Latin indirect speech

Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, indirect discourse (US), or ( or ), is the practice, common in all Latin historical writers, of reporting spoken or written words indirectly, using different grammatical forms. Passages of indirect speech can extend from a single phrase to an entire paragraph, and this style was generally preferred by Roman historians to the direct speech commonly found in Greek authors.
The main types of indirect speech in Latin are indirect statements, indirect commands, and indirect questions. Indirect statements in classical Latin usually use the accusative and infinitive construction. In this the main verb of the quoted sentence is changed to an infinitive, and its subject to the accusative case; this construction is also sometimes used for commands and rhetorical questions.
Indirect questions, most indirect commands, and most subordinate verbs in indirect statements use the subjunctive mood. Subjunctive mood tenses are divided into two groups, primary (present and perfect) and historic (imperfect and pluperfect). The historic tenses are used when the context is past time, although it is also possible sometimes to use a primary tense in a past context, a practice referred to as .
Although the term strictly speaking refers to the reporting of spoken or written words, the same grammatical constructions are also used in sentences introduced by other verbs such as those of perceiving, showing, remembering, and thinking. These are also included in this article. In some cases, especially in longer passages of , the verb of speaking is omitted, and the grammatical form alone shows that the words are indirect.
Main types of indirect speech.
Indirect statement.
The most common type of indirect speech is indirect statement, for which in classical Latin (although not in medieval Latin) the usual grammatical form is the accusative and infinitive construction. In this the subject of the quoted sentence is put into the accusative case, and the verb is changed to an infinitive.
Four main tenses of the infinitive are used: the present, the perfect, the future participle with (which is often omitted), and the future participle with . The present infinitive is used when the original verb was a present indicative tense:
The perfect infinitive is used when the original verb was a perfect, imperfect, or pluperfect indicative tense:
If the original sentence had a future indicative or potential subjunctive ('would do'), the indirect statement has a future participle combined with ( is however often omitted):
One verb, 'I am' has its own future infinitive , which may be used instead of . The verb 'I am able' on the other hand has no future infinitive or future participle.
The future participle combined with , which expresses a past or present potential ('would be doing' or 'would have done'):
Three other tenses are found in indirect statements: the supine with , the perfect participle with , and the perfect participle with . However, these are rare.
The main verb introducing indirect statements does not have to be a verb of speaking; it can also be any of a range of other verbs, such as 'he realised', 'he pretended', 'it is well known', 'I hope', 'he wrote' and so on, which use the same construction.
The infinitive is used only for the main verb in an indirect statement; any other verbs are changed into the subjunctive mood, using one of the past tenses if the context is past:
Indirect question.
Another kind of indirect speech is the indirect question, in which the verb is usually changed into the subjunctive mood:
When the context is past, one of the past tenses of the subjunctive is used (imperfect or pluperfect). (There are some exceptions to this rule, however.)
Indirect command.
The third main type of indirect speech is the indirect command, for which two constructions are possible. Some verbs, principally the verb 'I order' and its opposite 'I forbid', use the accusative and infinitive construction, often with a passive infinitive:
Most other verbs use a clause introduced by the conjunction or (if negative) followed by a subjunctive verb. As with indirect questions, the tense of the subjunctive depends on whether the context is present or past. A present context requires the present subjunctive:
A past context usually (but not always) has the imperfect subjunctive:
Change of person.
Another of the characteristics of indirect speech is that the pronouns and persons of the verb change in accordance to the viewpoint of the new speaker. Thus in the following example, the original thought was 'he is very grateful to you'. In indirect speech this becomes:
Very often the viewpoint changes to the 3rd person, in which case the reflexive pronoun (or ) 'himself, herself, themselves' and its various derivatives etc. are used in order to refer to the speaker of the reported words:
When the subject of the verb of speaking is feminine or plural, will be translated as 'she' or 'they':
The reflexive pronoun can sometimes be used to refer to the speaker even when the speaker is not strictly the grammatical subject of the sentence, as in this example:
A third person which is not the subject is referred to by or 'him, that person'. To avoid ambiguity in English, it is often necessary to insert a name:
However, and can be ambiguous, since in addition to referring to the speaker, they can also refer reflexively to the subject of the nearest verb. Thus in these two indirect questions, the word refers to Caesar (the subject of ) but 'his' refers to the speaker, Ariovistus:
Similarly, in the following example, and refer to the Roman ambassadors (the subject of ), while refers to the king (the subject of ):
Indirect statements.
Constructions with the infinitive.
Verbs of speaking.
Often in historical writing there is no verb of speaking but it is implied by the context and by the use of the accusative and infinitive construction:
A future tense in indirect speech is turned into a future participle + . The infinitive is very often omitted:
A pronoun is usually used for the subject of an infinitive, even if it is omitted in direct speech. However, in some cases, when the pronoun is easily understood from the context, it can be dropped:
When the verb is impersonal, such as 'it seems' or 'it is fitting', there is no subject:
When the infinitive is combined with a future or perfect participle, a gerundive, or an adjective, is sometimes omitted:
The accusative and infinitive is also used for expressing what someone shows or pretends to be the case:
Verbs of perception.
An accusative and infinitive can also be used to express a piece of information which someone has been told, or by extension which someone has learnt about, noticed, realised, seen, dreamed of, perceived or simply knows:
Verbs of perception such as 'I see' and 'I find' can also be followed by a present participle (without ). In the following example, the two constructions are shown side by side:
Introductory verbs of speaking, thinking, realising, pretending etc. are known as , while those of learning, seeing, hearing, noticing, and knowing are known as .
Verbs of thinking and feeling.
Another reason to use the accusative and infinitive is to express someone's thoughts, such as the reasons for undertaking a certain course of action:
It can similarly be used with verbs such as 'I am sure', 'I remember', and 'I forget':
Occasionally verbs of emotion such as 'I am glad' or 'I am sorry' can take an accusative and infinitive; although the more usual construction is a -clause:
Negative statements.
When the reported sentence is negative, it is common to use the verb rather than :
Similarly is used in preference to :
In the same way 'I forbid' is used in place of .
Passive main verb.
When the verb of speaking is passive, it can be used either personally ('he is said to have done it') or impersonally ('it is said that he did it'). A present tense such as 'he is said' or 'he seems' is usually used personally:
When the verb of speaking is used personally, the subject of the reported statement, and hence any participles or nouns agreeing with it, are nominative:
However, when the verb uses a compound tense such as the perfect passive , it is usually used impersonally, hence with an accusative and infinitive:
Nominative and infinitive.
Sometimes an active verb of speaking can be used with a nominative and infinitive construction, but only in poetry. The word 'claim' is used in the same way in English:
Other indirect statement constructions.
Although 'I am s turehat' takes the accusative and infinitive, the phrase 'I do not doubt' is usually followed by and a subjunctive verb, in the same way as an indirect question:
The construction with can also be used after other negative phrases:
In the following example, however, is followed by :
with the indicative.
Another way of expressing the English conjunction 'that...' is to use a -clause, with the indicative. This is found whenever the meaning is 'the fact that...'; for example:
 is also used after verbs of adding or omitting:
It is also found after verbs of emotion such as 'I am glad that', 'I am sorry that', 'it turned out well that' and so on:
with the subjunctive.
In later Latin, with the subjunctive could substitute for the accusative an infinitive in indirect statement, though this did not become common until the second century AD:
This type of clause with ' (which became ' in modern French, Portuguese, and Spanish and "" in Italian) gradually took over from the accusative and infinitive construction and became the usual way of expressing indirect speech in modern Romance languages which are descended from Latin.
and.
In post-classical Latin, the conjunction , which means 'because' in classical Latin, could also be used to introduce an indirect statement. They are usually used with the indicative mood:
The conjunction 'since', can also introduce an indirect statement:
The Greek word () which and translate also means 'because' or 'that'.
Expressions with.
In addition, various expressions such as 'it happened that', 'he brought it about that', etc. are followed by an -clause with the subjunctive. However, these are generally classified in grammar books as a type of consecutive clause, rather than . The negative is .
Indirect questions.
In the second type of indirect speech, indirect question, the verb is usually changed to the subjunctive mood, although occasionally, in rhetorical questions, the infinitive may be used (see below). When the context is primary, the present or perfect subjunctive is usual:
The first four the verbs in the last example above are perfect subjunctive, which in an indirect question may represent an imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect tense in the original speech. The last verb is an infinitive, since it is a rhetorical question resembling a statement ('there is none of us who doesn't know') more than a question.
When the context is historic, the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are usual:
When the main verb in a direct question is a future tense, it becomes a future participle with the subjunctive of in an indirect question:
A past potential subjunctive in a conditional clause becomes a future participle with the perfect subjunctive of :
Wh-questions.
Indirect questions which are dependent on a verb of asking in the classical period usually use a subjunctive verb. (The indicative is found in early Latin and sometimes in poetry.) When the context is past, as in the second example below, the tense of the quoted verb is usually changed to past in according with the sequence of tenses rule:
A question in does not always have an introductory verb, but can be indicated as being indirect by the use of the subjunctive mood. The following questions come in the middle of a long speech by the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus:
Yes-no questions.
Indirect questions expecting an answer yes or no can be introduced by or ('whether', 'if'):
After , the particle is used, and it is also sometimes used after other verbs (but not in Caesar or Cicero). The phrase 'I don't know whether' means simply 'perhaps':
Sometimes an indirect question can begin with 'if'. The usual meaning is 'in order to see if':
In Livy 'if' can also mean simply 'whether':
Disjunctive questions.
Alternative (disjunctive) questions are introduced by , , or simply or . For 'or not', is used:
Indirect questions with the infinitive.
Not all questions in use the subjunctive. A rhetorical question (provided it is not directly dependent on a verb of speaking, and provided that it is not derived from an originally 2nd person verb) is put in the accusative and infinitive construction:
A rhetorical question can also have the accusative and infinitive if it is equivalent to a statement. In the following example, the meaning is 'there is none of us who doesn't know these things':
Indirect commands.
Using the infinitive.
In an indirect command, there are two possible forms. If the verb of speaking is 'I order', the same construction is used as in indirect statement, that is accusative and infinitive:
A few other verbs, such as 'I allow', 'I forbid', and sometimes 'I order' take the same construction:
Verbs of will, such as 'I forbid', are always used personally even in the perfect passive tense:
Quite commonly these verbs are used with a passive infinitive:
Using the subjunctive.
However, most verbs of ordering, persuading, and encouraging are followed by 'that' or 'that not' and a subjunctive mood verb. This construction is common after verbs such as 'I order', 'I ask', 'I request', 'I advise', 'I persuade', 'I exhort' and others. If the context is past, the imperfect subjunctive is used, otherwise the present:
In negative commands, it is usual to write 'not ever' instead of 'never', 'not anyone' instead of and so on.
If there are two negative commands, the second starts with or :
If a positive command follows a negative, it begins with or or :
In longer passages of , where there is no introductory verb, can be omitted:
Verbs of will.
The accusative and infinitive construction can be used after verbs of will, such as 'I want' and 'I prefer', but mainly when the person has no power over the action:
Verbs of will can also take the subjunctive in the same way as an indirect command. With the verb the conjunction can be omitted:
Wishes, hopes and fears.
The sentence which is made indirect can be a wish, e.g. "may it (not) happen!" This is expressed in sentences like those below.
Wishes.
The thought that is made indirect can be a wish, e.g. 'may it happen!' or 'if only it had happened!'. If the wish is for something which is impossible, the main verb becomes the imperfect subjunctive , followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:
However, if the wish can still be true, the present subjunctive is used, followed by the present subjunctive:
Hopes.
The verb 'I hope' is generally followed by an accusative and infinitive construction. The following sentence has the future infinitive followed by and the subjunctive:
However, a present or perfect infinitive is also possible:
Fears.
Verbs of fearing such as , , and 'I am afraid' are generally followed by with the subjunctive:
For a negative fear, can be used:
Another possibility is to use ; 'not' must be added in English:
Normally a verb of fearing is followed by a fear for a later time, but it can sometimes equally be a fear for something past, in which case it will be followed by a perfect or pluperfect subjunctive:
Tenses in indirect speech.
A table of tenses.
When a sentence is made indirect, the verbs generally change either to the infinitive or the subjunctive mood. There are fewer tenses in the infinitive than in the indicative, so sometimes the same infinitive tense can be interpreted as a transformation of more than one indicative tense; for example, the perfect infinitive can reflect the perfect, pluperfect, or imperfect indicative. There is also no distinction between the logical future condition ('if this happens') and the ideal future condition ('if this were to happen'). Further details are given in the sections below.
The following table summarises how the tense of the main verb of a quoted sentence changes when it is made indirect:
Tenses of the infinitive.
Contemporaneous situation.
A present indicative in direct speech becomes a present infinitive in indirect statement. It can equally be active or passive:
Earlier event or situation.
If the reported sentence describes an event or situation earlier than the introductory verb, the perfect infinitive is used:
The perfect infinitive could represent an imperfect indicative in the original sentence. In the following example, to emphasise the idea of habitual action, a frequentative verb 'I do often' is used:
If the infinitive is passive (e.g. ), the part can sometimes be omitted:
The verb 'I remember', when the sentence describes a personal reminiscence, is an exception, in that the present infinitive is used even though it refers to an event earlier than the introductory verb:
Perfect participle with.
Occasionally in Cicero a perfect passive infinitive is found formed with instead of the usual . The implication of this is that the situation has now changed from what it was originally:
In the first example above, Cicero's friend Servius had now changed his mind about the person mentioned; in the second, the statue and its dedication had been demolished and taken away by Gaius Verres.
Later event or situation.
If an indirect statement describes an event or situation later than the introductory verb, the future infinitive is used. This consists of the future participle + , if active, or the supine + if passive. The future participle is an adjective, and so changes for number and gender:
The infinitive is often omitted:
A future passive infinitive can be made using the supine with (the passive infinitive of the verb 'I go'). The ending "-um" does not change with gender or number:
The verb has its own future infinitive , equivalent to :
 can be used in the phrase (occasionally or ) followed by a present or imperfect subjunctive to report a future event. This can be used with an active or a passive verb:
The participle can be used alone without :
The verb has no future infinitive, but the infinitive can sometimes refer to a future time relative to the main verb.
In indirect commands and after verbs of will, the simple present infinitive has a future meaning. Thus in the first of the sentences below, the future infinitive is used in an accusative and infinitive construction, but in the second, the simple present infinitive with no accusative:
Future perfect situation.
If the main verb of a reported statement is a reflection of a future perfect tense in direct speech, it cannot be expressed using an active verb, but it is possible to use a passive or deponent perfect participle with :
Very rarely a future perfect of direct speech can be represented in an indirect statement by followed by a perfect or pluperfect subjunctive:
As the last two examples above illustrate, in a subordinate clause in the future perfect tense usually becomes either the perfect subjunctive () or pluperfect subjunctive (), according to whether the tense of the introductory verb is primary or historic. In a few cases, however, when the introductory verb is in the 1st or 2nd person, the future perfect indicative is retained.
Ideal potential situations.
The distinction between the ideal conditional ('if this were to happen') and the simple future conditional ('if this happens') disappears in indirect speech). Thus in an indirect statement, the future participle is used, just as with a future logical conditional:
In the following indirect statement, the future infinitive of is combined with a gerundive to express what would happen in a hypothetical future situation:
Present unreal situations.
If a reported statement depends on a situation contrary to fact, the verb takes the form of a future participle + , which is known as the periphrastic perfect infinitive. The following examples illustrate a present unreal (contrary to fact) situation:
As illustrated above, in an unreal conditional, the imperfect or pluperfect tense of the subjunctive in the protasis '(if' clause) remains unchanged, even after a primary tense verb.
Past unreal events and situations.
Exactly the same construction with the future participle plus can also refer to a past situation contrary to fact:
Just as is used to make a future passive infinitive, so can occasionally be used to make a potential passive infinitive. However, this is very rare, and only two instances have been noted:
The perfect infinitive of can also be used in the main clause of an unreal past conditional, that is, to write 'could have done' instead of 'would have done', since the two are close in meaning:
Tenses of the subjunctive.
When the subjunctive is used in indirect speech, usually the primary tenses (present or imperfect) are used after a primary tense in the verb of speaking (such as a present or future), while the historic tenses (imperfect or pluperfect) are used after a historic tense (this is known as the 'sequence of tenses rule'). However, when the introductory verb is a historic present, or where there is no introductory verb, the writer has a choice, and can use either primary or historic sequence, or even a mixture of the two.
The periphrastic tenses with the future participle are used only in indirect questions and after 'I do not doubt that'. In other kinds of indirect sentences (e.g. after verbs of command or fearing) the present or imperfect subjunctive are used with a future meaning.
For the most part in subordinate clauses in , the verb is also in one of the four basic subjunctive tenses (present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect).
Contemporaneous situation.
If the sentence is an indirect question referring to the same time as the main verb, the present subjunctive is normally used after a primary tense verb:
The present subjunctive after would also normally refer to a current situation:
However, sometimes, the present subjunctive after can refer to a future event (see examples below).
When the verb of speaking is in a historic tense, the imperfect subjunctive is used:
Deliberative subjunctive.
A present or imperfect subjunctive can also represent a deliberative subjunctive ('what are we to do?') in direct speech:
Earlier event or situation.
In indirect questions, after a primary tense verb, an event earlier than the verb of speaking is usually represented by the perfect subjunctive:
With the perfect subjunctive in indirect questions there is sometimes some ambiguity, since this tense can also represent an imperfect or pluperfect tense of direct speech:
When the introductory verb is in a historic tense, the pluperfect subjunctive is used:
The pluperfect subjunctive can also be a reflection of an original imperfect tense. In the following example, according to Woodcock, the original verbs would have been and :
Later event or situation.
In an indirect question referring to an event or situation later than the main verb, the future participle is combined with the present subjunctive of :
After a historic verb, changes to the imperfect :
However, after sometimes the simple subjunctive alone can also have a future meaning, if the context makes it clear. This is in fact necessary if the verb is passive, since there is no passive future participle:
Since in there is no distinction between a future condition and an ideal one, the above sentence could also be interpreted as being an ideal conditional ('if Ariovistus were to hear of this, he would punish us all').
Future perfect situation.
Almost no examples are given in grammar books of an indirect question expressing a future perfect situation using a subjunctive verb, apart from the following:
As with the infinitive construction, there seems to be no way of expressing a future perfect situation when the verb is active.
Ideal potential situation.
The distinction between the ideal conditional ('if this were to happen') and the simple future conditional ('if this happens') disappears in indirect speech). In an indirect question about a hypothetical unreal situation, the periphrastic present subjunctive is found, just as in a logical future conditional:
Present unreal situations.
If the sentence is an indirect question, according to Woodcock, the periphrastic perfect subjunctive can be used. The following example is quoted by Woodcock as describing a hypothetical present or future situation:
However, the following statement based on an unreal present condition uses the simple imperfect subjunctive to refer to a hypothetical future situation:
As illustrated above, in an unreal conditional, the imperfect or pluperfect tense of the subjunctive in the protasis '(if' clause) remains unchanged, even after a primary tense verb.
Past unreal events and situations.
An indirect question about an unreal past situation has the future participle plus the perfect subjunctive of :
After a historic introductory verb in an unreal conditional clause, the potential perfect subjunctive is usually still retained (contrary to the usual sequence of tenses rule):
Occasionally, however, the subjunctive becomes pluperfect, but this is rare, and found only in Livy:
'Could have done'.
'Could have done' can be used instead of 'would have done', since the two are close in meaning. So in an indirect question it is possible to use the perfect subjunctive with the present infinitive;
The perfect subjunctive is usually retained even in a historic context:
Present subjunctive in historic sequence.
Just as in narrative, when writers often change from the perfect (or imperfect) to the historical present tense to make their writing more vivid, so in the same way the subjunctives in indirect speech sometimes use the two primary tenses (present and perfect) even when the context is past. This practice is known as .
Usually if the introductory verb of indirect speech is in a primary tense, the subjunctive verbs are primary, while if it is historic, the subjunctive verbs are historic. However, even in the same sentence, a writer may switch between historic and primary tenses, as in the following example, in which (imperfect) is historic, despite the present tense introductory verb, but (present) and (perfect) are primary:
Commenting on this sentence, Postgate suggests that the change to primary tenses represents some 'sharpening of the emphasis'.
Andrewes (1937, 1951) points out that different authors have different practices in regard to the use of primary and historic tenses in indirect speech. Cicero generally follows the sequence of tenses, but this is not always true of Caesar. In some examples Caesar seems to use the present subjunctive to refer to a future time, and the imperfect to refer to the current situation. Thus in the following examples, and are in the present subjunctive because they refer to a future time:
In Livy and Tacitus, on the other hand, the tense of the reported verb tends to follow the tense of the indicative of direct speech; thus in the following example, a perfect indicative turns into a perfect subjunctive (), and an imperfect indicative into an imperfect subjunctive ():
However, when the original verb in direct speech is subjunctive, these authors follow the sequence of tenses rule. In the following sentence of Tacitus, the present subjunctive represents a present indicative, but the imperfects and , following the historic introductory verb, represent present subjunctives in direct speech:
The use of primary and historic subjunctives in this example from Tacitus differs from the preceding examples from Caesar, since in Tacitus the present subjunctive refers to the current situation, and the imperfect to future time. However, Caesar is not always consistent, and Postgate observes that as far as the future and future perfect of direct speech when transferred to are concerned, 'the usage of Caesar appears to be irreducible to general rules'.
Indicative in subordinate clauses.
Although the verb in a subordinate clause in is usually in the subjunctive mood, when the verb of speaking is 1st or 2nd person, the indicative can be used:
The present indicative can also be retained after :
A relative clause which is merely explanatory also uses the indicative:
The use of the indicative is more common after a primary tense introductory verb than a historic one, and also sometimes in cases where the use of the subjunctive might cause ambiguity.
Extended passages of indirect speech.
Roman writers, especially historians, often use quite extensive passages of indirect speech. An example is the following, which is from a letter by an ex-consul Servius Sulpicius Rufus to Cicero:
The whole passage above, which mainly consists of indirect statements, is dependent on the verb 'he reported'. That it is indirect is shown by the fact that most of the verbs have been changed to infinitives (shown in bold), while the subjects of the verbs are put into the accusative case. The last clause, with its imperfect subjunctive ( 'that I should send'), is an indirect command.
Many passages of indirect speech are found in Julius Caesar's commentaries. The following is typical:
The passage consists of five indirect statements with infinitive verbs (two of which, 'it is fitting' and 'it seems' are impersonal and have no subject), and an indirect question with the subjunctive (). Interleaved with these are two conditional clauses () and two relative clauses (), all of which use the subjunctive mood. All the subjunctive verbs are imperfect or pluperfect, except for , which is present subjunctive and thus breaks the sequence of tenses rule.
Direct speech ().
In Latin historians, is very common. In Caesar's commentaries, there are some 190 instances of indirect speech, but only 21 examples of direct speech (). The direct speeches tend to be quite short, although there are some longer ones, such as Curio's speech to his troops before a battle. Quite often they mark dramatic moments, including several speeches made just before a battle, such as Caesar's own speech before the battle of Pharsalia, or the eagle-bearer's encouragement to his comrades before leaping into the sea when Caesar's invading force reached the coast of Britain. In some cases they are accompanied by phrases such as 'in a loud voice'. It is likely that during a public recitation of the work, such passages allowed the reciter to add extra drama to the recitation.
In Livy too, direct speech is found sparingly but at dramatic moments. These include the words of the Delphic oracle announcing the future ruler of Rome, the words of the heroines Lucretia and Sophoniba before they committed suicide, and the announcement to the people of the tragedy of Lake Trasimene.


Cranbury Park

Cranbury Park is a stately home and country estate situated in the parish of Hursley, near to Otterbourne, Winchester, England. It was formerly the home to Sir Isaac Newton and later to the Chamberlayne family, whose descendants now own and occupy the house and surrounding park and farmland. The house and park are not generally open to the public, although open days are occasionally held.
History.
Early years.
Cranbury was originally an important hamlet of Hursley, with many distinct farms and cottages, but now the name belongs only to Cranbury House and Park. The first recorded tenant of Cranbury is a Mr. Shoveller, who surrendered it to Roger Coram before 1580. Coram rented Cranbury at £17 2s per annum from the Lord of the Manor of Merdon, Sir Thomas Clarke.
An incident is recorded of a dispute between Coram and Clarke regarding the rights of the tenants and the Lord of the Manor:
Following the death of Coram, Sir Edward Richards held the property until the 1640s, when he let it to Dr John Young, dean of Winchester. During the Commonwealth era, when Young was expelled from the deanery, he lived in quiet retirement at Cranbury. His widow occupied the estate in 1650, and later transferred the house to Sir Charles Wyndham, who married her daughter in 1665. Sir Charles, who (like Coram before him) was noted as "a zealous assertor of the tenants' rights", was Member of Parliament for Southampton from 1679 to 1698 and for St Ives in Cornwall from 1698 to 1701. He died in 1706, although his wife survived him until 1720. A small monument was raised for them in Hursley Church.
John Conduitt and Sir Isaac Newton.
On the death of Lady Wyndham, the house and estate were sold to John Conduitt. In May 1721, Conduitt married Catherine Barton, half-niece and adopted daughter of Sir Isaac Newton. Shortly after his marriage, Conduitt became MP for Whitchurch, Hampshire. Towards the end of his life, Newton became resident near to Otterbourne at Cranbury Park, remaining there until his death in 1727. On Newton's death, Conduitt succeeded him as Master of the Mint. In 1734, although Conduitt was re-elected to his seat at Whitchurch he chose to represent Southampton instead.
Conduitt had a sundial installed in the gardens at Cranbury Park, which was calculated by Sir Isaac Newton. The sundial has been described thus:
The Dummers and Lady Dance-Holland.
Conduitt died in 1737, leaving a daughter, Catherine, whose guardians sold Cranbury Park to Thomas Lee Dummer, who succeeded him as MP for Southampton, retaining that position for four years. In 1747, he was elected as MP for Newport on the Isle of Wight and continued to represent that town until his death in 1765. On his death, the estate was left to his son, Thomas, who also succeeded him as MP for Newport. Thomas was subsequently to become MP for Yarmouth (1769–1774), Wendover in Buckinghamshire (1775–1780) and Lymington (1780–1781). He was also elected to represent Downton in Wiltshire in 1774, but his election was declared invalid.
In 1770, Thomas purchased the City Cross (also known as the Buttercross) from the Corporation of Winchester, intending to have it re-erected at Cranbury. When his workmen arrived to dismantle the cross, they were prevented from doing so by the people of the city, who "organised a small riot" and they were forced to abandon their task. The agreement with the city was cancelled and Dummer erected a lath and plaster facsimile, which stood in the park for about sixty years before it was destroyed by the weather.
Undaunted by his failure to acquire the City Cross to grace the estate, Dummer turned his attention to the ruins of Netley Abbey, which he also owned, and moved the north transept of the abbey to Cranbury Park, where it can be still be seen as a folly in the park, at . The ruins comprise an arch, the base of a pillar, and a scaled-down gateway tower. The rear of the gateway has been made into a keeper's cottage and is known to the village of Otterbourne as "the Castle" and is marked as such on the Ordnance Survey map.
Thomas Dummer died without heirs in 1781, leaving his property at Cranbury and Netley and also at Horninghold in Leicestershire first to his widow, Harriet, with reversion to Thomas Chamberlayne, a member of a family with which the Dummers had been previously connected. Harriet Dummer (the daughter of Sir Cecil Bishopp, 6th Baronet) then married the artist Nathaniel Dance (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt), whose brother George Dance had designed the present-day house, built in 1780. Like many of his predecessors and successors, Dance-Holland was an MP serving East Grinstead in East Sussex from 1790 to 1802 and again from 1807 to his death in 1811, and Great Bedwyn from 1802 to 1806.
The Chamberlayne family.
Dance-Holland died in 1811, but his wife survived him until 1825; on her death, William Chamberlayne, MP for Southampton, came into the property under the terms of the will of Thomas Dummer. William Chamberlayne (1760–1829) was MP for Southampton from 1818 until his death. Whilst serving the town, William Chamberlayne was also chairman of the company supplying gas lighting to the town of Southampton and donated the iron columns for the new gas street-lights, also the public baths at Northam. In 1822, the townspeople erected a memorial to William Chamberlayne in gratitude, consisting of an iron Doric column; In 2000 the column was moved to its current location in Houndwell Park.
On the death of William Chamberlayne in 1829, the estate passed to his cousin Thomas Chamberlayne. Thomas (1805–1876) was a keen yachtsman who sailed his yacht, "Arrow", in the inaugural America's Cup race in 1851. This race was won by the America. See "The Field" of May 1, 1886, and "The Graphic" of June 18, 1887. In 1852 The Arrow beat the famous America in the race at Ryde for the Queen's Cup. He also played cricket for Hampshire and was a great hunting and coursing enthusiast, who built both new stables and a cricket pitch at Cranbury Park.
On his death in 1876 the estate passed to his son, Tankerville Chamberlayne.
Tankerville Chamberlayne was also MP for Southampton from 1892 until 1896, when he was disqualified for electoral fraud in the 1895 General Election; despite this he was returned to office in 1900 until he lost his seat in 1906. It was only after his retirement from politics that Tankerville Chamberlayne took up permanent residence at Cranbury, having previously resided at his Weston Grove estate in Southampton.
Chamberlayne died in 1924 and was succeeded by his son Tankerville Chamberlayne, who had married Magaret Frances Bertram in 1922. He in turn was succeeded by his only daughter Penelope Mary Alexandra Chamberlayne in 1943. She married Major Nigel Donald Peter Macdonald (son of Sir Godfrey Middleton Bosville Macdonald of the Isles (15th Baronet)), changing their surname to "Chamberlayne-Macdonald". Major Chamberlayne-Macdonald died on 15 August 2013. The family are still resident at Cranbury Park.
During the Second World War, the house was briefly the base for Canadian troops prior to their embarkation for the Normandy landings.
The house.
The present-day house was built in 1780 for Thomas Dummer and his wife, to the designs of George Dance the Younger. The house is built in red brick with stone dressings. The entrance is through a porte-cochère either side of which are large columned windows flanked by columns, set in arch-headed reserves, with roundels in relief in each tympanum and above the porch. All the other windows of both floors repeat the Venetian window motif which was added along with balustrade by Thomas Chamberlayne in the 1830s. Balustrades surmounted by urns run around the parapet, framing the whole house to give a very pleasing prospect within the landscape.
Of the interior, Nikolaus Pevsner wrote that it was an "unforgettable experience" to behold the hall with its coffered tunnel-vaults to the full height of the house and the beautiful ballroom. There is a starfish vault derived from the tombs of the ancients. The main rooms are arranged around a central hall and staircase, and there is a good deal of fine plaster decoration in the William Kent style, especially in the drawing room on the south front. The ballroom designed by George Dance the younger has a circular domed ceiling. The library was designed by John Buonarotti Papworth for Thomas Chamberlayne in about 1830.
Writing in 1898, John Keble described the house thus:
In 1984, the house was scheduled as a Grade I listed building.
The estate.
The house stands on a hill at 85 metres above sea level and from the extensive grounds beautiful views are obtained of Southampton Water and the Isle of Wight to the south.
The extensive pleasure grounds were laid out in the late 18th and early 19th centuries by John Papworth, and include fountains, a rose garden, specimen trees and pinetum, the lakeside walk and the fern walk. The folly known as "The Castle", built from material plundered from Netley Abbey, is situated in the southern corner of the park.
A stream rises in the park passing through the Upper and Lower Ponds, close to The Castle. From here it passes through Hiltingbury Lake, then under Merdon Avenue in Chandler's Ford, before joining Monks Brook. Between the Upper Pond and The Castle is the campsite of the Chandler's Ford & District Scout Group.


Nashville Waffle House shooting

On April 22, 2018, a mass shooting occurred at a Waffle House restaurant in the Antioch neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Four victims were killed and two suffered gunshot wounds. Two others were injured by broken glass. The shooter, armed with a semi-automatic rifle, was rushed by an unarmed customer, James Shaw Jr., who wrestled the weapon away, interrupting the shooting spree. The suspect was captured on April 23, ending a 34-hour manhunt.
The suspect, who has severe schizophrenia, was found incompetent to stand trial and was committed to a mental hospital for treatment.
Shooting.
The gunman was partially naked when the shooting occurred, wearing only a green jacket. After sitting in a pickup truck in the parking lot for approximately four minutes, he came out holding an AR-15-style rifle and fatally shot two people outside the Waffle House. He went inside the restaurant and continued to fire, killing a third person and fatally injuring a fourth, who died at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, with four others treated for related injuries. One customer, 29-year-old James Shaw Jr., who suffered a bullet graze wound, hid near the restaurant's bathrooms, rushed the shooter, and wrestled the rifle away. The gunman fled on foot, leaving behind his rifle and ammunition.
Suspect.
Police arrested 29-year-old Travis Jeffrey Reinking the day after the shooting.
Reinking was from Morton, Illinois. He had a history of erratic conduct and delusions. In May 2016, sheriff's deputies in Tazewell County responded to a call from Reinking's parents in the parking lot of a drugstore, where a paramedic said Reinking had delusions that Taylor Swift was personally stalking him and hacking his phone. The report noted: "Travis is hostile toward police and does not recognize police authority. Travis also possesses several firearms." In 2017, he lived in an apartment above his father's crane rental business in Tremont, Illinois. In June 2017, an employee of the business called police, saying Reinking had come downstairs carrying a rifle, wearing a pink dress, and using an expletive before tossing the rifle in his trunk and leaving the building. On another occasion around the same time, a public pool director called police to report Reinking had come to the pool in a "pink women's housecoat" and then exposed himself to lifeguards.
In July 2017, the U.S. Secret Service arrested Reinking near the White House after he crossed a barrier and refused to leave. The Secret Service said Reinking had said he "wanted to set up a meeting with the president". The report notes he made reference to being a "sovereign citizen". Reinking was charged with unlawful entry (a misdemeanor) and entered into a deferred prosecution agreement in July 2017, in which Reinking performed 32 hours of community service and was ordered to stay away from the White House. In November 2017, the court dismissed the case after Reinking successfully completed the program.
Following Reinking's arrest, Illinois authorities revoked his state firearms authorization and seized four of his weapons (including the AR-15 used in the Nashville shooting, two other rifles (a .30-06 Remington Model 710 & a .22-caliber CZ 452-2EZKM), and a handgun). According to the sheriff of Tazewell County, Illinois, Reinking's father, Jeffrey Reinking, who held a valid state authorization card, asked sheriff's deputies whether he could keep the guns, and they allowed him to do so after he assured them "he would keep them secure and away from" his son. Both the Nashville police chief and the Tazewell County sheriff believe that Reinking's father returned the guns to his son sometime before the shooting. Jeffrey Reinking was later charged with "unlawful delivery of a firearm" for returning the weapons to his son.
According to a spokesman for the Nashville police, Reinking moved to the Nashville area in the autumn of 2017 and was employed as a crane and construction worker from January 2018 until April 2018. He was fired on April 3, 2018 for claiming that people, including other employees, were "after him". According to police, four days before the Waffle House shooting, Reinking stole a BMW X6 from a Brentwood, Tennessee, dealership; police used GPS to track the car to Reinking's apartment complex and located the keyfob in his apartment.
Legal proceedings.
Reinking was charged with four counts of criminal homicide, four counts of attempted homicide, and one count of having a firearm while committing a dangerous felony. Forensic psychologists who examined Reinking determined that he suffered from severe schizophrenia, and in August 2018 a judge found Reinking incompetent to stand trial and ordered him committed to a mental hospital for treatment. However, in October 2018 he was found competent to stand trial again. In a January 2020 court appearance prosecutors announced that they will not seek the death penalty against Reinking so he now faces up to life without parole.
The families of two victims have filed civil actions against Reinking and his family.
Aftermath.
Apprehension of suspect.
The suspect left no notes behind. A manhunt for Reinking ensued, with police warning the public that he was potentially armed with two other weapons. The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation added him to its "most wanted" list and offered a reward for information leading to his arrest.
Reinking was captured the next day, about 34 hours after the shooting, after a construction worker reported him entering a wooded area close to the Waffle House. Police said Reinking was carrying a backpack with a .45-caliber Kimber 1911 handgun and ammunition.
Reactions from public officials.
Shortly after the shooting, Nashville Mayor David Briley said, "It's a tragic day for our city anytime people lose their lives at the hands of a gunman." Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam said he was "deeply saddened by the tragic incident in Antioch early this morning, and we mourn the lives taken in this senseless act of violence". Congressman Jim Cooper called for restricting "widespread civilian access to military-grade assault weapons".
Mayor Briley attended church with Shaw on April 22.
Fund raising for victims.
By May 7, Shaw had raised $227,000 via GoFundMe for a fund to help the shooting victims. That day, Tennessee State University, Shaw's Alma Mater, set up a scholarship in his name.


Richard Shiffrin

Richard Shiffrin (born March 13, 1942) is an American psychologist, professor of cognitive science in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington. Shiffrin has contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology. He co-authored the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory in 1968 with Richard Atkinson, who was his academic adviser at the time. In 1977, he published a theory of attention with Walter Schneider. With Jeroen G.W. Raaijmakers in 1980, Shiffrin published the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model, which has served as the standard model of recall for cognitive psychologists well into the 2000s. He extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory (REM) model in 1997 with Mark Steyvers.
Biography.
Career.
Shiffrin proposed a mathematical model of memory with Richard C. Atkinson in 1968 while at Stanford University. This laid out components of short and long term memory and processes that control the operations of memory. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model showed the importance and possibility of modeling the control processes of cognition, and remains one of the most highly cited in the entire field of psychology.
Shiffrin graduated with a Ph.D. in Mathematical Psychology from Stanford in 1968, and joined Indiana University as faculty that same year, where he remains today as a distinguished Professor and Luther Dana Waterman Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences. Shiffrin also directs the department's Memory and Perception Laboratory.
In the 1980s, Shiffrin's formal theory of memory took a great leap forward with the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model. This model quantified the nature of retrieval from long-term memory and characterized recall as a memory search with cycles of sampling and recovery. In 1984, another quantum step forward occurred, when the theory was extended to recognition memory, in which a decision is based on summed activation of related memory traces. It was a major accomplishment that the same retrieval activations that had been used in the recall model could be carried forward and used to predict a wide range of recognition phenomena. Another major step, In 1990, Shiffrin published two articles on the list-length effect which clearly established that experience leads to the differentiation, rather than the mere strengthening, of the representations of items in memory. In 1997 Shiffrin extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory (REM) model.
Shiffrin runs an Annual Summer Interdisciplinary Conference (ASIC) that features talks and posters in the broad frame of Cognitive Science and related areas. Days are free for activities, and talks/posters fall in late afternoon and evening sessions, followed by dinner. The settings are in scenic and dramatic mountain venues with access to summer adventure and mountain sports such as climbing, hiking, biking, canyoning, white water rafting, and via ferrata. Attendees are welcome to bring family and friends and the conference is open to all interested parties. Invitation is not needed to attend.


Kenneth Naylor

Kenneth E. Naylor, Jr. (February 27, 1937 – March 10, 1992) was an American linguist and Slavist, one of the leading experts on Serbo-Croatian and South Slavic languages in general.
Biography.
Naylor received his A.B. degree in French linguistics from Cornell University in 1958 and A.M. in General Linguistics from Indiana University in 1960. At Indiana, he began to study Slavic with professor Edward Stankiewicz, who became his mentor and close friend.
When Stankiewicz moved to the University of Chicago, Naylor followed him. There, after studying in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, under a Yugoslav Government Exchange Fellowship and an NDFL Title VI Fellowship for Serbo-Croatian from the United States government, he received his doctorate in Russian and South Slavic linguistics in 1966.
He served as an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh from 1964 to 1966, and began teaching Slavic linguistics at the Ohio State University in 1966. At the time of his death in 1992, he was the Acting Director of the Center for Slavic and East European Studies at
Ohio State.
Work.
Naylor received numerous awards, grants, and fellowships from many sources, including the American Council of Learned Societies, the Fulbright program, and the countries of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, from which he was awarded medals of honor (the "Jubilee Medal" and the "Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath", respectively). In 1982, under the auspices of the Fulbright-Hays Program, he held a Senior Lecturership as a guest professor at the University of Novi Sad. In 1990, he testified before the United States House of Representatives, Foreign Affairs Committee, on ethnic rivalry in Yugoslavia and the development of the Serbo-Croatian language.
His research centered on the Serbo-Croatian language and on South Slavic languages in general, but especially in their Balkan context. He edited two volumes of "The American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies" (1967 and 1968/1969), was guest editor of Volume 1 of "Folia Slavica" (1977), and was co-editor of "Slavic Linguistics and Poetics: Studies for Edward Stankiewicz on his 60th Birthday" (Slavica, 1982). In addition, he served as editor of the journal "Balkanistica", producing the first five volumes (1975–1977, 1980, and 1981). The overwhelming majority of his 100-plus articles, reviews, and edited works focused on Serbo-Croatian and Balkan linguistics, with several notable and much quoted ones among them.
A collection of 18 of his most important papers on Serbo-Croatian and Balkan sociolinguistics, translated into Serbo-Croatian, was published posthumously in Belgrade, under the title "Sociolingvistički problemi među Južnim Slovenima" (Prosveta, 1996), containing as well an overview of his life by Milorad Radovanović and an appreciation of his scholarly career by Pavle Ivić.
Legacy.
In his honor, the "Kenneth E. Naylor Professorship of South Slavic Linguistics" was created officially on November 5, 1993 at The Ohio State University. Brian Joseph is the current Kenneth E. Naylor Professor of South Slavic Linguistics.
The first Naylor Lecture was delivered on May 28, 1998 by Victor Friedman, Professor and Chair of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Chicago, who spoke on the subject of "Linguistic Emblems and Emblematic Languages: On Language as Flag in the Balkans". The success of that lecture led to the idea of making it public beyond the reaches of the audience on that day, and thus was born the "Kenneth E. Naylor Memorial Lecture Series in South Slavic Linguistics".
A carefully polished and more fully developed version of Professor Friedman's lecture was published in 1999 as the first number in the series. The second publication in this series came in 2000, when Ronelle Alexander, Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley, refining and augmenting her 1999 Naylor Lecture, "In Honor of Diversity: The Linguistic Resources of the Balkans", turned it into a detailed overview of Balkan Slavic dialectology, together with a fifty-page bibliography of relevant works. Wayles Browne, Professor of
Linguistics at Cornell University and the third Naylor lecturer on May 19, 2000, published for the first time a paper he wrote in Croatian in 1973 on a subject that Naylor himself had written on, namely accent classes of the Serbo-Croatian noun, especially as revealed through loanwords.


Stephen H. Behnke

Stephen Houran Behnke (born 1958) is an American psychologist, ethicist, and author. From November 1, 2000 until July 8, 2015 he was the director of the Office of Ethics for the American Psychological Association.
Career.
Behnke received his B.A. in Classics from Princeton University in 1982, his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1986, and his PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Michigan in 1994.
From 1998 to 1999 he was an instructor in psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.
On November 1, 2000, Behnke became director of the Office of Ethics for the American Psychological Association.
In 2011 Behnke was awarded the "Distinguished Public Service Award" by the American Psychological Association "for exemplary contribution to the profession of psychology and for longstanding service as Director of the APA Ethics Office"
On July 8, 2015, Benke was removed from his position as director of the APA Ethics Office as a result of a July 2, 2015 report to the special committee of the board of directors.
Enhanced interrogation controversy.
On July 2, 2015, a 542-page independent review report conducted by former assistant U.S. Attorney David H. Hoffman was issued to the special committee of the board of directors of the American Psychological Association relating to ethics guidelines, enhanced interrogation techniques, and torture.
According to "The Washington Post",
The probe concluded that the association's ethics director and others had "colluded with important [Department of Defense] officials to have APA issue loose, high-level ethical guidelines that did not constrain" the Pentagon in its interrogation of terrorism suspects at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The association's "principal motive in doing so was to align APA and curry favor with DOD."
James Risen reported in the "New York Times" that Behnke was among prominent psychologists who
worked closely with the C.I.A. to blunt dissent inside the agency over an interrogation program that is now known to have included torture. It also finds that officials at the American Psychological Association colluded with the Pentagon to make sure that the association's ethics policies did not hinder the ability of psychologists to be involved in the interrogation program.
According to "The Guardian" newspaper Behnke was fired from his job as the APA's ethics chief as a result of being involved in
recasting its ethics guidelines in a manner conducive to interrogations that, from the start, relied heavily on psychologists to design and implement techniques like waterboarding.
Nathaniel Raymond, former director of the campaign against torture at Physicians for Human Rights said,
This is the single greatest health professional ethics scandal of the 21st century.
In response, Behnke hired risk management firm Freeh Group International Solutions, headed by former Federal Bureau of Investigation director Louis Freeh, to respond to the report. Behnke's brother, John D. Behnke, is a managing director of the same risk management firm. Freeh stated that the Hoffman report grossly mischaracterized Behnke's motives and actions. According to The Guardian,


Some Came Running

Some Came Running is a novel by James Jones, published in 1958. It was Jones's second published novel, following his award-winning debut "From Here to Eternity". It is the story of a war veteran with literary aspirations who returns in 1948 to his hometown of Parkman, Illinois, after a failed writing career. It is a thinly disguised autobiographical novel of Jones's experiences in his hometown of Robinson, Illinois, immediately after returning from World War II. The title alludes to the lines in Chapter 10:17 of the Gospel of St. Mark, which author James Jones used as an epigraph before the beginning of the novel.
A film version starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine was released the same year and was nominated for five Academy Awards.
Plot.
Dave Hirsh is a cynical Army veteran and an occasionally published but generally unsuccessful pre-war writer, who winds up in his hometown of Parkman, Illinois after being put on a bus in Chicago while intoxicated.
Hirsh had left Parkman 19 years before when his older brother Frank placed him in a charity boarding school, and is still embittered. Frank has since married well, inherited a jewelry business from the father of his wife Agnes, and made their social status his highest priority. Dave's return threatens this, so Frank makes a fruitless stab at arranging respectability, introducing him to his friend Professor Bob French and his beautiful daughter Gwen, a schoolteacher (who are familiar with his writing). Dave, having planned to visit Parkman for only a week, impulsively decides to settle in Parkman to pursue Gwen romantically and attempt to write a novel with her help.
While Frank and Agnes are members at the local country club, Dave moves in different social circles. He befriends Bama Dillert, a hard-drinking southern gambler who has serendipitously settled in Parkman. Dave moves in with Bama, and they regularly gamble together, sometimes going on road trips to do so. Several young, aimless WWII veterans and Frank's daughter Dawn's boyfriend, Wally Dennis, an aspiring writer himself, hang around Dave and Bama in Parkman's bars. When Dawn marries another boy in town, Wally enlists in the Army after attending their wedding, even though he had been working with Gwen on his own novel. Three girls who work at the town brassiere plant, Rosalie, Mildred, and Ginnie, also hang around the local bars and are sexually available to Dave and his group of friends. Over the next year, while unsuccessfully trying to pursue a romance with Gwen (they have a meaningful connection but do not sleep together), Dave starts regularly sleeping with Ginnie, who is the least attractive of the trio, but easiest to persuade to go to bed with.
Frank is unfaithful to Agnes, carrying on affairs with the wife of his store manager, and then with his secretary, Edith. Agnes finds out both times and forces Frank to end the affairs. As Dawn leaves for college, they adopt a son named Walter. Frank schemes to buy farmland outside of town that will be used to build a highway bypass around Parkman, and fulfills plans to develop the land into a shopping center and motel. These succeed at making Frank wealthy (nearly a millionaire) and more respected in town, but he is miserable at home with Agnes. He occasionally walks around town at night trying to peep into people's windows.
Eventually Ginnie visits Gwen at the Frenches' house and begs Gwen to not take Dave away from her. Horrified to learn that Dave has been sleeping with Ginnie (regarded by many in town as "the biggest hore ["sic"] in Parkman"), Gwen decisively rejects Dave and leaves town. Saddened by Gwen's rejection and Bama's decline from alcoholism and diabetes, disgusted by Frank's hypocrisy and social climbing, and conflicted by his feelings for Ginnie, Dave nonetheless marries Ginnie and goes to work in a defense plant while continuing to work on his writing. As Dave tires of his work at the defense plant and Ginnie becomes more materialistic, their marriage goes downhill and Dave decides to leave town. As he walks through town at night during Parkman's Centennial Celebration, Ginnie's jealous, drunken ex-husband, who had followed her to Parkman, stalks and shoots Dave in the face, killing him (in the 1958 film version, Ginnie's ex is a Chicago hoodlum, and Dave is only wounded, while Ginnie is shot in the back and killed after throwing herself in front of Dave). Gwen and Bob finish the edits on Dave's manuscript (a "comic combat novel") and arrange for it to be published.
The book's plot, taking place in peacetime civilian life, is framed by two short war episodes printed in Italics: the prologue depicting Hirsh's experiences in the Second World War, describing Germans attacking during the Battle of the Bulge ("They came running through the fog..."), and the epilogue having Wally Dennis fighting Chinese Communists ("They came running through the paddy fields...") and getting killed in the Korean War. Wally's last thought before being killed in a grenade explosion is of the manuscript he would never complete.
Critical reception.
The book was savaged by the critics. Orville Prescott of "The New York Times" called it "a fictional disaster, clumsily written, crudely repetitious, ineptly unconvincing in many scenes, cheaply vulgar throughout. 'Some Came Running' is also so gamey and rancid in its concentration on sex that it seems like the work of an adolescent obsessed by the Kinsey reports. It is a very great pity."
Whitney Balliett of "The New Yorker" called the book "Twelve hundred and sixty-six pages of flawlessly sustained tedium." Robert Brustein in "Commentary" called it "a very bad book indeed, self-conscious, discursive, ineptly plotted, and clumsily written ... The reader is battered into helpless insensibility by Jones' analyses, explanations, theories, and opinions."
David Sanders of "The Washington Post" was somewhat more positive, writing that while "A 1266-page novel inevitably reveals a whole catalogue of the writer's weaknesses ... Jones' strengths are genuinely impressive nevertheless. He can make ordinary human beings seem extraordinarily important. He can give meaning to the most apparently trivial utterances ... Most important of all, he never loses sight of his scope, the large design which drives him to his writing."
Due to frequent "misspelled" words and punctuation errors, critics were generally harsh, not recognizing that such elements were a conscious style choice by Jones to evoke the provincialism of the novel's characters and setting.
Film adaptation.
The book was adapted into a 1958 American film directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine.


R-expression

In certain theories of syntax, an R-expression (short for "referring expression") is a category in the three-way classification of noun phrases in binding theory, the other two being anaphors and pronominals. According to principle C of binding theory, R-expressions must be free. R-expressions include names (e.g. Mary, John) and definite DPs (e.g. the cat).
In Chomsky's government and binding theory, an R-expression is an overt NP analysed as [-a. -p] (not anaphor and not pronominal), and hence subject only to Principle C of the Binding Theory, namely, that it be free (unbound) in all domains. Examples of typical R-expressions are "Lisa", "the dog", "my pet unicorn", "the last chapter of the book", and "Janel's cigarettes". The name is derived from the phrase "referring expression", used in semantics for the largest class of NPs, but the GB usage is not synonymous with the semantic sense.


George Sher

George Sher is a moral philosopher and political philosopher who has taught at Rice University since 1991. He chaired the department from 1993–2000.
Sher earned his bachelor's degree at Brandeis University and his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Columbia University in 1972. His work has largely focused on liberalism, perfectionism, and issues in moral psychology. He is married to essayist and novelist Emily Fox Gordon.


Dome Thong

Dome Thong (; ; lit: "Golden Dome"; English title: The Dome of Mystery
) is a Thai television series or "lakorn". It remake from a 1999 lakorn of the same name (lead role by Sarunyu Wongkrachang).
Summary.
Virongrong or Plubplung (a lily flower in Thai language) is a Bangkok girl. Those who graduated from the United States traveled to the Dome Thong, a large mansion far away. It is a very large place. However, there was a mysterious and horrible location and the people who lived here were all bizarre. At the night she saw a mystery man wearing tuxedos riding a carriage, he parked in front of her bedroom window, and pointing up on the dome. After that, every full moon night, besides this man will appear at the same place, she also hears the creepy Thai music from the dome.
Virongrong search for truth on her own. Although there is a prohibition that prohibits up the top dome decisively. Before she know it, the truth of all the weird things is sad after all, and it relates to her past.
Cast.
Main cast
Supporting cast
Cameo appearances


Elias Demetriou

Elias Demetriou (Greek: Ηλίας Δημητρίου) is a Greek - Cypriot filmmaker known for his films Smac, Fish n' Chips, and Coat Fitting.


Manuela Viegas

Manuela Viegas (born 13 October 1957) is a Portuguese film editor and director. She is considered to be part of "The School of Reis" film tradition.
An influential film editor since the 1970s, she has edited dozens of films, among them Pedro Costa's "Blood", Joaquim Sapinho's "The Policewoman" and João César Monteiro's "Silvestre" and "À Flor do Mar". In 1999, she directed her first and only feature film to date, "Gloria", which was part of the official competition of the 49th Berlin International Film Festival, being the only Portuguese film to feature until "Tabu" was selected in 2012.
She is nowadays a professor of film editing at the Portuguese National Film School.


The Silver Pencil

The Silver Pencil is a children's novel by Alice Dalgliesh. Based on the author's life, it tells of the childhood and young adulthood of Janet Laidlaw in the early years of the twentieth century. She moves from Trinidad to England, then to the United States and Nova Scotia, Canada, becoming a teacher and a writer. The novel, illustrated by Katherine Milhous, was first published in 1944 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1945.


Anticipation (animation)

Anticipation is one of the fundamental 12 basic principles of animation, as set out by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in their authoritative 1981 book on the Disney Studio titled "The Illusion of Life". An anticipation pose or drawing is a preparation for the main action of an animated scene, as distinct from the action and the reaction.
Definition.
"Early on at the Disney Studio the animators learned that audiences" could not easily follow the animation unless there was a "planned series of events" leading the eye. Therefore, in order to prepare the audience for an action, the animators would add a so-called anticipation drawing, allowing the audience to anticipate the main action in the scene. This would also help to make the action appear more realistic.
For example, a man preparing to run fast would crouch down, "gathering like a spring" for the main action. This is called the anticipation for the main action. Equally, a golfer making a swing has to anticipate the swing by swinging the club back first, just as a baseball pitcher must "wind up" before throwing the ball. This technique was borrowed from the theatre, and was important in holding the audience's attention. The audience might not know exactly "why" a character was doing something, but they would at least know "what" he was doing (or what he was about to do).
The technique can also be used for less physical actions, such as a character looking off-screen to anticipate someone's arrival, or attention focusing on an object that a character is about to pick up.
At the Disney studio, Walt Disney pushed his animators to improve their work, and he was especially insistent that visual gags should be clear, wishing to make sure that the audience could always see everything clearly so they could anticipate what was going to happen. He called this technique "aiming," and would act out actions himself, exaggerating them so that the animators could clearly capture the effect.
Les Clark, one of Disney's most talented animators, and later one of Disney's "Nine Old Men" later said of this discovery, "Today it may look simple to us; at the time it wasn't. It was something that hadn't been tried before or proved."
By contrast, the anticipation pose can also be omitted in cases where it might be expected. The resulting sense of anticlimax will produce a feeling of surprise in the viewer, and can often add comedy to a scene. This is often referred to as a 'surprise gag'.


Bandha (Jainism)

Bandha (also "karma-bandha") in Jainism, is the mutual intermingling of the soul and "karmas" (fine matter). "Bandha" (Bondage) comes immediately after the "asrava" (influx of "karmas").
Overview.
According to the Jain text Tattvartha sutra, the activities that causes the bondage (or "bandha") are:
According to the Jain text "Samayasāra", a right believer is free from the "karma-bandha" i.e. bondage.
Champat Rai Jain, an influential Jain writer of the 20th century in his book "The Key of Knowledge" wrote:
Classification.
The bondage is of four kinds:


Lucas Watzenrode

Lucas Watzenrode the Younger (sometimes "Watzelrode" and "Waisselrod"; ; ; 30 October 1447 – 29 March 1512) was Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermeland) and patron to his nephew, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
Early life.
The family and its name stemmed from the Silesian village of Weizenrodau, now Pszenno. Watzenrode was born in Thorn (Toruń), son of the merchant Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (1400–62). He studied at Jagiellonian University and at Cologne and Bologna.
After his sister Barbara and her husband Niklas Koppernigk died in about 1483, Lucas cared for their four children, Katharina, Barbara, Andreas and Nicolaus, the last of whom would become known as astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
Historic background.
The Bishopric of Warmia, previously part of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, had, with the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), come under the protection of the King of Poland. Based on that treaty, the Polish King had the right to appoint the Bishop. Neither the Warmia chapter, however, nor their newly elected bishop, Nicolaus von Tüngen (1467–89), acknowledged the King's right to do so.
Poland contested von Tüngen's election, and this led to the War of the Priests (1467–79) and the First Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (1479), by which the chapter was obliged to seek consensus with the Polish king. The Bishopric of Warmia was made suffragan to the Archbishopric of Riga, then headed by Archbishop Michael Hildebrand.
Bishop.
This agreement was somewhat vague, as shown in the 1489 election of the next bishop, Lucas Watzenrode, who was mitred by Pope Innocent VIII against the explicit wishes of King Casimir IV Jagiellon, who would have preferred that one of his sons, Frederic, become Bishop of Warmia. Watzenrode resisted, and when Casimir died in 1492 and was succeeded by John I Albert, Watzenrode could finally establish the exemption of the Bishopric from Riga. With the Second Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (1512), later bishops accepted a limited influence of the Polish King on elections. The Holy See considered the Bishopric exempt until 1992, when it was made an archbishopric, which by its nature is exempt.
Watzenrode, a successful organizer of his territory's internal affairs, resided at Heilsber, now Lidzbark. He reorganized the cathedral school and planned to found a university at Elbing, now Elbląg. He argued that the Teutonic Order had fulfilled its mission in the Baltic region, by then converted to Christianity, and proposed sending the Order to more heathen regions. The Ottoman Empire was an ongoing threat and had taken over large parts of Europe, and the Bishop suggested that the Order "do battle with the Turks."
The Bishopric was exposed to repeated armed attacks by the Teutonic Order, which attempted to regain the territory. Poland sought to rescind the Prince-Bishopric's autonomy, hoping to force the surrender of its prerogatives to the Polish crown. In this area of conflict, Watzenrode guarded the interests of Warmia and maintained friendly relations with Poland. He was a long-time opponent of the Teutonic Knights, and shortly after his death it was rumored that he had been poisoned by them.
Family.
Watzenrode looked after his orphaned two nephews and two nieces. Katharina married businessman and city councilor Barthel Gertner, while Barbara became a Benedictine nun. Watzenrode sent the brothers Nicolaus (Copernicus) and Andreas to study at the Kraków Academy and in Italy (Bologna, Padua, Ferrara). After his studies, Copernicus assisted his uncle in administrative matters and was his closest advisor as well as his personal physician.
Watzenrode also took care of his son Philipp Teschner, whose mother was the daughter of the rector of the Johannes school in Thorn. When Watzenrode became bishop he arranged for Philipp Teschner to become mayor of Braunsberg.
Lucas Watzenrode the Younger died in Thorn (Toruń) during his return from an official journey.


Glenn Farr

Glenn Farr is a film and TV editor who was one of the five film editors to win the Academy Award for Best Film Editing during the 56th Academy Awards for the film "The Right Stuff". He shared his win with Lisa Fruchtman, Tom Rolf, Stephen A. Rotter and Douglas Stewart.


Lady Lazarus (novel)

Lady Lazarus is the first novel by O. Henry Award-winning writer Andrew Foster Altschul, published by Harcourt in 2008. Drawing its title from the poem of the same name by Sylvia Plath, "Lady Lazarus" also deals with themes similar to the poem, namely issues of exhibitionism and the public's hunger for tragedy and spectacle.
Described by "Publishers Weekly" as a "gleeful, difficult debut" with "razor-sharp cultural observations" and "some thrilling high dives", the novel's central story is that of Calliope Bird Morath, a young, renowned confessional poet "beloved to deconstructionists and culture theorists and fifteen year old girls alike."
Plot.
As an adult, Calliope has become one of the best-known poets in America. But she has also been famous since birth. She is the daughter of rock stars Brandt Morath and Penny Power, whose resemblance to Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love is underscored by Brandt's suicide at the height of his fame, while his daughter was still a small child. Unlike the real-life Frances Bean Cobain, Calliope is a presumed eyewitness to her father's death, an event that traumatizes her into not speaking for several years. When she does regain her voice, it is as a poet, and ultimately as the book's co-narrator (she shares the task with a music journalist who, in a post-modernist trope, bears the same name as the author).
Style and critical reception.
The novel is written as a literary pastiche of various forms of media, incorporating purported magazine interviews, academic articles, scripts from unaired television shows and even transcripts from psychoanalysis sessions. In the words of critic Kel Munger, this inventiveness is one of the book's key strengths:
"Altschul skewers everything from the contemporary graduate poetry workshop (which he’s obviously seen from the inside) to the way that the media (frantically) and academia (disingenuously) jump on the fame bandwagon. In between, there are delicious parodies of magnificent poems, including some by Sylvia Plath, Sexton, T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, Charles Baudelaire, Frederico García Lorca (sic) … While it doesn’t take a graduate degree in English to follow, recognizing the allusions no doubt adds to the fun."
 Another critic, Patrick Schabe, has asserted that the book's playfully discursive nature makes reviewing it problematic:
""Lady Lazarus" presents the critic with a challenge: How to unpack and analyze the text that deconstructs itself? The feedback loop is total, and each gesture revealed to be recursive—every critique already anticipated and incorporated into the work itself."
Writing in Pop Matters, Shabe makes the observation that Altschul even anticipates that readers will note the similarity between the name "Andrew Foster Altschul" and that of David Foster Wallace; the author pointedly compounds this by introducing a (fictional) interview—between David Foster Wallace and Calliope Bird Morath—into the text. As Shabe concludes:
"Altschul plays both sides of the fence, pulling off tricks and then revealing the phoniness of the illusion with a wry smile. Rather than being all-too-academic, "Lady Lazarus" toys with these conventions in a commentary on the issue of their worth, and manages to reaffirm the role of story in the process."


Thomas Pogge

Thomas Winfried Menko Pogge (; born 13 August 1953) is a German philosopher and is the Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University. In addition to his Yale appointment, he is the Research Director of the Centre for the Study of the Mind in Nature at the University of Oslo, a Professorial Research Fellow at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at Charles Sturt University and Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire's Centre for Professional Ethics. Pogge is also an editor for social and political philosophy for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
Early life.
Pogge received his Ph.D. from Harvard University with a dissertation supervised by John Rawls. Since then, he has published widely on Immanuel Kant and in moral and political philosophy, including various books on Rawls and global justice.
Major works.
"The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Accessible for All" (2008).
In this book, Thomas Pogge and Aidan Hollis argue in favour of establishing the Health Impact Fund (HIF). The HIF is a new proposal for stimulating research and development of life-saving pharmaceuticals that make substantial reductions in the global burden of disease.
The HIF will provide pharmaceutical companies with a new choice. Pharmaceutical companies can sell a new medicine in the usual manner at patent-protected high prices, or they can choose to register their new medicine with the HIF and sell it globally at the cost of production. If they choose to register their medicine with the HIF, the pharmaceutical company will receive additional payments from the fund that are proportionate to health improvements that are brought about by the registered medicines. The more effective the medicine is in improving global health, the bigger the payout. Because malaria kills millions, the firm that finds and develops a cure can expect a significant return.
"World Poverty and Human Rights" (2002, 2008).
Pogge's "World Poverty and Human Rights" (2002) includes a number of original and substantial theses, the most notable being that people in wealthy Western liberal democracies (such as Western Europeans) are currently harming the world's poor (like those in sub-Saharan Africa). In particular, without denying that much blame should be directed at domestic kleptocrats, Pogge urges us to recognize the ways in which international institutions facilitate and exacerbate the corruption perpetuated by national institutions. Pogge is especially critical of the “resource” and “borrowing” privileges, which allow illegitimate political leaders to sell natural resources and to borrow money in the name of the country and its people. In Pogge's analysis, these resource and borrowing privileges that international society extends to oppressive rulers of impoverished states play a crucial causal role in perpetuating absolute poverty. What is more, Pogge maintains that these privileges are no accident; they persist because they are in the interest of the wealthy states. The resource privilege helps guarantee a reliable supply of raw materials for the goods enjoyed by the members of wealthy states, and the borrowing privilege allows the financial institutions of wealthy states to issue lucrative loans. It may seem that such loans are good for developing states too, but Pogge argues that, in practice, they typically work quite to the contrary:
Local elites can afford to be oppressive and corrupt, because, with foreign loans and military aid, they can stay in power even without popular support. And they are often so oppressive and corrupt, because it is, in light of the prevailing extreme international inequalities, far more lucrative for them to cater to the interests of foreign governments and firms than to those of their impoverished compatriots.
"Realizing Rawls" (1989).
In "Realizing Rawls", Pogge defends, criticizes and extends John Rawls's "A Theory of Justice" (1971). Pogge insists that Rawls has been importantly misunderstood by his most influential critics, including the libertarian Robert Nozick and the communitarian Michael Sandel. According to Pogge, Rawls’ reluctance to disagree sharply with his critics has helped these (mis)understandings to become widespread, and has also induced Rawls in his more recent work to dilute the moral statement of his central Rawlsian ideas: first, that moral deliberation must begin from reflection upon the justice of our basic social institutions; and second, that the justice of an institutional scheme is to be assessed by how well its least advantaged participants fare. From these starting points, Pogge develops his own specification of Rawls's principles of justice, discussing the relative importance of different fundamental rights and liberties, the ideal constitution of the political process, and the just organization of educational, health-care, and economic institutions. In the last part of the book, Pogge argues for extending the Rawlsian criterion of justice to the international arena, and identifies those features of the present global order that this criterion would single out as principal targets for institutional reform.
Other projects.
Giving What We Can.
Pogge deeply influenced Toby Ord in founding Giving What We Can, an effective altruism organization whose members pledge to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities. The aim of the organization is to encourage people to commit to long-term donations to those charities that provide the most cost-effective good.
In addition, he became a member of the organization since its beginnings in 2009.
Incentives for Global Health (IGH).
IGH is a non-profit organization dedicated to developing market-based, systemic solutions to health challenges faced by the world's poor. Its flagship proposal is the Health Impact Fund.
Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP).
Academics Stand Against Poverty is an organization meant to help academics have a greater impact on world poverty. “The group lies between academia and activism. Like the latter, it aims primarily at persuading and motivating people to change their behavior. Like the former, it does so by moral and political argument, using the distinctive skills of academics.”
This project is still in its beginning stages. It has three central aims:
Poverty and gender equality measurement.
Various indices - the United Nations Development Programme's Human and Gender‐Related Development Indices, and the World Bank’s Poverty Index - are used to track poverty, development, and gender equity at the population level. Pogge argues that these prominent indices are deeply flawed and therefore distort our moral judgments and misguide resource allocations by governments, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations.
“This project will work toward new indices ‘of poverty and of gender equity’ applicable both at the national and supranational levels, and to smaller groups affected by specific policies and programs. Both indices will draw on a holistic measure of individual (dis)advantage that reflects all relevant aspects of a person's situation.”
Pogge has pursued similar themes in "" (2010).
Illicit financial flows.
This project focuses on the illicit financial flows out of developing countries, the lack of transparency in the global financial system, and the impact these conditions have on human rights. The driving idea behind this project is that “‘human rights and international financial integrity are intimately linked’” and that poverty increases when money flows out of nations illicitly instead of being invested in the basic needs of people in their countries.”
Forced Labor and Human Trafficking.
The Forced Labor and Human Trafficking project aims "to bring public, official, and mainstream media attention to the global crisis of human trafficking and labor abuse towards children and adults." The non-profit organization Art Works Projects is a contributor to this project.
Sexual harassment allegations.
As a professor at Columbia University in the mid-1990s, Pogge had been disciplined by the school following allegations of sexual harassment. He was later hired by Yale University. In 2010, Pogge was accused in a high-profile sexual harassment case of by a recent Yale graduate student, Fernanda Lopez Aguilar. Aguilar was represented by sexual harassment and discrimination lawyer Ann Olivarius. The university cleared Pogge of misconduct. Afterwards, 169 philosophy professors from several countries, including many in Pogge's own academic department at Yale, signed an open letter condemning his behavior and asking the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights to investigate Yale's response. Some of the professors who signed the letter pledged to skip conferences in which Pogge is involved and to remove his work from their curricula. Pogge wrote a detailed defense. In 2019, the Yale Daily News reported a graduate student stating that Pogge continuing to teach undergraduates was a “source of difficulty” and that his presence was cause of "persistent unrest among the graduate students.”


Piotr Zawojski

Dr. hab. Piotr Zawojski (born 1963 in Poland) is a Polish media expert. He is a tenure Professor in the Department of Film and Media Studies at the University of Silesia () in Katowice, Poland.
Biography.
Teaching career.
Zawojski works in the fields of film, photography, new media and the area of cyberculture. He teaches history and theory of film and television, communication, digital photography, new media and cyberculture. Professor Zawojski is a guest lecturer at the Academy of Fine Arts ()in Cracow and at the Jagiellonian University () in Cracow, one of the oldest universities in the world. He also frequently offers courses at the Krzysztof Kieślowski Radio and Television Faculty at the University of Silesia.
Educational programs.
Zawojski has been heavily involved in youth and adult educational programs including Festiwal Filmów Kultowych (Cult Film Festival) in Katowice. He has supported several film festivals in Central Europe, promoting independent filmmakers. He also serves as an artistic director of digital_ia], an annual Digital Art Festival in Poland.
Publications.
Zawojski is the author of Elektroniczane obrazoświaty. Między sztuką a technologią (Electronic Imageworlds. Between Art and Technology) (2000), Wielkie filmy przełomu wieków. Subiektywny przewodnik (Great Films at the Centuries Turn. A Subjective Guidebook) (2007) as well as Cyberkultura. Syntopia sztuki, nauki i technologii (Cyberculture. Syntopy of art, science and technology) (2010) and Sztuka obrazu i obrazowania w epoce nowych mediów (Art of Image and Imaging in the Era of New Media) (2012). He co-edited Wiek ekranów. Przestrzenie kultury widzenia/ A Century of Screen. Physical spaces associated with the Viewing Culture (2002), science editor and the introduction author of Für eine Philosophie der Fotografie (Towards a Philosophy of Photography) by Vilém Flusser (2004), an editor of Digitalne dotknięcia. Teoria w praktyce/Praktyka w teorii (Digital Touch. A Theory in Practice/A Practice in Theory) (2010).
Professor Zawojski has published numerous works for leading Central European professional and academic journals: Studia Filmoznawcze (Film Studies), Kwartalnik Filmowy (Film Quarterly) of the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sztuka i Filozofia (Art and Philosophy), Postscriptum, National Center for Culture quarterly Kultura Współczesna, Polish Academy of Sciences Annual Rocznik Historii Sztuki, Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, Format, Zeszyty Telewizyjne (Television Academy), Zeszyty Artystyczne, Art Inquiry. Additionally he has co-authored numerous academic papers. Zawojski is an expert in academic critique of modern film and of audio-visual culture, photography and cyberculture. He is a head editor for Opcje magazine and a frequent contributor to popular regional publications Ekran, Kino, artPapier, Świat Obrazu. He is also a member of the program board of magazine CyberEmpathy – Visual and Media Studies Academic Journal. Piotr Zawojski created and edited policy for television programming, viewing as well as monitoring analysis for the terrestrial national television carrier TVP. He was also regularly published in the Polish television industry publication.
Awards.
Zawojski has received numerous local and national awards and has been invited to over 50 national and international conferences. He is a member of the International Association for Aesthetics and International Association of Art Critics (AICA).


Richard Laver

Richard Joseph Laver (October 20, 1942 – September 19, 2012) was an American mathematician, working in set theory.
Biography.
Laver received his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1969, under the supervision of Ralph McKenzie, with a thesis on "Order Types and Well-Quasi-Orderings". The largest part of his career he spent as Professor and later Emeritus Professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Richard Laver died in Boulder, CO, on September 19, 2012 after a long illness.
Research contributions.
Among Laver's notable achievements some are the following.


Georges Dottin

Henri-Georges Dottin (29 October 1863 – 11 January 1928) was a French philologist, Celtic scholar and politician. His magnum opus, "La langue gauloise" (1918), remained the reference introduction to the Gaulish language until the publication of Pierre-Yves Lambert's "La langue gauloise" in 1994. It is still widely used today as a textbook in Celtic studies.
Biography.
Henri-Georges Dottin was born on 29 October 1863 in Liancourt, Oise, the son of Charles-Henri Dottin, a tax collector and poet from Liancourt, and Marie-Cléophée-Mathilde Pourcelle, the daughter of Nicolas Florimond Pourcelle (1789–1858), a court bailiff and magistrate from Breteuil, Oise. The family established itself in Laval, Mayenne, where Dottin attended the lycée of Laval. He studied at the University of Rennes, then at Sorbonne University and the École Pratique des Hautes Études.
In 1891, Dottin was awarded the post of lecturer at the University of Dijon. From November 1892, he lectured in Ancient Greek at the University of Rennes in Brittany, at that time a deeply clericalist and conservative region. He married Marie Delaunay on 20 November 1894. In 1896, Dottin became Doctor of Literature, then was appointed Professor of Celtic languages in 1903 at the University of Rennes. Here, he met Victor Basch et , who became his friends and fellow political activists.
A left-wing Republican, Dottin took the side of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish officer wrongly convicted of treason in 1894. In January 1899, he exposed "the situation of the proletariat abroad" to the activists of the Rennes Bourse du Travail, and in May of the same year presided over a meeting devoted to the Dreyfus Affair during which several professors from the University of Rennes expressed themselves.
In May 1908, Dottin was elected first deputy-mayor of Rennes on the Liste d'Entente des Comités Républicains, a coalition of Republicans, Socialists and anti-clericalists led by , mayor of Rennes from 1908 to 1923. In 1910, Dottin was nominated as dean of the University of Rennes, succeeding Joseph Loth, and he subsequently left his position as first deputy-mayor after another municipal election in May 1912. He nonetheless remained a municipal councillor until his death in 1928. As president of the Comité Radical et Radical-Socialiste de Rennes, Dottin was elected mayor of Rennes in the municipal election of 1925, but chose to leave the position to his friend , who became the first Socialist mayor of the city.
Dottin opposed both the "reactionaries" who, in his words, tried to "maintain the Bretons in ancient prejudices", and the bourgeois and urban elite of Brittany who dismissed education in the Breton language as old-fashioned and as a fertile ground to separatism and nationalism. Instead, he considered that Breton culture and language should not be opposed to Republicanism and French patriotism, and called for the teaching of Breton in elementary schools, high schools, and universities.
Georges Dottin died in Rennes on the night of 11–12 January 1928, at the age of 64. His son, (1895–1965), was a linguist.


Ecclesiastical emancipation

The canon law of the Roman Catholic Church recognizes various meanings of the term emancipation.
As release from ecclesiastical obedience.
One was the release of a pupil of a cathedral school, a "domicellaris", from subjection to the authority of the "scholasticus", or head of the school. This emancipation took place with certain well-defined ceremonies, known in the old German cathedral schools as Kappengang.
The term emancipation is also applied to the release of a secular ecclesiastic from his diocese, or of a regular cleric from obedience and submission to his former superior, because of election to the episcopate. The petition requesting release from the former condition of service or submission, which the collegiate electoral body, or the newly elected person, must present to the former superior, is called "postulatio simplex", in contradistinction to the "postulatio sollemnis", or petition to be laid before the pope, in case some canonical impediment prevents the elected person from assuming the episcopal office. The document granting the dismissal from the former relations is called "litterae dimissoriae" or "emancipatoriae".
It is not customary to use the term emancipation for that form of dismissal by which a church is released from parochial jurisdiction, a bishop from subordination to his metropolitan, a monastery or order from the jurisdiction of the bishop, for the purpose of placing such person or body under the ecclesiastical authority next higher in rank, or under the pope himself. This act is universally known as "exemption".
In relation to slavery and Roman law.
In ancient Rome emancipation was a process of law by which a slave released from the control of his master, or a son liberated from the authority of his father ("patria potestas"), was declared legally independent. The earliest ecclesiastical employment of this process was in the freeing of slaves.
The Church introduced in place of the elaborate formalities of the "emancipatio" the simpler form of the "manumissio in ecclesiâ", in which a simple statement to that effect by the master before the bishop and the congregation sufficed. The emancipation of a slave was especially necessary as a preliminary to his ordination.
Similarly, the entrance of a son into a religious order, i.e. the taking of solemn vows, or the "professio religiosa", carries with it in canon law his emancipation from the legal authority ("patria potestas") of the father. No positive law, however, can be quoted on this point, nor does modern civil legislation recognize this consequence of religious profession.


Max Frey

Max Frey (April 16, 1874 – March 11, 1944) was a German painter and graphic artist associated with the Symbolism and New Objectivity movements. Some of his works contained elements of magical realism
Life.
He was born to a family of merchants and began his education at the Arts and Crafts school in Karlsruhe. For a short time, he worked as a theater painter in Berlin then, from 1893–1903 studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe under Ferdinand Keller, Gustav Schönleber and Leopold von Kalckreuth. While there, he participated in the activities of numerous art associations.
Max Frey moved to Frankfurt in 1904 and married the daughter of a manufacturer. Later, in 1906, they moved to Dresden. In 1907, he became a teacher in graphic design and painting at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and taught a newly created class especially for women. Among his students were Margarete Wendt and Margarete Kühn, who went on to create the firm of Wendt & Kühn. He was appointed a Professor in 1910. His other students included Hans Grundig, Willy Wolff and Oscar Cahén.
Max Frey was a member of the Deutscher Künstlerbund and the Dresden Art Cooperative. He also was a founding member of the artists' group Grün-Weiß and the Dresdner Künstlergruppe 1913.
He was called up during the First World War and returned to Dresden after being mustered out of service. He stayed at the Academy until 1934, then retired to Bad Harzburg. Four years later, his marriage ended in divorce. The following year he married a former pupil, Editha von Froebel, who was considerably younger. They had one son. Max Frey died at home on 11 March 1944. He was buried at a cemetery in the Tolkewitz district of Dresden.
Works.
Graphic works.
His graphic work was inspired by the Art Nouveau movement.
Paintings.
His paintings during the late 1920s and 1930s were influenced by the New Objectivity movement under the style of Magic realism.