Dog training

Dog training is the application of behavior analysis which uses the environmental events of antecedents (trigger for a behavior) and consequences to modify the dog behavior, either for it to assist in specific activities or undertake particular tasks, or for it to participate effectively in contemporary domestic life. While training dogs for specific roles dates back to Roman times at least, the training of dogs to be compatible household pets developed with suburbanization in the 1950s.
A dog learns from interactions it has with its environment. This can be through classical conditioning, where it forms an association between two stimuli; non-associative learning, where its behavior is modified through habituation or sensitisation; and operant conditioning, where it forms an association between an antecedent and its consequence.
There are a variety of established methods of animals training, each with its adherents and critics. Some of the better known dog training procedures include the Koehler method, clicker training, motivational training, electronic training, model-rival training, dominance-based training, and relationship-based training. The common characteristics of successful methods are knowing the animal's attributes and personality, accurate timing of reinforcement or punishment and consistent communication. The use of punishment is controversial with both the humaneness and effectiveness questioned by many behaviourists.
Definition.
Dog training is the act of teaching a dog particular skills or behaviours. Dog training includes teaching a dog to react to particular commands and cues as well as to act independently by deliberately changing their natural behaviour.
Dogs have been trained to perform a large number of practical functions including search and rescue, herding livestock, guarding, explosive or drug detection, disability assistance, dogs have also been trained to perform recreational functions, including companionship, shooting assistance.
Dog training usually involves the basic obedience training to establish control over the animal and can then progress to more advanced specialist training. Basic obedience training includes teaching a dog:
History.
Although research into how dogs learn and into cross-species communication has changed the approach to dog training in recent decades, understanding the role of early trainers and scientists contributes to an appreciation of how particular methods and techniques developed.
Before 1900.
In around 127-116 B.C. a Roman farmer, Marcus Varro, recorded advice on raising and training puppies for herding livestock. His writings indicate that not only was dog training for specific tasks well established, but that the value of early training was recognised.
In 1848 W. N. Hutchinson published his book "Dog Breaking: The Most Expeditious, Certain and Easy Method, Whether Great Excellence or Only Mediocrity Be Required, With Odds and Ends for Those Who Love the Dog and the Gun". Primarily concerned with training hunting dogs such as pointers and setters, the book advocates a form of reward-based training, commenting on men who have "a strong arm and a hard heart to punish, but no temper and no head to instruct" and suggesting "Be to his virtues ever kind. Be to his faults a little blind." Stephen Hammond, a writer for "Forest and Stream" magazine, advocated in his 1882 book "Practical Training" that hunting dogs be praised and rewarded with meat for doing the correct behavior.
War years.
Konrad Most began training dogs for police work in Germany, and was appointed principal of the State Breeding and Training Establishment for police dogs in Berlin, where he carried out original research into training dogs for a broad range of service tasks. At the outbreak of war in 1914 he was charged with organising and directing the use of dogs to further the war effort. He headed the Experimental Institute for Armed Forces' Dogs during the Second World War, and afterwards ran the German Dog Farm, a centre for the training of working dogs, including assistance dogs for the blind. He played a leading role in the formation of the German Canine Research Society and Society for Animal Psychology. His 1910 publication, "Training Dogs: A Manual", emphasised using instinctive behavior such as the prey drive to train desired behaviors, advocated the use of compulsion and inducements, differentiated between primary and secondary reinforcers, and described shaping behaviors, chaining components of an activity, and the importance of timing rewards and punishments. The book demonstrated an understanding of the principles of operant conditioning almost thirty years before they were formally outlined by B.F. Skinner in "The Behavior of Organisms". While publishers of the 2001 reprint warn that some of the "compulsive inducements" such as the switch, the spiked collar and the forced compliance are unnecessarily harsh for today's pet dogs, the basic principles of Most's methods are still used in police and military settings.
Marian Breland Bailey played a major role in developing empirically validated and humane animal training methods and in promoting their widespread implementation. Marian was a graduate student under B.F. Skinner. Her first husband Keller Breland also came to study with Skinner and they collaborated with him, training pigeons to guide bombs. The Brelands saw the commercial possibilities of operant training, founding Animal Behavior Enterprises (ABE). In 1955, they opened the "I.Q. Zoo" as both a training facility and a showcase of trained animals. They were among the first to use trained animals in television commercials, and the first to train dolphins and whales as entertainment, as well as for the navy. Keller died in 1965, and in 1976 Marian married Bob Bailey, who had been director of marine mammal training for the navy. They pioneered the use of the clicker as a conditioned reinforcer for training animals at a distance. ABE went on to train thousands of animals of more than 140 species. Their work had significant public exposure through press coverage of ABE-trained animals, bringing the principles of behavior analysis and operant conditioning to a wide audience.
Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian scientist who is regarded as developing the foundations of ethological research, further popularised animal behaviorism with his books, "Man Meets Dog" and "King Solomon's Ring". Lorenz stated that there were three essential commands to teach a dog: "lie down" (stay where you are), "basket" (go over there) and "heel" (come with me).
In 1935, the American Kennel Club began obedience trials, and in the following years popular magazines raised public awareness of the benefits of having a trained pet dog, and of the recreational possibilities of dog training as a hobby. After WWII, the increasing complexities of suburban living demanded that for a pet dog's own protection and its owner's convenience, the dog should be obedient. William Koehler had served as principal trainer at the War Dog Training Center, in California, and after the war became chief trainer for the Orange Empire Dog Club—at the time, the largest dog club in the United States—instructor for a number of breed clubs, and a dog trainer for the Walt Disney Studios. In 1962 Koehler published "The Koehler Method of Dog Training", in which he is highly critical of what he calls "tid-bit training techniques" based in "the prattle of 'dog psychologists'". Amongst the training innovations attributed to Koehler is the use of a long line in conjunction with a complete absence of oral communication as a way of instilling attentiveness prior to any leash training. Koehler insisted that participants in his training classes used "emphatic corrections", including leash jerks and throw chains, explaining that tentative, nagging corrections were cruel in that they caused emotional disturbance to the dog. Vicki Hearne, a disciple of Koehler's, commented on the widespread criticism of his corrections, with the explanation that it was the emotionally loaded language used in the book that led to a number of court cases, and to the book being banned in Arizona for a time. Despite the controversy, his basic method forms the core of many contemporary training systems.
Post WWII.
In the 1950s Blanche Saunders was a staunch advocate of pet-dog training, travelling throughout the U.S. to promote obedience classes. In "The Complete Book of Dog Obedience", she said, "Dogs learn by associating their act with a pleasing or displeasing result. They must be disciplined when they do wrong, but they must also be rewarded when they do right." Negative reinforcement procedures played a key part in Saunders' method, primarily the jerking of the choke chain. The mantra taught to students was "Command! Jerk! Praise!" She felt that food should not be an ongoing reward, but that it was acceptable to use "a tidbit now and then to overcome a problem." Saunders perhaps began the shift away from military and police training methods, stressing repeatedly the importance of reinforcement for good behaviour in training—a move toward the positive training methods used today.
In 1965, John Paul Scott and John Fuller identified the critical periods for learning and social development in puppies, and published "Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog", a landmark study of dog behavior.
The 1980 television series "Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way" made Barbara Woodhouse a household name in the UK, and the first international celebrity dog trainer. Known for her "no bad dogs" philosophy, Woodhouse was highly critical of "bad owners", particularly those she saw as "overly sentimental". She described the "psychoanalyzing of dogs" as "a lot of rubbish". Her no-nonsense style made her a pop-culture icon, with her emphatic "sit" and catch cry of "walkies" becoming part of the popular vernacular.
The Monks of New Skete, who were breeders and trainers of German Shepherds in Cambridge, New York, published "How to Be Your Dog's Best Friend: A Training Manual for Dog Owners" in 1978 and it became an immediate best seller. Despite advocating a philosophy that "understanding is the key to communication and compassion with your dog," they endorsed confrontational punishments which were later shown to elicit dangerously aggressive responses in many dogs.
In the 1980s veterinarian and animal behaviourist Ian Dunbar discovered that despite evidence on the peak learning periods in animals, few dog trainers worked with puppies before they were six months old. Dunbar founded "Sirius Dog Training", the first off-leash training program specifically for puppies, which emphasizes the importance of teaching bite inhibition, sociality, and other basic household manners, to dogs under six months of age. Dunbar has written numerous books, and is known for his international seminar presentations and award-winning videos on puppy and dog behavior and training.
Prior to the 1980s, Karen Pryor was a marine-mammal trainer who used Skinner's operant principles to teach dolphins and develop marine-mammal shows. In 1984, she published her book, "Don't Shoot the Dog: The New Art of Teaching and Training", an explanation of operant-conditioning procedures written for the general public. In the book Pryor explains why punishment as a way to get people to change often fails, and describes specific positive methods for changing the behaviour of husbands, children and pets. Pryor's dog training materials and seminars showed how operant procedures can be used to provide training based on positive reinforcement of good behavior. Pryor and Gary Wilkes introduced clicker training to dog trainers with a series of seminars in 1992 and 1993. Wilkes used aversives as well as rewards, and the philosophical differences soon ended the partnership.
21st century.
The 21st century has seen the proliferation of television programs and accompanying books that feature dog training and rehabilitation, including Joel Silverman's "Good Dog U", "Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan", "It's Me or the Dog" featuring Victoria Stillwell, "The Underdog Show", "Dogs in the City", and "SuperFetch". The Association of Pet Dog Trainers advises that television programs are produced primarily for entertainment, and while all programs will have good and not-so-good points, the viewer should critically evaluate the information before deciding which training tips to adopt.
How dogs learn.
Operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences. Two complementary motivations drive instrumental learning: the maximization of positive outcomes and minimization of aversive ones. There are two ways in which behavior is reinforced or strengthened: positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by producing some desirable consequence; negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by avoiding some undesirable consequence. There are two ways in which behavior is decreased or weakened: negative punishment occurs when a behavior is weakened by not producing a reinforcing consequence; and positive punishment occurs when a behavior is weakened by producing a consequence that is a disincentive. In combination, these basic reinforcing and punishing contingencies provide four ways for modifying behavior. Reinforcement increases the relative probability or frequency of the behavior it follows, while punishment decreases the relative probability or frequency of the behaviour it follows.
Typical positive reinforcement events will satisfy some physiological or psychological need, so it can be food, a game, or a demonstration of affection. Different dogs will find different things reinforcing. Negative reinforcement occurs when a dog discovers that a particular response ends the presentation of an aversive stimulus. An aversive is anything that the dog does not like, such as verbal admonishment, or a tightened choke chain.
Punishment is operationally defined as an event that lowers the probability of the behavior that it follows. It is not "punishment" in the common sense of the word, and does not mean physical or psychological harm and most certainly does not mean abuse. Punishment simply involves the presentation of an undesired consequence (positive punishment) when the wrong behavior is performed, such as a snap of the leash, or the removal of a desired consequence (negative punishment) when the wrong behavior is performed, such as the trainer eating the cheese that would have been the reward. A behavior that has previously been developed may cease if reinforcement stops; this is called extinction. A dog that paws its owner for attention will eventually stop if it no longer receives attention.
Classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning) is a form of learning in which one stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning is when a dog learns to associate things in its environment, or discovers some things just go together. A dog may become afraid of rain through an association with thunder and lightning, or it may respond to the owner putting on a particular pair of shoes by fetching its leash. Classical conditioning is used in dog training to help a dog make specific associations with a particular stimulus, particularly in overcoming fear of people and situations.
Non-associative learning.
Non-associative learning is a change in a response to a stimulus that does not involve associating the presented stimulus with another stimulus or event such as reward or punishment. Habituation is non-associative learning. An example is where a dog that reacts excitedly to a door bell is subjected to repeated ringing without accompanying visitors, and stops reacting to the meaningless stimuli. It becomes habituated to the noise. On the other side of habituation is sensitization. Some dogs' reactions to the stimuli become stronger instead of them habituating to the repeated stimuli or event. Desensitization is the process of pairing positive experiences with an object, person, or situation that causes fear or anxiety. Consistent exposure to the feared object in conjunction with rewards allows the animal to become less stressed, thereby becoming desensitized in the process. This type of training can be effective for dogs who are fearful of fireworks.
Learned irrelevance is where dogs that are overexposed to a stimulus or cue learn the cue is irrelevant because the exposure has proven to be uneventful. So a dog owner who continually says "Sit, sit" without response or consequence, inadvertently teaches the dog to ignore the cue.
Learned helplessness occurs when a dog ceases to respond in a situation where it has no option to avoid a negative event. For learned helplessness to occur, the event must be both traumatic and outside the dog's control. Family dogs that are exposed to unpredictable or uncontrolled punishment are at risk of developing disturbances associated with the learned helplessness disorder. Punishment which is poorly coordinated with identifiable avoidance cues or response options, such as when punishment takes place long after the event, meet the criteria of inescapable trauma.
Observational learning.
Observational learning is the learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. This form of learning does not need reinforcement to occur; instead, a model animal is required. While the model may not be intentionally trying to instill any particular behavior, many behaviors that are observed are remembered and imitated. The domestic dog is a social species and its social dependency makes it aware of the behavior of others, which contributes to its own behavior and learning abilities. There is, however, ongoing discussion about how much, and how, dogs can learn by interacting with each other and with people.
The term "observational learning" encompasses several closely related concepts: allelomimetic behavior or mimicking where, for example, puppies follow or copy others of their kind; social facilitation where the presence of another dog causes an increase in the intensity of a behavior; and local enhancement which includes pieces of social facilitation, mimicking, and trial-and-error learning, but is different from true observational learning in that the dog actively participates in the behavior in the presence of the other dog or other environmental cues. Four necessary conditions for observational learning are: attention, retention, motivation, and production. That is, the dog must pay attention to the dog or person performing the modelled behavior; retain the information gathered about the behavior during the observation; be motivated to reproduce the behavior in a time and place removed from the original; and finally, produce the behavior, or some reasonable facsimile thereof.
Pups between the ages of 9–12 weeks who were permitted to observe their narcotics-detecting mothers at work generally proved more capable at learning the same skills at six months of age than control puppies the same age who were not previously allowed to watch their mothers working. A 2001 study recorded the behaviour of dogs in detour tests, in which a favorite toy or food was placed behind a V-shaped fence. The demonstration of the detour by humans significantly improved the dogs' performance in the trials. The experiments showed that dogs are able to rely on information provided by human action when confronted with a new task. Significantly, they did not copy the exact path of the human demonstrator, but adopted the detour behavior shown by humans to reach their goal. A 1977 experiment by Adler and Adler found that puppies who watched other puppies learn to pull a food cart into their cages by an attached ribbon proved considerably faster at the task when later given the opportunity themselves. At 38 days of age, the "demonstrator" puppies took an average of 697 seconds to succeed, while the observers succeeded in an average of 9 seconds.
Cognitive learning.
Dogs are capable of cognitive learning, which is distinct from conditioning methods such as operant and classical conditioning. Cognitive learning is a process wherein dogs acquire and process information, rather than develop conditioned responses to stimuli.
One example of cognitive learning in dogs is the fast mapping inferential reasoning demonstrated by Chaser and Rico in controlled research environments. Both Rico and Chaser demonstrated the ability to infer the names of objects without conditioning and remember them indefinitely.
Training methods.
Koehler method.
Strictly following the model set out in the "Koehler Method of Dog Training", some 50 years later, the Koehler method continues to be taught in both class and private training formats. The method is based in the philosophy that a dog acts on its right to choose its actions. Koehler explained that a dog's learned behavior is an act of choice based on its own learning experience. When those choices are influenced by the expectation of reward, the behavior will most likely be repeated, and when those choices are influenced by the anticipation of punishment, they will most likely cease. Once the dog has learned that its choices result in comfort or discomfort it can be taught to make the correct decisions. Action→memory→desire encapsulates the learning pattern used by the method; the dog acts, remembers the consequences, and forms the desire to repeat or avoid those consequences. Adherents believe that once the behavior has been correctly taught, it should be performed, thus making any correction, fair, reasonable, and expected. While the model has been used consistently since 1962, some of the punishment procedures described in the book are now considered not necessary, humane, or appropriate by many trainers.
Motivational training.
Purely positive or motivational training employs the use of rewards to reinforce good behavior, and ignores all bad behavior. It is based in Thorndike's law of effect, which says that actions that produce rewards tend to increase in frequency and actions that do not produce rewards decrease in frequency.
Motivational training has its roots in captive animal training, where compulsion and corrections are both difficult and dangerous, and ignoring bad behavior is not problematic as the animal lives under controlled conditions. As a dog training strategy, purely positive training is feasible, but difficult, as it requires time and patience to control the rewards the dog receives for behavior. Some activities such as jumping up or chasing squirrels are intrinsically rewarding, the activity is its own reward, and with some activities the environment may provide reinforcement such as when the response from dog next door encourages barking.
Clicker training.
Clicker training is a nickname given to a particular type of positive reinforcement training system, based on operant conditioning, that uses a clicker device as a marker and bridge. Clicker training can also be referred to as marker training. The system uses secondary reinforcer (the clicker) as both a marker/signal and a bridge, to let the animal know that s/he performed the desired behavior correctly and therefore a reward is coming, and to avoid inadvertently reinforcing (rewarding) another behavior that may occur after the desired behavior occurs but before the reinforcer is delivered. Primary reinforcers are reinforcers that are required for life, such as food. Secondary reinforcers are things the animal being trained enjoys but that are not required for life, such as toys, praise, etc. The term 'clicker' comes from a small metal cricket adapted from a child's toy that the trainer uses to precisely mark the desired behavior; however, some trainers use a whistle, a word, or even a light as the secondary reinforcer, which becomes "conditioned" once the animal learns that its arrival signals the chance to earn a primary reinforcer. The trainer delivers a primary reinforcer, such as treat, after the noise or signal. A common critique of clicker training is that it is prone to the overjustification effect.
Electronic training.
Electronic training involves the use of an electric shock as an aversive. Common forms are collars which can be triggered remotely, or that are triggered by barking, fencing that delivers a shock when a dog wearing a special collar crosses a buried wire, and mats that can be placed on furniture to deliver a shock. Some aids deliver an aversive such as a spray of citronella when triggered. The use of electric shock aversives for training dogs is the subject of considerable controversy. Supporters claim that the use of electronic devices allows training at a distance and the potential to eliminate self-rewarding behaviour, and point out that properly used, they have less risk of stress and injury than mechanical devices, such as choke chains. Opponents cite the risks of physical and psychological trauma associated with incorrect or abusive use.
In one study laboratory-bred Beagles were divided into three groups. Group A received an electric shock when the dogs touched the prey (a rabbit dummy fixed to a motion device). Group H received a shock when they did not obey a previously trained recall command during hunting. Dogs in group R received the electric shock arbitrarily, i.e. the shock was administered unpredictably and out of context. Group A did not show a significant rise in salivary cortisol levels, while group R and group H did show a significant rise. This led to the conclusion that animals which were able to clearly associate the electric stimulus with their action, i.e. touching the prey, and consequently were able to predict and control the stressor, did not show considerable or persistent stress indicators, while animals that were not able to control the situation to avoid the shock did show significant stress.
In 2004 a study was published that was based on the observation of a variety of breeds trained for protection work using shock collars, which showed that although electronically trained dogs can excel as guard dogs, their behavior toward humans and work circumstances changed, often indicating heightened uncertainty and reactivity.
Lindsay says of this study, "Schilder and Van der Borg (2004) have published a report of disturbing findings regarding the short-term and long- term effects of shock used in the context of working dogs that is destined to become a source of significant controversy ... The absence of reduced drive or behavioral suppression with respect to critical activities associated with shock (e.g., bite work) makes one skeptical about the lasting adverse effects the authors claim to document. Although they offer no substantive evidence of trauma or harm to dogs, they provide loads of speculation, anecdotes, insinuations of gender and educational inadequacies, and derogatory comments regarding the motivation and competence of IPO trainers in its place."
However, newer studies such as those by Herron et alia suggest that aversives such as shock, as well as lesser aversives such as yelling, do come with a risk of increasing behavior problems including aggression.
Model-rival training.
Based on the principles of social learning, model-rival training uses a model, or a rival for attention, to demonstrate the desired behaviour. The method was used by Irene Pepperberg to train Alex the African Grey Parrot to label a large number of objects. McKinley and Young undertook a pilot study on the applicability of a modified version of the model-rival method to the training of domestic dogs, noting that the dog's origins as a member of large and complex social groups promote observational learning. The model-rival training involved an interaction between the trainer, the dog, and a person acting as a model-rival, that is, a model for desired behaviour and a rival for the trainer's attention. In view of the dog, a dialogue concerning a particular toy commenced between the trainer and the model-rival. The trainer praised or scolded the model-rival depending on whether the model-rival had named the toy correctly. It was found that the performance times for completion of the task were similar for dogs trained with either operant conditioning or the model rival method. In addition, the total training time required for task completion was comparable for both methods.
A Hungarian dog training group called Népszigeti Kutyaiskola use a variation of model-rival training which they describe as the Mirror Method. The mirror method philosophy is that dogs instinctively learn by following the example of others in their social sphere. Core to the program is including the dog in all aspects of the owner's life and positive reinforcement of copying behaviors. Mirror method dog training relies on using a dog's natural instincts and inclinations rather than working against them.
Dominance-based training.
The concepts of "pack" and "dominance" in relation to dog training originated in the 1940s and were popularized by the Monks of New Skete in the 1970s. The model is based on a theory that "dogs are wolves" and since wolves live in hierarchical packs where an alpha male rules over everyone else, then humans must dominate dogs in order to modify their behavior. However, recent studies have shown that wolves in the wild actually live in nuclear families where the mother and father are both considered the pack leaders, and their offspring's status depends on their birth order which does not involve fighting to attain a higher rank, because the young wolves naturally follow their parents' lead.
Animal behaviorists assert that using dominance to modify a behavior can suppress the behavior without addressing the underlying cause of the problem. It can exacerbate the problem and increase the dog's fear, anxiety, and aggression. Dogs that are subjected to repeated threats may react with aggression not because they are trying to be dominant, but because they feel threatened and afraid.
Researchers have described several reasons why the dominance model is a poor choice for dog training. First, a relationship based on dominance is established to gain priority access to scarce resources, not to impose particular behaviors on the less dominant animal, so the dominance model is irrelevant for most of the behaviors that people want from their dogs, such as coming when called or walking calmly on a leash. Second dominance-submission relationships, once established, are constantly tested and must be regularly reinforced. Thus people, particularly children and the elderly, may not be able to retain their rank and are at risk of being injured if they attempt to do so. Third, dominant individuals gain priority access to resources, but only while they are present, establishing dominance over a dog does not guarantee its behavior when the dominant individual is distant or absent.
Relationship-based training.
Derived from the theories of symbolic interactionism, relationship based training exploits the patterns of communication, interpretation and adjustment between dogs and their trainers. Building on a positive relationship between them, the method sets out to achieve results that benefit both the dog and the trainer, while at the same time enhancing and strengthening their relationship. The basic principles include ensuring that the dog's basic needs have been met before beginning a training session, finding out what motivates the dog and using it to elicit behaviours, interpreting the dog's body language to improve communication between dog and trainer, using positive reinforcement to encourage desired behavior, training incompatible behaviors to replace unwanted behaviours, and controlling the dog's environment to limit the possibility of unwanted behaviours. A relationship-based approach to dog training is not necessarily reliant on using particular training aids or treats but posits that the connection between dog and trainer is sufficiently powerful to achieve the training goals.
Factors.
Training can take as many forms as there are trainers, however a detailed study of animal trainers found common characteristics of successful methods: thoughtful interpretation of what the animal does prior to training, accurate timing, and consistent communication.
Communication.
Dogs have become closely associated with humans through domestication and have also become sensitive to human communicative signals. Generally, they have a lot of exposure to human speech, especially during play, and are believed to have a good ability to recognize human speech.
Two studies investigated the ability of a single dog that was believed to be exceptional in its understanding of language. Both studies revealed the potential for at least some dogs to develop an understanding of a large number of simple commands on the basis of just the sounds emitted by their owners. However the studies suggested that visual cues from the owner may be important for the understanding of more complex spoken commands.
Understanding.
Consistency of the owner's application, their level of understanding, and training/behavior and level of engagement can influence the effectiveness of any technique.
Innate characteristics.
In considering the natural behaviours of specific breeds of dogs, it is possible to train them to perform specialised, highly useful, tasks. For example, Labrador retrievers are the favoured breed for the detection of explosives. This is because of a combination of factors including their food drive which enables them to keep focused on a task despite noise and other distractions. Most working breeds of dogs are able to be trained to find people with their sense of smell (as opposed to their sense of sight). Cocker Spaniels are able to be trained as part of a termite detection team. Their relatively small size enables them to fit into small spaces, and their light weight allows them to walk on areas of ceiling which would be dangerous to anything heavier. In fact, although unusual, termite detection dogs are much more reliable at detecting termites than humans who rely on a basic system of tapping and listening. Because of their ability to learn signals by sight and for their energetic and athletic natures, German Shepherds are able to be trained for work alongside search and rescue teams and human apprehension teams.
Individualised or class training.
Individualised training is used with dogs that have an urgent or unique training problem such as fear, hyperactivity, aggression (and other related problems), separation anxiety, biting, excessive barking, insecurity, destructive behaviors, walking difficulties, and inappropriate elimination. This type of training would normally be undertaken where the problem naturally occurs rather than a class situation. Dogs are dependent of their owners for all the basic essentials: food, water, shelter/protection, and exercise. Dogs can become attached, insecure, and anxious, so it is very important to encourage them to be independent to boost their emotional security. Class training can be effective in encouraging socialization and play with a peer group. Classes are often offered at a more affordable rate and can cover both problem behaviors and teach new skills. Classes can range from puppy and beginner training to more advanced training and skill training such as performing tricks, preparing for dog sports, or therapy work.
Specialized training.
Dogs are also trained for special purposes such as CGC Certification; for dog sports, including but not limited to competition obedience, dog agility, herding, tracking, and flyball; and to undertake particular roles such as detection dogs, assistance dogs, hunting dogs, police dogs, SAR (search and rescue dogs) or guard dogs.
See also.
General:


Menlo Park Academy

Menlo Park Academy is a school for gifted children in grades K-8, in Cleveland, Ohio.
History.
Menlo Park Academy was founded on September 23, 2008 with 38 students, and today enrolls nearly 700. The school has occupied three different buildings, currently situated in the Joseph and Feiss factory. The factory, which was previously abandoned, was renovated into the school it is today. Before the academy settled into its current building, the school was located at 14440 Triskett Road, next to St. Mel's.
Test Scores and Academics.
Menlo Park Academy has high test scores, however, the students there generally have little growth from year to year. Academically, the school offers High School Courses for foreign languages, mathematics, English, History, and Biology. In eighth grade, students may be recommended for these courses. In English, eighth graders can take 9th grade E.L.A., in Science, they may take biology, in History, they might be recommended for World History, and in Math, highschool courses include Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, and Precalculus, some of which can be taken in fifth, sixth, and seventh.


Stanford Learning Lab

The Stanford Learning Lab was an applied research organization that "carried out projects to improve the quality of teaching and learning in higher education through effective application of information technologies and the sciences of learning". It was created in 1997 on the recommendation of the Stanford University President's Commission on Technology in Teaching and Learning. Professors Larry Leifer and Larry Friedlander lead a staff of researchers, technologists, educators, and teaching and learning specialists who worked with Stanford faculty to enhance learning by students in their courses. The Stanford Learning Lab completed its work in the spring of 2002 and was followed by The Stanford Center for Innovations in Learning (SCIL), which inherited core capabilities in technology development, educational program evaluation, and learning design and continued to perform research in these areas.


Alfred Guzzetti

Alfred Guzzetti (born 1942) is a maker of documentary and experimental films and tapes. His work has been shown at the New York Film Festival, the Margaret Mead Festival, and other festivals in London, Rotterdam, Germany, Spain and France, as well as in installation settings in New York, Copenhagen, and Santa Monica.
Education.
Alfred Guzzetti was born in Philadelphia and attended the public schools there. He earned a BA from Central High School and a second BA from Harvard College. He studied at Birkbeck College, University of London, as a Marshall Scholar, and received a Ph.D. in English Literature from Harvard University, where he now teaches.
Career.
Following a series of films for theatrical productions, Guzzetti’s experimental short film, "Air", won first prize in its category at the 1972 Chicago Film Festival. Afterwards he embarked on an autobiographical cycle that included the feature-length "Family Portrait Sittings" (1975) and "Scenes from Childhood" (1979), both premiered at the Whitney Museum of American Art. These led to further autobiographical films, including the recently completed "The Gifts of Time" (2018), and to collaborations with the photographer Susan Meiselas and filmmaker Richard P. Rogers, with whom he co-directed "Living at Risk: The Story of a Nicaraguan Family" (1985) and "Pictures from a Revolution" (1991). These were political and historical documentaries and prompted later collaborations with Susan Meiselas on "Reframing History" (2004) and "A Family in History", which includes "Living at Risk" plus a set of 20 short films entitled "The Barrios Family 25 Years Later". In the late 1980s he began a series of conversations with anthropologist Ákos Östör that resulted in "Seed and Earth" (1994), a portrayal of life in a Bengali village, and "Khalfan and Zanzibar" (1999), which poses the question of an individual’s relation to his culture. Both of these were made collaboratively with Östör and anthropologist Lina Fruzzetti. Around 1993 Guzzetti became interested in the experimental possibilities of the new small video formats and began a series of videos that included "What Actually Happened" (1996), "Under the Rain" (1997), "A Tropical Story" (1998), "The Tower of Industrial Life" (2000), which was shown in the 2002 Whitney Biennial, "Down from the Mountains" (2002), "Calcutta Intersection" (2003), "History of the Sea" (2004), and most recently, "Still Point" (2009) and "Passage" (2018). This experimental strain is related to his collaborations with composers, including his contributions to Earl Kim’s "Exercises en Route" (1971), as well as to Kurt Stallmann’s "SONA" (2005). He also work collaboratively with Kurt Stallmann on "Breaking Earth" (2008), a gallery installation for 11 channels of sound and 5 video projections; "Moon Crossings" (2011), for 15 instruments, electronics and video; the single-channel "Time Present" (2013); and "Among Rivers" (2019) for 7 projectors, 28 loudspeakers, and four performers. With composer Ivan Tcherepnin he created the 16mm film "Sky Piece" (1978)


David McKenna (writer)

David McKenna (born August 14, 1968) is an American screenwriter and producer. He is best known for writing the screenplays for "American History X" (1998), "Blow" (2001) and "S.W.A.T." (2003). He is also a film professor at Columbia University and Barnard College.
Career.
McKenna wrote and sold "American History X" when he was 26. It drew from his upbringing around the punk music scene, as well as interviews with real skinheads. The film became the focus of a post-production dispute between director Tony Kaye and lead actor Edward Norton. Made on a budget of $20 million, the film grossed $24 million at the worldwide box office. He then wrote the screenplays for "Blow", about American cocaine smuggler George Jung, and "Get Carter", a remake of the 1971 film of the same name, starring Michael Caine. Also in 2001, his adaptation of the book "Bully: A True Story of High School Revenge" by Jim Schutze was released as "Bully". The book and film were based on the 1993 murder of Bobby Kent. Mckenna was unhappy with the finished film, and chose to be credited under the pseudonym Zachary Long.
He was also the creator and Executive Producer of NBC's "E-Ring" (2005–2006). The show starred Benjamin Bratt as Major James Tisnewski, a former Delta Force operator and Dennis Hopper as Colonel Eli McNulty, as officers working in the E-ring of the Pentagon in the Special Operations Division (SOD) – planning and co-ordinating covert US special operations actions around the globe. The show struggled from the onset because it was up against ABC's Top 20 hit "Lost", CBS's Top 30 hit "Criminal Minds", FOX's Top 10 hit "American Idol" and the network's Top 30 hit "Unan1mous". Although NBC gave it an earlier time slot which led to better ratings, the show was pulled from the lineup during the February sweeps and officially canceled at the NBC upfront on May 15.


Roxana Geambasu

Roxana Geambașu is a Romanian-American computer scientist who is an associate professor of Computer Science at Columbia University. The topics of her research include cloud computing, security and privacy, and operating systems.
Education.
Geambașu is originally from Ploiești in Romania, and graduated from Politehnica University of Bucharest in 2005, as valedictorian of Computer Science and Engineering.
As a graduate student in Computer Science at the University of Washington, Geambașu came to be supported in her research by Google as one of their first Google PhD Fellows. She completed her Ph.D. in 2011, with three advisors, Steve Gribble, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Hank Levy. Her dissertation was "Regaining Control over Cloud and Mobile Data".
Contributions.
As a graduate student, Geambașu led the Vanish project for handling "self-destructing data".
In 2014, a team at Columbia led by Geambașu developed a tool called XRay for detecting correlations between ads shown to people and their personal data. With it, they found evidence that an advertising tool used by Gmail until November 2014 targeted ads based on sensitive personal information—something its policies, both those in place in 2014 and those in place now, say it does not do.
Recognition.
"Popular Science" named Geambașu in their "brilliant ten" in 2014 for her work tracking corporate use of personal data. She was given a Sloan Research Fellowship in 2016.


Glen Weldon

Glen Weldon is an American writer, cultural critic, and podcaster. He has written for publications such as "The Washington Post", "The New York Times", "Slate", "The Atlantic", and "McSweeney's". Weldon currently writes for the NPR Arts Desk and is a panelist on the podcast "Pop Culture Happy Hour" with Linda Holmes, Stephen Thompson, and Aisha Harris.
In his work, Weldon often draws on his life experience as a gay man and a self-described "nerd". In addition to shorter fiction work appearing in anthologies and publications, he is the author of two non-fiction pop culture histories about comic book superheroes and nerd culture. "Superman: The Unauthorized Biography", published in 2013, chronicled the history of Superman and his role as an iconic American figure. 2016's "The Caped Crusade" covered Batman's relevance through decades of popular culture.
Weldon has earned an Arts Journalism Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, a Pew Fellowship in the Arts for Fiction, a Ragdale Writing Fellowship, and an Amtrak Writers' Residency.
Personal life.
Weldon grew up in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He attended Southampton College and graduated with a degree in marine biology.


Emery Blagdon

Emery O. Blagdon (July 25, 1907 – June 1, 1986) was an American artist.
Biography.
Blagdon was self-taught and did not receive formal art training. From the late 1950s until his death in 1986, Blagdon created a constantly changing installation of paintings and sculptures in a small building on his Nebraska farm. He believed in the power of "earth energies" and in his own ability to channel such forces in a space that, through constant adjusting and aesthetic power, could alleviate pain and illness.
Blagdon used found materials like hay baling wire, magnets, and remnant paints from farm sales, but he also sought out special ingredients like salts and other "earth elements" through a nearby pharmacy. He called the individual pieces his "pretties," but collectively they composed "The Healing Machine". Blagdon worked on his "Healing Machine" for more than three decades, tending, tinkering with, and reorganizing its components every day and, in his own words, "according to the phases of the moon." He believed it was a functional machine in which energies were drawn upward from the building's earthen floor into the space, where they could bounce around and remain dynamic.
Blagdon died of cancer on June 1, 1986, and was interred at McCain Cemetery. His work has been displayed at the John Michael Kohler Arts Center and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.


Kenji Ohmori

 is a Japanese physicist and chemist.
National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan (NIMS), Institute for Molecular Science (IMS)
Research.
Kenji Ohmori has succeeded in designing and visualizing spatiotemporal images given by the interference of matter waves of atoms in a molecule with picometer and femtosecond resolution [1,2]. The precision of this processing is the highest to date, higher than that of the current nanotechnology by three orders of magnitudes. This ultrahigh-precision processing has been implemented with the temporal oscillations of laser electric fields engineered with attosecond precision and imprinted on the matter waves of atoms and electrons in a molecule. He has utilized this technique to develop a molecular computer in which a single 0.3-nanometer-size molecule can calculate 1000 times faster than the current fastest supercomputer [3,4]. He has also developed an ultrafast quantum simulator that can simulate non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems in one nanosecond, introducing a novel concept where he has combined his ultrafast coherent control with attosecond precision and ultracold atoms cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero[5].


Sarit Kumar Das

Sarit Kumar Das is an "Institute Chair professor" of the department of mechanical engineering at IIT Madras (on lien). He also held the position of Dean (Academic Research) at Indian Institute of Technology Madras. He was the Director at IIT Ropar. His research varies from a wide range of Heat transfer applications like nanofluids, biological heat transfer microfluidics and nanoparticle mediated drug delivery in cancer cells. He is an elected fellow of National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) and Indian National Academy of Engineering (FNAE).
Education.
He received his bachelor's degree and master's degrees from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India in 1984 and 1987 respectively. He defended his PhD in 1994, from the Sambalpur University, Odisha, India. He joined as post-doc fellow at Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg from 1994 to 1995.
Work.
Prof. Das joined as an assistant professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1995. He was the group leader at Heat Transfer and Thermal Power Lab. He is associated with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar as a professor. He also serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Micro/Nanoscale Transport


Bill Buckner

William Joseph Buckner (December 14, 1949 – May 27, 2019) was an American professional baseball first baseman and left fielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for five teams from through , including the Chicago Cubs, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and Boston Red Sox. Beginning his career as an outfielder with the Dodgers, he helped the team to the pennant with a .314 batting average, but a serious ankle injury the next year eventually led to his trade to the Cubs prior to the season. The Cubs moved Buckner to first base, and he won the National League (NL) batting title with a .324 mark in 1980. He was named to the All-Star team in 1981 as he led the major leagues in doubles. After setting a major league record for first basemen with 159 assists in , Buckner surpassed that total with 161 in while again leading the NL in doubles, before feuds with team management over a loss of playing time resulted in his being traded to the Red Sox in the middle of the season.
During the season, Buckner emerged as the Red Sox stalwart first baseman, starting all 162 games and shattering his own big league record with 184 assists. Toward the end of the season, he was hobbled by leg injuries and struggled throughout the playoffs. Buckner’s tenth-inning error in Game 6 of the 1986 World Series against the New York Mets remains one of the most memorable plays in baseball history; it was long considered part of a curse on the Red Sox that kept them from winning the World Series, and led to years of fan anger and public mockery that Buckner handled graciously before being embraced by Red Sox fans again after their 2004 World Series victory.
After spending his last few seasons with the California Angels, Kansas City Royals, and a second stint with the Red Sox, Buckner became the 21st player in MLB history to play in four decades, ending his career with 2,715 hits and 498 doubles, having batted over .300 seven times with three seasons of 100 runs batted in (RBI). Never striking out 40 times in a season, he finished with the fifth-lowest strikeout rate among players whose careers began after 1950. Buckner led his league in assists four times, with his 1985 mark remaining the American League (AL) record, and retired with the fourth-most assists by a first baseman (1,351) in major league history, despite not playing the position regularly until he was 27 years old. After retiring as a player, he became a real estate developer in Idaho, and later coached a number of Minor League Baseball (MiLB) teams before leaving baseball in 2014.
Early years.
Buckner was born in Vallejo, California and grew up in nearby American Canyon. He and his brothers Bob and Jim, and Jim's twin sister Jan, were raised by their parents, Leonard and Marie Katherine Buckner; his father died in 1966, when Bill was a teenager. His mother was a stenographer for the California Highway Patrol.
He graduated from Napa High School in 1968 after playing on the school's baseball and football teams. While playing football, he was a two-time All-State receiver and also achieved All-America honors twice.
As a baseball player at Napa High School, Buckner hit .667 in 1967 and .529 in 1968 under coach Dale Fisher. As a football player, Buckner is still in the Napa record lists for reception yards in a season (579), career reception yards (963), and career receptions (61). At first, Buckner contemplated attending Stanford or USC, but he eventually chose professional baseball instead.
Buckner was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the second round of the 1968 Major League Baseball draft; his friend Bobby Valentine was the Dodgers' first-round pick. Upon signing with the Dodgers, Buckner was assigned to the Ogden Dodgers of the Pioneer League. He also briefly attended Los Angeles Valley College, USC and Arizona State University. He became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity while a farmhand with the Dodgers, and roomed with Valentine while attending USC after his first professional season.
Career.
Minor leagues (1968–1970).
At age 18, Buckner made his professional debut playing with the Ogden Dodgers of the Rookie Pioneer league in 1968, hitting .344 with 4 home runs and 44 RBI in 64 games. He was teammates with Valentine and Steve Garvey, who also were playing in their first professional seasons. The manager at Ogden was Tommy Lasorda.
In 1969, Buckner played with four Dodger teams, as he advanced quickly in the Dodgers' farm system. He hit .350 with 6 home runs and 36 RBI in 46 games with the Dodgers team in the Arizona Instructional League. He then batted .307 with 7 home runs and 50 RBI with the Class AA Albuquerque Dodgers, and .315 with 2 home runs and 27 RBI in 36 games with the Class AAA Spokane Indians of the Pacific Coast League. While at Spokane, Buckner's manager was once again Lasorda. Buckner was called up to the Dodgers late in the season at age 19, popping up to second base as a pinch hitter for Jim Brewer in the 9th inning of a 4-3 road loss to the San Francisco Giants on September 21 in his only appearance.
Buckner spent April with the Dodgers, picking up his first hit in a 5-2 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 8, but after batting .121 with no home runs or RBI, he was returned to Triple-A Spokane, where he played 111 games under Lasorda after he was given leave to complete finals at USC. He hit .335 with 3 home runs and 74 RBI, playing alongside Garvey, Valentine, Davey Lopes, Tom Paciorek, Bill Russell, Charlie Hough, and Doyle Alexander, among others. Buckner played most of the 1970 season with a broken jaw and with his jaw wired shut. Spokane finished 94–52, and Buckner was again called up to the Dodgers in September. He batted .257 in the final month, with 4 RBI and 5 runs scored.
Los Angeles Dodgers (1971–1976).
Buckner earned a starting job with the Dodgers in as their opening-day right fielder, and hit his first career home run off Don Wilson of the Houston Astros on April 6, providing the only scoring in a 2-0 road win. Buckner also played some first base with the Dodgers, making 87 starts at first in . However, when Steve Garvey emerged as a Gold Glove first baseman and the National League's Most Valuable Player the following season, Buckner was shifted to left field permanently. Buckner played a supporting role in a baseball milestone on April 8, . Playing left field, he climbed the fence in an attempt to catch Hank Aaron's record 715th home run. He also played in his first World Series that year, which the Dodgers lost to the Oakland Athletics in five games; Buckner hit .250 in the Series, including a home run off Catfish Hunter in Game 3, a 3-2 road loss.
In his Dodgers career, Buckner batted .289 with 38 home runs and 277 runs batted in in 773 games.
Chicago Cubs (1977–1984).
Following the 1976 season, Buckner was traded with Iván DeJesús and Jeff Albert to the Chicago Cubs for Rick Monday and Mike Garman. He had suffered a staph infection in his ankle in 1976, so the Cubs shifted him to first base, the playing position where he remained for the final 14 years of his career.
Whereas early indications seemed to lean toward the Dodgers getting the better end of this deal – with Monday becoming one of the key centerpieces of the Dodgers clubs that went to the and 1978 World Series – Buckner soon emerged as something of a star for the beleaguered Cubs. On May 17, 1979, in a famous slugfest at Wrigley Field in which the Cubs lost 23-22 to the Philadelphia Phillies, with three homers by Dave Kingman and two by Mike Schmidt, Buckner went 4–for–7 with a grand slam off Tug McGraw and a career-high seven RBI. But when manager Herman Franks resigned late in the season, he made negative comments about several players, including calling Buckner "nuts".
In 1980 Buckner won the NL batting title with a .324 average. He also struck out only 18 times – once every 32 at bats – batting in front of Kingman. Keith Hernandez (.321) and Garry Templeton (.319) finished just behind Buckner in the race for the NL batting title. In the strike-interrupted 1981 season, he batted .311 while tying Cecil Cooper for the major league lead with 35 doubles; he was the Cubs' sole representative at the All-Star Game, where he grounded out to first base pinch hitting for Manny Trillo in the 9th inning of a 5-4 NL victory, their 10th consecutive All-Star win. In 1982 Buckner batted over .300 for the fourth time in Chicago, picked up a career-high 201 hits, drove in 105 runs – the first time he had topped 75 – and recorded 159 assists at first base, breaking Mickey Vernon's 1949 major league record of 155. In 1983 he again led the NL with 38 doubles, but saw his batting average drop to .280, his lowest mark in eight years.
During the season, Buckner saw a loss of playing time at first base to Leon Durham. Because of his lack of playing time, Buckner was at odds with the Cubs management; in protest, he vowed not to shave until he played two games in a row at first base. Buckner finally shaved between games of a doubleheader on May 24, because he found out he was going to be traded the next day to the Boston Red Sox; the Cubs went on to win their division, reaching the postseason for the first time in 39 years. In eight seasons with the Cubs, Buckner hit .300 with 81 home runs, 235 doubles, and 516 RBI in 974 games.
Boston Red Sox (1984–1987).
Early in the season, the Red Sox were in the market for an upgrade at first base. On May 25, they acquired Buckner from the Cubs for Dennis Eckersley and Mike Brumley. The Red Sox were 19–25 and in sixth place in the American League East at the time of the trade, but improved to 67–51 the rest of the way to finish the season in fourth place. On September 21, Buckner enjoyed the first five-hit game of his career in an 8-0 road win over the Baltimore Orioles.
Buckner appeared in all 162 games for the Red Sox in , and batted .299 with 16 home runs while posting career highs with 110 RBI, 201 hits and 46 doubles. He was a prototypical contact hitter, and struck out just 36 times in 719 plate appearances to lead the American League in that category in 1985. (He also led the NL in most at bats per strikeout in , and , and placed second in , , , and .) In 1985 he also extended his own major league record for assists in a season with 184. The record stood for almost 25 years until the St. Louis Cardinals' Albert Pujols broke Buckner's record with 185 assists in .
On June 5, 1986, Buckner picked up his 1,000th career RBI on a ground out in a 7-5 road loss to the Milwaukee Brewers. On August 21, he again had five hits in a blowout 24-5 road win over the Cleveland Indians. In September, he hit .340 with 8 home runs and 22 RBI, while missing just 3 games in spite of chronic ankle soreness. Dave Stapleton, the Red Sox first baseman prior to the acquisition of Buckner, began seeing more playing time as a late-inning defensive replacement in September and October. Meanwhile, Buckner became the first major league player to wear Nike high-top baseball cleats professionally in an effort to relieve pressure on his ankles. That season, Buckner hit a career-high 18 home runs, drove in more than 100 runs for the second season in a row, and was a key member of the team that won the American League East by 5-1/2 games. He entered Game 5 of the 1986 American League Championship Series batting just .111 in the Series, and was 0–for–3 in the game when he singled to start a ninth-inning rally which was capped off by Dave Henderson's famous home run. He went 3–for–6 in the final 2 games as the Red Sox came back from the brink of elimination to defeat the California Angels and win the American League pennant.
1986 World Series.
The 1986 Red Sox were leading the heavily favored New York Mets 3 games to 2 in the 1986 World Series when Game 6 went into extra innings. For his part, Buckner was batting just .143 against Mets pitching, and he was 0–for–5 in Game 6. When the Sox scored 2 runs in the top of the tenth, Boston manager John McNamara chose to have Buckner take the field in the bottom of the inning instead of bringing Stapleton in as a defensive replacement for the ailing Buckner, as he had in Games 1, 2, and 5.
With two outs and no one on base, New York struck back with three straight singles off Calvin Schiraldi, and tied the game on a wild pitch by Bob Stanley. Mookie Wilson fouled off several pitches before hitting a slow roller to Buckner at first base. Aware of Wilson's speed, Buckner tried to rush the play. As a result, the ball rolled to the left side of his glove, through his legs, and into shallow right field, allowing Ray Knight to score the winning run from second base. Had Buckner fielded the ball with Wilson safe at first, the score would have remained tied for the next Mets batter. Had Buckner put out Wilson at first base, Game 6 would have gone to an 11th inning.
However, many baseball experts have realized that had the right fielder been backing up Buckner on the play, Ray Knight could have been thrown out at the plate. Had the press realized it at the moment (as well as emphasizing the fact that the World Series could not have ended on that play regardless of the outcome), they wouldn't have blasted Buckner and the Red Sox's failure to win the World Series that year would not have been placed on Buckner's shoulders.
Boston led Game 7 by a 3–0 score heading into the bottom of the sixth inning when New York rallied again, scoring 3 runs off Bruce Hurst to tie the game, and 3 more off of Schiraldi in the seventh to take a 6–3 lead. Buckner was 2–for–4 in the game, and scored 1 of Boston's 2 runs in the eighth. However, the Mets also scored twice in the eighth and won 8–5, for their second World Series championship in franchise history.
Fallout.
Regardless of any of the other perceived shortcomings that led to Boston's loss in the 1986 World Series, Buckner's error epitomized the "Curse of the Bambino" in the minds of Red Sox fans, and he soon became the scapegoat for a frustrated fan base. Buckner began receiving death threats and was heckled and booed by some of his own home fans, often with the false belief or implication that his play alone could have instantly won the series for the Red Sox. Meanwhile, he was the focal point of derision from the fans of opposing teams on the road—especially when he faced the Mets in spring training of 1987—and during his first regular-season at bat at Yankee Stadium. He made his 2,500th career hit on May 19, an RBI single in a 4-1 road loss to the Kansas City Royals, but the Red Sox released Buckner on July 23 after he recorded a .273 batting average, 2 home runs, and 42 RBI in 75 games.
California Angels (1987–1988).
Upon his release from the Red Sox, Buckner signed with the California Angels. For the remainder of the 1987 season, Buckner batted .306 and drove in 32 runs in 57 games. In 76 total games with the Angels, Buckner hit .288 with 3 home runs and 41 RBI.
Kansas City Royals (1988–1989).
At 38 years old, Buckner was released by the Angels on May 9, , just before a road trip that would have brought him to the east coast to face the Yankees and Red Sox. He signed with the Royals shortly after his release and walked into Fenway Park as a player for the opposing team for the first time on July 15. He went 1–for–2 off Roger Clemens with a walk.
In 168 games with the Royals, Buckner hit .239 with 4 home runs and 50 RBI.
Second Red Sox stint (1990).
Buckner returned to the Red Sox in as a free agent and received a standing ovation from the crowd during player introductions at the home opener on April 9.
Buckner's last home run was against Kirk McCaskill on April 25, 1990 at Fenway Park, the only inside-the-park home run of his career. Despite being one of the slowest runners in baseball, the 40-year-old Buckner circled the bases in the fourth inning when Angels outfielder Claudell Washington crashed into Fenway's 3-foot high right-field wall and somersaulted into the front row of seats.
His return was short-lived; he retired on June 5 with a .186 batting average, 1 home run, and 3 RBI that season. In 526 career games with Boston, Buckner hit .279 with 48 home runs, 112 doubles, and 324 RBI.
Career stats.
Buckner was a speedy baserunner until his ankle surgeries in 1975 and 1976 for a severe ankle sprain and bone chips, respectively. He twice finished in the top 10 in the league in stolen bases ( and 1976) and twice led the league in doubles (1981 and 1983). After moving to first base, he played 1,555 regular-season games and made only 128 errors in 13,901 chances.
In 2,517 games over 22 seasons, Buckner batted .289 (2,715–for–9,397) with 1,077 runs scored, 498 doubles, 49 triples, 174 home runs, 1,208 RBI, 183 stolen bases, 450 walks, an on-base percentage of .321, and a slugging percentage of .408. Defensively, he recorded a .991 fielding percentage at first base and at left and right field.
Post-playing career.
After Buckner retired from baseball, he moved his family to Idaho where he invested in real estate in the Boise area. One of the housing subdivisions that he developed is named "Fenway Park". He lent his name to and was a minority owner of a local car dealership, Bill Buckner Motors in Emmett, which was in business from 2006 to 2008.
On April 8, , Buckner threw out the first pitch to former teammate Dwight Evans at the Red Sox home opener as they unfurled their 2007 World Series championship banner. He received a two-minute standing ovation from the sell-out crowd. After the game, when asked if he had any second thoughts about appearing at the game, he said, "I really had to forgive, not the fans of Boston, per se, but I would have to say in my heart I had to forgive the media for what they put me and my family through. So, you know, I've done that and I'm over that."
On January 4, 2011, Buckner was named the manager of the Brockton Rox of the Can-Am League. The Rox posted a 51–42 record in 2011, but after the season, the Rox dropped the professional format to join the Futures Collegiate Baseball League. In December, Buckner became the hitting instructor for the Boise Hawks for the 2012 season. The Hawks were the Chicago Cubs affiliate in the Class A-Short Season Northwest League. Buckner announced his retirement from baseball on March 3, 2014. Buckner was inducted into the Napa High School Hall Of Fame in 1997 and the CIF Sac-Joaquin Section Hall of Fame in 2010.
Buckner was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2008.
Personal life.
Buckner and his wife Jody had two daughters, Brittany and Christen, and a son, Bobby. Bobby was a member of the Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders baseball team.
Death.
Buckner died on May 27, 2019, of Lewy body dementia at the age of 69. He was surrounded by his family members at the time of his death.
In a statement, Buckner's family said, "Bill fought with courage and grit as he did all things in life. Our hearts are broken but we are at peace knowing he is in the arms of his Lord and Savior Jesus Christ." Buckner's funeral service was held at Calvary Chapel in Boise, Idaho.
References in popular culture.
Charlie Sheen purchased the "Buckner Ball" at auction in for $93,000, and for a long time, it resided in the collection of songwriter Seth Swirsky, who refers to it as the "Mookie Ball." The ball was on loan for a time from Swirsky to the Mets to display in their Mets Hall of Fame and Museum, and it was among the most popular artifacts for fans to see. On May 3, 2012, Swirsky sold the ball through Heritage Auctions for $418,250.
Buckner made a cameo appearance at the beginning of the sports parody film "The Comebacks" and
was featured in an episode of the HBO series "Curb Your Enthusiasm." Also, he made a cameo appearance in the pilot episode of the short-lived sitcom "Inside Schwartz", advising the title character to "just let it go." In 1995, Buckner appeared along with Michael Jordan, Stan Musial, Willie Mays and Ken Griffey, Jr. in a commercial for the shoemaker Nike in which Spike Lee, in character as Mars Blackmon, compares Jordan's baseball skills to Musial, Mays, Griffey and Buckner. The punch line is a visual reference to Buckner's 1986 World Series error. His famous 1986 World Series miscue is also referenced in the films "Celtic Pride", "Rounders," and "Fever Pitch." The play also is referenced in an episode of "The Simpsons" titled "Brother's Little Helper" and in the musical "Johnny Baseball". On October 23, 2008, during former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan's testimony in House hearings on the economic crisis of 2008, Representative John Yarmuth referred to Greenspan as one of "three Bill Buckners." Buckner and Mookie Wilson appeared in an MLB Network commercial for the 2016 postseason, "Catching Up", marking the 30th anniversary of the 1986 World Series and their roles in it.
Buckner is mentioned in "The Areas of My Expertise" in a series of New England sports references. In the book, John Hodgman describes a (fictional) radio personality and recounts the premonition she had regarding Buckner's infamous error in Game 6 of the 1986 World Series.


Erana Clark

Erana Clark is an Australian singer and vocal coach originally from Auckland, New Zealand.
Background.
Her work as a vocal coach started with "Popstars". Then she spent seven years with "Australian Idol". She also coached for "X-Factor", then later worked on "Australia's Got Talent". She is now recognized for her vocal coaching. She also had some charting singles on Lew Pryme and Russell Clark's Impact label.
Career.
1970s to 1980s.
In 1973, at the age of 12 with her song "Circle Game" she was a finalist for RATA Awards. It was released on Impact, backed with "Teardrop On Teardrop". The following year she recorded two more singles for the label: "I Have A Dream" backed with "My Friend The Sea" and "Angel Eyes" bw "The Rivers Too Wide". By the age of 21 she was a veteran performer. Having been a teenager and being exposed to an adult lifestyle, it took its toll on her.
1990s.
One of the artists she worked with during the 1990s was jazz pianist Judy Bailey. She sang on her 1993 album "Sundial". She provided backing vocals for Marcia Hines's album "Right Here and Now", released in 1994. She sang the track "Falling In Love" which was on the 1994 album "Ain't It Funky " by Craig Calhoun & The Brothers Of Oz. Along with Chrissy May and Rod McCormack, she provided backing vocals on a Gina Jeffreys track, "Away In A Manger" which was on "The Spirit Of Christmas '96" album. Another artist she provided backing vocals for was Christian Fry on "When I'm With You", which appears on his "EP" album, released in 1999.
Later years.
In 2010, along with The Blaine Whittaker band she appeared at the Kiama Jazz and Blues Festival.
She co-wrote Jack Vidgen's single "Yes I Am" which spent two weeks on the Australian charts, peaking at #5.
Coaching.
She is recognized for her coaching abilities. According to an article in "Christian Woman", she is a vocal coach. An article in "The Daily Telegraph", written in 2015 said that she had cornered the market, coaching for shows such as "Australian Idol", "X-Factor", and "Australia’s Got Talent".
Clark's coaching has even led her to work with the Australian police in a PCYC scheme, held in LIverpool, Sydney around 2013.
One of the singers she has coached was a young Australian jazz zinger Ella-Jane Sharpe who in 2016 received a $26,000 scholarship for Boston's Berklee College of Music.


Cognitive Psychology (journal)

Cognitive Psychology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cognitive psychology. It was established in 1970 and is published eight times per year by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Gordon Logan (Vanderbilt University). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 4.537.


Maii language

Maii (Mae) is an Oceanic language spoken on Epi Island, in Vanuatu.


Keith Temple

Keith Temple (born in Newcastle, England) is a British screenwriter for such shows as "Emmerdale", "Casualty" and "Doctor Who". He has also worked on the children's television programmes "Children's Ward" and "Byker Grove".
Career.
In 2006 he wrote "Angel Cake" for BBC1 starring Sarah Lancashire and Rita Tushingham. It tells the story of a woman who bakes a cake that turns out to have the image of The Virgin Mary on it. He said of the play "the idea for "Angel Cake" wasn't some great revelation but instead the result of a fascination with stories which kept appearing in the news about weeping statues and strangely shaped buns."
He wrote an episode for the science fiction series "Doctor Who", entitled "Planet of the Ood", which was broadcast by the BBC on 19 April 2008. In the same year, he wrote a comic which featured on the "Doctor Who" website. In 2010 his first novel "It's Behind You" was published.
He lectures on the MA Screen course at Drama Centre London/Central St Martins and on the BA short film making course at Hereford College of Arts.


Gillian Attard

Gillian Attard MQR (born 3 February 1983) is a Maltese actress, singer, television personality, and a vocal coach.
Early years.
Attard grew up in Żejtun. She sings in Maltese, English and Italian.
She started singing when she was a child. She took part in "POPin" composed by Dominic Galea. Attard won the first edition of "POPin" and represented Malta in a song contest held early that Summer in Belarus, with the song "You touched my heart" at the OGAE contest. In 2002, she made her debut in the annual music festival "L-Ghanja tal-Poplu" (The people's ode). She performed "Xi darba min jaf". In September 2002, she took part in The Independence Song Contest", a song festival which is held annually as part of Malta's Independence Day on 21 September celebrations. On 3 August 2003, Attard took part in the acts of the "Summer Nights Festival" concert, starring also the Irish singer Johnny Logan. "Xi darba min jaf" was chosen by OGAE Malta following a pre-selection including 20 tracks. A jury made up of OGAE Malta members voted for all entries and eventually "Xi darba min jaf" was declared as the winning song.
In 2002, she co-hosted and produced the One TV-show "Chiara & Friends" with singer Chiara Siracusa and in 2003 she presented a television Sunday show "Ghal Kull Hadd" (One TV). She was not much noticed as a tv presenter but she even presented a television show named "Cinderella" (One TV) in 2006 and on (Net TV) in 2007. She presented the Tuesday prime-time show "Pumpkin" (on One TV). Each episode consists of taking one car in poor condition and restoring it, as well as customizing it. In 2002 Eileen Montesin gave her a minor part in the television series "Under Cover 4" (One TV).
Achievements.
Gillian Attard received an award as part of the Malta Music Awards 2014. Gillian was awarded the ‘Recognition Award'. On Saturday, 30 November 2013, Gaia Cauchi, won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013, a European competition for young singers, held in Kiev, Ukraine. Gillian Attard was her paid vocal coach. On 13 December 2013 Gaia Cauchi received the Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika along with Attard and the rest of the Junior Eurovision team.
TV presenter.
2002 – Chiara & Friends
2003 – Ghal Kull Hadd
2003 – Summer Break
2006–2007 – Cinderella
2006 – Pumpkin
2007 – Cinderella Plus
2008 – Mamma Mia


Rennie Harris

Rennie Harris (born Lorenzo Harris on January 28, 1964) is a dancer, choreographer, artistic director and professor of hip-hop dance. Harris formed the first and longest running hip-hop dance touring company, Rennie Harris Puremovement in 1992. In 2007, he conceived another touring company, RHAW or Rennie Harris Awe-Inspiring Works.
Harris has received numerous awards for his theatrical hip-hop dance performances or what he refers to as, "Hip-Hop concert dance". He is known for such works as Rome and Jewels, Facing Mekka, 100 NAKED LOCKS, Heaven, and a host of innovative repertory works, which have broken many stereotypes and expectations of hip-hop dance. After receiving an honorary doctorate from Bates College and an honorary doctorate from Columbia College, Harris' company was chosen as 1 of 4 US companies to serve as cultural ambassadors for President Obama's "Dance Motion USA." In 2012, it toured the Middle East, performing and giving hip hop workshops to Egyptians, Israelis and Palestinians.
Early years.
Growing up in North Philadelphia, PA, Rennie was first inspired by Don Campbell’s group, The Campbell Lockers, after seeing them on the TV show Soul Train. He started dancing socially as a kid but when he was around 12 years old, he started a dance group called Cobra III with his brother and childhood friend, nicknamed “Brainy.” Cobra III entered and won a local church talent show, marking the beginning of Harris’ life commitment to dance.
Commercial career.
Rennie Harris started his career by forming dance groups during his teens, such as the GQ group called, The Step Masters and a popping crew called, The Scanner Boys. These groups opened and performed with such acts as: Afrika Bambaataa, West Street Mob, Kool Moe Dee and the Treacherous Three, Super Nature, currently known as Salt-n-Pepa, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and Doug E Fresh, Double Trouble, Roxanne Shante, UTFO, Whodini, Newcleus, Run-DMC, Kurtis Blow, Madonna, Brandy, Aliah, Sugar Hill Gang, Sister Sledge, Gloria Gaynor, The Tramps, and Debarge, among others. Also known as, Prince of the Ghetto, Harris was also a member of The Magnificent Force. Rennie worked for the TV dance shows: "Dancin' On Air", "Dance Party USA", and then was given his own show to host called, "One House Street." Rennie Harris finished his commercial career with a prolonged tour with Cathy Sledge of Sister Sledge, as a choreographer and dancer. Harris then returned to Philadelphia and The Scanner Boys to continue to innovate hip-hop dance. The Scanner Boys disbanded in 1992 with their last performance at the “Dancing in the Streets" festival held at 30th Street Train Station in Philadelphia.
Rennie Harris Puremovement.
The pioneer of Street Dance Theater or Hip-hop Concert dance, Rennie Harris founded, Rennie Harris Puremovement in 1991-92, the company was created to further his efforts to preserve and disseminate hip-hop culture. The company's mission is to re-educate about hip-hop and its culture through its artistic work, lecture demonstrations, and discussions. The company currently performs newer repertory works such as: "Something to Do with Love", "Get It," and "Love American Style," among a host of other works. The company has performed such evening length productions as: "Rome and Jewels", "Facing Mekka", and "Heaven", of which they have won numerous awards for. 2012 marks the 20th Anniversary of Rennie Harris Puremovement of which the company toured excerpts of past works as well as newer works in commemoration.
Illadelph Legends of Hip-Hop Festival.
Started in 1998, Rennie Harris started Illadelph Legends of Hip-Hop Festival to bring together the pioneers of the various forms of Street Dance. Focusing primarily on teaching technique, philosophy, history and aesthetic of street dance. illadelph dance was the first of its kind and was the catalyst for many of the Street Dance intensives to date. Devoid of competition the festival is believed to be the first to only offer dance classes, panel discussions, and performances. Some of the seminal and legendary pioneers that taught at illadelph were pioneers such as Don Campbell of The Campbell Lockers aka The Lockers, Mr. Wiggles, Ken Swift, Budda Stretch, Tweety, Caleaf Sellars, Moncell "Ill Kosby" Durden, Lil Rep, Crazy Legs, and international artists like Meech from France, Hiro from Japan, and Eva Shou from Denmark. The festival passes on the knowledge, tradition, and dance vocabulary of the various forms, such as Popping, Breaking, Locking, House dance, Waacking, and vogue to name a few. Illadelph Legends is the first Street Dance festival to specifically feature and promote technical classes and workshops on the history and theory with the pioneers and historians of street dance young and old. Illadelph Legends is in its 20th year and continues to serve as a model for international hip-hop/street dance festivals who share in the same vision of re-educating the masses about hip-hop dance and culture.
Scholarship.
Rennie started teaching hip-hop at the age of 15 with the Smithsonian Institution and continues to teach at various universities across the world. While is company is touring Rennie teaches at the University of Colorado at Boulder from August 26-December 18th and at the University of Texas Austin from January 15-May 15th. In addition when traveling with his company he teaches workshops and lectures on the history of hip-hop and the various techniques of street dance that sprang from the culture. In 2010, Harris received an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Bates College and a Doctorate in the Arts and Humanities from Columbia College for his work and commitment to Street and hip-hop dance. He has taught at Universities such as the University of Colorado-Boulder, Stanford University, New York University, University of California, Los Angeles, Temple University, Villanova University, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Ohio State University, Michigan University, University of Hawaii, Harvard University, among many others. As a part of his efforts to educate the world about hip-hop, he passes on his historical knowledge of the dance through performances all over the world, including but not limited to: London, Italy, Japan, China, Switzerland, Germany, Scotland, West Africa, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, New Zealand, Perth, Auckland, Brazil, Jamaica, Trinidad, and the Bahamas. In addition, he has performed in theaters such as the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Lincoln Center, Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Kennedy Center, Jacob's Pillow, Joyce Theater, Symphony Space, New Victory Theater, The Apollo Theatre in New York, Sadler's Wells Theatre (London), The Southbank Centre (London) and many other theaters and universities in the US and internationally.
Commissions.
Rennie Harris has broken new ground as being one of the first hip-hop choreographers to set works on ballet-based companies such as the Memphis Ballet, Colorado Ballet, and Pennsylvania Ballet. He has also been commissioned by Dayton Contemporary Dance Company, Philadelphia Dance Company, Giordano Dance Chicago, Lula Washington Dance Theatre, Dallas Black Dance Theater, Dallas Black Dance Theater 2, Group Motion and Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater of which he is not only the first Street Dance choreographer to set work on Alvin Ailey but also the first in the history of Alvin Ailey to set an hour work on Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater entitled "Lazarus" (2018).
Rennie Harris Awe-Inspiring-Works (RHAW).
" We had an overwhelming response from younger dancers who wanted to join Rennie Harris Puremovement and so I founded a second company to meet this demand. I wanted the second company to be a training company that would teach technique, professionalism, responsibility, work ethic and Dance and Theater etiquette. RHAW's (Rennie Harris Awe-Inspiring Works) mission is to focus on the education of the youth and mentorship. In addition the youth will learn the history of hip-hop and its relativity to today's fast growing youth culture. Artistically RHAWS choreographic works are less complexed than the first company. RHAW prides itself on going back to the basics of street dance and presenting works that are reflective of its original movement vocabulary and aesthetic." ~Rennie Harris~


Ambitransitive verb

An ambitransitive verb is a verb that is both intransitive and transitive. This verb may or may not require a direct object. English has many ambitransitive verbs. Examples include "read", "break", and "understand" (e.g., "I read the book", saying what was read, or just "I read all afternoon").
Ambitransitive verbs are common in some languages, and much less so in other languages, where valency tends to be fixed, and there are explicit valency-changing operations (such as passive voice, antipassive voice, applicatives, causatives, etc.).
Agentive and patientive.
Generally speaking, there are two types of ambitransitive verbs, distinguished by the alignment of the semantic roles of their arguments with their syntactic roles.
Agentive.
Agentive (S = A) ambitransitives are those where the single argument of the intransitive (S) is agentive and it corresponds to the agent (A) of the transitive. In "Mary" (S) "is knitting", and "Mary" (A) "is knitting a scarf" (O), the person doing the knitting in both sentences is Mary. Likely candidates for this type of ambitransitive include those where an action can be described in general terms or with respect to a specific patient. English examples include "eat", "follow", "help", "knit", "read", "try", "watch", "win", "know", and many others. These transitive versions have been called unergative verbs, but this term is not fully accepted since it is used for many other senses.
Patientive.
Patientive (S = O) ambitransitives are those where the single argument of the intransitive (S) corresponds to the object (O) of the transitive. For example, in the sentence "John (S) tripped" and "John (A) tripped Mary (O)", John is doing the falling in the first sentence. Likely candidates for this type of ambitransitive are verbs that affect an agent spontaneously, or those that can be engineered by an agent. English has "bend", "break", "burn", "burst", "change", "cool", "enter", "extend", "fall", "frighten", "grow", "hurry", "melt", "move", "open", "spill", "stretch", "trip", "turn", "twist", and many other verbs. Such verbs are also called labile verbs (or "ergative verbs").
Confusingly, verbs of this type have also been called unaccusative verbs, middle voice, anticausative verbs in the literature, but these terms usually have other meanings in the literature. In a useful discussion of the terminology, Dixon flat out rejects the use of the word ergative to describe such verbs, which was originated by Halladay's 1967 paper and propagated by Lyons' 1968 textbook, because the "ergativity" is contained entirely in the lexical unit and has no influence on a language's overall morphological or syntactic ergativity.
For some of these verbs, native speakers' intuition tells us these words are primarily transitive and secondarily intransitive (such as "smash" or "extend"). For other words, the opposite is true ("trip", "explode", "melt", "dissolve", "walk", "march"). This latter group can be said to undergo change into a causative verb.
Pseudo-reflexivity.
Alternating ambitransitives are not uncommon in English. In the Romance languages, such verbs are rarely found, since the same semantic concept is covered by pseudo-reflexive verbs. These verbs behave like ambitransitives, but the intransitive form requires a clitic pronoun that usually serves also for reflexive constructions. See for example, in Spanish (which uses the pronoun "se" in the third person):
In the example, the verbs "romper", "hundir" and "derretir" are all transitive; they become intransitive by using the pseudo-reflexive clitic, and the direct object becomes the intransitive subject.
Ambiguity may arise between these and true reflexive forms, especially when the intransitive subject is animate (and therefore a possible agent). "Me estoy hundiendo" usually means "I'm sinking" (patientive first person), but it could also mean "I'm sinking myself", "I'm getting myself sunk" (agentive).


Glyn W. Humphreys

Glyn W. Humphreys (28 December 1954 – 14 January 2016) was a British cognitive neuropsychologist and academic. He was the Watts Professor of Experimental Psychology and principal investigator for the CNN Lab at Oxford University. He had previously worked at the University of Birmingham in the School of Psychology, where he held an honorary professorship of Cognitive Psychology. He died on 14 January 2016.
Early life.
Glyn Humphreys was born on 28 December 1954 in Ormskirk, Lancashire, the son of Glyn Humphreys Sr, a lecturer in building project management at Liverpool University, and Dorothy (née Cross). He was educated at Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby followed by the University of Bristol where he gained both his bachelor's degree in 1976 and PhD in 1980.
Academic career.
Humphreys was previously a professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Birmingham, where he still holds an honorary professorship.
Humphreys was the Watts Professor of Experimental Psychology, head of the psychology department and principal investigator for the CNN Lab at Oxford University. He was also Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford.
He was special professor at the University of Leipzig, University of Peking and the National Academy of Sciences China.
He edited the "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology", "Visual Cognition" and the "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance".
He was a president of the Experimental Psychology Society and the president of the British Neuropsychology Society.
Research background.
His research interests covered a broad range of topics, from the diagnosis and management of cognitive problems after brain injury, as well as visual attention, perception, social cognition, language and the control of action. His work covers a wide range of neuropsychological disorders including agnosia, apraxia, action disorganisation syndrome, alexia and amnesia, and includes the development of new clinical screening instruments for detecting cognitive problems after brain injury.
Humphreys published over 500 journal articles and 16 books.
Honours and awards.
Humphreys held the Spearman Medal and President's Medal from the British Psychological Society, as well as the society's Cognitive Psychology Prize in 1998 and 2012. He was awarded the Donald Broadbent Prize for cognitive psychology research from the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (2012). He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, the Humboldt Foundation and the British Academy. He was awarded an Honorary Life Fellowship of the Belgian Association for Psychological Science in 2002 and the British Psychological Society in 2012.


Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

The Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay is one of the three screenwriting Writers Guild of America Awards, focused specifically for film. The Writers Guild of America began making the distinction between an original screenplay and an adapted screenplay in 1970, when Waldo Salt, screenwriter for "Midnight Cowboy", won for "Best Adapted Drama" and Arnold Schulman won "Best Adapted Comedy" for his screenplay of "Goodbye, Columbus". Separate awards for dramas and comedies continued until 1985.
Writers with multiple nominations.
The following writers have received three or more nominations:


Sydney Lea

Sydney Lea is an American poet, novelist, essayist, editor, and professor, and was the Poet Laureate of Vermont (2011-15). His most recent book is "The Exquisite Triumph of Wormboy" (Word/Galaxy, 2020, a graphic mock-epic poem in collaboration with former Vermont Cartoonist Laureate James Kochalka, and he has a thirteenth collection of poetry, "Here" now out from Four Way Books, 2019. He has taught for the Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program at Dartmouth College, and at Yale University, Wesleyan University, Vermont College, Middlebury College, Franklin University Switzerland, and the National Hungarian University. He founded "New England Review" in 1977 and edited it till 1989. His work has appeared in literary journals and magazines including "The New Yorker", "The Atlantic", "The New Republic", "The New York Times", "Sports Illustrated", "Virginia Quarterly Review". His work across the genres has appeared in some sixty anthologies. He lives in [[Newbury , Vermont. His work "Mudtime" has been set as a long form song cycle for voice and string quartet by the composer [[Joseph Hallman]] which the poet described as "a high point of my term as poet laureate. It was so refreshing and so different, a great shot in the arm." It was premiered in 2014 by Hallman's long term collaborator, Abigail Haynes-Lennox and the 802 Quartet at the [[Vermont College of Fine Arts]]. He has since collaborated with the Vermont Contemporary Music Ensemble on a number of multimedia presentations. Lea was a finalist in poetry for the Pulitzer Prize in 2001.
Published works.
Full-Length Poetry Collections
Novels
Essay Collections
Anthology Publications
Anthologies Edited
External links.
[[Category:Poets Laureate of Vermont]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University faculty]]
[[Category:Novelists from Vermont]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:Fulbright Scholars]]
[[Category:Rockefeller Fellows]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:People from Newbury, Vermont]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American male essayists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Connecticut]]


Sima Eyvazova

Sima Eyvazova (; 2 October 1933 – 6 May 2009), was an Azerbaijani diplomat, first representative of the independent Republic at the United Nations Office in Geneve between 1994 and 1999.
Biography.
Born in Baku, her father was doctor and studied Philology at the Baku State University.
She began to work at the age of 16 and at 23 worked in the Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan during the Second Secretaryship of Vladimir Semichastny. At the age of 26, by decision of the Central Committee, she was sent to study at the Diplomatic Higher School in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, which graduated with honors.
Diplomat career.
She has worked in the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the 2nd European Division, which deals with the relations of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom, and in the external offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - at the Soviet embassy in London and Sofia, as well as in the United Nations system at the UN Headquarters in New York, UN offices in Geneva and Vienna.
In 1982, the 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, invited her to serve as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Azerbaijani SSR.
From 1985 to 1993, she worked in a responsible position at the United Nations Office in Geneva.
Since January 1994, she has served as the permanent representative of Azerbaijan in the United Nations office in Geneva and other international organizations in Switzerland.
By decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, of March 4, 1997, was appointed to the UN Office in Geneva and other international organizations in Switzerland with the rank of Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador.
She maintained friendly relations with other well-known diplomats from Azerbaijan, like Tahira Tahirova and Elmira Gafarova.
Sima Eyvazova became the first professional diplomat of the recent Republic of Azerbaijan, also the only non-Russian women of the former USSR who graduated from the Superior Diplomatic School of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In October 1991, while working at the UN office in Geneve, she resigned from the Soviet diplomatic service and registered as a citizen of an independent Republic of Azerbaijan, becoming the first employee in the history of the UN who had the Azerbaijani citizenship.


Anand Dev Bhatt

Ananda Dev Bhatta () is a Nepali literaturist and politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). He is the President of the Progressive Writers' Movement.
Education
Bhatta contested the 1999 election in the Baitadi-2 constituency, coming second with 7611 votes.