Gerry Anderson

Gerry Anderson (born Gerald Alexander Abrahams; 14 April 1929 – 26 December 2012) was an English television and film producer, director, writer and occasional voice artist. He remains famous for his futuristic television programmes, especially his 1960s productions filmed with "Supermarionation" (marionette puppets containing electric moving parts).
Anderson's first television production was the 1957 Roberta Leigh children's series "The Adventures of Twizzle". "Supercar" (1961–62) and "Fireball XL5" (1962) followed later, both series breaking into the US television market in the early 1960s. In the mid-1960s Anderson produced his most successful series, "Thunderbirds". Other television productions of the 1960s include "Stingray" and "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons".
Anderson also wrote and produced several feature films whose box office performance was unexceptional. Following a shift towards live action productions in the 1970s, he had a long and successful association with media impresario Lew Grade and Grade's company ITC, continuing until the second series of "".
After a career lull when a number of new series concepts failed to get off the ground, his career began a new phase in the early 1980s when audience nostalgia for his earlier Supermarionation series (prompted by Saturday morning re-runs in Britain and Australia) led to new Anderson productions being commissioned. Later projects include a 2005 CG remake of "Captain Scarlet" entitled "Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet".
Early life.
Gerald Alexander Abrahams was born in the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital in Bloomsbury, London, and spent the early years of his life in Kilburn, and Neasden, London. He was educated at Kingsgate Infants School in Kilburn and Braintcroft Junior and Senior schools in Neasden, prior to winning a scholarship to Willesden County Grammar School. His parents were Deborah ("née" Leonoff) and Joseph Abrahams.
Anderson's Jewish paternal grandfather had the surname Bieloglovski. He fled from an area near the Poland–Russia border and settled in London; his name was changed to "Abrahams" by an immigration official upon his arrival in 1895. Anderson's Jewish mother Deborah changed the family name to "Anderson" in 1939.
At the start of the Second World War, Gerry Anderson's elder brother, Lionel, volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force; he was stationed in the United States for advanced training. Lionel often wrote letters to his family, and in one letter described a US Army Air Forces air base called Thunderbird Field, the name of which stayed in his younger brother's memory.
On 16 October 1952, Anderson married Betty Wrightman (b. 1929 d. 2016). They had two daughters, Linda (b. 1954) and Joy (b. 1957).
Television, film and military career.
Gerry Anderson began his career in photography, earning a traineeship with the British Colonial Film Unit after the war. He developed an interest in film editing and moved on to Gainsborough Pictures, where he gained further experience. In 1947 he was conscripted for national service with the Royal Air Force. He was based at RAF Manston, an airfield near Margate, and served part of his time in air traffic control. On one occasion, a Spitfire was coming in to land. It was only about 50 feet above the ground before the runway controller alerted the pilot to the fact the plane's undercarriage hadn't lowered. The pilot opened up the throttle and climbed away. As this was a moment Anderson always remembered, he found it all too easy to write about aircraft when he devised stories for "Thunderbirds". After completing his military service, he returned to Gainsborough, where he worked until the studio was closed in 1950. He then worked freelance on a series of feature films.
In the mid-1950s, Anderson joined the independent television production company Polytechnic Studios as a director, where he met cameraman Arthur Provis. After Polytechnic collapsed, Anderson, Provis, Reg Hill and John Read formed Pentagon Films in 1955. Pentagon was wound up soon after and Anderson and Provis formed a new company, AP Films, for Anderson-Provis Films, with Hill and Read as their partners. Anderson continued his freelance directing work to obtain funds to maintain the fledgling company.
AP Films' first television venture was produced for Granada Television. Created by Roberta Leigh, "The Adventures of Twizzle" (1957–1958) was a series for young children about a doll with the ability to 'twizzle' his arms and legs to greater lengths. It was Anderson's first work with puppets, and the start of his long and successful collaborations with puppeteer Christine Glanville, special effects technician Derek Meddings and composer/arranger Barry Gray. It was Anderson's desire to move into live-action television.
"The Adventures of Twizzle" was followed by another low-budget puppet series with Leigh, "Torchy the Battery Boy" (1958–1959). Although the APF puppet productions made the Andersons world-famous, Gerry Anderson was always unhappy about working with puppets. He used them primarily to get attention from and a good reputation with TV networks, hoping to have them serve as a stepping stone to his goal of making live-action film and TV drama.
Supermarionation.
During the production of "The Adventures of Twizzle", Anderson started an affair with secretary Sylvia Thamm and ultimately left his wife and children. Following his divorce from his first wife, Anderson married Thamm in November 1960.
AP Films' third series was the children's western fantasy-adventure series "Four Feather Falls" (1959–60). Provis left the partnership, but the company retained the name AP Films for several more years. "Four Feather Falls" was the first Anderson series to use an early version of the so-called "Supermarionation" process, though this term had yet to be used.
Despite APF's success with "Four Feather Falls", Granada did not commission another series from them, so Anderson took up the offer to direct a film for Anglo-Amalgamated Studios. "Crossroads to Crime" was a low-budget B-grade crime thriller, and although Anderson hoped that its success might enable him to move into mainstream film-making, it failed at the box office.
By this time, APF was in financial trouble and the company was struggling to find a buyer for their new puppet series. They were rescued by a fortuitous meeting with Lew Grade, the Associated Television (ATV) boss who offered to buy the show. This began a long friendship and a very successful professional association between the two men.
The new series, "Supercar", (1960–61) was developed by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and Reg Hill based on a story written by Sylvia Anderson and marked several important advances for APF. Sylvia Anderson took on a larger role and became a partner in the company. The series was also the official debut of Supermarionation, the electronic system that made the marionettes more lifelike and convincing on screen. The system used the audio signal from pre-recorded tapes of the actors' voices to trigger solenoids installed in the heads of the puppets, making their lips move in synchronisation with the voices of the actors, and actresses.
One of Anderson's most successful ventures was inaugurated during the production of "Supercar". The establishment of AP Films (Merchandising) Ltd, a separate company set up to handle the licensing of merchandising rights for APF properties, was headed by Keith Shackleton (not the wildlife artist and TV presenter of the same name), a longtime friend of Anderson's from their National Service days.
The next series by APF was the futuristic space adventure "Fireball XL5" (1962). At the time it was the company's biggest success, garnering the honour of being the only Anderson series sold to an American TV network, NBC. Around this time, Anderson also saw his Supermarionation style attract imitators—most notably "Space Patrol (US title: Planet Patrol)" which used similar techniques and was made by several former employees and associates of Anderson, including Arthur Provis and Roberta Leigh.
After the completion of "Fireball XL5", Lew Grade offered to buy AP Films. Although Anderson was initially reluctant, the deal eventually went ahead, with Grade becoming the managing director, and the Andersons, Hill, and Read becoming directors of the company.
Shortly after the buy-out, APF began production on a new marionette series, "Stingray" (1964), the first British TV series to be filmed in colour. For the new production APF moved to new studios in Slough. The new and bigger facilities allowed them to make major improvements in special effects, notably in the underwater sequences, as well as advances in marionette technology, with the use of a variety of interchangeable heads for each character to convey different expressions.
"Thunderbirds".
APF's next project for ATV was inspired by a mining disaster that occurred in West Germany in October 1963. This real-life drama inspired Anderson to create a new programme format about a rescue organisation, which eventually became his most famous and popular series, "Thunderbirds" (1965–1966). The dramatic title was inspired by the letter Anderson's older brother Lionel had written to his family during World War II.
Grade was very enthusiastic about the concept and agreed to back a series of 25-minute episodes (the same length as "Stingray"), so the Andersons scripted a pilot episode, "Trapped in the Sky", and began production. Gerry initially wanted actress Fenella Fielding to perform the voice of Lady Penelope, but Sylvia convinced her husband that she herself ought to play the role. "Thunderbirds" also marked the start of a long professional association with actor Shane Rimmer, who voiced Scott Tracy.
Production on "Thunderbirds" had been under way for several months when Grade saw the completed 25-minute version of "Trapped in the Sky". He was so excited by the result that he insisted that the episodes be extended to fifty minutes. With a substantial increase in budget, the production was restructured to expand episodes already filmed or in pre-production, and create new 50-minute scripts for the remainder. Grade and others were so convinced that "Thunderbirds" would be a success that a feature-film version of the series was proposed even before the pilot episode went to air. At this approximate time, APF was renamed Century 21 Productions.
After APF was renamed Century 21 Productions, it enjoyed its greatest success with "Thunderbirds", and the series made the Andersons world famous. However, it was cancelled midway through the second series because Grade was unable to sell the show to an American network. Despite being wildly popular in the UK and abroad, Grade felt that without an American buyer, a full second series would fail to recoup its cost. It would later find moderate success in the United States through syndication.
During the production of "Thunderbirds" the Andersons' marriage began to come under increasing strain, and the company also had a setback when the feature film "Thunderbirds Are GO" surprisingly flopped. In later interviews, Anderson said that he considered divorce, but this was halted when Sylvia announced that she was pregnant. Their son, Gerry Anderson Jr., was born in July 1967.
By that time, production had started on a new series, "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" (1967), which saw the advent of more realistic marionette characters which, thanks to improvements in electronics which allowed miniaturisation of the lip-sync mechanisms, could now be built closer to normal human proportions.
Century 21's second feature film, "Thunderbird 6", was also unsuccessful, and the problems were compounded by their next (and penultimate) Supermarionation series, "Joe 90" (1968). This series returned to more 'kid-friendly' territory, depicting the adventures of a young boy who is also a secret agent and whose scientist father uses a supercomputer called 'BIG RAT' which can 'program' Joe with special knowledge and abilities for his missions. Its relatively poor reception made it the last of the classic Anderson marionette shows.
Live-action work.
Anderson's next project took the special effects expertise built up over previous TV projects and combined it with live action. Century 21's third feature film, "Doppelgänger" (1969) (a.k.a. "Journey to the Far Side of the Sun") was a dark, "Twilight Zone"-style sci-fi project about an astronaut who travels to a newly discovered planet on the opposite side of the sun, which proves to be an exact mirror-image of Earth, starring American actor Roy Thinnes. Although it was not a major commercial success, "Doppelgänger" was nominated for an Academy Award for its special effects.
Century 21's return to television was the abortive series "The Secret Service", which this time mixed live action with Supermarionation. The series was inspired by Anderson's love of British comedian Stanley Unwin, who was known for his nonsense language, 'Unwinese', which he created and used on radio, in film and most famously on the 1968 Small Faces LP "Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake". Despite Anderson's track record and Unwin's popularity, the series was cancelled before its first screening; Lew Grade considered that it would be incomprehensible to American audiences, and thus unsellable.
In 1969 the Andersons began production of a new TV series, "UFO", Century 21's first full live-action television series. This sci-fi action-adventure series starred American-born actor Ed Bishop (who had also provided the voice of Captain Blue in "Captain Scarlet & The Mysterons") as Commander Edward Straker, head of the secret defence organisation SHADO, set up to counter an alien invasion. "UFO" was more adult in tone than any of Anderson's puppet series, and mixed Century 21's signature futuristic action-adventure and special effects with serious dramatic elements. "UFO" was the last series made under the Century 21 Productions banner.
During production of "UFO," Gerry Anderson was approached directly by Harry Saltzman (at the time co-producer of the James Bond film series with Albert "Cubby" Broccoli), and was invited to write and produce the next film in the series, which was to be "Moonraker." Collaborating with Tony Barwick to provide the characterisation, whilst he himself focused on the action sequences, Anderson wrote and delivered a treatment to Saltzman. Nothing ultimately came of it, and Broccoli and Saltzman proceeded to make "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971) and "Live and Let Die" (1973) and, after co-producing 1974's Bond film, "The Man with the Golden Gun", the Saltzman-Broccoli partnership dissolved. Offered £20,000 for the treatment, Anderson refused, fearing that if he accepted he would not be at the helm when it was made; the next Bond film to be made was 1977's "The Spy Who Loved Me." (This film used only the title of the actual Ian Fleming novel.) Anderson started legal proceedings against Broccoli for plagiarism of story elements but withdrew the action shortly after, nervous of the legal might lined up against him. He relinquished the treatment, and received £3,000 in compensation. A film version of "Moonraker" was eventually produced in 1979, but did not involve any of Anderson's material.
By the time "UFO" concluded, the relationship between the Andersons had deteriorated. Although produced under the aegis of a new company, Group Three Productions (the three being both of the Andersons and Reg Hill), Anderson decided not to work with his wife on his next project, the ITC action series "The Protectors". It was one of Anderson's few non-original projects. Lew Grade himself was heavily involved in the programme, and cast both the lead actors, Robert Vaughn and Nyree Dawn Porter. The production was difficult for Anderson, who clashed with the famously difficult Vaughn. There were also many logistical problems arising from the Europe-wide filming of the show, but it was very successful in both the UK and America and its theme song "Avenues and Alleyways" became a hit record in the UK for singer Tony Christie. It was also the first live-action series produced by Anderson to survive to a second season.
"Space: 1999".
Following "The Protectors", Anderson worked on several new projects, none of which he was able to take into production. A proposed second series of "UFO" was not undertaken, and a return to marionettes in the television pilot for a series called "The Investigator" failed to find a buyer. Elements of the abandoned second series of "UFO" were eventually turned into what became the most expensive television series ever made at that time, ".
Another futuristic science-fiction adventure, it was based on the premise that a huge thermonuclear explosion on the Moon's surface (caused by the storage of nuclear waste there) projected the Moon out of orbit and into interplanetary space. The series starred the American husband-and-wife actors Martin Landau and Barbara Bain, who had gained international fame in the TV series ". They were cast at the insistence of Grade, and against Sylvia Anderson's strenuous objections.
The Andersons' marriage broke down irretrievably during the first series of "" in 1975; Gerry announced his intention to separate on the evening of the wrap party. Sylvia severed her ties with Group Three, and to alleviate his financial plight, Gerry Anderson sold his share of the profits from the APF/Century 21 shows and their holiday home in Portugal to Lew Grade, in return for a one-off payment.
Between making the two series of "Space: 1999", Anderson produced a one-off television special, "The Day After Tomorrow" (also known as "Into Infinity"), about two spacefaring families en route to Alpha Centauri, for an NBC series of programmes illustrating current scientific theory for popular consumption. While making this project, Anderson met Mary Robins (b. 1949), a secretary working at the studios; they began a relationship and were married on 11 April 1981.
"Space: 1999" was successful enough that a second (and final) series went into production in 1976 with American producer Fred Freiberger brought in to replace Sylvia Anderson. Freiberger was known for producing the final season of the original "". Under Freiberger the series underwent a number of cast and cosmetic changes. "Space: 1999" marked the end of Anderson's association with ATV.
By the late 1970s, Anderson's life and career were at a low point: he was in financial difficulty, found it hard to get work, and he experienced family difficulties.
1980s.
During December 1980, Gerry and Sylvia's marriage was officially over, and they divorced. In 1981, episodes of many of Anderson's Supermarionation series were combined and edited together as films. These aired under the title "Super Space Theatre". A number of similar reedited feature-length productions were also syndicated and released on VHS video tape (for example, "Destination: Moonbase Alpha", which was a reedited version of a two-part "Space: 1999" storyline). Some of these were marketed in the US as part of a series of action-adventure videos featuring specially shot introductions by actress Sybil Danning.
In the early 1980s, Anderson formed a new partnership, Anderson Burr Pictures Ltd, with businessman Christopher Burr. The new company's first production was based on an unrealised concept devised by Anderson in the late 1970s for a Japanese cartoon series. "Terrahawks" marked Anderson's return to working with puppets, but rather than marionettes this series used a new system dubbed 'Supermacromation' which used highly sophisticated glove puppets—an approach inspired by the advances in this form of marionation made by Jim Henson and his colleagues.
It featured another reuse of the "Captain Scarlet"/"UFO" formula of a secret organisation defending against aliens. "Terrahawks" ran successfully from 1983 to 1986 in the UK but fell short of a four-year American syndication deal by one season when the show was cancelled. "Terrahawks" retains a cult following to this day. Anderson had claimed on record that he would rather forget the show.
Anderson hoped to continue his renewed success with a series called "Space Police", a new show mixing live action and puppets. The "Space Police" name had already been registered by another company, so Anderson's programme eventually emerged in 1995 as "Space Precinct". A pilot film had previously been made with Shane Rimmer, but it took almost ten years to get the concept to the screen. In the meantime, Anderson and Burr produced the cult stop-motion animated series "Dick Spanner", which enjoyed many showings on the British Channel 4 in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was the final project completed by Anderson Burr. Anderson then joined the Moving Picture Company as a commercials director, and provided special effects direction for the musical comedy "Return to the Forbidden Planet".
1990s.
The cult appeal of "Thunderbirds" and the other Supermarionation series grew steadily over the years and was celebrated by comedy and stage productions such as the hit two-man stage revue "Thunderbirds FAB". In the early 1990s, ITC began releasing home video versions of the Supermarionation shows, and the profile of the shows was further enhanced by productions such as the Dire Straits music video for their single "Calling Elvis", which was made as an affectionate "Thunderbirds" pastiche (with Anderson co-producing), and by Lady Penelope and Parker appearing in a series of UK advertisements for Swinton Insurance.
In 1991 Gerry asked journalist and author Simon Archer to write his biography, following an interview by the latter for a series of articles for "Century 21" magazine. In September that year in the UK, BBC2 began a repeat showing of "Thunderbirds", which rivalled the success of its original run a generation before. This was also surprisingly the series' network television premiere, having never been shown nationally by ITV. It became so popular in Britain that toy manufacturers Matchbox were unable to keep up with the demand for the Tracy Island playset, leading children's show "Blue Peter" to broadcast a segment showing children how to construct their own for a second time, the first being during the original run. The fan base for the Anderson shows was now worldwide and growing steadily, and Anderson found himself in demand for personal and media appearances.
In response to this greater demand Anderson performed a successful one-man show in 1992, which Archer had written and constructed. Entitled "An Evening with Gerry Anderson", it took the form of an illustrated lecture in which he talked about his career, and his most popular shows. He also made numerous media and personal appearances to tie in with revivals and video cassette releases of "Stingray", "Thunderbirds", "Captain Scarlet" and "Joe 90".
Anderson was interviewed for the BBC's 1993 "Doctor Who" documentary, "Thirty Years in the TARDIS". He joked that, despite his career of making children's programming, the "real tragedy of my life" was that his own son Jamie (appearing with him) was a "Doctor Who" fanatic.
By 1993 Archer published the trivia book "Gerry Anderson's FAB Facts". Archer was killed in a car crash on London's orbital M25 motorway on his way to the publishers to collect one of the first print run to present to Anderson, and the book later had to be withdrawn from sale and thousands of copies destroyed as a result of a copyright dispute with ITC America.
The renewed interest enabled Anderson to return to television production, but several projects including "GFI" (an animated update of "Thunderbirds") did not make it into production. Finally, in 1994, Anderson was able to get "Space Precinct" into production. It was followed by "Lavender Castle", a children's sci-fi fantasy series combining stop-motion animation and computer-generated imagery.
In the meantime, the biography, which had been set aside since Archer's death, had been picked up again and was completed by Stan Nicholls from Archer's original notes and manuscript, finally being published in 1996 shortly before "Lavender Castle" went into production.
Around this time Anderson was reunited with his elder son, Gerry Jr., Anderson reportedly experienced powerful feelings of animosity toward his ex-wife Sylvia at the idea she had been responsible for his enforced estrangement from his son.
Later career.
By December 1999, Anderson was working on plans for a computer animated sequel to "Captain Scarlet", and he showed early test reels at a few fan conventions. These reels had the visual design and characters looking very much as they had in the original show, although the vehicle designs had been somewhat modernised. Several years after the initial tests the project evolved into the remake "Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet," by which time the entire appearance had been significantly updated.
Anderson was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2001.
Along with his then business partner John Needham, Anderson created another new series entitled "Firestorm", financed by Japanese investors and featured anime style animation. Other planned shows with other Japanese backers, including "Eternity" failed to come to fruition. "Firestorm" sold throughout S.E.Asia. Anderson and Needham parted company in 2003.
Anderson was originally approached to be involved in a live-action feature film adaptation of "Thunderbirds" as far back as 1996, but he was actually turned away by the producers of the 2004 film "Thunderbirds," which was directed by Jonathan Frakes, after first being invited to meet with them. He distanced himself overtly from the project, later turning down an offer of $750,000 simply to write an endorsement of the film shortly before its release; Sylvia Anderson served as a consultant on the project and received a "special thanks" credit in the film. The film received poor critical reviews and was unsuccessful at the US box-office. Anderson disliked the film, describing it as "the biggest load of crap I have ever seen in my life".
"Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet" finally premiered in the UK in February 2005. The show cost £23,000,000 to produce, and was the most expensive children's programme ever to be made in the UK (until Ragdoll's In the Night Garden came out 2 years later). Many companies invested in producing toys and merchandise. Broadcaster ITV incorporated episodes into an existing children's show and showed it in two halves, separated by games and adverts. Disappointing merchandising sales followed. The accompanying comic lasted only six editions before being scrapped by its publishers. Anderson's displeasure at ITV's handling of the show was widely reported. The series was subsequently released on DVD.
2005 also saw the 40th Anniversary of "Thunderbirds," and a wide range of merchandise was produced to celebrate the event. In 2006, ITV re-ran the entire series on its fledgling CITV channel, a digital service available on cable, satellite and the Freeview service. ITV4, another digital channel, also ran repeats of "UFO" and "" up until the end of 2009.
In March 2011, Anderson was working with Daniel Pickering and Annix Studios on a new project named "Christmas Miracle", a children's CGI animated feature.
In June 2012 it was publicised that Anderson had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
Death.
Anderson died in his sleep on 26 December 2012 at the age of 83 after a diagnosis of dementia. The news was announced on his son Jamie's website, who wrote, "I'm very sad to announce the death of my father, Thunderbirds creator, Gerry Anderson. He died peacefully in his sleep at midday today (26th December 2012), having suffered with mixed dementia for the past few years. He was 83."
Voice actor Matt Zimmerman who voiced Alan Tracy and supporting characters in "Thunderbirds" spoke to BBC News about Anderson's death praising his work saying "it's a big part of people's lives" saying also that "people speak of the shows with such affection, and I held Gerry with that kind of affection as well. I am very pleased to have known him and I feel very sorry for Jamie and his wife Mary." David Graham who voiced Gordon Tracy, Parker, Brains and Kyrano said it was "a very sad day".
Tributes from across the world of television and radio poured in, among them TV presenter Jonathan Ross, DJ Chris Evans, comedian Eddie Izzard and actors Brian Blessed and John Barrowman. Ross tweeted "For men of my age his work made childhood an incredible place to be." Blessed, who worked with Anderson on "Space 1999" and "The Day After Tomorrow" said, "I think a light has gone out in the universe. He had a great sense of humour. He wasn’t childish but child-like and he had a tremendous love of the universe and astronomy and scientists."
Fanderson chairman Nick Williams paid tribute to Anderson by saying "To those who met him Gerry was a quiet, unassuming but determined man. His desire to make the best films he could drove him and his talented teams to innovate, take risks, and do everything necessary to produce quite inspirational works. Gerry's legacy is that he inspired so many people and continues to bring so much joy to so many millions of people around the world."
The Humanist funeral was announced for Friday 11 January 2013 at Reading crematorium. His son Jamie went on to say that his father expressed his desire to let fans of the shows attend his funeral, alongside friends, family and cast members. Jamie also spoke about the number of messages sent by fans, saying, "We have been so touched by the outpouring of sympathy from all over the world. We have had messages from India, Uganda, Australia – and from people aged between seven to 70. It is so nice to know how my father touched people's lives across all the continents." Jamie went on to add, "But I'm proudest of him for the contribution he made to the Alzheimer's Society. He was so torn apart by his illness. But his involvement with the charity raised £1million in just a year."
Anderson was cremated, following a ceremony that brought together hundreds of colleagues, family and fans. Anderson's coffin was decorated with a floral Thunderbird 2 as his body was taken into the service, where musical scores of the "Thunderbirds" theme tune and "Aqua Marina" from "Stingray" were played. Amongst the hundreds in attendance was car owner Melvin Jarvis, who drove to the service in a full-scale replica of Lady Penelope's Rolls-Royce FAB1. Also in attendance was Shane Rimmer, who voiced Scott Tracy in "Thunderbirds"; he spoke about his time on the show, saying, "It was a truly unique experience. Gerry's office was like the Oval Office at The White House at times, such was the mystique of the place. "Thunderbirds" really broke a mould as it was one of the first TV shows that had appeal on both sides of the Atlantic."
The first episode of "Strange Hill High", "King Mitchell", was dedicated to his memory.
Legacy.
On 25 March 2013, in an announcement on the official Gerry Anderson website, Anderson's younger son Jamie announced that a number of projects that Anderson had been unable to finish during his lifetime were being developed by his company Anderson Entertainment and would be financed primarily through Kickstarter crowdfunding. On 27 July 2013 the name of the first Gerry Anderson legacy project was announced on the official Gerry Anderson website as a trilogy of novels entitled "Gemini Force One". The first novel, "Black Orchid", was published in 2014. In 2019 a pilot episode for a new puppet-based science fiction series based upon concepts developed by Anderson, "Gerry Anderson's Firestorm", was released on YouTube by Anderson Enterainment. It uses a combination of hand- and electronically controlled puppets and green screen effects in an updated form of Supermarionation dubbed "Ultramarionation". Production of a full-length series was scheduled to begin in 2019.
Filmography.
Сommercials.
An info-commercial style advertising campaign for Blue Car European coach tours show during 1960–1961 in fifteen minute segments on British television.
Other related works.
Over the years, various British comics have featured strips based on Anderson's creations. These started with "TV Comic" during the early 1960s, followed by "TV Century 21" and its various sister publications: "Lady Penelope", "TV Tornado", "Solo" and "Joe 90" (which were produced by a company affiliated with Anderson). In the 1970s there was "Countdown" (later renamed "TV Action"). There were also tie-in annuals that were produced each year featuring Anderson's TV productions.


Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa Sr.

Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa Sr., PhD (1880–1958), a professor at Stanford University, was an internationally known scholar because of his studies in Spanish and Spanish American folklore and philology. He was especially known for his promotion of the study of the Spanish language and literature.
Personal life.
Aurelio Espinosa was born in El Carnero, Colorado in the mostly Hispanic San Luis Valley, on September 12, 1880 to Celso and Rafaela Espinosa. His parents, descendants of the first New Mexicans to settle in Colorado in the mid-1800s, lived on a homestead and raised cattle and sheep. He was one of fourteen children. His bilingual education began with his father, who was a school teacher. He learned about Spanish folk tales and ballads from his uncle, Don Ramon Martinez, who lived in the mountains of southern Colorado. The Espinosas moved to Del Norte, Colorado by 1895 when Espinosa began attending the Del Norte High School. He graduated in June 1898. The family then moved to Boulder, Colorado so that Espinosa and his older brother Tobias could attend the college there.
He married in 1905, to Margarita García, also of New Mexican Spanish descent, and had five children, Margarita, Aurelio, Jose Manuel, Josefita, and Francisco Ramon. Four of their children became educators. He died on September 4, 1958 after a long illness.
Career.
Espinosa attended the University of Colorado in Boulder, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1902. Immediately after, he started work at the University of New Mexico, where he became a professor of modern languages. He received his MA from University of Colorado, and in 1909, he completed his Ph.D. cum laude at the University of Chicago. His dissertation earned him the attention of several people in the United States, one of the most noted, Professor Ford of Harvard University. Professor Ford recommended him to the head of the Romanic Languages department at Stanford University, and the head offered him a position in the department. He joined Stanford faculty in 1910 and remained there until his retirement. He became the chairman of the Department of Romanic Languages from 1933 to 1947. He retired from his position at Stanford University in 1947.
He was known for his association with major figures also in his field of studies. He became a lifelong friend and colleague of Ramón Menéndez Pidal, to whom he presented 200 versions of forty uncollected ballads in Spain (similar to what his son would do later before the Spanish civil war). He also corresponded with Rodolfo Lenz, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, and Ramon Laval, José María Chacón y Calvo, Fernando Ortíz, and Carolina Poncet. He also worked with anthropologists, especially Franz Boas and Elsie Clews Parsons. With Boas, he studied the influence of Hispanic folklore among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.
He was also amongst the founders of the Societe Internationale de Dialectologie Romane in 1909, the American Association of Teachers of Spanish in 1917 (later president in 1928), and the Linguistic Society of America in 1925. He was president of the American Folklore Society for the years 1924 and 1925. The Spanish government granted him the name of Commander of the Royal Order of Isabel la Católica; he received the Grand Cross of the Order of Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso the Wise), and was a member of the Instituto de Cultura Hispánica. He was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy, the Hispanic Society of America, and the Academia Hispanoamericana de Ciencias y Letras de Cádiz.
Espinosa received two honorary degrees: one from the University of San Francisco, and the other from the University of New Mexico.
Legacy.
Espinosa was one of the first academic folklorists who took interest in using American materials, creating a precise methodology and framework to folklore studies. He started his examination and analysis of the Spanish language more than fifty years after the U.S.-Mexico War and the subsequent occupation of New Mexico by Anglo-Americans, which means he came to study a cultural identity that was disrupted and often contested. He also came into intellectual maturity during a time when folklore as a discipline was growing in the United States and elsewhere.
Despite his sometimes disapproved-of conservative politics, Espinosa did contribute largely to the study of New Mexican culture and how intertwined that culture is with that of its Spanish settlers during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. He began with his dissertation, "Studies in New-Mexican Spanish" (1909), which was published in three parts (Phonology, Morphology, the English Elements) between the years 1909 and 1914. In this work, he emphasizes how the Spanish dialect spoken in New Mexico is a perfect conservation of the Spanish that was first introduced during the sixteenth century. He also described the fusion between the two languages (English and Spanish) that became common in Northern New Mexico due to the settling of Anglo-Americans; this fusion included the incorporation of English-origin words and the Hispanicization of certain words. Along with the study of the interaction between the languages, he also studied Spanish ballads, folktales, proverbs, riddles, children's games, and nursery rhymes. He was the first to collect vast numbers of versions of the same ballads/folktales (especially noted is the "Tar Tar Baby" story) and therefore create a lens into the New Mexican and Spanish ideas of morality and ethics, human virtue and failing, their political and social views, and their history.
He also did extensive research with Franz Boas on the influence of Spanish on the Pueblo Indians, natives of the New Mexico region. They looked into the Spanish influence on prayers, aspects of their dances and ceremonies on Catholic religious days, influences on their folktales and nursery rhymes, and the appearance of Spanish ballads in the oral tradition of the Pueblo Indians. He wrote a number of articles for the "Catholic Encyclopedia".
Works.
Many of his works were also published in France, Spain, and Germany, hence his international recognition.


Scott MacIntyre

Scott Douglas MacIntyre (born June 22, 1985) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist, and the eighth place finalist on the eighth season of "American Idol". MacIntyre is visually impaired, and while not completely blind, he suffers from tunnel vision and has only a two-percent field of vision, both due to Leber's congenital amaurosis.
Early life.
MacIntyre was born in Redondo Beach, California to Douglas R. and Carole C. (Williams) MacIntyre and has a younger brother, Todd (born 1988) and a younger sister, Katelyn (born 1991). MacIntyre started playing the piano by ear when he was three years old. He was taught by a neighborhood piano teacher near their home in Redondo Beach, California. At six years of age, he began training in classical music. When Scott turned 10, the family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They lived there for four years, and in that time Scott studied at the Royal Conservatory of Music. The MacIntyre family then relocated to Arizona and Scott studied under Walter Cosand, a university professor of Arizona State University. He was home-schooled until the age of 14, when he was admitted into Arizona State University's Barrett Honors College and Herberger College of the Arts. Scott won the 2004 Arizona Young Artists Competition at Herberger Theater in the vocal division. In 2005, "USA Today" named him one of its twenty College Academic All-Stars. In 2005, MacIntyre performed as a guest soloist with the Phoenix Symphony. The same year, MacIntyre was diagnosed with kidney disease and in November 2006, he had to spend ten months undergoing dialysis, severely hampering his capacity to perform and travel. In 2007 on August 22, Walter Cosand's wife Patricia donated her kidney to MacIntyre, which saved his life. He graduated from ASU in 2005, and he was received in the White House by Laura Bush as one of the RFB&D (Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic) scholarship winners in 2006. He obtained his master's degree at Royal Holloway, University of London and the Royal College of Music, where he studied on a Marshall Scholarship, one of the most competitive scholarships in the United States, awarded to only 40 American students each year.
After his successful run on "American Idol," he began dating childhood friend Christina Teich at the end of 2009. In February 2011, the two announced their engagement in People magazine and were married on August 18, 2011 in Scottsdale, Arizona.
"American Idol".
Overview.
MacIntyre auditioned for the eighth season of "American Idol" in Phoenix, Arizona. He is the first visually impaired finalist on the show. MacIntyre was eliminated on April 8, 2009 and came in eighth place. MacIntyre was scheduled to perform during the Season 8 Finale with special guest Billy Joel, but the performance was scrapped after Joel unexpectedly cancelled. He performed on the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2009 featuring the Top 10 finalists.
Career.
MacIntyre released many albums before becoming a finalist of American Idol. He produced his first CD when he was eleven, and he has recorded five more CDs since then. The first three CDs were classical. The fourth was a Christian pop-rock CD titled "My Guarantee". The fifth CD was recorded with his family. In 2000, at the age of 15, he made his orchestral debut as he performed with the Phoenix Symphony as a guest piano soloist. In 2002 he competed in, and won, the Butterfield Young Artist Competition at ASU. He won the VSA Arts 2008 Young Soloists Award. Scott MacIntyre also plays guitar, drums, percussion, and bass on all of his brother Todd's songs. He released a post-Idol Christmas EP "Christmas Angel" to iTunes in 2009.
His first full length post-Idol album, "Heartstrings" was released on March 11, 2010 to MacIntyre's web site and to digital retailers. Scott performed on American Idol on March 11 to promote his album. The album sold 1,000 copies a week after its release. This album was re-released in 2012 with new original bonus tracks including "I Am Hope" and "Bottom of the Well."
In April 2012 Scott released his first book, "By Faith, Not By Sight," with Nashville-based publisher Thomas Nelson. The memoir chronicles the challenges of growing up blind, learning to play the piano, and dealing with an unexpected illness that almost took his life before he ever competed on the popular reality show. The book is available on Amazon, Walmart, and Barnes and Noble.
In August 2013 Scott launched a Kickstarter campaign that raised almost 40k for a new album that will drop in 2014.
In November 2013 Scott released his first full length Christmas album called "Christmas in Paris." The album features twelve tracks including ten arrangements of traditional holiday songs and two original songs, "Christmas Angel," written by MacIntyre and "Christmas in Paris," written by MacIntyre, Aaron Steenhoven and Ryan Hydro.
In November 2014, seven years after his first kidney transplant, MacIntyre announced that he is again experiencing kidney failure. He presently has 18% kidney function, is on the waiting list for a transplant from a deceased donor, and will face dialysis unless a live donor can be found. He released his new inspirational album "Lighthouse".


Bridget Kendall

Bridget Kendall (born 27 April 1956) is an English journalist who was the BBC's Diplomatic correspondent working for the corporation's radio and television networks. Since July 2016, she has been Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge: she is the first woman to head the college.
Early life and education.
Kendall was born in 1956 in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, a daughter of statistician David George Kendall and Diana ("née" Fletcher). She has two brothers (one of whom is statistician Wilfrid Kendall) and three sisters.
Kendall was educated at Perse School for Girls, an independent school in Cambridge. She then read Modern Languages at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and spent two years in Russia on British Council scholarships in 1977 and 1982. Her postgraduate Soviet studies took her from St Antony's College, Oxford to Harvard University, where she spent two years as a Harkness Fellow in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Career.
Kendall joined the BBC in 1983 as a radio production trainee for the BBC World Service. She was the BBC's Moscow correspondent from 1989 to 1995, and developed her background in Russian politics. She was in Moscow to witness the power struggles in the Soviet Communist party as Mikhail Gorbachev tried to introduce reform, and reported on the break-up of the Soviet Union and the internal conflicts in Chechnya, Georgia and Tajikistan. She sent reports of the coup in August 1991 and covered Boris Yeltsin's rise to power.
Kendall was the BBC's Washington correspondent from 1994, becoming the Corporation's diplomatic correspondent in November 1998. She speaks fluent Russian, and has interviewed world leaders including Vladimir Putin live from the Kremlin as part of an internet webcast in March 2001.
She interviewed King Abdullah of Jordan for the BBC later in 2001, and hosted a similar event in Moscow with former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev in 2002. She is the host of the intellectual talk show, "The Forum", on BBC World Service radio.
On 1 February 2016, Kendall was elected as the first female Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. She took up her new post at the college in July, and will continue to broadcast for the BBC as an external contributor.
Personal life.
Kendall married freelance television journalist Nick Worrall in the early 1990s; they later divorced.
Awards.
Kendall received the James Cameron Award for journalism in 1992 for reports on events in the former Soviet Union, and was the first woman to receive that award.
Later that year, she won a Bronze Sony Radio Award for Reporter of the Year and was made an MBE in the 1994 New Year's Honours list.


Derek Kilmer

Derek Christian Kilmer (born January 1, 1974) is an American businessman and politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Washington's 6th congressional district since 2013. Prior to being in Congress, Kilmer previously served as a Democratic member in the Washington House of Representatives from 2005 to 2007 and the Washington State Senate from 2007 to 2012, representing the 26th district.
On March 5, 2012, Kilmer announced he was running to succeed Democrat Norm Dicks for the seat representing Washington's 6th congressional district. On November 6, 2012, Kilmer won the general election to become the district's next representative.
Early life, education, and business career.
Kilmer was born and raised in Port Angeles, Washington. Both of his parents were public school teachers. Kilmer earned a B.A. in public affairs with a certificate in American Studies from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1996. He completed his 184-page long senior thesis, titled "Recovering From the Addiction: The Social and Economic Impacts of the Pacific Northwest Timber Crisis; An Analysis of the Implementation of the Clinton Forest Plan on Washington's Olympic Peninsula", under the supervision of Steven R. Brechin. He won a Marshall Scholarship to obtain his Ph.D. in Comparative Social Policy from the Department of Social Policy and Intervention at Green Templeton College, Oxford.
Kilmer is a former business consultant for McKinsey and Company. He was also a business retention manager for the Economic Development Board for Tacoma-Pierce County. He is also a trustee for Tacoma Community College and served on the board of Peninsula Schools Education Foundation.
Washington Legislature.
Elections.
In 2004, Kilmer challenged incumbent Republican State Representative Lois McMahan of Washington's 26th house district, seat 2. He defeated her 50%–48%, a difference of 1,009 votes.
In 2006, Republican State Senator Bob Oke decided to retire. Kilmer decided to run for Washington's 26th senate district. He defeated Republican Jim Hines 60%–40%. In 2010, he won re-election to a second term, defeating Marty McClendon 59%–41%.
Tenure.
In 2007, he was one of just three Democratic state senators to vote against the bill that would allow labor unions to spend non-members' bargaining fees on political causes without first getting their permission.
He sponsored the Senate bill that would increase fines to pay for a new $849 million Tacoma Narrows bridge in his district.
Business groups have praised Kilmer for being one of the most pro-business Democrats in Olympia. He is the three-time recipient of the "LEADER Award" from the Washington Economic Development Association. He was named the "Legislative Business Star Award" from Enterprise Washington's Business Institute. He was named "Legislator of the Year" by the Department of Veterans Affairs. He was recognized by the Northwest Chapter of the Paralyzed Veterans of America as "Legislator of the Year". He was also named "Legislator of the Year" by the Washington Council of Police & Sheriffs. He was named an "Honorary Fire Chief" by the Washington Fire Chiefs.
U.S. House of Representatives.
Elections.
After redistricting, Democratic U.S. Congressman Norm Dicks decided to retire. Kilmer decided to run for the newly redrawn Washington's 6th congressional district. He won the endorsements from "The Seattle Times", which called him "a problem solver who can be bipartisan." The News Tribune of Tacoma praised him for having "an uncommon understanding of trade, business taxation, smart regulation, job creation and other fundamentals of economic growth." Port Angeles, Rep. Kilmer's hometown and an area which he was elected to represent suffers from an unemployment rate 2.3 percent higher than the Washington State average, consistent with the rate of increase recorded before he took office. In the November general election, he defeated Republican nominee Bill Driscoll 59%–41%. He won all six counties in the district.
Tenure.
Israel policy.
Derek Kilmer was a cosponsor of the United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2013.
Kilmer was part of a 37-member congressional delegation that visited Israel. The trip was sponsored by the lobby group American Israel Education Foundation, with the stated goal of working to strengthen strategic economic and military cooperation between Israel and the United States.
Through his co-sponsorship of the United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2013, Rep. Kilmer supports spending U.S. tax revenue to fund Israel's military, and to provide assistance for collaboration in the fields of energy, water, homeland security, agriculture, and alternative fuel technologies.
Legislation.
On October 29, 2013, Kilmer introduced the American Savings Promotion Act (H.R. 3374; 113th Congress), a bill that would authorize some financial institutions to conduct a contest, known as a "savings promotion raffle," in which the sole consideration required for a chance of winning designated prizes is obtained by the deposit of a specified amount of money in a savings account or program, where each ticket or entry has an equal chance of being drawn.
Kilmer was ranked as the 33rd most bipartisan member of the U.S. House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress (and the third most bipartisan member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Washington) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy that ranks members of the United States Congress by their degree of bipartisanship (by measuring the frequency each member's bills attract co-sponsors from the opposite party and each member's co-sponsorship of bills by members of the opposite party).
The subject has sponsored election reform legislation to rewrite the Federal Election Commission law, citizen financing of campaigns, and to require disclosure of financing of social media electioneering.


New Rumi Spelling

New Rumi Spelling () is the most recent spelling reform of the Latin-derived Rumi script, used to write the Malay language. The spelling reform was jointly initiated by the governments of Malaysia and Indonesia, and it was adopted in 1972 to officially replace the Za'aba Spelling that was previously standard in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.
Historically, Indonesia and Malaysia — the two largest , in that order — were divided between two colonial administrations, under the Dutch and British empires respectively. Thus, the development of spelling systems for Rumi script were greatly influenced by the orthographies of their respective colonial tongues. Shortly after the end of Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1966, a common spelling system became among the first items on the agenda of a detente between the two countries.
The new spelling system, known as 'New Rumi Spelling' in Malaysia and 'Perfected Spelling System' in Indonesia, was officially announced in both countries on 16 August 1972. Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malaysian varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.
Background.
The first known attempt to use Latin script or 'Rumi', for writing Malay words was by Duarte Barbosa in 1518 in Melaka, shortly after the conquest of 1511. Few years later in 1522, the world's first Malay-European dictionary was compiled by Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian companion of Ferdinand Magellan. This was subsequently followed by many other European traders, adventurers, explorers and scholars who invented their own Rumi spelling systems. Among notable Rumi spelling systems that existed before the 20th century were the orthographies of Cornelis de Houtman (1595), Davidis Haex (1631), Thomas Bowrey (1701), J.Howison (1800), William Marsden (1812), Claudius Thomsen (1820), John Crawfurd (1848), Straits Settlements (1878), Frank Swettenham (1881), and William Edward Maxwell (1882). All these systems were mainly developed by using the method of transliteration from Jawi (Arabic-derived Malay script). The divergences of various spelling systems that existed in colonial Malaya, necessitates the need for a commonly accepted spelling system. A major orthographic reform was initiated by a British scholar administrator, Richard James Wilkinson in 1904, from which the Wilkinson spelling was introduced, and became the official system widely used in all British colonies and protectorates in Malaya, Singapore and Borneo. In 1924, another reform was devised by a notable Malay grammarian, Za'ba, which later adopted in all schools from the 1930s onwards. After the short-lived Fajar Asia system used during Japanese occupation (1941-1945), the Third Malay Congress introduced the Congress system in 1956. The innovative Congress System gained a widespread currency through published works, but remain impractical for the use of the masses. In the meantime, the schools and the government publications continued using the Za'aba system. Hence, the general public became increasingly confused with the existence of different spelling systems. As a result, it was common during this era to find several spelling systems concurrently used in printed media and individual writings.
In 1959, the Federation of Malaya and Indonesia signed a cultural agreement, which included the implementation of a common spelling system. The system agreed to in this agreement was known as 'Melindo System'. However, due to its similarity with the Congress system which proven impractical, and the ensuing diplomatic tension between Indonesia and Malaya over the formation of Malaysia, the system was never implemented or even published. Following the end of Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1966, a common spelling system became among the first items on the agenda of a detente between the two countries. Language experts from both countries began to work on formulating a new system that was practical and above all accepted by the two parties concerned. Six years later, on 16 August 1972, the common spelling system, which came to be known as 'New Rumi Spelling' in Malaysia and 'Perfected Spelling System' in Indonesia, was officially announced by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak in Malaysia and President Suharto in Indonesia.
Soon after, another Malay-speaking country, Brunei, decided to adopt the new common system to replace the Malaysian Za'aba System, previously used in the country. Although Singapore does not use Malay as much as its neighbours, due to its four-language policy (consisting of English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil), its Malay language developments had always been closely linked with those of Malaysia. There has never been anything official on Singapore's part on its stand on the new spelling, but implementation of this system has taken place as evidenced by publications in Malay produced in Singapore.
Implementation.
A grace period of five years was given in both countries for the people to get used to the new system. In Malaysia this meant that students were not penalised for making mistakes in spelling words according to the old systems. However, a rigorous programme was undertaken by the government's Language and Literacy Agency (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) to see to the implementation of the new spelling system by giving special classes to the people, especially teachers and administrators, on how to spell their language according to the new spelling system. The grace period also allowed the publishers to dispose of their old stocks and to publish revised editions and new titles in the new spelling. Names of roads, places, and institutions had to undergo a change in appearance, using the new spelling system.
The system.
Removal of diacritics.
Schwa.
The Za'aba system uses the letter to stand for while letter stands for the sound. The Malay language shows a higher frequency of compared to , thus the Za'aba style was not economical in terms of the time taken for writing, quite apart from the fact that the text was full of diacritics. Furthermore, with a few exceptions, the occurrence of is predictable, as usually occurs in a harmonious relationship with itself and in two contiguous syllables where the vowel of the other syllable is also or . On the other hand, the schwa enters such a relationship with and . The new system, guided by the Wilkinson system, has discarded them and uses for both the vowels concerned.
Apostrophes.
In the old systems, the apostrophe was placed before a vowel, if the vowel is syllable-initial, to indicate the pharyngeal fricative which appeared in loanwords from Arabic. However, Malay does not have this phoneme in its inventory. Most Malays actualise this sound as a glottal stop. Since syllable- and word-initial vowels in Malay are always accompanied by the glottal stop, the apostrophe to indicate the Arabic pharyngeal fricative was discarded, so spelling certain Arabic loanwords with one grapheme less, as:
Hyphens.
The use of the hyphen became significantly less with the new spelling system. The old spelling systems were liberal in the use of the hyphen e.g. between the affix "di-" or the postpositional emphatic word "lah" or the clitic form "nya" and the root word, or between certain prepositions and the nouns that follow them. In the new spelling, the hyphen in the first set of contexts is removed and the components are written as a complete or whole word; in the second context, the removal of the hyphen results in two distinct words, one a preposition and the other a noun. In the new system, the hyphen remains in use between components of reduplicated words, like "menari-nari" ('keeps on dancing') and "rumah-rumah" ('houses').
The choice of graphemes.
For the Malaysian and Indonesian , a new grapheme was agreed on: . Previous to the new spelling system, did not have the status of a grapheme either in Malaysia or in Indonesia. The common spelling system has given it graphemic status. It is not only simplicity that is indicated in the choice of , but also the end of the confusion arising from <ch> for people reading Malaysian and Indonesian texts. In Malaysia, this grapheme stood for the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate while in Indonesia it was for the velar fricative .
A number of graphemes remain in use in Malaysian spelling, and in turn adopted by the Indonesians. For example, the Indonesians agreed to adopt Malaysian for the voiced alveolopalatal affricate spelt in English. Linked to the Indonesian acceptance of was their acceptance of the Malaysian for the semivowel. When the Indonesians accepted , they also accepted in place of their , for the sound. The as a component in certain graphemes is also retained in Malaysian spelling, and it indicates 'gutturalisation'. Such phonemes mostly occur in loan words from Arabic, and they are represented in the graphemes for , for etc. Here, it is worth mentioning that the Indonesian side had agreed to the grapheme for /x/ to replace their .
Reduplication.
In Malay, reduplication is very productive as a morphological process. There are three types of reduplication in Malay: the reduplication of the first syllable of the root, the reduplication of the stem of a complex word, and the reduplication of the whole word, be it a simple or complex word. In the old spelling systems both in Malaysia and Indonesia, the first type of reduplication was spelt "in toto", but the character was used to indicate the reduplication of the second and third types. In the reduplication of the whole word, the character was placed at the end of the word, for example, "rumah2" was read as "rumah-rumah" ('houses'), "makan2" as "makan-makan" ('to while away the time eating').
The writing of the reduplication of the complex word with the character was not neat and consistent. The use of made it possible to write the same word in more than one way. One was to separate the components with a hyphen and place after the component that was duplicated (see ii below), and the other was to place at the end of the whole word (see iii below).
Both ii and iii above should be read as "bermain-main". The first method facilitated reading, but it violated the rule of writing complex words with affixes, namely that an affix should be written together with the stem so that the word appears as a complete whole. As for the second method, while it observed the morphological rule, it caused difficulty in reading. Speakers, especially non-native ones, were prone to reading the second example above as a total reduplication "bermain-bermain" which is ungrammatical. Although native speakers, with their native competence, may not read "bermain2" as a total reduplication, because the total reduplication of forms falling into this pattern does not occur in the language, there are other patterns where native speakers themselves find difficulty in deciding whether the written word with the character represents total reduplication or only that of the stem. An example is "sekali2". As a total reduplication, "sekali-sekali", it means 'once in a while', whereas as a word which undergoes reduplication only at the stem, "sekali-kali", it means '(not) ... at all'.
The use of the character was economical in nature. It was a form of shorthand in writing the cumbersome reduplicated word. However, facilitation in reading and mastering the language was the overriding factor in discarding it altogether as a shorthand symbol for reduplication. This makes the physical writing slower but it has brought simplification to the learning system.
New consonant clusters.
The old spelling systems in Malaysia and Indonesia did not recognise the existence of consonant clusters at the word-initial and word-final positions. Loanwords which have such clusters are mainly from English. They were spelt, based on the established rule of Malay phonology that the syllable structure consists of only a single consonant as its onset and its coda. Therefore, the cluster at the beginning of the word was neutralised by inserting a vowel, usually a schwa, between its components.
There were certain words which showed a difference in the perceptions of the Indonesians and the Malaysians on the clusters concerned, viz. on the component that was more significant and should be retained. This concerned mainly clusters with <r> as the penultimate component. As in the examples below, in Indonesia, the was more significant than . On the other hand, the Malaysians, perhaps very much influenced by British pronunciation, wrote and pronounced those words with the . In their quest for uniformity, the Malaysians and the Indonesians decided to neutralise their differences by putting back both and in those words.
With its flexibility rule, the new spelling system has admitted clusters in the initial and final positions of the word. This has facilitated the borrowing of technical terms from English for the various sciences. However, those words which have existed for a long time in the Malay language with one or two components decapitated have been allowed to remain, so as not to cause too much destandardisation. Among those which did not undergo a change in form by having their clusters reinstated are the Malaysian examples of "komunis" ('communist'), "rekod" ('record'), "moden" ('modern').
Word-final schwas in loanwords.
As Malay is essentially disyllabic in nature, monosyllabic words with final consonant clusters in English are assimilated by giving them a disyllabic appearance, namely by placing the grapheme at the end of the word. For example, "kuspa" from 'cusp', "kalka" from 'calc'.
The acceptance of the schwa in final closed syllables, as in the word "filem" ('film'), also linked to the acceptance of for schwa at the end of the word as in "koine" which has been taken "in toto". This has greatly facilitated the work of the various terminology committees of the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, already mentioned, in assimilating loanwords from other languages.
Acceptance of the final schwa does not mean acceptance of something foreign. The pronunciation adopted by the Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) actualises the final as a , based on the Johor dialect of Southern Peninsular Malaysia. In the northern part of the Peninsula and in Sabah and Sarawak, is realised as , as also in Indonesia. However, the acceptance of this final schwa does not mean that all cases of in the word final position are changed to . Native words continue to be spelt with , and this can have various styles of pronunciation. The final for schwa is meant only for loanwords.


Mono language (Cameroon)

Mono is a moribund Mbum language spoken by older adults in northern Cameroon. A probable dialect, Dama, may already be extinct.


Rob Yeung

Rob Yeung (Ph.D.) is a British psychologist, business speaker, and management author. He has published research studies on personality in academic journals, particularly "Personality and Individual Differences". He writes a column on confidence for UK newspaper "The Daily Telegraph" and contributes to newspapers including "Financial Times", "The Guardian" and "The Sunday Times". He appears on television programmes including CNBC news, "Celebrity Big Brother", "BBC Breakfast", CNN news, and "Working Lunch" on the BBC. He is a columnist for "Accounting and Business", a periodical published ten times a year by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA).
He is a Director at Talentspace, a leadership consulting firm. He has a B.Sc. in psychology from University of Bristol and a Ph.D. in psychology from King's College London, University of London. He is a chartered psychologist and Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society.
He previously presented the BBC television series "Who Would Hire You?" in which real life candidates went through the recruitment process. He also presented a further series for the BBC entitled "How To Get Your Dream Job" and has been an expert on "Big Brother's Little Brother". He assisted Jade Goody in her search for a personal assistant in the 2006 Living series Jade's P.A and Pete Burns in the 2007 series "Pete's PA". He was the resident psychologist for the 2007 BBC Three series "The Restaurant: You're Fried!". He acted as resident psychologist on both "Celebrity Big Brother" and "Big Brother" in 2009.


Auguste Hohenschild

Auguste Hohenschild ("Sidonie Marie Auguste Caroline Hohenschild"";" – 29 September 1851 - 15 July 1938) was a German alto and singing teacher. She was trained by Amalie Joachim and performed together with Marie Fillunger, among others. From 1893 to 1922, she was married to Andreas Heusler, a German scholar, and lived in Berlin for several years.
Life.
Hohenschild was the daughter of the Darmstadt physician Ludwig Ernst Wilhelm Hohenschild (1829-1862) and his wife Auguste Hohenschild "née" Fröhlich. She was probably born in Darmstadt and had a younger sister. From January to October 1870 she studied piano at the Königliche Hochschule für Musik and singing from 1872 to 1873, among others as a pupil of Amalie Joachim. She was then an assistant teacher for singing at this institution from 1874 to 1877. She was also "active for a few years as a teacher at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig." According to an announcement in the "Allgemeine deutsche Musikzeitung", Hohenschild taught at the Hochschule Berlin until April 1878. She therefore gave up teaching to devote herself to her work as a concert singer.
In the "Berliner Adressbuch", her mother Auguste Hohenschild born Fröhlich is registered from 1872 – it can be assumed that Hohenschild lived with her mother in Berlin from the 1870s onwards because of her studies. Hohenschild first appears independently in the Berlin address book as a concert singer and singing teacher from 1885. In 1881, she lived together with her mother in Frankfurt for a short time, probably because of her concert activities
In January 1893, Hohenschild married Andreas Heusler. They lived together at Schöneberger Ufer 41. During their marriage, regular music evenings were given in the shared flat. Heusler himself was very interested in music, played the violin and was in contact with Joseph Joachim. The couple separated in 1901 and divorced in 1922. In 1901, Hohenschild lived for a few months with her mother and sister in Schönberg. She is first mentioned in 1904 as Auguste Heusler in the "Berliner Adressbuch" and in 1906 as Singing teacher Auguste Heusler-Hohenschild. There are no more entries in the "Berliner Adressbuch" from 1909.
Hohenschild died on 15 July 1938 in Darmstadt at the age of 86.
Concert activity.
Hohenschild gave concerts mainly from the 1870s until her marriage in 1892. Joint concerts with Marie Fillunger are documented: for example on 29 January 1875 in Hamburg in the 2nd subscription concert of the Voigt'schen Cäcilienverein as well as on 4 and 5 March 1888 in the concert of the Essener Musikverein on its 50th anniversary. Reconstructions via the "Allgemeine Deutsche Musikzeitung" refer to concert performances in Hamburg, Berlin, Potsdam, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Kassel, Basel, Cologne, Aachen and Bremen between 1875 and 1878. She sang in Mozart's Requiem and songs and arias by Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Beethoven, Cherubini, Hiller, Spohr, in oratorios like "Jephtha" by Handel and "Paulus" by Mendelssohn Bartholdy. In 1878, she performed in Bremen with Marie Fillunger, Amalie Joachim, beside Pablo de Sarasate and Joseph Joachim, who also appeared at the concerts.
Hohenschild is mentioned in 1886, 1889, 1890 and 1891 in the "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik" listed as singer (alto) in the advertisements of the Hermann Wolff concert agency, in the magazine "Signale für die musikalische Welt" in 1888.
According to a concert review of the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung", she performed in Stuttgart in 1881 where she sang the aria "Hellstrahlender Tag" from "Odysseus" by Max Bruch, as well as "Mainacht" by Brahms, "Sympathie" by Joseph Haydn and "Im Volkston" by Hans Schmidt.
In an article published in 1894 about the Königliche Hochschule für Musik Berlin in the "", Hohenschild is mentioned in a list of the successful and well-known students of the Hochschule.
Research needs.
Due to the scant sources available, many questions remain unanswered concerning Hohenschild's musical education and concert activities, the duration of her lessons with Amalie Joachim and information about her own singing students. Extensive research of concert reviews in music journals of the 19th century would make it possible to identify further stages of her artistic work and thus to reconstruct approximately the time and place of her concert activities as well as her repertoire.


High Tech High charter schools

High Tech High is a San Diego, California-based school-development organization that includes a network of charter schools, a teacher certification program, and a graduate school of education. Students are admitted to the public elementary, middle, and high schools through a zip-code based lottery system in an effort to admit a demographically-diverse representative sample of San Diego County.
History.
In 1996, forty members of San Diego’s civic and high-tech industry assembled to discuss how to engage and prepare more young people for the high-tech industry. Called upon by the San Diego Economic Development Corporation and Business Roundtable, these members met regularly for the next two years to discuss how to engage and prepare local students for high-tech careers. One of these members included Gary E. Jacobs, former director of education programs at Qualcomm.
The original "High Tech High School" is now known as The Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High.
In 2000, the San Diego Unified School District approved the first charter and construction began in a former U.S. Navy training center in the Point Loma district, now known as Liberty Station, near the San Diego airport. The grouping of High Tech High schools in this area is known as High Tech High Village. With a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, High Tech High opened with 200 students in the 9th and 10th grades in September. In 2003, the first graduating class graduated with 50 students. In 2006, the Statewide Benefit Charter was approved. In 2007, High Tech High Digital Commons launched. In 2009, the statewide Benefit Charter was expanded to K-12.
In 2010, it had approximately 3,500 students in high, middle, and elementary schools. The HTH website states that in 2010, 100% of high school graduates were accepted to colleges, of which 80% were to four-year institutions. As of 2008, 99% percent of graduates had entered college. As of 2015, 98% of students attended college after graduation, with around 75% attending 4-year schools. According to statistics from that year, students of HTH scored higher than others within their demographic groups elsewhere in the state.
Enrollment.
Based on the 2019-20 school year, 503 students attend High Tech High. When divided by grade levels, 126 students were in 9th grade,127 in 10th, 130 in 11th, and 120 in 12th. The school is 46.1% Hispanic or Latino, 31.8% White, 8% Asian, 8% two or more races, 5.2% African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaskan Native and 0.2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.
Program design principles.
The High Tech High program and curriculum evolved from the work of Larry Rosenstock and colleagues in the New Urban High School Project, an initiative of the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Vocational and Adult Education. The focus was on inner-city high schools using school-to-work strategies, including internships and other forms of field work, as a leverage for whole-school change. The findings of the NUHS were summarized in guides centered on six design principles. The school is virtually textbook-free. HTH is structured around four design principles, including three from NUHS and one developed by HTH:
These principles determined the schools' organization, including their small size, the openness of the facilities, personalization, emphasis on integrated and project-based learning, and display and exhibitions of student work. All students are required to complete internships in the community. HTH director Ben Daley described the school's approach: "We are teaching students to think deeply about content and then do something with their knowledge, not just race through a textbook.” According to Rosenstock, who became a CEO of HTH, a slogan at High Tech High is: “You can play video games at HTH, but only if you make them here.”
Governance and funding.
The schools operate within the San Diego Unified School District but the High Tech High organization is governed by three independent boards of directors:
The schools are publicly funded although they have received grants from private companies and organizations. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation contributed $17 million between 2000 and 2006.
Schools.
Formerly there was also a High Tech High Bayshore, in Redwood City.
Student learning.
Notable projects.
San Diego Bay Study
Since 2003, Dr. Jay Vavra and the juniors of Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High have started and maintained the San Diego Bay Study, producing four books on what students deemed “pressing environmental priorities.” Conservationist Jane Goodall wrote the foreword to the initial "The Two Sides of Sides of the Bay Channel: A Field Guide". and the second study, "Perspectives from the San Diego Bay: A Field Guide" in which students used John Steinbeck’s The Log from the Sea of Cortez as the model for a more humanitarian guide.
The Blood Bank Project
In 2009, a team of twelfth-graders, led by art teacher Jeff Robin and biology/multimedia teacher Blair Hatch, collaborated with the San Diego Blood Bank to raise awareness for the need to donate blood. Students researched several blood-related topics, ranging from leukemia to the AIDS epidemic to the depiction of blood in films to the role of blood in various religions. In pairs, students created paintings large piece of wood with cut-outs for a student-created informational video. The products were displayed at the JETT Art Gallery in San Diego.
The End of the World Project (and co-design)
During the fall of 2012, sixth-graders at High Tech Middle co-designed a project with teachers Bobby Shaddox and Allie Wong. Building on the work of democratic educator James Beane, Shaddox and Wong asked students to generate questions they had about themselves and the world around them. They categorized these questions and then determined that many questions fell under the broader theme of “The End of the World.” Teachers then pitched the idea of creating a magazine and multimedia exhibition informing the public of the plausibility of the various (and rumored) ways in which the world might be brought to an end. In pairs, students researched topics ranging from global warming to deforestation to the Mayan prophecies. Students included interviews from local experts in their articles. Because teachers wanted to establish a democratic working environment, student input on the process was ongoing. Students were asked to tune project components, utilize peer feedback, and meet regularly as a whole-class community to make decisions about the process and product.
The Raptors for Rodents Project
In the fall of 2014, fifth-graders at High Tech Elementary Chula Vista were visited regularly by the field mice that populated the open landscape surrounding the building. Students led by teacher Jeff Govoni researched the local predators of these rodents to determine which might be the safest and most effective way to reduce the population. Students determined that owls would have the greatest impact and so they then, in teams, investigated and created prototypes for owl boxes. In order to raise funding to build life-size versions, students wrote persuasive letters and created multimedia presentations. Upon funding, students built the nests, erected their original owl boxes and did, in fact, reduce the population of field mice in their school.
Extracurriculars.
The Holy Cows
The Holy Cows are a robotics team co-founded by High Tech High engineering teacher David Berggren and his father, Bill Berggren in 2004. The team runs like a business, with students fulfilling roles including student directors, managers, and supervisors of various departments. Students are mentored by local engineering experts, including Holy Cows alumnus Jon Jock of Seabotix, to accrue skills through the building of robots. In alignment with the High Tech High mission, they also learn to manage projects as a team. The Holy Cows have traveled to the FIRST Robotics World Championship eight times, as of 2013 and won the top prize, the Chairman’s Award, in 2013. The team also mentors other robotics teams and offers workshops. In 2014, the Holy Cows and their robot were one of five robotics teams that opened the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade.
Adult learning.
While HTH distilled its first three learning principles from The Urban School Project, it added a fourth: "Teacher as Designer" and employs a rigorous hiring process. It also stated a commitment to educating educators.
Teacher hiring and support.
After an initial pre-screening of application materials, prospective teachers are invited to attend a day-long hiring “Bonanza” on a High Tech High school. In addition to touring the schools and mingling with prospective co-workers, they implement an hour-long lesson to class of students. Students are integral to the hiring process at High Tech High. Not only do they offer their feedback on the demonstration lesson, but they are invited to read and engage in a discussion with applicants on a sensitive, but relevant, topic as current High Tech High educators observe. Hiring is competitive, and many vie for spots that open annually. Although High Tech High is publicly funded, it operates under its own board of directors, and thus can create its own hiring process. Directors of the school’s campuses take teacher and student feedback into account, along with their current school needs, when offering candidates a position. High Tech High teachers are contracted for one year and do not receive tenure, nor do they have a teacher’s union. On April 20th 2021, teacher representatives presented their intent to unionize to site directors on all 16 High Tech High campuses. In response, CEO Rasheed Meadows cancelled promised raises, retained representation, and fired a teacher who helped organize the unionization effort.
Teacher credentialing.
High Tech High is authorized by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing to offer preliminary and professional credentials. It offers two programs: The Intern Program for preliminary teaching credentials and the two-year Induction Program for teachers with preliminary teaching credentials.
In order to invite qualified applicants who do not yet hold teaching credential to work with High Tech High, the organization developed its own credential program in 2004, becoming the state’s first approved charter-management organization (CMO) to do so. Educators who wish to work with High Tech High may earn a teaching credential through the Teacher Intern Program. Those who possess (at a minimum) B.A. or B.S. upon hiring and demonstrate subject-matter competence may apply for employment under the condition that they will enroll concurrently in a credential and induction program. The credential program is accredited by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, is recognized for resisting the theoretical approach many credential programs are criticized for, and adopting a clinical approach, akin to a medical residency. It authorizes Single-Subject, Multiple Subjects and Education Specialist credentials for staff and non-HTH teachers. Most interns teach full-time while earning their credentials, earning a regular salary and benefits. Graduates of the program present a portfolio of their work, demonstrating that they have met the qualifications to be licensed as a teacher in the state of California.
In 2004, High Tech High was authorized to move teachers from preliminary to clear credential through an induction (BTSA) program. The High Tech High Teacher Induction (BTSA) program began in 2007.
Graduate School of Education.
The Graduate School of Education opened in September 2007, offering Master of Education Degrees (M.Ed) in Teacher Leadership and School Leadership to educators in and outside of the network of High Tech High schools. In 2012, the school was granted candidacy for accreditation by WASC (Western Association of Schools and Colleges), and the school became fully accredited in 2016. The school’s president, Dr. Rob Riordan, formerly a leader of the teaching practicum at the Harvard Graduate School of Education worked with school founder (and GSE Dean, with a total compensation of $420,202 reported in the school's 2015 990 federal tax form) Larry Rosenstock on the New Urban High School Project and as High Tech High’s “Emperor of Rigor". According to administrative dean Allison Ohle, the school emphasizes “the value of collaboration and real-life experiences”. Like the credential program, the graduate school emphasizes a clinical and practical approach while also exploring educational theory. Students are required to complete an “action research” project during the second year of the program, in which they explore a learning problem or wondering within their own school site. The results are published in the required thesis. Students develop skills to work collaboratively and design courses in which their own students “construct new knowledge” and “pursue their passions.” The Graduate School of Education hosts residencies, institutes, and workshops and its students participate in the High Tech High Summer Institute.
Leading Schools Program
The Leading Schools Program (LSP) is a one-year certificate program that engages international and national teams of educators in online discussions and onsite residencies at High Tech High schools. Participants collaborate with, and are mentored by, current High Tech High educators as they create and carry out a leadership project that “addresses and authentic need or issue at their home schools."
UnBoxed: Journal and Speaker Series.
UnBoxed is a peer-reviewed journal published twice annually by the High Tech High Graduate School of Education. Articles feature reflections on practice, project descriptions, and remarks on current policy. Contributors have included current faculty and graduate school students, as well as educators and researchers from various national and international institutions.
As part of the Education UnBoxed Speaker Series, educators such as co-founder of The Civil Rights Project, Gary Orfield, Professor James Gee, and co-author of "Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Education Will Change the Way the World Learns", Michael Horn, have spoken on campus and through interactive, online platforms such as Elluminate. In addition, the graduate school hosts monthly “Collegial Conversations” in which educators are invited to discuss student work, methods of assessment, and developing projects using conversation protocols.


Mary Bonauto

Mary L. Bonauto (born June 8, 1961) is an American lawyer and civil rights advocate who has worked to eradicate discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and has been referred to by US Representative Barney Frank as "our Thurgood Marshall."
She began working with the Massachusetts-based Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, now named GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) organization in 1990. A resident of Portland, Maine, Bonauto was one of the leaders who both worked with the Maine legislature to pass a same-sex marriage law and to defend it at the ballot in a narrow loss during the 2009 election campaign. These efforts were successful when, in the 2012 election, Maine voters approved the measure, making it the first state to allow same-sex marriage licenses via ballot vote. Bonauto is best known for being lead counsel in the case "Goodridge v. Department of Public Health" which made Massachusetts the first state in which same-sex couples could marry in 2004. She is also responsible for leading the first strategic challenges to section three of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).
On April 28, 2015 Bonauto was one of three attorneys who argued before the U.S. Supreme Court in "Obergefell v. Hodges" arguing state bans on same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional. This much-publicized case determined that state bans against same-sex marriage are unconstitutional and is considered one of the most important civil rights cases which came before the U.S. Supreme Court in modern history.
Biography.
Bonauto was born in 1961 and grew up in Newburgh, New York in a Roman Catholic family. She graduated from Hamilton College and Northeastern University School of Law. In 1987, after graduating from law school, she entered private practice in Maine, where she was at the time one of three openly gay private practice lawyers in the state. She lives in Portland with her spouse Jennifer Wriggins, who is a professor at the University of Maine School of Law. The couple were married in Massachusetts. They have twin daughters.
Bonauto has litigated widely in areas such as job and public accommodations discrimination, securing domestic partner benefits and relationship protections, establishing second parent rights and de facto parent status, vindicating First Amendment protections, and challenging anti-gay harassment and violence. She has worked on public policy in all six New England states, and occasionally writes for legal publications. Bonauto filed her first marriage case in Vermont in July 1997.
Yale University awarded its 2010-2011 Brudner Prize, which recognizes "an accomplished scholar or activist whose work has made significant contributions to the understanding of LGBT issues or furthered the tolerance of LGBT people," to Bonauto.
In 2011, Bonauto was named one of the "50 most-powerful women in Boston" by "Boston Magazine".
In 2012, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month.
In March 2013, Roberta Kaplan, the lawyer arguing for DOMA repeal in the Supreme Court, told the "New York Times", "No gay person in this country would be married without Mary Bonauto." Former US Representative Barney Frank, said "She's our Thurgood Marshall."
In June 2013 immediately following the DOMA Supreme Court decision, she was called in Slate a "Gay Marriage Hero" and "the legal architect of the DOMA repeal."
She was named a MacArthur fellow in September 2014 for her work "breaking down legal barriers based on sexual orientation".
In May 2016, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by Harvard University for "establishing the freedom to marry for same-sex couples nationwide".
Work on same-sex marriage.
Vermont.
In 1997, Bonauto on behalf of GLAD, along with Beth Robinson and Susan Murray, filed a lawsuit in Vermont on behalf of three couples seeking the freedom to marry, Stacy Jolles & Nina Beck, Stan Baker & Peter Harrigan and Holly Puterbaugh & Lois Farnham. The suit, "Baker v. State of Vermont" was ultimately appealed to the Vermont Supreme Court, which ruled in the couples' favor but invited the Vermont Legislature to legislate a solution. In the spring of 2000, the Vermont Legislature enacted civil unions, which extended to same-sex couples all of the state-level benefits of marriage but in a different system from marriage itself.
Massachusetts.
GLAD led by Bonauto filed suit in Massachusetts on behalf of seven gay and lesbian couples denied the freedom to marry in 2001. In the case, known as "Goodridge v. Department of Public Health", the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on November 18, 2003 became the first state high court to rule that excluding gay people from civil marriage violates equal protection guarantees. Same-sex couples began marrying on May 17, 2004. The November 2003 ruling was contested politically for a number of years, but in June 2007, more than three-fourths of the state legislature voted to reject any proposal to amend the state constitution and reverse the Goodridge decision.
Connecticut.
In August 2004, GLAD, including Bonauto, filed suit in Connecticut on behalf of seven gay and lesbian couples who wished to marry. The Connecticut legislature responded by passing a civil union law the next year. On May 14, 2007 GLAD attorney Bennett Klein, joined by Bonauto, argued for the couples in the Connecticut Supreme Court. On October 10, 2008 GLAD won a ruling that it was unjustified discrimination to place same-sex couples in the separate and lesser status of civil unions, and that sexual orientation was a "quasi-suspect" classification for equal protection purposes.
Maine.
In 2009, Maine became the first state to pass a same-sex marriage law through the legislature, instead of through the court system, and also have it signed into law by the Governor. Bonauto was instrumental in the campaign to enact the law, and was the architect of an unprecedentedly large public hearing on April 22, 2009, where proponents and opponents presented their arguments. After the law was passed, a "people's veto" referendum campaign was begun and the voters overturned the law in November 2009, by a 53-47 margin. In the wake of this veto, Mary Bonauto was a leader in the coalition that came together to run a two-year public education campaign, that led in January 2012 to a direct ballot vote on the issue. On November 6, 2012 voters confirmed the right of same-sex couples to receive a marriage license, the law taking effect on December 29, 2012, becoming the first state to do so by ballot vote.
"Obergefell v. Hodges".
In March 2015, lawyers preparing to argue a consolidation of the Supreme Court cases titled "Obergefell v. Hodges" selected Bonauto to argue on behalf of the Michigan case "DeBoer v. Snyder" and the Kentucky case "Love v. Beshear". On June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bonauto and the plaintiffs thus declaring all state bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional.
DOMA.
"Gill v. Office of Personnel Management".
In March 2009, Bonauto and GLAD, along with co-counsel from Foley Hoag, Jenner & Block, and Sullivan & Worcester, filed in U.S. District Court in Boston a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). The case claims that the federal definition of marriage created by DOMA to exclude married same-sex couples from all federal marital protections violates equal protection guarantees. U.S. District Judge Joseph L. Tauro heard oral arguments from Bonauto and co-counsel on the merits of the case on May 6, 2010. On July 8, 2010, Judge Tauro ruled that Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional with respect to claims brought by the seven married same-sex couples and three widowers from Massachusetts GLAD is representing in the case. The Department of Justice will now decide whether to appeal the ruling. On October 12, 2010 the Department of Justice filed a notice to appeal the District Court ruling. On May 31, 2012 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld the District Court decision finding section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional. In July 2012 the Department of Justice filed a petition for certiorari in the United States Supreme Court but the petition was denied in the wake of the Court's landmark decision in "United States v. Windsor" that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional.
"Pederson v. Office of Personnel Management".
On November 9, 2010 Bonauto and GLAD filed a second major, multi-plaintiff lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) Section 3. The case specifically addressed married couples in Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire. On July 31, 2012 the Connecticut Federal District Court Judge Bryant ruled that DOMA is unconstitutional. On June 26, 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled DOMA Section 3 unconstitutional in "United States v. Windsor".


Askar Dzhumadildayev

Askar Dzhumadildayev (, "Asqar Serqululy Jumadildaev"; born 25 February 1956) is a Kazakh mathematician, doctor of physics and mathematics, professor, Full Member of the Kazakhstan National Academy of Science. He was also member Supreme Council of Kazakh SSR and Republic of Kazakhstan.
Biography.
Early life.
Askar Serkululy Dzhumadilyavev was born on 25 1956 in Shieli, Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. He was the member of the 51st IMO Jury.
Scientific degrees.
1977 – M.A. in Mathematics (Moscow State University)
1981 – Ph.D. in Mathematics (Steklov Institute of Mathematics)
1988 – 2nd Ph.D. in Mathematics (Steklov Institute of Mathematics)
1990 – Professor of Kazakh State University
1995 – Corresponding Member of the National Kazakh Academy of Sciences
2004 – Full Member of the National Kazakh Academy of Sciences
Awards and grants.
1983 – Prize of Republic Counsel for Science and Technology
1993–1995 – Grants of American Mathematical Society, International Science Foundation (Soros Foundation) INTAS (International association for the Promotion of Cooperation with Scientists from former USSR)
1995–1996 – Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship
1999–2004 – Grant of Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences
1999 – Grant of JSPS (Japan Soc. Promotion of Sciences)
2000–2003 – Grant of INTAS
2000–2004 – Kazakh State Fellowship for distinguished scholars
2007, 2016 – Grant of Kazakh Ministry of Education "Best professor of Higher School"
2011–2012 – Kazakh State Fellowship for distinguished scholars
2011 – State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan in science and technology
2012 – International Khwarizmi Award (Islamic Republic of Iran)
Recognition.
In 2016, Askar Dzhumadilyavev was chosen as one of the nominees in the "Science" category of the national project «El Tulgasy» (Name of the Motherland) The idea of the project was to select the most significant citizens of Kazakhstan whose names are now associated with the achievements of the country. More than 350,000 people voted in this project, and Dzhumadilyavev was voted into 2nd place in his category.


Carlo Sigismondo Capece

Carlo Sigismondo Capece (21 June 1652 in Rome – 12 March 1728 in Polistena) was an Italian dramatist and librettist. Capece was court poet to Queen Maria Casimira of Poland, who was living in exile in Rome, and is best remembered today for the libretto of "La resurrezione" (HWV 47, 1708) a sacred oratorio by George Frideric Handel. He also provided the Libretto for operas including Domenico Scarlatti's "Tolomeo e Alessandro" (1711) and "Ifigenia in Aulide" (1714), as well as Caldara's "Tito e Berenice" (1714).