George Tsontakis

George Tsontakis (born Astoria, Queens, New York City, October 24, 1951) is an American composer and conductor.
Early life and education.
He was born in New York City, and is of Greek descent.
Tsontakis studied composition with Hugo Weisgall and Roger Sessions at the Juilliard School from 1974 to 1978, and later with Franco Donatoni at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome.
Career.
His music has been performed and broadcast by major orchestras, chamber ensembles, and festivals throughout North and South America, Europe and Japan.
Tsontakis was honored with the "Academy Award" in 1995 from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was the fourth recipient of the coveted Ives Living Fellowship, in 2007. Pianist Stephen Hough's recording of Tsontakis's "Ghost Variations" on Hyperion Records was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition, and was the only classical recording among "Time" magazine's 1998 Top Ten Recordings. Tsontakis received the Berlin Prize from the American Academy in Berlin in 2002, and the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for his Violin Concerto No. 2 in 2005.
A proficient conductor of orchestral and choral music, Tsontakis has been a composer-in-residence with the Aspen Music Festival and conductor and the founding director of the Aspen Contemporary Ensemble at the Aspen Music School, where he teaches composition. He was an assistant professor at the Brooklyn College Conservatory of Music, and has served on the faculty of Sarah Lawrence College. He is Distinguished Faculty, Composer-in-Residence of the Bard College Conservatory of Music in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. He was a Weil fellow at Auburn University Montgomery.
Tsontakis's music has been recorded by KOCH International, New World, and Opus One, and is published by Merion Music and Poco Forte Music.
In 2008, his Violin Concerto No. 2 was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Classical Contemporary Composition, but lost to John Corigliano's "Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan". He served as composer-in-residence with the Albany Symphony (2007–2012) as well as the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center (2009–10).


Michael Djupstrom

Michael Djupstrom (born 1980) is an American composer. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, he grew up in White Bear Lake, Minnesota. After completing undergraduate and graduate studies in composition at the University of Michigan, Djupstrom moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he completed an Artist Diploma at the Curtis Institute of Music. His music has garnered many awards, and is published by Bright Press and Boosey & Hawkes.
His composition teachers include Jennifer Higdon, Richard Danielpour, Bright Sheng and Betsy Jolas, among others.


Model 500 telephone

The Western Electric model 500 telephone series was the standard domestic desk telephone set issued by the Bell System in North America from 1950 through the 1984 Bell System divestiture. Millions of model 500-series phones were produced and were present in most homes in North America. Many are still in use today because of their durability and ample availability. Its modular construction compared to previous types simplified manufacture and repair, and facilitated a large number of variants with added features.
Touch-tone service was introduced to residential customers in 1963 with the model 1500 telephone, which had a push-button pad for the ten digits. The model 2500 telephone, introduced in 1968, added the * and # keys, and is still produced by several manufacturers.
History.
The Western Electric 500-type telephone replaced the 300-type which had been produced since 1936. The model 500 line was designed by the firm of industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss, the product of several years of research and testing in collaboration with Bell Laboratories and Western Electric. Development started in 1946 with early sketches by Bell engineer and Dreyfuss-associate Robert Hose, leading to pre-production units in 1948 and field trials with 4000 telephone sets in 1949. AT&T announced the new telephone publicly in 1949, and communicated the first availability of approximately 23,000 sets in the second quarter 1950 to the Bell System operating companies on May 1, 1950. Third and fourth quarter production was estimated at 49,000 and 93,000, respectively. Including 20,000 units of a special purpose set (501B), approximately 183,000 units were produced by the end of the first production year.
In the following years, systematic replacement of 25 million 300-type telephones commenced because of the much improved electrical and acoustic efficiency of the new model. This efficiency permitted the new model to be used on long rural loops, which previously required special sets with local batteries to power the transmitter, not just on urban short loops, because it contained a self-adjusting gain control. This also permitted the use of thinner loop wires and thus delivered cost-savings in the build-out of the network.
The replacement of 300-series telephones with 500-series sets created large stockpiles of 300-type components that had not reached their intended service life. The accelerating demand for new telephone service in the 1950s created pressure on the manufacturing facilities, which the Bell System alleviated by reusing these older components to refurbish used 302 telephone sets with a new modern housing that had a look-alike appearance to the 500 model, but were electrically identical to the older 302 telephone. This program commenced in 1955, and the converted set was labeled as the model 5302 telephone. It was produced until the mid-1960s in the refurbishing shops of each Bell Operating Company, not on the assembly lines of Western Electric factories.
From the 1949 field trials until 1953, only black sets of the 500-type telephone were manufactured. The introduction of telephones in color occurred in several stages from 1954 until 1957, as manufacturing capability was refined and material selection processes were completed.
In the 1960s, after the introduction of touch-tone service in November 1963 in various locations of the telephone network, the basic 500-type chassis was retrofitted with a push-button keypad, along with a new housing and faceplate, creating the model 1500 for the 10-button version and in 1968 the model 2500, having 12 keys.
The 1970s brought the conversion to modular connector technology, replacing the hard-wired cords with cords terminated on both ends with 4P4C connectors for the handset cord, and 6P4C plugs for the line cord.
Ownership and AT&T divestiture.
As with most telephones of the time in the United States, the 500-series telephones were owned by the local Bell Operating Company and leased on a monthly basis to customers. Choices for telephone styles and colors were limited. AT&T, the principal owner of the operating companies and Western Electric, strictly enforced policies against buying and using telephone sets by other manufacturers on their network, to ensure the technical integrity of their network and avoid competition. Most phones made by Western Electric, starting in about 1968, carried this disclaimer molded into their housing: "BELL SYSTEM PROPERTY--NOT FOR SALE." Telephones were also sometimes labeled with a sticker or ink stamp marking the name of the operating company that owned the telephone. After consumers started buying telephones from other manufacturers, in the wake of legal developments not favoring AT&T's ban against third-party equipment, AT&T changed its policy for the Design Line telephone series by selling customers the telephone housing but retaining ownership of the electrical components, so customers were still required to pay AT&T a monthly leasing fee.
In 1983, after the court ordered the Bell System divestiture, AT&T started selling telephone sets outright to the public through its newly created American Bell division. Many customers were offered the option to buy the leased telephones they had in service. AT&T closed its USA consumer telephone manufacturing plants in 1986, and moved production offshore to Singapore, China, and Thailand, and in the 1990s to Mexico; this let them produce telephones at lower cost.
Design features.
The Western Electric model 500 improved upon several design features over the earlier telephones. While the 302 had the dial and hook switch mounted directly on the metal or plastic housing, all operational parts of the 500 telephone were mounted on the base plate, and the housing only contained two plungers to activate the hook switch when the handset was lifted from the cradle. Thus, the phone could be tested and serviced easily without the housing. This design improved manufacturing and servicing efficiency. The earlier 302 had been equipped with an enamel-coated dial plate that displayed the numerals and letters through the holes of the rotary finger-wheel. Years of use caused the lettering and numbering, and even the porcelain coating, to wear off. The design of the 500 improved this by molding the characters into the plastic, through a double-injection molding process. This design was carried over to the 1500 and 2500-series telephones and was used in the touch-tone keys to eliminate wear. The numbers and letters on the 500 were moved to the circumference of the dial plate to make them clearly visible from a wide range of viewing angles even while the dial was spinning back to its resting position, and dots were placed in the center of the finger holes as targets to help position the finger quicker for dialing of the next digit while the wheel was still spinning back. After extensive testing, this arrangement had the benefit of reducing the rate of dialing errors, and increased the speed of dialing each digit by fractions of a second. The 500 series replaced many metal parts, especially in the dial, with much more durable Nylon components.
The Dreyfuss design later adapted itself well to touch-tone service, first announced in 1963. The earliest experimental touch-tone phones used the original Dreyfuss design almost unchanged; the keypad, in varying layouts, was placed in a roundel in the dial opening, with the subscriber number label in a small window below. The 1500 and 2500 models adopted a more angular design style; the curves of the original design gave way to raised borders forming a lip around the finely-ribbed faceplate, in the middle of which the keypad and number window were centered.
Electrically and acoustically, the 500-series telephones had better efficiency and gain characteristics than their predecessors. The transmission efficiency was 5dB higher and the receiver efficiency was 2.5dB better on long loops than the 300-series telephones. A significant improvement was the use of equalization circuitry to achieve automatic gain adjustment so that the sets could be deployed with equal performance on short or long local loops from the central office. The G-type handset was newly developed to help realize this efficiency, as the older F series handset was already operating at the peak of its acoustic and electrical design efficiency. The G handset remains the standard handset on many phones, including public payphones.
For the initial years, from 1950 to 1953, the 500 was available only in black with a metal finger wheel. In 1954, color telephone sets were available in ivory, green, dark gray, red, brown, beige, yellow, and blue. Gray, blue, yellow, and red sets were initially assembled with black dials, until the colored parts became available by 1955. So called "two-tone" color varieties were available, which consisted of a black set having the housing substituted with a color plastic part. They were offered as an attractive color combination for a reduced fee from the price of a full color telephone. In 1957, gray, blue, beige, and brown sets were replaced with lighter pastel hues in light gray, aqua blue, light beige, white, and pink colors. Issuance of brown sets, however, continued for multi-line business sets for several years. Turquoise sets were added in 1964, and several colors, including pink and light gray, were discontinued in the late 1960s.
By 1955, all color 500s were produced with clear finger wheels, while black sets retained the metal finger wheel until about 1964, when a new dial design was released.
Construction.
The 500-type telephone consists of a rotary dial, a handset cradle, switch hook, and a handset (sometimes called the "receiver") wired to the base, and has a molded plastic housing covering a steel chassis. The user interface consists of only the dial and switch hook buttons. No other components, switches, or controls are necessary, with the exception of a loudness control for the ringer, which is accessible on the bottom of the phone. The handset cradle is a molded part of the housing, formed of two U-shaped "chairs" which cradle the handle of the handset between the receiver and the transmitter cups. Each side of the cradle has a round plastic plunger positioned above a pair of levers connected in a spring-loaded yoke that operated the hook switch; pressing the plungers down end the call and place the phone on-hook. The plastic face of the dial under and surrounding the finger wheel is a part of the dial assembly and is exposed through circular opening in the housing. On the bottom, the flat steel plate of the chassis is exposed. The handset cord exits from the left side of the housing at the base, and the line cord emerges from the rear at the base.
Internally, the phone contains circuitry composed of a small number of passive electrical, electronic, and mechanical components. The set needs no separate power supply as it is receives transmitter current from the telephone line; when it is on-hook and not ringing, it uses no power, as the ringer is isolated with a capacitor from the direct current (DC) potential of the local loop.
The most complex part is the rotary dial mechanism, an assembly of gears, cams, springs, and electrical contacts which mechanically generate a timed train of line loop-break pulses when the dial finger wheel is released after rotation. During the period of dial rotation, the receiver is shunted to avoid hearing the dial pulses.
The electromechanical ringer consists of two bell gongs of slightly different dimensions to produce different pitches, and a striker between them that is driven by a solenoid; when the solenoid is energized by alternating (AC) ringing current, typically about at , it strikes the two gongs alternately, producing a distinctive effect of two superimposed sounds. In telephones with a ringer loudness control, one gong is mounted off-center on the loudness control wheel; turning the wheel moved the gong toward (quieter) or away (louder) from the striker. The model 500 ringer was fairly loud, and could be heard a few rooms away. The ringer could not be turned off on-the-fly, but could be disabled in the wiring. When the phone was subjected to mechanical shock the striker may hit the brass bells to sound a short ring. This effect was faithfully represented in various films and television shows.
The model 500 telephone was designed for a long service life. Telephones in the Bell System were owned by and leased from the telephone company, which was responsible for keeping them in good repair. The phones were rugged and reliable, and intended to last for decades with little maintenance. The 1940s-era technology of the 500 made extensive use of metal components and point-to-point wiring, and most components were modular and easy to remove and replace. The wiring system employed wires terminated with crimped spade lugs and slotted-screw terminals; most electrical connections in the phone could be disconnected or reconnected with a standard screwdriver.
Originally, the line cord and handset cord were secured by screw-down terminals at both ends, with a strain relief anchor. Both cords had matching colors, but most color sets initially were produced with neutral, dark gray cords, with exception of the ivory and brown sets. Starting in 1955, all sets, except dark blue were equipped with color-matched cords as dyes and manufacturing methods became stable. By 1973, line cords were changed to a neutral gray color and from a round to a flat cross-section. As a customer option, telephone sets could be ordered for portability with four-prong plugs, but most sets were hard-wired to wall connection boxes. In the 1970s, much smaller modular connectors were introduced for both ends of the line cord as well as the handset cord to facilitate standard connection methods for third-party equipment within the FCC registration system.
Development.
Several telephone models were derived from the basic model 500, using some of the same components. The model 554 was a wall-mounted version. Other special purpose models included additional features. This included phones with dial lights (500U), party line sets (501), keysets (540 and 560 series), call directors, panel phones (750 series), industrial and outdoor phones (520 and 525), and automatic dialers (660).
Starting in 1963, the Dreyfuss design adapted itself well to the newly announced Touch Tone® service. For the trial period, the dial was simply replaced with circular closure containing a keypad and a telephone number label. The 1500 and 2500 models adopted a more rectangular design style; the curves of the original design gave way to raised borders forming a lip around the finely-ribbed faceplate, in the middle of which the keypad and number window were centered.
Standard touch-tone telephones generate twelve DTMF signals in a grid of three columns and four rows of buttons, while some special purpose telephones are equipped with a fourth column of key for the A,B,C and D DTMF signals for service priorities in the AUTOVON system. Original sets used a transistor oscillator; newer phones use an integrated circuit. The model 1500 only had push buttons for the 10 digits, while the model 2500 used 12 keys and included the '*' and '#' DTMF signals to allow for extra signaling needed in advanced service features, such as voice response systems and call management.
Other manufacturers.
Beginning in the early 1950s, 500-style phones were also made under license by ITT Kellogg (now Cortelco), who continued manufacturing the original rotary design, marketed as the Cortelco ITT-500AS (desk phone) and Cortelco ITT-554AS (wall phone), until discontinuation on January 1, 2007. The design was also produced in Canada by Northern Electric, which eventually became Northern Telecom. Cortelco continues to produce a non-dial version of the model 500, known as the Model 89001047PAK, this phone is available only in bright red color. Stromberg-Carlson (now part of Siemens) also made the phones from the 1950s-1980s.
Replicas.
Some contemporary replicas of the 500 model are available. While faithful from a cosmetic point of view they are internally very different from the original, including a rotating tone dialer based on optical technology.
In popular culture.
The Model 500 series, and its distinctive ring, are near-ubiquitous in late 20th-century U.S. and Canadian film and television. Perhaps attesting to their robust construction, Model 500s are shown as an effective weapon in the film "True Lies".
Touch-tone successors.
Model 1500.
The Western Electric model 1500 telephone adapted the 500 design for touch-tone dialing with a push-button pad for the digits 0 through 9. It was produced from 1963 to 1968. In addition to the basic single-line model 1500D, the 1500-series included many related variations and special purpose models with additional features. This included sets with a headset jack, 2-line sets (1510F), key sets (1560), call directors, panel phones (1750), industrial phones (1520), and automatic dialers (1660).
Model 2500.
 By the late 1960s interactive response systems in some industries required additional signaling beyond the ten digits. In 1968, the # key and the * key were added to the push-button dial pad, and the 2500-type telephone entered production. The additional keys were located on either side of the '0' button to fill the matrix of 4-by-3 keys. These keys were initially unused by most customers, but would later be used for vertical service codes, and voice mail menu navigation. In 1974, when modular connectors were introduced, the 2500 telephone was fitted with modular connectors for the handset cord as well as the line cord, resulting in type designations suffixed with "M", e.g. 2500DM. The 2500 is still commonly encountered today and it is still produced by several companies.
In addition to the basic single-line model, the Western Electric 2500-series included many related variations and special purpose models with additional features. This included sets with a headset jack, 2-line sets, keysets (2560), call directors, panel phones (2750), industrial phones (2520), automatic dialers (2660).


Link Access Procedure for Modems

Link Access Procedure for Modems (LAPM) is part of the V.42 error correction protocol for modems.
LAPM is an error control protocol defined in ITU-T recommendations V.42. Like many data link layer protocols, it is a variant of HDLC. Like the Microcom Networking Protocols that preceded it, LAPM uses cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) and retransmission of corrupted data (ARQ) to ensure data reliability.
Error control protocols such as LAPM use frames of variable lengths, each beginning with a header and ending with a frame check sequence trailer (a cyclic redundancy check). Correctly received packets are acknowledged, and unacknowledged packets are automatically retransmitted (ARQ).
The larger the payload included in each frame, the smaller the relative cost of transmitting the header and trailer bits. Usually LAPM adds only about 5 percent framing overhead. This is a noticeable improvement over the fixed 25% overhead of start and stop bits required by direct asynchronous serial communication, but obviously such large frames impose a cost in the form of communication latency.
LAPM has an optional Selective reject (SREJ) functionality which allows it to resend only the corrupted frames, providing faster recovery from an error.
The ITU-T V.42 LAPM procedure is considered more robust than the Microcom Networking Protocols (MNP) that preceded it, and has a more sophisticated and powerful data compression option in V.42bis, allowing much greater data throughput.
V.42bis added a string compression algorithm called BTLZ (British Telecom Lempel Ziv), in which frequently occurring strings of characters are replaced by code words. The "dictionary" of strings is dynamically maintained during transmission and keeps track of changes in the data; new strings are added and old strings are deleted. As the data may not always be compressible (for example encrypted or pre-compressed data) the modem has the ability to switch between compressed and uncompressed modes of operation. Compression performance is continually monitored and, if no compression is obtained, the modem transmits the data in uncompressed form. Even while in uncompressed mode, the modem monitors the characteristics of the data and switches compression back on as soon as some benefit can be achieved.


Mbere language (Adamawa)

Sakpu is an Mbum language of southern Chad.


Harriet Lee (singer)

Harriet Lee was an American radio singer during the Golden Age of Radio in the 1920s–1930s. She was best-known as a blues contralto on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and, later, NBC Radio Networks. Called the "Songbird of the Air", she was named Miss Radio 1931 based on nationwide submittals from radio stations, judged by Flo Ziegfeld and McClelland Barclay, to select the "most beautiful radio artist" for the Radio World's Fair in New York City. Lee was one of the highest paid radio stars that year. She hosted the "Harriet Lee" show on experimental New York City station W2XAB (now WCBS-TV) in 1931, making her one of the first singers to have a show on U.S. television.
After her radio appearances ended in the mid-1930s, Lee was a voice coach working with various film stars for major Hollywood studios. Between the 1930s–1960s, she gave singing lessons to Dorothy Lamour, Ava Gardner, Esther Williams, Rhonda Fleming, Ginger Rogers, and Janet Leigh, among others.
Early life.
Lee was a great-great niece of Sam Houston and grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where she was somewhat of a tomboy as a girl. Her father had an automobile dealership in Chicago, where she answered phones as a teen. Lee later studied piano and voice at the Chicago College of Music in the evening, while working during the day at a music store.
Radio singer.
Lee began singing off-stage with Ted Fiorito's band at the Edgewater Beach Hotel. Called "Bobby Lee" as a publicity stunt because of her low contralto voice, many in the audience assumed the unseen singer they were hearing was a man. Lee performed on Chicago radio for more than four years in the mid-1920s, getting her start in radio in 1925 on the old WOK, then as one of the singers on WLS-AM and other Windy City stations, including KYW (when it was licensed to Chicago in the 1920s) and the old WIBO. While with WLS, Lee sang as part of the "Harmony Team" and also played "Aunt May" on the "Children's Hour" show.
In April 1929, Lee was introduced by Wendell Hall as the "Chicago Nightingale" on the "The Majestic Theater of the Air" show on the CBS radio network. She then left Chicago for New York to sing on CBS full-time. On January 4, 1930, she performed on a coast-to-coast radio production from both New York and Los Angeles, singing from New York on the "Paramount Playhouse" show originating on KNX-AM in Los Angeles and picked up by KHJ-AM, the CBS affiliate in Los Angeles. Later that year, she was featured on the cover of the May–October 1930 issue of "Radio Digest" magazine, dubbed "The Songbird of the Air". By 1931, Lee was one of the highest paid and best known singers on network radio. In July 1931, she sang on the "Cunard Weekend Program", sponsored by the Cunard Line on CBS. In "Variety"s review of the program, the entertainment trade magazine called Lee a "heavy voiced crooner", whose performance "gave a pleasing rendition of a new ballad".
In September, 1931, impresario Flo Ziegfeld and artist McClelland Barclay judged a nationwide survey of radio stations to crown the "most beautiful radio artist" as Miss Radio 1931 for the Radio World's Fair. Lee was their unanimous choice from among 600 candidates. Graham McNamee described her as a "blonde statuesque beauty" wowing the 28,000 Fair attendees at New York's Madison Square Garden, where great interest was shown in the nascent television technology. In early 1932, Lee left CBS for the NBC Blue Network, debuting April 7 on flagship station WJZ in New York. After two years, Lee moved to Hartford, Connecticut, to perform on WTIC-AM, where her program was carried on the NBC Red Network, beginning in October 1934. By 1936, her popularity had diminished when she appeared on WOR's radio show, "Return Engagement", which featured radio stars of yesteryear. In his syndicated newspaper gossip column of May 3, 1938, Jimmy Fidler said Lee had "slipped into oblivion" as far as the radio listening public was concerned, but noted she had found a new, behind-the-scenes role as voice teacher for actress Dorothy Lamour. The introduction of Hollywood's Hays Code in 1934 contributed to Lee's decline of employment because her low-pitched voice did not conform to code standards, which were based on females singing in higher octaves.
Early television.
Using mechanical television technology, the Columbia Broadcasting System's W2XAB (now WCBS-TV) in New York City began regular broadcasting on July 21, 1931. One of the new station's first programs, "Harriet Lee", featured Lee as Columbia's popular radio singer. The "Harriet Lee" television show aired in a 15-minute evening time-slot on Wednesdays and Fridays, produced live at W2XAB's Manhattan studios. It was among the earliest entertainment programs to have aired on U.S. television on something resembling a regular basis, with at least 12 episodes being scheduled. W2XAB broadcast an early "Harriett Lee" episode on Wednesday, July 29, 1931, at 8:30 p.m., preceded by "Tony's Scrap Book" and followed by an interview. A later episode aired Wednesday September 30, 1931, at 8:00 p.m. and was the first show on the day's schedule of limited broadcasting. At the time, there were an estimated nine thousand television sets in the New York area. Because W2XAB was broadcasting in the shortwave band, the station's signal could be received beyond the New York metropolitan area, as far away as Boston and Baltimore. In Allentown, Pennsylvania, some distant, W2XAB's daily program schedules were listed by the local newspaper, as did the "Ithaca Journal" in upstate New York, northwest. None of the episodes are known to exist, as methods to record live television were not practical until the 1940s when kinescope recording began.
Films and recordings.
Between 1926–1933, Lee made several recordings on the RCA Victor, Columbia, and Brunswick Records labels. Some of her recordings were solos and others were with accompanists such as organist Jesse Crawford and ensembles, such as Anson Weeks and his Orchestra.
Lee appeared in some Vitaphone short films during the 1930s, such as "Rambling 'Round Radio Row" in 1934. She did the voice of Betty Boop in the 1931 animated film, "The Bum Bandit" and was the uncredited voice double for Jean Harlow in the 1933 film, "Hold Your Man". In the 1940s, she sang in the film "Ziegfeld Follies" and was the voice double for actress Audrey Totter in "Dangerous Partners". Her final film work was in 1951, which she was the voice double for Barbara Stanwyck in "The Man with a Cloak".
Voice teacher.
In September 1936, Lee left New York for Hollywood, having received a lucrative contract as a voice teacher. She worked at Paramount Pictures and MGM in the 1930s–1940s with such Hollywood stars as Dorothy Lamour, Ava Gardner, and Rhonda Fleming. She also did music arrangements for such entertainers as French singer Jean Sablon in 1938. In 1940, students from Lee's Los Angeles voice studio performed on "Stage One", a Sunday afternoon radio program on KMPC. In 1946, Lee coached Esther Williams for her first singing part in the film, "Easy to Wed".
On August 29, 1951, Lee returned to television in Los Angeles, making a guest singing appearance with Craig Stevens on KTTV's "Open House" show. The 1950s saw Lee continuing her career as a vocal coach for aspiring Hollywood stars. While living in Malibu Beach, she signed in 1952 with Universal International Pictures as a singing teacher. In 1953, actor Tony Curtis studied voice with Lee and in 1957, Kim Novak did her own singing in the films, "Pal Joey" and "Jeanne Eagels", after studying with Lee. By 1960, syndicated columnist Hedda Hopper was writing of Lee, "She's taught more [stars] how to sing than you could shake a stick at", mentioning Ginger Rogers and Janet Leigh. Lee continued to operate her Los Angeles voice studio for would-be singers in the 1960s.
In the 1960s–1970s, Lee worked with a number of performers on the Broadway stage. Among them were Ann Miller in "Mame" and "Hello, Dolly!", Anne Baxter in "Applause", and Gene Nelson in "Follies". She also coached other singers who would play the role of Dolly in "Hello, Dolly!", including Ginger Rogers, Eve Arden, and Pamela Britton. In 1973, Lee coached Eva Gabor for her role in a touring version of another hit Broadway musical, "Applause". In discussing the art of voice coaching with newspaper columnist Norton Mockridge in 1972, Lee said: "I can teach the technique of singing and I can teach a serious student how to use her speaking voice in song. But no one in the world can put a voice in someone's throat if it isn't there to begin with".
Personal life.
While living in New York in the early 1930s, Lee said she enjoyed cooking, playing bridge, and driving fast cars. After she moved to Hollywood and began working with Dorothy Lamour as her voice coach, they became close friends. Syndicated gossip columnist Jimmy Fidler described Lee as Lamour's "inseparable advisor and friend". In December, 1939, Lee wed Bill Boggess, with Lamour serving as her bridesmaid.


Lamen language

Lamen (Lamenu, Varmali) is an Oceanic language spoken on Epi Island, in Vanuatu.


Heiko Uecker

Heiko Uecker (5 September 1939 – 30 May 2019) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies. He was Professor of Nordic Philology at the University of Bonn and a known expert on Scandinavian literature.
Biography.
Heiko Uecker was born in Nuremberg, Germany on 5 September 1939. After graduating from , Uecker studied Nordic and German philology at the universities of Munich and Oslo. He received his Ph.D. in 1966 with the thesis "Die altnordischen Bestattungssitten in der literarischen Überlieferung", which examined descriptions of Norse funerals in Old Norse literature.
Uecker completed his habilitation in 1977, and subsequently served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago. In 1982, Uecker was appointed Professor of Nordic Philology at the University of Bonn. He served as Head of the Department of Scandinavian Studies at the University of Bonn. From 1982 to 1988, and 2006 to 2010, Uecker was the Chairman of the .
Uecker specialized in the study of Scandinavian literature. He was an authority on both medieval and modern Scandinavian literature, and also early Germanic literature, on which he was the author of numerous works. He is known for his research on Norwegian authors Henrik Ibsen and Knut Hamsun. He contributed significantly to the improvement of Germany–Norway relations. In 2004, Uecker received both the Willy Brandt Prize and the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit.
Uecker was married to Kari Uecker. He was the father of actor Georg Uecker.
Uecker retired from the University of Bonn in 2004. He died in Bonn on 30 May 2019.


53rd Writers Guild of America Awards

The 53rd Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best writing in film, television and radio of 2000. Nominees for television and radio were announced on January 10, 2001, while nominees for film were announced on February 7, 2001. Winners were announced on March 4, 2001 in joint ceremonies at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California and at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, New York. The ceremonies were hosted by Geoffrey Rush, Greg Kinnear, Kelsey Grammer, and Stockard Channing.


Loretta Handrabura

Loretta Handrabura (born 23 February 1970 in Baraboi, Dondușeni, Moldavian SSR, USSR, today in the Republic of Moldova) is a Moldovan philolog, is a PhD in philology, a university lecturer, ethnolog and politician, who served as Minister of Youth and Sports of Moldova between 30 July 2015 and 20 January 2016, and prior to this, as Deputy Prime Minister of Education of Moldova from 20 November 2009 until July 2015.
Biography.
She was born in a family of farmers and her mother chose the name Loretta, which was not in the nomenclature list, so in the documents her name was put down Larisa. She grew up in Baraboi village, Dondușeni, where she attended the general school, after the school, she wanted to follow her dream to become a folk song singer, but was rejected at "Ștefan Neaga" Musical College.
In 1992, she graduated from the Faculty of Philology of the "Ion Creangă" State Pedagogical University of Chișinău, with a degree in Language and Literature. From 1994 to 1998, she did PhD studies at "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iași. She defended her PhD theses on folklore in 2000.
Since 1992, she was an assistant at the "Ion Creangă" State Pedagogical University, and since 2003, she is an associate professor at the Romanian and Comparative Literature Department.
She was included in the "Dictionary of Romanian Ethnologists" of Iordan Datcu in 2001.
Since 2002, she is collaborating the Educational Center Pro Didactica as a trainer and expert, and being at that position, she formed her visions on gender equality. In 2007, she worked at UNIFEM as an expert on the "National Strategy on Gender Equality" and in 2008, she was appointed as an expert on gender and media issues in the Council of Europe from the Republic of Moldova.
Political activity.
In 1992, she started her political career, becoming a member of the Social Democratic Party, where she held the presidency of the women's organization, but also she was the vice president for social affairs. In 2007, she was elected from the lists of this party in the Chișinău Municipal Council.
In 2009, she left the Social Democratic Party and became a member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova.
On 20 November 2009 she was appointed as a Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Moldova and held this position until 30 July 2015, when she was appointed the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Moldova in the Streleț Cabinet.
Honors and awards.
On 24 July 2014 she was awarded, by the President of the Republic of Moldova Nicolae Timofti, the "Civic Merit" Medal ""for significant contributions in accomplishment by Moldova of the major foreign policy objective – political association and economic integration with the European Union"."
On 29 July 2014 Loretta Handrabura sent a letter to President Nicolae Timofti announcing that she was giving up the honor by asking to be excluded from the list and saying that she "prefers to remain with the experience gained as negotiator of the Moldova-EU Association Agreement".
Works published.
She published a monograph, a manual, 5 studies, 4 teaching aids, 5 microstudies, 7 analytical programs and around 100 articles (56 scientific).


George Avery (professor)

George Avery (July 27, 1926 – March 5, 2004) was an American professor for German Studies at Swarthmore College.
Life.
After growing up in the Greek immigrant community of Philadelphia, he served in Germany as a soldier during World War II. His experience in Germany led to his deep interest in German culture. Immediately after the war, he participated in humanitarian efforts in Finland and Greece. After returning to the USA, he studied German at the University of Pennsylvania. He received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees there, as well as the Ph.D.
After a temporary teaching engagement at St. Joseph's University, he was hired by Swarthmore in 1959 and taught there until his retirement. He served as Chair of the Department of Modern Languages from 1975 to 1980. His student Jonathan Franzen portrayed Avery's endearing, if eccentric, manner of teaching in his memoirs.
Research.
Avery was specialized on German literature of the twentieth century, be it German, Swiss, or Austrian in origin. He published monographs and scholarly editions on the work of Robert Walser, Herwarth Walden and Karl Kraus. Avery received international recognition for his research on Walser.


Belin-Blank Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development

The Belin-Blank Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development is a center of the University of Iowa College of Education, and housed in the Blank Honors Center on the campus of the University of Iowa. The center provides services for all aspects of gifted education. Educators can earn their gifted education endorsement. Students can participate in various programs that will be academically challenging. In addition, the Belin-Blank Center involves a clinic for assessment and counseling services and an institute for academic acceleration.


Howard A. Tullman

Howard A. Tullman is an American serial entrepreneur, venture capitalist, educator, writer, lecturer, and art collector. He is the former Executive Director of the Ed Kaplan Family Institute for Innovation and Tech Entrepreneurship at Illinois Tech in Chicago. He is the former CEO of 1871, the Managing Partner of G2T3V, LLC, and the Managing Partner of Chicago High Tech Investment Partners LLC, both early stage venture capital funds based in Chicago.
Early life.
Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1945, Tullman was raised in a family of eight. He is the son of an apparel salesman and a stay-at-home mother (who later ran for public office in New Jersey) and the eldest of six siblings.
By age 10, Tullman built a candy racket and a magic performance business in his free time. Tullman and his family moved to Highland Park, Illinois in 1955. Tullman graduated from Highland Park High School in 1963.
Education.
Tullman attended Northwestern University for his undergraduate degree, graduating "cum laude" in 1967 with a B.A. in Mathematics and Economics. He went on to receive his J.D. from Northwestern's School of Law where he graduated with Honors in 1970. During his time at Northwestern, Tullman was elected to the Order of the Coif and served as the Chairman of the Editors of the Law Review. He was selected as a Ford Foundation Fellow and developed, along with James R. Thompson, former Governor of Illinois, a national Ford Foundation program for the study of criminal law. Tullman practiced law from the time he was admitted to the Bar in 1970 until 1980, specializing in large-scale class action cases and Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases. In 1974, he was admitted on special petition to the Bar of the United States Supreme Court. He retired from law to found CCC Information Services.
Entrepreneurial career.
As of May 2011, Tullman has started 12 companies, including Tribeca Flashpoint Media Arts Academy, CCC Information Services, Tunes.com, the Rolling Stone Network, Imagination Pilots, Experiencia, and others. Tullman has held senior executive positions at Coin Inc., Worldwide Xceed and Kendall College, where he helped save the school from going into bankruptcy in 2003.
1871 Chicago.
In January 2014, Tullman became CEO of 1871, a non-profit startup hub located in The Merchandise Mart in Chicago and of its parent, the Chicagoland Entrepreneurial Center (CEC). 1871 was founded in May 2012 and is home to over 495 digital startups.
Tullman helped establish The Bunker, a veteran-run startup incubator.
Written works.
Tullman has written, lectured and been interviewed on a number of legal and career issues. He has contributed chapters to several books, including "Life After Law" and "Innovating Chicago Style". He wrote the preface for "You Need to be a Little Crazy" by Barry Moltz, and his business ventures are included in Robert Jordan's book "How They Did It".
Tullman writes "The Perspiration Principles", which appears weekly on Inc. Magazine's website, Inc.com. The articles published on Inc. served as the foundation for Tullman's book series, "The Perspiration Principles". He is the author of "HindSight", a newsletter on current topics of interest to entrepreneurs and managers.
Howard A. and Judith Tullman art collection.
The Howard A. and Judith Tullman art collection is among the largest and most diverse collections of contemporary realist art in America. The collection contains upwards of 1,300 pieces, more than 250 of which line the halls of Tribeca Flashpoint Media Arts Academy.
In addition to being an active collector, Tullman has lent and donated art from the Tullman Collection to museums including:
Tullman has worked closely with various artists and created a limited edition work of art in collaboration with the internationally known artist, Christo, which was used as a fundraising project for the Museum of Contemporary Art, where he previously served as a Trustee. The Tullman Collection has been featured in numerous catalogs including a major publication of 61 paintings from the Collection by the Mobile Museum of Art.


Kumaratunga Munidasa

Kumaratunga Munidasa (Sinhala: කුමාරතුංග මුනිදාස; 25 July 1887 – 2 March 1944) was a pioneer Sri Lankan (Sinhalese) linguist, grammarian, commentator, and writer. He founded the Hela Havula movement, which sought to remove Sanskrit influences from the Sinhala language. Considered one of Sri Lanka's most historically significant scholars, he is remembered for his profound knowledge of the Sinhala language and its literary works.
Early life.
The 11th of 12 siblings, Kumarathunga Munidasa was born on July 25, 1887, in Idigasaara, [Dickwella], [Matara District|Matara], Sri Lanka. His mother was Palavinnage Dona Gimara Muthukumarana (or Dona Baba Nona Muthukumarana) and his father was Abious (or Abiyes) Kumaranatunga. His father, a physician who practiced [indigenous medicine], kept [Pali] and [Sanskrit] manuscripts on [Ayurveda] medicine, [Astrology], and [Buddhism].
Education.
Munidasa originally attended Wewurukannala Pirivena to learn Pali and Sanskrit in order to become a Buddhist monk, but his family disapproved. He then switched to the government teacher's college in Colombo, graduating in 1907 after two years of training.
Career.
Teaching career.
His first appointment was as a government teacher in the Bilingual School of Bomiriya. He was later promoted to the position of principal of the Kadugannawa Bilingual School. After 11 years, he was promoted again to the position of inspector of schools. He remained in that role for four years.
Literary/Scholarly Career.
His first book, "Nikaya Sangraha Vivaranaya," was an analysis for a Scripture on the Buddhist Monastic Orders.
Munidasa was a member of the Sinhala Maha Sabha of the Swabhasha movement, which started as a protest against the English-educated elites.
Hela Havula.
Munidasa spoke of language, nation, and the country as a "Triple Gem," linking these entities to the Buddhist concept of refuge. To pursue these sources of refuge, he founded the Hela Havula, which consisted of people who shared his views on Sinhala language and literary interest. Members of the group often engaged in debates and discussion of recommended literature. It was the starting point for many Sri Lankan scholars and artists and the organiz
Journalism.
Munidasa revived the "Lakminipahana" newspaper and started the "Subasa" and "Helio" magazines to teach and promote the correct use of Sinhala.
Family.
In 1921, Munidasa married Lilly Laviniya.
Death.
Kumarathunga Munidasa died on July 10, 1944, at the age of 65.
Novels.
source:


Sheryll Cashin

Sheryll D. Cashin is an American law professor at Georgetown University Law Center. She was born and raised in Huntsville, Alabama, where her parents were political activists. Her mother Joan and father John were both involved in the civil rights movement, which greatly influenced her belief about the importance of political engagement, and instilled values which she researches and discusses today.
Family and home.
Political involvement and activism has been a very common ideal in Sheryll Cashin's family which is what subsequently has led to Cashin's pursuit of racial issues including segregation and inequality. Her father John L. Cashin, Jr. challenged George Wallace in the 1970 gubernatorial election in Alabama. At the start of the civil rights movement in early 1962, and at four months old, Cashin's mother was arrested while being involved in a sit-in protest at a lunch counter, while still holding on to Sheryll. Her father John was a dentist and was also one of the most influential civil-rights leaders in Huntsville and Alabama in the late 1960s. He founded a black-led third party in Alabama, the National Democratic Party of Alabama (NDPA), during the height of George Wallace's hegemony and succeeded in efforts to enfranchise thousands of voters who had previously been excluded from the political process through Jim Crow laws. Cashin's great-grandfather, Herschel V. Cashin was a radical Republican legislator in Alabama during Reconstruction. He was born in Antebellum, Georgia, and was the child of a white Irishman and a free-mulatto woman.
Sheryll Cashin's family also became the first black family on the block, when they moved in 1966 from Lydia Drive in northwest Huntsville to Owens Drive, at the foot of Monte Sano.
Education.
Cashin graduated summa cum laude from Vanderbilt University in 1984 with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. She also obtained her masters in English Law with honors from St. Catherine's College, Oxford in 1986 as a Marshall Scholar, and obtained her J.D. with honors from Harvard Law School.
Career.
While working in the Clinton White House, Cashin served as an advisor on urban and economic policy, particularly concerning community development in inner city neighborhoods. She was also law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall and Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
After her clerkships, Cashin worked as an Associate Counsel for the Office of Transition Counsel and as an associate at Sirote & Permutt, P.C.
As a Professor of Law at Georgetown University, Cashin teaches Constitutional Law, Local Government Law, Property, Administrative Law, and Race and American Law. She writes about race relations, government and inequality in America, as well as housing segregation.
Literary career.
Sheryll Cashin has written four books, including "The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class are Undermining the American Dream," which depicts how segregation by race and class is ruining American democracy. After studying data on school enrollment and census tracts, Cashin drew that racial separation still persists in schools and communities. She argues that we need a transformation of the now ingrained assumption that separation is acceptable in order to solve the riddle of inequality in America."
"The Agitator's Daughter: A Memoir of Four Generations of One Extraordinary African-American Family" covers the arc of U.S. relations from slavery through the post-civil rights era.
Cashin has also contributed book chapters. She also has written journal articles, and is a frequent radio and T.V. commentator. She has appeared on "NPR All Things Considered, The Diane Rehm Show, The Tavis Smiley Show, The Newshour With Jim Lehrer," CNN, BET, ABC News, and numerous local programs.


Sua language

Sua, also known by other ethnic groups as Mansoanka or Kunante, is a divergent Niger–Congo language spoken in the Mansôa area of Guinea-Bissau.


Northern Neck Shanty Singers

The Northern Neck Shanty Singers are a musical group based in the Northern Neck region of Virginia. The group performs a variety of sea chanties in the tradition of the African American menhaden fisherman of the Virginia coast


Frances Chaney

Frances Chaney (July 23, 1915 - November 23, 2004) was an actress on stage, on old-time radio and on television. She was perhaps best known, however, for being "ostracized as pro-communist along with her late blacklisted husband, Ring Lardner Jr."
Early life.
The daughter of Leon Lipetz, Chaney was born Fanya Lipetz on July 23, 1915, in Odessa, Ukraine, but her family moved to Istanbul, and she began her education in an English school there. The family later moved to the United States, to the Bronx, New York City.
She attended Hunter College, but eventually dropped out to take a job at Macy's department store and gained an evening apprenticeship at Provincetown Playhouse in New York City. That led to her getting a scholarship at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, also in New York City, where she studied acting for two years. After finishing at the Neighborhood Playhouse School, she changed her name to Frances Chaney, thinking that producers might be more likely to hire her that way than if she used her Russian name.
Career.
Radio.
Chaney co-starred in "House in the Country", a serial on NBC-Blue (1941-1942). She also had the role of Malvena Topper on "The Adventures of Topper" and played the "Burma" character on "Terry and the Pirates". Additionally, she frequently appeared on "Gang Busters" and "Mr. District Attorney".
During World War II, Chaney was active in radio programs produced by the Armed Forces Radio Service. An article about her in the November 1945 issue of "Radio Romances" noted: "Busy as she was, Frances frequently gave up important roles -- high-paying roles -- in order to appear on the radio shows put on by the Armed Forces Radio Service. She worked steadily on the "Assignment Home" series, for instance, giving that preference over any other shows."
Television.
Chaney had "a recurring role that lasted 10 years on the soap opera "The Edge of Night"." She appeared in a pilot of "Tales from the Darkside" as a witch.
Stage.
Chaney's Broadway credits include "Golda" (1977), "Seidman and Son" (1962) and "The Lovers" (1955).
Blacklisting.
In their book, "It Did Happen Here: Recollections of Political Repression in America", Bud Schultz and Ruth Schultz commented, "Frances Chaney Lardner's career was cut down just as she had established herself as an actress." Focusing on Chaney's experience after appearing in the "Holiday Song" episode of "The Philco Television Playhouse" (September 14, 1952), Judith E. Smith cited details in her book, "Visions of Belonging: Family Stories, Popular Culture, and Postwar Democracy, 1940-1960":Blacklist enforcement intensified quickly between 1952 and 1953. Frances Chaney, successful radio actress and progressive ... had been cast as the cantor's unmarried niece in "Holiday Song" when it aired [on television] in September 1952. Lardner [Chaney's husband] had recently returned from jail, Chaney needed the work, and she was pleased to receive a note with her paycheck from Fred Coe saying she was now "an official member of "Philco Playhouse"." ... When "Holiday Song" was rebroadcast in 1953, Chaney was the only member of the original cast not rehired. ... She did not work in television again for ten years.
On November 2, 1997, James Lardner (son of Chaney and Ring Lardner Jr.) wrote an article, "The Gilding of the Blacklisted" in the "Washington Post", saying about his father's blacklisting and nine-and-a-half month prison term, "Even so, he was luckier than some -- luckier than my mother, Frances Chaney, who became unemployable in radio where she had been a star ("Gangbusters," "Terry and the Pirates") and in movies, where she was just getting started."
Personal life.
Chaney was married to David Lardner from 1941 until his death in 1944; they had a son and a daughter. A war correspondent for "The New Yorker", he was killed in France soon after D-Day, when a land mine exploded under a Jeep that carried him. On September 28, 1946, in Las Vegas, Nevada, she married his brother, Ring Lardner Jr., and they remained wed until his death in 2000; they had one son.
Death.
Chaney died of Alzheimer's Disease on November 23, 2004, in New York City, New York.


JumpStart Games

JumpStart Games, Inc. (formerly Knowledge Adventure, Inc.) is an American edutainment game developer based in Torrance, California. Founded in 1991, it owns the "Neopets" virtual pet website, and is itself owned by Chinese holding company NetDragon Websoft.
History.
Until 1994, Knowledge Adventure had created DOS games, including "Isaac Asimov's Science Adventure", "Space Adventure", "Dinosaur Adventure", "Imax's Speed", "Undersea Adventure", "3D Dinosaur Adventure", "Isaac Asimov's Science Adventure II", "America Adventure", "Kid's Zoo: A Baby Animal Adventure", "3D Body Adventure", "Space Adventure II", "Aviation Adventure", "Bug Adventure", "Imax's Discoverers", "Magic Theater", "My First Encyclopedia", "", "Chess Mates", "Kid Keys: The Magical Typing Tutor", "Lionel Trains Presents: Trans-Con!".
On November 5, 1996, CUC International announced that it would acquire Knowledge Adventure and was completed on February 3, 1997, its Davidson & Associates subsidiary that CUC acquired in February 1996 will later merge with Knowledge Adventure in October 1998.
On May 28, 1997, CUC International announced plans to merge with Hospitality Franchise Systems to create a single, "one-stop" entity. The merger was finalized in December that year and created Cendant. As a result of the merger, CUC Software was renamed Cendant Software. On November 20, 1998, French media company Havas (later acquired by water utility Vivendi) announced that it would acquire Cendant Software for in cash and up to contingent on the performance of Cendant Software. Subsequently, the division was renamed Havas Interactive.
During that time, Knowledge Adventure released many branded games such as "JumpStart", "Dr. Brain", "Fisher-Price", "Barbie", "Bear in the Big Blue House", "Blaster", "Teletubbies", "Noddy", "", "Captain Kangaroo", "Curious George" and "American Idol".
In October 2004, Vivendi sold Knowledge Adventure to a group of investors interested in taking a more active management strategy, and in developing new educational software. The company has since released new products under both the JumpStart and Math Blaster brands.
In October 2012, Knowledge Adventure changed its name to JumpStart Games.
On March 17, 2014, JumpStart Games purchased Neopets from Viacom.
On July 7, 2017, JumpStart Games was acquired by Chinese online game publisher NetDragon Websoft.
Back-catalog digital re-releases.
On November 25, 2014, five Knowledge Adventure titles were re-released digitally as DRM-Free exclusives on ZOOM-Platform.com through a partnership between JumpStart Games and the Jordan Freeman Group. The five titles included "3D Body Adventure", "3D Dinosaur Adventure", "Dinosaur Adventure" (Original), "Space Adventure", and "Undersea Adventure".
On March 6, 2015, another Knowledge Adventure title, "Bug Adventure", was re-released digitally as a DRM-Free exclusive on ZOOM-Platform.com. This title was also released through the partnership between JumpStart and the Jordan Freeman Group. ZOOM-Platform.com indicated the game was released due to the "incredible reaction" they got to the first batch of Knowledge Adventure titles.


Peter Phillips (artist)

Peter Phillips (born 21 May 1939) is an English artist. His work ranges from conventional oils on canvas to multi-media compositions and collages to sculptures and architecture.
As an originator of Pop art, Phillips trained at the Royal College of Art with his contemporaries David Hockney, Allen Jones, R.B. Kitaj and others figures in British Pop Art. When he was awarded a Harkness Fellowship he moved to New York, where he exhibited alongside American counterparts Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and James Rosenquist. Phillips later returned to Europe, where he now resides and continues to paint and exhibit.
Biography.
Phillips was born in 1939 in Birmingham, England. From 1953 to 1955, he studied at Moseley Road Secondary School of Art in Birmingham and from 1955 to 1959 at the Birmingham School of Art. In 1959, he visited Paris and started to exhibit at the RBA Galleries in London.
Sixties.
Between 1959 and 1962, Phillips studied at the Royal College of Art where he saw reproductions of work by Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg. He was particularly aligned to American culture and reflected its commercial iconography and aggressive advertising style in his dynamic montage paintings. In 1962 he was one of the subjects of a BBC TV Monitor programme Pop Goes the Easel directed by Ken Russell, along with Peter Blake, Pauline Boty and Derek Boshier.
From 1962 to 1963, he taught at the Coventry College of Art and the Birmingham College of Art. In 1963, he was represented at the Paris Biennale, and in 1964 his work was included in the Pop Art exhibition shown at the Hague, Vienna and Berlin.
In 1964, Phillips was awarded the Harkness Fellowship, which brought him to New York where he lived from 1964 until 1966 and while there travelled throughout the United States with his close friend, Allen Jones.
In 1965, he had his first one-man exhibition at the Kornblee Gallery, New York. A year later, Phillips returned to Europe, and from 1968 to 1969, he was guest teacher at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg.
Seventies.
In 1970, Peter Phillips married Claude Marion Xylander and they made frequent trips throughout Africa, the Far East, and the United States. Throughout the decade of the seventies, the Phillips' resided in Zurich, Switzerland.
In 1972, Phillips had a retrospective at the Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, and in 1976 at the Tate Gallery, London. In 1977 he had a retrospective in Milan.
Eighties.
In 1981, Phillips' travels took him to Australia. In 1982-83 he had a retrospective exhibition shown at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool; the Museum of Modern Art, Oxford; the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Fruitmarket Gallery in Edinburgh; Southampton Art Gallery and the Barbican Art Gallery in London.
In 1986, Phillips moved from Zurich to Majorca. Throughout the eighties his work was exhibited at galleries around Spain, including Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, and Majorca.
Nineties.
The decade of the nineties brought Phillips' work to Canada and the United States, for exhibitions in Montreal, Boston, Houston, and New York. He was a featured artist at the Fundacio Miro and Casal Solleric in Majorca in 1996. In 1998, he was exhibited in London at the "Freedom of Choices" exhibition. At the same time, Phillips built and expanded his property in Majorca to his own design, which has been featured in numerous architecture, gardening, and home magazines.
In 1995, he designed the Granada Television idents and endboards featuring the "G-arrow".
2000 – present.
A Phillips retrospective was shown in 2002 at the Galleria Civica di Modena, Italy.
Claude-Marion Phillips died from cancer on 30 January 2003. In 2004, Phillips staged an exhibition dedicated to his wife, Claude, at Whitford Fine Art (London) and was featured at the "Pop Art UK" group exhibition at Galleriea Civica di Modena, Italy.
In 2005 the "Metamorphosis" exhibition was shown at the Goulanderis Foundation (Andros, Greece) and the "British Pop" group exhibition at the Museo de Bellas Artes (Bilbao, Spain).
Phillips resides in Europe, where he continues to paint and exhibit. He travels frequently to New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Sydney.
Over thirty of his prints are in the Tate Collection.


Pierre Bertaux

Pierre Bertaux (8 October 1907 in Lyon – 14 August 1986 in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine) was a noted French resistance fighter and scholar of German literature. While holding administrative positions, he also wrote on Friedrich Hölderlin. He participated in the French resistance in Toulouse, where he imposed Charles De Gaulle's authority during the liberation of France. After the war he was a high-ranking police officer.
In 1968 he founded a Department of German Language and Literature at the New Sorbonne in Asnières. In 1970 he received the Goethe Medal, and in 1975 the Heinrich Heine prize of the city of Düsseldorf.
He had three sons, two of whom have become renowned academics on their own right: Daniel Bertaux and Jean-Loup Bertaux.


Paul Selvin Award

The Paul Selvin Award is a special award presented by the Writers Guild of America. It is given to the script that "best embodies the spirit of the constitutional and civil rights and liberties which are indispensable to the survival of free writers everywhere and to whose defense Paul Selvin committed his professional life." With the exception of 2007 in which no award was given, it has been presented annually since the 42nd Writers Guild of America Awards in 1990. No writer has won more than one award.
Types of winners.
The Paul Selvin Award has been awarded to various platforms of film and television. 18 theatrical films have received the award, along with 8 television films, 2 individual episodes of a television series, 1 miniseries, and 1 documentary.


David A. Jaeger

David Allen Jaeger is a Professor of Economics at the University of St Andrews, a Research Fellow at IZA Institute of Labor Economics, and a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research. He was previously a Professor of Economics at the CUNY Graduate Center and a Research Fellow in the National Bureau of Economic Research. He is the author of numerous papers in labor economics, the economics of conflict, and econometrics, including a widely cited paper on the consequences of using weak instruments in instrumental variable estimation. He completed his B.A. in economics at Williams College in 1986 and his Ph.D. in economics at the University of Michigan in 1995. He also holds an M.A. in statistics from the University of Michigan.
In 1995 he was the first winner of the W.E. Upjohn Institute Dissertation Award. In 2003-2004 he was the recipient of a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
David Jaeger is married to the medieval historian Alison Beach.


Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem

Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem branded as Vodem is a product of Vodafone that connects to the broadband internet. It is connected to the computer via USB which makes the product usable to virtually any computer, desktop or laptop.
Huawei E220, K3806 and K3772H Vodem sticks are manufactured by Huawei for Vodafone.
The K3772Z Vodem stick (note the 'Z' suffix) is manufactured by ZTE for Vodafone.
Drivers and installation.
Using this USB modem, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, from many types of computer. The software self installs from the modem, reducing the need for technical expertise from users. Vodafone's Mobile Connect Lite software self-installs through a Windows's auto-start feature.
It uses the executable : VodafoneUSBPP.exe
This device is also supported in Linux, using Vodafone Mobile Connect Card driver for Linux, which can be downloaded from the Vodafone Global website
If this modem is to be used on Windows Vista, it must first be updated to the latest firmware on a Windows XP system, as the modem does not function on Windows Vista with the default firmware.
Speed.
Using HSDPA technology, it offers download speeds of up to 3.6 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 384 kbit/s, which depends on Vodafone's network on each of the countries offering 3G services. Unfortunately, speed degrades rapidly when getting to the fringe of coverage or inside buildings where signal strengths fades. This commonly results in almost unusable speeds of 6.6Kbs for receiving and 68.8 Kbs for sending, which is a symptom even in Central London locations. There are however commercial solutions available to increase signal strength by attaching external antennas to the Huawei E220.
When outside of 3G broadband coverage, customers will automatically be able to access the web using Vodafone's existing GPRS services.
Most Vodems and Vodem sticks are of reaching 7.2 Mbit/s.
The original Huawei E220 supports up to 3.6 Mbit/s, and can connect up to 7.2 Mbit/s with a firmware upgrade.
The Vodafone K5150 Vodem is a CAT4 4G device, capable of download speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s on a 4G LTE network and 42.2 Mbit/s with a dual-carrier network.
The Vodafone R215 Pocket WiFi is capable of download speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s on a 4G LTE network and 42.2 Mbit/s with a dual-carrier network.


Eric John Dobson

Eric John Dobson, FBA (16 August 1913 – 31 March 1984) was an Australian philologist. He was the Professor of English Language at the University of Oxford from 1964 to 1980.
Early life.
Dobson was born on 16 August 1913 in New South Wales. He attended North Sydney Boys High School and then the University of Sydney, graduating with a first-class degree in English in 1934 (he won the university medal for the subject). Among other contemporary scholars in the department were A. G. Mitchell, Wes Milgate, H. J. Oliver and Neil Burgess.
After graduating, Dobson joined the English department at Sydney as a tutor in 1934; his colleagues included Mitchell, E. R. Holme, R. G. Howarth and A. J. A. Waldock. In 1935, Dobson secured the Wentworth Travelling Fellowship, allowing him to come to England to study. He completed the honours school of English at Merton College, Oxford, studying under C. L. Wrenn and Edmund Blunden and graduating with a first-class degree in 1937. He was awarded the Harmsworth Senior Scholarship which funded doctoral studies at Merton College under C. T. Onions. His research explored the pronunciation of English words in the 16th and 17th centuries; the DPhil degree was finally awarded in 1951.
Academia.
In the meantime, Dobson had been appointed lecturer in English at the University of Reading (1940), though he spent part of the Second World War working in Naval Intelligence. He returned to Oxford in 1948 to take up lectureships at Jesus College and St Edmund Hall. He was appointed Reader in English Language at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Jesus College in 1954. That year, his first book appeared: an edition of "The Hymn to the Virgin". He also published his doctoral thesis as "English Pronunciation, 1500–1700" (1957), and wrote "The Phonetic Writings of Robert Robinson" (1957). In 1961, he was given a personal chair at Oxford and in 1964 he was appointed to the Professorship of English Language. He edited a version of the "Ancrene Wisse" in 1966, authored "Moralities on the Gospels" (1975) and wrote "The Origins of Ancrene Wisse" (1976); he compiled with F. Ll. Harrison "Medieval English Songs" (1979) and edited "Seinte Katerine" with S. R. T. O. d'Ardenne in 1981. He retired from his professorship in 1980.
Dobson was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1973 and was presented with a Festschrift, "Five Hundred Years of Words and Sounds" in 1983. He died on 31 March 1984.


Donald Sarason

Donald Erik Sarason (January 26, 1933 – April 8, 2017) was an American mathematician who made fundamental advances in the areas of Hardy space theory and VMO. He was one of the most popular doctoral advisors in the Mathematics Department at UC Berkeley. He supervised 39 Ph.D. theses at UC Berkeley.
Career.
Postdoc at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1963–1964, supported by a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship.
Then Sarason went to the University of California Berkeley as an Assistant Professor (1964–1967), Associate Professor (1967–1970) and until his retirement, Professor (1970–2012).
Accomplishments.
Sarason was awarded a Sloan Fellowship for 1969–1971.
Sarason was the author of 78 mathematics publications spanning the fifty years from 1963 to 2013. Sarason was the sole author on 56 of these publications; the other 22 publications were written with a total of 25 different co-authors.
The huge influence of Sarason’s publications on other mathematicians is reflected in unusually high citation rates. Google Scholar shows that Sarason’s publications have been cited over four-thousand times in the mathematical literature.
Sarason wrote an amazing total of 456 reviews for Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet. These reviews were published from 1970 to 2009.
Teaching awards from UC Berkeley Mathematics Undergraduate Student Association, 2003 and 2006.
At various times, served on the editorial boards of "Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society", "Integral Equations and Operator Theory", and "Journal of Functional Analysis".
Selected works.
Sarason reproved a theorem of G. Pick on when an interpolation
problem can be solved by a holomorphic function that maps the disk to
itself; this is often called Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation. Sarason’s approach not only gave a natural unification of the Pick
interpolation problem with the Carathoédory interpolation problem (where the values of formula_2 and its first formula_3 derivatives at the origin are given), but
it led to the Commutant Lifting theorem of Sz.-Nagy and Foiaş which inaugurated an operator theoretic approach to many problems in function theory.
Sarason’s work played a major role in the modern development of function
theory on the unit circle in the complex plane. In Sarason he showed that formula_4 is a closed subalgebra of formula_5.
Sarason’s paper called attention
to outstanding open questions concerning algebras of functions on the unit
circle. Then in an important 1975 paper that has since been cited by
hundreds of other papers, Sarason introduced the space VMO of functions
of vanishing mean oscillation. A complex-valued function defined on the
unit circle in the complex plane has vanishing mean oscillation if the average
amount of the absolute value of its difference from its average over an interval
has limit formula_6 as the length of the interval shrinks to formula_6.
Thus VMO is a subspace of the set of functions with bounded mean oscillation, called BMO.
Sarason proved that
the set of bounded functions in VMO equals the set of functions in formula_4
whose complex conjugates are in formula_4. Extensions of these ideas led to
a spectacular description of the closed subalgebras between formula_1 and formula_5 in Chang (written by one of Sarason’s former students) and Marshall.
On June 19–23, 1978, Sarason gave a series of ten lectures at a conference hosted by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(now Virginia Tech) on analytic function theory on the unit circle.
In these lectures he discussed a number of recent results in the field,
bringing together classical ideas and more recent ideas from functional
analysis and from the extension of the theory of Hardy spaces to higher
dimensions. The lecture notes, entitled Function Theory on the Unit
Circle were made available by the math department at VPI. Though
only available as a mimeographed document, they circulated widely
and were very influential. Of all his publications, these lecture notes
are the fifth most frequently cited according to the bibliographic database MathSciNet.
This influential book developed the theory of the
de Branges–Rovnyak spaces formula_12, which were first
introduced in de Branges and Rovnyak.
Sarason pioneered
the abstract treatment of contractive containment and established a fruitful connection between the spaces formula_12 and the ranges of certain
Toeplitz operators. Using reproducing kernel Hilbert space techniques, he gave elegant proofs of the Julia–Carathéodory and the Denjoy–Wolff theorems. Two
recent accounts of the theory are Emmanuel Fricain and Javad Mashreghi and Dan Timotin.
This textbook for a first course in complex analysis at the advanced undergraduate level provides an unusually clear introduction to the theory of analytic functions.


Blanca de Lizaur

Maria Blanca de Lizaur Guerra (born 1966), commonly known as Blanca de Lizaur, is a writer and researcher specialized in cultural studies, communications and literature. She was born in Mexico City, Mexico, to Spanish parents.
She has a doctorate in philology from the Universidad de Alcala in Spain. Her articles have appeared in numerous academic journals, and she has taught and given conferences in Mexico, the United States and Spain.
Blanca de Lizaur is recognized as having made important contributions to the study of the telenovela format, establishing the equivalency of the Latin American telenovela with American soap operas and Canadian téléromans, and about the definition of melodrama.
In regard to Literary Theory and Cultural Studies' different schools of thought (and their corresponding theses and antitheses), Blanca de Lizaur is considered to be the first scholar to offer in her work, a structured synthesis (one that encompasses previous scholars' main approaches and contributions, in a meaningful way that responds to reality).
Career.
Blanca de Lizaur entered the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in 1985 to study Spanish Language and Literature. That same year Televisa organized a national competition for telenovela writers in which she participated and for which she was awarded a scholarship to study the telenovela at Televisa. Thus, in 1986 and 1987 Blanca de Lizaur studied under the guidance of important authors such as Fernanda Villeli, Carlos Olmos, Carlos Tellez and Luis Reyes de la Maza. Upon completing both the telenovela courses and her degree, she decided to devote herself to the study of popular literary products – their aesthetics, their social function, their effects on society, their behaviour as commercial products, as well as to the definition of the telenovela as such, and as a cultural phenomenon. That is how she became a content specialist for media and the internet.
In 1996 her article "La telenovela como literatura popular" (telenovela as popular literature) appeared in a monograph about popular literature published by "Ánthropos" 166–167, coordinated by María Cruz García de Enterría, renowned for her research into popular works in Spanish Golden Age literature.
In 1997 she was invited to speak about the telenovela in Mexico at the Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, D.C. In 2002 she was invited as a visiting professor to Stanford University for research purposes. That same year she met Prof. Walter J. Ong (former Modern Language of America president), Saint Louis University, after corresponding for several years.
In 1999, de Lizaur went to Spain to study for her doctorate in philology, under the guidance of María Cruz García de Enterría and Antonio Fernández Ferrer. In 2002 she was awarded a grant from the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (the Mexican National Endowment for the Arts) for postgraduate study abroad. In 2004 she was awarded the Cervantes Grant (Universidad de Alcala and Grupo Santander), coinciding with the 400th anniversary of the publication of Don Quixote.
Her work has been cited in a number of countries.
Publications.
Over 25 years of work, Blanca de Lizaur has published numerous articles, conference papers and interviews.


Gary Blodgett

Gary B. Blodgett (October 17, 1937 – May 19, 2021) was an American politician in the state of Iowa.
Blodgett was born in Pleasantville, Iowa and attended the University of Iowa. He was elected in 1992 to represent Cerro Gordo county in the Iowa House of Representatives, where he served as Deputy Majority Leader from 1993 to 2001 (19th district)
He represented Iowa's 19th district, serving as Chairman of the Ways & Means Committee and on the Rules, Transportation and Human Resources Committees.
Dr. Blodgett served in the U.S. Public Health Service from 1962 to 1965, and practiced orthodontistry in Mason City, Iowa, from 1967 to 1992. He is a former President of the Iowa Society of Orthodontists, in office from 1970 to 1972.
While practicing orthodontics, Dr. Blodgett chaired membership drives and fundraising campaigns for the YMCA, the United Way, the March of Dimes and numerous other charities in Cerro Gordo county.
Beginning in 1976, when he raised money for then-President Gerald Ford's campaign, Blodgett has been a leading Iowa Republican fundraiser. In his first race as a candidate, he outspent his Democratic opponent by a nearly 30-to-one margin. In 1956, Blodgett married Sandra 'Sandy' J. Hodgson. Dr. and Mrs. Blodgett have three adult children. One of his sons is conservative political writer Todd Blodgett, who served on the White House staff during the Reagan-Bush years and later worked for the FBI.
In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Blodgett to the position of Administrative Law Judge with the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. In this position, Judge Blodgett adjudicated legal cases involving Medicare and Medicaid, hospital corporations, HMOs, and pharmaceutical providers until 2008 in Washington, D.C. Gary Blodgett was an advisor to every Republican President from Gerald R. Ford to George W. Bush.
In Oct., 2007, he was named the 'Distinguished Alumnus of the Year' by the University of Iowa.
He died of Alzheimer's disease on May 19, 2021, in Mason City, Iowa at age 83.


Emmet Gowin

Emmet Gowin (born 1941) is an American photographer. He first gained attention in the 1970s with his intimate portraits of his wife, Edith, and her family. Later he turned his attention to the landscapes of the American West, taking aerial photographs of places that had been changed by humans or nature, including the Hanford Site, Mount St. Helens, and the Nevada Test Site. Gowin taught at Princeton University for more than 35 years.
Life and career.
Gowin was born in Danville, Virginia. His father, Emmet Sr., was a Methodist minister and his Quaker mother played the organ in church. When he was two his family moved to Chincoteague Island, where he spent much of his free time in the marshes around their home. At about age 12 his family moved back to Danville, where Gowin first showed an interest in art by taking up drawing. When he was 16 he saw an Ansel Adams photograph of a burnt tree with a young bud growing from the stump. This inspired him to go into the woods near his home and draw from nature. Later, he applied what he learned from his early years wandering in the woods and marshes to his photography. A student of his said "Photography, with Emmet, became the study of everything."
After graduating from high school he attended the Richmond Professional Institute (now Virginia Commonwealth University). During his first year in college he saw a catalog of the Family of Man exhibit and was particularly inspired by the works of Robert Frank and Henri Cartier-Bresson. About this same time he met his future wife, Edith Morris, who had grown up about a mile away from Gowin in Danville. They married in 1964, and she quickly became both his muse and his model. Later they had two sons, Elijah Gowin (also a photographer in his own right) and Isaac.
Some of his earliest photographic vision was inspired by Edith's large and engaging family, who allowed him to record what he called "a family freshly different from my own." He said "I wanted to pay attention to the body and personality that had agreed out of love to reveal itself."
In 1965, Gowin attended the Rhode Island School of Design. While earning his MFA, Gowin studied under influential American photographers Harry Callahan and Aaron Siskind. Three years later he was given his first solo exhibition at the Dayton Art Institute. In 1970 his work was shown at the George Eastman House and a year later at the Museum of Modern Art. About this same time he was introduced to the photographer Frederick Sommer, who became his lifelong mentor and friend.
Gowin was invited by Peter Bunnell in 1973 to teach photography at Princeton University. Over the next 25 years he both taught new students and, by his own admission, continually learned from those he taught. At the end of each academic year he asked his students to contribute one photograph to a portfolio that was open to critique by all of the students; he intentionally included one of his own photographs as a reminder that, while a teacher, "he was just another humble student of art."
Gowin received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974, which allowed him to travel throughout Europe. He was also awarded a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in 1979 and a Pew Fellowship in the Arts in 1994.
In 1980 Gowin received a scholarship from the Seattle Arts Commission which provided funding for him to travel in Washington and the Pacific Northwest. Beginning with a trip to Mount St. Helens soon after it erupted, Gowin began taking aerial photographs. For the next twenty years, Gowin captured strip mining sites, nuclear testing fields, large-scale agricultural fields and other scars in the natural landscape.
In 1982 the Gowins were invited by Queen Noor of Jordan, who had studied with Gowin at Princeton, to photograph historic places in her country. He traveled there over the next three years and took a series of photographs of the archaeological site at Petra. The prints he made of these images were the first time he introduced photographic print toning in his work.
Gowin retired from teaching at Princeton University at the end of 2009 and lives in Pennsylvania with his wife Edith.
Style and aesthetics.
Gowin has acknowledged that the photographs of Eugene Atget, Bill Brandt, Walker Evans, Robert Frank, Alfred Stieglitz, and especially Harry Callahan and Frederick Sommer have influenced him.
Most of his early family pictures were taken with a 4 X 5 camera on a tripod, a situation in which he said "both the sitter and photographer look at each other, and what they both see and feel is part of the picture." These photos feel both posed and highly intimate at the same time, often capturing seemingly long and direct stares from his wife or her family members or appearing to intrude on a personal family moment. Gowin once said that "the coincidence of the many things that fit together to make a picture is singular. They occur only once. They never occur for you in quite the same way that they occur for someone else, so that in the tiny differences between them you can reemploy a model or strategy that someone else has used and still reproduce an original picture. Those things that do have a distinct life of their own strike me as being things coming to you out of life itself."
In an essay for the catalog for an exhibition of his work at Yale University, writer Terry Tempest Williams said "Emmet Gowin has captured on film the state of our creation and, conversely, the beauty of our losses. And it is full of revelations."


Icelandic exonyms

The following is a list of Icelandic exonyms, that is to say names for places in Icelandic that have been adapted to Icelandic spelling rules, translated into Icelandic or are simply native names from Viking times (i.e. old Norse exonyms surviving in Icelandic).


Carson Robison

Carson Jay Robison ( – ) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Although his impact is generally forgotten today, he played a major role in promoting country music in its early years through numerous recordings and radio appearances. He was also known as Charles Robison and sometimes composed under the pseudonym Carlos B. McAfee.
Early life.
Carson Jay Robison was born in Oswego, Kansas. The son of a champion fiddler, he became a professional musician in the American Midwest at the age of 15, primarily as a whistler working with Wendell Hall, "The Red-Headed Music Maker", on the early 1920s music hall circuit. He worked as a singer and whistler at radio station WDAF (Kansas City, Missouri).
Recording career.
In 1924, he moved to New York City and was signed to his first recording contract with the Victor Talking Machine Company. Also that year, Robison started a professional collaboration with Vernon Dalhart, one of the era's most notable singers. Through this relationship, Robison realized huge success, mainly as a songwriter but also as a musician, accompanying Dalhart on guitar, harmonica, whistling, and harmony vocals. In one of their first collaborations, Robison accompanied Dalhart on the landmark recording of "Wreck of the Old '97" b/w "The Prisoner's Song" (1924), widely regarded as country music's first million-seller. During this period, Robison also became a successful composer of "event" songs, which recounted current events or tragedies in a predictable fashion, usually concluding in a moral lesson. Some popular examples of his topical compositions include "The Wreck of the Shenandoah", "Remember Pearl Harbor", "The Wreck of the Number Nine", and "The John T. Scopes Trial", about the famous Scopes Monkey Trial.
In 1928, after Dalhart made a personnel change without consulting Robison, their relationship ended. Although the breakup did not prove lucrative for either artist, Robison continued to record for decades to come. From 1928 to 1931 he teamed with Frank Luther, recording songs for various labels and appearing on WOR radio in New York City. In 1932, he started his own band, Carson Robison's Pioneers (later renamed The Buckaroos), and continued touring and recording through the 1930s and 1940s. It was during this period that Robison made some of the earliest tours of a country musician in the British Isles, appearing there in 1932, 1936, and 1938. According to "Billboard", his 1942 reworking of the standard "Turkey in the Straw" with new lyrics relating to WWII was that year's top selling country recording. In the late 1940s and early 1950s he appeared on the "Grand Ole Opry". His most famous recording was 1948's "Life Gets Tee-Jus Don't It", a worldwide hit for MGM Records.
Although he played country music for most of his career, he is also remembered for writing the lyrics for "Barnacle Bill the Sailor" with music composed by Frank Luther. Also, in 1956, he wrote and recorded the novelty rock & roll song "Rockin' and Rollin' With Grandmaw."
Personal life.
Robison was married twice. His first marriage was to Rebecca. They had a son C. "Donald". Don was raised by his Grandmother due to the untimely death of his mother, who died from TB in her early 20s. Eventually, both father and son settled in Pleasant Valley, NY. Don followed his father to this area, as he had moved close to New York City for easy access to better his career. During this time, he caught the eye of a young secretary working at the record label he was under contract to, Catherine "Catty" Robison. Carson and Catherine were married and had 3 children, Patricia, Robert and Kenneth.
Death and legacy.
Robison died in 1957 in Poughkeepsie, New York.


James M. Poterba

James Michael "Jim" Poterba, FBA (born July 13, 1958) is an American economist, Mitsui Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and current NBER president and chief executive officer.
Early years.
Poterba was born in New York City. He completed his A.B., summa cum laude, in 1980 from Harvard University and completed his Ph.D. in 1983 from Nuffield College, Oxford. He was a Marshall Scholar.
Academic career.
Poterba started his career as an instructor in Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He became Professor of Economics at MIT in 1988. Today, he is the Mitsui Professor of Economics. He became the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research on 1 July 2008.
Research.
Poterba is known for his research on how taxation affects the economic decisions of households and firms. His research has emphasized the effect of taxation on the financial behavior of households, particularly their saving and portfolio decisions. He is also interested in the analysis of tax-deferred retirement saving programs such as 401(k) plans and in the role of annuities in financing retirement consumption.
He has also been Director of the NBER Public Economics Research Program since 1991. He has served as a member of the President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform and edited the "Journal of Public Economics", the leading international journal for research on taxation and government spending, between 1997 and 2006. He has edited several economics journals.
Honours.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. In 1999 Poterba was awarded the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences.
In July 2017, Poterba was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.
Personal life.
Poterba is married to economist Nancy Rose.


Stella Stevens

Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959, and starred in such popular films as "Girls! Girls! Girls!" (1962), "The Nutty Professor" (1963), "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" (1963), "The Silencers" (1966), "Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows" (1968), "The Ballad of Cable Hogue" (1970), and "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972).
Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1960, 1988), "Bonanza" (1960), "The Love Boat" (1977, 1983), "Hart to Hart" (1979), "Newhart" (1983), "Murder, She Wrote" (1985), "Magnum, P.I." (1986), "" (1995), and "Twenty Good Years" (2006). In 1960, she won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress. Stevens has also worked as a film producer, director, and writer. She appeared in three "Playboy" pictorials, and was Playmate of the Month for January 1960.
Early life.
She was born Estelle Eggleston in Yazoo City, Mississippi, the only child of Thomas Ellett Eggleston and his wife Dovey Estelle (née Caro). One of her great-grandfathers was Henry Clay Tyler, an early settler from Boston and a jeweler who gave the Yazoo City courthouse cupola its clock.
When Stevens was four, her parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where they lived on Carrington Road near Highland Street. Her father was an insurance salesman, and her mother was a nurse. Stevens attended St. Anne's Catholic School on Highland Street and Sacred Heart School on Jefferson Avenue, finishing her final year of high school in 1955 at the Memphis Evening School at Memphis Tech High School.
At age 16, she married electrician Noble Herman Stephens on December 1, 1954, probably in Memphis. They had one child, Herman Andrew Stephens, who was later known as actor/producer Andrew Stevens. He is Stella's only child. The couple divorced in 1957, but Stella and her son retained a variation of her ex-husband's surname as their own professional surnames. While studying at Memphis State College, she became interested in acting and modeling. According to her official biography, "Her schooling in Memphis, included a couple of years at Memphis State University, where she was noticed in the school play "Bus Stop". The "Memphis Press-Scimitar" review of that performance in Memphis sparked her career."
Film career.
Stevens made her film debut in "Say One for Me" (1959), a modest musical produced by and starring Bing Crosby, appearing in the minor role of a chorus girl. Stevens' contract with 20th Century-Fox was dropped after six months. After winning the role of Appassionata Von Climax in the musical "Li'l Abner" (1959), she signed a contract with Paramount Pictures (1959-1963). In 1960, she won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress for her performance in "Say One for Me", sharing the distinction with fellow up-and-comers Tuesday Weld, Angie Dickinson, and Janet Munro.
Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Stevens achieved success as a model. When high-speed Ektachrome film was introduced in 1959, Stevens was the first person ever photographed for a formal portrait by the light of a single candle and several reflectors for the cover of a photography magazine. In January 1960, she was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month, and was also featured in "Playboy" pictorials in 1965 and 1968. She was included in "Playboy"'s 100 Sexiest Stars of the 20th Century, appearing at number 27. During the 1960s, she was one of the most photographed women in the world.
In 1961, she starred opposite Bobby Darin in John Cassavetes' "Too Late Blues", and in 1962, she starred opposite Elvis Presley in "Girls! Girls! Girls!". The following year she appeared in two successful comedy films: Jerry Lewis's "The Nutty Professor" (1963), as his student and love interest Stella Purdy, and in Vincente Minnelli's "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" (1963), playing the would-be "Miss Montana" beauty queen.
In 1964, she signed a contract with Columbia Pictures (1964–68). Following appearances in "Synanon" (1965) and "The Secret of My Success" (1965), Stevens starred as a sexy but clumsy government agent opposite Dean Martin in the Matt Helm spy spoof "The Silencers" (1966). Her final film for Columbia was "Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows" (1968) in which she played "Sister George".
In 1970, Stevens starred opposite Jason Robards in Sam Peckinpah's "The Ballad of Cable Hogue", for which she received positive reviews. In his review in "The New York Times", Roger Greenspun wrote, "But it is Stella Stevens, at last in a role good enough for her, who most wonderfully sustains and enlightens the action." In 1972 she starred in Irwin Allen's hugely successful disaster film "The Poseidon Adventure", starring Gene Hackman, Ernest Borgnine, Roddy McDowall and Shelley Winters. Stevens played the role of Linda Rogo, the "refreshingly outspoken" ex-prostitute wife of Borgnine's character.
Although she continued to appear in feature films for the next four decades, Stevens shifted the focus of her career to television series, miniseries, and movies.
Television career.
Stevens appeared in several top television series in the 1960s, including "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1960), "General Electric Theater" (1960, 1961), and "Ben Casey" (1964). One of her earliest television appearances was in a critically acclaimed 1960 episode of "Bonanza", "Silent Thunder", playing a deaf mute.
In the early 1970s, she began working regularly on television series, miniseries, and movies. She appeared in episodes of such popular series as "Banacek" (1973) and "Police Story" (1975), as well as the pilot films for "Wonder Woman" (1975), "The Love Boat" (1977), and "Hart to Hart" (1979). In 1979, she appeared along with son Andrew Stevens in "The Oregon Trail" (1977) episode "Hannah's Girl".
In the 1980s, she continued to work regularly in series such as "Newhart" (1983), "The Love Boat" (1983), "Fantasy Island" (1983), "Highway to Heaven" (1984), "Night Court" (1984), "Murder, She Wrote" (1985), "Magnum, P.I." (1986), and "Father Dowling Mysteries" (1987). Stevens appears in 34 episodes of the prime-time soap opera "Flamingo Road" (1981–82), as Lute-Mae Sanders, the former madam of a brothel.
From 1989-90, she had a role on "Santa Barbara" as Phyllis Blake. Her string of appearances on popular television series continued into the 1990s with "The Commish" (1993), "Burke's Law" (1994), "" (1995), "Silk Stalkings" (1996) and "General Hospital" (1996, 1999). She also appeared in the critically acclaimed miniseries "In Cold Blood" (1996). Her television career continued into the 2000s when she appeared in an episode of "Twenty Good Years" (2006).
Additional work.
In the 1960s, Stevens was a member of a five-voice vocal ensemble called The Skip-Jacks. That group is best known for performing the theme songs for the television programs "The Flintstones" and "The Patty Duke Show".
Stevens appeared in several stage productions, including a touring production of an all-female version of Neil Simon's "The Odd Couple" opposite Sandy Dennis. Stevens played the Oscar Madison character. She produced and directed two films, "The Ranch" (1989) and "The American Heroine" (1979). In 1999, she co-wrote a novel, "Razzle Dazzle", about a Memphis-born singer named Johnny Gault.
Personal life.
In late 1976, Stevens purchased a ranch in Methow Valley near Carlton, Washington, on the eastern edge of the Cascade Mountains. She also opened an art gallery and bakery in the nearby small town of Twisp, Washington.
In 1983, Stevens began a long-term relationship with rock guitarist Bob Kulick; through at least 1990, they shared Stevens' Beverly Hills home.
In early 2015, Kulick and she sold her longtime home in Beverly Hills. She is now in a long-term Alzheimer's care facility in Los Angeles, and Kulick often visited her there until his death on May 28, 2020.