.
Cohen married Rae McNeill in October 1959 and they had three sons.
Although Cohen voted for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in the 1970s, he spoke out against gay marriage, arguing that "gay marriage and conventional marriage is [not] the same thing".
Cohen died on 18 December 2017, having been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease several years earlier.
Honours.
Cohen was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2007, for service to the Australian Parliament and to the community through a range of cultural and environmental roles and contributions to public discussion and debate.


Gola language

Gola is a language of Liberia and Sierra Leone. It was traditionally classified as an Atlantic language, but this is no longer accepted in more recent studies.
Classification.
Gola is not closely related to other languages and appears to form its own branch of the Niger–Congo language family. However, "Ethnologue" lists Gola as a Mel language. Fields (2004) classifies Gola as a Mel language most closely related to Bullom and Kisi.
Distribution.
According to "Ethnologue", Gola is spoken in widespread regions across Liberia. It is spoken in Gbarpolu County, Grand Cape Mount County, and Lofa County (between the Mano River and Saint Paul River), as well as in inland areas of Bomi County and Montserrado County.
Dialects are Deng (Todii), Kongba, and Senje.


Jane Oakhill

Jane Oakhill is a British cognitive psychologist and expert on the development of reading comprehension. She holds the position of Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Sussex.
Oakhill was awarded the British Psychological Society Spearman Medal for early career research contributions in 1991. In 2019, she received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the Society for Text and Discourse in 2019 in recognition of her decades-long research program on children's reading difficulties. Other awards include the 2016 Research Impact Award from the University of Sussex.
Oakhill has served on the Governing Board of Society for Text and Discourse and on the Editorial Board of Discourse Processes.
Biography.
Oakhill received her Bachelor's degree in Biological Sciences and Education from the University of Sussex. She became a primary school teacher for two years where her experiences working with young readers sparked an interest in children’s reading comprehension problems. Reflecting on her research journey, Oakhill stated, "it occurred to me that my observations about discrepancies between children’s word reading and text comprehension competence could make for an interesting research topic."
Oakhill returned to the University of Sussex to pursue a PhD in the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, which was headed by Stuart Sutherland. Oakhill completed her dissertation on children's reading comprehension, under the supervision of Philip Johnson-Laird, in 1981. After graduating, she worked for several years with Johnson-Laird on studies of deductive reasoning and discourse comprehension.
After joining the faculty of the University of Sussex as a lecturer in 1990, Oakhill's primary research focus shifted back to reading comprehension and how children draw inferences while processing text.
Research.
Oakhill has had a prolific career researching how children learn to read, make inferences, and comprehend text. Her research program has been influenced by conversations with children and educators, and has led to the development of improved methods and curriculum for teaching children how to read and learn, especially in the United Kingdom. Oakhill distilled critical insights from her research into a set of key points. First, teachers should model processes of analysis and inference and engage their students in discussion. Second, teachers should ask children what they don't understand in order to encourage metacognition and develop their comprehension monitoring skills. Third, teachers should avoid teaching definitions, as vocabulary should be understood rather than memorized. Oakhill argues that it is inefficient to force memorization, and that reading comprehension is enhanced through oral discussions in which ideas are questioned and debated.
In her keynote address to the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, Oakhill summarized key findings from research on reading comprehension. She emphasized that inference making is essential to both understanding vocabulary and reading comprehension. When readers (both adults and children) lack such skills, it affects their ability to understand what they are reading. Poor readers have difficulties thinking beyond the scope of the sentences before them and connecting notions between sentences. Such inference making is necessary to develop a coherent representation or mental model of the text. Oakhill stated that "Comprehension skills need to be taught. They don't just develop in all children." She called for changes in the way reading comprehension is approached.
Oakhill has had long-standing research collaborations with Kate Cain, Alan Garnham, Nicola Yuill, and others. One of her widely-cited longitudinal studies focused on associations between working memory, inference making, comprehension monitoring, and reading comprehension in 8- to 11-year-old children. The researchers found that each of these variables predicted individual differences in reading comprehension at all ages, after controlling for vocabulary knowledge and decoding (word reading) skills. Other work, focusing specifically on children with fluent and accurate word reading who exhibit poor text comprehension, failed to find a single underlying factor that would explain the children's reading difficulties.


Losang Samten

Losang Samten () is a Tibetan-American scholar, sand mandala artist, former Buddhist monk, and Spiritual Director of the Chenrezig Tibetan Buddhist Center of Philadelphia. He is one of only an estimated 30 people worldwide who are qualified to teach the traditional art of Tibetan sandpainting. He has written two books and helped to create the first Tibetan sand mandala ever shown publicly in the West in 1988. In 2002, he was made a National Heritage Fellow by the National Endowment of the Arts. In 2004, he was granted a Pew Fellowship in Folk and Traditional Arts.
Early life.
Born into a Buddhist family in Chung Ribuce (Ü-Tsang, Tibet) in 1953, Samten spent two months crossing the Himalayas with his family to Nepal in 1959. After arriving in Dharamsala, India in 1964 or 1965, Samten entered Namgyal Monastery in Dharamsala, taking the vows of a novice monk there in 1967. He probably took full ordination at Namgyal in 1969.
While enrolled at Namgyal, Samten also studied the arts of ritual dance and sand mandala construction at the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts. (Both institutions are closely associated with the 14th Dalai Lama.) In 1985 he earned a Master's Degree in Buddhist Philosophy, Sutra, and Tantra from Namgyal Monastery.
Career.
After fleeing central Tibet as a child refugee in 1959, Samten studied, debated, and practiced for more than two decades in exile at Namgyal Monastery: since its establishment (in either 1564 or 1565) by the 3rd Dalai Lama, the personal monastery of all the Dalai Lamas. In 1975, Samten began the intensive three-year program which would ultimately enable him to construct traditional mandalas out of sand. He earned the formal title "Geshe" in 1985, having won a Master's Degree in Buddhist Philosophy, Sutra, and Tantra: roughly equivalent to a Western academic institution's Ph.D. Samten then served the 14th Dalai Lama as his personal attendant from 1985–1988, after which, he moved to the US.
In 1988, Samten was charged by the 14th Dalai Lama to come to the United States to demonstrate the sand mandala art form; marking the first time that a Tibetan mandala was constructed in the West, at New York City's American Museum of Natural History. Moving to Philadelphia in 1989, he joined Kelsang Monlam (from Drepung Gomang Monastic College, d. 2012, age 87), and eventually became the spiritual director of the Tibetan Buddhist Center of Philadelphia. Samten left monastic life in 1995. He has established seven separate dharma centers in the U.S. and Canada, and currently resides in Philadelphia.
In 1997, Samten worked on the Martin Scorsese film "Kundun" – about the young 14th Dalai Lama – as religious technical advisor, sand mandala supervisor, and actor.
Samten has also written two books, including "Ancient Teachings in Modern Times: Buddhism in the 21st Century". His history of Namgyal Monastery is written in Tibetan.
Mandala art.
Since moving to the US in 1988, Samten has been commissioned to create works for numerous museums and institutions, including the Chicago Field Museum, Columbia University, Harvard University, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian Institution to name just a few. Samten has demonstrated the traditional practice of creating powdered mandalas at both the following museums:
and the following Colleges, Universities, and institutions of higher learning:


Irv Bauer

Irv Bauer also known as Irvin S. Bauer was an American playwright, screenwriter, educator and theatre critic based in New York. He was most known for his plays "A Dream Out of Time", "A Fine and Private Place" and "Bulldog and The Bear". He also wrote multiple episodes of "Courage the Cowardly Dog".
Bauer taught at graduate and undergraduate levels at New York University, Sarah Lawrence College and University of Washington. He died of lymphoma on July 24, 2015.
Early life and education.
Bauer went to DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, and then enrolled in New York University, earning a bachelor's degree in Journalism. While there he studied with and was mentored by Haig P. Manoogian.
Career.
Upon graduation, Bauer started working in public relations at Grey Advertising. Soon afterwards, he left New York for Paris, France to pursue a career in dramatic writing and cinema. In Paris, he started working as an actor and began writing. He came back to New York to secure financing for a project with Philippe Gérard. In 1970, his first play, "A Dream Out of Time" starring Sam Levene, who made his Off-Broadway debut at the Promenade Theatre on upper Broadway, 43 years after he made his Broadway debut in 1927. In Seattle, "A Fine and Private Place", an adaptation of a novel by Peter S. Beagle. Among other popular plays by Bauer are "Bullies House" Rollin on the Toba, and Young and Eager. Bauer wrote "The Ladies' Tailor of Babi Yar", first presented by the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, NJ, a story of a Jewish and a Russian family set against the backdrop of Babi Yar Massacres.
Bauer taught screenwriting and playwrighting at the graduate and undergraduate level at New York University, Sarah Lawrence College and University of Washington. He conducted workshops and classes in New York, Los Angeles, Paris, Spoleto, Italy, London and Sydney and Brisbane. Bauer also taught at The Juilliard School and University of Washington.
Written just prior to his death in July 2015, Bauer's book "Screenwriting Fundamentals: The Art and Craft of Visual Writing" was published by Routledge in 2016. It details his ten step method to developing and constructing a screenplay.
Critical reception.
While writing about Bauer's first play, "A Dream Out of Time", Clive Barnes wrote for "The New York Times", that "although it may not be flawless, it is strong, honest and serious. It has something of Arthur Miller's intensity and thrust to it and also a great deal of integrity and moral concern." "The Wheaton Bill" wrote, "We feel certain that any Jew could relate to the happenings on the stage," and the "Toronto Star" wrote "beyond understanding the tug of family, the unwitting destructiveness of which parents are capable, the hesitations of children about deviating from a traditional life-style, Bauer gives his people language bristling with drive, distinctiveness and the rough force of reality."
In 1975, "The Seattle Times" wrote that "A Fine and Private Place" "is a theatre piece of interest and merit. Although, the play is set in a cemetery, the play concerns itself not with death but with life." In 1998, Bauer wrote the play "Bull Dog and The Bear" with Richard Gordon, that received positive reviews with the "Lansing State Journal" writing that, "Sensitive, serious, silly and hilarious, the play should enjoy many more standing ovations in years to come."


Carlo Leoni (historian)

Conte Carlo Leoni (1812, Padua – 1872) was an Italian historian and epigraphist. Above all, he recorded several inscription on the city walls of Padua, which (inspired by the Romantic taste for the medieval) were characterised more by prosopography and grandiloquence than by historical precision.


Anne Treisman

Anne Marie Treisman (née Taylor; 27 February 1935 – 9 February 2018) was an English psychologist who specialised in cognitive psychology.
Treisman researched visual attention, object perception, and memory. One of her most influential ideas is the feature integration theory of attention, first published with Garry Gelade in 1980. Treisman taught at the University of Oxford, University of British Columbia, University of California, Berkeley and Princeton University. Notable postdoctoral fellows she supervised included Nancy Kanwisher and Nilli Lavie.
In 2013, Treisman received the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama for her pioneering work in the study of attention. During her long career, Treisman experimentally and theoretically defined the issue of how information is selected and integrated to form meaningful objects that guide human thought and action.
Early life and education.
Anne Treisman was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. Two years later, her family moved to a village near Rochester, Kent where her father, Percy Taylor, worked as chief education officer during World War II. Her mother, Suzanne Touren, was French. At the age of 11, Treisman moved with her family to Reading, Berkshire where she attended the girls’ grammar school Kendrick School. The English educational system at the time forced Treisman to choose only three subjects in her last two years at secondary school, and Treisman focused on the language arts (French, Latin and History).
Treisman received her BA in French Literature at Newnham College, Cambridge in 1954. She received a first class BA with distinction, which earned her a scholarship that she used to obtain a second BA in psychology. During this extra year, Treisman studied under the supervision of Richard Gregory, who introduced her to various methods of exploring the mind through experiments in perception. While at Cambridge, she was active in the folk music scene.
In 1957, Treisman attended Somerville College, Oxford, to work toward her DPhil under her advisor, Carolus Oldfield. Treisman conducted research on aphasia, but soon pursued interest in non-clinical populations. Treisman's research was guided by Donald Broadbent's book, "Perception and Communication".
Treisman completed her thesis, "Selective Attention and Speech Perception" in 1962.
Career.
Around the time Treisman was working toward her DPhil, psychology was shifting from a behaviorist point to view to the idea that behavior is the outcome of active information processing. Donald Broadbent and Colin Cherry had recently introduced the idea of selective listening (often exemplified by the so-called "cocktail party effect") Broadbent later proposed a Filter Model of selective attention which states that unattended auditory information is not analysed but rather it is filtered out early in the process of perception. This theory was criticised because it could not explain why unattended information sometimes gets through the "filter".
After receiving her DPhil, Treisman worked in the Medical Research Council Psycholinguistics Research Unit conducting research in selective listening. In 1964, Treisman proposed her Attenuation Theory, which modified Broadbent's Filter model by stating that unattended information is attenuated rather than completely filtered out. Treisman used a dichotic listening task during which participants heard multiple languages and different voices (male vs. female). She showed that a difference between two equally known languages allowed no more efficient selection than a difference in subject matter between two messages in the same language. Unknown foreign languages, however, produced less interference. It appeared that complete rejection of one language was almost impossible; with some degree of variability depending on physical characteristics and language of the message received. Treisman concluded that features of multiple incoming messages are successfully analysed, and that selection between messages in the same voice, intensity, and localisation takes place during, rather than before or after, this analysis, which results in the identification of their verbal content. Information-handling capacity is limited following this analysis; the process handles one input at a time, either keeping to one message where possible, or switching between the two. Thus, Broadbent's suggestion that classes of words constitute separate "input channels" could be rejected. Her theory also indicated that physical characteristics are processed early, while semantic processing occurs at a later point. Her work had an enormous impact on her field. For example, In 1967, while working as a visiting scientist at Bell Telephone Laboratories' psychology department, she published a paper in "Psychological Review" that was "central to the development of selective attention as a scientific field of study".
Treisman and Kahneman accepted positions at the University of British Columbia shortly after their marriage. In 1980, Treisman and Gelade published their seminal paper on Feature Integration Theory (FIT). One key element of FIT is that early stages of object perception encode features such as color, form, and orientation as separate entities; focused attention combines these distinct features into perceived objects.
Treisman moved to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1986, where she and Kahneman ran a joint "Attention Lab" in the Psychology Department. From 1993 until her retirement, in 2010, Treisman was a member of the Psychology Department at Princeton University. She was named Princeton's James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology in 1995. Her work has appeared in 29 book chapters and more than 80 journal articles and is heavily cited in the psychological literature, as well as prominently included in both introductory and advanced textbooks. Established with an anonymous gift in 2015, the Kahneman-Treisman Center for Behavioral Science & Public Policy, housed in Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School, honors the legacy of Daniel Kahneman and Anne Treisman.
Feature integration theory.
Treisman's feature integration theory is a two-stage model of visual object perception:
The first stage is called "pre-attentive" because it happens automatically, or without effort or attention by the perceiver. In this stage, an object is broken down into its elementary features for processing (i.e., color, texture, shape, etc.). Treisman posits we are unaware of this stage of attention because it occurs quickly and early in perceptual processes (before conscious awareness).
Evidence for the pre-attentive state comes from Treisman's own studies. In a well-known study, Treisman created a display of four objects flanked by two black numbers. The display flashed on a computer screen for 1/5 of a second and followed by a random-dot masking field to eliminate residual perception of the stimuli after the stimuli were turned off. Participants were asked to first report on the black numbers, followed by what they saw at each of the four locations where the shapes had been. Under these conditions, participants reported seeing illusory conjunctions in 18% of trials. That is, participants reported seeing objects that consisted of a combination of features from two different stimuli. For example, after seeing a big yellow circle, a big blue triangle, a small red triangle, and a small green circle, a person might report seeing a small red circle and a small green triangle. The reason illusory conjunctions occurred is that stimuli were presented rapidly and the observers' attention was distracted from the target object by having them focus on the black numbers; thus, elementary features had not yet been grouped or bound to an object. Having participants attend to the target objects eliminated the illusory conjunction.
The second stage of processing depends on attention. In this stage, the features are combined, resulting in the perception of a whole object rather than individual features. Treisman linked this process of binding to neural activity, noting that an object causes activity in both the "what" and "where" areas of the cortex (see Two-streams hypothesis). Activity in the "what" processing stream would include information about color and form, while activity in the "where" stream would include information about location and motion. According to Treisman, attention is the "glue" that combines the information from both streams and causes us to perceive all the features of an object as combined at one specific location. Perceiving one object in isolation appears relatively straightforward, but when we confront multiple objects, numerous features may exist at different locations. The perceptual system's task is to associate each of these features with the object to which it belongs. Feature integration theory says that in order for this to occur, we need to focus our attention on each object in turn. Once we attend to a particular location, the features at that location are bound together and are associated with the object at that location.
Treisman's FIT model now uses three different spatially selective mechanisms to solve the binding problem: selection by a spatial attention window, inhibition of locations from feature maps containing unwanted features, and top-down activation of the location containing the currently attended object.
The binding problem.
William James discussed the connection between attention and mental processes, "Millions of items…are present to my senses which never properly enter my experience. Why? Because they have no interest for me. My experience is what I agree to attend to…Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought…. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others."
In the early 1980s, neuroscientists such as Torsten Wiesel and David H. Hubel were discovering that different areas of the primate visual cortex were finely tuned to selective features, such as line orientation, luminance, color, movement, etc. These findings prompted the question of how these distinct features are connected into a unified whole. This question has been called the binding problem. For example, when you see a red ball roll by, cells sensitive to movement fire in the medial temporal cortex, while cells sensitive to color, shape and location fire in other areas. Despite all this distinct neuronal firing, you don't perceive the ball as separated by shape, movement and color perceptions; you experience an integrated experience with all these components occurring together. The question of how these elements are combined is the essence of the binding problem, a central focus of research into the late 1990s. A number of possible mechanisms were envisaged, including grandmother cells responding to specific conjunctions of features that uniquely identify a particular object; local cell assemblies onto which the pathways from different feature maps converge, perhaps with adjustable connections allowing flexible routing of signals; a serial scan of different spatial areas selected by an adjustable attention window, conjoining the features that each contains and excluding features from adjacent areas; detection of temporal contiguity – parts and properties whose onset, offset or motion coincide probably belong to the same object synchronised firing of cells responding to features of the same object, perhaps assisted by oscillatory neural activity. Treisman used failures of binding to shed light on its underlying mechanisms. Specifically, she found that left-brain-damaged patients have increasing illusory conjunctions and decreased performance in a spatially cued attention task, which suggests a link between attentional binding and the parietal lobes. Treisman also cited corroborating evidence from positron emission tomography and event-related potential studies which were consistent with the spatial attention account of feature integration.
Treisman's work formed the basis for thousands of experiments in cognitive psychology, vision sciences, cognitive science, neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience.
Honors.
Treisman was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1989, the US National Academy of Sciences in 1994, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995, as well as a William James Fellow of the American Psychological Society in 2002. Treisman was the recipient of the 2009 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Psychology for her explanation of how our brains build meaningful images from what we see. In 2013, Treisman received the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama for her pioneering work in the study of attention.
Selected publications.
Key works include:
Personal life.
Treisman married Michel Treisman in 1960, another Oxford graduate student. They divorced in 1976. She remarried in 1978 to Daniel Kahneman, who won the Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics in 2002.
She died on 9 February 2018, from a stroke, at her home in Manhattan.


Daniel R. White

Daniel R. White (born 1953, Atlanta, Georgia) is an American attorney and author. His first book, "The Official Lawyer's Handbook,", a satire of the legal profession, was a bestseller in the early 1980s. The success of the "Handbook," which ranked #1 on "The Washington Post" best seller list and presumably drew on White's personal experience practicing law with the Washington, D.C., law firm of Hogan & Hartson, led to television appearances, speaking engagements, and other books, as a result of which "The American Lawyer" magazine declared White "The Official Lawyer's Comedian."
Calling the "Handbook" his "vehicle of liberation from the practice of law," White left the private practice of law in 1983. He now makes his living in various word-related ways, including as a writer, editor, corporate entertainer, legal comedian, legal writing instructor, and college essay consultant.
Personal.
White graduated from The Westminster Schools, a co-educational college preparatory school in Atlanta, Georgia. He obtained a B.A. in Government from Harvard College, graduating magna cum laude in 1975.
After college, he traveled to Seoul, Korea, where he wrote and edited travel articles for the Korea National Tourism Corporation (later renamed the Korea Tourism Organization), an agency of the Republic of Korea.
The following year he attended Columbia Law School, where he obtained a J.D. in 1979. He served as Articles Editor of the "Columbia Law Review", which published his first legal writing, ""Pacifica Foundation v. FCC": 'Filthy Words,' the First Amendment, and the Broadcast Media," during White's second year. That article, which discussed a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on comedian George Carlin's famous "Seven Dirty Words" monologue, was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in a related ruling.
At Columbia, White was a Harlan Fiske Stone scholar and the recipient of the Archie O. Dawson Advocacy Award, which provided clerkships for the study of advocacy at the three levels of the federal judiciary, including a period in the chambers of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.
White served as law clerk to U.S. District Court judge Thomas A. Flannery, and then joined Hogan & Hartson, where he spent roughly 3 years. Upon leaving Hogan & Hartson, he spent 4 years to promoting his first book, commencing his career as a public speaker and corporate entertainer, and attempting without success to become a screenwriter. For several years White practiced law sporadically with the firm of Ross, Dixon & Masback. Thereafter, for just over a year, White worked as a legal business consultant for the accounting and consulting firm Arthur Andersen. There he consulted primarily for corporate law departments, where he performed such tasks as a substantive and stylistic overhaul of Exxon's "Guidelines for Use of Outside Counsel."
Professional.
Writing.
Daniel White's first book, "The Official Lawyer's Handbook", ranked #1 on "The Washington Post" best seller list and #5 on the "Publishers Weekly" national list. On the basis of this book "The Washington Post" declared White "the legal profession's court jester" and credited him with having "helped launch the current wave of legal humor."
This book was re-released in updated form as "Still the Official Lawyer's Handbook," and then released in revised form in Britain, with Philip R. Jenks as co-author.
White's reputation as a legal humorist was fostered by his other books, especially "White's Law Dictionary," a parody of the classic legal lexicon, "Black's Law Dictionary"; "Trials and Tribulations – An Anthology of Appealing Legal Humor"; and "What Lawyers Do – And How To Make Them Work for You", a light-in-tone but essentially substantive book that enjoyed the distinction of becoming a Book-of-the-Month Club selection.
White has also written a number of relatively minor volumes, a nonexhaustive list of which includes "The Classic Cocktails Book, The Martini, Really Redneck, The Birthday Book," and "Horrorscopes."
Less known as a journalist, White has published articles for publications ranging from the "American Bar Association Journal" to "Cosmopolitan". A number of other publications have carried articles by Daniel R. White, including "Of Counsel, Barrister, Medical Meetings," the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Atlanta, The Washington Weekly, Minnesota Law & Politics, Docket (ACCA), Employment Law Strategist, Marketing for Lawyers," and "Law Firm Partnership & Benefits Report."
Although even less known as a poet, White's tribute to legal warriors, "An Ode to Litigation," met with general acclaim when it appeared in the "National Law Journal," and one of its 32 stanzas is quoted in Jennifer L. Pierce's treatise, "Gender Bender Trials: Emotional Lives in Contemporary Law Firms":
Editing.
At the New York Law Publishing Company, where he worked from 1994 to 1996, White served as editor-in-chief and primary writer for "Law Firm Partnership & Benefits Report," a national newsletter for law firm partners and managers. He served as managing editor of two other national newsletters for lawyers, "Employment Law Strategist" and "Marketing for Lawyers," and edited articles for the "National Law Journal".
White has also established himself as a freelance editor of non-fiction monographs.
Jokes.
Although his roots lie in legal comedy, White has demonstrated a broader range, beginning in 1992-1993, when he served as editor-in-chief of, and primary writer for, "Current Comedy", a twice-monthly "Humor Service for Public Speakers & Business Executives" founded by former television gag writer and presidential speechwriter Robert Orben.
White has written jokes for corporate executives and Jay Leno. His parody of Ernest Hemingway's writing style appeared in "The Best of Bad Hemingway", an anthology.
Entertaining.
White has appeared as a legal humorist on CNN, CBS, NPR, and numerous other television and radio shows across the country. He has been profiled in publications such as "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "Time" magazine, and the "International Herald Tribune".
He has addressed bar associations, medical conventions, law firms, and other gatherings across the United States and abroad.
Contrasting himself with lawyers who ridicule the legal profession with "lawyer jokes" and engage in "lawyer bashing," White has said his jabs are soft-gloved and affectionate, because he is "a member of that union," being a lawyer himself and coming from a family of lawyers.


Eleny Ionel

Eleny-Nicoleta Ionel is a Romanian mathematician whose research concerns symplectic geometry, including the study of the Gromov–Witten invariants and Gopakumar–Vafa invariant. Among her most significant results are the construction of relative Gromov-Witten invariants of symplectic manifolds, and the proof of the vanishing in codimension at least "g" of the tautological ring of the moduli space of genus-"g" curves.
She is a professor of mathematics at Stanford University, where she is chair of the mathematics department.
Education and career.
Ionel is from Iași. She is the daughter of Adrian Ionel, a professor at the Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iași. She attended the Costache Negruzzi National College, graduating in 1987. She earned a bachelor's degree from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in 1991, and completed her Ph.D. in 1996 from Michigan State University. Her dissertation, "Genus One Enumerative Invariants in formula_1", was supervised by Thomas H. Parker.
After postdoctoral research at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California and a position as C. L. E. Moore instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, she joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty in 1998, and moved to Stanford in 2004.
Recognition.
Ionel is a Sloan Research Fellow and a Simons Fellow. She was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2002. She was selected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in the 2020 Class, for "contributions to symplectic geometry and the geometric analysis approach to Gromov–Witten Theory".


Robert M. Crunden

Robert Morse Crunden (December 23, 1940 - March 23, 1999) was an American historian. He was a professor of American studies and history at the University of Texas at Austin, and the author of many books.
Early life.
Crunden was born on December 23, 1940 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He grew up in New Jersey and Nova Scotia, Canada. He attended Yale University, where William H. Goetzmann was one of his professors, and he graduated magna cum laude in 1962. He earned a PhD in History from Harvard University in 1967.
Career.
Crunden taught History and American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin from 1967 until his death in 1999. He was the director of the American Studies program from 1985 to 1990. He was awarded a Fulbright chair as the Bicentennial Professor of American Studies at the University of Helsinki in 1976-1977, and he was the director of the American Studies Research Center in Hyderabad, India from 1982 to 1984, also thanks to the Fulbright Program. He was awarded a Fulbright senior lectureship to teach at La Trobe University in Australia in 1978.
Crunden was the author of many books, including "American Salons: Encounters with European Modernism, 1885-1917", which was translated into many languages.
Personal life and death.
Crunden had three daughters. He died of a heart attack on March 23, 1999 in Austin, Texas.


Mano machine

The Mano machine is a computer theoretically described by M. Morris Mano. It contains a central processing unit, random access memory, and an input-output bus. Its limited instruction set and small address space limit it to use as a Microcontroller. But it can easily be expanded to have a 32-bit accumulator register, and 28-bit addressing using a HDL language like Verilog or VHDL; And at the same time, make room for new instructions.
Characteristics.
The Mano machine is similar in many respects to the PDP-8, such as the same address space, only one accumulator register, and many similar instructions. The Mano machine has a 4096x16 shared data/program memory segment requiring a 12-bit address bus. The data bus is 16 bits. There are 8-bit input/output buses for external communication, and associated interrupt flags.
There is one 16-bit accumulator register, and single-bit registers (latches) for addition carry and system halt.
Instruction set.
There are 25 instructions that fall into 3 categories: direct / indirect memory referencing operations, register referencing operations, and input/output / interrupt operations.
Each instruction is 16 bits long [4 nybbles, or 1 word]. This means that memory referencing instructions contain 4 bits of op-code data, and 12 bits dedicated to the address.
Applications to computer optimization theory.
The machine specifications include a finite state machine that determines the processor's micro-operations. The canonical implementation of the state machine is an excellent candidate for reduction, and can also be re-implemented as a pipelined processor.


Northern Secondary School

Northern Secondary School is a public high school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It teaches grades 9 through 12. It is a part of the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). Prior to Amalgamation of Toronto in 1998, it was within the Toronto Board of Education (TBE). The closest TTC subway station is Eglinton.
Northern has long-standing rivalries with nearby high-school North Toronto Collegiate Institute and also with Central Technical School, Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute, York Mills Collegiate Institute and Leaside High School.
History.
Founded in 1930, it was originally known as Northern Vocational School, until the twenty-fifth anniversary when the name was changed to Northern Technical-Commercial, which lasted for three years until the present name, Northern Secondary School, came into use because a definite district had been assigned for matriculation students.
Northern was the first Ontario school to have a student council. The school is a pilot site of a Toronto Police Service program that places on-duty police officers in schools.
On May 13, 2016 it was alleged that a bomb was planted on the premises and the school was shut down to investigate. No explosive devices were found.
Architecture.
Northern Secondary is built in the Collegiate Gothic style, has a floor space of about 121,317 square feet and contains one hundred and fifteen rooms. C.E.C. Dyson was the school's original architect. Although little is known about him, he was the school board's architect from 1921 until 1949. Northern is known for the grotesques which exist on the exterior, throughout the entrance foyer and inside the auditorium.
Further evidence of the Gothic Collegiate style can be found in the vaulted ceilings of the hallways, and the arched doorways and windows featured throughout the building. As stated on a plaque inside the main entrance, during the 60s a major addition was built which significantly altered the rear of the school. These renovations changed little about the original parts of the building. Although once grand, over the decades, the facility has fallen into considerable disrepair and is in need of extensive renovation.
Academics.
Northern's gifted program / enriched program and its comprehensive range of elective courses, including a diverse art department, bring students in from across the city. The school runs a selective admissions process, as well as optional attendance lotteries. There is a large variety of gifted courses available at all grade levels and AP courses available at the grade 11 and 12 levels.
Each year, Northern's students obtain over $1 million in university scholarships.
Northern's students have won numerous national & international awards in multiple academic disciplines. These include the NASA space settlement competition, the World Debates at Oxford, England, and the Canadian Association of Physicists national contest. Northern debaters are also the current reigning OSDU provincial debate championships.
The school has over 50 active clubs, associations and committees, as well as over 120 teachers, resulting in a 15 to 1 student teacher ratio.
Sports.
The school has over 50 varsity athletic teams. Northern's football team, the Red Knights, have won numerous titles in Toronto's high school league (including two Metro Bowls, and the first Toronto Bowl). A number of top players have gone on to join the Canadian Football League.
Numerous alumni of the school have also gone on to play in the National Hockey League, the Greek Basket League, Major League Soccer, the Israeli Premier League, the as well as the Rugby World Cup.
In popular culture.
The school has been used as a location for several films including "Carrie (2013 film)", as well as Jarvis Collegiate Institute, and "", which were filmed inside the school. The academic decathlon scene of "Billy Madison" was filmed in the school's auditorium. The 2009 documentary Fight for the Planet was also filmed at the school.
Numerous commercials have also been filmed on the school's premises.
Charity.
Northern has a long history of supporting national & international charities, with over 40 years of participation in the United Way fundraisers for poverty alleviation. The school has been the top fundraiser amongst Toronto high schools for a number of years.
Notable alumni and staff.
Alumni of the school include one Academy Award winner, a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, holders of the Order of Canada, as well as Grey Cup and Stanley Cup champions, and a Spitfire pilot who played a key role in an escape from a German prison camp by Allied airmen which is remembered today as "The Great Escape". Painter Lawren P. Harris taught at then Northern Vocational.


Endeavour Learning and Skills Centre

Endeavour Learning and Skills Centre is a centre operated by Hull Training & Adult Education (formerly HCC Training) offering adult education and further education.
History.
Endeavour High School.
Endeavour High School was created in 2001 from a merger of two existing schools: William Gee and Amy Johnson. In the same year the planning process began for a new school on the site of the former Kingston General Hospital, together with sports facilities on a former council depot site. It moved to a new £15 million site on Beverley Road in 2003, construction of the school was funded by cash raised by the sale of shares in Kingston Communications by the City Council. A sports facility north of the school in Temple Street, Stepney was also built.
In March 2004 Endeavour was placed in special measures, following an inspection by Ofsted. The school came out of special measures in December 2005. The school was placed in special measures again in 2009.
In the five years to 2009 the school's pass rate improved from 9% to 35%. In 2010 the school achieved its best ever GCSE results with 73% of students leaving with 5 A*–C and 99% of pupils leaving with at least 1 GCSE A*–G, or equivalent pass.
It was reported in 2011 that the council was considering closing the school and using the site for a work training centre. The school was put in special measures for a third time in 2012.
By 2013 the school had only 500 pupils out of a capacity of 1200, with the school population expected to fall further; in addition the school had failed to find a sponsor for it to gain Academy status; the low pupil numbers made the school financially unviable. Additionally, between 2005 and 2013 the City participated in the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme, refurbishing or rebuilding over 20 schools; and many other secondary schools had spare places (2011). As a result, Hull City Council began examining the case to begin the closure procedure.
In November 2013 Hull City Council announced a consultation on the possible closure of Endeavour High School. The council proposed to transfer pupils in years 7, 8 and 9 to different schools in September 2014, with full closure of the school commencing in August 2015. In March 2014 Hull City Council formally made the decision to close Endeavour High School as of summer 2015. The remaining 210 students continued with their GCSEs while the other 170 switched schools.
In June 2015 it saw the last of its 101 pupils leave, with the school officially closing on 31 August 2015.
Endeavour Learning and Skills Centre.
In May 2014 HCC Training announced plans to offer adult education and training courses from the site, starting September 2014; as well as opening the sports facilities up for community use. As a result, adult education provision at a number of sites in the city ceased and transferred to the Beverley Road site in September 2014. After Endeavour High School closed in June 2015 the site was renamed Endeavour Learning and Skills Centre.


W. Cabell Greet

William Cabell Greet (28 January 1901, El Paso, Texas – 19 December 1972, Santa Barbara, California) was an American philologist and a professor of English.
He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1920 from Sewanee's University of the South. In the early 1920s he was an instructor at the University of Texas, the University of Colorado, and the University of California. At Columbia University he graduated with M.A. in 1924 and Ph.D. in 1926. He joined Barnard College's faculty in 1926, was appointed McIntosh Professor of English in 1953, and was department chair until he became professor emeritus in 1966.
From 1931 to about 1942, Greet and George W. Hibbitt (1895–1965) created and disseminated an audio archive of poetry readings by a number of famous American poets.
Greet was editor-in-chief of the journal "American Speech" from 1933 to 1952.
He was the author of "War Words: Recommended Pronunciations" (published in 1943 for Columbia Broadcasting System by Columbia University Press); the book gave the pronunciations of thousands of foreign words, names, and battlefields in WW II. The book was enlarged to "World Words: Recommended Pronunciations" (1944) and published in a 2nd edition in 1948. He donated to Columbia University a collection of letters he received from famous American authors, including John Mason Brown, John Cheever, John Dos Passos, Marianne Moore, and H.L. Mencken, as well many public officials, including Henry A. Wallace, George Marshall, Cordell Hull, and J. Edgar Hoover.
Greet married Katherine E. Hyde on 11 September 1926 in Manhattan. Upon his death in 1971 he was survived by his widow and a daughter, Anne Greet Cushing, of Santa Barbara. His widow Katherine was born on 20 June 1897 in Elmira, New York and died in February 1986 in Santa Barbara. In 1965 Anne H. Greet married John E. Cushing (1918–2001), a biology professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1970 Anne Greet Cushing was appointed an associate professor of French and Italian at U.C. Santa Barbara. She was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1972–1973.


Master station

In telecommunication, a master station is a station that controls or coordinates the activities of other stations in the system.
Examples:
Operation modes.
In data transmission, a master station can be set to not wait for a reply from a slave station after transmitting each message or transmission block. In this case the station is said to be in "continuous operation".


Marie-Therese Connolly

Marie-Therese Connolly is an American lawyer, Coordinator at the Elder Justice and Nursing Home Initiative, at the US Department of Justice, and Senior Trial Counsel, in the Civil Division. She won a 2011 MacArthur Fellowship.
Life.
She graduated from Stanford University with a B.A. in 1981, and from Northeastern University School of Law with a J.D. in 1984. She helped draft the Elder Justice Act.
She is Senior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
She is a Director of Life Long Justice at the Appleseed Foundation.