2003 Corsican autonomy referendum

A Corsican autonomy referendum was held on 6 July 2003. Voters were asked whether or not they approved the restructuring of the system of administration on Corsica. Had the referendum been successful, the two départements on the island would have been abolished leaving only the Corsican Assembly which would be granted additional functions including some limited powers on raising and spending taxes. The suggestion was not approved, albeit by a very small margin. 51% voted against the proposal, with 49% supporting it. The difference between the yes and no vote was 2,190 votes.
Results.
The question asked was: Do you approve of the proposed suggestions to change the institutional organisation of Corsica represented in law 2003-486 of June 10, 2003?


Thrasymachus

Thrasymachus (; "Thrasýmachos"; c. 459 – c. 400 BC) was a sophist of ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's "Republic".
Life, date, and career.
Thrasymachus was a citizen of Chalcedon, on the Bosphorus. His career appears to have been spent as a sophist at Athens, although the exact nature of his work and thought is unclear. He is credited with an increase in the rhythmic character of Greek oratory, especially the use of the paeonic rhythm in prose, and a greater appeal to the emotions through gesture.
Aristophanes makes what is the most precisely dateable of references to Thrasymachus, in a passing joke from a lost play dated to 427 BCE. Nils Rauhut of the "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" concludes from this passage that Thrasymachus must have been teaching in Athens for several years before this point. A fragment from Clement of Alexandria provides some further context by contrasting Thrasymachus with the Macedonian Archelaus. "And while Euripides says in the "Telephus", 'Shall we who are Greeks be slaves to barbarians?', Thrasymachus says in his speech "For the People of Larisa", 'Shall we become slaves to Archelaus, Greeks as we are, to a barbarian?'" Rauhut therefore declares it evident that Thrasymachus became most prominent in the last three decades of the 5th century. Dillon and Gergel posit the alternate possibility that the speech was composed by the 2nd-century CE Herodes Atticus, of whom we have extracts similar in spirit to Clement's fragment, which read as authentically 5th-century, exhibiting detailed knowledge of Thessalian politics.
There is a man by the same name mentioned in Aristotle's "Politics" who overthrew the democracy at Cyme, but nothing is known of this event, nor can it be said with any degree of certainty that they are the same man. Aristotle mentions a Thrasymachus again in his "Sophistical Refutations", where he credits him with a pivotal role in the development of rhetorical theory. Quoting the W. A. Pickard-Cambridge text: "For it may be that in everything, as the saying is 'the first start is the main part'... This is in fact what has happened in regard to rhetorical speeches and to practically all the other arts: for those who discovered the beginnings of them advanced them in all only a little way, whereas the celebrities of to-day are the heirs (so to speak) of a long succession of men who have advanced them bit by bit, and so have developed them to their present form, Tisias coming next after the first founders, then Thrasymachus after Tisias, and Theodorus next to him, while several people have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it is not to be wondered at that the art has attained considerable dimensions." Dillon and Gergel are cautious not to read this as stating that this makes Thrasymachus a student of Tisias, just as it does not make Theodorus a student of Thrasymachus.
Writing more specifically in the "Rhetoric", Aristotle attributes to Thrasymachus a witty simile. "A simile works best when it is in effect a metaphor, for it is possible to say that a shield is "like" the drinking-cup of Ares, or that a ruin is "like" the tattered rag of a house, and to say that Niceratus is "like" a Philoctetes bitten by Pratys - the simile made by Thrasymachus when he saw Niceratus, who had been beaten by Pratys in a recitation competition, still going around with his hair uncut and unkempt." A further reference to Thrasymachus in the "Rhetoric" finds Herodicus punning on Thrasymachus' name. "Herodicus said of Thrasymachus, 'You are always bold in battle ("thrasymakhos")!'" Dillon and Gergel suggest that this might explain Plato's choice of Thrasymachus as the "combative and bombastic propounder of the 'might is right' theory" for his "Republic". Against this theory, however, scholar Angie Hobbs suggests that Thrasymachus's intention may be "simply to expose current hypocrisies, rather than to applaud their manipulation".
Plato mentions Thrasymachus as a successful rhetorician in his "Phaedrus", but attributes nothing significant to him. The Byzantine Suda gives a brief description of Thrasymachus affirming his position as a rhetorical theorist. "A Chalcedonian sophist, from the Chalcedon in Bithynia. He was the first to discover period and colon, and he introduced the modern kind of rhetoric. He was a pupil of the philosopher Plato and of the rhetor Isocrates. He wrote deliberative speeches; an Art of Rhetoric; paegnia; Rhetorical Resources." Dillon and Gergel state that the second sentence is a "preposterous statement, both as concerns Plato and Isocrates." They further declare that emending 'pupil' "(mathêtês)" for 'teacher' "(kathêgêtês)" is equally foolish. They themselves suggest a lacuna in the text, wherein Thrasymachus is declared the pupil of another, and a rival of Plato and Isocrates.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus praises Thrasymachus for various rhetorical skills in his "On Isaeus", finding Thrasymachus "pure, subtle, and inventive and able, according as he wishes, to speak either with terseness or with an abundance of words." But Dionysus found Thrasymachus a second-rate orator beside the "incisive" and "charming" Lysias, because he left no forensic speeches to posterity, only handbooks and display-speeches.
Fragment 1.
The essay of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, "On the Style of Demosthenes" preserves (as an example of the "middle style") the lengthiest surviving fragment of Thrasymachus' writing. It seems to be "the beginning of a political speech, apparently composed for delivery by a young upper-class Athenian of conservative sympathies" and "was probably composed in the early 420s."
In Plato.
Thrasymachus' current importance derives mainly from his being a character in the "Republic". He is noted for his unabashed, even reckless, defence of his position and for his famous blush at the end of Book I, after Socrates has tamed him. The meaning of this blush, like that of Socrates' statement in Book 6 that he and Thrasymachus "have just become friends, though we weren't even enemies before" (498c), is a source of some dispute.
There is a long philosophical tradition of exploring what exactly Thrasymachus meant in "Republic" I, and of taking his statements as a coherent philosophical assertion, rather than as Plato's straw man.
In "Republic" I, Thrasymachus violently disagreed with the outcome of Socrates' discussion with Polemarchus about justice. Demanding payment before speaking, he claims that "justice is the advantage of the stronger" (338c) and that "injustice, if it is on a large enough scale, is stronger, freer, and more masterly than justice'" (344c). Socrates counters by forcing him to admit that there is some standard of wise rule — Thrasymachus does claim to be able to teach such a thing — and then arguing that this suggests a standard of justice beyond the advantage of the stronger. The rest of the dialogue is occasioned by Glaucon's dissatisfaction with Socrates' refutation.
His name means "fierce fighter", which may have influenced his role in the dialogue.
In Leo Strauss's interpretation, Thrasymachus and his definition of justice represent the city and its laws, and thus are in a sense opposed to Socrates and to philosophy in general. As an intellectual, however, Thrasymachus shared enough with the philosopher potentially to act to protect philosophy in the city.
Quotes from Plato's Republic.
338c:
340d:
344c:


Laura Warholic

Laura Warholic; or, The Sexual Intellectual is a 2007 novel by Alexander Theroux. The plot concerns the relationship between Eugene Eyestones, the writer of an advice column called "The Sexual Intellectual", and his editor's ex-wife, Laura Warholic, whom Eyestones pities more than likes. This basic story provides the jumping off point for Theroux's satire of American culture.
Publication.
The book was published by Fantagraphics Books, a comics publisher who had published Theroux's monographs on Edward Gorey and Al Capp. Notably, it is the first all-prose novel released by the publisher. Theroux stated they were the only ones "willing to publish the full manuscript without carping or cozy abridgements."
The cover design by the author, features an unreferenced photo of Evelyn Nesbit taken by Rudolf Eickemeyer in 1901. It has been criticized as "misleading at best", as the title character is not a beauty, and the subtitle refers to an advice column in the novel. After the bound galleys of the novel were produced in September 2006, Theroux added this sentence to justify the cover art, describing protagonist Eugene Eyestones's room: "Almost in counterpoint [to an "ikon of the Madonna"] hung a photograph of the transfiguringly lovely Evelyn Nesbit, the 'Girl on the Velvet Swing,' vivid of beauty, long of hair, American ikon of sex and scandal, love and loss" (p. 71).
Plot summary.
Eugene Eyestones, an erudite recluse and bespectacled Vietnam veteran, writes "The Sexual Intellectual," a column that discusses anything related to sex, as a contributor to "Quink," a monthly magazine published in Boston by Minot Warholic. "Quink" has an eclectic group of coworkers and collaborators, diverse people ready to disagree and display prejudices. They include characters named Discknickers, the “pseudo-fascist” accountant; Ratnaster, the atheist interviewer; Duxbak, Eyestones' only friend; Mutrix, the homophobe lawyer; Chasuble, the homophile movie critic; and lesbians Ann Marie Tubb and The Krauthammer.
Laura Warholic, the estranged former wife of the publisher, had moved from San Francisco to Boston, where she is being befriended by Eyestones. She is younger and described as sexless, lacking charm, interests, drive, and ambition. She is interested only in rock and rock musicians. Pity appears his main attractive force to her, yet he also exploits her for his writings. Eyestones has secret longings for Rapunzel Wisht, a beautiful young woman working at the local bakery.
After writing a misogynistic essay that even Warholic finds it "harsh on the chicks", Eyestones takes a break from writing and invites Laura on a summer vacation drive across the country. During their tour, their incompatibility becomes obvious. Back in Boston, they start to drift apart, and Laura becomes obsessed with the Craven Slucks, a local rock band, throwing herself at its lead singer Jeff. After the office Christmas party, Eyestones joins coworkers for a trip to a strip bar. Crayola de Blu, the main attraction, is none other than his adored Rapunzel; he is angry, feels cheated, lost and deprived. He concludes that all this was his own shortcomings and that he had exploited Laura. Confessing his failures to Duxbak, Eyestones realizes that he has to ask for forgiveness. He tries to see Laura to amend, but due to a misidentification gets shot and killed. Laura, lonely and desolate, hangs herself.
Reception.
Carlo Wolff calls the novel "a gallimaufry of minimal action and maximal thought" as well as "a "credible stab at writing the Great American novel." “Unrepentantly erudite and opinionated, Theroux is a prolix polymath with a predilection for employing the proper word (even if you’ve never before seen it) and for chronicling obsessive behavior, usually between men and women,“ writes Anthony Miller. Full of “ten-dollar words and killer factoids” the novel has similarities to his previous work, Darconville's Cat, describing love and hate, loss and longing in the human male-female relationship. The reader has to wonder why is Eyestones so involved with Laura who seems to be kind of a "muse in reverse"? Distinctly politically incorrect and misogynistic the novel presents characters that are cartoonish, according to David Bowman. Scott Bryan Wilson sees the novel as a "compendium of vituperation against contemporary society, jabs at pop culture, exposés of office politics, and exploration of life and love in modern times". He notes that the "semi-plotlessness of the book echoes the aimlessness and desperation of Laura's life, and really, most of the other characters' lives as well." He describes the work as a "funny, sad, and original satire of our funny, sad contemporary culture". Jeff VanderMeer opines that the use of metaphor is daring in its brilliance but criticizes that almost every person is made to look "morally, ethically, and intellectually ugly."
Mark Burstein bemoans the absence of good editorial help in the novel’s publishing. In the years leading up to publication, Theroux added a good deal of material to the original manuscript, completed in 2000.


Rime riche

Rime riche () is a form of rhyme with identical sounds, if different spellings.
In French poetry, rhymes are sometimes classified into the categories "rime pauvre" ("poor rhyme"), "rime suffisante" ("sufficient rhyme"), "rime riche" ("rich rhyme") and "rime richissime" ("very rich rhyme"), according to the number of rhyming sounds in the two words or in the parts of the two verses. For example to rhyme "parla" with "sauta" would be a poor rhyme (the words have only the final vowel in common), to rhyme "cheval" with "fatal" a sufficient rhyme, and "grise" with "brise" a rich rhyme.
A good French example, by Victor Hugo, is:
An English example could be:While interest accrues,Let's go on a cruise.


Peter Cowie

Peter Cowie (born 24 December 1939) is a film historian and author of more than thirty books on film. In 1963 he was the founder/publisher and general editor of the annual "International Film Guide", a survey of worldwide film production, which he continued to edit for forty years.
Life and career.
Educated at Charterhouse School, and an Exhibitioner in History at Magdalene College, Cambridge, he began writing about film in 1960. He has contributed to many of the world's leading newspapers and periodicals, including "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", "The Sunday Times" (London), the "Los Angeles Times", "Le Monde", "Expressen", "Neue Zürcher Zeitung", "Sight and Sound", "Variety" and "Film Comment".
His books include definitive surveys of the Scandinavian cinema, in particular the work of Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman. In fact, Cowie himself has said that he belongs to a generation whose life was changed by seeing "The Seventh Seal".
In 1963 he published the first edition of "International Film Guide" which he continued to publish annually for 40 years. During the period 1963–1988, he published almost 100 books on film by various authors at The Tantivy Press in London, including classics like Robin Wood's "Hitchcock's Films". He also launched annual publications on sport ("International Cycling Guide", "International Running Guide"), classical music ("International Music Guide"), television ("International TV and Video Guide") and the Nordic area ("The Scandinavian Guide").
Other aspects of his work in the area of Scandinavian cinema include his service on the "Quality Awards" Jury of the Swedish Film Institute for 11 years from the 1970s where he was its only non-Nordic member. In 1989 he was decorated by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden with the Royal Order of the Polar Star for his services to Swedish culture. During the 1980s he spent several years in Finland, and since 1983 was the director of the Nordic Film Festival in Hanasaari, Helsinki. Cowie has been on various juries, at the Cannes, Venice, Berlin, and Tampere festivals.
In 1989 he joined "Variety" and served as the international publishing director until 2000. After he joined, "International Film Guide" was published as "Variety International Film Guide" until 2006. In 1999, he edited "The Variety Insider" with detailed information on the year in entertainment as well as historical information.
He is also interested in the work of American film directors as different as Francis Ford Coppola, Orson Welles, and John Ford. "The Godfather Book" (Faber, London, 1997) examined Coppola's trilogy of films, and after a visit to Monument Valley in Utah, he wrote an analysis of Ford's films which were shot there, "John Ford and the American West" (Abrams, New York, 2004), examining the importance of the location and the influences of 19th Century American painting.
He has provided more than a dozen voice-over audio commentaries for DVD versions of classic films which form part of The Criterion Collection. Many of these commentaries are for the films of Bergman. In 2018 he served as Consultant on Criterion's 39-film box-set entitled Ingmar Bergman's Cinema.
He is a sometime Visiting Professor in Film Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Between 2003 and 2020 he was a special consultant to the Berlin International Film Festival, working with Berlinale Talents. He has moderated panels and symposia at the Venice International Film Festival, and also on behalf of the European Film Academy. In 2016, he moderated on-stage conversations with Sir Alan Parker, Jaco van Dermal, and Michael Roskam for the MEDIA Program's 25th anniversary celebrations in Brussels.
From 2004 to 2006, he was a member of the Executive Board at The European Film College in Ebeltoft, Denmark. In November 2006, to coincide with the centenary of the actress Louise Brooks, Cowie's "Louise Brooks: Lulu Forever" was published in Germany and the United States. In 2008, Cowie co-edited "Projections: The European Film Academy" (Faber, London), and was a contributing editor to the Taschen volume, "The Ingmar Bergman Archives". His most recent work includes "Joan Crawford, the Enduring Star" (Rizzoli, New York 2009), and "Akira Kurosawa, Master of Cinema" (Rizzoli, New York, 2010). Also in 2010, he wrote a concise history of the Berlin International Film Festival (published by Bertz und Fischer, Berlin).
In 2017, Cowie was a producer of the Criterion Collection's largest-ever boxed set of DVDs/Blu-rays -- "100 Years of Olympic Films 1912-2012", and contributed a book-length study of the more than fifty documentaries on the Olympics.
Audio commentaries.
Cowie has provided audio commentaries for the following films in The Criterion Collection:


Dmytro Chyzhevsky

Dmytro Ivanovich Chyzhevsky (sometimes transliterated as Dmitri Tschizewsky or Dmitrij Tschizewskij) (March 3, 1894 – April 18, 1977) was a scholar of Slavic literature and the literary baroque. He was born in Russian Empire of Russian-Polish-Ukrainian ancestry.
Biography.
Dmytro Ivanovich Chyzhevsky was born in Russian Empire on 3 March 1894, at Aleksandria, in the Kherson Oblast of the Russian empire, near the Black Sea. His first interest was philosophy, and his teachers were N. Lossky, V. Zinkivsky (Vasilii Zenkovsky), and H. Chelpanov. From 1911 to 1913 he studied philosophy and literature at the University of St. Petersburg and afterwards at the department of history and philology at St. Volodymyr Kyiv University, where he graduated in 1919. During the Revolution of 1917 he was involved in politics. After teaching at high school in Kyiv from 1919 to 1921, he emigrated from Soviet Russia to Germany and continued his philosophical studies at Heidelberg during the winter semester 1921/22, and then at Freiberg, where he was a student of Edmund Husserl (SS 1922- WS1923/24).
He lived in Prague from 1924 to 1932, where he became a professor in the Ukrainian university there, and was a member of the prestigious Prague Linguistic Circle, a group of linguists and philologists that included Roman Jakobson.
In 1932 he moved to the University of Halle in Germany, where he completed his dissertation in Philosophy, "Hegel in Russland", under Adhémar Gelb and Paul Menzer. During World War II, Chyzhevsky took a position at the University of Marburg.
After the war he moved to the United States of America in 1949, and became a professor of Slavic studies at Harvard University.
In 1956 he returned to Germany and settled in Heidelberg as a professor of Slavic studies; where he remained until his death on April 18, 1977.
Work.
Chyzhevsky wrote on a broad range of subjects, including folklore, history, philosophy, linguistics, Slavic and comparative literature. He wrote monographs on the Ukrainian philosopher Hryhorii Skovoroda (1974) and the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1934). He is also known for his studies of the Ukrainian writer, Nikolai Gogol.
He argued for the existence of a literary baroque and wrote several books on the subject, becoming one of the foremost authorities on baroque literature.


Mark Schroeder (philosopher)

Mark Schroeder is an American philosopher whose scholarship focuses on metaethics, particularly expressivism and other forms of noncognitivism. He is a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California.


Robert Truog

Robert D. Truog is an American bioethicist and pediatrician. He is the Frances Glessner Lee Professor of Medical Ethics, Anaesthesiology & Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, where he is also the Director of the Center for Bioethics. He also practices in the pediatric intensive care unit at Boston Children’s Hospital, where he previously served as chair of the Division of Critical Care Medicine.
Education.
Truog attended UCLA, where he majored in biochemistry, and continued at UCLA for his medical education, obtaining his MD degree in 1980.
He completed a residency in pediatrics at the University of Colorado, where he also served as chief resident. Here he developed a passion for the care of critically ill children. At the time, the leading pediatric intensive care units in the country were staffed by anesthesiologists, so Truog did a second residency in anesthesiology at UCLA before moving to New England to pursue advanced education in pediatric anesthesiology and critical care medicine at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Upon completing his training in 1986 he joined the faculty, where he remains as an active member of the ICU staff. He is board certified in three specialties: pediatrics, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.
Academic work.
Truog has authored or coauthored more than 300 papers in bioethics and related fields, and co-authored two books.
He lectures extensively both nationally and internationally. Although his writing and speaking have covered a broad range of topics in bioethics, a major focus of his work has been on definitions of death (especially “brain death”) and their relationship to organ transplantation. In collaboration with Franklin G. Miller, in 2012 he published the book “Death, Dying, and Organ Transplantation.” This critically acclaimed book examines current practices surrounding the determination of death by both neurological and circulatory criteria. The book explores the challenges posed by the “dead donor rule” (the view that vital organs may be procured only from patients who are dead), as well alternatives to the rule.
Another area of focus for Truog has been ethical aspects of disclosure of medical errors to patients and their families. Much of this work has involved conducting dozens of live workshops where clinicians are given the opportunity to practice disclosure of errors with trained actors, exploring the ethical complexity of these conversations while receiving feedback to improve their performance. Truog wrote about this work with his colleagues in a second book, Talking with Patients and Families about Medical Error: A Guide for Education and Practice,” published in 2010, translated into Italian and Japanese, and launched electronically on JHU MUSE January 1, 2012.


City Vigilance League


Antiphon (orator)

Antiphon of Rhamnus (; ; 480–411 BC) was the earliest of the ten Attic orators, and an important figure in fifth-century Athenian political and intellectual life.
There is longstanding uncertainty and scholarly controversy over whether the Sophistic works of Antiphon and a treatise on the "Interpretation of Dreams" were also written by Antiphon the Orator, or whether they were written by a separate man known as Antiphon the Sophist. This article only discusses Antiphon the Orator's biography and oratorical works.
Life.
Antiphon was a statesman who took up rhetoric as a profession. He was active in political affairs in Athens, and, as a zealous supporter of the oligarchical party, was largely responsible for the establishment of the Four Hundred in 411 (see Theramenes); upon restoration of the democracy shortly afterwards, he was accused of treason and condemned to death. Thucydides famously characterized Antiphon's skills, influence, and reputation:
Antiphon may be regarded as the founder of political oratory, but he never addressed the people himself except on the occasion of his trial. Fragments of his speech then, delivered in defense of his policy (called ) have been edited by J. Nicole (1907) from an Egyptian papyrus.
His chief business was that of a logographer (), that is a professional speech-writer. He wrote for those who felt incompetent to conduct their own cases—all disputants were obliged to do so—without expert assistance. Fifteen of Antiphon's speeches are extant: twelve are mere school exercises on fictitious cases, divided into tetralogies, each comprising two speeches for prosecution and defence—accusation, defence, reply, counter-reply; three refer to actual legal processes. All deal with cases of homicide (). Antiphon is also said to have composed a or art of Rhetoric.
List of extant speeches.
This is a list of extant speeches by Antiphon:


Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Editing

The Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Editing () is one of the highest film awards in Bangladesh. Since 1977, the awards are given in the category of best Editing. The first award winner was "Bashir Hossain". Mujibur Rahman Dulu was awarded 8 times and Aminul Islam Mintu was awarded 4 times.


Cynthia Slater

Cynthia Slater (1945–1989) was the cofounder of the second BDSM organization founded in the United States (after The Eulenspiegel Society), a San Francisco, California based BDSM education and support group known as the Society of Janus, which she founded with Larry Olsen in August 1974. According to the Leather Hall of Fame biography of Slater, she said of the Society of Janus,
""There were three basic reasons why we chose Janus. First of all, Janus has two faces, which we interpreted as the duality of SM (one’s dominant and submissive sides). Second, he’s the Roman god of portals, and more importantly, of beginnings and endings. To us, it represents the beginning of one’s acceptance of self, the beginning of freedom from guilt, and the eventual ending of self-loathing and fear over one’s SM desires. And third, Janus is the Roman god of war--the war we fight against stereotypes commonly held against us"."
Slater's activism for women to be accepted within the gay leather scene in San Francisco during the late 1970s brought her to more mainstream attention. Slater persuaded the management of San Francisco's S/M leather club the Catacombs, the most famous fisting club in the world, to open up to lesbians; it was originally a gay men's club. It operated from 1975 to 1981, and reopened at another location from 1982 to 1984. Slater was also an early proponent of S/M safety, and one of the major AIDS activists and educators during the 1980s. Slater hosted Society of Janus safety demonstrations during the late 1970s, cultivating a space for women within the 'plurality of gay men' already present within the leather/kink/fetish Venn-diagramatic culture. According to first-hand accounts, she coined the term "SM 101", referring to the safety demonstrations and classes she presented. As well, in 1981 Slater and David Lourea "presented safer-sex education workshops in bathhouses and BDSM clubs in San Francisco." In 1985, Slater, who was HIV-positive, organized the first Women's HIV/AIDS Information Switchboard. She also contributed to "developing and disseminating kink friendly safer sex technologies".
She was photographed by Robert Mapplethorpe.
She was a professional dominatrix.
She was openly bisexual.
In 1989, she died of AIDS complications. She is among those commemorated in the AIDS Memorial Quilt.
In 1989, she received the National Leather Association International’s Jan Lyon Award for Regional or Local Work.
In 2003, she received the Forebear Award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
In 2007, the National Leather Association International inaugurated awards for excellence in SM/fetish/leather writing. The categories include the Cynthia Slater award for non-fiction article.
In 2014, Slater was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame.
In 2017, the art installation known as the San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley was installed; in it Slater is honored with a metal bootprint displaying her name and a short statement about her.
She is an inductee of the Society of Janus Hall of Fame.


Megabit

The megabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information. The prefix mega (symbol M) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 106 (1 million), and therefore
The megabit has the unit symbol Mbit.
The megabit is closely related to the mebibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix mebi (symbol Mi) of the same order of magnitude, which is equal to = , or approximately 5% larger than the megabit. Despite the definitions of these new prefixes for binary-based quantities of storage by international standards organizations, memory semiconductor chips are still marketed using the metric prefix names to designate binary multiples.
Using the common byte size of eight bits and the standardized metric definition of megabit and kilobyte, 1 megabit is equal to 125 kilobytes (kB) or approximately 122 kibibytes (KiB).
The megabit is widely used when referring to data transfer rates of computer networks or telecommunications systems. Network transfer rates and download speeds often use the megabit as the amount transferred per time unit, e.g., a 100 Mbit/s (megabit per second) Fast-Ethernet connection, or a 10 Mbit/s Internet access service, whereas the sizes of data units (files) transferred over these networks are often measured in megabytes. To achieve a transfer rate of one megabyte per second one needs a network connection with a transfer rate of eight megabits per second.


Australia national sudoku team

The Australian national sudoku team represents Australia in sudoku competition.
2008 World Sudoku Championships.
In 2008 a group of former University of Western Australia Rugby Club players decided to form a team to send to the World Sudoku Championship in Goa, India despite three of the four team members, Mick Colliss, Hamish Sutherland, Mark Skiffington and Sandy Sutherland, not having played the game before. Dubbed the Numbats, after a small Australian marsupial, the four worked to gain corporate sponsorship for their endeavour. They eventually raised enough money to cover their trip and to provide distinctive uniforms including sporting blazers that closely resembled those worn by Australia's team at the 1936 Olympic Games.
At the championships the team finished last.
In 2009 team vice-captain Mick Colliss wrote a book, published by HarperCollins Australia called "Full Contact Sudoku" based on the team's experience in Goa.
A documentary "Colour by Numbers" detailing their exploits aired on ABC Television in April 2010.


Music of Eritrea

The music of the State of Eritrea is a diverse mix of traditional and popular styles originating from ancient to modern times. The nine major ethnic groups of Eritrea—Afar, Bilen, Hedareb, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Saho, Tigre and Tigrinya—celebrate autonomous music-making expressed through a rich heritage of vocalists, instrumentalists and activities within the country and throughout the international diaspora. The country’s music is informed by a range of ethnolinguistic group dynamics in the region, by its shared pre-colonial history with and revolutionized independence from Ethiopia, and by its exposure to globalized American music in the mid-twentieth century.
Notable Eritrean musicians.
Notable Eritrean musicians were Edris wad Amir, Ibrahim wad goret, Edris M. Ali, Zainab Bashir, Fatima Ibrahim, Engineer Asgedom Woldemichael, Wad Asheikh, Yemane Baria, Osman Abderrehim, Alamin Abdeletif and Atowe Birhan Segid. Yemane Baria wrote one political song, and he was in jail. Also of note is Bereket Mengistab, who has had a lengthy career, and 1960s musicians Haile Ghebru and Tewolde Redda.
Wad Asheikh, Saeed salih, Fatima Ibrahim, Teklé Tesfa-Ezighe Tekle Kifle Mariam (Wedi Tukul), Tesfai Mehari (Fihira), Osman Abderrehim, Abrar Osman, Abraham Afwerki, Yemane Ghebremichael, Alamin Abdeletif, Atewebrhan Segid, and Tsehaytu Beraki were modern popular stars.
Folk music.
Folk musicians used traditional instruments include the stringed kraar, kebero, lyre. Tesfuy Mehari Fihira and Wedi Sheik were notable folk musicians.
Popular music.
Modern Eritrean popular music can be traced back to the late 1960s , when the MaHber Theatre Asmara began to produce stars like Osman Abderrehim, Alamin Abdeletif, Yemane Ghebremichael (commonly known as Yemane Baria), Jabber, Ateweberhan Seghid, Yonus Ibrahim, Tsehaytu Beraki, Tewolde Redda, Teberh Tesfahiwet and Tukabo Weldemariam.
Since then, some musicians, like kraar-player Dawit Shilan, Yohannes Tikabo (also known as Wedi Tukabo), Dehab Faytinga (commonly known as Faytinga), the Asmara All Stars and Temesgen Gebreselassie (also known as Taniqo) have helped to incorporate the core indigenous Eritrean musical elements in popular music.
Dancing.
Traditional Eritrean Tigrinya dancing involves two main styles of dance. In the first which is called 'quda', the dancers form a circle and slowly circumambulator or move around in an endless circular motion to the rhythm of the music. Then, they cease the circular musical flow/motion and dance in pairs or 3's facing each other for a short while before resuming the circular motion in a file again. During this time, they shuffle their feet to the beat of the music and bob their shoulders in a rhythmic fashion. Female dancers usually move their shoulders more than the male dancers. The dancers round off their dancing by facing each other in twos and threes and moving their shoulders faster. This can also involve jumping and bending one's knees, as well as going down to the floor to sit in a squatting position while bobbing those shoulders and moving the head sideways to the strong drum beats.
In the second style of dance, two groups (often a group of men and a group of women) line up and face each other. The dance features a skipping step to the music. Periodically, the two groups will change places, dancing across the floor and passing each other in the process.
Traditional dances practiced by Eritrea's other Afro-Asiatic communities include those by the Saho, which involve jumping on each leg in rhythm with the beat. The related Afar, Tigre, Bilen and Hidareb have similar moves. Additionally, the Rashaida also have their own unique dances.
Dancing by the Nilo-Saharan Kunama involves raising bead-strung legs in sync with the rhythm of the music. The related Nara have similar traditions.
Live music: piano bars.
The music scene in the Eritrean capital of Asmara has traditionally been known for setting the standard of "Tigrinya" music for listeners in Eritrea and Ethiopia. The relatively recent 'piano bar' phenomenon has been largely exclusive to Asmara because almost all contemporary musicians and singers live in the capital city.
The piano bar culture became popular around 2004, when leading singers such as Dawit Shilan played at the Ha.Ko.Se.E cafe. At the time - live music in bars being a new experience in the city - the cafe was overcrowded over weekends and many customers had to be turned away.
One of the intrinsic characteristics of the piano bars is that the artists remix a range of classic hits, instead of sticking to performing only their own songs. For example, Dawit Shilan playing Atewebrhan Segid’s 1970s jazz not only brought these classic song back to life, but showed his mastery of performance skills, particularly on the "krar."
Piano bars have thus provided a platform for jazz and blues artists - and to a lesser extent the local dance music known as "Guayla". They have become sites for musicians to show their artistry, as they are not bound by the typical demands for upbeat music for dancing.
After the success of gigs at the Ha.Ko.Se.E piano bar, other hotels and cafes were quick to catch on the business. Hotels such as Sunshine, Savana, Bologna cub and Ayele family have been hosting contemporary favourites such as Yohannes Tikabo, Tesfay Mengesha and Kahsai Haile regularly.
In 2013, the Berhe Aiba Hotel started a new type of live performance by giving prominence to musicians rather than singers. Jazz classics were played, with singers such as Yohannes Tikabo only featuring on certain songs. Some of the best talents in Eritrean music - like Shonqie, Fanjai, Chobie and Gidewon - were brought together as a band to provide a unique experience. The place became a hangout for many musicians, who would get often on stage and jam.
The success of piano bars in Asmara could also be connected with the "Gaeda" genre, which is played in Swa houses in Aba Shawel, a district of Asmara that has traditionally been home to many notable artists across generations. "Gaeda" is a communal music experience where a singer plays songs accompanied by friends beating drums, clapping and singing along. Many of these songs are exclusively played in "Gaeda" settings and are never recorded or released on albums. Songs are often modified by whoever sings them, adding thought-provoking social and political messages.
Sibrit.
In 1994, a year after Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition, a group of musicians were brought together under the direction of Kahsay Gebrehewet as part of Eritrea’s nation building efforts. The musicians, who had previously performed in various revolutionary music groups, were brought together as the national music and dance troupe, Sibrit, which means "heritage". Sibrit perform music and dance from all nine of Eritrea's main ethnic groups (Afar, Bilen, Hedareb, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Tigre and Tigrinya), they feature regularly on Eritrean radio and television shows and perform as representatives of Eritrean culture around the world. Their instrumentation includes the amplified krar, bass krar and percussion.


Eoin McKiernan

Eoin McKiernan (10 May 1915 – 18 July 2004), was an early scholar in the interdisciplinary field of Irish Studies in the United States and the founder of the Irish American Cultural Institute. He is credited with leading efforts to revive and preserve Irish culture and language in the United States.
Early life and education.
Born John Thomas McKiernan in New York City, McKiernan adopted the old Irish form of his name, Eoin, early in his life. While in college, he won a scholarship to study Irish language in the Connemara Gaeltacht in the west of Ireland. In 1938, he married Jeannette O'Callaghan, whom he met while studying Irish at the Gaelic Society in New York City. They raised nine children.
McKiernan attended seminary at Cathedral College and St. Joseph's in New York, leaving before ordination. He earned degrees in English and Classical Languages (AB, St Joseph College, NY, 1948), Education and Psychology (EdM, UNH, 1951), and American Literature and Psychology (PhD, Penn State, 1957). Later in life, McKiernan was awarded honorary doctorates from the National University of Ireland, Dublin [1969]; the College of St. Rose, Albany [1984]; Marist College, Poughkeepsie [1987]; and the University of St. Thomas, St. Paul [1996].
Career.
Passion for Irish culture was the dominant undercurrent of a distinguished teaching career in secondary (Pittsfield, NH, 1947–49) and university levels (State University of New York at Geneseo, 1949–59, and University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, MN, 1959–72). McKiernan served as an officer of the National Council of College Teachers of English, was appointed by the Governor of NY to a State Advisory Committee to improve teacher certification standards, and served as a Consultant to the US Department of Education in the early 1960s.
McKiernan suggested to the Irish government in 1938 that a cultural presence in the United States would promote a deeper understanding between the two countries, but he eventually realised that if this were to happen, he would have to lead the way. His opportunity came in 1962, when he was asked to present a series on public television. Entitled "Ireland Rediscovered," the series was so popular that another, longer series, "Irish Diary," was commissioned. Both series aired nationwide. The enthusiastic response provided the impetus to establish the Irish American Cultural Institute (IACI, 1962). In 1972 he resigned from teaching to devote his energy entirely to the IACI.
Under McKiernan's direction, the IACI published the scholarly journal "Eire-Ireland", with subscribers in 25 countries, and the informational bi-monthly publication "Ducas". The IACI still sponsors the Irish Way (an immersion program for US teenagers); several speaker series (Irish Fortnight, the Luncheon Circle, Perceptions); a reforestation program in Ireland (Trees for Ireland); theatre events in both countries; and educational tours in Ireland. He continued these educational Ireland tours well into his retirement; his daughter, Deirdre, now leads them.
At his suggestion, the Institute financed the world premiere, in Springfield, MA, of A. J. Potter's Symphony No. 2.
Troubled by the biased reporting of events in Northern Ireland in the 1970s, McKiernan established an Irish News Service, giving Irish media and public figures direct access to American outlets. In the 1990s, he was invited by the Ditchley Foundation to be part of discussions aimed at bringing peace to that troubled area and was a participant [1992] in a three-day conference in London dealing with civil rights in Northern Ireland. Organized by Liberty, a London civil rights group, the conference was also attended by UN, European Community, and Helsinki representatives.
McKiernan also founded Irish Books and Media, which was, for forty years, the largest distributor of Irish printed materials in the United States. In his eighth decade, he established Irish Educational Services, which funded children’s TV programs in Irish and provided monies for Irish language schools in Northern Ireland. "Irish America" magazine twice named him one of the Irish Americans of the year; in 1999, they chose him as one of the greatest Irish Americans of the 20th century.
McKiernan died on 18 July 2004, in St. Paul, Minnesota. On his death, the Irish Times (20 July 2004), referred to him as the "US Champion of Irish culture and history . . . a patriarch of Irish Studies in the US who laid the ground for the explosion of interest in Irish arts in recent years.”


Takayuki Tatsumi

 is a Japanese scholar. He is a Professor at Keio University, where he has taught literary theory and American literature since 1989.
As an avid science fiction fan, he authored many books and essays on science fiction. He received Nihon SF Taisho prize in 2000 for "Nihon SF ronsōshi".


Temperance

Temperance may refer to:


Union Dissolution Day

The Union Dissolution Day, observed in Norway on 7 June (though not a public holiday), is marked in remembrance of the Norwegian parliament's 1905 declaration of dissolution of the union with Sweden, a personal union which had existed since 1814. The day is celebrated in Norway as the Independence Day and is an official flag flying day, and is observed with ordinary salute at Akershus Fortress. The Independence Day, however, has few traditions of celebration beyond that.
Royal return after World War II.
By historical coincidence, 7 June was also the date in 1940 when King Haakon VII of Norway and the royal family, along with the Norwegian cabinet and parliament, had to leave the country after escaping the German forces during the World War II invasion of Norway; and it is also the date in 1945 on which the King returned after 5 years of exile in London.


Random stimulus

A random stimulus is any class of creativity techniques that explores randomization. Most of their names start with the word "random", such as random word, random heuristic, random picture and random sound. In each random creativity technique, the user is presented with a random stimulus and explores associations that could trigger novel ideas. The power of random stimulus is that it can lead you to explore useful associations that would not emerge intentionally.
Random word technique.
Random Word is the simplest technique of this class. A randomly picked word is used to generate new associations. The intent is to reveal a different angle of attack on the problem.
Implementations.
Low-tech implementations of random word often randomly shuffle a pile of index cards. For example, the "Oblique Strategies" created by Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt in 1975 is a set of 100 cards, each of which is a suggestion of a course of action or thinking to assist in creative situations, where standard logical solutions do not produce the desired result. High-tech implementations adopt computers, random number generators and internet resources. Simple random techniques are classified by modality of association (Verbal, Visual, Audial, Kinesthetic). Multi-modal techniques combine different random elements from multiple domains. A 'random article' link is an example of this kind of technique implemented by MediaWiki software. Stumbleupon is such a tool.
Evolutionary-computation model.
The evolutionary-computation model of creativity views random stimulus creativity techniques as mutation operators. Each such operator has some potential to bring a relatively small and beneficial change (innovation). Success of this process can be measured by the innovation rate. The innovation rate depends on the distribution from which the random stimuli are sampled. Improving innovation rate is an important research problem in human-based evolutionary computation.


Apsines (sophist)

Apsines () was a sophist from Athens. He was a son of Onasimus (), and grandson of another Apsines who was an Athenian sophist. It is not impossible that he may be the Apsines whose commentary on Demosthenes is mentioned by Ulpian, and who taught rhetoric at Athens at the time of Aedesius, in the fourth century CE, though this Apsines is called a Lacedaemonian.
This Apsines and his disciples were hostile to Julianus, a contemporary rhetorician at Athens, and to his school. This enmity grew so much that Athens in the end found itself in a state of civil warfare, which required the presence of a Roman proconsul to suppress.


Sam B. Girgus

Sam B. Girgus (born c. 1942) is an American film and literature scholar, professor of English at Vanderbilt University. He is well known for his analysis of the works of Woody Allen in his books such as "The Films of Woody Allen" (2002) and "A Companion to Woody Allen" (2013) with Peter J. Bailey. He believes ultimately that Allen's films undermine the world in which we live.
Girgus has also authored a book on Clint Eastwood and books such as "The American self: myth, ideology, and popular culture" (1981), "Hollywood Renaissance: The Cinema of Democracy in the Era" (1998), "America on Film: Modernism, Documentary, and a Changing America" (2002), "Levinas and the Cinema of Redemption: Time, Ethics, and the Feminine" (2010) and many others. Several of his works have addressed the relationship between film and literature and politics and democratic individualism.
References.
Girgus, Sam B. (September 2018). Time, Existential Presence and the Cinematic Image: Ethics and Emergence to Being in Film . Edinburgh University Press. .


Prix Iris for Best Editing in a Documentary

The Prix Iris for Best Editing in a Documentary () is an annual film award, presented by Québec Cinéma as part of its Prix Iris awards program, to honour the year's best film editing in documentary films made within the Cinema of Quebec.
The award was presented for the first time at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards in 2017.


Text-to-Pledge

Text-to-Pledge, a registered trademark of Sophist LLC, is a program that facilitates the use of mobile devices to pledge charitable contributions. The technology is generally employed by non-profit organizations to increase donations at live fundraising events.
Use.
Text-to-Pledge (TTP) is most commonly used by charities at gala events. The program allows guests to use their mobile device to pledge monetary contributions to prospective charities via text message.
Text-to-Pledge provides on-screen content, including interactive text messaging and impact visuals, to encourage mobile giving. Event can choose to display their name, donation amount and a brief message when they donate or can choose to give anonymously.
According to an article published by Mobile Commerce Daily, Sophist's Text-to-Pledge CEO Reed Baker explained the differentiating factor between apps and text-giving programs: “Apps require access… The likelihood that an organization could convince 1,000 people, many of whom are unregistered guests of table sponsors, to download something to their phone is a lot lower than asking all of these people to use something they use every day, and may even be using while you ask — that something would be text messaging.”
Baker provides fundraising consulting for his clients to help them develop effective programming, active sponsors and evaluate audiences to maximize live-event donations. For example, Baker recommended running the Text-to-Pledge program during dinner and asking a well-known figure to announce the opportunity to give on stage.
History.
Baker founded Text-to-Pledge in 2008. Text-to-Pledge was nominated for a BizBash Event Style Award in the Best Fresh Idea category in 2008 and 2009. Since its founding, the program has raised in excess of $25 million for hundreds of charity events around the country.


Daniel Little

Daniel E. Little (born 1949) is professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan-Dearborn and professor of sociology and public policy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He previously served as the Chancellor for the University of Michigan-Dearborn (2000-2018).
Biography.
Daniel Little earned two undergraduate degrees in philosophy and mathematics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1971 and a Ph.D in philosophy from Harvard University in 1977.
After his time at Harvard University, Little served in faculty positions at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Wellesley College, Colgate University, and Bucknell University. He served as vice president for academic affairs at Bucknell University between 1996 and 2000. His areas of specialization and competence include the philosophy of social sciences, social and political philosophy, and Asian studies.
He is an active scholar and has written and lectured extensively on the foundations of the social sciences. His 2003 book is "The Paradox of Wealth and Poverty", a discussion of the ethical issues raised by economic development in the third world. More recent books include "New Contributions to the Philosophy of History" (2010) and "New Directions in the Philosophy of Social Science" (2016). He is actively involved in the metropolitan Detroit community and served on non-profit boards in Michigan concerned with civil rights, race relations, and improving inter-group understanding. He currently serves on the boards of the Michigan League for Public Policy and the Michigan College Access Network, with previous board service with New Detroit, City Year Detroit, the Detroit Urban League, Detroit Public Television, and the Detroit Zoological Society.


Off-centered rhyme

An off-centered rhyme is an internal rhyme scheme characterized by placing rhyming words or syllables in unexpected places in a given line. This is sometimes called a misplaced-rhyme scheme or a spoken-word rhyme style. Here is an example from the hip-hop group De La Soul:
<poem>Playin' "wait up", with the "data" servin' your ears
with infor"mation" due to confir"mation" of the "nation's" most
wicked "ways" of livin', like them glassy eyed "beans"
Inhale to smoke the "fiends", while bangin' a "tape"
"Rated" at the high point of the "mass"
Rippin' MC's at the top of a "class", oc"cas"ionally
rippin' some sucker's "face", or some suckable "ass" from a "girl"
It's a big brother beat for the wide wide "world" [emphasis added]</poem>
This is a common rhyme scheme found in the spoken word form of poetry and can also be found in hip-hop to a lesser degree.


Happy Cube

Happy Cubes are a set of mechanical puzzles created in 1986 by the Belgian toy inventor Dirk Laureyssens. The company "Happy bvba" has the exclusive license to manufacture and sell these puzzles. Happy Cubes are also known by a number of other names, among them: "Cube It!" cubes, "Wirrel Warrel" (in the Netherlands), "I.Q.ubes" and "Cococrash" (in Spain and Portugal).
The Happy Cubes were made of 8mm-thick ethylene-vinyl acetate foam mats (also known as EVA). The tiles were based upon a 5x5 matrix where the outer squares may be present or absent. The central 3x3 kernel was fixed. Initially the puzzle is assembled into a 2-dimensional, flat 2x3 piece rectangle fitted into a frame. The basic challenge is to construct a perfect, 6-sided cube out of these 6 pieces.
Usually, there is only one way to fit the pieces into a complete cube and it can be reached with various levels of difficulty by trial and error.
Variations.
There are four families of Happy Cube puzzles, each containing 6 different cubes. Each family has a unique texture, style and difficulty level. Within each puzzle family the cubes are differentiated by color. The four families of Happy Cube puzzles with names of each puzzle are:
Difficulty Rankings.
While the manufacturer lists the difficulty level of the sets (easiest to hardest) as Junior, Original, Pro, Expert, and within each set ranks the puzzles (easiest to hardest) as listed in the previous section, independent researchers have substantially disagreed with this arrangement saying the manufacturer's difficulty rankings within each set "do not contain any relevant information on the difficulty of the model".
The manufacturer's four easiest Pro puzzles are rated by the researchers as harder than the manufacturer's two hardest Pro puzzles and harder than any of the Expert puzzles. Using P for Pro, E for Expert, and the digits 1 (lower difficulty) to 6 (higher) their rankings are:
Solutions.
The basic challenge of the Happy Cubes puzzles is to construct a single perfect cube from the 6 pieces of a single puzzle which share the same color scheme and texture. A subsequent challenge to this is to fit the pieces back into the 2-dimensional frame from which they came.
With the presence of more than one puzzle available, pieces of several different cube puzzles can be joined together to make up larger and more complex structures other than the basic 6 faced cube. Some structures are more difficult to construct than others and the more pieces available, the easier it is to find a solution that makes a closed shape since there are more options of pieces to choose from. With enough pieces, virtually any structure imaginable can be constructed.
Two of the most popular complex structures are the 2×2×2 cube which is a perfect cube with each face made of 4 pieces (all in all, 24 pieces) and the Star structure, which is made of 6 cubes attached in a single-cube sized common centre (all in all, 30 pieces). Several computer applications exist to aid in the process of designing large structures and finding solutions for them automatically.


Home Truths (novella)

Home Truths (1999) is a novella by British author David Lodge. It was first written as a play of the same name, performed at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1998.
Plot summary.
The story mainly focuses on Adrian Ludlow, a half-retired writer, interviewed by Fanny Tarrant, a journalist famous for sarcastic portrait of her interviewees.


Ioan Bogdan (historian)

Ioan Bogdan (b. July 25, 1864, Șcheii Brașovului, Austrian Empire - d. June 1, 1919, Bucharest, Romania) was a Romanian linguist, historian and philologist, the author of studies on the language of Slavic and Romanian documents and creator of Slavo-Romanian philology. In 1903, Bogdan was elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy.
Biography.
Ioan Bogdan graduated high school in Brașov and university studies at the High School in Iași. A graduate in literature, he studied Slavic languages in Vienna, Petersburg and Kraków. On June 20, 1892 he was appointed professor at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Bucharest, where he was dean in: 1898, 1900, 1902, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910 and 1912. He was a member of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities.
On March 31, 1892, he was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy, and on March 29, 1903, he was appointed a full member. Ioan Bogdan was vice-president of the Romanian Academy twice (the first time between May 25, 1910 - May 25, 1913 and the second time between May 28, 1916 - June 1, 1919).
Scientific opera.
Ioan Bogdan carries out a fruitful and assiduous research activity, discovering numerous Slavo-Romanian manuscripts: "Annals from Putna", "Chronicles of Macarie, Eftimie and Azarie", "Codices from Tulcea". His work, focused mainly on the study of the history of the Romanian people and their culture in the Middle Ages, is equally addressed to the historian, philologist and linguist. His studies, extensive comments on language problems and facts, focus especially on the lexicon of Slavo-Romanian documents. (Romanian glosses in a seventeenth-century Slavonic manuscript: "A seventeenth-century Slavic-Romanian lexicon"). He contributed to the elaboration of the first unique regulation of the faculties of letters and philosophy in the country (1897).
Bogdan glosses.
Ioan Bogdan found these glosses, in 1890, in a manuscript presented on the occasion of an exhibition in Moscow. The manuscript reproduces a Slavonic version of "Matthew Vlastaris' Syntagma". As marginals, on the pages of the manuscript, 662 glosses are written in Romanian and about 70 in Slavonic. They were called "Bogdan glosses". Most often, glosses contain one or two words, rarely a sentence or phrase, which glosses (translates or explains) words from the "Syntagma" text. The Slavonic text was dated by Magdalena Georgescu (who edited it in 1982) on the basis of paper watermarks, between 1516 and 1536, and by R. Constantinescu, at about 1520.
There is no dating in the manuscript at the time of writing the glosses. There are indications that the glosses were written after the writing of the Slavonic text, and not simultaneously with it, as R. Constantinescu considered. As a result, it was considered that they could be written, approximately, after 1516/1531 and before 1616/1631, because they present the phenomenon of rotacism, with the last attestation at this time. Ioan Bogdan appreciated - based on the calligraphy and the linguistic peculiarities - that the glosses were written at the Neamț Monastery, or at another monastery from the north of Moldavia. Magdalena Georgescu also agreed with this opinion. Alexandru Rosetti had suggested the idea of a location in northern Transylvania or in Maramureș. It is assumed that the glosses were written by an Orthodox monk or clergyman, in order to facilitate the understanding of the Slavonic text. They were interesting because a Slavonic manuscript, probably copied in the seventeenth century, found by R. Constantinescu also in Moscow, reproduces them directly. Ion Gheție and Alexandru Mareș place the "Bogdan glosses" between the writings of ecclesiastical law, namely as original literary texts.


Seckford Trust

The Seckford Trust (or Seckford Foundation) is a charitable trust founded in the 16th century by Thomas Seckford that remains active to this day. The trust is based in and operates in the area of Woodbridge, Suffolk. The trust operates the Woodbridge School, a co-educational boarding school founded in 1577 with 725 students of ages four through eighteen. It also operates Seckford Almshouses, the Deben Family Centre, and other facilities, and gives grants to needy individuals and deserving organizations. In 2006, it opened a theatre within the grounds of Woodbridge school called the Seckford Theatre.


Horizontal line test

In mathematics, the horizontal line test is a test used to determine whether a function is injective (i.e., one-to-one).
In calculus.
A "horizontal line" is a straight, flat line that goes from left to right. Given a function formula_1 (i.e. from the real numbers to the real numbers), we can decide if it is injective by looking at horizontal lines that intersect the function's graph. If any horizontal line formula_2 intersects the graph in more than one point, the function is not injective. To see this, note that the points of intersection have the same y-value (because they lie on the line formula_2) but different x values, which by definition means the function cannot be injective.
Variations of the horizontal line test can be used to determine whether a function is surjective or bijective:
In set theory.
Consider a function formula_4 with its corresponding graph as a subset of the Cartesian product formula_5. Consider the horizontal lines in formula_5 :formula_7. The function "f" is injective if and only if each horizontal line intersects the graph at most once. In this case the graph is said to pass the horizontal line test. If any horizontal line intersects the graph more than once, the function fails the horizontal line test and is not injective.


Michael Andrew Screech

Michael Andrew Screech (2 May 1926 – 1 June 2018) was a cleric and a professor of French literature with special interests in the Renaissance, Montaigne and Rabelais.
In the years 1961–84 he was the Fielden Professor of French Language and Literature, at the University College, University of London. From 2003 to 2018 he was an emeritus fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
In 1992, he was honoured as a Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor. His translation of Montaigne's "Essays" has been widely recognized. His translation of the François Rabelais novel series "Gargantua and Pantagruel" was also described by Barbara C. Bowen as "faithful, lively, and readable [...] the best to date; it preserves much of the sheer exuberance of the original, while incorporating essential background information missing from most of its predecessors."


Arnold McMillin

Arnold Barratt McMillin, born 21 June 1941 in Newcastle upon Tyne, is a prominent British scholar of Belarusian and Russian studies, Emeritus Professor of Russian Literature, and the author of the first English-language history of Belarusian literature.
Life.
Arnold McMillin studied at the University of London where he earned a PhD in Slavic Philology in 1971. The topic of his dissertation - the vocabulary of the Belarusian literary language in the 19th century - was suggested by a prominent slavist, Robert Auty. Belarus was a completely neglected field of Slavonic studies at that time. In writing the dissertation, McMillin drew upon the resources and expertese of what would become the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum in London.
McMillin taught the Russian language and literature at the University of London (1965-76) and the University of Liverpool (1976-88). In 1988-2006, he was a professor of Russian literature at the University of London.
In 1984-86, McMillin was the President of the British Universities Association of Slavists; in 1978-88, a British representative at the International Committee of Slavists; a member of the International Association of Scholars of Belarusian Studies.
Academic work.
McMillin authored eight monographs and over 100 articles on Belarusian literature, and over 30 articles about Russian literature and music. He published over 500 book reviews and introductions, and edited 13 books.
McMillin's PhD dissertation became the base for his first monograph, "The Vocabulary of the Byelorussian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century", published by the Anglo-Belarusian Society in 1973.
McMillin's "A History of Byelorussian Literature from Its Origins to the Present Day" (1977) was the first English-language history of Belarusian literature.


National Pool Lifeguard Qualification

Overview.
The RLSS UK National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ) is the standard qualification providing training to over 95% of lifeguards in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The NPLQ can also be delivered in other countries where trainers and training centres meet RLSS UK standards. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualifications and courses are administered by IQL UK Ltd, part of the Royal Life Saving Society charity.
Courses can be delivered over a one-week intensive course or over a number of different sessions. The RLSS UK NPLQ course contains both theory and practical training (reflected in the assessment ). Practical training includes CPR, Intervention and Rescue, Rescue of a casualty with a Suspected Spinal Injury and First Aid. Classroom based theory topics include those in the practical sessions as well as many topics relating to the role and requirements of the modern day lifeguard. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualification is internationally recognised and can be especially useful for students wishing to travel abroad to continue lifeguarding.
In Ireland the majority of awards are done through IQL Ireland (Institute of Qualified Lifeguards Ireland).
Course Structure.
To obtain the qualification, two units must be passed. Unit one consist of training in swimming pool supervision, the principles of lifesaving and basic first aid. For new candidates, a minimum of thirty one hours of training must have been undertaken. Unit one is assessed by an external trainer assessor.
Unit two assesses the practical application of the techniques learnt in unit one, with a minimum of seven hours of work being required to pass. It is assessed on an ongoing basis by a qualified trainer assessor.
To obtain the qualification, both units must be passed within six months of each other. The qualification lasts for 2 years from the date of issue and a further 20 hours of training must be completed before a lifeguard applies for renewal.
In 2018 the latest version of the RLSS UK NPLQ was launched called 'Generation 9'. As the most sophisticated pool lifeguarding qualification yet, it is endorsed by CIMSPA and is currently the UK’s only professional standard qualification for lifeguards.
The previous update to the RLSS UK NPLQ was in 2012, which led to an unprecedented reduction in drownings in lifeguarded swimming pools in the UK to zero. This update, referred to as the 8th edition, was introduced that combined unit 1 & 2 into a single unit. Revision 8 also incorporated changes that rationalized the structure, some subjects were added, some removed or amended. The training material was completely revised together with the training material. An optional AED add-on is now available in revision 8. All trainer/assessors need to attend an update in order to train or assess RLSS UK NPLQ going forward as revision 7 was withdrawn in 2013.


Horizon (general relativity)

A horizon is a boundary in spacetime satisfying prescribed conditions.
There are several types of horizons that play a role in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity:


Bagherwal

Bagherwal is a Jain community originated from Baghera a princely state in Rajasthan (in India). Presently this town is situated in Ajmer district of Rajasthan.
History.
Stone inscriptions from the eleventh century A.D. refer to this community as located in Chittorgarh, Ranthambore and Mandalgarh at various times. During the foreign aggression of North India in the twelfth century, the community left these forts and spread to villages and towns of Rajputana and Madhya Pradesh. About six hundred years ago, three hundred families migrated to Maharashtra from Chittor under the leadership of Jijaji and Punaji Khatod. This group settled in Maharashtra.
All community members are followers of the Jain religion (Digambar). The community has built Jain temples in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. Kirti Stambh, built by one of the community members, Jijaji Kathod, at Chittor fort is a historical monument. It is a seven-story structure built in the twelfth century AD.
Pandit Ashadhar, a scholar of Jain philosophy, writer of about 100 manuscripts in Sanskrit, was born in this community.
Bagherwal today.
Currently Bagherwal families are settled mainly in South west Rajasthan (Haroti, Mewar), North West Madhya Pradesh (Malwa) and Maharashtra (Vidarbh). Bagherwal population is about thirty thousands. Main occupation of the community is Trade and business.
Now this community has spread to Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. Few families have settled outside India in Australia, England, Germany, Thailand and United States.
There are 55 Gotras: Thai, Harsora, Khatod, Todh, Thag, Kuchila, Lambabans, Sethiya, Babriya, Dungerwal, Dhanopiya, Kotia, Katariya, Madiya, Bagda, Thathediya, Kherkhadiya, Bagdiya, Golwal, Jogiya, Pitaliya, Borkhandiya, Karda, Ketagi Bhanwar, Bhandari, Sabdra, Chamariya, Chanwariya, Ugatiya, Sanwala, Sarwadiya, tajlanda, Nabhaipura, Barmunda, Bhandsali, Sakuniya, Panwariya, Aadujiya, Mohiwal, Thola, Satoriya, Mandliya, Badalchat, Charhadiya, Pipaliya, Doraya, Narpatiya, Nigotia, Jathaniwal, Surlaya, Sarpatiya, Dhanotia, Dugeriya, Harsola, Samriya
Organization.
A national level organization of the community Akhil Bharatvarshiya Digambar Jain Bagherwal Sangh was established in 1956 at Bijoliya. There are five regional organizations covering Kota, Bundi, Malwa, Mewar and Dakshin regions. The community has established a charitable trust ‘Bagherwal Parmarthik Trust’ for welfares of its community members. it was established in 1983. It provides scholarships to students, assistance to widows and medical help.


Symmetric set

In mathematics, a nonempty subset of a group is said to be symmetric if
where }.
In other words, is symmetric if whenever .
If is a subset of a vector space, then is said to be symmetric if it is symmetric with respect to the additive group structure of the vector space; that is, if }.


Ellis Evans

David Ellis Evans FBA (23 September 1930 – 26 September 2013) was a Welsh scholar and academic. He was born in the Towy Valley in Carmarthenshire and went to Llandeilo Grammar School.
After studying at Jesus College, Oxford and receiving a doctorate from the University of Oxford, he lectured at the University of Wales, Swansea from 1957 to 1978, rising to become Professor. In 1978, he returned to Oxford University as Jesus Professor of Celtic and also became a Professorial Fellow of Jesus College. He was appointed as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1983, having delivered the Academy's Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture in 1977, named in honour of the first Oxford Celtic Professor. He retired in 1996.
His particular research interest was early Celtic culture throughout Europe, dealing with its relationship with that of the classical world, and in the history of the Celtic languages and the early literatures of Wales and Ireland. A volume of essays on these topics by fellow Celticists was published in honour of his 65th birthday in 1995.


Joseph Koterski

Joseph Koterski, S.J. is an American Jesuit priest, philosopher, author, and currently associate professor at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York.
Academic career.
In 1976, Koterski graduated with a H.A.B. degree in Classics from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1980, he earned a M.A. from Saint Louis University with a thesis titled "Aristotle's Ethics and Reflective Equilibrium", and then two years later a Ph.D. from the same school, while there on a Danforth Fellowship. His dissertation, mentored by James Collins, was titled "Truth and Freedom in Karl Jasper’s Philosophy of Science".
Immediately, after obtaining his degree in 1982, Koterski taught at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas. At the time, he was also discerning a vocation to the religious life. After two years of teaching, he applied to the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus. His studies continued and as a Jesuit Koterski earned his Masters of Divinity and License in Sacred Theology from Weston School of Theology in Cambridge, Massachusetts with a thesis titled "Natural Law and the Book of Wisdom". From 1986 to 1988, he was Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland.
He was ordained a priest in 1992. Soon afterwards, he was assigned as a professor at Fordham. In the late 1990s he also began teaching philosophical courses at the minor seminary of the Archdiocese of New York. From 1996 to 2001, he was director of the MA program in philosophical resources at Fordham. From 1994, he has served as chaplain for Queens Court Residential College Freshmen. In 2008, Koterski was elected president of the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars.
Publications.
Koterski is the editor or author of numerous articles and reviews.
Since 1994, he has served as editor-in-chief of "International Philosophical Quarterly". He is editor of the annual proceedings of the University for Life organization, "Life and Learning". Since 1999, he is co-editor of the Fordham University Press Series in Moral Philosophy and Moral Theology.
Multimedia.
The Teaching Company has employed Koterski for several lectures in its Great Courses series, namely:


Rabbit rabbit rabbit

"Rabbit rabbit rabbit" is a superstition found in Britain and North America wherein a person says or repeats the words "rabbit", "rabbits" and/or "white rabbits" aloud upon waking on the first day of a month, to ensure good luck for the rest of it.
Origins and history.
The exact origin of the superstition is unknown, though it was recorded in "Notes and Queries" as being said by children in 1909:
"My two daughters are in the habit of saying 'Rabbits!' on the first day of each month. The word must be spoken aloud, and be the first word said in the month. It brings luck for that month. Other children, I find, use the same formula."
In response to this note another contributor said that his daughter believed that the outcome would be a present, and that the word must be spoken up the chimney to be most effective; another pointed out that the word "rabbit" was often used in expletives, and suggested that the superstition may be a survival of the ancient belief in swearing as a means of avoiding evil. People continue to express curiosity about the origins of this superstition and draw upon it for inspiration in making calendars suggestive of the Labors of the Months, thus linking the "rabbit rabbit" superstition to seasonal fertility.
It appeared in a work of fiction in 1922:
"Why," the man in the brown hat laughed at him, "I thought everybody knew 'Rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.' If you say 'Rabbit, rabbit, rabbit'—three times, just like that—first thing in the morning on the first of the month, even before you say your prayers, you'll get a present before the end of the month."
Chapter 1 of the Trixie Belden story "The Mystery of the Emeralds" (1962) is titled “Rabbit! Rabbit!” and discusses the tradition:
Trixie Belden awoke slowly, with the sound of a summer rain beating against her window. She half-opened her eyes, stretched her arms above her head, and then, catching sight of a large sign tied to the foot of her bed, yelled out, “Rabbit! Rabbit!” She bounced out of bed and ran out of her room and down the hall. “I’ve finally done it!” she cried [...] “Well, ever since I was Bobby’s age I’ve been trying to remember to say ‘Rabbit! Rabbit!’ and make a wish just before going to sleep on the last night of the month. If you say it again in the morning, before you’ve said another word, your wish comes true.” Trixie laughed."
In the United States the tradition appears especially well known in northern New England although, like all folklore, determining its exact area of distribution is difficult. The superstition may be related to the broader belief in the rabbit or hare being a "lucky" animal, as exhibited in the practice of carrying a rabbit's foot for luck.
During the mid-1990s, U.S. children's cable channel Nickelodeon helped popularize the superstition in the United States as part of its "Nick Days," where during commercial breaks it would show an ad about the significance of the current date, whether it be an actual holiday, a largely uncelebrated unofficial holiday, or a made-up day if nothing else is going on that specific day (the latter would be identified as a "Nickelodeon holiday"). Nickelodeon would promote the last day of each month as "Rabbit Rabbit Day" and to remind kids to say it the next day, unless the last day of that specific month was an actual holiday, such as Halloween or New Year's Eve. This practice stopped by the late 1990s.
Rabbits have not always been thought of as lucky, however. In the 19th century, for example, fishermen would not say the word while at sea, in South Devon, to see a white rabbit in one's village when a person was very ill was regarded as a sure sign that the person was about to die.
In other traditions.
There is another folk tradition which may use a variation "Rabbit", "Bunny", "I hate/love Grey Rabbits" or "White Rabbit" to ward off smoke that the wind is directing into your face when gathered around a campfire. It is thought that this tradition may be related to the tradition of invoking the rabbit on the first of the month. Others conjecture that it may originate with a North American First Nation story about smoke resembling rabbit fur. This tradition may be more of a social tradition in a group setting than a genuine belief that certain words will change the wind direction, and may be more of a childhood tradition than an adult one. Children have sometimes adapted from Rabbit to "Pink Elephant" or other comical derivatives. Because of this more mutable usage, historical record of this is even more scarce than other more static meanings.
As with all folklore, its truth is made evident even in its only occasional fulfillment: should the wind then appear to change direction, others will interpret the use of such an expression as evidence of its effectiveness and will then tend to adopt and repeat its use. That multiple instances of its "in"effectiveness also exist is discounted in light of the "fact" that it appeared to work once.
Variants.
As with most folklore, which is traditionally spread by word of mouth, there are numerous variants of the superstition, in some cases specific to a certain time period or region.


Alcaic stanza

The Alcaic stanza is a Greek lyrical meter, an Aeolic verse form traditionally believed to have been invented by Alcaeus, a lyric poet from Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, about 600 BC. The Alcaic stanza and the Sapphic stanza named for Alcaeus' contemporary, Sappho, are two important forms of Classical poetry. The Alcaic stanza consists of two Alcaic hendecasyllables, followed by an Alcaic enneasyllable and an Alcaic decasyllable.
In Sappho's and Alcaeus' poetry.
The Alcaic stanza as used by Sappho and Alcaeus has the scheme ( where "–" is a longum, "u" a breve, and "×" an anceps):
 × – u – × – u u – u – || (alc11)
 × – u – × – u u – u – || (alc11)
 × – u – × – u – – || (alc9 )
 – u u – u u – u – – ||| (alc10)
In Latin poetry.
One stanza consists of four lines; the first two lines are divided into two parts by a caesura after the fifth syllable. The metrical pattern of an Alcaic stanza would look like this:
 – – u – – : – u u – u –
 – – u – – : – u u – u –
 – – u – – – u – –
 – u u – u u – u – –
Horace frequently used the Alcaic stanza in his Odes, as can be seen from this example :
 – – u – – – u u – u –
 Antehac nefas, depromere Caecubum
 – – u – – : – u u – u–
 cellis avitis, dum Capitolio
 – – u – – – u– –
 Regina dementis ruinas
 – u u – u u– u – –
 funus et Imperio parabat. ("Odes" 1.37, lines 5-8)
An English translation, which suggests the metre, is :
 –– u – – : – u u – u –
 Prior to this, 'twas | irreligious to waste
 – – u – – : – u u – u –
 Old Caecuban wine | whilst, for the Capitol
 – –u – – – u – –
 Mad ruination plots the Queen, and
 – u u – u u – u – –
 Even a funeral for the Empire.
Imitations in other languages.
A famous example of English Alcaics is Tennyson's "Milton":
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies,
O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity,
 God-gifted organ-voice of England,
 Milton, a name to resound for ages!
</poem>
The Alcaic stanza was adapted to use in English and French during the Renaissance. It was very frequently used in Italian poetry of the 19th century, especially by Giosuè Carducci. As in English, the meter is accentual rather than quantitative.
<poem style="margin-left:2em; font-style:italic">
Poi che un sereno vapor d’ambrosia
da la tua còppa diffuso avvolsemi,
 o Ebe con passo di dea
 trasvolata sorridendo via;
</poem>
It was an historically important form in Hungarian poetry. In Polish poetry (in contrast to the Sapphic stanza which was extremely popular since the 16th century) Alcaics were used very rarely. Even in translation Horace's Alcaic stanzas were usually turned into different forms. An example (perhaps the only) of an Alcaic stanza in Polish original literature is Stanisław Trembecki's "Ode to Adam Naruszewicz":
<poem style="margin-left:2em; font-style:italic">
O ty, kapłanie Delijskiego świętny,
Przeszłego wiadom, przyszłości pojętny
 Wieńcz twe skronie, wieszczą bierz laskę,
 Śnieżny ubiór i złotą przepaskę.
</poem>
Trembecki's verse is syllabic (11/11/9/10). There is no accentual metrical pattern.
German has also used alcaics with some success. They were introduced by Klopstock, and used by Hölderlin, by Johann Heinrich Voss in his translations of Horace, by August Kopisch and other 19th century German poets.


Prapanna

Prapanna is a sanskrit word that means complete surrender/dedication.
Raamaanuja of the Vishishtadvaita school said that a person has to be just a 'prapanna', meaning completely surrendered to God. This is called 'Prapatti'. If a person completely trusts God and surrenders himself in thought, word and deed, then he or she can attain the highest point "Vishnoh Paramam Padam".
Prapanna is mentioned many times in the Bhagavata Purana. A prapanna is expected to fulfill some or all of the five a~ngas to attain prapatti. 'Prapanna' is the one who surrenders herself/himself to God and how she/he deals with life treading a path of purity.


Theodorus of Byzantium

Theodorus () was a Greek sophist and orator of the late 5th century BC, born in Byzantium.
Theodorus is noted by Plato in his ironic survey of oratory in the "Phaedrus" for mentioning "confirmation and further confirmation", and calls Theodorus "that most excellent artist in words." Phaedrus responds in turn by calling Theodorus "worthy." Quintillian references Plato's usage in his history of Oratory in the third book of the "Instiutio Oratoria". The Loeb translation of the passage gives us the perhaps more appropriate reading of "word-artificer" for Plato's witticism. Diogenes Laërtius refers to him in a similarly cursorial manner.
Aristotle places him beside Tisias and Thrasymachus as the key movers in the history of rhetoric. Quoting the W. A. Pickard-Cambridge text: "For it may be that in everything, as the saying is 'the first start is the main part'... This is in fact what has happened in regard to rhetorical speeches and to practically all the other arts: for those who discovered the beginnings of them advanced them in all only a little way, whereas the celebrities of to-day are the heirs (so to speak) of a long succession of men who have advanced them bit by bit, and so have developed them to their present form, Tisias coming next after the first founders, then Thrasymachus after Tisias, and Theodorus next to him, while several people have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it is not to be wondered at that the art has attained considerable dimensions." The later Peripatetic school seems not to have been so kind. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, writing of the school in his era, 30 BC, states that "It is important that they should not assume that all the principles of rhetoric are covered in Peripatetic philosophy, and that nothing significant has been discovered by Theodorus, Thrasymachus, Antiphon and their associates..." Some commentators conclude from the passage that Theodorus is linked significantly with Antiphon and Thrasymachus. Elsewhere, Dionysius speaks of him as antiquated, careless and superficial. Cicero describes him as excelling rather in the theory than the practice of his art.
The Byzantine "Suda" quotes the "Phaedrus" again in referencing Theodorus, with the translation giving the curious variation of "Daedalus of words." The "Suda" provides a brief listing of his works, declaring him the author of "Against Thrasybulus", and "Against Andocides", and other unspecified works.


Rudolf Allers

Rudolf Allers (13 January 1883, Vienna, Austria - 14 December 1963, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA) was an Austrian psychiatrist who was a member of the first group of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud.
Life and career.
Rudolf Allers was born to doctor Mark Abeles (1837-1894, originally of Jewish extraction) and Auguste Grailich (1858-1916, daughter of Wilhelm Josef Grailich and Carolina Augusta von Ettingshausen). In 1908 he married Carola Meitner, sister of Lise Meitner physical and contributor to the Nobel laureate Otto Hahn. Like his father, Allers became a physician, receiving his M.D. from the University of Vienna in 1906 and teaching psychiatry at the University of Munich. He was a military surgeon for the Austrian Army during the First World War.
Allers was the only Catholic to join the first group of the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. Together with Alfred Adler, he later distanced himself from psychoanalysis as understood by Freud and his followers. He was later detached from the group of Adler along with Oswald Schwarz. He taught at the University of Vienna (1919).
He was master of Viktor Frankl, mentor of Hans Urs von Balthasar and friend of St. Edith Stein. Both von Balthasar and Stein lived for several months in the house of Allers in Vienna.
He studied the preventive method of St. John Bosco and his pedagogical applications, and at the invitation of Father Agostino Gemelli, was in Italy to study the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas at the Catholic University of Milan and graduated in Philosophy in 1934.
With the annexation of Austria to the Third Reich, Allers emigrated to the United States, where he taught at the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. (1938 - 1948), then as professor of philosophy at Georgetown University from 1948 until his death in 1963. Allers is buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Washington DC.
He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1958.
Books.
Work and Play. Collected Papers on the Philosophy of Psychology (1938-1963). Edited by Alexander Batthyány, Jorge Olaechea Catter, Andrew Tallon. Marquette University Press, 2009.
Self Improvement. Benziger Brothers, Inc., 1939. Republished by Kessinger Publishing, New York, 2010.
The Improvement of the Self. Cluny Media LLC, 2019. Republication of Self Improvement published by Benziger Brothers in 1939.
What's Wrong With Freud? A Critical Study of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Roman Catholic Books, US., 1941
The Successful Error: A Critique of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Sheed & Ward Inc, 1940. Republished by Cluny Media LLC, 2019
Forming Character in Adolescents. 1940, Reprinted by Roman Catholic Books in 2006.
Sex Psychology. Published by Roman Catholic Books.
Über Schadelschusse: Probleme Der Klinik und Der Fursorge
Biography details in: Notes on Rudolf Allers and His Thought by Alexander Batthyány in: Allers Rudolf: Work and Play. Collected Papers on the Philosophy of Psychology (1938-1963). Marquette University Press, 2009.
In Louis Jugnet : "Un psychiatre-philosophe, Rudolf Allers ou l’Anti-Freud", Paris, Cèdre, 1950. "Rudolf Allers o el Anti-Freud", Madrid : Speiro, 1974. Puis éd. ESR, 2002, puis éd. de Chiré, 2021.


Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States

Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States, 345 U.S. 594 (1953), is an antitrust law decision by the United States Supreme Court. In a 5–4 decision it held that a tie-in sale of morning and evening newspaper advertising space does not violate the Sherman Antitrust Act, because there was no market dominance in the tying product.


Government (linguistics)

In grammar and theoretical linguistics, government or rection refers to the relationship between a word and its dependents. One can discern between at least three concepts of government: the traditional notion of case government, the highly specialized definition of government in some generative models of syntax, and a much broader notion in dependency grammars.
Traditional case government.
In traditional Latin and Greek (and other) grammars, government is the control by verbs and prepositions of the selection of grammatical features of other words. Most commonly, a verb or preposition is said to "govern" a specific grammatical case if its complement must take that case in a grammatically correct structure (see: case government). For example, in Latin, most transitive verbs require their direct object to appear in the accusative case, while the dative case is reserved for indirect objects. Thus, the phrase "I see you" would be rendered as Te video" in Latin, using the accusative form "te" for the second person pronoun, and "I give a present to you" would be rendered as Tibi donum do", using both an accusative ("donum") for the direct and a dative ("tibi"; the dative of the second person pronoun) for the indirect object; the phrase "I help you", however, would be rendered as Tibi faveo", using only the dative form "tibi". The verb "favere" (to help), like many others, is an exception to this default government pattern: its one and only object must be in the dative. Although no direct object in the accusative is controlled by the specific verb, this object is traditionally considered to be an indirect one, mainly because passivization is unavailable except perhaps in an impersonal manner and for certain verbs of this type. A semantic alternation may also be achieved when different case constructions are available with a verb: Id credo" ("id" is an accusative) means "I believe this, I have this opinion" and "Ei credo" ("ei" is a dative) means "I trust this, I confide in this".
Prepositions (and postpositions and circumpositions, i.e. adpositions) are like verbs in their ability to govern the case of their complement, and like many verbs, many adpositions can govern more than one case, with distinct interpretations. For example "in Italy" would be "in Italia, "Italia" being an ablative case form, but "towards Italy" would be "in Italiam, "Italiam" being an accusative case form.
In government and binding theory.
The abstract syntactic relation of government in government and binding theory, a phrase structure grammar, is an extension of the traditional notion of case government. Verbs govern their objects, and more generally, heads govern their dependents. "A" governs "B" if and only if:
This definition is explained in more detail in the government section of the article on government and binding theory.
Government broadly construed.
One sometimes encounters definitions of government that are much broader than the one just produced. Government is understood as the property that regulates which words can or must appear with the referenced word. This broader understanding of government is part of many dependency grammars. The notion is that many individual words in a given sentence can appear only by virtue of the fact that some other word appears in that sentence.
According to this definition, government occurs between any two words connected by a dependency, the dominant word opening slots for subordinate words. The dominant word is the "governor", and the subordinates are its "governees". The following dependency tree illustrates governors and governees:
The word "has" governs "Fred" and "ordered"; in other words, "has" is governor over its governees "Fred" and "ordered". Similarly, "ordered" governs "dish" and "for", that is, "ordered" is governor over its governees "dish" and "for"; Etc. This understanding of government is widespread among dependency grammars.
Governors vs. heads.
The distinction between the terms "governor" and "head" is a source of confusion, given the definitions of government produced above. Indeed, "governor" and "head" are overlapping concepts. The governor and the head of a given word will often be one and the same other word. The understanding of these concepts becomes difficult, however, when discontinuities are involved. The following example of a "w"-fronting discontinuity from German illustrates the difficulty:
Two of the criteria mentioned above for identifying governors (and governees) are applicable to the interrogative pronoun "wem" 'whom'. This pronoun receives dative case from the verb "geholfen" 'helped' (= case government) and it can appear by virtue of the fact that "geholfen" appears (= licensing). Given these observations, one can make a strong argument that "geholfen" is the governor of "wem", even though the two words are separated from each other by the rest of the sentence. In such constellations, one sometimes distinguishes between "head" and "governor". So while the governor of "wem" is "geholfen", the head of "wem" is taken to be the finite verb "denkst" 'think'. In other words, when a discontinuity occurs, one assumes that the governor and the head (of the relevant word) are distinct, otherwise they are the same word. Exactly how the terms "head" and "governor" are used can depend on the particular theory of syntax that is employed.


John Whitaker (historian)

John Whitaker B.D., F.S.A. (1735 in Manchester – 1808 in Ruan Lanihorne), was an English historian and Anglican clergyman. Besides historical studies on the Roman Empire and on the early history of Great Britain he was a reviewer for London magazines and a poet.
Life.
He was the son of James Whitaker, innkeeper, and was born in Manchester on 27 April 1735. In 1771, he published the first volume of "The History of Manchester"; and the second volume in 1775. A copy of Whitaker's manuscript of the continuation to the fifteenth century is in Chetham's Library, Manchester.
Whitaker's views on early British society were idiosyncratic: in his "History of Manchester", (1771–75) he argued that the ancient Britons had already established a feudal system, and under the Romans had been entirely converted to Christianity (his erudition was recognised as remarkable but the theories were mostly illfounded). "The Life of St Neot", published posthumously in 1809, was similarly intended to challenge traditional orthodoxies in the form of the extant saint's lives. According to historian Elizabeth A. R. Brown, Whitaker was the first to coin the term "feudalism" (though not it's earlier variations such as "feudal" and "feudal system") and he introduced the notion of a 'feudal pyramid'.
He took his degrees at Oxford: B.A. 1755; M.A. 1759; and B.D. 1767: he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1771. After taking his degrees and holding two curacies he became Rector of Ruan Lanihorne in Cornwall in 1777 or 1778. He also published a number of sermons, poems, and articles for Richard Polwhele's "History of Cornwall". He was a prolific reviewer for the "English Review", "British Critic", and Anti-Jacobin Review, finding this an important means of supplementing his income and paying for the books necessary for his studies. In addition to his published works he had planned or contemplated a number of other projects: a parochial history of Cornwall, a military history of the Romans in Britain, a history of Oxford, one of London, notes on Shakespeare, and illustrations to the Bible. He was a man of fiery temperament and extreme views, and a fervent belief in all the tenets of ‘orthodox’ Christianity. He was able to inspire considerable friendship and loyalty from those who knew him best. His close friend Richard Polwhele described him as being of a tall, muscular frame, dark featured, and with light greenish eyes. He reputedly had a squint and wore false teeth made of ebony. He died at his rectory on 30 October 1808 and was buried in Ruan Lanihorne in Cornwall; his widow Jane (née Tregenna), who had long suffered ill health, lived on until 30 December 1828.
He studied the decline of the Cornish language and concluded in his work "The Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall"
External links and bibliography.
His numerous writings are listed in "Bibliotheca Cornubiensis" by Boase and Courtney and in "Palatine Note-book", vol. i., p. 77.