John Money (aeronaut)

John Money (1752–1817) was an aeronaut and general in the British Army.
Life.
Money began his military career in the Norfolk Militia, but on entering the regular army in 1762 became Cornet in the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons. He was promoted to Captain in the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot in 1770 and to Major in 1781. He went on half-pay in 1784, and never rejoined the active list, but was made lieutenant colonel by brevet in 1790. In a similar fashion, he was promoted to colonel in 1795, major general in 1798, lieutenant general in 1805, and full general in 1814. Money saw a good deal of active service. He was present at the battle of Fellinghausen in 1761 and in various skirmishes with Elliot's light dragoons. He served in Canada in 1777 in General Burgoyne's disastrous descent on Albany from the north, and was present at several engagements. He was taken prisoner in September, and does not appear to have been released till the end of the war.
Money was one of the earliest English aeronauts, making two ascents in 1785, that is, within two years of Montgolfier's first aerial voyage. On 22 July in that year he made an ascent from Norwich ; an "improper current" took him out to sea, and then, dipping into the water, he "remained for seven hours struggling with his fate," till rescued in a small boat. In "A Treatise on the Use of Balloons and Field Observators" (1803) he advocated the use of balloons for military purposes.
Money offered his services to the rebel party in the Austrian Netherlands in 1790, when, after experiencing some successes, their prospects were growing critical. After a first refusal his offer was accepted. He was given a commission as major-general, and was placed in command of a force of about four or five thousand men at Tirlemont. His troops were half-hearted, and in the end, after one sharp engagement, he had to join in the general retreat on Brussels, a retreat which ended the rebellion. He utilised his knowledge of the country in his eight-volume 1794 publication, "History of the Campaign of 1792". He died at Trowse Hall, Norfolk, 26 March 1817.


Uzi Cohen

Uzi Cohen (, 1 May 1952 – 18 January 2008) was an Israeli Likud activist and politician.
Early life.
Born in moshav Tal Shahar, he moved with his family to Ra'anana at the age of two. He joined the Likud at age 16.
Political career.
In 1990, Cohen became the deputy mayor of Ra'anana under mayor Ze'ev Bielski. After Bielski was appointed head of the Jewish Agency, Cohen became interim mayor of the city until elections were held. Cohen lost, and once again he served as deputy mayor.
Cohen was a well known public figure in Israel, due to his work with the Likud and his larger than life persona. He would often quoted in the media and boasted of his ability to "arrange jobs" for friends and acquaintances through his position within the Likud party.
He also championed the building of a canal that, according to him, would turn Ra'anana into "the Venice of the Middle East." Cohen is also famous for being spoofed on Eretz Nehederet, a prime-time satirical television show on Channel 2 Television.
Death.
Cohen died of an apparent heart attack on 18 January 2008, aged 55.


Freedom Movement of Iran

The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) or Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI; ) is an Iranian pro-democracy political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and Mossadeghists". It is the oldest party still active in Iran and has been described as a "semi-opposition" or "loyal opposition" party. It has also been described as a "religious nationalist party".
The organization was split to the National Front (II), its establishment was supported by Mohammad Mossadegh. It then applied for the membership in the front with a platform advocating national sovereignty, freedom of political activity and expression, social justice under Islam, respect for Iran’s constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Charter of the United Nations. It believes in the separation of religion and state, while that political activity should be guided by religious values. FMI based on a moderate interpretation of Islam. It rejects both royal and clerical dictatorship in favor of political and economic liberalism.
Despite being outlawed by the prevailing government in Iran, the group continues to exist. The organization accepts to comply with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran despite its rejection for Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist. It had not been allowed to run in any
election since 1980 (exempting 2003 local elections in which the Guardian Council did not vet the candidates). It was also denied membership in the House of Parties of Iran.
The organization's members have close ties to the Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran.
1953 Coup d'etat and aftermath.
The group originated in the early 1950s, after the 1953 coup d'état against the government of Dr. Mohammad Mossadeq who was Prime Minister of Iran from April 1951 to August 1953 (with a very brief interruption in July 1952). That coup brought down Mossadegh and his colleagues from power and reinstalled the Shah as the dominant force in Iranian politics. The newly installed government quickly rounded up Mossadegh's closest supporters, outlawing freedom of expression and cracking down on free political activity. Mossadegh himself was placed before a military court and sentenced to three years in prison. A group of low-ranking leaders from the Mossadegh era quickly formed an underground organization calling itself the National Resistance Movement (NRM). It is significant in the context of the FMI's history because this reincarnation of the National Front (the umbrella group for Mossadegh's supporters) was constituted mainly of religious laymen, which differentiated it from the secular members of the banned National Front, including Mossadegh himself. The NRM campaigned for the 1954 Majlis to be free and fair (they were not) and attempted
Early 1960s: The creation of the Freedom Movement.
In 1960, the Second National Front was formed, which mostly involved figures from the early 1950s during Mossadegh's time in office. However, in 1961, Mehdi Bazargan, Mahmud Taleghani, Yadollah Sahabi (all prominent liberals) broke away to form a more religious (and radical) counterpart to the National Front. This new group quickly gained a large following exceeding that of their rival and its leaders advocated civil disobedience such as protests, sit-ins and strikes as a way of pressuring the Shah to reinstitute democratic rule. But, after a brief period of reform under Prime Minister Ali Amini, the government cracked down on dissent. In June 1963, a massive uprising occurred in five Iranian cities over the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a radical cleric who had been making inflammatory statements concerning the government of the Shah and his allegedly anti-Islamic policies. Faced with this, the government sent in the army infantry and tanks to crush the riots, which resulted in at least hundreds (some believe thousands) of deaths. Because the FMI had supported the uprising, their group was singled out for harassment and made to disappear by the mid-1960s. But, in 1964, the FMI (along with other parties) helped to form (with Mossadegh's blessings) the Third National Front which, like the FMI, took a more active and radical stance toward the Shah's government compared to that of the more cautious Second National Front. By 1965, all legal forms of dissidence had been done away with, leaving armed violence as the only means of inflicting some sort of damage on the government.
Events leading to the Islamic Revolution (1965–1979).
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the FMI operated mostly outside in the country, mainly in the United States and Europe. The seemingly omnipresent nature of SAVAK (the Shah's secret police force, allegedly responsible for executing, imprisoning and torturing tens of thousands of political inmates) and the stifling police state atmosphere discouraged any sort of major activity inside Iran. Until the mid-1970s, those Iranians who had actively opposed the Shah had been mainly of left-wing or liberal background, with the former dominating by far. But beginning in that decade, thanks partly to the FMI, the religious elements (including the mullahs) began to dominate the movement. They were able to do this because the Islamic movement had a network of over 9,000 mosques, 180,000 mullahs and millions of pious followers in Iran and it could freely operate, unlike the left-wing elements who were mercilessly crushed by SAVAK, the police and the government's military apparatus. In January 1978, the pro-government newspaper "Ettelaat" published an article accusing Khomeini of being, among other things, a reactionary and British agent. This led to an uprising in the holy city of Qom and the uprising soon spread to Tabriz, Tehran and other major cities. By the end of 1978, the government of the Shah (once touted as possessing the fifth largest military force on Earth) had all but collapsed under the weight of massive uprisings and workers' strikes. In response to the Shah's appointment of Shapour Bakhtiar as prime minister, Khomeini appointed Mehdi Bazargan as head of the provisional government (which was not yet in power). On 11 February 1979, the government fell and what became known as the Islamic Republic of Iran took its place.
Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present).
The Islamic Republic of Iran was proclaimed on 1 April 1979 after the results of a referendum in which allegedly more than 98% voted for this system. The Provisional Government took office on 12 February, right after the former government fell, but it quickly became apparent that this government lacked any real power, which was instead concentrated in the Islamic Revolutionary Council (which was dominated by hard-line religious fundamentalists) and the local Islamic Komitehs (committees). The PG was composed mainly of elements from the FMI (including Bazargan, Taleghani, Sahabi, Yazdi, Nazih), but also included a few leaders of the National Front (Sanjabi, Ardalan, Forouhar). This period expressed the height of the LMI's influence over Iranian politics, but it was not to last. By Aug. 1979, the new government was clamping down on dissent, outlawing nearly all political parties and instituting a campaign of terror against its critics. The Bazargan cabinet resigned en masse on 5 November 1979, and thus, ended the Interim Government of Iran.
The Islamic government (led by Ayatollah Khomeini) crushed all dissent in the country so that the oppositionists, both real and potential, either fled abroad or were murdered or imprisoned. But the LMI continued to exist as a barely tolerated force in the Majlis, where it called for an early end to the war with Iraq in 1984 (the war had started in September 1980 when Iraqi forces, under the orders of Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran).
In 20 Jan 1995, Bazargan died (of natural causes) and Ebrahim Yazdi took over as leader of the organization, which held until his death in 2017. The group continued to exist as a tolerated party until the government cracked down on it in the year 2000, arresting and placing on trial dozens of activists belonging to the group, making the party non-operational. Since the election of Hasan Rouhani as the president of Iran in 2013, FMI experienced a new era of political activity. In 27 Aug 2017 Ibrahim Yazdi died due to cancer and Mohammad Tavassoli became the third secretary-general of FMI.


Middle Sister Island

Middle Sister Island is a island in Lake Erie. Along with West Sister Island (in Ohio, USA) and East Sister Island, it is part of the Pelee Archipelago in the western basin of Lake Erie, and is considered to be the "most natural and undisturbed" of these islands.
The island is currently for sale with an asking price of $888,888.
War of 1812.
The island was a staging area for William Henry Harrison's U.S. troops, just prior to the invasion of Canada and the Battle of the Thames.
Flora and fauna.
Guano from the Lake Erie population of double-crested cormorants is interfering with tree growth in the Carolinian forest on this island and the nearby East Sister Island and Middle Island.


Lorenzo Sabine

Lorenzo Sabine (February 28, 1803 – April 14, 1877) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts now more remembered for his research and publishing concerning the Loyalists of the American Revolution than as a public servant.
Background and Early Life.
Born in New Concord (now Lisbon), New Hampshire, Sabine moved to Boston, Massachusetts, with his parents in 1811 and to Hampden, Maine, in 1814.
He completed preparatory studies.
At the age of eighteen, he moved to Eastport, Maine, and became employed as a clerk and afterwards engaged in mercantile pursuits.
He was editor of the Eastport Sentinel.
Founder of the Eastport Lyceum.
Incorporator of Eastport Academy and Eastport Athenaeum.
He served as member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1833 and 1834.
Deputy collector of customs at Eastport 1841–1843.
He moved to Framingham, Massachusetts, in 1848, having been appointed a trial justice.
Sabine was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Benjamin Thompson and served from December 13, 1852, to March 3, 1853.
He was not a candidate for the Thirty-third Congress.
He moved to Roxbury, Massachusetts, having been appointed secretary of the Boston Board of Trade.
He also served as special agent of the United States Treasury Department.
Loyalist Studies.
From early childhood, Sabine, in his own words, was "revolution-mad." But, not until 1821, when he moved to Maine and was close enough to pursue his passion, did he realize the great resource available and the profound, for the times, insight that "there was more than "one" side to the Revolution." Prior to this "every 'Tory' was as bad as bad could be, every 'son of Liberty' as good as possible." During the 1840s, Sabine published the results of his research in the North American Review (the United States' first literary magazine). The article were not well received by "patriotic" Americans. One of the few to applaud his research and publishing was Harvard-based historian Jared Sparks. When the fruits of his labor appeared in 1847 in revised and expanded form as "The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in The War of the Revolution; Alphabetically Arranged; with a Preliminary Historical Essay" a firestorm of controversy erupted.
He died in Roxbury, Massachusetts, April 14, 1877. He was interred in Hillside Cemetery, Eastport, Maine.


Jacques Louis, Comte de Bournon

Jacques-Louis, Comte de Bournon FRS, FGS (21 January 1751 – 24 August 1825) was a French soldier and mineralogist who came to England after the French Revolution. He gained prominence in the scientific community, being elected a fellow of the Royal Society and was a founding member of the Geological Society before returning to France after the Bourbon Restoration.
Early life.
The eldest of four children, Jacques-Louis, Comte de Bournon was born in Metz on 21 January 1751. His father was Jacques de Bournon, the Seigneur of Retonfey and Gras and his mother was Marie-Anne Martinet of Nibouville. His interest in geology began with his father's cabinet of minerals and expanded as he travelled extensively in his youth. He began studying crystallography under Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle in Paris.
Military career.
He became an officer in the Regiment de Toul; his military career prospered and he eventually reached the rank of lieutenant which found him serving as artillery captain during the French Revolution at the garrison of Grenoble in 1789.
Work on meteorites.
In 1801, whilst working with Edward Charles Howard, he was the first to describe the silicate minerals, sulphides, magnetic metal grains, globules and fine-grained matrices found in meteorites and was one of the first French scholars to become convinced of the extraterrestrial origins of meteorites at a time when most scientists accepted that they originated from the Moon. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1802.
Cataloguing mineral collections.
Upon the recommendation of William Babington, Jacques-Louis was employed by Sir John St. Aubyn to curate and catalogue his mineral collection. This collection was moved to London to be stored alongside other collections by Sir Abraham Hume and Sir Charles Greville on which he was also working. He began to catalogue the collection based on crystal structure but was unable to finish due to the collection being moved back to Cornwall. Comte de Bournon’s catalogue was written in French and is currently held alongside Sir John St. Aubyn's collection at Plymouth City Museum.
Geological Society.
In 1807, he was one of the founding members of the Geological Society and he had a custom of writing his essays in French.
Return to France.
De Bournon remained loyal to Louis XVIII during his exile, going so far as to reject offers to return to France from Napoleon. When Louis XVIII returned to power in 1814, De Bournon accepted an offer from the King to buy his mineral collection for the state and was then appointed director-general of the Royal Mineral Cabinet. His collection was split into two and currently resides in Muséum national d'histoire naturelle and Collège de France.


Martin Quinn (mayor)

Martin Quinn (born 24 December 1949) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was Mayor of Galway from 2000 to 2001.
Quinn was born in Galway's College Road on Christmas Eve, 1949. His parents were Frank Quinn and Maureen Linnane, both of Ardrahan, who married in 1935. Frank was related to Ellen Quinn who was killed during the Irish War of Independence. He was the twelfth of nineteen children.
Quinn served with the CIÉ from 1969, serving mainly the west of Ireland. Active since then in trade unions and politics, he was selected in 1998 as a candidate by Fianna Fáil for the next local elections. He was elected in June 1999 for Galway's West Ward. His first meeting as Mayor took place on 10 July 2000, and became notable as the then-longest continuous meeting of Galway City Council; the issue was the Connacht Waste Management Programme, including a proposal for incineration, and it lasted over four and a half hours.
During his term he oversaw housing developments in Doughiska, the opening of Bruach na Coirbe, Westside Boxing Club, the establishment of the strategic Policy Committees, the Corporate Policy Group and the City Development board.
Quinn is perhaps unique in being the only modern Mayor who can trace his genealogy back to the Tribes of Galway, as he is descended from the Bodkin family.


Oplandet

Oplandet was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Hamar in Hedmark county. From 1923 to 1928 it was published as Oplandet & Glomdølen.
History and profile.
"Oplandet" was first published in February 1904 by Karl Kløvstad as a successor to the bankrupt newspaper "Oplændingen". "Oplandet" was published in Gjøvik until May, and moved to Hamar from 14 July 1904. "Oplændingen" had been affiliated with the United Norwegian Workers' Association ("De forenede norske Arbeidersamfund"; in 1911 renamed as Labour Democrats), but "Oplandet" supported the Liberal Party.
On 27 March 1923 it changed its name to "Oplandet & Glomdølen" as it was merged with Labour Democrat newspaper "Glomdølen". It was branded as a "new and improved edition" of "Glomdølen", and got the same editor-in-chief as the defunct newspaper. "Oplandet & Glomdølen" itself went defunct after its last issue on 29 December 1928.


Margarete Bonnevie

Margarete Ottilie Bonnevie (née Skattebøl) (13 December 1884— 28 March 1970) was a Norwegian author, feminist and politician for the Liberal Party of Norway.
Biography.
She was born at Nesbyen in Buskerud, Norway. She was a daughter of Conservative Party leader, Supreme Court Justice and Member of Parliament Ole Larsen Skattebøl (1844–1929) and Karen Christine Poppe Rømcke (1854–1932). She grew up in Hallingdal and was educated as a French language translator. She worked from 1906 to 1913 as French correspondent for Norsk Hydro.
In 1913, she married Supreme Court judge Thomas Bonnevie (1879-1960), son of cabinet minister Jacob Aall Bonnevie. He was also the brother of professor Kristine Bonnevie (1872–1948) and jurist Carl Bonnevie (1881-1972).
She was President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights 1936–1946, and is credited with reviving the women's movement in the 1930s. She also served as a board member of the International Alliance of Women 1939–1949. She was a co-founder of the Human-Ethical Association in 1956, and a member of its first board until 1958. She also served as President of the Oslo branch of the women's association of the Liberal Party and as a deputy member of the Oslo City Council in the 1930s.
She also released a number of books. In 1932, she published her first and most notable book, "Ekteskap og arbeide". Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she participated in the debate on women's position and women's role. She continued to write articles in journals and in daily press throughout her life.


Washington Blues

The Washington Blues were a company of Maryland Volunteers which saw action during the Battle of Bladensburg and the Battle of North Point, during the War of 1812.
History.
When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, George H. Steuart (then Captain Steuart) raised a company of Maryland volunteers, known as the Washington Blues, part of the 5th Maryland Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Sterett. They saw action at the Battle of Bladensberg (August 24, 1814), where the Americans, including the 5th Regiment, were routed by the British. Although the 5th had "evinced a disposition to make a gallant resistance", it was flanked by the redcoats and forced to retreat in some disorder. After the battle, British forces entered Washington DC and burned the city.
Steuart's company fought better at the Battle of North Point (September 12, 1814), where the militia were able to hold the line for several hours before making a fighting retreat, and where Steuart was wounded. Some of the militia regiments, such as the 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire, but the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in reasonably good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy. Corporal John McHenry of the 5th Regiment wrote an account of the battle:
Our Regiment, the 5th, carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged, so did the company to which I have the honor to belong cover itself with glory. When compared to the [other] Regiments we were the last that left the ground...had our Regiment not retreated at the time it did we should have been cut off in two minutes.
Notable members.
On April 19, 1861, during the start of the American Civil War, Baltimore was disrupted by riots, during which Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail. Steuart himself was strongly sympathetic to the Confederacy and, perhaps knowing this, Governor Hicks did not call out the militia to suppress the riots. On May 13, 1861 Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing a vote in favor of Southern secession. Steuart moved south for the duration of the Civil War, and much of the general's property was confiscated by the Federal Government as a consequence. However, many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army would be drawn from Steuart's militia.


Maghrebi Republican Party

The Maghrebi Republican Party (, '; ) or PRM is a Tunisian political party.
It was founded on 22 March 2011 by Mohamed Bouebdelli, head of the Free University of Tunis, as the Maghrebi Liberal Party (, "" ; ) and it changed its name to Maghrebi Republican Party on 13 April 2012.


Louis Bruyas

Louis Bruyas (24 April 1738 in Lyon – 14 June 1807 in Friedland, now known as Pravdinsk, near Kaliningrad, Russia), stage and pen-name Bursay, was a French actor and playwright. He was a member of the prestigious Académie des Arcades de Rome.
Life.
He débuted at the Comédie-Française on 16 February 1761, in the rôle of Zamore in Voltaire's "Alzire". The "Mercure de France" for March wrote "This new débutant is an agreeable figure, and of an advantageous size. The organ of his voice is naturally beautiful. He shows much fire." Reading this, he left the Théâtre-Français shortly afterwards to enter the company of Mademoiselle Montansier, holder of the theatre concession for Brittany and Normandy. Bursay thus spent 8 years as a theatre director, playing with the company in Amiens, Rouen and Nantes.
In 1768, he reached Vienna and there met and became friends with Noverre. On Bruyas's return to Paris the following year, he débuted for a second time at the Comédie-Française on 15 January 1769, in "La Métromanie" by Alexis Piron and in "L'Époux par supercherie" by Louis de Boissy. After another stay in Vienna in 1772, he acted at La Rochelle before being taken on by Brussels's Théâtre de la Monnaie for the 1773-1774 season.
He then went to Marseille, where he acted from 1775 to 1780 (with the exception of the 1778-1779 season, which he spent in Brussels), and there had printed several of his translations from Kotzebue. On 1 October 1776 he married Marie-Anne Moylin, daughter of two actors, in Marseille. Taken on again in Brussels in 1781, he stayed there until 1793, making more translations of Kotzebue than his own plays, in which he played the lead rôles.
His daughter-in-law, Aurore Domergue, a singer at the Opéra de Paris under the stage-name "Mlle Aurore", had several of his plays and translations put on in Hamburg, Saint Petersburg and Moscow under the name Mme Bursay.


Cory Morgan (blogger)

Cory Morgan is a Canadian blogger, Alberta independence activist and columnist for the Western Standard. He was one of the founders of the Alberta Independence Party in 2000. In 2001, he ran as an independent candidate in the riding of Banff-Cochrane. Following the dissolution of the AIP at the end of 2000, Morgan joined the Separation Party of Alberta. He was the SPA's candidate in Highwood in the provincial election of 2004.
He later joined the Alberta Alliance in 2006. He was a candidate for the Wildrose Alliance Party of Alberta, in the constituency of Calgary Mountain View in the Alberta general election of 2008, finishing in third-place with 887 votes.
On November 6, 2011, Morgan drove his pickup truck into the Occupy Calgary camp at Olympic Plaza park. Morgan refused to leave his truck until police removed him, was fined $200 and towed. His purpose was part of a counter-protest against Occupy Calgary and a bid to highlight what he felt was unequal enforcement of city bylaws with respect to the Occupy camp and the public at large.
Morgan ran in the 2015 Canadian federal election as a Libertarian in Foothills, finishing in fifth-place with 424 votes.
Following the 2019 Canadian federal election Morgan returned to his Western separatist roots, calling on his supporters to join him.


Isak Halvorsen

Isak Halvorsen (9 October 1877 - ??) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament during the term 1928–1930, representing the Market towns of Møre og Romsdal county.
Born at Follestad, Skien, he got himself a job at the post office in Kristiansund in 1894. He was a member of Kristiansund city council from 1916 to 1931, and also chaired the local party chapter for some time. Meanwhile, he rose in the postal hierarchy to eventually become postmaster, in the city of Molde from 1936 to 1947.
During the German occupation of Norway he was imprisoned for one day, being arrested on 7 October 1944 on suspicion of him having a false passport. He was released the next day.


National Alliance of Liberals

The National Alliance of Liberals (NAL) was a political party in Ghana during the Second Republic (1969–1972). In elections held on 29 August 1969, the NAL won 29 out of 140 seats in the National Assembly.
Komla Agbeli Gbedemah was the founder and leader of the party. Gbedemah however failed to win a seat during the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election so Eric Madjitey became the leader within parliament.


Antoine-Marin Lemierre

Antoine-Marin Lemierre (12 January 17334 July 1793) was a French dramatist and poet.
Life.
He was born in Paris, into a poor family, but found a patron in the collector-general of taxes, Dupin, whose secretary he became. Lemierre gained his first success on the stage with "Hypermnestre" (1758); "Titre" (1761) and "Idomne" (1764) failed on account of the subjects. "Artaxerce", modelled on "Metastasio", and "Guillaume Tell" were produced in 1766; other successful tragedies were "La Veuve de Malabar" (1770) and "Barnavelt" (1784). He was admitted to the Académie française in 1780.
Lemierre revived "Guillaume Tell" in 1786 with enormous success. After the French Revolution he professed great remorse for the production of a play inculcating revolutionary principles, and there is no doubt that the horror of the excesses he witnessed hastened his death. Lemierre published "La Peinture" (1769), based on a Latin poem by the abbé de Marsy, and a poem in six cantos. "Les Fastes, ou les usages de lannie" (1779), an unsatisfactory imitation of Ovid's "Fasti".
His "Œuvres" (1810) contain a notice of Lemierre by R. Perrin. and his "Œuvres choisies" (1811) contain one by F. Fayolle.
References.
Attribution:


Assembly of the Six Counties

The Assembly of the Six Counties () was an assembly of Patriote leaders and approximately 6,000 followers held in Saint-Charles, Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) on October 23 and October 24, 1837, despite the June 15 Proclamation of the government forbidding public assemblies.
Presided by Wolfred Nelson, it is the most famous of the various public assemblies held during that year protesting the Russell Resolutions. It is a prelude to the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837. The "six counties" refer to Richelieu, Rouville, Saint-Hyacinthe, Chambly, Verchères and L'Acadie.
History.
The Ninety-Two Resolutions of the Patriotes had demanded Great Britain democratic reforms for Lower Canada. They had been mostly denied by the Russell Resolutions, which sparked a number of assemblies of protest in 1837. The Saint-Charles assembly was attended by 13 members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. On the field, a column, the Colonne de la liberté, had been raised with the inscription "À Papineau ses compatriotes reconnaissants" ("To Papineau his thankful compatriots"). A replica, inaugurated in 1982, stands today on the site.
It saw the speeches of the likes of Louis-Joseph Papineau and Wolfred Nelson. Papineau advocated the pursuit of the constitutional struggle through economic boycotts of British products while Nelson and Doctor Cyrille Côté supported an armed uprising. "I claim the time has come to melt our spoons to make bullets", thundered Nelson. Étienne Parent also spoke and supported non-forceful methods. The assembly voted a number of resolutions, as did the other 1837 assemblies. They notably proclaimed human rights, refused to recognize the new Executive Council of Lower Canada and approved the Société des fils de la liberté. They did not mention the use of force.
This event prompted the negative reaction of the Lower Canada Church. At a banquet in honour of Bishop Ignace Bourget (himself one of the relatively rare clerics in favour of the Patriotes), Bishop Jean-Jacques Lartigue declared: "Never is it permitted to transgress laws of to revolt against the legitimate authority under which people have the joy of living". Three weeks after the assembly, an arrest warrant for Patriote leaders was issued by the government.


Constitution Society

The Constitution Society is a nonprofit educational organization headquartered at San Antonio, Texas, U.S., and founded in 1994 by Jon Roland, an author and computer specialist who has run for public office as a Libertarian Party candidate on a "Constitutionalist Platform". The society publishes online a large selection of works on constitutional history, law, and government.
Web site.
The society’s web site features digital library resources including the online Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics, launched for the purpose of hosting complete, annotated, and cross-linked copies of most of the major works written or read by the American Founders, or by persons whose writings can enable one to understand their writings. As of April 2011, it had an Alexa Traffic Rank of 78,617, with 2943 links in. It also has documents from other countries.
The ideological orientation of the site ranges from libertarian to militia support.
According to a 2010 Southern Poverty Law Center report, the site also links to conspiracy-theory sites "questioning the Oklahoma City bombing and the role of researchers in creating the HIV virus", and carries "a section on mind-control technology". Roland himself has stated that "The Feds... have actually been engaging in warlike activity against the American people." Roland also reportedly advocates the abolition of paper money in favor of gold or silver coin. Since at least 1996, Roland has held that "U.S. citizens have the right to resist an unlawful arrest", a claim assessed by Snopes as "Mostly False".


Philadelphia Society

The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is "to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing, in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society, and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions". The of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views, and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States.
It was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with William F. Buckley Jr., Milton Friedman, Frank Meyer, and Ed Feulner. Former Presidents of the Society include Henry Regnery, Edwin Feulner, Russell Kirk, Mel Bradford, Forrest McDonald, T. Kenneth Cribb, M. Stanton Evans, Ellis Sandoz, Edwin Meese, Claes G. Ryn, Midge Decter, Roger Ream, Steven F. Hayward, Lee Edwards, William F. Buckley Jr., and George H. Nash.
Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included Larry Arnhart, Andrew Bacevich, Wendell Berry, Robert Bork, Mel Bradford, Warren T. Brookes, William F. Buckley Jr., Vladimir Bukovsky, Ronald Coase, T. Kenneth Cribb, Midge Decter, M. Stanton Evans, Edwin Feulner, Milton Friedman, George Gilder, Victor Davis Hanson, William Hague, S. I. Hayakawa, Friedrich von Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, W.H. Hutt, Herman Kahn, Russell Kirk, Irving Kristol, Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Forrest McDonald, Edwin Meese, Frank Meyer, Charles Murray, Robert Nisbet, Michael Novak, Richard Pipes, Norman Podhoretz, Henry Regnery, William A. Rusher, Paul Ryan, Ellis Sandoz, Shelby Steele, George J. Stigler, Terry Teachout, Edward H. Teller, and Eric Voegelin.


Ken Shirley

Kenneth Lex Shirley (born 12 August 1950), generally called Ken Shirley, is a former New Zealand politician. He was a member of the ACT New Zealand party, although was previously a member and Cabinet minister of the Labour Party.
Early life.
Shirley was born on 12 August 1950. He became a resources manager at the Nelson Catchment Board. He and his wife Jenny had two children.
Member of Parliament.
He joined the Labour Party in 1977 after moving to Richmond. In 1978 he became the secretary of the Tasman electorate committee. A year later he became the secretary of the Tasman campaign committee. When Tasman MP, and former Labour leader, Bill Rowling announced his retirement Shirley contested the nomination to replace him. From a field of seven (including John Blincoe, Annette King and Stephen Rainbow) he was selected as Labour's candidate.
Shirley first entered Parliament in the 1984 election, when he stood as the Labour Party candidate in the Tasman electorate. At the time, there was considerable tension in the Labour Party over the policies of the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas — the policies were based around economic deregulation and free trade, and traditionalists saw them as a betrayal of the party's left-wing roots. Shirley aligned himself with the faction that supported Douglas. Shirley was not a member of the faction's so-called "Troika" (consisting of Douglas, Richard Prebble, and David Caygill), but was nevertheless a notable supporter of the reforms Douglas promoted.
Cabinet minister.
Eventually, the Prime Minister, David Lange, fired Douglas as finance minister and then himself resigned. In the re-arrangement that followed, Shirley briefly held Cabinet rank as Minister of Fisheries, Associate Minister of Agriculture, Associate Minister of Forestry, and Associate Minister of Health. He lost these positions when the Labour Party was defeated in the 1990 election. Shirley himself lost his Tasman seat to National's Nick Smith, leaving him outside Parliament.
ACT New Zealand.
When Douglas and his allies created the ACT New Zealand party, Shirley was involved. In ACT's first electoral campaign, the 1996 election, Shirley was ranked in third place on the ACT party list, and re-entered Parliament as a list MP.
He has previously served as ACT's deputy leader, and in 2004, he was one of four candidates to seek the party's leadership after the retirement of Richard Prebble.
On the retirement of Jonathan Hunt, he sought election as Speaker of the House of Representatives, but placed third behind Margaret Wilson and Clem Simich.
He remained a list MP until the 2005 election, in which only two ACT MPs were returned.
After Parliament.
In May 2006, Shirley was appointed Executive Director of Organics Aotearoa New Zealand (OANZ), the peak industry body representing the organic sector, which is charged with implementing a strategy to boost New Zealand's organic production to $1 billion by 2013.
In July 2007 the Researched Medicines Industry Association announced that Shirley was to be their new Chief Executive Officer, an appointment he took up in September 2007.
Since July 2010, he has been the chief executive of the Road Transport Forum (RTF), representing road transport interests.


Marcantonio Borghese, 5th Prince of Sulmona

Marcantonio III Borghese, 5th Prince of Sulmona (16 September 1730 – 26 March 1800) was the head of the Borghese family of Rome. Pro-Bonaparte in sympathies, he was the father of Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona and Francesco, 7th Prince of Sulmona (1832–1839).
Prince Marcantonio began recasting his family's Rome villa into a structured museum. From about 1775, under the guidance of architect Antonio Asprucci, old tapestry and leather hangings were removed, new ceiling decorations commissioned and the "Casina" renovated. The Borghese collection sculptures were reorganized around the Villa in a thematic new ordering that celebrated the Borghese position in Rome. For example, in 1785, he had Bernini's "Apollo and Daphne" moved to the centre of its room.
Marcantonio transformed the villa's gardens from a formal garden architecture into an English landscape garden.


Alyaksandr Kazulin

Alyaksandr Kazulin (, , born 25 November 1955 in
Minsk) is the former leader of the Belarusian Social Democratic Party and one of the candidates who ran for the office of President of Belarus on 19 March 2006. He was a rector of the Belarusian State University (BSU) from 1996 to 2003 and a government minister serving under Belarus President Lukashenko but later fell out of favor. He holds a PhD in mathematics and pedagogy.
Several weeks before the election, on 2 March 2006, Kazulin was beaten and detained by police after attempting to enter the All Belarusian People's Assembly. He was charged with disorderly conduct and released after being held in custody for eight hours.
During the events following the 19 March 2006 presidential election, on 25 March, Kazulin was present in a confrontation between demonstrators and police. Reportedly he walked to the commanding officer with flowers in his hand, and police knocked him off his feet, beat him up, and then detained him. In a post-election interview Kazulin said, "We're not afraid of tanks and violence; we're afraid of prisons and having no freedom. We're tired of living in a spiritual prison."
On 13 July 2006, Kazulin was sentenced to jail for five and a half years at a court in Minsk. He was convicted for his role in the March protests with the official charge being of hooliganism and incitement to mass disorder during the events of 25 March. Amnesty International recognized him as a prisoner of conscience.
On 26 February 2008, he was allowed to attend his wife's funeral, after threatening to starve himself if he was not released. On 16 August 2008, he was released from prison altogether.


Auguste Defauconpret

Auguste Jean-Baptiste Defauconpret (1767, Lille1843) was a French man of letters.
Initially a lawyer, Defauconpret relocated to England where he wrote some now forgotten novels. However, he became well known for his translations into French of English-language novels, particularly those of Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper, although he modified the text of "The Last of the Mohicans" to be more favorable to the French.


List of Progress Party (Norway) MPs

This is a list of Progress Party MPs. It includes all Members of Parliament elected to the Parliament of Norway (Stortinget) representing the Progress Party from 1973. Until 1977, the name of the party was Anders Lange's Party. The party was not represented in Parliament between 1977 and 1981.


Fort Foster (Washington County, Maine)

Fort Foster was a military site of the American Revolutionary War in what is now East Machias, Maine. Little more than a large earthworks, it was located on The Rim, a neck of land that commands the confluence of the Machias and East Machias Rivers. The earthworks were built in 1776, and attacked by British forces in the 1777 Battle of Machias. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Description and history.
Machias Bay is located in Down East Maine, and is fed primarily by the Machias River, which flows generally eastward from the town of Machias toward its confluence with the East Machias River, and then southward into the bay. The East Machias River flows generally southward from Hadley Lake, past the village center of East Machias. Shortly before it meets the Machias River, it bends sharply to the east before turning south again to empty into the other river. The landform between this bend and the point of confluence is locally known as "The Rim". In the 18th century it was recognized for its military value, as it provides a commanding view of the southern stretch of the Machias River and into the bay.
Early records of the area's settlement are not clear on when The Rim was first occupied; the area was first settled by Europeans in 1763, and the land was known to have been cleared and in agriculture use by the start of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Machias was the site of one of the war's first naval encounters, in which a British Navy sloop was captured. After this event, the townspeople decided to fortify The Rim. A breastwork was built there, which was sufficient to repel an attempted landing by British forces in the summer of 1775. In 1776 a more extensive breastwork was built, along with a watch house and barracks, and a log boom was laid across the river just to the south. In August 1777, the British once again arrived in force, and in the second Battle of Machias landed forces on The Rim. Guns mounted at Fort Foster fired on the first ships to arrive, but the fort was abandoned prior to the landing, and its guns were destroyed.
After the war The Rim appears to have been abandoned and allowed to become overgrown. In the 1920s it was cleared for blueberry production, and its earthworks, some as much as in height, were still visible then. They have since again become overgrown.


Holy September Martyrs

The Holy September Martyrs ("Saints Martyrs de Septembre") or Blessed Martyrs of Carmes ("Bienheureux Martyrs des Carmes") are 191 Roman Catholics killed at the Carmes Prison in the September Massacres of 1792 during the French Revolution, consisting of three bishops, 127 secular priests, 56 monks and nuns and 5 laypeople. They were beatified by pope Pius XI in October 1926 and are commemorated on 2 September in the Roman Catholic calendar.
Their number includes André Grasset, the first Canadian-born person to be beatified.
One of the martyrs, Salomone Leclercq, was canonized by Pope Francis in 2016.


Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris

Marc-Antoine Jullien, called Jullien fils, (born Paris, March 10, 1775 – died there April 4, 1848) was a French revolutionary and man of letters.
Life.
Son of Marc Antoine Jullien, deputy from Drôme in the National Convention, he entered the Collège de Navarre in 1785; his studies were interrupted by the beginning of the Revolution. Encouraged by his ardently patriotic mother, Rosalie Ducrolay, named "Madame Jullien", he attempted a career in journalism, in 1790 becoming a collaborator on the "Journal du Soir". The following year, he became a member of the Jacobin Club, in which he became an opponent of war.
In the spring of 1792, Jullien was sent to London by the Marquis de Condorcet, at the time president of the "comité diplomatique" of the Legislative Assembly. There he served as a student-diplomat, becoming an intermediary between the more liberal English factions and the Girondists. Among those he met there were Talleyrand and Lord Stanhope. Returning to France that autumn, he was named "aide-commissaire"m and then "commissaire des guerres", of the army of the Pyrenees, in January 1793. He was soon transferred to Tarbes "due to age". He rejoined the army of the Pyrenees on April 16, entering Paris with them on August 4.
Jullien then became a protégé of Robespierre, and was sent by the Committee of Public Safety on a mission to several Atlantic ports, beginning on September 10, 1793. Charged with ensuring surveillance of the military situation and of Jacobin propaganda, he attempted to gain for himself a rapport with public feeling. In Nantes, on February 4, 1794, he wrote a letter to Robespierre in which he denounced Carrier. At Bordeaux, he stood in opposition to Jean-Lambert Tallien and his mistress, Thérésa Cabarrús. He left Bordeaux to return to Paris on April 24, 1794; there he was named to the Executive Committee on Public Instruction. On May 18, he returned to Bordeaux, to purify the municipality and the Jacobin Club and seek out hidden Girondists among the deputies.
Jullien would likely have become a major player in the Revolution had it not been for the execution, by guillotine, of Robespierre in July 1794. Made destitute, he was arrested on August 10 and sent to prison; he would be held at the "maison de santé" of Notre-Dame-des-Champs, and would testify at Carrier's trial. He disavowed his association with Robespierre and was released, through the intervention of his father, on October 14, 1795. Ten days later, the insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire was stopped.
Jullien next became one of the founders of the Club du Panthéon, returning to journalism with the creation of "L'Orateur plébéien", a democratic and moderate pamphlet, with Ève Demaillot and Jean-Jacques Leuliette. On March 13, 1796, Merlin de Douai helped him enter the Ministère de la Police, where he became responsible for lists of emigrans. He soon became suspected of Babouvist sympathies, and was forced to hide after the discovery of the Conspiracy of Equals in May 1796; he reappeared in October of the same year.
Jullien next joined the Army of Italy, becoming a writer for its mail service from August to November 1797. He then accompanied Napoleon I, in May 1798, on his journey to Egypt. There he became ill, and returned to France with Louis Bonaparte. Becoming well, he entered the service of general Championnet, becoming an adviser on December 28, 1798. Among the initiators of the Neapolitan Republic, he became secretary general to Championnet's provisional government on January 26, 1799. He was quickly recalled by the Directory, and was arrested on February 24. On March 12 he stood before a military tribunal, but was freed by the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII on June 18.
Accommodating the coup of 18 Brumaire to satisfaction, Jullien proposed a plan to unify the Italian states in July 1800. Immediately becoming indignant at anti-Jacobin proscriptions, following the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise he was relegated to handling administrative functions in Paris. He received the cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1803. After a visit to Madame de Staël at Chaumont-sur-Loire, through which he raised Napoleon's suspicions, he was sent to the Kingdom of Italy in 1810; while passing through Yverdon, he became acquainted with the Swiss pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.
In 1813. Jullien was jailed due to his opposition to the Empire. Freed during the Bourbon Restoration, he published numerous opposition journals between 1815 and 1817, becoming known in the process as a pedagogue. He corresponded regularly with Pestalozzi, to whom he sent his first three sons, at Yverdon, and became a promoter of the Monitorial System of education. In 1819 he founded "Revue encyclopédique".
He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1830.
Jullien died in Paris in 1848, aged 73.
Marriage and family.
In 1801 Jullien married Sophie-Juvence Nioche (died 1832); she bore him six children.
The eldest of the six, Pierre-Adolphe (born Amiens, February 13, 1803 - died 1873) was a technician, later becoming engineer-in-chief of the Corps of Bridges and Roads; in this capacity he oversaw construction of the Paris-Lyon railroad.
Also among the six, their daughter Antoinette-Stéphanie married the dramatist Lockroy and was the mother of Édouard Lockroy.


James Orlin Grabbe

James Orlin Grabbe (; October 8, 1947 – March 15, 2008) more commonly referred to as J. Orlin Grabbe, or just JOG, was an American economist and prolific writer with contributions in the theory and practice of finance. He was known by his book "International Financial Markets," and for mathematical models for options and derivatives used in international finance and foreign exchange.
Grabbe wrote articles and essays about personal freedom and governmental abuse, and was an editor of Internet magazines such as the "Laissez Faire City Times". Born and educated in the U.S., he pursued his business interests around the world. He died from heart failure around March 15, 2008 in San José, Costa Rica.
Early life.
Orlin Grabbe was born October 8, 1947, in Hale County, Texas, and grew up on a farm in Briscoe County in the Texas Panhandle. He showed great academic prowess in his youth and in response, he was invited to participate in nationwide, specialized education in mathematics. Two of his brothers also achieved doctorates and became professors. His brother Lester was a professor of theology at the University of Hull in England, while his brother Crockett was a professor of physics at the University of Iowa.
In the fall of 1966, Grabbe joined an older brother at the Worldwide Church of God's Ambassador College, based in Pasadena, California. He graduated in 1970 and served on the teaching staff until 1973. During this time, he was the editor of the student newspaper. In his memoir, written later in his life, he described not only his own experiences and thought processes, but also the atmosphere that permeated the college, its students, and the organization as a whole.
After leaving Ambassador, Grabbe enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, to pursue his interests in research and science, with an emphasis in mathematics. In 1976, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He continued his education at Harvard University where he was awarded a Ph.D. in economics in 1981.
Grabbe specialized in the study of financial derivative instruments and published important pricing models for futures, forward contracts and options, especially in the foreign exchange (FX) markets.
In 1995, Grabbe moved to Reno, Nevada.
Professional career.
Wharton School of Business.
After graduating from Harvard, Grabbe accepted a position at the Wharton School of Business (University of Pennsylvania), working in the capacity of assistant professor in economics. Grabbe discovered that there was a lack of educational material for the emerging field of international finance and for the increased trading in financial derivatives created by this market. In 1986, he wrote "International Financial Markets", which is used worldwide as an educational and professional reference of trading in derivatives. In the 1991 second edition of his "International Financial Markets", Grabbe introduced the term "regulatory arbitrage" in the context of eurocurrency markets. One of Grabbe's students, Andrew Krieger, became a Bankers Trust FX trader and the author of "The Money Bazaar".
FX Systems.
As assistant professor in economics at Wharton, teaching traders, MBAs, financial regulators, policy makers, and "operatives of the future", Grabbe continued to develop the mathematical models of financial derivatives.
In 1985, Grabbe transformed his informal interactions and founded FX Systems Inc. with one of his students, Farid Naib. When FX Systems continued to grow, Grabbe resigned from Wharton, in order to focus on the further development of the software. FX Systems stayed at the forefront of the emerging markets for financial derivatives, acquiring financial institutions as customers.
In 1990, Grabbe sold his share of the company. The new owner, who was now partnered with Naib, ended up in disagreements, leading to a split of the company and the formation of FNX Limited, led by Naib. Until his death, Grabbe worked as a part-time consultant with FNX Limited. Under the umbrella of FNX, Grabbe created pricing models for complex derivatives, which were used by major banks around the world. FNX Limited has since become very successful in the market.
Kalliste Inc..
Based in the New York City neighborhood of Greenwich Village, Grabbe continued his professional career as a financial market consultant. He interspersed this time and furthered his interests in cultural expression by pursuing a formal education in media. In 1993, he created the company Kalliste Inc. and produced experimental films, as well as shows of fractal computer graphics. He also produced a CD, "Cuba di mi Amor", featuring the Cuban pianist, Danilo Pina.
"The End of Ordinary Money".
Grabbe's cryptology-focused "The End of Ordinary Money" was published in the July 1995 edition of Liberty. In a second article, "Digital Cash and the Future of Money", Grabbe explored routes toward digital finance.
"60 Minutes".
Grabbe was not especially impressed by the efforts of market regulators and authorities, made apparent by the textual content in his book "International Financial Markets". Grabbe reported that he received information from highly credible sources about unsavory acts made by highly placed persons in the marketplace. He stated that he was approached by official representatives seeking his assistance by covertly gathering financial information from his network of customers. Grabbe responded by gathering facts about these activities, albeit from the mindset of a researcher with an intent to reveal the activities of the market manipulators. His research led him to the serious study of cryptography, in an effort to discover ways to protect individuals from interference.
Some of Grabbe's investigations surrounding controversial current events, made direct contact with sources in government essential, which led to further investigations. The increasing popularity of the Internet made his articles (and essays) widely spread. Some of those published investigations are recognized today still as relevant, including his article "When Osama Bin Ladin Was Tim Osman".
Lesley Stahl of "60 Minutes", produced an investigative segment about misinformation on the Internet that aired on March 2, 1997. Grabbe was interviewed on the show and presented as a representation of misinformation found online. Her comments about the dangers of anyone being able to create content on the Internet, rather than relying on mass media, led to further commentary online.
In parallel, Grabbe also published philosophical essays written from a libertarian/rational-anarchist viewpoint about personal freedom and the perceived increasing threats. This was exemplified in 1993, in a speech to the Eris Society, entitled "In Praise of Chaos".
Life in Costa Rica.
"Laissez Faire City Times".
In November 1997, Orlin Grabbe was invited to edit an online weekly newspaper called the "Laissez Faire City Times". The newspaper was loosely connected to the Laissez Faire City project based in Costa Rica. Grabbe relocated to Costa Rica the following year.
The "Laissez Faire City Times" grew in prominence, with many of its articles quoted and referenced by others, some even by mainstream media and academic papers. In line with his work on Digital Finance and its dependence on cryptography, Grabbe published several articles and tutorials in the "Laissez Faire City Times" and on his Internet homepage. The tutorials and especially the Java Encryption Source Code have been referenced by academic institutions and scholarly papers as recommended reading.
Digital Monetary Trust.
In November 1999, a series of articles in the "Laissez Faire City Times" presented the Digital Monetary Trust project, which was a proposed financial trust providing private, anonymous accounts for individuals and entities within the DMT system, in order to securely store anonymous capital or to make anonymous monetary transactions.
"Laissez Faire Electronic Times".
In January 2002, Grabbe resigned as editor of the "City Times" and started a new weekly online newspaper, "Laissez Faire Electronic Times", sponsored by the newly operational DMT. Grabbe continued publishing the same type of essays as before, with many of the same authors. In October 2001, he separated himself from connections to the "Laissez Faire City" project, which ended in spring 2002. As a consequence of the closure of "Laissez Faire City", its participants dispersed and services to the group of initial users of DMT were discontinued.
Both DMT and the "Laissez Faire Electronic Times" were discontinued in 2004. At that time, the technological viability of Grabbe's proposals had been proven, not only in theory, but also in practice.
The "Laissez Faire City Times" and "Laissez Faire Electronic Times" paid writers for the right to edit and publish their articles, while each author retained the full copyright. When the publishers' sites were taken offline, in 2002 and 2004 respectively, direct access to these newspapers and all the articles ceased. Many still see these newspapers as important resources for highly valuable articles of philosophical and political significance in freedom-related and especially (but not exclusively) libertarian thought.
Chaos.
Throughout Grabbe's works, "chaos" remained a recurring underlying theme. The study of chaotic disorder in the form of noise in market prices, guided his works on statistically based mathematical models for option pricing. The structured disorder of fractals fascinated him deeply and led him to begin writing a series of essays about "Chaos & Fractals in Financial Markets", intended to be part of a future book; a sequel to "International Financial Markets". In the last years, when heart problems began to dominate his life, he wrote and published his
studies on e.g. game theory in the framework of quantum mechanics, itself a mathematical model of chaos in nature.
The unpredictability of random numbers was the basis for the cryptology needed for implementing the Digital Monetary Trust, as well as the basis for his politics and philosophy. The false dichotomy between Order and Chaos, where induced fears of the horrors of total chaos is the favorite tool of those who seek power to enforce their own order on others. Grabbe's position was made very clear in his own writings, as well as in his selection of articles and images from the web. His homepage was headed by deeply symbolic declarations, such as "Opposition to tyrants is obedience to God," or the summary of his mission statement, "... inspecting the global underbelly: privacy, money laundering, espionage." The speech "In Praise of Chaos" at the Eris Society, published on his Kalliste homepage was a personal declaration of independence, where if perhaps not seeking order out of chaos, at least the search of energy from the chaos was the choice apart from being subdued into lethargic subservience by the lack of entropy in stasis.
Grabbe underlined the importance of this anarchistic independence repeatedly on his homepage, showing his closeness to Discordianism and Church of the SubGenius, by the headline, "What forbids us to tell the truth, laughingly?" — Horace, Satires, I.24.
Physics.
In 2005, Grabbe published a number of papers on quantum physics in arXiv.


Fort Nathan Hale

Fort Nathan Hale, also known as Fort Hale Park, Black Rock, is a city park located on the east shore of New Haven Harbor in New Haven, Connecticut. It includes the site of a 1659 fort, a Revolutionary War-era fort, and a Civil War-era fort. The fort was named after Nathan Hale, Connecticut's official hero. Since 1921, the site has been owned by the state of Connecticut. It has been used as a park and maintained as a historical site by the City of New Haven. Educational programs are given throughout the year to students attending local schools.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. In 1970 the listing included three contributing buildings, one contributing site, and three contributing structures.
History.
In early 1776, the colony of Connecticut commissioned the construction of a fort on a point of rock that stretched out into the harbor to protect the port of New Haven from the British. This was the location of an earlier unnamed fort from circa 1657, and on this site was erected Black Rock Fort. Unfortunately for the colonists, in 1779 British General William Tryon, during his raid of Connecticut coastal communities, captured Black Rock Fort along with its nineteen defenders, but only after they had run out of ammunition. The British burned the barracks as they left. In 1807-1812, the abandoned fort was reconstructed with six guns as Fort Nathan Hale under the second system of US fortifications, and it served to defend the port from the British once again during the War of 1812. In 1863, Fort Nathan Hale II was built alongside the original fort, out of concern that Southern raiders might strike the city during the Civil War, but the fort saw no battle action. This fort contained deep, earthen, bomb-proof bunkers. Unusually, the fort was partially demolished after the war.
The fort as a historical recreation area.
The site has been known as a historic site since 1921, when Congress deeded the fort to the State, which turned it over to the City to maintain. The site was turned into a popular bathing and picnic area but pollution and the hurricane of 1938 brought such recreation to an end. The site, neglected, became overgrown and the fort fell into decay. In 1967, the Fort Nathan Hale Restoration Project was founded by a group of concerned citizens interested in the restoration and preservation of Fort Nathan Hale.
Brought back to life in time for the nation's bicentennial, Fort Nathan Hale was rededicated on July 5, 1976. Both Fort Nathan Hale and Black Rock Fort have been reconstructed and include a newly restored drawbridge, moat, ramparts, powder magazines and "bombproof" bunker. Through the efforts of FNHRP, funds are raised annually to maintain, staff and promote the facility.
In addition to the reconstructed forts, the site features a memorial flag court with replicas of flags flown during the Colonial Era, the American Revolution, War of 1812, the Civil War, and today. The court also features a copy of the Nathan Hale statue by Bela Lyon Pratt that was dedicated at Yale University in 1914 (another copy of the statue stands outside CIA headquarters in Virginia). The statue depicts a young Hale, hands bound behind his back, just before being executed by British forces for espionage.
Each year over 7,000 visitors from countries around the world tour the historic site.


Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil

Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil, Baron de Preuilly (7 March 1730 – 2 November 1807) was a French aristocrat, diplomat and statesman. He was the last Prime Minister of the Bourbon Monarchy, appointed by King Louis XVI only one hundred hours before the storming of the Bastille.
Soldier and ambassador.
Breteuil was born in 1730 at the chateau of Azay-le-Ferron (Indre) into a well-connected aristocratic family: one of his relations was confessor to the king's cousin and another was the famed mathematician and linguist Émilie, marquise du Châtelet-Laumont. He received an excellent education in Paris and later joined the army, where he fought in the Seven Years' War. In 1758 he left the army and joined the French Foreign Ministry. He was quickly appointed French ambassador to the elector of Cologne, where he proved to have valuable diplomatic skills. Two years later in 1760 he was sent to St Petersburg as the French ambassador to Imperial Russia, where he arranged to be temporarily absent from his post at the time of the palace revolution by which Catherine II was placed on the throne. In 1769 he was sent to Stockholm (Sweden), and subsequently represented his government at Vienna in 1770 (Habsburg Monarchy), in 1773 Naples (Kingdom of Naples), and again at Vienna until 1783.
In Sweden, he became a favourite friend of the young King Gustavus III, but Catherine the Great of Russia disliked him. Others saw Breteuil as a loud and impulsive fool, Joseph II and several high-ranking Austrian politicians sneered at the "fool" behind closed doors.
Household Minister.
After he returned to France, Breteuil was appointed Minister of the King's Household. In this capacity he introduced considerable reforms in prison administration. He was a liberal and humanitarian minister, and succeeded in moderating the censorship laws. He believed passionately that the monarchy should encourage intellectuals, and not view them as enemies. In 1784 he was named to a position in the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
Breteuil's time as Household Minister corresponded with the infamous Affair of the Necklace, which pitted him against his enemy, the Cardinal de Rohan. Breteuil's loyalty to Queen Marie Antoinette earned him her gratitude and trust at this difficult time. Unfortunately, Breteuil underestimated the strength of public sympathy for those responsible, and his direct attack on Rohan left the Queen open to public humiliation. He presently came into collision with Charles Alexandre de Calonne, who demanded his dismissal in 1787.
On 24 July 1788, Breteuil resigned, exhausted by the struggle for power in the King's Council. He then asked to be allowed to say farewell to the queen. Marie-Antoinette did not resent him for his handling of the affair, and even promised to help him in future if she could.
Appointment as Prime Minister.
As France became increasingly unstable, Breteuil retired to his château in Dangu. Though Breteuil was disgusted with French politics at the time, he remained absolutely loyal to the Monarchy, despite his liberal views on social culture. He complained that "anybody who dares to stand up for the old ways is despised" and claimed that "we are rushing like madmen to our destruction".
Breteuil was contacted by conservative members of the queen's circle in 1789. He agreed to become Prime Minister once they had ousted Jacques Necker from the post. Necker was popular, but royalists saw him as a dangerous publicity-seeker and a radical. A carefully orchestrated plan was drawn-up by Breteuil, the duchesse de Polignac, the King's brother the comte d'Artois and with the support of Marie-Antoinette. However, unable to restrain his hatred for Necker, the comte d'Artois rushed ahead with the plan too early. Necker was dismissed weeks before Breteuil believed he should be. Breteuil was appointed Prime Minister on 12 July 1789. Partly as a result of Necker's dismissal, the Bastille was stormed on 14 July.
Government in exile.
In such dangerous times, many prominent Royalists were forced to flee France. The duchesse de Polignac escaped to Switzerland, and Louis XVI sent the comte d'Artois abroad to save him from assassination. Breteuil went first to a spa town in Imperial territory before journeying to Switzerland with the first party of "émigrés".
The French royal family were placed under house arrest in October. The hatred and violence surrounding them gave the Queen reason to fear for her family's life. To Marie Antoinete's horror and disgust, Artois (living in Turin) then appointed Calonne to his council. Marie Antoinette despised Calonne, and his appointment was the end of her friendship with her brother-in-law. She was convinced that he could no longer be trusted to preserve the monarchy's best interests. It was Marie Antoinette's decision, therefore, that Breteuil be appointed Prime Minister-in-exile. Louis XVI supported her in this move, but it was Marie Antoinette who took the initiative and formalised Breteuil's appointment. In effect, he was now the Royal Family's chief diplomat abroad. At Soleure, in November 1790, he received from Louis XVI exclusive powers to negotiate with the European courts, and in his efforts to check the ill-advised diplomacy of the "émigré" princes, he soon brought himself into opposition with his old rival Calonne, who held a chief place in their councils.
Varennes.
In coordination with Marie Antoinette's favourite, the Swedish count Axel von Fersen, Breteuil organised the royal family's escape from Paris in 1791, garnering support from King Gustavus III of Sweden. The attempt almost succeeded, but was foiled at the last minute by Jean-Baptiste Drouet, the Republican son of a local postmaster. It was also Breteuil who negotiated with the monarchies of Europe to persuade them to fight the French Revolution. After the failure of the flight to Varennes, Breteuil received instructions from Louis XVI, designed to restore amicable relations with the princes. His distrust of the king's brothers and his defence of Louis XVI's prerogative were to some extent justified, but his intransigent attitude towards these princes emphasized the dissensions of the royal family in the eyes of foreign sovereigns, who looked on the comte de Provence as the natural representative of his brother and found a pretext for non-interference on Louis's behalf in the contradictory statements of the negotiators.
His attempts were ultimately in vain. The Bourbon monarchy in France was overthrown in 1792, followed by massacres of many Royalists in Paris. In January 1793, Louis XVI was executed. In October, Marie Antoinette met a similar fate. In 1795, their son, Louis XVII died in prison.
Later life.
Breteuil himself was the object of violent attacks from the party of the princes, who asserted that he persisted in exercising powers which had been revoked by Louis XVI. After the execution of Marie Antoinette he retired into private life near Hamburg. Breteuil spent the next decade in exile. His loyalty to the House of Bourbon had ended with the death of the little boy-king in 1795. He was hated by Louis XVI's two surviving brothers, particularly by the comte d'Artois.
Breteuil was allowed to return to France in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, having made his peace with the First French Empire. He tried to urge other Royalists to join him, but he was largely unsuccessful. Most preferred to stay loyal to the exiled Bourbons.
Breteuil died in France in 1807. A Bourbon Restoration occurred in 1814, but was deposed again by the 1830 July Revolution.
Legacy.
Breteuil's secret correspondence with Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette was recently discovered in an Austrian castle by British historian Professor Munro Price. His findings were presented in "The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the baron de Breteuil", (sometimes titled "The Road from Versailles"). To date, it is the most comprehensive book on Breteuil's career and his fight to save the French Monarchy.
The Pavillon de Breteuil, in Sèvres, France, home of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, is named after the baron.


Kinston Free Press

The Free Press is an American, English language daily newspaper based in Kinston, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It has served the city of Kinston and Lenoir County, North Carolina since 1882. "The Free Press" was owned by Freedom Communications until 2012, when Freedom sold its Florida and North Carolina papers to Halifax Media Group. In November 2014, Halifax announced the sale of The Free Press and its other properties to New Media Investment Group Inc. In 2015, Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group, which was merged into Gannett in 2019.
Printing.
It was a broadsheet-format daily until June 1, 2009, when it and two sister dailies, the New Bern, North Carolina "Sun Journal" and the Jacksonville, North Carolina "Daily News" converted to a berliner-style format. Since the format change all three papers are laid out and are published in Jacksonville.
The Free Press (and its sister publications in New Bern and Jacksonville) returned to the broadsheet format on May 1, 2014, after readers requested the change.
The "Free Press" is available on the Internet ( for full access) and on Facebook for dissemination of news and interaction with readers.
History.
The "Free Press" was founded in 1882 by Josephus and his brother Charles Daniels. The newspaper was an active supporter of Grover Cleveland and the Democratic party. The name has changed several times since then.
Awards.
The "Free Press" is a member of the North Carolina Press Association. The "Free Press" won 47 North Carolina Press Association awards from 2010–12, the most in a three-year period in the paper's history. It was named the top newspaper in North Carolina's Class D (Daily, 12,000-and-under) in 2014.


Liberalism and radicalism in Spain

This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Spain. It is limited to liberal and radical parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having been represented in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary that parties label themselves as a liberal or radical party.
Background.
In the nineteenth century, liberalism was a major political force in Spain, but as in many other continental European countries care must be taken over the use of labels as this term was used with different meanings (this is discussed in the article on Radicalism (historical).
As in much of Europe, the nineteenth-century history of Spain would largely revolve around the conflicts "between" the three major liberal currents - radicalism; progressive classical liberalism, or conservative classical liberalism. While all three rejected the Catholic, traditionalist, and absolutist Old Regime, each had a different perspective on the urgency and degree to which state and society needed reforming to modernize the values and institutions.
Liberal thinkers.
In the Contributions to liberal theory the following Spanish thinkers are included:


Peter Karl Holmesland

Peter Karl Holmesland (24 June 1866 - 1933) was a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Liberal Party.
Born in Holme as the son of former parliament member Simon Pedersen Holmesland, he enrolled as a student in 1884, graduated as cand.jur. in 1889 and started working as an attorney. In 1892 he was a clerk for Statistics Norway and the Ministry of Finance. He became acting stipendiary magistrate ("byfoged") in Larvik in 1899, and district stipendiary magistrate ("sorenskriver") in Gjerpen in 1909. Gjerpen district comprised Gjerpen, Porsgrund, Slemdal, Solum and Holla. Holmesland stayed in this position until his death in 1933.
From 1901 to 1904 he had been a member of Larvik city council. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1913, representing the urban constituency of Porsgrund. He served only one three-year term.
He married Gunhild Løvrak, and their son Eilif Løvrak Holmesland became a jurist and politician too.


Tseung Kwan O Shining

Tseung Kwan O Shining () is a local political group based in Sai Kung and Tseung Kwan O founded in 2019. In a historic pro-democracy landslide in 2019 District Council election, the group won two seats in the Sai Kung District Council.
History.
Tseung Kwan O Shining was formed in 2019 ahead the 2019 District Council election by a group of Sai Kung and Tseung Kwan O residents, aiming at running against the uncontested pro-Beijing candidates, improving community livelihood and supervising the governmental institutes. The group filled two candidates in the 2019 election, with Yu Tsun-ning contesting in Hang Hau West and Brandon Kenneth Yip running in Wai King. Both candidates won in their respective constituencies.


Left and Democrats

Left and Democrats (, LiD) was a centre-left electoral alliance of political parties in Poland which was created on 3 September 2006, before the Warsaw municipal election of 2006. The coalition's aim was to provide an alternative for both Law and Justice and Civic Platform, which have been Poland's two major political parties since 2005. LiD contested their first national election in October, 2007 and won 53 seats to the Polish parliament, the Sejm. The LiD alliance was dissolved in April 2008, following a rift between the member parties.
Origins.
On September 15, 2006, the Coalition Election Committee was officially appointed under the name of "SLD+SdPl+PD+UP – Lewica i Demokraci" (containing the abbreviations for all the member parties as well as the name 'Leftists and Democrats'). The four member parties were:
At the beginning, the coalition was created only to enter candidates in regional councils. However, later it functioned during elections to many other, smaller units of local government, such as mayorships and town councils.
The September 2006 Agreement that founded the coalition accused the then incumbent government, led by the Law and Justice party, of causing an erosion of democracy in Poland. Wojciech Olejniczak, the chairman of Democratic Left Alliance, argued that the only true alternative to Law and Justice would be a coalition of the centre and left parties, alleging that Civic Platform, then the largest opposition party in the Polish Sejm, was too close politically to the Law and Justice Party.
The party's founding act also emphasized such elements as local government, Poland as part of an "open and modern Europe", protection of democratic institutions and separation of powers, opposition to a "closed" foreign policy, and support for pluralism and tolerance as the hallmarks of a democratic society.
Polish local elections, 2006.
Platform.
Parties creating the coalition decided to follow three main principles in the lead up to the 2006 local elections:
Candidates for Mayors.
This table includes all candidates officially affiliated with, or supported by, the coalition in the 2006 local elections.
Polish parliamentary elections, 2007.
Although the coalition was initially conceived as a temporary electoral alliance for the 2006 local elections, cooperation between the parties continued, and on January 18, 2007, a Political Negotiating Committee headed by former Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski was created, for the purpose of clarifying a common centre-left political program.
The members of the Political Negotiating Committee were:
LiD contested their first national elections in October, 2007. Aleksander Kwaśniewski led the campaign, as the nominal head of the coalition, and its candidate for Prime Minister. LiD managed to take 13.2% of the national vote, and 53 seats, therefore achieving third place after the Civic Platform & Law and Justice parties, respectively. Of the 53 seats gained, the SLD took 37 seats, SDPL took 10, PD took 1, whilst non-party candidates took 5 seats (3 candidates were affiliated with the SLD and 2 affiliated with PD). The 4th coalition partner, the UP, did not win any seats. LiD did not manage to elect any of its members to the upper house Senate. Following the elections, LiD was not invited to participate in the coalition of the victorious Civic Platform with the agrarian Polish People's Party (PSL). Nevertheless, LiD held some leverage in the new Sejm, as the government on occasion needed its votes to overturn presidential vetos on government legislation. Kwaśniewski announced his resignation from the leadership of LiD, following the outcome of the election.
Dissolution.
There were several factors which led to the collapse of the LiD alliance. One of the issues was the internal disappointment with the alliance's performance in the 2007 elections. Some groups within the leading SLD party perceived that the main beneficiaries of the alliance were the SDPL and PD parties, whilst the SLD parliamentary representation dropped from 55 to 40 seats, when compared to the 2005 election. In the view of this group, SLD could have performed just as well or better outside of LiD. Another issue was the ideological and policy differences between the social-democratic parties (SLD, SDPL, UP) and the liberal-centrist PD. Whilst the social democrats were largely opposed to the proposed Missile Defence system project under negotiation between Poland and the U.S, the PD supported the move. The left also supported more liberal abortion laws and a more critical position of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, whilst the PD had concerns with this direction. Furthermore, there were suspicions within the smaller parties (SDPL, PD) as to SLD's strength and domination of LiD, whilst many of SLD's rank and file members were unhappy with being in alliance with SDPL, which was an offshoot party created through a very public and divisive split within SLD in 2004.
On 29 March 2008, SLD leader Wojciech Olejniczak, surprised his allies by issuing a media release announcing that the alliance between SLD and PD was over, as the SLD was unable to work with PD any longer. This essentially meant that the SLD was ejecting PD from the LiD alliance, without having consulted them or the other constituent LiD parties. This decision drew sharp criticism, not only from the PD, but also Aleksander Kwaśniewski, SDPL leader Marek Borowski and even from within the SLD itself. Olejniczak was one of the architects of LiD and one of its strongest defenders within the SLD. Commentators of the Polish political scene generally explain the motivation of the course of action taken by Olejniczak and his supporters, as relating to the impending battle for the leadership of the party at the SLD June party conference, between Olejniczak himself and the party general-secretary, Grzegorz Napieralski, who dominated the SLD left-wing and was known for his LiD-sceptic views.
Although Olejniczak indicated his hope that the LiD parliamentary caucus would remain intact irrespective of the LiD/PD split, on April 1, the 3 PD parliamentarians left the LiD caucus, to form a separate parliamentary group. After the SDPL leadership consulted on how that party should respond to the crisis within LiD, Borowski announced his party's support for a resumption of talks between all parties, with the aim of rebuilding LiD, to the satisfaction of all parties concerned. This proposal was rejected by the SLD, and consequently, on 19 April Borowski announced his party's withdrawal from LiD. On 23 April, 8 out of 10 SDPL's M.P's, left the LiD caucus, to form the separate grouping called SDPL-New Left ("SDPL-Nowa Lewica"). The remainder of LiD M.P's (40 from SLD and 2 from SDPL) renamed themselves "Lewica" - The Left, and the LiD alliance formally came to an end.


Benjamin Powell

Benjamin W. "Ben" Powell (born 1978) is the director of the Free Market Institute at Texas Tech University and Professor of Economics at Texas Tech University's Rawls College of Business. He is also a senior fellow at the Independent Institute and the North American Editor of the Review of Austrian Economics.
Biography.
Benjamin Powell earned his B.S. in Economics and Finance from the University of Massachusetts Lowell and his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from George Mason University. He is a professor of business economics at Texas Tech University's Rawls College of Business and the director of the Free Market Institute at Texas Tech University. Previously, he was an associate professor of economics at Suffolk University and an assistant professor of economics at San Jose State University. He has performed numerous other professional roles in the past including director of the Center on Entrepreneurial Innovation at the Independent Institute., President of Association of Private Enterprise Education, North American Editor of the Review of Austrian Economics, Senior Economist at the Beacon Hill Institute, Editorial Board Member at the Journal of Private Enterprise, and host and co-executive producer of KTTZ Channel 5 Lubbock's—a PBS affiliate—Free to Exchange.
Research.
Sweatshops.
Powell's academic interest in sweatshops dates back to at least 2004, when he wrote a working paper along with David Skarbek for the Independent Institute looking at how sweatshop jobs compared with the other jobs available to people who took them. The working paper was later published as an article for the "Journal of Labor Research". Powell also wrote an article for "Human Rights Quarterly", responding to the argument by Arnold and Hartman (2006) that activists should encourage sweatshop employers to voluntarily work toward improving the conditions of sweatshop workers. Powell has since written journal articles on sweatshops for the "Journal of Business Ethics" and Comparative Economic Studies and has also written about sweatshops based on his research in other venues, such as "Forbes", "The Christian Science Monitor", and "Dallas Morning News". He has also summarized his arguments in a 3-minute video for LearnLiberty.
Powell has been interviewed about the subject by "The Freeman", the magazine of the Foundation for Economic Education. Powell's work on sweatshops has also been reviewed online.
Economic and political systems.
Powell has studied the economics of anarchy. He wrote a journal article along with Ryan Ford and Alex Nowrasteh comparing Somalia before and after it transitioned to anarchy.
Powell has also co-authored with Edward Stringham a paper on public choice theory and its implications for the economics of anarchy.
Books.
Powell was the editor of the 2007 volume "Making Poor Nations Rich: Entrepreneurship and the Process of Economic Development" published by the Independent Institute in collaboration with Stanford University Press as part of the Stanford Economics and Finance series. He also edited "The Economics of Immigration: Market-based Approaches, Social Science, and Public Policy" (Oxford University Press, 2015).
He is the author of "Out of Poverty: Sweatshops in the Global Economy" (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
With Robert Lawson, he is the co-author of "Socialism Sucks: Two Economists Drink Their Way Through the Unfree World" (Regnery Press, 2019).


Pentagon Barracks

The Pentagon Barracks, also known as the Old United States Barracks, is a complex of buildings located at the corner of State Capitol Drive and River Road in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the grounds of the state capitol. The site was used by the Spanish, French, British, Confederate States Army, and United States Army and was part of the short-lived Republic of West Florida. During its use as a military post the site has been visited by such notable figures as Zachary Taylor,
Lafayette, Robert E. Lee, George Custer, Jefferson Davis, and Abraham Lincoln.
French, British and Spanish fort.
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville visited the area circa 1700. France retained the Baton Rouge site until the British took control in 1763.
In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, the British erected a dirt Fort New Richmond on the banks of the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez, colonial governor of Louisiana (New Spain), arrived on 20 September 1779 and found three hundred British troops garrisoning Fort New Richmond. In the Battle of Baton Rouge (1779), engineers under Spanish Governor Gálvez quickly constructed a siege line, enabling the Spanish troops to shell Fort Richmond; the British surrendered the next day. The Spanish garrisoned the fortification and renamed it Fort San Carlos.
Republic of West Florida.
American and remaining British settlers in Louisiana resisted Spanish control and rebelled in 1810 to establish the Republic of West Florida. They flew their Bonnie Blue Flag over Fort San Carlos throughout the republic's short three-month life. The Republic surrendered the city of Baton Rouge to United States authorities on December 10, 1810.
U. S. military post at Baton Rouge.
American forces renamed the fort Post at Baton Rouge. The Post at Baton Rouge served as the assembly point for American troops going to the Creek War in 1813-14 and to the Battle of New Orleans in 1814-15. The Army built the Baton Rouge Barracks just north of the Post at Baton Rouge and in 1819 demolished the former Fort San Carlos.
United States Army Captain James Gadsden designed the Baton Rouge Barracks and took charge of their construction from 1819 to 1825. The soldiers completed four two-story brick buildings, forming four sides of a regular pentagon, by 1825, hence the nickname "Pentagon Barracks." They also built a commissary-warehouse building, forming the fifth side of the pentagon, in 1821, but tore down this defective building within a few months due to faulty construction. The Pentagon Barracks could house one thousand troops.
The Army in 1825 established a large adjacent Baton Rouge Arsenal and Ordnance Depot to serve the then-Southwestern United States.
American Civil War.
The United States Army occupied the Baton Rouge Barracks and Arsenal until January 1861, when the State of Louisiana seized the post and turned the operation of the arsenal over to the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy held Baton Rouge until its evacuation during the capture of New Orleans in April 1862. Union troops took back and reoccupied the Baton Rouge complex in May 1862.
The Confederates attempted unsuccessfully to retake Baton Rouge in the Battle of Baton Rouge (1862). Union authorities renamed the Barracks and Arsenal as Fort Williams after Union General Thomas Williams, who was killed in the battle. Union soldiers built earthworks to protect the complex, incorporating an old Indian mound into the defenses.
Louisiana State University.
In 1884, the General Assembly of Louisiana passed a resolution allocating the full usage of the buildings and grounds of the Pentagon Barracks to Louisiana State University. The University gained full possession of the grounds in 1886 and the buildings were used as dormitories for the students. The grounds were used by LSU until the university moved to its current location in 1926.
Sigma Iota fraternity was founded there on November 27, 1904 as a secret society for Spanish-American students under the name La Colonia Hispano-Americana. Soon after its founding La Colonia Hispano-Americano decided to change its name to Sociedad Hispano-Americana in December 1904.
Modern use.
In 1951, ownership of the Barracks was transferred to the State of Louisiana and on July 26, 1973, the buildings were placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Pentagon Barracks still houses the offices of the lieutenant governor and private apartments for state legislators.


Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West

Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West () was a pro-democracy political group based in New Territories West existed between 2016 and 2021.
In the 2019 District Council election, nine people from the group ran and seven were elected, but the group's founder, Eddie Chu, lost. The team was asked by the Returning Officer for its position on "democratic self-determination" when applying for permission to run, and was determined to be eligible based on the answer.
On 30 July 2020, the government stated that group member Lester Shum was among a dozen pro-democracy candidates whose nominations were invalid. Shum's disqualification was determined by a process which assesses whether candidates object to the enactment of national security laws or are willing to disavow separatism.
The group supports the five demands and the implementation of universal suffrage for Legislative Council elections and for the election of the Chief Executive. In 2021, Eddie Chu announced its dissolution after he was arrested for breaching the Hong Kong national security law.


Moshe Meron

Moshe Meron (, born 22 March 1926) is an Israeli lawyer and former politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Likud between 1977 and 1981.
Biography.
Born Moshe Segal in Königsberg in Germany (today Kaliningrad in Russia), Meron made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine in 1936. He attended the Jerusalem School of Law and was certified as a lawyer. Between 1948 and 1949 he worked as a lawyer for the Israeli Air Force.
A member of Ramat Gan city council, he served as deputy mayor between 1969 and 1977. In 1977 he was elected to the Knesset on the Likud list. He was appointed Deputy Speaker and chaired the House Committee. He lost his seat in the 1981 elections, and returned to working as a lawyer, briefly serving as Ramat Gan's deputy mayor again in 1981. He has also been a member of the board of directors of several companies and research institutions.


Democrats (Croatia)

The Democrats () are a centre-left Croatian political party headed by Mirando Mrsić. The party was founded on the 20 October 2018 in Zagreb. It was officially registered with the Ministry of Public Administration on 27 November 2018.
According to the party, their program is based on a "long-term, stable, sustainable development of Croatia.
The party was part of the Amsterdam Coalition, an electoral alliance of seven Croatia liberal political parties, that participated in the 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia.
Political position.
At the founding congress, Mrsić stated that the party will campaign for "a Croatia where everybody is paid for their work and of which they can live, has a dignified pension, equal access to quality health care, equal opportunity in education and to live safely in a clean and healthy environment."
The party supports:


Alexis Grassin

Alexis Grassin (Nantes, 1 April 1776 — 24 June 1823) was a highly successful French privateer, who operated during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Career.
Born to Michel-Antoine Grassin, a naval surgeon, and Anne Denis, Alexis Grassin captained the privateer "Général Ernouf", a 14-gun brig with 115 men. In early 1806, Grassin captured "Clio" after an action of half an hour; "Clio" had escaped French naval cruisers shortly before she ran into "Général Ernouf" Between 1 July 1806 and 30 September 1807, he captured the merchantmen "Elisabeth", "Tabago", "Adventure", "Culmore", "Mermaid", "Swallow", and "Argus", for a total value of 663 000 francs. Furthermore, on 14 September 1807, he captured the schooner . He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in recognition of the deed.
In September he made a brief cruise on the privateer "Revanche" before returning to "Général Ernouf".
On 17 October 1807, Grassin captured the British slave ship , a brig of fourteen 6-pounder guns, a crew of 24 men, and a cargo of 176 "Negroes" (slaves).
Grassin then transferred to "Diligent", a 6-gun brig of 185 tons. On 11 September 1808, he captured the American merchantman "Brutus", Edwards, master, of and for New York; the capture was contested, as "Brutus" had departed in June 1807 to retrieve British goods at Madras, which was legal according to a decree of 21 November 1806, and had only become illegal since 17 December 1807; however, an Imperial decree validated the capture.
On 16 June 1809, Grassin departed Guadeloupe on "Dame Ernouf", arriving at Lorient on 28 July. "Dame Ernouf" was armed "en guerre" but laden with sugar, cotton, and coffee, and furthermore ferried Geneviève Miloent, wife of Jean Augustin Ernouf, governor of Guadeloupe, along with her handmaid and three slaves. During the voyage, he captured the Spanish schooner "Antilope", the American brig "Hanna" and ship "Joseph", and the British ships "Swift" and "Diana".
In August 1809, "Dame Ernouf" was decommissioned in Nantes, only to be recommissioned under the name "Diligent". On "Diligent", Grassin captured six ships by July 1811. On 23 August 1812, he captured the British schooner HMS "Whiting", and on 8 September 1812, the 10-gun brig HMS "Laura". In late December, "Diligent" arrived in Saint-Nazaire from Philadelphia, laden with despatches from the French ambassador to the USA.
Grassin retired at the Bourbon Restoration. He had married Catherine Daguzeau.


Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly)

The Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) (, ) is a social-democratic political party in Belarus that opposes the government of president Alexander Lukashenko.
History.
The party was founded in 2005 after the split within the BSDP (People's Assembly). It considers itself the successor of the historical Belarusian Socialist Assembly founded in 1902. Alaksandar Kazulin, a former rector of Belarusian State University, became the first party leader of the new registered party. The BSDP (People's Assembly) remained without registration and office.
At the legislative elections in 13–17 October 2004, the party did not secure any seats. These elections fell significantly short of OSCE commitments, according to the OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission . Its candidate at the presidential election of 2006, Alaksandar Kazulin, won 2.3% of the vote.
In 2011, Iryna Veshtard was elected as the new chairman of the party.
Ideology and goals of the party.
The Belarusian Social Democratic Party belongs to the community of parties associated with the Socialist International. BSDP focuses on Western European social-democratic ideology and is supported by various Western European social democratic parties. The main task of the country's foreign party promotes not only the entry of Belarus into the European Union and NATO, but also promotes the accession of Russia, Ukraine and Moldova.