Larry L. Jacoby

Larry L. Jacoby is an American cognitive psychologist specializing in research on human memory. He is particularly known for his work on the interplay of consciously controlled versus more automatic influences of memory.
Evidence of impact.
The Association for Psychological Science (APS) selected Jacoby as a 2013 winner of the William James Fellow Award for members "recognized internationally for their outstanding contributions to scientific psychology". In his profile in the APS journal, "Observer", Jacoby is described as "one of the world's foremost researchers on memory". The Society of Experimental Psychologists awarded him the 2013 Norman Anderson Lifetime Achievement Award. Jacoby is on the Thomson Reuters list of highly cited researchers (an explicit definition of scholarly influence). From 1994-1995, Jacoby held an endowed position, the David Wechsler Chair at the University of Texas at Austin.
Harzing's Publish or Perish credits Jacoby with an h-index of 69 (86 as of 8.2019) and more than 23,000 citations (36223 as of 8.2019). PsycINFO lists 153 works by Jacoby. Jacoby's work also figures prominently in many undergraduate textbooks. The Oxford Handbook of Memory cites Jacoby's work on 73 different pages. Similarly, multiple citations of Jacoby's work appear in each of the three volumes of "The Psychology of Memory." Jacoby has coauthored works with Dave Balota (Wash U), Lee Brooks (deceased; formerly at McMaster), Laird Cermak (deceased, formerly of Boston U), Fergus I. M. Craik (University of Toronto), Robyn Dawes (deceased; formerly at Carnegie-Mellon), John Dunlosky (Kent State), Mark McDaniel (Wash U.), and Daniel Schacter (Harvard). Jacoby's former students include Andrew Yonelinas, Diane St. Marie, Janine Jennings, Janine Hay, Jeffrey Toth, Karen Daniels, Matt Rhodes, and Stephen Lindsay, among others. Jacoby has long maintained a productive collaboration with Colleen M. Kelley.
Pedigree/Appointments.
Jacoby earned his undergraduate degree at Washburn University, and his MA and PhD (in 1970) at Southern Illinois University under the supervision of Robert Radtke. His first academic post was at Iowa State University. He was on the faculty of McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) for many years, where he collaborated with colleagues Lee Brooks, Ian Begg, Betty Ann Levy, and Bruce Milliken and long-time research assistant Ann Hollingshead, and interacted with colleagues at University of Toronto-Erindale including Fergus Craik, Gordon Logan, Morris Moscovitch, and Endel Tulving.
Jacoby spent a year or two at the University of Utah on leave from McMaster. Later, he held the David Wechsler Chair in the Department of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. He then moved to New York University for a couple of years, then returned briefly to McMaster, and then moved to Washington University in St. Louis, where Henry L. Roediger III assembled a world-class department of psychology. Jacoby continues to work at Wash U.
Major contributions.
Jacoby's work has to do with human memory, and most of it has emphasized episodic memory (that is, the processes and mechanisms that enable us to remember our own past experiences). His early work was in the verbal learning tradition. Jacoby's first publication, in a now-defunct publication of the Psychonomic Society, was McHose, Jacoby, and Meyer 1967. Jacoby published steadily throughout the 1970s, producing a number of works that have attracted multiple citations, such as a 1978 article on how, when a problem is repeated, a person may solve it by remembering the prior solution.
Attributional approach to remembering.
In the 1980s, a major theme in Jacoby's work was that the feeling of remembering does not inhere in the use of memory traces. As he noted, one can use memory records of specific past episodes without having a subjective feeling of remembering (as in involuntary plagiarism) and one can have a subjective feeling of remembering without there being any directly corresponding prior episode and hence no directly corresponding memory trace (as in false-memory phenomena). Jacoby argued that the feeling of remembering arises when a person infers (usually very quickly and without conscious reflection) that current thoughts and images are based on memories of a prior episode – that is, when people attribute current mental events to the past. For a beautifully written and compelling synthesis of Jacoby's work on this perspective, see his 1989 chapter with Colleen Kelley and Jane Dywan in a book in honour of Endel Tulving coedited by Roediger and Craik. In his work with Kelley, he made a distinction between memory that influences performance (he called it "memory as a tool"), which is implicit or unconscious memory outside our awareness, and recollection memory (he called it "memory as an object"), which is conscious memory of an event.
Logic of opposition.
Jacoby is renowned for his methodological creativity and prowess. Jacoby's “logic of opposition” is a particularly lovely methodological innovation. Psychologists have long sought to demonstrate influences of unconscious, automatic processes. A problem is that it is difficult to ensure that responses are not being influenced by conscious processes. For example, a brief prior exposure to a made-up name (e.g., Sebastian Weisdorf) might later lead people taking a test in which they judge names as famous versus nonfamous to mistake that name as famous. That could be an unconscious phenomenon – the subject simply experiences the name as famous and does not recollect the prior encounter with the name. But maybe instead the subject remembers the name from the earlier list and assumes that some or all of the names on that list were of famous people. That is, both unconscious and/or conscious uses of memory for the study-list encounter with “Sebastian Weisdorf” could influence subjects toward endorsing that name as famous. The same problem crops up in a wide range of attempts to demonstrated unconscious influences.
The logic of opposition puts conscious awareness in opposition to being influenced. One way to do this is simply to correctly inform subjects (in the case of this fame procedure) that all of the names on the study list were non-famous. Thus if a subject recollects that a name was on the study list, s/he can confidently identify it as non-famous. Jacoby, Woloshyn, and Kelley (1989) found that when subjects had studied the list with full attention, these opposition instructions led them to be "less" likely to endorse studied names as famous than to endorse non-studied names as famous. That shows (a) that they sometimes recognized names on the fame test as names on the study list and (b) that they understood that names on the study list were nonfamous. The cool finding was that subjects who studied the list of names under divided attention more often called studied names famous than non-studied names. Presumably dividing attention at study impaired subject ability to consciously recollect which names had been on the list, but left intact more automatic, unconscious influences of familiarity.
Process dissociation procedure.
The logic of opposition proved a very valuable methodological tool in a variety of different settings. It also formed a key stepping stone in Jacoby's subsequent development of the “process dissociation procedure” (PDP), which Jacoby introduced in a 1991 article in "Journal of Memory and Language" that became a citation classic. The PDP is a method for obtaining separate quantitative estimates of the concurrent contributions of two different sources of influence on task performance (e.g., conscious vs. unconscious perception; habit vs. intention; familiarity vs. recollection).
For decades cognitive psychologists used individual tasks to measure specific procedures. For example, a recognition memory test might be used to index “explicit” or consciously guided uses of memory whereas a fragment-completion test might be used to index “implicit” or unconscious influences of memory. As Jacoby pointed out, there have been endless problems caused by the fact that tasks are not process-pure. For example, unconscious influences of memory can affect responses on a recognition test, and conscious recollection can affect responses on a fragment completion task. Jacoby presumed that many tasks are influenced by both controlled and automatic processes. To index them, he compared (a) performance when controlled and automatic influences would affect responding in the same direction with (b) performance when controlled influences would oppose the effects of automatic influences. Using simple algebraic equations and certain assumptions, Jacoby derived estimates of the two underlying categories of influence.
The process dissociation procedure was not without its critics (e.g.,), but there is wide agreement that many if not most task performances reflect concurrent automatic and controlled influences and there are good reasons to believe that given appropriate tasks and within certain boundary conditions the assumptions of the PDP hold (e.g.,). Jacoby and former student Andy Yonelinas provided an update on the status of the PDP in a 2012 article.
Recent work.
Jacoby's recent work has explored various aspects of the notion of cognitive control—ways the mind/brain constrains its own operation so as to enhance the production of some kinds of mental contents relative to others. One key notion is that control can often be exercised “at the front end” and thereby modulate the thoughts and images that come to mind (whereas most prior theorizing about control emphasized output monitoring and filtering) (e.g., Halamish, Goldsmith, & Jacoby, 2012; Jacoby, Shimizu, Daniels, & Rhodes, 2005). Another key notion is that the ability to modulate cognitive control develops across childhood and then, late in life, declines, thereby leading to aging-related memory failures (e.g., Jacoby, Rogers, Bishara, & Shimizu, 2012; Jennings & Jacoby, 2003). Jacoby's recent work with postdoc Chris Wahlheim has explored the positive effects of noticing and remembering change on forgetting caused by interference (e.g., Jacoby, Wahlheim, & Kelley, 2015); cf.
Festschrift and Edited Volume in Honour of Jacoby.
Roddy Roediger, Steve Lindsay, Colleen Kelley, and Andy Yonelinas organized a Festschrift in Larry's honour. The event was held at Washington University over two days in the spring of 2013 and featured 24 speakers and an audience of approximately 100 people. The celebration was generously supported by the Wash U. A book featuring 22 chapters based on talks given at this Festschrift was published in 2014 (publication year 2015) by Psychology Press.
List of works by Jacoby et alia cited above.
Halamish, V., Goldsmith, M., & Jacoby, L. L. (2012). Source-constrained recall: Front-end and back-end control of retrieval quality. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38", 1–15. doi:10.1037/a0025053
Jacoby, L. L. (1978). On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution. "Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17", 649–667.
Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. "Journal of Memory and Language, 30", 513–541.
Jacoby, L. L., & Brooks, L. R. (1984). Nonanalytic cognition: Memory, perception and concept learning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), "The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory" (Vol. 18, pp. 1–47). New York: Academic Press.
Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 3", 306–340.
Jacoby, L. L., & Whitehouse, K. (1989). An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118", 126–135.
Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), "Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving" (pp. 391–422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jacoby, L. L., Rogers, C. S., Bishara, A. J., & Shimizu, Y. (2012). Mistaking the recent past for the present: False seeing by older adults. "Psychology and Aging, 27", 22–32. doi:10.1037/a0025924
Jacoby, L. L., Shimizu, Y., Daniels, K. A. & Rhodes, M. (2005). Modes of cognitive control in recognition and source memory: Depth of retrieval. "Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12", 852–857.
Jacoby, L. L., Wahlheim, C. N., & Kelley, C. M. (2015). Memory consequences of looking back to notice change: Retroactive and proactive facilitation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 1282–1297.
Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V., & Kelley, C. M. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118", 115–125.
Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (2003). Improving memory in older adults: Training recollection. "Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13", 417–440.
McHose, H. H., Jacoby, L. L., & Meyer, P. A. (1967). Extinction as a function of number of reinforced trials and squad composition. "Psychonomic Science, 9", 401–402.
Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (2012). The process-dissociation approach two decades later: Convergence, boundary conditions, and new directions. "Memory & Cognition, 40", 663–680.


Logan School for Creative Learning

The Logan School for Creative Learning is a private school in Denver, Colorado that serves gifted students grades K-8. The mission of The Logan School for Creative Learning is to "cultivate the curiosities of gifted children." The Logan School for Creative Learning is a progressive school with a dynamic curriculum that teaches the way children learn by giving them hands-on experiences fueled by their own curiosities. Logan students, aged 4.5–14 years old, are co-architects with their teachers in building meaningful units of study that not only address the traditional academics but also emphasize research, reasoning and recording.
History.
The Logan School for Creative Learning (previously The Denver School for the Gifted and Creative) was founded by Patti McKinnell in 1981 and began with seven children in a church basement on South Federal Boulevard in Denver. In 1999, The Logan school moved to the former Lowry Air Force Base, where today it is one of several independent schools on a former military site that has been redeveloped as a mixed-use urban community.
Markus Hunt is the current Head of School. His past positions include Assistant Head at Cathedral School for Boys in San Francisco and Dean/Latin Teacher at The Trinity School in Manhattan.
McKinnel retired at the end of the 2019-2020 school year.
Curriculum.
The Logan School's student program focuses on individual student interests. Students select a unit of study which they pursue throughout the school year. Units reflect both the student’s academic interests and true passions. They cover a wide variety of topics and integrate diverse academic subjects. Logan students are co-architects with their teachers in building meaningful units of study that not only address the traditional academics but also emphasize research, reasoning and recording.
Accreditation.
The Logan School is accredited through ACIS Association of Colorado Independent Schools and is a full member of NAIS National Association of Independent Schools
Recognition.
Some Logan students received an award from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for their work.
The Logan Cafeteria also houses many awards for their chess team and band.
After School Activities.
Students can join sports that play against other schools in the area. Sports offered vary based on student interest. Sports offered as of 2020 include: co-ed cross country, girls’ volleyball, boys’ and girls’ basketball, co-ed ultimate frisbee and girls' soccer. Multiple pushes have been made to add a boys' soccer team, but all have failed due to lack of participation.
Admission process.
The admission process includes a parent tour and information session, application, student questionnaire, teacher recommendation and the completion of either a Wechsler or Differential Ability Scales test. Once all the paperwork is submitted, a parent interview and classroom observation may be scheduled. A panel reviews each application for compatibility, after which families are notified if they will be offered a position, or if their child will be added to a wait list.


Olof von Feilitzen

Olof von Feilitzen (31 August 1908 – 29 June 1976) was a Swedish philologist who specialised in Old English names.
Career.
Olof von Feilitzen was born on 31 August 1908 and studied at the University of Uppsala, where he taught as a docent in the English Department. He became a member of Professor R. E. Zachrisson's seminar and became a specialist in English onomastics. In 1937, he was awarded a doctorate for his thesis "The Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book". He served as Treasurer of the Ortnamnssällskapet i Uppsala [Place Name Society of Uppsala] from 1937 to 1938, when he became a librarian in Gothenborg. He also worked in various positions or as a consultant to the Library of Congress, Yale University Library and the Bibliotheque Sainte-Geneviève. He joined the department of acquisitions at the Royal Library in Stockholm and worked there as its Head for over twenty years before retiring in 1974. He died suddenly on 29 June 1976. At the time of his death, von Feilitzen had been working on a complete Old English Onomasticon, and the University of Nottingham had invited him to take up a special professorship while he worked on the project (he declined the offer for personal and health reasons).
Professor Kenneth Cameron wrote in an obituary for "The Times" that von Feilitzen "won great acclaim and affection for his outstanding work in the field of early English personal names. His doctoral thesis ... was received by both philologists and medieval historians as the most important study of its kind to date, and it is a tribute to [his] scholarship that it is still today one of our most valuable reference books". He was an honorary vice-president of the English Place-Name Society, of which he was also an honorary council member; in 1973, he was the dedicatee of a festschrift, "Otium et Negotium".


Steve Coleman

Steve Coleman (born September 20, 1956) is an American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader. In 2014, he was named a MacArthur Fellow.
Early life.
Steve Coleman grew up in South Side, Chicago. He started playing alto saxophone at the age of 14. Coleman attended Illinois Wesleyan University for two years, followed by a transfer to Roosevelt University (Chicago Musical College).
Coleman moved to New York in 1978 and would work big bands such as the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, Slide Hampton's big band, Sam Rivers' Studio Rivbea Orchestra, and briefly in Cecil Taylor's big band. Shortly thereafter, Coleman began working as a sideman with David Murray, Doug Hammond, Dave Holland, Mike Brecker and Abbey Lincoln. For the first four years in New York Coleman spent a good deal of time playing in the streets and in tiny clubs with a band that he put together with trumpeter Graham Haynes, the group that would evolve into the ensemble Steve Coleman and Five Elements that would serve as the main ensemble for Coleman's activities. In this group, he developed his concept of improvisation within nested looping structures. Coleman collaborated with other young African-American musicians such as Cassandra Wilson and Greg Osby, and they founded the so-called M-Base movement.
Research.
Coleman regards the music tradition he is coming from as African Diasporan culture with essential African retentions, especially a certain kind of sensibility. He searched for these roots and their connections of contemporary African-American music. For that purpose, he travelled to Ghana at the end of 1993 and came in contact with (among others) the Dagomba (Dagbon) people whose traditional drum music uses very complex polyrhythm and a drum language that allows sophisticated speaking through music (described and recorded by John Miller Chernoff). Thus, Coleman was animated to think about the role of music and the transmission of information in non-western cultures. He wanted to collaborate with musicians who were involved in traditions which come out of West Africa. One of his main interests was the Yoruba tradition (predominantly out of western Nigeria) which is one of the Ancient African Religions underlying Santería (Cuba and Puerto Rico), Vodou (Haiti) and Candomblé (Bahia, Brazil). In Cuba, Coleman found the group Afrocuba de Matanzas who specialized in preserving various styles of rumba as well as all in Cuba persisting African traditions which are mixed together under the general title of Santería (Abakua, Arara, Congo, Yoruba). In 1996 Coleman along with a group of 10 musicians as well as dancers and the group Afrocuba de Matanzas worked together for 12 days, performed at the Havana Jazz Festival, and recorded the album "The Sign and the Seal". In 1997 Coleman took a group of musicians from America and Cuba to Senegal to collaborate and participate in musical and cultural exchanges with the musicians of the local Senegalese group Sing Sing Rhythm. He also led his group Five Elements to the south of India in 1998 to participate in a cultural exchange with different musicians in the carnatic music tradition.
In September 2014, Coleman was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for "refreshing traditional templates to create distinctive and innovative work in ... jazz."
Discography.
As sideman.
With Dave Holland
With Thad Jones/Mel Lewis
With Cassandra Wilson
With others


Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect

The Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect ("vzhodnodolenjski govor", "vzhodna dolenjščina", "vzhodnodolenjsko podnarečje") is a Slovene subdialect in the Lower Carniolan dialect group. It is spoken south of the Lower Sava Valley dialect in the watersheds of the Mirna and Temenica rivers, east of a line running from west of Trebnje and west of Novo Mesto to the lower Krka Valley. The dialect includes the settlements of Kostanjevica na Krki, Krmelj, Mirna, Mokronog, Novo Mesto, Raka, Šentjernej, Šentrupert, Škocjan and Trebnje.
Phonological and morphological characteristics.
The Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect has a pitch accent.


Heinz Schlaffer

Heinz Schlaffer (born 21 June 1939 in Černošín) is a Germanist and Professor of Literary Science of the University of Stuttgart. He is best known for essays like "Die kurze Geschichte der deutschen Literatur" (The Short History of German Literature).
Life.
Schlaffer received his first Literary Science Professorship at the Philipp's University - Marburg and changed to Stuttgart in 1975. He held the teaching position in that town from 1975 until his emeritus in 2004.
He published numerous Books, among others about "Lyrik im Realismus" (Poetry in Realism), "Der Bürger als Held" (The Townspeople as Heroes), aesthetic histories, Goethe's "Faust", "Poesie und Wissen" (Poetry and Knowledge), besides scientific writings like essays and literary criticisms in Tageszeitung.


Part song

A part song, part-song or partsong is a form of choral music that consists of a secular (vs. ecclesiastical) song written or arranged for several vocal parts. Part songs are commonly sung by an SATB choir, but sometimes for an all-male or all-female ensemble. This music is usually homophonic, meaning that the highest part carries the melody and the other voices or parts supply the accompanying harmonies, in contrast to songs that are contrapuntal, as are madrigals. Part songs are intended to be sung a cappella, that is without accompaniment, unless an instrumental accompaniment is particularly specified.
The part song was created in Great Britain, first growing from, and then gradually superseding, the earlier form of glee, as well as being particularly influenced by the choral works of Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847). This was linked with the growth of choral societies during the 19th century which were larger groups than glee clubs had been.
Early British composers of part songs include John Liptrot Hatton, R. J. S. Stevens, Henry Smart and George Alexander Macfarren, who was renowned for his Shakespearean settings. Around the turn of the 20th century in the heyday of the part song, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and Edward Elgar were the principal exponents, often bringing a high-minded seriousness to their settings of great English poetry both contemporary and from earlier epochs. More recent major contributors to the genre include Ralph Vaughan Williams, Granville Bantock, Arnold Bax, Peter Warlock, Gustav Holst and Benjamin Britten. The development of the part song has been marked by increasing complexity of form, and contrapuntal content.
Composers have also successfully used the part song medium to make contemporary arrangements of traditional folk songs, including those of Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland.
In Ukraine partsong replaced a Znamenny chant. About half a century before the advent of party partsong, the old hook notation began to be replaced by a non-linear one, close to the modern one. Orthodox fraternities initiated the introduction of party singing. They opened schools at monasteries and introduced the study of partsong in fraternal and church choirs. The first mention of such a study is associated with the Lviv Stauropean Brotherhood and dates back to the 1590s. The theoretical foundations of partsong have been set out in a number of treatises. The most famous of them and the only surviving (in several editions) - "Musical Grammar" by Mykola Diletsky.
According to the number of voices and the nature of polyphony, partsongs are divided into three groups: party concerts, party motets and party works with constant polyphony. Party concerts include all works with 8 or more voices, and motets include party works of variable polyphony with 6 or less voices. Seven-part works have not yet been found, so they are not included in this classification, but most likely they must also be included in concerts. According to the themes of the texts and the predominant musical means, the partsongs are divided into two large groups: vivatno-panegyric (glorious) and lyrical-dramatic (repentant).


Daho-Doo language

Daho and Doo are two mutually intelligible Guere dialects which are divergent from other varieties spoken by the Guere people.


Johann Christoph Wichmannshausen

Johann Christoph Wichmannshausen (October 3, 1663 – January 17, 1727) was a 17th-century German philologist.
Biography.
He received his master's degree from the University of Leipzig in 1685. His dissertation, titled "Disputationem Moralem de Divortiis Secundum Jus Naturae" ("Moral Disputation on Divorce according to the Law of Nature"), was written under the direction of his father in law and advisor Otto Mencke. He was from 1692 until the time of his death a professor of Near Eastern languages and university librarian at the University of Wittenberg, and gave courses there in Philosophy and Hebrew.
Among the books he published are "De extinctione ordinis Templariorum" ("The extinction of the Templars"), 1687 and many short works on aspects of the Old Testament.
Today, Wichmannshausen is best known as part of a line of scientific genealogy stretching from Mencke to Gauss and to many other mathematicians. As of 2015, the Mathematics Genealogy Project lists 88523 of his academic descendants.


Noelle Sandwith

Noelle Ora Sandwith (31 July 1927 – 21 April 2006) was a South African-born English artist. The great-great granddaughter of the surgeon William Marsden, she trained in art schools of London before earning employment sketching portraits of motion picture personalities. Sandwith hitchhiked the Birdsville Track from August 1952 to February 1953 and sketched its people before travelling to the South Pacific. In 1954, she was the first person to produce a portrait of Sālote Tupou III, Queen of Tonga. A year later, Sandwith returned to England to train to become a nurse, remaining in the health industry until 1979.
Early life and education.
Sandwith was born in Cape Town in the Union of South Africa on 31 July 1927. She was the daughter of the English authors and photojournalists Francis and Frieda Johnson Sandwith. Among her ancestors were the surgeon William Marsden (her great, great grandfather) and also the poet Matthew Arnold. Sandwith was brought up in Carshalton, Surrey. She was trained in the arts at the Kingston School of Art from 1944 to 1945, the Croydon School of Art in 1946, and the Heatherley School of Fine Art between 1947 and 1948. During this period, Sandwith became proficient in sketching poses of humans and learning about the human form.
Career.
Her first job was with a small advertising agency, where she sketched portraits of motion-picture personalities from publicity photographs, which were displayed in cinemas for promotional purposes. In 1950 at the age of 23, Sandwith flew to Sydney to meet her uncle, and she later accompanied him to an embarkment to Tonga from 1950 to 1951. She completed several paintings of the country before returning to Sydney to seek employment. Resisting pressure from her family to return to England, Sandwith hitchhiked along the Birdsville Track, a cattle route linking Queensland and South Australia, between August 1952 to February 1953. She used public transport and hitched trucks to reach some of its remote areas. During her journey, Sandwith sketched the Aboriginal peoples, sheep shearers, landladies, and fellow travellers, mostly in pencil but occasionally in pastel.
The journalist of "The Sydney Morning Herald" wrote that Sandwith had realised she "stumbled on a part of the world that had never been adequately documented" and her work became "an incredible record of the harsh outback landscape – and the characters, white and black, who called it home." She subsequently travelled to Fiji, Samoa, and the Pitcairn Islands in 1953. Sandwith returned to Tonga to teach English at the Free Church of Tonga, and lived with a Tongan family, during her work to sketch and record the islanders' culture, earning her the name "The Drawing Girl". In 1954, she persuaded Sālote Tupou III to sit for a portrait, the first of a queen of Tonga, after a cabinet meeting of Tongan nobles convened to grant her permission for the painting.
Sandwith returned to England in 1955 and lived in London. She decided to train to become a nurse, enrolling at the Royal Free Hospital from 1956 to 1959. After completing her training, Sandwith worked as a staff nurse at the St Mary's Hospital between 1962 and 1963. She continued to exhibit her sketches during this period, at the Royal Society of British Artists, the Society of Women Artists, and the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery. Sandwith spent part of 1965 sketching in Canada and also worked as a nurse in British Columbia. She later returned to London and attained employment as a health visitor in the Borough of Newham from 1972 to 1975 and Redbridge and Waltham Forest between 1975 and 1979. Sandwith continued to visit unusual places and took up courses in drawing and design and also garnered an interest in etching on copper. She eschewed photography of human subjects as she believed draughtsmanship captured better details and delivered spontaneity.
Final years and death.
In 1993 she donated 105 sketches of her work and photographs and letters in the Birdsville Track to the National Archives of Australia. She subsequently became affected by Alzheimer's disease and was taken to a care home. In 2005 the National Museum of Australia mounted Sandwith's work on display "In Search of the Birdsville Track" and the exhibition toured Australia. She died on 21 April 2006.


Little man computer

The Little Man Computer (LMC) is an instructional model of a computer, created by Dr. Stuart Madnick in 1965. The LMC is generally used to teach students, because it models a simple von Neumann architecture computer—which has all of the basic features of a modern computer. It can be programmed in machine code (albeit in decimal rather than binary) or assembly code.
The LMC model is based on the concept of a little man shut in a closed mail room (analogous to a computer in this scenario). At one end of the room, there are 100 mailboxes (memory), numbered 0 to 99, that can each contain a 3 digit instruction or data (ranging from 000 to 999). Furthermore, there are two mailboxes at the other end labeled INBOX and OUTBOX which are used for receiving and outputting data. In the center of the room, there is a work area containing a simple two function (addition and subtraction) calculator known as the Accumulator and a resettable counter known as the Program Counter. The Program Counter holds the address of the next instruction the Little Man will carry out. This Program Counter is normally incremented by 1 after each instruction is executed, allowing the Little Man to work through a program sequentially. Branch instructions allow iteration (loops) and conditional programming structures to be incorporated into a program. The latter is achieved by setting the Program Counter to a non-sequential memory address if a particular condition is met (typically the value stored in the accumulator being zero or positive).
As specified by the von Neumann architecture, each mailbox (signifying a unique memory location) contains both instructions and data. Care therefore needs to be taken to stop the Program Counter from reaching a memory address containing data - or the Little Man will attempt to treat it as an instruction. One can take advantage of this by writing instructions into mailboxes that are meant to be interpreted as code, to create self-modifying code. To use the LMC, the user loads data into the mailboxes and then signals the Little Man to begin execution, starting with the instruction stored at memory address zero. Resetting the Program Counter to zero effectively restarts the program, albeit in a potentially different state.
Execution cycle.
To execute a program, the little man performs these steps:
Commands.
While the LMC does reflect the actual workings of binary processors, the simplicity of decimal numbers was chosen to minimize the complexity for students who may not be comfortable working in binary/hexadecimal.
Instructions.
Some LMC simulators are programmed directly using 3-digit numeric instructions and some use 3-letter mnemonic codes and labels. In either case, the instruction set is deliberately very limited ("typically about ten instructions") to simplify understanding. If the LMC uses mnemonic codes and labels then these are converted into 3-digit numeric instructions when the program is assembled.
The table below shows a typical numeric instruction set and the equivalent mnemonic codes.
Examples.
Using Numeric Instruction Codes.
This program (instruction 901 to instruction 000) is written just using numeric codes. The program takes two numbers as input and outputs the difference. Notice that execution starts at Mailbox 00 and finishes at Mailbox 07. The disadvantages of programming the LMC using numeric instruction codes are discussed below.
Using Mnemonics and Labels.
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonics and labels instead of numeric instruction codes. Although the LMC only uses a limited set of mnemonics, the convenience of using a mnemonic for each instruction is made apparent from the assembly language of the same program shown below - the programmer is no longer required to memorize a set of anonymous numeric codes and can now program with a set of more memorable mnemonic codes. If the mnemonic is an instruction that involves a memory address ("either a branch instruction or loading/saving data") then a label is used to name the memory address.
 INP
 STA FIRST
 INP
 STA SECOND
 LDA FIRST
 SUB SECOND
 OUT
 HLT
 FIRST DAT
 SECOND DAT
Labels.
Without labels the programmer is required to manually calculate mailbox ("memory") addresses. In the numeric code example, if a new instruction was to be inserted before the final HLT instruction then that HLT instruction would move from address 07 to address 08 (address labelling starts at address location 00). Suppose the user entered 600 as the first input. The instruction 308 would mean that this value would be stored at address location 08 and overwrite the 000 (HLT) instruction. Since 600 means "branch to mailbox address 00" the program, instead of halting, would get stuck in an endless loop.
To work around this difficulty, most assembly languages ("including the LMC") combine the mnemonics with labels. A label is simply a word that is used to either name a memory address where an instruction or data is stored, or to refer to that address in an instruction.
When a program is assembled:
In the assembly language example which uses mnemonics and labels, if a new instruction was inserted before the final HLT instruction then the address location labelled FIRST would now be at memory location 09 rather than 08 and the STA FIRST instruction would be converted to 309 (STA 09) rather than 308 (STA 08) when the program was assembled.
Labels are therefore used to:
Example.
The program below will take a user input, and count down to zero.
 INP
 OUT // Initialize output
 LOOP BRZ QUIT // Label this memory address as LOOP. If the accumulator value is 0, jump to the memory address labeled QUIT
 SUB ONE // Subtract the value stored at address ONE from the accumulator
 OUT
 BRA LOOP // Jump (unconditionally) to the memory address labeled LOOP
 QUIT HLT // Label this memory address as QUIT
 ONE DAT 1 // Store the value 1 in this memory address, and label it ONE (variable declaration)
The program below will take a user input, square it, output the answer and then repeat. Entering a zero will end the program.
("Note: an input that results in a value greater than 999 will have undefined behaviour due to the 3 digit number limit of the LMC").
 START LDA ZERO // Initialize for multiple program run
 STA RESULT
 STA COUNT
 INP // User provided input
 BRZ END // Branch to program END if input = 0
 STA VALUE // Store input as VALUE
 LOOP LDA RESULT // Load the RESULT
 ADD VALUE // Add VALUE, the user provided input, to RESULT
 STA RESULT // Store the new RESULT
 LDA COUNT // Load the COUNT
 ADD ONE // Add ONE to the COUNT
 STA COUNT // Store the new COUNT
 SUB VALUE // Subtract the user provided input VALUE from COUNT
 BRZ ENDLOOP // If zero (VALUE has been added to RESULT by VALUE times), branch to ENDLOOP
 BRA LOOP // Branch to LOOP to continue adding VALUE to RESULT
 ENDLOOP LDA RESULT // Load RESULT
 OUT // Output RESULT
 BRA START // Branch to the START to initialize and get another input VALUE
 END HLT // HALT - a zero was entered so done!
 RESULT DAT // Computed result (defaults to 0)
 COUNT DAT // Counter (defaults to 0)
 ONE DAT 1 // Constant, value of 1
 VALUE DAT // User provided input, the value to be squared (defaults to 0)
 ZERO DAT // Constant, value of 0 (defaults to 0)
"Note: If there is no data after a DAT statement then the default value 0 is stored in the memory address."
In the example above, [BRZ ENDLOOP] depends on undefined behaviour, as COUNT-VALUE can be negative, after which the ACCUMULATOR value is undefined, resulting in BRZ either branching or not (ACCUMULATOR may be zero, or wrapped around). To make the code compatible with the specification, replace:
 LDA COUNT // Load the COUNT
 ADD ONE // Add ONE to the COUNT
 STA COUNT // Store the new COUNT
 SUB VALUE // Subtract the user provided input VALUE from COUNT
 BRZ ENDLOOP // If zero (VALUE has been added to RESULT by VALUE times), branch to ENDLOOP
with the following version, which evaluates VALUE-COUNT instead of COUNT-VALUE, making sure the accumulator never underflows:
 LDA COUNT // Load the COUNT
 ADD ONE // Add ONE to the COUNT
 STA COUNT // Store the new COUNT
 LDA VALUE // Load the VALUE
 SUB COUNT // Subtract COUNT from the user provided input VALUE
 BRZ ENDLOOP // If zero (VALUE has been added to RESULT by VALUE times), branch to ENDLOOP
Another example is a quine, printing its own machine code (printing source is impossible because letters cannot be output):
 LOAD LDA 0 // Load position 0 into the accumulator. This line will be modified on each loop to load the next lines into the accumulator
 OUT // Output the accumulator's value. The accumulator's value will be the line that was just loaded
 SUB ONE // Subtract 1 from the value in the accumulator. This is so we can do the BRZ in the next step to see if we are on the last line in the program
 BRZ ONE // If the previous subtraction has made the accumulator 0 (which means we had the value 001 in the accumulator), then branch to position ONE
 LDA LOAD // Load the LOAD position into the accumulator, this is in preparation to increment the address digits for this position
 ADD ONE // Increment the position digits for the LOAD line. The value currently in the accumulator would, if read as an instruction, load the next line into the accumulator, compared to the last line loaded
 STA LOAD // Store the newly incremented LOAD line back in the LOAD position
 BRA LOAD // Return to the beginning of the loop
 ONE DAT 1 // The variable ONE. If read as an instruction, this will be interpreted as HLT/COB and will end the program
This quine works using self-modifying code. Position 0 is incremented by one in each iteration, outputting that line's code, until the code it is outputting is 1, at which point it branches to the ONE position. The value at the ONE position has 0 as opcode, so it is interpreted as a HALT/COB instruction.


Jennifer Daskal

Jennifer C. Daskal (born 1972) is an associate professor of law at American University, focusing on terrorism, national security and criminal law. She previously served as senior counsel for Human Rights Watch, focusing on similar issues.
She also worked in the Department of Justice during the Obama administration, which was seeking to prosecute terror suspects through the criminal justice system instead of through military tribunals.
Career.
A graduate of Harvard Law School, Cambridge and Brown University and a Marshall Scholar. Daskal garnered attention after traveling to the countries to which Guantanamo detainees have been released, to verify that those countries are abiding by the undertakings they made to the US Government to respect the returned detainees' human rights.
On February 23, 2010, the "New York Post" reported that Daskal, Neal Katyal, and three other lawyers who had worked on behalf of the civil rights of Guantanamo captives, had been serving on the Obama administration's task force reviewing the status of the remaining Guantanamo captives.
The paper had first questioned her appointment to the Department of Justice's National Security Division, in July 2009, and then again in January 2010.
Currently, Daskal is an Assistant Professor of Law at American University.


Elkhan Nuriyev

Elkhan Nuriyev (Russian: "Эльхан Эльдарович Нуриев") (Azerbaijani: "Elxan Eldar oğlu Nuriyev"; born 15 May 1969, Baku, Azerbaijan) is a political scientist and a recognized expert on Russia, Caucasus, Central Asia and the Greater Middle East. He has published widely as a scholar, and he conducts regular briefings at the request of the international organizations and think tanks. He is frequently called on by government agencies, media, academic circles and private-sector institutions for comment and consulting on Russian foreign policy, Caucasus, wider Black Sea-Caspian Basin, Central Asia and regional security issues in post-Soviet Eurasia. In 2014, Nuriyev was a DAAD Senior Fellow at the German Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin. In 2015, he was a Humboldt Senior Fellow at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs in Berlin. In 2017, Elkhan Nuriyev served as Corridors Fellow for Dialogue and Cooperation at the Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies, Regensburg, Germany. He is a Global Energy Associate at the Brussels Energy Club and is also a Senior Expert on Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia at L&M Political Risk and Strategy Advisory in Vienna. In 2019, Nuriyev worked as a Humboldt Senior Fellow at Zentrum für Osteuropa- und internationale Studien (ZOiS) / Centre for East European and International Studies. In 2020, he was an Eastern Europe-Global Area (EEGA) Fellow at the Research Centre Global Dynamics, Leipzig University.
Education.
Nuriyev earned a MA degree with distinction in Linguistics from Azerbaijan University of Languages in 1992 and received a PhD degree in Political science from the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1996. He also studied at the Foreign Service Academy in Pakistan in 1993, at the Goethe Institute in Bonn during 1999–2000 and at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in 2001.
Early Life and career.
He began his career in the early 1990s as a diplomat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan. During 1996–1997 Nuriyev was a William Fulbright Scholar at the Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies at The George Washington University. Between 1999 and 2008 he also worked as a senior research associate at a number of US and European research institutions, including the Monterey Institute of International Studies, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Peace Research Institute in Frankfurt and the . Besides, he served as a co-chairman of the South Caucasus Regional Stability Study Group of the Partnership for Peace Consortium at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch from 2002 to 2004.
In February 2008, Nuriyev was appointed as the Founding Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, Azerbaijan's premier think-tank, known by the acronym SAM in Azeri language. He headed a Baku-based SAM think-tank until late January 2011. After his resignation, Nuriyev was a Humboldt Senior Fellow at the German Council on Foreign Relations in 2011.
Elkhan Nuriyev has been active as an international speaker at public and private universities, research institutions, think-tanks and international conferences in the US, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia and elsewhere in Europe and throughout the world since 1993.
Honors and awards.
Nuriyev is the recipient of various international fellowship awards including William Fulbright Scholarship (USA, 1996), Open Society Institute/OSI Grant Award (USA, 1997), University of California Berkeley Grant Award (USA, 1998), Kennan Institute-Woodrow Wilson Research Grant Award (USA, 1999), Georg Forster Research Fellowship (Germany, 1999), Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship Award (Germany, 2000), DAAD/OSI Research Fellowship (Germany, 2005/2006), Distinguished Alumni Award for Achievements in Public Service, U.S. Educated Azerbaijani Alumni Association (Baku, 2010), and DAAD Research Fellowship (Germany, 2014), Corridors Fellowship at Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (Germany, 2017). Research Fellowship of the Leibniz Science Campus 'Eastern Europe-Global Area' (Germany, 2020).
Select Bibliography.
Elkhan Nuriyev is the author of numerous publications on Eurasian affairs, including four books and monographs, 45 book chapters, 60 scholarly journal articles and over 600 opinion pieces in professional and popular media.
Why Did the Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Process Just Fail?, EUobserver, 2 October 2020, Brussels, Belgium.
The European Union, Russia and China: Competing Regionalisms in the Eastern Partnership Region, Connections, Journal for Historians and Area Specialists, 18 September 2020, Leipzig, Germany.
China, Russia and the EU: Forging a Cooperative Relationship in the Eastern Partnership Region, Asia Global Online, Asia Global Institute, The University of Hong Kong, 16 September 2020, Hong Kong, China.
How the EU could help re-energise peace processes in the Eastern Partnership, New Eastern Europe, 30 January 2020, Krakow, Poland.
Peace building in the Eastern Partnership: what roles for Russia and the EU?, ZOiS Spotlight 45/2019, 4 December 2019, Berlin, Germany.
Russia-West Confrontation and the Future of European Security: Global Trends and Regional Consequences, in F. Labarre and G. Niculescu (eds.), What a 'New European Security Deal' Could Mean for the South Caucasus, Study Group Publication Series, National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria, 2018.
Endless Endgame: Whither Russia-West Confrontation? in Russia in Global Affairs Journal, April 2018, Moscow, Russia.
The Other Side of Conflict Resolution: Mobilizing Peace Constituencies in the South Caucasus in Journal of Conflict Transformation - Caucasus Edition, March 2018, Washington, DC, USA.
The South Caucasus at the Crossroads: Conflicts, Caspian Oil and Great Power Politics, 2007
Conflicts, Caspian Oil, and NATO: Major Pieces of the Caucasus Puzzle in G. Bertsch, et al. (eds.), Crossroads and Conflict – Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Routledge, New York, NY, USA, 2000, .
The South Caucasus at the Crossroads, LIT, Berlin-Vienna-Zurich-London, 2007, .
EU Policy in the South Caucasus: A View from Azerbaijan, CEPS, Brussels, 2007, .
Azerbaijan and the European Union: New Landmarks of Strategic Partnership in the South Caucasus-Caspian Basin, Routledge, Volume 8, 2008, London, UK.
Guerre ou paix dans le Caucase? in J. Daguzan (ed.), Sécurité Globale, Choiseul Éditions, Paris, France, 2010, .
La politique étrangère de l’Azerbaïdjan et ses relations avec la République d’Iran, in M. Korinman (ed.), Iran, le compte à rebours, Outre-Terre 28, French Editions of Geopolitics, Paris, France, 2011, .
Russlands rätselhafte Iran-Politik: Warum der Kreml seine Haltung im Atomstreit überdenkensollte, Internationale Politik, Berlin, Germany, 2012.
Azerbaijan: The Geopolitical Conundrum, OpenDemocracy, London, UK, 2012.
Putin’s Plan for Russia’s Neighbors – A Eurasian Union, OpenDemocracy, London, UK, 2012.
How Iran Can Help Give a Boost to Reset, The Moscow Times, Moscow, 2012.
Motives and Incentives for Engagement – The Russian Perspective of a Eurasian Union, in E. Felberbauer and F. Labarre (eds.), Building Confidence in the South Caucasus: Strengthening the EU’s and NATO’s Soft Security Initiatives, Study Group Publication Series, National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria, 2013, .
Re-engaging Armenia and Azerbaijan in Reconciliation Process: Prospects and Incentives for Nagorno-Karabakh Breakthrough, in E. Felberbauer and F. Labarre (eds.) What Kind of Sovereignty? Examining Alternative Governance Methods in the South Caucasus, Study Group Publication Series, National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria, 2014, .
De-escalating Conflicts and Creating Conditions for Peace Process in the South Caucasus, in E. Felberbauer and F. Labarre (eds.) From Self-Defense to Regional Disarmament: Reducing Tensions and Stabilizing the South Caucasus, Study Group Publication Series, National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria, 2014, .
How the West Helps Putin Fulfill His CIS Strategy, The Moscow Times, Moscow, 2014.
Facing Difficult Choices: The South Caucasus between Russia and the European Union, DGAPkompakt 1, German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Berlin, 2015.
Russia, the EU and the South Caucasus: Forging an Efficient Over-Arching Cooperative Regional Security Scheme, in Connections, The Quarterly Journal of the Partnership for Peace Consortium, George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, Volume 14, Issue 2, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 2015.
Russia, the EU and the Caspian Pipeline Gambit, in Journal of Energy Security, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, Potomac, MD, USA, 2015.
How Russia Could Succeed in Nagorno-Karabakh, in Russia Direct, Online, Moscow, Russia, 2016.
The Changing Face of the CIS, in Rethinking Russia, International Analytical Center, Online, Moscow, Russia, 2016
The Black Sea-Caspian Region in Post-Conflict Energy Security Cooperation Scenarios: What Role for the Future?, in Global Policy Journal, UK, 2017. The article was republished in Stratfor Worldview Online, USA, September 2017.
Nuriyev has been quoted in "The Washington Times", "Voice of America", "Asia Times", "Deutsche Welle", "Bloomberg Businessweek", "The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", "Die Furche", "Cicero","BBC World Service", "Radio Free Europe", "ITAR-TASS", "RIA Novosti", and "The Huffington Post".


Paul Berman

Paul Lawrence Berman (born 1949) is an American writer on politics and literature.
His books include "Terror and Liberalism" (a "New York Times" best-seller in 2003), "The Flight of the Intellectuals", "A Tale of Two Utopias", "Power and the Idealists", and an illustrated children's book, "Make-Believe Empire." He edited, among other anthologies, "Carl Sandburg: Selected Poems", for the American Poets Project of the Library of America.
Born to a Jewish family, Berman attended Columbia University, receiving an M.A. in American history in 1973. Berman was a longtime contributor to "The Village Voice", then "The New Republic". He is critic-at-large at "Tablet", a member of the editorial board of "Dissent", and an Advisory Editor at "Fathom". He has been awarded fellowships from the MacArthur and Guggenheim foundations and from the Cullman Center for Scholars & Writers at the New York Public Library. He was a Regents' Lecturer at the University of California, Irvine, and a Distinguished Writer in Residence at New York University.
Totalitarianism and the modern world.
In "Terror and Liberalism", Berman offers a theory of totalitarianism. In his interpretation, totalitarian movements of the right and the left arose in Europe in the aftermath of the First World War as a reaction to the successes and failures of liberal civilization. The ideologies promoted mythologies of world events that were paranoid, apocalyptic, utopian, obsessed with purity, and ultimately nihilist. In Berman's account, the totalitarian movements were mass mobilizations for unattainable aims.
Berman tries to trace the influence of these European movements upon the modern Muslim world. He identifies two principal totalitarian tendencies in the Muslim countries, Baathism and radical Islamism – mutually hostile movements whose doctrines, in his interpretation, overlap and have allowed for alliances. Berman regards suicide terror and the cult of martyrdom as a re-emergence of totalitarianism's nihilist strand.
Berman draws a distinction between the religion of Islam, founded in the 7th century, and the political movement of radical Islamism. In July 2010, he wrote in the "Wall Street Journal" that "Islamism is a modern, instead of an ancient, political tendency, which arose in a spirit of fraternal harmony with the fascists of Europe in the 1930s and '40s."
In Berman's interpretation, observers relying on modern liberal values have sometimes found it difficult to identify the anti-liberal and anti-rational quality of totalitarian movements. Berman proposed this argument and offered an explanation based on the concept of "rationalist naiveté" in "Terror and Liberalism". He developed the argument further in "The Flight of the Intellectuals."
Berman's ideas have influenced writers such as Martin Amis and Bernard-Henri Lévy, helping to shape debates about the concept of the "post-left" in Britain. Amis invokes Berman's argument in the opening paragraph of his book on 9/11, "The Second Plane" (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), p. ix. Regarding Lévy, see p. 269 of his book "American Vertigo" (NY: Random House, 2006) and an article in "The American Interest." The British journalist Nick Cohen, in explaining his switch to support for the wider war on terror, cited "Terror and Liberalism" as a major influence: "The only time I realised I was charging up a blind alley was when I read Paul Berman's "Terror and Liberalism". I didn't see a blinding light or hear a thunder clap or cry 'Eureka!' If I was going to cry anything it would have been 'Oh bloody hell!' ... I was going to have to turn it round and see the world afresh. The labour would involve reconsidering everything I'd written since 11 September, arguing with people I took to be friends and finding myself on the same side as people I took to be enemies. All because of Berman."
Berman's approach has not been without its critics. A writer in "The Nation" magazine, Anatol Lieven, labeled Berman a "Philosopher king" of the liberal hawks and criticized him for "[promoting] and [justifying] the most dangerous aspect of the Bush Administration's approach to the war on terrorism: the lumping together of radically different elements in the Muslim world into one homogeneous enemy camp." Berman has also been criticized in books by the liberal sociologist, Alan Wolfe, and the neo-Marxist political theorist, Robert Meister.
Liberal interventionism and the Middle East.
Berman argued that the NATO war in the former Yugoslavia in 1999 was justified by the doctrine of "liberal interventionism": an intervention intended to rescue endangered populations from extreme oppression and to promote liberal and democratic freedom. He looked on the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq in the same light. In the run-up to the invasion of Iraq, he declined to endorse the Bush administration's policy and warned that it was likely to fail: "we are wielding power without liberalism, which will turn out to be no power at all."
Once the invasion had begun, he nonetheless called on the liberal left to support the war on humanitarian and anti-totalitarian grounds, even while continuing to elaborate his criticism of the larger Bush Doctrine. His pro-war and anti-Bush positions confused some, as they managed to irk people on each side of the American political spectrum. His argument corresponded, however, to the views of the political tendency that is sometimes described as the anti-totalitarian left. He was one of the American signatories of the Euston Manifesto in 2006, a British document which expressed that tendency. Berman is also sometimes associated with the "New Philosophers" movement in France.
Reflecting on the Iraq War in 2007, Berman wrote in "The New York Review of Books", "I approved on principle the overthrow of Saddam. I never did approve of Bush's way of going about it. In the run-up to the war, I became, on practical grounds, ever more fearful that, in his blindness to liberal principles, Bush was leading us over a cliff… It is true and it is a matter of satisfaction to me that, in the years since then, I have not made a career of saying 'I told you so.'"
Speaking of Israel in an interview, Berman commented of anti-Zionism that its "true origin ... is anti-Semitism, the assumption that the Jews are the center of the world and therefore the center of the world's evil."
History of the 1968 generation.
Berman's "A Tale of Two Utopias" and "Power and the Idealists" are the first two parts of a history of the so-called Generation of 1968 (of which he was a member). He argues that packaged together with the liberal ideals in this movement were decidedly disturbing elements. Joschka Fischer, for example, the 1968 activist who would later become a leading figure in the German Green Party and Foreign Minister, decided that there was in fact the presence of anti-Semitic impulses in this movement when he saw the Revolutionary Cells participate in the Entebbe hijacking. The hijackers split the passengers by ethnicity, with Jews on the one side and non-Jews on the other, with the intention to kill all of the former.
Also, Berman tracks major figures like Bernard Kouchner—the later founder of Doctors Without Borders—a member of the 1968 Generation who would later marry active improvement of human rights to established political goals.
At the close of the book, Berman considers the effect of the war in Iraq on these graduates of '68. He suggests that the war split the movement greatly, with many now deeply aware of the dramatic excesses of the regime of Saddam Hussein, as well as the potential negative consequences if such a dictator remained in power. Nonetheless, they were deeply concerned by the arguments offered by the Bush Administration.
Controversy.
In 1986, Michael Moore became the editor of "Mother Jones" magazine. He was fired a few months later, partly for refusing to print an article by Berman that was critical of the Sandinista human rights record in Nicaragua. Moore stated that he would not run the article because he believed it to be inaccurate. "The article was flatly wrong and the worst kind of patronizing bullshit. You would scarcely know from it that the United States had been at war with Nicaragua for the last five years".
Moore sued for wrongful dismissal and the case was settled out of court for $58,000, providing Moore with seed money for his first film, "Roger & Me". Moore returned to the attack in 2011 in his book "Here Comes Trouble," by humorously describing Berman as a "neo-nudnik".
Berman predicted that if fair elections were held in Nicaragua in 1990, the Sandinistas would be voted out of office. (The opponent of the Sandinistas, Violeta Chamorro, won the elections in that year.) Berman's other principal articles on Nicaragua appeared in "The New Republic", "The New Yorker", and "Dissent." Working with fellow journalist Joan Kruckewitt, Berman tracked down and interviewed a former Contra who claimed to be responsible for the murder of American engineer Ben Linder. His journalism on Latin American arts and politics beyond Nicaragua has appeared in many publications—such as "The New York Times Magazine", August 2, 1998, and July 2, 2000; "The New York Review of Books", October 18, 2001; "Slate", September 24, 2004; "Slate", September 10, 2007; "The New York Times Book Review", June 7, 2009; and "Hispanic New York", ed. by Claudio Ivan Remeisera (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).


Sorry, Wrong Number

Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. Stanwyck was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films which remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal).
Premise.
A woman who overhears a murder plot on the telephone.
Plot.
Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day, while listening to what seems to be a crossed telephone connection, she hears two men planning a woman's murder. The call cuts off without Leona learning very much other than it is scheduled for 11:15pm, when a passing train will hide any sounds. She calls the telephone company and the police, but with few concrete details, they can do nothing. Complicating matters, her husband Henry is overdue and their servants have the night off, leaving her all alone in a Manhattan apartment.
As she makes a number of phone calls trying to locate Henry, Leona inadvertently begins to piece together the mystery in flashbacks. When Leona reaches Henry's secretary, Elizabeth Jennings, she learns that he took an attractive woman, Sally Lord, to lunch and did not return to the office. Sally Lord turns out to be the former Sally Hunt. Leona stole then-drug-store-employee Henry from Sally, and married him against her father's wishes. Sally is now the wife of Fred Lord, a lawyer in the district attorney's office. From overheard conversations, she learned that her husband was close to resolving an investigation that involves Henry somehow. Sally became so concerned that she followed her husband and two associates to a mysterious meeting in a seemingly abandoned house on Staten Island. The house, according to a "no trespassing" sign, belongs to a Waldo Evans, a chemist working for her father. Sally arranged to meet Henry for lunch, but before she could warn him, he left the table and did not return. Later, Sally calls Leona with more news. The house on Staten Island has burned down, and three men, including one named Morano have been arrested. Evans, however, has escaped.
Leona then receives a message from Henry stating he has gone out of town on business he had forgotten about and will not be back until Sunday. Leona next gets in touch with Dr. Phillip Alexander, a specialist she had come to New York to see regarding her lifelong heart troubles. Alexander reveals that he gave Henry her prognosis ten days before, something that Henry kept from her. Henry had married Leona without being aware of her health problems. He first found out when she had a heart attack after they quarreled about his attempt to get a job on his own, rather than being a do-nothing vice president in his father-in-law's business. Cotterell sabotaged his job interview.
Leona's attacks became more and more frequent, until she finally took to her bed about a year ago. Alexander, however, diagnosed Leona's problems as purely psychosomatic; nothing is wrong with her physically. Leona goes into hysterics and phones a hospital, asking to hire a nurse for the night. The receptionist tells her that they are short-staffed and she can only have a nurse if the doctor feels it is an emergency. She thinks it is only 11:00 pm, but discovers her clock has stopped.
Leona receives a telephone call from Waldo. He reluctantly discloses that Henry recruited him to steal chemicals from the Cotterell drug company to sell to Morano. Later, Henry decided to bypass Morano when Waldo was transferred. Morano, however, showed up with two thugs and intimidated Henry into signing an IOU for $200,000 for his lost profits, due in three months. When Henry protested that he did not have that much, Morano pointed out that Leona must have a large insurance policy.
With Morano now in custody, Waldo stresses that Henry no longer has to raise the sum. Waldo gives Leona a number to call to locate Henry, but when she calls she discovers that it is for the city morgue.
When Henry calls her from a train station, Leona gives him Waldo's message. Seeing that it is only minutes from 11:15, he pleads with her to go to the balcony and scream for help, but she protests that she cannot, though she can hear somebody downstairs. When the intruder enters her bedroom, she begs for her life, then screams. Unaware of the policemen about to apprehend him, Henry frantically calls back, only to have a man answer, "Sorry, wrong number."
Production.
"Sorry, Wrong Number" conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense.
Hollywood's Production Code Administration initially objected to elements of Fletcher's screenplay, including its depiction of drug trafficking, and the script was significantly revised to win approval.
Reception.
"Variety" listed the film as one of the Top Grossers of the year, earning $2,850,000 in the domestic market alone.
Although not as well received as the radio play, with some critics noting the plot is too padded out, the movie adaptation is considered a classic of the film noir genre. It's twist ending is often cited one of the era's most memorable. Stanwyck's performance was highly acclaimed, and considered by many critics to be her finest. On Rottentomatoes the film has a score of 86%.
Radio play.
Lucille Fletcher's play originally aired on the "Suspense" radio program on May 25, 1943, essentially a one-woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson. The play was reprised seven times (on August 21, 1943, then in 1944, 1945, 1948, 1952, 1957 and 1960), each starring Moorehead. The final broadcast was on February 14, 1960.
Orson Welles called "Sorry, Wrong Number" "the greatest single radio script ever written".
In 2015, the May 25, 1943 broadcast was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry.
Parody.
On October 17, 1948, Stanwyck did a parody of "Sorry, Wrong Number" on "The Jack Benny Program".
Other media.
Clips from "Sorry, Wrong Number" were used for the 1982 comedy-mystery "Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid", the 1991 thriller "Dead Again" and the 2014 action-thriller "".


48th Writers Guild of America Awards

The 48th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best television, and film writers of 1995. Winners were announced in 1996.
Winners & Nominees.
Film.
Winners are listed first highlighted in boldface.


David K. Irving

David Kenneth Irving (born September 25, 1949) is an American film director, screenwriter, author, and professor. He is the son of Jules Irving and Priscilla Pointer. His father is of Russian-Jewish descent. His accolades include the 1981 : Best Children's Script.
Early life.
Irving was born in Santa Clara County, California. He has two siblings, actress Amy Irving and Katie Irving He spent his childhood in San Francisco, where he was active in local theater. The family then relocated to New York City. Irving attended high school at Riverdale School for Boys. He earned a BFA from Denison University and an MFA from California Institute of the Arts.
Career.
Irving began his career as a screenwriter, director and producer of movies. He also directed numerous theatrical plays. He then moved on to writing and directing documentary shorts. He co-wrote the textbook "Producing and Directing the Short Film and Video" along with Peter W. Rea. The book is the only text on short film creation to focus on the importance of symbiosis between producer and director. It was originally released in 1995, and is in its 5th edition as of 2019. In 2008, it was announced that he would serve as head of NYU's Tisch Asia graduate film department. In 2010, Irving wrote another textbook entitled "Fundamentals of Film Directing". In 2011, he published another textbook entitled "Elements of College Teaching". He served as the chair of New York University's Tisch School of Arts Film and Television program for both the undergraduate and graduate schools for over seven years. He then wrote a novel, "Sleep 101: The Odd Rise of Doctor Louise Pond, PhD", which explores the inner workings of academia. This was followed up with "Sleep 201: The Further Adventures of Dr. Louise Pond" and "Sleep 301: Dr. Louise Pond and the Spunky Monkey".
As of 2019, Irving works as an associate professor at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. In 2007, he received the NYU David Payne Carter Award for Teaching Excellence.
Personal life.
In 1974, Irving married actress Susan Burkhalter. They have one daughter, artist Austin Irving.


Wider than the Sky

Wider than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness is an English-language book on neuroscience by the neuroscientist Gerald M. Edelman. Yale University Press published the book in 2004 . The book includes a glossary, a bibliographic note, and an index. The title alludes to an English-language poem written by Emily Dickinson in about 1862 . In that poem, Dickinson describes the brain as "wider than the Sky", "deeper than the sea", and "just the weight of God".
In the preface (page xiii), Edelman describes, as follows, the purpose of the book.
The book's content is similar to another one Edelman co-authored: "A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination". Both books put forward the theory of neuronal group selection, also known as Neural Darwinism. Both books make a distinction between primary consciousness and higher-order consciousness.


Call Me (film)

Call Me is a 1988 American erotic thriller film about a woman who strikes up a relationship with a stranger over the phone, and in the process becomes entangled in a murder. The film was directed by Sollace Mitchell, and stars Patricia Charbonneau, Stephen McHattie, and Boyd Gaines. After its theatrical run, the movie was released on videocassette by Vestron Video.
Plot.
Anna, a young and energetic journalist, receives an obscene call from an unknown caller whom she mistakes for her boyfriend. As a result of this mistake she agrees to meet with the caller at a local bar. When her boyfriend doesn't show she inadvertently witnesses a murder in the women's bathroom. Soon she finds herself drawn into a mystery involving both the killer from the murder she witnessed, as well as the identity of the mysterious caller who continues to phone her and who she shares increasingly more personal conversations with during each subsequent call.


Percy Stafford Allen

Percy Stafford Allen, FBA (7 July 1869 – 16 June 1933) was a British classical scholar, best known for his writings on Desiderius Erasmus.
Life.
Percy Stafford Allen was born on 7 July, 1869 in Twickenham, Middlesex, England. He was a son of Joseph Allen (1825–1901) and Mary Mason Satow (1842–1892). He received his early education in Rottingdean. From 1882, he studied Latin and Greek at Clifton College and after 1888 at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. One of his Oxford tutors was the historian and biographer James Anthony Froude. In 1892 he received his BA, and his MA in 1896.
From 1897 to 1901 he taught history at Government College in Lahore, British India (modern Pakistan). He returned to Oxford in 1908 as a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. From 1924 to 1933 he was president of Corpus Christi College. In 1925 he delivered the British Academy's Master-Mind Lecture, on "Erasmus' Services to Learning". In 1928 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was married in 1898 to Helen Mary Allen (1872–1952), daughter of Arthur John Allen and Margaret Agneta Satow. She made significant contributions to their scholarly collaborations, and was acknowledged through several honours: she received honorary doctorates from the University of Basel (1946) and the University of Amsterdam (1948), as well as an honorary MA degree from Oxford (1932). Mrs Allen was elected an honorary fellow of St Hilda's College, Oxford, in 1944.
Allen is best known as the editor of the complete letters of Erasmus of Rotterdam, a twelve-volume work. Among other writings, he also published "The Age of Erasmus: Lectures delivered in the University of Oxford and London" (1914) and "Letters of Richard Fox, 1486–1527" (1929).
Collection.
Allen's collection comprising original editions of Erasmus' works and a comprehensive working library of around 2,000 items relating to Erasmus, which was built up by Allens while editing the Opus epistolarum, were donated to the Bodleian Library in 1953 by Mrs Allen in accordance with the wishes of her husband. The collection spans a wide range of places of publication and time periods, dating from the 16th-20th centuries, and includes a collection of offprints and pamphlets.


Hittite inscriptions

The corpus of texts written in the Hittite language is indexed by the Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH, since 1971). The catalogue is only a classification of texts; it does not give the texts. One traditionally cites texts by their numbers in CTH. Major sources for studies of selected texts themselves are the books of the StBoT series and the online "Textzeugnisse der Hethiter".
CTH numbering scheme.
The texts are classified as follows:
Selected texts.
Some Wikipedia articles dedicated to specific Hittite texts follow. More are to be found as sections of other articles.


Joseph Baldwin Academy

The Joseph Baldwin Academy, or JBA, is a summer program of two three-week sessions for gifted students going into grades 8-10. Founded in 1985, it is intended to provide opportunities for social growth as the students explore college life and take university-level courses. Located in Kirksville, Missouri, the academy is run by Truman State University students, faculty, and alumni.


Carl Sautter

Carl Sautter (April 29, 1948 - February 23, 1993) was a writer born in the United Kingdom.
Sautter wrote for television series including "Trapper John, M.D." on CBS, "Moonlighting" on ABC and "Beverly Hills, 90210" on FOX. He also contributed to Hanna-Barbera's "".
Biography.
Sautter started his professional life as an urban planner for local government before pursuing a career as a writer. It took seven years of failure before his writing career took off. Cognisant of the difficulties other writers have in breaking into the entertainment industry, Sautter shared his knowledge as an instructor at screenwriting workshops, including Selling to Hollywood, the New Writers Awards (sponsored by NBC), the Hawaii International Film Festival, and more.
Sautter published "How to Sell Your Screenplay" in 1992.
Sautter's last major project was as writer and story advisor for the 1993 Italian television series "Lucky Luke", based on a French comic book character. The series featured a largely American cast but was never broadcast in the United States.
Sautter died on February 23, 1993 at the age of 44.
In the mid-1990s, the "Scriptwriter's Network" created the Carl Sautter Memorial Screenwriting Competition as well as the Producer's Outreach Program for Television.


Mary Ward Centre

The Mary Ward Adult Education Centre is part of the Mary Ward Settlement, in Queen Square, London.
History.
The centre was founded by Mary Augusta Ward, a Victorian novelist and founding president of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, better known by her married name Mrs Humphry Ward. The original name of the institution was the Passmore Edwards Settlement, as it was part of the settlement movement, and was financed by John Passmore Edwards. The settlement began in 1890 as University Hall, located in Gordon Square.
Now named the Mary Ward Centre, it is located in Bloomsbury, an area of central London known for its literary and educational heritage. Its original 1898 building - still named Mary Ward House - is located just off Tavistock Square, was designed by Arnold Dunbar Smith and Cecil Claude Brewer and is considered to be a masterpiece of late Victorian architecture and is considered to be one of the best Arts and Crafts buildings in London.
In a speech to mark the opening of the Settlement in 1898 Mary Ward stated its mission as: “education, social intercourse, and debate of the wider sort, music, books, pictures, travel”. She added: “It is these that make life rich and animated, that ease the burden of it, that stand perpetually between a man and a woman and the darker, coarser temptations of our human road”. According to the Mary Ward House Conference and Exhibition Centre it is a listed Grade 1 building.
Over time the activities at the Settlement expanded to include fully equipped classrooms for children with disabilities, one of the first in England; pioneering the importance of play within children's education. the equivalent of an after school club; youth club for teenagers and a centre for pre and ante natal advice, among many others. It was the site of the historic debate on women's suffrage between Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Mrs Humphry Ward in February 1909, when the host was decisively defeated. In 1920 Mary Ward died and the following year the Settlement was renamed as the Mary Ward Settlement in memory of her work. In addition to the educational centre, the organisation includes the Mary Ward Legal Centre.
Present.
The Mary Ward Adult Education Centre is based at 42 Queen Square, and runs over 1000 classes. The Mary Ward Legal Centre is based nearby at 10 Great Turnstile, also in Holborn. The Mary Ward Legal Centre provides free, independent advice to people who live and work in London to help them access their legal rights and entitlements. A small number of classes such as dance, movement and counselling take place at 10 Great Turnstile.
In late 2018, The Mary Ward Adult Education Centre announced in a letter to students their plans to move to new premises in Stratford, East London. In the letter, students were told the organisation had purchased a new building in Queensway House on Stratford High Street, citing the "unaffordable" cost of their current location and the need for specialist educational provision in East London as factors influencing their decision to move.
Art on display.
The Mary Ward Centre houses the painting "John Passmore Edwards (1823–1905)" by Felix Moscheles. Also on display are two works by Marc Breen, "Untitled" and "Rooftops of Queen Square", as well as a 1904 portrait in chalk of Mary Ward by Albert Sterner.


International Primate Day

International Primate Day, September 1, is an annual educational observance event organized since 2005 largely by British-based Animal Defenders International (ADI)
 and supported annually by various primate-oriented advocacy organizations, speaks for all higher and lower primates, typically endorsing humane agendas where primates are at risk, as in research institutions or species endangerment in precarious environmental situations.
The event is increasingly practiced by primate advocacy nonprofits in several nations. AOL News has covered the observance each year since 2005, and YahooNews has more recently begun reporting the event.
In 2007, according to Animal Defenders International (ADI), "‘Monkey in a Cage’ by Maria Daines topped the Indie music chart in the week following International Primate Day after a campaign enabling people to download via our websites."
In 2016, Animal Defenders International (ADI) received a celebrity endorsement from Moby for their attempt to help the Barbary macaques for that year's event.
Overview of primates.
Primates are a very large family of about 200 species, include monkeys, bonobos, lemurs, orangutans, et al. Statements on great apes which focus largely or entirely on apes would not include all primates.
Significance of primate advocacy.
The release of apes from biomedical laboratories started in Europe and Japan about fifteen years before that movement emerged in North America.
Developments in Europe.
During the past several decades of primate advocacy, the Great Ape Project has emerged, and movements in Europe have seen calls for extended legal protections to Great Apes, the higher primates.
Developments in Japan.
See Japanese macaque
Developments in the United States.
Withdrawal of financial support by NIH in the United States
A study commissioned by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and conducted by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded in a report (see report brief) released on December 15, 2011 that ‘while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in past research, most current use of chimpanzees for biomedical research is unnecessary’. The primary recommendation is that the use of chimpanzees in research be guided by a set of principles and criteria, in effect to greatly limit government-funded research using chimpanzees. Falling short of calling for the out-right ban of using chimpanzees for research, the report acknowledged that new emerging, or re-emerging diseases may require the use of chimpanzees, echoing Professor Colin Blakemore’s concern.
Francis Collins, Director of NIH announced on the same day the report was released that he accepted the recommendations and will develop the implementation plan which includes the forming of an expert committee to review all submitted grant applications and projects already underway involving the use of chimpanzees. Furthermore, no new grant applications using chimpanzees will be reviewed until further notice.
On 21 September 2012, NIH announced that 110 chimpanzees owned by the government will be retired. NIH owns about 500 chimpanzees for research, this move signifies the first step to wind down NIH’s investment in chimpanzee research, according to Francis Collins. Currently housed at the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana, ten of the retired chimpanzees were to be transferred to the chimpanzee sanctuary Chimp Haven, while the rest were to go to Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio.
However, concerns over the chimpanzee’s status in the Texas Biomedical Research Institute as ‘research ineligible’ rather than ‘retired’ prompted NIH to reconsider the plan; it announced on 17 October 2012 that as many chimpanzees as possible would be relocated to Chimp Haven by August 2013, and that eventually all 110 would be moved there.
On 22 January 2013, a NIH task force released a report calling for the government to retire most of the chimpanzees the U.S. government support. The panel concluded that the animals provide little benefit in biomedical discoveries except in a few disease cases which can be supported by a small population of 50 primates for future research. Other approaches such as genetically altered mice should be developed and refined.
On 13 November 2013, the US Congress and Senate passed ‘The Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance and Protection Act’, approving the funding to expand the capacity of Chimp Haven and other chimpanzee sanctuaries, thus allowing the transfer of almost all of the apes owned by the federal government to live in a more natural and group environment than in the laboratory. The transfer is expected to take five years when all but 50 chimpanzees, which will remain with the NIH, will be ‘retired’.
Declaration on Great Apes.
The Great Ape Project is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on Great Apes. This would extend what the project calls the "community of equals" to include chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans. The declaration seeks to extend to non-human great apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.
Right to life.
The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes humans, may not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense.
Protection of individual liberty.
The declaration states that members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of due process. Under the proposed declaration, the detention of great apes who have not been convicted of any crime or who are not criminally liable should be permitted only where it can be shown that the detention is in their own interests or is necessary to protect the public. The declaration says there must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a judicial tribunal.
Prohibition of torture.
The declaration prohibits the torture, defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain, on any great ape, whether wantonly or because of a perceived benefit to others.
Under International Human Rights Law this is a "jus cogens" principle and under all major human rights documents it cannot at any time be derogated by any State.
Criticism.
At present, the Declaration on Great Apes is not generally supported by all primatologists.
Several organizations, including GRASP, the Great Apes Survival Project, are more concerned with apes in the wild than with legal issues surrounding the relatively few apes in captivity.
See also.
Primate trade:
General:
Philosophers concerned with primates


Kumba language

Kumba, also known as Sate and Yofo, is an Adamawa language of Nigeria.


Jeffrey Rayport

Jeffrey F. Rayport is an academic, author, consultant, and founder and chairman of Marketspace LLC, a strategic advisory practice that works with leading companies to reinvent how they interact with and relate to customers. Marketspace was a unit of Monitor Deloitte, a global strategy services and merchant banking firm, which now operates as an independent professional services firm.
Career.
Rayport is a currently a member of the faculty in the Entrepreneurial Management Unit at Harvard Business School. He is an authority on information-intensive industries such as media and entertainment, retail, and financial services. Prior to re-joining the HBS faculty, he founded or co-founded businesses in digital strategy and advisory services, executive development, e-learning, and software simulation, while he served as a senior partner at Monitor Deloitte.
He has published a series of MBA-level textbooks on e-Commerce and a bestselling business book on integrating multi-channel customer experiences. In 1996, his Fast Company article "The Virus of Marketing" introduced the concept of, and coined the term, "viral marketing."
Previously a faculty member at Harvard Business School, where he was voted outstanding professor in 1997, 1998 and 1999. At HBS, Rayport developed and taught the first graduate-level e-commerce course in the United States, "Managing Marketspace Businesses" in 1995. Business plans produced by Rayport's students resulted in various high-tech start-ups, including Yahoo!
Rayport earned an A.B. from Harvard College, an M.Phil. in International Relations at the University of Cambridge (U.K.), and an A.M. and Ph.D. in the History of American Civilization at Harvard University. He was the John Harvard Scholar at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge.
He has served as a director of several public and private corporations; current directorships include Andrews McMeel Universal, GSI Commerce (NASDAQ:GSIC), International Data Group, Conversant (part of Alliance Data), MediaMath, Monster Worldwide (NYSE:MWW), and ShopRunner. He also serves on the advisory boards of advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky and public relations firms FleishmanHillard and Brodeur Partners (both units of Omnicom Group; NYSE: OMC). In addition, he is a trustee of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA; a director of the Nantucket Preservation Trust in Nantucket, MA; and chairman of the board at From the Top (a classical music program distributed in the United States by National Public Radio) in Boston, MA.
Notable Students.
Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg was a student of Rayport during his tenure at Harvard Business School.
"e-Commerce".
In his 2000 book "e-Commerce", with Bernard Jaworski, Rayport formulates a set of design principles for e-Commerce websites, called the "7 C's":


Ida Gordon

Ida Lilian Gordon (born Wakefield 1907, died Rosemarkie 2001) was a British academic, specialising in Medieval English and Old Norse.
Life.
She took her BA in English at Leeds University from 1925–28, and completed her PhD there in 1930: 'A typographical study of the sagas of the Vestfirðir: Gull-Þórissaga, Gíslasaga, Hávarðarsaga, Fóstbrœðrasaga and of their traditions'. In 1930, she married E. V. Gordon, Leeds's Professor of English Language, with whom she had four children (the eldest of whom, Bridget Mackenzie, went on to lecture in Old Norse at Glasgow University). J. R. R. Tolkien composed the couple a long Old English praise-poem in the Old Norse "drottkvætt"-metre, entitled "Brýdleop", as a wedding present.
Ida Gordon moved with her husband to Manchester on his appointment as Smith Professor of English Language and Germanic Philology at the University of Manchester. On his death in 1938, and with four children under 7 to support, she took on some of his teaching duties, working as a Lecturer until 1960, when she was promoted to Senior Lecturer. She retired in 1968. She visited Iceland twice, and in 1970 was a visiting professor at the University of Victoria, British Columbia.
Works and archives.
Archives.
In 2014, Ida's eldest daughter Bridget Mackenzie sold a collection of letters written variously to Ida and to her husband by J. R. R. Tolkien to the Brotherton Library of the University of Leeds. Mackenzie passed Ida and Eric Gordon's books to St Andrews University Library.


Stefanos Koumanoudis

Stefanos Koumanoudis (, 1818-1899) was a Greek archaeologist, teacher and writer of the 19th century.
Biography.
He was born in 1818 in Adrianople to a rich merchant family. In an early age, his family settled in Bucharest, and later in Silistra where he spent most of his childhood. He graduated from the Humboldt University of Berlin and the University of Paris. Fellow university students of Koumanoudis were Efthymios Kastorchis, Iraklis Mitsopoulos, Lysandros Kavtantzoglou and Emmanuel Kokkinos, who became notable teachers and archaeologists as well.
He became a lecturer in 1845, and in 1846 he was appointed a professor of Latin philology of the University of Athens. In 1854 he was elected dean of the Philosophical School of the University, and in the later years 3 more times (1855-1856, 1866-1867, 1877-1888, 1884-1885). He retired in August 1886 after forty years of active teaching. His subjects mostly concerned the history of Roman letters, the life of the Romans and the interpretation of the Latin poets and writers. He was a teacher of the later King George I and his wife Olga. He had been a secretary of the Archaeological Society of Athens for 36 years. Among his discoveries, during his tenure at the Archaeological Society, were the Stoa of Attalos, the Hadrian's Library, the Theatre of Dionysus, the Dipylon and the Kerameikos.
He was also a member of the Institut de France, the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. He died on 31 May 1899 , and was buried the following day.
Writings.
He wrote excavations and epigraphic publications, dictionaries and commentary versions of classical works and translated several Serbian folk songs as well as works by Voltaire. His diary was preserved and transcribed by his great-grandson, also philologist Stefanos N. Koumanoudis, and got published in 1980. He also enriched and translated the Latin dictionary of Heinrich Ulrichs (1807-1843), and in 1883 contributed to the re-issue of the "Archaeological Journal", and from 1861 to 1863 he published the historical magazine «"Philistor"» ("Φιλίστωρ"). He also published, with Efthymios Kastorchis, the magazine «"Athinaion"» ("Αθήναιον").


W. M. Spackman

William Mode Spackman (May 20, 1905 – August 3, 1990) was an American writer. He was born in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, the son of George Harvey Spackman and Alice Pennock Mode. A graduate of the Friends School of Wilmington, Delaware and in 1927 Princeton University (B.A.; later also an M.A.), he was also a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1929, he married Mary Ann Matthews (1902–1978); they had three children: Peter (1930–1995), Ann (1932–1961), and Harriet (born 1934). Spackman was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship to study public opinion at Columbia University. Spackman also taught classics briefly at New York University and worked in radio.
Spackman's literary success came relatively late in life. He wrote about romance from a realistic rather than a romantic perspective. Highly praised by critics like John Leonard, John Updike, and Stanley Elkin, he has been called a "Fabergé of novelists" and his works have been called "delicate comedies." The characters in his novels are school friends, their associations, often in New York City, and the women with whom they spent time.
He was the author of:
He was also the author of a collection of essays entitled "On the Decay of Humanism" (Rutgers University Press, 1967). Its contents, along with his other essays and reviews, were reprinted in "On the Decay of Criticism: The Complete Essays of W. M. Spackman" (Fantagraphics Books, 2017).
Typescript drafts, revisions, and galley proofs of three of his novels have been deposited in the archives of the Princeton University Library.