James Prinsep

James Prinsep FRS (20 August 1799 – 22 April 1840) was an English scholar, orientalist and antiquary. He was the founding editor of the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" and is best remembered for deciphering the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts of ancient India. He studied, documented and illustrated many aspects of numismatics, metallurgy, meteorology apart from pursuing his career in India as an assay master at the mint in Benares.
Early life.
James Prinsep was the seventh son and the tenth child of John Prinsep (1746–1830) and his wife, Sophia Elizabeth Auriol (1760–1850). John Prinsep went to India in 1771 with almost no money and became a successful indigo planter. He returned to England in 1787 with a fortune of £40,000 and established himself as an East India merchant. He moved to Clifton in 1809 after incurring losses. His connections helped him find work for all his sons and several members of the Prinsep family rose to high positions in India. John Prinsep later became a Member of Parliament. James initially went to study in a school in Clifton run by a Mr. Bullock but learnt more at home from his older siblings. He showed a talent for detailed drawing and mechanical invention and this made him study architecture under the gifted but eccentric Augustus Pugin. His eyesight however declined due to an infection and he was unable to take up architecture as a profession. His father knew of an opening in the assay department at the mint in India and sent him to train in chemistry at Guy's Hospital and later as an apprentice to Robert Bingley, assay master at the Royal Mint in London (1818–19).
Career in India.
Prinsep found a position as an assay master at the Calcutta mint and reached Calcutta along with his brother Henry Thoby on 15 September 1819. Within a year at Calcutta, he was sent by his superior, the eminent orientalist Horace Hayman Wilson, to work as assay master at the Benares mint. He stayed at Benares until the closure of that mint in 1830. He then moved back to Calcutta as deputy assay master, and when Wilson resigned in 1832, he was made assay master (overruling Wilson's nominee for that position, James Atkinson) at the new silver mint designed in Greek revival style by Major W. N. Forbes.
His work as assay master led him to conduct many scientific studies. He worked on means for measuring high temperatures in furnaces accurately. The publication of his technique in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" in 1828 led to his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He suggested the possibility of visual pyrometric measurement using a calibrated series of mica plates as well as using the thermal expansion of platinum but considered that a practical approach was to use calibrated combinations of platinum, gold and silver alloys placed in a cupel or crucible and observe their melting. He also described a pyrometer that measured the expansion of a small amount of air held within a gold bulb. In 1833 he called for reforms to Indian weights and measures and advocated a uniform coinage based on the new silver rupee of the East India Company. He also devised a balance so sensitive as to measure three-thousandth of a grain (≈0.19 mg).
Architecture.
James Prinsep continued to take an interest in architecture at Benares. Regaining his eyesight, he studied and illustrated temple architecture, designed the new mint building at Benares as well as a church. In 1822 he conducted a survey of Benares and produced an accurate map at the scale of 8 inches to a mile. This map was lithographed in England. He also painted a series of watercolours of monuments and festivities in Benares which were sent to London in 1829 and published between 1830 and 1834 as "Benares Illustrated, in a Series of Drawings". He helped design an arched tunnel to drain stagnant lakes and improve the sanitation of the densely populated areas of Benares and built a stone bridge over the Karamansa river. He helped restore the minarets of Aurangzeb which were in a state of collapse. When he moved to Calcutta, he offered to help complete a canal that had been planned by his brother Thomas but left incomplete by the latter's death in 1830. Thomas's canal linked the River Hooghly with branches of the Ganges further to the east.
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
In 1829, Captain James D. Herbert started a serial called "Gleanings in Science". Captain Herbert, however, was posted as Astronomer to the King of Oudh in 1830, leaving the journal to the editorship of James Prinsep, who was himself the primary contributor to it. In 1832 he succeeded H. H. Wilson as secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and suggested that the Society should take over "Gleanings in Science" and produce the "Journal of the Asiatic Society". Prinsep became the founding editor of this journal and contributed articles on chemistry, mineralogy, numismatics and on the study of Indian antiquities. He was also very interested in meteorology and the tabulation of observations and the analysis of weather data from across the country. He worked on the calibration of instruments to measure humidity and atmospheric pressure. He continued to edit the journal until his illness in 1838 which led to his leaving India and subsequently his death. Many of the plates in the journal were illustrated by him.
Numismatist.
Coins were Prinsep's first interest. He interpreted coins from Bactria and Kushan as well as Indian series coins, including "punch-marked" ones from the Gupta series. Prinsep suggested that there were three stages; the punch-marked, the die-struck, and the cast coins. Prinsep also reported upon the native punch-marked coinage, noting that they were better known in eastern India.
Brahmi script philologist.
As a result of Prinsep's work as an editor of the Asiatic Society's journal, coins and copies of inscriptions were transmitted to him from all over India, to be deciphered, translated, and published.
The first successful attempts at deciphering Brahmi were made in 1836 by Norwegian scholar Christian Lassen, who used the bilingual Greek-Brahmi coins of Indo-Greek kings Agathocles and Pantaleon to correctly identify several Brahmi letters. The task was then completed by Prinsep, who was able to identify the rest of the Brahmi characters, with the help of Alexander Cunningham.
In a series of results that he published between 1836–38 Prinsep was able to decipher the inscriptions on rock edicts found around India. The edicts in Brahmi script mentioned a King "Devanampriya Piyadasi" which Prinsep initially assumed was a Sri Lankan king. He was then able to associate this title with Ashoka on the basis of Pali script from Sri Lanka communicated to him by George Turnour. These scripts were found on the pillars at Delhi and Allahabad and on rock inscriptions from both sides of India, and also the Kharosthi script in the coins and inscriptions of the north-west. The idea of "Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum", a collection of Indian epigraphy, was first suggested by Prinsep and the work was formally begun by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1877. His studies on inscriptions helped in the establishment of date of Indian dynasties based on references to Antiochus and other Greeks.
Prinsep's research and writing were not confined to India. Prinsep also delved into the early history of Afghanistan, producing several works that touched on archaeological finds in that country. Many of the collections were sent by Alexander Burnes. After James Prinsep's death, his brother Henry Thoby Prinsep published in 1844 a volume exploring the numismatist's work on collections made from Afghanistan.
Other pursuits.
A talented artist and draftsman, Prinsep made meticulous sketches of ancient monuments, astronomy, instruments, fossils and other subjects. He was also very interested in understanding weather. He designed a modified barometer that automatically compensated for temperature. He maintained meteorological registers, apart from supplying barometers to volunteers and graphically summarising the records of others. He conducted experiments on practical methods to prevent rusting of iron surfaces.
Personal life.
Prinsep married Harriet Sophia Aubert, elder daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Jeremiah Aubert (grandson of Alexander Aubert) of the Bengal army and his wife Hannah, at the cathedral in Calcutta on 25 April 1835. They had a daughter Eliza in 1837 who was to be the only child to survive.
He was elected a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1839.
Death and legacy.
Prinsep literally worked himself to death. From 1838 he began to suffer from recurrent headaches and sickness. It was initially thought to be related to a liver (bilious) condition and he was forced to get away from his studies and left for England in November 1838 aboard the "Herefordshire". He arrived in England in poor condition and did not recover. He died on 22 April 1840 in his sister Sophia Haldimand's home at 31 Belgrave Square of a "softening of the brain". A genus of plant "Prinsepia" was named after him by the botanist John Forbes Royle in 1839 in appreciation of his work.
News of his death reached India and several memorials were commissioned. A bust at the Asiatic Society was to be made by Francis Chantrey but was finished by Henry Weekes. Prinsep Ghat, a Palladian porch on the bank of the Hooghly River designed by W. Fitzgerald in 1843, was erected in his memory by the citizens of Calcutta. Part of his original collection of ancient coins and artefacts from the Indian subcontinent is now in the British Museum, London.


Cosette Lee

Cosette Lee (10 July 191019 September 1976) was a Canadian stage, radio, television and film actress. Though she was a stalwart character doyenne, prominent in every arena of the theatre arts in Canada, she is best remembered for her roles as Raxl, Daughter of the Priestess of the Serpent on "Strange Paradise ("1969-70)"," and as Ma Cobb in "Deranged" (1975).
Early life and career.
Cosette Lee began acting at a very young age; she grew up in the midst of a decided theatrical atmosphere at home. Born Mabel Cosette LeGassicke, she stated in a 1966 interview that her ancestors were of Normandy French stock. Cosette recalled: "My mother gave me the name Cosette, thinking it couldn't be shortened. My grandmother once remarked I looked 'cosy' in my crib, and I've been Cosy ever since. It sounds like a fan dancer." (Cosette was often billed as Cosy Lee in her earlier years.) She further stated: "My first professional appearance was with the Von Glazer Players, a Toronto stock company, in "Peter Pan". I was Toodles, the leader of the gang of children, and it was at the Uptown Theatre." This was apparently sometime around 1916-19 (she was vague about the date in interviews).
Her mother, a milliner, made hats for some of the celebrated actresses of the World War I period in Toronto. Her father acted in "minstrel" shows at the YMCA, and also appeared in church theatricals. Asked when she had known she was going to be an actress, Cosette cited a family atmosphere in which she was encouraged to do little performances at home for the entertainment of the adults:
"They encouraged me. They knew I loved it. My aunt used to say: 'Cosy, tell us about your trip to New York,' and I'd put on my father's hat and my mother's shoes and carry a briefcase for a valise, and I'd go on and on about my New York trip. I was three or four and had never been to New York."
After "Peter Pan", the young Cosy continued to participate in other productions. She took a secretarial course as a young woman and graduated from it, but acting work remained steady and she remained in the theatre. Her mother had taught her to sew and she often made her own costumes. Besides plays, she also had a career as a "character elocutionist," performing mostly comic monologues in a style that in some ways anticipates the stand-up comedy boom of the present era.
This was the story as Cosette told it in a 1966 interview, and was one that is found in other interviews she gave over the course of the final decade of her life. In a 1963 interview, she gave a less rosy-coloured image of her early life:
"Born Cosette Le Gassicke, the oldest of five daughters, Miss Lee had no encouragement from her parents in her acting aspirations. Too precarious a living, they said; take a business course. She took one, and loathed it.
"[Cosette remembered:] 'Then at 16 I got a part in "The Trial of Mary Duggan" at the Grand Opera House. And I knew I could not turn back.'
"From 16 to 22 she put in an apprenticeship in the U. S., learning 'the craft' with people like Wallace Ford, Leo Carillo, Walter Kingsford, Spring Byington. They were good years.
"[Cosette continued:]'Then, in 1932, I got a telegram as I was reading for a part in New York to say that the clothing business my father had worked for had gone under, and I was needed back home. Depression was sinking showbusiness in Toronto; the stock companies like the Grand Opera, the Empire, the Vaughan Glaser and the Cameron Mathews, were folding. I had to do something, and there seemed nothing to do.'" It seems to have been at this time that she worked as a puppeteer, among other jobs. In this interview, Cosette gave the date 1936 for the date of her first radio play, organized by Win Barron. This was described as a half-hour murder mystery titled "Vitrol", presumably a serial. It was at this time that the actress adopted the professional name of Cosette Lee.
"Vitrol", and other productions which followed, was produced on radio station CFCH (which subsequently became the CBC). Cosette remembered:
"... we all sat around a squat little microphone placed in the centre of a table in a very small room, and each in turn would speak into the obect. We also did our own sound effects, and at the appropriate moment, would scramble from our chairs, race to a corner of the room near the controls, and rattle some cellophane to imitate the sound of fire, or use some other elementary sort of approach. It was fun, and I think that the young people now are missing a lot."
The work in radio kept her busy, and included appearances in a Canadian radio production of the popular comic strip "Buck Rogers", as well as a morning show, "Good morning Breakfast Club." These were in the 1930s. It was in the 1940s that her stage career really took off. Favorite roles she mentioned frequently in interviews included Madam Arcati in Noel Coward's "Blithe Spirit" (she played in at least four different productions of it), Madam Alvarez in "Gigi", Lady Bracknell in Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest," and the Bernard Shaw drama, "Arms and the Man"
Cosette created a one woman show in the early 1950s. It was a success, and she presented it three years in a row. In 1963 Cosette recalled:
People asked me, how could I be so egotistical to think I could do a whole two-hour show myself? But I admired Ruth Draper tremendously, and it was a great challenge. And it helped me improve my craft. The other day, I had an argument with an actor, who wanted to know how to play a part. All the books he'd read, he said, claimed it wasn't right, the way he was doing it. Does it FEEL right, I asked him. Well, yes, he said. Then that's the way to do it, I told him. We need more confidence in the acting profession! more American get-up-and-go."
The 1950s and 1960s: Work in television and film.
In 1960, Cosette appeared opposite future "Strange Paradise" co-stars Jack Creley and Dawn Greenhalgh in a play, "Tunnel of Love", performed at the Lansdowne Theatre in Toronto. A reviewer commented: "Cosette Lee... has just the trick of making bricks with very little straw." (Jack Creley, who went on to portray the suavely villainous Laslo Thaxton on "Strange Paradise", was thus described: "Mr. Creley offers a model of intense comedy technique. No gag, or even suspicion of a gag, slips by the mobile puckered Creley countenance, while the lithe Creley form describes endlessly the tensions of the amateur deceiver.")
Her scrapbooks, as preserved in the Cosette Lee Collection in the Toronto Public Library, reveal active television work beginning in 1955 and continuing down until the mid 1970s. She had considerable work acting in commercials. Early drama appearances in the medium included "Forever Galatea" (1955), "The Runaways" (1958), "Bousille and the Just" (1962), Pearl Tolliver in "Scarlett Hll" (1963) an early Canadian soap opera, "A Train of Murder" (1964–65), and "A Game Like Only a Game" (1965). A prominent television role for her was on 2 March 1965 in an episode of CBC-TV's "Eye Opener", "The Trial of Joseph Brodsky". She also appeared in a brief but memorable character role as a garrulous landlady in the UK-Canadian co-production "Seaway" (also 1965). The latter show was rerun on one of the vintage television channels in Australia in 2014.
She achieved greater national renown among television viewers across the country with her regular role was as Maggie Hatch in the "Hatch's Mill" (1966–67). In this series, she played opposite Sylvia Feigel, a young Canadian actress who went on to portray Holly on "Strange Paradise."
Perhaps Cosette's best-remembered television role was in the 1969-70 television show "Strange Paradise". Unlike her other television work, "Strange Paradise" was syndicated in the US and in subsequent repeat markets throughout the 1970s-1980s and beyond, with episodes available on YouTube since around 2009. It has become firmly established as a "cult" television series. Cosette's character was featured on the cover of a novel devoted to her, "Raxl, Voodoo Priestess" (1970), by Dorothy Daniels.
Working conditions on the occult-themed serial were at times harsh and stressful, particularly in the early months. In a newspaper article from the autumn of 1969, the reporter recorded the following:
"You should have been here during the first few weeks in August," one of the actors said. "It was horrendous. They talked about taping eight episodes a week, but technicians, Ottawa people, had never done anything like this before. Breakdowns happened all over the place. We got three done the first week.
"We were working a 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. day. Temperatures in the studio reached 120 degrees and we had to faint to get some air conditioning. Morale was terrible."
Despite the difficulties, Cosette claimed to have happy memories when she spoke of working on the serial a couple of years later. In a 1972 interview she recalled :
"We camped it up at rehearsals, which nearly gave the director heart failure. I like to kid and I expect others to kid. But after we'd done it for 11 months, I was sorry to leave all those nice people."
In 1968, Cosette appeared in the film "My Side of the Mountain." Other roles included "Change of Mind" (1969), and "The First Time." She played Ma Cobb, the mother of psychotic serial killer Ezra Cobb in the 1974 film "Deranged" alongside Roberts Blossom. Her final projects involved roles in "His Mother" and "The Far Shore", both released in 1976—she worked almost up to the very end.
Homelife.
In the 1960s, Cosette married longtime beau Charles Fryer. She was a resident of Willowdale, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Gardening and cooking were two of her favorite leisure activities, along with sewing, of course. She enjoyed furnishing her home with antiques and mementos of the old days. She was much beloved in Canadian theatre circles for her bubbling, vivacious sense of humor and love of laughter.
Archives.
Toronto Public Library holds a Cosette Lee Collection 1911; 1920–1976, which contains programs, press clippings, photographs, correspondence, scripts, business papers, documents from professional organizations, memorabilia, all in 3 boxes and 812 items.


Kelly Benoit-Bird

Kelly Benoit-Bird is a marine scientist and senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Benoit-Bird uses acoustics to study marine organisms and was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2010.
Work and discoveries.
Benoit-Bird's research uses acoustical tools to study the interactions between predators and their prey in marine environments. Key linkages characterized in the lab's research include simultaneous tracking of predator-prey pairs such as northern fur seals and their prey juvenille pollock, spinner dolphins and micronekton, fish and zooplankton in thin layers in Monterey Bay, and beaked whales and squid. Benoit-Bird's research has also used acoustic measurements to examine how changes in the phase of the moon impact the migration of small marine organisms and the ability of predators such as spinner and dusky dolphins to find their prey. In research conducted off California, Brandon Southall and Benoit-Bird determined that beaked whales prefer to forage within a Navy test range due to the high density of prey available to the peaked whales in that region. Benoit-Bird has also developed instrumentation to make acoustic measurements with submersibles and autonomous vehicles.
Early life.
Benoit-Bird has been fascinated by the ocean since fourth grade, and is the first in her family to attend college.


The Sphere College Project

The Sphere College Project is a project to create a high-quality, financially accessible educational institution for adults. It was founded in April 2009 in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania to provide education to adults who do not fit the prevailing model of higher education. The Sphere College Project is not currently a degree-granting institution.
Educational philosophy.
The educational philosophy of The Sphere College Project is influenced by other experimental institutions, including Black Mountain College and Hampshire College, and incorporates elements of self-organization. The underlying principle behind the organizational structure of the institution is that no one individual is capable of having sufficient knowledge of the system to completely design it beforehand. The institution reacts to its needs in real-time and must provide sufficient infrastructure to ensure progress toward the common goal, embodied in the mission statement. Since students process information in different ways, the institution must adjust to support their individual learning styles. The philosophy is based on the following disciplines, including the sciences (human/computer interaction; digital communication networks; digital gaming); the arts; and the humanities.
Program of study.
The program of study proposed by The Sphere College Project proceeds in three phases:
Movement through the phases will proceed according to the schedule of the student. The Sphere College Project is not currently a degree-granting institution. It may, in the future, award degrees and seek accreditation.


Laynie Browne

Laynie Browne (born 1966, Los Angeles) is an American poet. Her work explores notions of silence and the invisible, through the re-contextualization of poetic forms, such as sonnets ("Daily Sonnets"), tales ("The Scented Fox"), letters ("The Desires of Letters"), psalms ("Lost Parkour Ps(alms)) "and others.
Life.
Laynie Browne received her M.F.A. from Brown University in 1990. She was a member of the Subtext collective, Seattle, and The Ear Inn in New York City.
Browne has worked as an arts educator in public K–12 schools, with a focus on poetry. She has taught at University of Washington, Mills College, and at the Poetry Center at the University of Arizona. Currently, she is a professor of creative writing at the University of Pennsylvania. Browne also serves as a mentor in the Afghan Women's Writing Project.
Her work has appeared in "The Norton Anthology of Postmodern American Poetry", "Conjunctions", "Fence", "Monkey Puzzle, Ecopoetry: A Contemporary American Anthology", "Poet’s Choice. "She is co-editor of" I’ll Drown My Book: Conceptual Writing by Women ("Les Figues Press, 2012") a"nd is currently editing an anthology of original essays on the Poet's Novel"." Browne's other current project, "You Envelop Me", utilizes the elegy to investigate birth and loss within the context of the mourning process. “Attempts to illuminate once-hidden meanings are points of perforation, punctures in the fabric of writing,” says Browne. “I consider form as a container, lens, garment, dwelling, and means of locomotion.”
She lives in Wallingford, Pennsylvania.


Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander

Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander (January 2, 1898 – November 1, 1989), was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in economics in the United States (1921), and the first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. She was the first African-American woman to practice law in Pennsylvania, following in her father's footsteps. She was the first national president of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, serving from 1919 to 1923.
In 1946 she was appointed to the President's Committee on Civil Rights established by Harry Truman. She was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia. She and her husband were both active in civil rights. In 1952 she was appointed to the city's Commission on Human Relations, serving through 1968. She was President of John F. Kennedy Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law (1963). In 1979, Jimmy Carter appointed her as chair of the White House Conference on Aging (WHCoA). She served on the board of the National Urban League for 25 years.
Biography.
Sadie Tanner Mossell was born on January 2, 1898 in Philadelphia to Aaron Albert Mossell II and Mary Louisa Tanner (born 1867).
Mossell attended high school in Washington, D.C., at the M Street School, now known as Dunbar High School, graduating in 1915.
Mossell returned to Philadelphia to study at the School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1918. There, she faced numerous hardships, due to her race and gender, such as poor advising, false accusations of plagiarism, and other students stealing her intellectual property. She pursued graduate work in economics, also at Penn, earning her master's in 1919. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Pepper fellowship, she was able to continue her studies and in 1921 became the second African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D.
Finding it difficult to get professorship work in Philadelphia as an African-American even with her doctorate, Mossell decided to take an actuarial job with the black-owned North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company in Durham, North Carolina and worked there for two years.
In 1919, Sadie Tanner Mossell was elected the first national President of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. Mossell Alexander also served as the legal advisor to Delta Sigma Theta sorority for 35 years. She was in contact with the Alpha Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta since 1915 when she arrived at the University of Pennsylvania. However, she needed five students to charter a chapter of the sorority, which was not possible until 1918. In March 1918, the Gamma Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta was established with Mossell as its first President. At the request of the Alpha Chapter, the four existing chapters of Delta Sigma Theta were called to convene at Howard University in December 1919. The sorority planned to host their meetings in the women's dormitory on campus until Mossell's uncle Lewis Baxter Moore offered his office as a meeting place. At this convention, the Grand Chapter of the sorority was established, taking the sorority from a loose federation of chapters to a national body. Under, Mossell's leadership the Sorority expanded to new locales in the West, the South, and further into the Midwest and Northeast. She also initiated Delta's first national program, May Week.
In 1923, Mossell married Raymond Pace Alexander shortly after he was admitted to the bar, then returned with him to Philadelphia. Mossell received job offers from several Black colleges and universities, but none of them were located in Philadelphia, and she had no desire to leave her new family. So she stayed home for a year, did volunteer work, and eventually entered law school. She was the first African-American woman admitted to the University of Pennsylvania Law School. In 1927, she was its first African-American woman graduate, and the first to be admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar.
Mossell Alexander practiced law from 1927 until her retirement in 1982. Upon admission to the Bar, she joined her husband's law practice as partner, specializing in estate and family law. They both were active in civil rights law as well. In 1928 she was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia, serving to 1930. She was reappointed from 1934–1938. From 1943–1947, she was the first woman to serve as secretary of the National Bar Association. She was appointed to the Commission on Human Relations of the City of Philadelphia, serving from 1952–1968. In 1959, when her husband was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, she opened her own law office. She continued to practice law independently until her husband's death in 1974. In 1976, she joined the firm of Atkinson, Myers, and Archie as a general counsel, where she remained until her retirement.
Mossell Alexander died on November 1, 1989 at Cathedral Village in Andorra, Philadelphia, from pneumonia as a complication from Alzheimer's disease. She was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery.
Family.
Her maternal grandfather was Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835–1923), a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and editor of the "Christian Recorder". Bishop Tanner and his wife had seven children, including Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859–1937), who became a noted painter, and Hallie Tanner Johnson, the first female physician to practice medicine in Alabama and who established the Nurses' School and Hospital at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
Her father, Aaron Albert Mossell II (1863-1951), was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Law and practiced as a lawyer in Philadelphia. In 1899, when his daughter Sadie was 1 year old, he abandoned his family and moved to Wales. Her uncle, Nathan Francis Mossell (1856–1946) was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
Mossell Alexander's siblings include Aaron Albert Mossell III (1893–1975), who became a pharmacist; and Elizabeth Mossell (1894–1975), who became a Dean of Women at Virginia State College, a historically black college.
During her high school years, Mossell lived in Washington, DC with her uncle, Lewis Baxter Moore, who was dean at Howard University.
On November 29, 1923, Sadie Tanner Mossell married Raymond Pace Alexander (1897–1974) in her parents' home on Diamond Street in North Philadelphia, with the ceremony performed by her father. Alexander, the son of slaves, grew up in Philadelphia. He attended and graduated from Central High School (1917, valedictorian), Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (1920), and Harvard Law School (1923). At the time of this marriage, he had established a law practice in Philadelphia.
Sadie and Raymond had four premature children, with only the last two surviving. They were able to raise two daughters: Mary Elizabeth Alexander (born 1934), who married Melvin Brown; and Rae Pace Alexander (born 1937), who earned a PhD. and married Archie C. Epps III. After her divorce with Epps, in 1971 Rae Pace Alexander married Thomas Minter, and they had two sons together.
Views.
According to Nina Banks, Alexander's opposition to racial oppression was within a tradition of 19th century scholars Frederick Douglass and T. Thomas Fortune, and with later scholars W.E.B. DuBois and A. Philip Randolph. Alexander's focus was frequently on racial and economic justice for the working class, especially for working men and women. However, unlike Dubois or Randolph, Alexander never embraced socialism. Alexander also can be contrasted with Howard University radicals Ralph Bunche, E. Franklin Frazier, and fellow black economist Abram Harris. For example, Harris wrote that the fundamental problems facing blacks could be overcome through multi-racial labor organizing and did not support direct action for civil rights until blacks had achieved economic power. Alexander, on the other hand, was outspoken against white dominance in political, social, and economic spheres.
Alexander's work and views are recorded in speeches kept in the University of Pennsylvania archives. Among her earliest works are from the 1920s and discuss black workers in the US economy. In 1930, Alexander published an article, "Negro Women in Our Economic Life", which was published in Urban League's Opportunity magazine advocating black women's employment, particularly in industrial jobs. Alexander generally supported the Republican Party, suspicious of the control of conservative southern whites over the Democratic Party, although she also criticized Republican political appointments, as well as what she saw as uneven benefits of the New Deal which did not do enough to help blacks who were most hurt by the great depression. During World War II, Alexander saw similarities in a rise in racial violence and discrimination in the US as paralleling the treatment of Jews in Germany. Near the end of the war, she supported integrating labor unions to increase their bargaining power once the war economy slowed and industrial employment moved toward pre-war levels. Her interest in labor economic issues extended to advocating for government regulation to smooth fluctuations in the business cycle, modification of tariffs, regulation of public utilities, and regulation of securities and securities markets.
After the war she was appointed to Truman's Presidential Committee on Human Rights and shifted her focus to civil and human rights. Evidence in the archives suggests that her focus was in this direction for over a decade. In 1963 she gave a speech to the Annual Conference of Commission on Human Rights and she returned to the topic of economic justice, advocating for universal employment.
In a 1981 interview she did with the Geriatric Nursing journal about her position as chair of the WHCoA, Alexander expressed her disapproval of anti-abortion legislation. She advocated for better benefits for nurses and stressed their vitality to the healthcare system. She also expressed that everyone, no matter their age or educational level, can add value to the economy with the proper support.


Guillaume de Jerphanion

Guillaume de Jerphanion, born at Pontevès in 1877, died in Rome on 22 October 1948, was a French Jesuit, epigrapher, geographer, photographer, linguist, archaeologist and Byzantinist.
He served as an officer-interpreter with the French Légion d'Orient in Cyprus in 1918, and became professor and member of the Pontifical Oriental Institute at Rome. He was elected as a member of the French Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres in 1947.
He was the first scholar to undertake systematic explorations in Cappadocia, the results of which he disseminated in the form of numerous publications. Between 1925 and 1942, he published the monumental work "Une nouvelle province de l'art byzantin, les églises rupestres de Cappadoce" ("A new province of Byzantine art, the rock-cut churches of Cappadocia") in two volumes of text and three of images.


Bolgo language

The Bolgo language is a member of the Bua languages spoken in south-central Chad, in the villages of Koya, Boli, Gagne, and Bedi southeast of Melfi, by about 1,800 people (SIL 1993). Speakers also make up the majority of the population of Sorki canton in Chinguil sub-prefecture.
Dialects.
According to de Rendinger, it has two principal dialects, Bolgo Werel around Daguela and Bolgo Mengo around Aloa-Niagara, as well as a dialect called Bolgo Bormo; according to the Ethnologue, its principal dialects are called Bolgo Dugag and Bolgo Kubar ("small" and "great" Bolgo.) Great Bolgo is spoken to the north, bordering Mogum and Saba; Little Bolgo is spoken to the south, bordering the closely related language Koke as well as Chadian Arabic.
Bolgo groups and names listed by Kastenholz (2017:4):
Grammar.
Its typical word order is subject–verb–object, noun–adjective, aspect–verb, possessor–possessed. There is no true plural, but "-gi" serves as a collective marker. The verb is negated with "ta", placed at the end of the sentence.
Example sentences:


Tha language

Tha (θá)is an Adamawa language of Nigeria.


Atrauli Gharana

The Atrauli Gharana is a Hindustani music apprenticeship fraternity ("orignal gharana"), founded by four brothers from the Gauharbani tradition who moved to Atrauli from Gwalior in the late-18th century. The gharana is best known for its influence and association with the Jaipur-Atrauli and Agra gharanas.
This tradition acquired its celebrated status as its representatives, like Alladiya Khan, Faiyaz Khan, and Vilayat Hussain Khan, grew with acclaim in the 20th Century. The gharana is known for its distinctive vocal aesthetics, raga repertoire, and technical aptitude.
History.
The gharana was formed in the 18th Century by four brothers - Hidayat Khan, Mughul Khan, Karim Hussain Khan, and Jabbar Khan - who were musicians that settled in Atrauli from Gwalior at the invitation of its Nawab.
Unlike the Agra Gharana, which comes from the Nauharbani tradition, and the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana, which comes from the Dagarbani tradition, the Atrauli Gharana emerged from the Gauharbani tradition.
Lineage.
The following family trees are based on reports by Vilayat Hussain Khan.


Robert A. Oden

Robert Allen Oden Jr. (; born September 11, 1946) was the president of Kenyon College from 1995-2002, and president of Carleton College from July 1, 2002 until June 30, 2010. He was also a significant professor in the early years of The Teaching Company, contributing several courses—"God and Mankind: Comparative Religions", "The Christian Religions and Religious Fundamentalism", and "The Old Testament: An Introduction (2nd Edition)"—as well as recruiting professors for the series "Great World Religions (1st Edition)".
Biography.
Oden was born in Vermillion, South Dakota. He graduated "magna cum laude" and Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard University. He then earned a second bachelor's degree and a master's from Cambridge University (where he was a Marshall Scholar) and a master's in theology and a Ph.D. in near Eastern languages and literatures from Harvard. He served on the faculty of Dartmouth College as a professor of religion from 1972 to 1989, where he was the first recipient of Dartmouth's Distinguished Teaching Prize.
Oden then served in administrative positions, first as headmaster of The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut from 1989 to 1995, and afterwards as president of Kenyon College from 1995 to 2002, when he accepted the presidency at Carleton College. While president he held a faculty appointment in the religion department at Carleton, and regularly taught a fly-fishing course at the college. He said of his decision to come to Carleton, referring to his childhood just across the border from Minnesota: "Perhaps all Americans have come to know parts of this great country in which we feel special comfort and a sense of being at home; it is this that has meant for [me and my wife] Carleton College's special appeal."
Oden is a longtime recreational runner who enjoys the trails of Northfield's Cowling Arboretum, and is also an avid fly-fisherman.


Niche market

A niche market is the subset of the market on which a specific product is focused. The market niche defines the product features aimed at satisfying specific market needs, as well as the price range, production quality and the demographics that it is intended to target. It is also a small market segment. Sometimes, a product or service can be entirely designed to satisfy a niche market.
Not every product can be defined by its market niche. The niche market is highly specialized, and aiming to survive among the competition from numerous super companies. Even established companies create products for different niches; Hewlett-Packard has all-in-one machines for printing, scanning and faxing targeted for the home office niche, while at the same time having separate machines with one of these functions for big businesses.
In practice, product vendors and trade businesses are commonly referred to as "mainstream providers" or "narrow demographics niche market providers" (colloquially shortened to just "niche market providers"). Small capital providers usually opt for a niche market with narrow demographics as a measure of increasing their financial gain margins.
The final product quality (low or high) is not dependent on the price elasticity of demand, but the specific needs that the product is aimed to satisfy and, in some cases, aspects of brand recognition (e.g. prestige, practicability, money saving, expensiveness, environmental conscience, or social status). When there are needs or desires with specific and even complex characteristics, the market niche requires specialized suppliers which are capable of meeting such expectations.
Niche audience.
Unlike mass audiences, which represent a large number of people, a niche audience is an influential smaller audience. In television, technology and many industrial practices changed with the post-network era, and niche audiences are now in much greater control of what they watch. In this context of greater viewer control, television networks and production companies are trying to discover ways to profit through new scheduling, new shows, and relying on syndication. This practice of "narrowcasting" also allows advertisers to have a more direct audience for their messages.
With few exceptions, such as "American Idol", the Super Bowl and the Olympics, it is not common for a substantial audience to watch a program at once. Still, networks do target particular demographics. Lifetime targets women and MTV targets youth. Sports channels, for example, STAR Sports, ESPN, STAR Cricket, and Fox Sports, target the niche market of sports enthusiasts.


Kirana gharana

Kirana gharana is one of the most prolific Indian classical khyal gharanas, and is concerned foremost with perfect intonation of notes (swara).
Singing style.
The central concern of the Kirana style is swara, or individual notes, in particular precise tuning and expression of notes. In the Kirana Gayaki (singing style), the individual notes (swaras) of the raga are considered not just random points in the scale but independent realms of music capable of horizontal expansion. Highly emotional "pukars" in the higher octaves form a part of the musical experience. Another unique feature of this gharana is the highly intricate and ornate use of the "sargam taan" (weaving patterns with the notations themselves) introduced by Abdul Karim Khan under influence from the Carnatic classical style.
In the late nineteenth century Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan revolutionized the khayal gayaki by introducing the vilambit (a slow tempo section) to delineate the structure of the raga note by note.
Frequently performed ragas by musicians of the gharana include Todi, Lalit, Multani, Patdeep, Puriya, Marwa, Shuddha Kalyan, Darbari Kanhara, and Komal-Rishabh Asavari. Noted Marathi thespian PuLa Deshpande has pointed out that performers from the Kirana gharana are particularly fond of the Komal Re/Rishabh (or minor second in the western system) note of the classical music scale, a frequent feature of these commonly performed ragas.
History.
In the 19th-century the Kirana gharana coalesced around Miyan Bande Ali Khan, a player of the rudra veena. The gharana's style was further developed, and established as one of the prominent styles in modern Indian classical music in the late 19th / early 20th centuries by the musicians Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan. Abdul Karim Khan was an extremely popular musician, and was thus highly influential in popularizing the gharana. Some trace the gharana's roots back farther to the 13th-century musician Gopal Nayak, a Hindu musician (of the dhrupad style) who later converted to Islamic Sufism and in the process assimilated the predominantly Muslim khyal musical style.
The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Shamli District in Uttar Pradesh. It is the birthplace of Abdul Karim Khan (1872–1937), who was one of the most important musicians of this gharana and of Hindustani music in general in the twentieth century. A frequent visitor to the Court of Mysore, Abdul Karim Khan was also influenced by Carnatic music, and roots of the tradition can also be traced back to his great-grandfather Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula, the brother of Ghulam Ali.
Owing to the popularity of Abdul Karim Khan, most contemporary Hindustani musicians from Karnataka are exponents of Kirana gharana, and Kirana gharana in turn has absorbed many of the features of the Carnatic tradition. The culturally rich border region between Karnataka and Maharashtra is particularly well known for its association with the gharana.
The other primary master of the gharana, in the early 20th century, was Abdul Karim Khan's cousin Abdul Wahid Khan who chose to settle at Lahore, Pakistan after the 1947 Partition of British India.


Loo language

Loo, or Shụŋọ, is an Adamawa language of Nigeria. It is one of the more than 500 native languages spoken in that country. As of 1992, the approximate number of Loo speakers was 8,000. Those speakers reside in parts of Gombe State and also the adjacent state to the south: Taraba State.


John M. Gallagher

John Michael Gallagher (born 1966) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Education.
Gallagher earned his Bachelor of Science from Long Island University and his Juris Doctor from New York Law School.
Civil service.
Gallagher held leadership positions in both the Miami and Philadelphia Police Departments and also served as a New York City Police Officer from 1989 to 1994.
Legal career.
Gallagher was also a White House Fellow in the U.S. Department of Justice from 2000 to 2001, serving as Counsel to U.S. Attorneys General Janet Reno and John Ashcroft. From 2004 to 2019, he served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, where he was the Chief of the Allentown Branch from 2014 to 2019.
Federal judicial service.
On August 28, 2019, President Trump announced his intent to nominate Gallagher to serve as a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On October 15, 2019, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Trump nominated Gallagher to the seat vacated by Judge Joel Harvey Slomsky, who took senior status on October 9, 2018. On October 16, 2019, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On November 7, 2019, his nomination was reported out of committee by a vote of 19–3. On December 18, 2019, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a vote of 82–10. On December 19, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a vote of 83–9. He received his judicial commission on December 31, 2019.


The Canton Spirituals

The Canton Spirituals are an award-winning gospel recording group and are regarded as pioneers in the genre of traditional gospel music.
Founded in Canton, Mississippi in 1943, the original Canton Spirituals were Reverend Arthur Lee Jackson Sr., Reverend I.S. Watkins, Claude Nichols, Warren G. Ward, Isaac Bolton, Eddie Jackson, Theo Thompson, Roscoe Lucious and founder Harvey Lee Watkins, Sr. (December 5, 1929 – November 16, 1994).
, the group is fronted by Watkins' son, Harvey Watkins, Jr., and consists of Cornelius Dwayne Watkins, Billy Voss, David Curry, Merlin Lucious, Shannon Lee, Rodrick Jones, and Antoine Porter Sr.
On November 1, 2012, they released a single, "Keep Knocking." The album, "Keep Knocking" was released on December 3, 2013.
Awards.
The Canton Spirituals garnered a Grammy nomination in 1993 for the album "Live in Memphis" and were 1997 Stellar Award recipients for "Best Group/Duo of the Year" as well as "Traditional Group of the Year" for the "Living the Dream: Live In Washington, DC" album. In 1998, the group took home two awards at The American Quartet Awards for "Quartet of the Year" and "Artist of the Year".


Keith Griffin (economist)

Keith B. Griffin (born 1938 in Colon, Panama) is an economist, whose specialty is the economics of poverty reduction .
From 1979 to 1988 he was President of Magdalen College, Oxford, and he remains an honorary fellow there. During his presidency of Magdalen College, he and Senior Bursar R. W. Johnson worked to rescue the finances and buildings of the college, an effort described in Johnson's 2015 book "Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age". Griffin was the second American to ever serve as President of an Oxford college, and the youngest since World War II.
After serving as President, he chaired the department of Economics at the University of California's Riverside campus.
Griffin originally studied at Oxford at Balliol College as a Marshall Scholar after graduating from Williams College.


Asahi Net International

Asahi Net International was a subsidiary company of ASAHI Net, Inc. ASAHI Net, Inc. transferred its 100% stake in Asahi Net International, Inc. to LMS Development Holdings, Inc. on April 28, 2015. The company subsequently changed its name to Scriba Corporation.
History.
In April 2011, ASAHI Net, Inc. established Asahi Net International, Inc. in New York, USA to promote its cloud-based educational support service manaba outside Japan. In April 2013, Asahi Net International, Inc. acquired the Sakai Learning Management division of rSmart, a service provider that had co-founded the Open Source Portfolio initiative and has been a major contributor to the Sakai project since the formation of the Sakai open source community. ASAHI Net, Inc. transferred its 100% stake in Asahi Net International, Inc. to LMS Development Holdings, Inc. on April 28, 2015. The company changed its name to Scriba Corporation. Scriba Corporation provided Sakai CLE and its support for colleges and universities. Scriba Corporation was located in Mesa, Arizona. In the early summer of 2016, Scriba unexpectedly dropped its LMS service for the University of California, Davis which supports over 30,000 students. The university IT department was able to recreate the provided Sakai (software) based service in just over a week, but not without significant data loss which the company failed to ever account for.


Barry Conyngham

Emeritus Professor Barry Ernest Conyngham, , (born 27 August 1944) is an Australian composer and academic. He has over seventy published works and over thirty recordings featuring his compositions, and his works have been premiered or performed in Australia, Japan, North and South America, the United Kingdom and Europe. His output is largely for orchestra, ensemble or dramatic forces. He is an Emeritus Professor of both the University of Wollongong and Southern Cross University. He is currently Dean of the Faculty of the Fine Arts and Music at the University of Melbourne.
Biography.
Conyngham was born in Sydney. He was initially interested in jazz, and studied with Raymond Hanson and Richard Meale but turned his attention to orchestral writing in the mid-1960s with encouragement from Peter Sculthorpe. He completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Sydney in 1967, and a Master of Arts (Hons.) at the same university in 1971. In 1970 he visited Japan on a Churchill Fellowship, where he studied with Toru Takemitsu. This was unusual, as Australian composers typically chose Europe and Britain as their location for further study.
In 1972 he went to the United States on a Harkness Fellowship and gained a Certificate of Post-Doctoral Studies from the University of California, San Diego in 1973. He was a Fellow of Princeton University 1973–74, and Composer-in-Residence at the University of Aix-Marseille in 1974–75. He was a Lecturer at the University of Melbourne from 1975 to 1979, then Senior Lecturer 1975–79. He was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Minnesota, was a Senior Fulbright Fellow in 1982, and that year gained a Doctorate in Music from the University of Melbourne. He became Professor and Head of the School of Creative Arts at the University of Wollongong 1989–94. He was the Foundation Vice-Chancellor of Southern Cross University 1994–2000, based in Lismore, New South Wales.
He was the first musician to hold the Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University (2000–2001).
In 1978, he won the Albert H. Maggs Composition Award (he won it again in 2008). In 1997, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM), "for service to music as a composer and to music education and administration".
In 2000, Barry Conyngham was invited to give the 2nd Annual Peggy Glanville-Hicks Address for the Sydney Spring Festival.
In 2003, he was given a commission by the Ian Potter Music Commission Fellowship.
Conyngham has been involved with a number of arts organisations, including the World Music Council, Opera Australia, the Australian Music Centre and the Swiss Global Artistic Foundation. He has also been chairman of the Music Board of the Australia Council.
After retiring from academic life to concentrate on composition and music performance, on 22 December 2010 he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of the VCA and Music at the University of Melbourne.
Works.
PUBLISHED SCORES
(Universal Edition London, Vienna. Boosey & Hawkes London, Sydney.
Hal Leonard/CoEdition Melbourne.)


Rampur-Sahaswan gharana

Rampur-Sahaswan gharana is a gharana (musical heritage) of Hindustani classical music centred in the North-Uttar Pradesh towns of Rampur and Sahaswan. Ustad Inayat Hussain Khan (1849–1919) was the founder of this gharana.
History.
The gharana find its origins in Mehboob Khan, the chief khayal singer in the royal court of Rampur State (in present Uttar Pradesh), his tradition was followed by his son Inayat Hussain Khan (1849–1919) and in turn by Inyat's brothers-in-law, Haider Khan (1857–1927),Ustad Fida Hussain Khan and Padma Bhushan Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan (1878–1964) (The First recipient of the Padma Bhushan Award) ( , thus all the singers were connected with each other, and gharana was named after their ancestral place, Sahaswan, in present Badaun district. Amongst most famous and relevant vocalists of the Gharana are Mushtaq Hussain Khan, Nissar Hussain Khan, Afzal Hussain Khan Nizami, Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Ghulam Sadiq Khan and Rashid Khan
Inayat Khan was a child prodigy, and his first married the daughter of Haddu Khan of the Gwalior gharana.
Singing style.
The Rampur-Sahaswan gayaki (style of singing) is closely related to the Gwalior Gharana, which features medium-slow tempos, a full-throated voice and intricate rhythmic play. The gharana style is also known for the diversity and intricacy of the taans (rapidfire elaborations), as well as tarana singing.
Renowned singers of this gharana include the first and, perhaps the foremost disciple of Inayat Hussain Khan, Hyder Khan. Hyder Khan and his family plays a vital role in upbringing the legacy of this illustrious family. His son Fida Hussain Khan and his grandson Nissar Hussain Khan continued the tradition.
Nissar Hussain Khan was a great teacher whose disciples include vocalists Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Rashid Khan, Hafeez Ahmed Khan and Sarfaraz Hussain Khan. Mushtaq Hussain Khan was a disciple of Hyder Khan and was later groomed by Inayat Hussain Khan. He was the recipient of the first Padma Bhushan award in singing.
The gharana is represented by two interrelated families - the direct descendants of Inayat Hussain Khan and his other relatives and disciples.
In 2006, Dr Sakuntala Narasimhan, herself a disciple of Hafeez Ahmed Khan, published a book on the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana titled "The Splendour of Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana".


Robin Sharma

Robin Sharma is a Canadian writer, best known for his "The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari" book series.
Sharma worked as a litigation lawyer until age 25, when he self-published "MegaLiving" (1994), a book on stress management and spirituality. He initially also self-published "The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari", which was then picked up for wider distribution by HarperCollins.
Sharma has published 12 other books, and founded the training company Sharma Leadership International.


Microsegment

In marketing, a microsegment is a more advanced form of market segmentation that groups a number of customers of the business into specific segments based on various factors including behavioral predictions. Once identified, microsegments can become the focus of personalized direct micromarketing campaigns, each campaign is meant to target and appeal to the specified tastes, needs, wants, and desires of the small groups and individuals that make up the microsegment. The goal of microsegments is to determine, which marketing actions will have the most impact on each set of customers.
Overview.
Microsegments aim to limit customers into very small segments or even as individuals. This helps modern marketers to determine exactly what the customer wants at every level. Microsegments usually contain very few customers each that allows predictive analysis and marketing action. Microsegments help marketers target their audience needs more specifically. This can be done through a combination of techniques and technology such as artificial intelligence, algorithms and data mining. Therefore, artificial intelligence, algorithms and data mining assist sections that contain behavioral and demographic attributes through special offerings and product categories, lifecycle stage of the customer and lastly segment based on recency and frequency. It is important to state that microsegment is a rather new concept in terms of other marketing techniques but it is the future of how a business will look to have different customer target groups and bases such as the handset manufacturers and mobile operators. Mobile phones are now very common and almost every person in different age bracket has it, however with so many types of different customers come along different wants and needs so microsegments are key for handset manufacturers and mobile operators to produce a different kind of mobile phone for every microsegment.
Traditional market segmentation.
Traditional market segmentation divides the market into four categories of geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. This approach works well as it groups various customers into segments that have common needs. It would lead to targeting the segment and positioning the product. However, as technology is advancing there are more resources for businesses to get almost all of its customer data and segment the market that is leading towards microsegment as the future.
Benefits.
Microsegment breaks down almost all of the customer needs and helps pitch a product that relates specifically to a very finite number of customers or individuals. Identifying smaller groups of customers is now easier and more cost effective due to technological advances. Marketing could direct specific marketing actions towards each microsegment to maximize the effectiveness of each customer. Microsegment maximizes the usage of data available leading to a product or service that satisfies the requirement of the customer. In addition, it helps penetrate the market niche to a greater extent. Penetrating the market niche not only increases market share but also leads to brand loyalty. Micro-segments are critical to the success of any modern marketing campaign. Marketers can create advanced user micro-segments on the basis of user’s personal and behavioural data. Factors like purchase and search intent, user location, search and purchase timings etc. can be used to create targeted micro-segments and leverage them effectively in marketing automation campaigns. Vaidhyanathan's 2018 book on "Antisocial media" describes how social media, especially Facebook, have become particularly adept at identifying microsegments of the body politic and driving them into fear, loathing, hatred and violence against others, thereby "Disconnecting Us and Undermining Democracy."
Limitations.
There are a number of reasons why microsegments can be ineffective. The limitations surrounding microsegments are if the business does not have enough resources it cannot reach or serve the customers profitably or the resources could be used but will not be able to meet the needs of the rest of the customers, Another limitation for microsegments could be if the customers targeted by the specific microsegments do not produce the advantages other segments do in the form of longevity or other sources of revenue.


Rehoboth Welsh Choir

The Rehoboth Welsh Choir (Welsh: "Côr Cymraeg Rehoboth") is a concert choir based in Delta, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded in 1984. It is performs in the greater Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington DC metro areas.
The Choir sings in Welsh and English and is based in the old Welsh Chapel where they participate in Cymanfa Ganu and perform in concert. The choir toured Wales in 2013 and participated in the Smithsonian Folklife festival in 2010.
The Choir also performed at the wedding of Catherine Zeta-Jones and Michael Douglas.


Anthony G. Amsterdam

Anthony Guy Amsterdam (born September 12, 1935) is an American lawyer and University Professor Emeritus at New York University School of Law. In 1981, Alan Dershowitz called Amsterdam “the most distinguished law professor in the United States.”
Education.
Amsterdam grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in West Philadelphia.
He received his A.B., "summa cum laude" in French Literature from Haverford College in 1957. He received his LL.B., "summa cum laude" from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law in 1960. While at Pennsylvania he served as Editor-in-Chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review.
Career.
Following law school, Amsterdam was law clerk to Justice Felix Frankfurter. He then served as Assistant US Attorney in the District of Columbia.
In 1962, Amsterdam began teaching at the University of Pennsylvania. He then taught at Stanford Law School from 1969 to 1981. In 1981, he was hired by New York University School of Law after a "heated contest" among top law schools for his service. He was the Judge Edward Weinfeld Professor of Law at NYU.
Working with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Amsterdam argued and won "Furman v. Georgia" in 1972, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. He sits on the board of directors of the Death Penalty Information Center.
Amsterdam wrote "Perspectives on the Fourth Amendment," an influential paper which has been called """one of the best, if not the best, law review article[s] written on the Fourth Amendment." He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977.


Richard Wolfram

Richard Wolfram (16 September 1901 – 30 May 1995) was an Austrian philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.
Biography.
Richard Wolfram was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 16 September 1901. His family was well educated and middle class. Since 1920, Wolfram studied Germanistics, Scandinavistics and art history at the University of Vienna. He gained his PhD at the University of Vienna in 1926 with a thesis on Ernst Moritz Arndt. Wolfram completed his habilitation in Germanic studies at the University of Vienna in 1934 under the supervision of Rudolf Much. His thesis was on the comitatus in early Germanic society.
Wolfram lectured at the University of Vienna since 1928, where he in 1939 was appointed an associate professor of Germanic studies. A member of the Nazi Party and the Ahnenerbe, Wolfram was dismissed from the University of Vienna after World War II. He subsequently worked as a freelance scholar, but resumed lecturing at the University of Vienna in 1954, here he was reappointed an associate professor in 1959, and a full professor in 1963.
Wolfram retired in 1972, after which he was elected a Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Wolfram was the recipient of a large number of prestigious awards, including the Knight 1st Class of the Order of Vasa (1930), Commander of the Order of the Polar Star (1970), and the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art, 1st Class (1977). He died in Traismauer, Austria on 30 May 1995.


Roeper School (Michigan)

The Roeper School is a private coeducational day school, with campuses in Birmingham and Bloomfield Hills, Michigan in Greater Detroit, serving students at all levels from preschool through the 12th grade. It was formerly known as Roeper City and Country Day School.
History.
The Roeper School was founded in 1941 by George and Annemarie Roeper, who were forced to flee Nazi Germany. At the time the Roepers fled Europe, Annemarie had been invited by Anna Freud to be her protégé and, in fact, had completed her first year of medical school.
Together the Roepers founded the school intending it to be a place that, by teaching personal motivation and encouraging critical thinking skills and analysis, would educate children who would not follow leadership blindly as they believed had happened to many people in interwar Germany. It was also hoped the children would come to recognize the inherent dignity of every individual and to not harbor prejudice.
The school first moved to the Bloomfield Hills campus () in 1946 and was designated a school for gifted children in 1956. In 1965 the Upper School (high school) program was added, and in 1981, the middle and upper schools moved to the former Adams Elementary School in Birmingham, Michigan (), thereby creating two campuses. The Capital Campaign fundraising initiative began in the mid-nineties and has provided the school with its largest investment in new facilities, including a new elementary school classroom building that sits adjacent to the new community center that houses the school's first adequate gymnasium, and the lower school's first adequate choir and band rooms.


Jurgis Blekaitis

Jurgis Blekaitis (July 8, 1917 Kellomäki, Finland – June 25, 2007 Laurel, Maryland) was a Lithuanian American poet, theater producer, and former editor for the Voice of America.
Early life.
Blekaitis was born in Kellomäki, Finland, (which at the time was still part of the Russian Empire) while his family was on vacation. His father worked in the Russian Imperial Army. The Blekaitis family lived in St. Petersburg. However, the Russian Revolution erupted just months after Blekaitis's birth.
The Blekaitis family escaped the effects of the revolution in St. Petersburg by fleeing to the family's hometown of Birštonas, Lithuania. (Lithuania gained independence from Russia following the Russian Revolution). Blekaitis learned Polish, his mother's native tongue, as well as Russian and Lithuanian. Throughout the rest of his life Blekaitis would continue to learn new languages. He eventually also learned English, French and German. Blekaitis earned a degree in theater from Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania, and began work as an actor and director.
Blekaitis was nearly sent to a concentration camp in Liepāja, Latvia with other Lithuanian intellectuals near the end of World War II. However, with the advance of the Soviet army, Blekaitis was forced to flee to a refugee camp in Germany. While in Germany, Blekaitis enrolled in a Freiburg art school. He helped organize acting troupes and toured several refugee camps throughout Germany.
Career in the United States.
Blekaitis immigrated to the United States in 1949 and settled in New York City. He produced Russian theater in Brooklyn and other ethnic theater programs.
Blekaitis joined the Voice of America in New York in 1952. He moved to the Washington, D.C. area when the Voice of America moved its headquarters in 1954. He worked in the VOA's Lithuanian service from 1952 until his retirement in 1987. He became a senior editor at the VOA.
Blekaitis continued writing while in the United States. He was noted for translating works by Ivar Ivask, Czesław Miłosz, and Joseph Brodsky to English.
He published two books of original poetry, as well as a Lithuanian memoir.
Blekaitis died on June 25, 2007, at his home in Laurel, Maryland of Alzheimer's disease.


Mbum language

Mbum proper, or West Mbum, is an Adamawa language of Cameroon spoken by about 51,000 people. Speakers are mostly bilingual in Fulfulde. It is also known as Buna, Mboum, Mboumtiba, and Wuna.
The Mbum are considered the original population of the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon. However, some histories recall that there were a people already in the area when they arrived there centuries ago. They have had a long and close relationship with the neighboring Dii people in the eastern parts of Adamawa Province to the extent that it is frequently difficult to make any distinction between the two. Their relationship with the Fulani, who entered the region in the early-19th century, is more complex. The Fulani are often perceived as a ruling class; nevertheless, the Mbum have historically participated actively in the states set up by the Fulani.
Blench (2006) considers Gbete to be a separate language.


Elaine Terranova

Elaine Terranova (born 1939 in Philadelphia) is an American poet.
Life.
She grew up in Philadelphia, the daughter of Nathan and Sadie Goldstein. She remained in her home town gaining her education at Temple University where she graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in English. She also married her first husband Philip Terranova that same year. Twelve years later in 1973, she worked as a manuscript editor for J. B. Lippincott & Co. While working there, she attended Vermont's Goddard College culminating in earning her master's degree in 1977. Her career shifted from editing to education and she began teaching English and creative writing at Temple University until 1987.
She developed a passion for writing poetry and began publishing her works while continuing to teach. Her poems have appeared in various publications including The New Yorker, The American Poetry Review, Prairie Schooner, Virginia Quarterly Review, and Ploughshares.
In 2001, “The Choice,” a selection from "Damages" (Copper Canyon Press, 1996), appeared throughout Philadelphia as a part of the Poetry Society’s Poetry in Motion (arts program). “The River Bathers,” from "Damages", was featured on illustrated posters by the Public Poetry Project.
On November 8, 2012, University of Pennsylvania's Kelly Writers House inaugurated the Eva and Leo Sussman Poetry Program with poetry readings by featured guest writers and instructors, Elaine Terranova, Nathalie Anderson, and Joan Hutton Landis. Here, Elaine reads from her 2012 book, "Dames Rocket".
She lives in Philadelphia.


Keith Laws

Keith R. Laws is a professor of neuropsychology at the School of Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire.
Professor Laws' research centres on how cognitive functions and processes relate to brain structure and function; notably for research on cognitive functioning in people suffering from neurological and psychiatric disorders. Laws, with his colleagues, created one of the first research groups to investigate impairment of everyday knowledge in patients with schizophrenia and to demonstrate worse cognitive outcomes in women suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Laws' work on the link between MDMA (also known as ecstasy) drug use and poor memory is the principal analysis of its kind to date, and has been broadly cited in both national and international media. In 2013 he published a study showing that women are better at multitasking than men. Laws completed a PhD at the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge. He is the author of over 100 papers and a recent book entitled 'Category-Specificity: Evidence for Modularity of Mind'. He is a Chartered Psychologist, Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society (AFBPsS), Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) and various academic organisations including the British Neuropsychological Society, British Neuropsychiatric Association, Experimental Psychology Society. He is a section editor at BMC Psychology and an editor at PLOS ONE.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp).
Laws has been a strong critic of the use of CBT for treating the psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
Music career.
Laws was a former exponent of experimental music, and was a founding member of the post-punk band The The.
Laws is credited by fellow founder Matt Johnson as being the originator of the band name. Laws answered an advertisement placed by Johnson in "NME" in 1978, seeking musicians to form a band. as a duo, recorded the 7" 45rpm single for 4AD, "Controversial Subject"/"Black and White". Produced by Bruce Gilbert and Graham Lewis of Wire, Laws played synthesiser and sung, and Matt Johnson played guitar and also contributed vocals. The record sleeve mentions both Tom Johnston & Triash (Peter Ashworth) as having contributed, although the recordings featured only Laws and Johnson.
Laws and Johnson played as in shows with Wire, Cabaret Voltaire, DAF, This Heat, The Birthday Party and Scritti Politti.
In early 1981, also contributed the composition "Untitled" for "The Some Bizzare Album". In September of that year, the duo of Johnson and Laws signed a deal with Some Bizzare Records, and released the 7" single "Cold Spell Ahead". Following final demo recordings for Phonogram - "Three Orange Kisses for Kazan", "Waiting for the Upturn" - Laws left to pursue his studies, leaving Johnson as a solo artist using a group moniker.


Krumen language

Krumen is a dialect continuum spoken by the Krumen people of Liberia and Ivory Coast (Tabou and Grabo subprefectures). It is a branch of the Grebo languages, a subfamily of the Kru languages and ultimately of the Niger–Congo languages. It had 48,300 speakers in 1993. The main varieties are:
Plapo has only a hundred speakers and no dialectal variation.


Helen Morris Lewis

Helen Morris Lewis (December 7, 1852 – August 19, 1933) was an American suffragist based in North Carolina. She was the first woman in North Carolina to seek elected office, when she ran for a municipal office in Asheville in 1899.
Early life.
Helen Morris Lewis was born in Charleston, South Carolina, one of the ten children of John Williams Lewis and Anna Raven Vander Horst Lewis. She was a descendant of Lewis Morris, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and also of Arnoldus Vander Horst, an eighteenth-century South Carolina governor. During the American Civil War, she fled Charleston for Columbia, South Carolina with her family; her mother died in childbirth during their flight, and the surviving children sought refuge in Aiken. After the war, she attended St. Mary's School.
Career.
As a young woman, Helen Morris Lewis gave recitals as an elocutionist in various states, to some critical acclaim, with newspapers noting her "undoubted dramatic talent." Her tour was marred when she was the victim of fraud.
In the 1890s, she and her sister Raven, both unmarried, started a boarding house in Asheville. They also taught music to supplement their income. In 1894, the Lewis sisters gathered several dozen residents of Asheville, men and women, at the mayor's house, and founded North Carolina's first equal suffrage association. Helen Morris Lewis was elected president of the association. The following year she attended the National American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, representing North Carolina, and returned in 1896 when the meeting was held in Washington, D. C.. She also spoke to the Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage during that trip. "I want to vote because so long as women are prevented from legislation, so long will they be cramped and paralyzed by powers over which they have no control," Lewis said to summarize her motivations for suffrage work.
In 1896, Helen Morris Lewis received five votes for a seat in Congress, despite never having run for the office. She did announce her candidacy in 1899 for Superintendent of Waterworks in Asheville, making her the first North Carolina woman to seek elective office. She received four votes. By 1900, the suffrage association she founded had disbanded.
Personal life.
Helen Morris Lewis and her sister left Asheville in 1906, and started an inn near Summerville, South Carolina in 1912. Helen died at a summer house in Asheville in 1933; her remains were interred in Charleston at St. Lawrence Catholic Cemetery. She was 80 years old at the time of her death. Her sister Raven Lewis was her heir.


Christian Schreiber (philosopher)

Christian Johann Christoph Schreiber (15 April 178115 August 1857) was a German theologian, philologist, philosopher, and poet. He was also the Superintendent of the dioceses of Lengsfeld and Dermbach. He was connected in friendship or correspondence to writers and philosophers of his time, and published poetry, sermons, historical and philosophical works.
Life.
Schreiber was born in Eisenach, the son of Dorothee née Riedelthe and Johann Friedrich Schreiber, a geodesist, tax collector in Saxe-Eisenach, and later ship lieutenant. He grew up and was educated in Eisenach. After his confirmation, he attended the Hennebergisches Gymnasium in Schleusingen. At the age of eighteen he enrolled at the University of Jena and studied theology, philosophy and philology. He passed his exam (under cultural philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder), was named Dr. phil., did his doctorate, and then attended the seminary in Eisenach.
In 1806, his first year as a church official, he married Christiane Juliane Oettelt, the daughter of the "Geheimer Fürstlich-Sachsen-Eisenachischer Forstrat" Friedrich Wilhelm Oettelt from Eisenach. She died young, and he married in 1813 Sophie Henriette Weitz. He had three children from the two marriages. His descendants include the wife of the President of the Grand Ducal Saxon Regional Court and State Parliament President and her son , who also held the office of President in the State Parliament of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Schreiber died in Ostheim at age 76.
Career.
Schreiber worked as a tutor for the from 1801 to 1803, and published theological tracts as well as lyric and epic poetry. He was encouraged by poets, including Jean Paul, Christoph Martin Wieland, Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich von Matthisson, whom he requested to review his works—with Jean Paul commenting that in places Schreiber clung too closely to the style of Friedrich Schiller.
In 1806, he was called to serve as pastor and member of the consistory in Lengsfeld, Thuringia. He was promoted to "Kirchenrat", (church councilor), first for Fulda ("Reichsritterschaftlich-Fuldaischer Kirchenrat"), then for Kassel ("Kurfürstlich-Hessen-Kasseler Kirchenrat") and finally Superintendent in Saxony ("Großherzoglich-Sächsischer Superintendent"). During his Lengsfeld time, he published theological texts, translations and poems. Topics included Jacques Delille's "Dithyrambe" about the immortality of the soul, and the "Judeneid". He also published sermons and speeches. When Breitkopf & Härtel published Beethoven's Mass in C major from 1809, the publisher requested a German version of the Latin, which Schreiber supplied. It was also used in performance.
Schreiber was connected to leading writers, theologians, philosophers, pedagogues and publishers of his time in friendship or close contact, including , Georg Joachim Göschen, Madame de Staël, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Johann Friedrich Cotta. He was in correspondence with many of them, and his letters to Schiller, Goethe, Friedrich Rochlitz, Ferdinand Gotthelf Hand, and others are held by the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek.
Work.
Though born in the last years of the Age of Enlightenment, Schreiber was a true Romantic, particularly in his lifelong attention to lyricism and music, which manifested itself in his early poetry already, with its leaning on the early Schiller. Though he later went his own way, he nonetheless remained faithful to lyricism.


Woburn Collegiate Institute

Woburn Collegiate Institute (Woburn CI, WCI, or Woburn) is a non-semestered, English-language public secondary school on Ellesmere Road in the Woburn neighbourhood of the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada operated by the Toronto District School Board. From its inception in 1963 until 1998, it was operated by the Scarborough Board of Education.
It has 919 students . The school motto is "", which is Latin for "Let the Zeal for Learning Flourish".
History.
By 1847, when Scarborough had grown to the point where an education system was more organized than the township's original, and a single school was required. The township established 16 School Sections, of which SS # 6 included the Woburn community. A school, also designated SS #6, was erected on Markham Road, just north of the 2nd Concession (Ellesmere Road). It was a one-story frame structure, with windows for light and a wood stove for heat. Between 1850 and 1862, Alexander Muir taught at SS #6. He composed "The Maple Leaf Forever", which for many years was Canada's unofficial national anthem; hence the maple leaf in the school crest.
A second school site of , on Ellesmere Road just east of Markham Road, was purchased from James Purvis, the owner of the surrounding property, for $200 in 1862. The second SS # 6, Woburn Public School, was built on the site in 1863. In 1895, an addition to the back of the building expanded it to two rooms. A few years later, the convenience of two outdoor privies was finally added. The school operated this way until 1956. By then, though, the old school just could not keep up with the demands of modern education or with the enrollment resulting from suburban development which had reached the area in the 1950s.
When the Scarborough Board of Education was formed in 1954, additional land for another new Woburn school was acquired for $21,000. In 1960, before the new school was built, it was officially named "Woburn Collegiate Institute". The Woburn building was designed by architects Parrott, Tambling and Witmer, and a construction contract worth $1.4 million was awarded in 1962 to Louis Donolo Ontario Ltd. The previous 1863-vintage S.S. # 6 was later demolished.
Woburn Collegiate Institute opened on September 3, 1963 as Scarborough's ninth collegiate to a total enrollment of 443 students, and the ceremonial opening took place on November 28, 1963. Two major additions were completed at a cost of $2.6 million in 1965 and 1969, including a new auditorium and auto shop. In 1973, school enrollment reached a peak of 2,302 students.
In 1998, the SBE ceased to exist and Woburn Collegiate became part of the newly-minted Toronto District School Board. In May 2013, Woburn C.I. celebrated its 50th anniversary.
Overview.
Campus.
Woburn is a two-storey, building on of land, with 72 classrooms, 2 large gymnasia (which each may be divided into two smaller sections), a weight training room, a dance studio, an auto shop, two music rooms, two tech shops, a library (resource centre) and a 960-seat auditorium. The school also has a main office, a guidance office (student services) and an office for each of its departments. The building encloses a garden quadrangle, known by the students as "The Quad", which has a statue by Romanian-Canadian sculptor Sorel Etrog entitled "Soma". Identical statues can be found inside the Yonge-Eglinton Centre and York University's Accolade East building. Behind the school is a 400-m track, football field and goalposts for outdoor sports activities.
Students.
, Woburn has 919 students. The school has also been the home for Scarborough's secondary gifted programme for exceptional students since 1978.
Extracurricular activities.
Student Activity Council (SAC).
The SAC is selected by the Woburn students:
The SAC represents Woburn students at the school and in the community. The SAC organizes social activities and encourages school spirit. In the past SAC events have included dances, Charity Week activities, Spirit Week activities, Carnival, Woburn's Got Talent, Spirit Days, Grade 12 BBQ and the Semi-Formal. Funding for all clubs and most sports teams comes from the sale of SAC/ID cards and from fund-raising activities.
Prefects.
Prefects are the good-will ambassadors of Woburn. Working closely with faculty, the Prefects of Woburn are responsible for making sure school events run smoothly, such as Welcome Day, photo days, and other various fairs such as the career and volunteer fairs. Furthermore, the Prefects also plan an annual event for the children at Woburn Jr. called Springfest.
Woburn Robotics.
Woburn Robotics, formally known as Team 188, gathers every year to take part in the FIRST Robotics Competition, an international contest that teams students up with engineers and sponsors from local businesses to develop skills in science, technology, marketing, and leadership. In six intense weeks the team brainstorms, designs, constructs, and tests its 120-pound robot for the competition, whose objective is different every year. The robots are then immediately shipped off to compete in other tournaments. Team 188 is also an active participant in the VEX Robotics Competition, an annual precursor to the FIRST championship.
Academics.
Woburn Collegiate Institute is a Grade 9 to 12 school operates on a non-semestered system. From its founding until 2003, it had Grade 13, which was morphed into the Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) in 1984.
Mathematics.
The flagship subject of Woburn academics is a part of many Woburn student's lives, and it is rightfully considered an extracurricular activity in itself. Perhaps the best method to describe Woburn's strength in mathematics is to look at the school's representation in the International Mathematical Olympiads (IMO). Canada first began sending the now six-member team to the event in 1981. Beginning with Woburn's first student representation at the event in 1986, over the next 18 years Woburn would be represented at the IMO an impressive eleven times, exceeding the representations of more famous academically elite high schools such as Earl Haig Secondary School (seven times), and Upper Canada College (five times).
Physics and Chemistry.
In addition to the IMO, Woburn students have also gone on to represent Canada in the International Chemistry Olympiads (IChO) and International Physics Olympiads (IPhO).
Programming Enrichment Group (PEG).
Woburn is noted for its excellence in computer science. PEG is a group of students who meet on a weekly basis after school to study advanced computer science topics, discuss algorithms and approaches to difficult problems, often on the level of the International Olympiad in Informatics (at which Woburn has been represented a total of twenty times). Topics covered and types of problems approached vary depending on competition entries.
The learning methods used vary as well: sometimes students meet in study groups with their leader teaching them and solving practice sheets or programming problems, sometimes they are taught by one of the senior students, sometimes they work on the problem as a team, and sometimes they are taught by their coaches.
PEG students meet after school typically two nights per week to prepare for competitions in programming. Every year, members take part in competitions at provincial, national and international levels. PEG started its own competition in 1995, called the Woburn Challenge, to draw in both students from other schools and university students. This contest had grown to become province-wide (occasionally wider). The Woburn Challenge was discontinued in 2002 and restarted in October 2015.
Since its formation in the early 1990s, PEG has participated in a large number of competitions.
Woburn Music.
The school is notable for its music programme, consisting of several hundred students in band and choir classes, a Madrigal Choir, a concert choir, a Chamber Choir, two concert bands, a Wind Ensemble, a jazz band and a jazz combo.
The ensembles of the music programme have regularly been invited to perform at national-level competitions and often make excursions to the US, including Orlando, Florida in mid-May 2006. The Wind Ensemble and Madrigal Choir have done particularly well in competitions, consistently placing at or near the top of the standings. On February 17, 2006, the Wind Ensemble travelled to the Musicfest competition held at the Le Parc Hotel, in Markham, Ontario, playing at the highest level, B500. The band received a gold rating.
Woburn's music department is student-represented by way of the Music Council, a body of elected students who help to keep the programme running smoothly. The Council plans and runs many events and fundraisers through the year.
In May 2012, Woburn's Festival Chorus, Festival Winds and Jazz band performed at MusicFest Nationals in Ottawa, Ontario. All three ensembles received a silver award.
Woburn Rookie Drama Festival.
The Woburn Rookie Drama Festival (usually just called Rookie) is a festival of short plays held annually every spring at Woburn. The most notable part of the festival is that all of its plays are directed, acted, crewed, and sometimes written entirely by students with no teacher assistance. Furthermore, students do all of the organization required to put on the festival each year and act as Masters of Ceremony. At over 40 years old, it is among the longest running high school clubs in the city. The first Woburn Rookie Drama Festival took place in the spring of 1963 and was overseen by then drama teacher John Wilcox.
Any student who wants to direct a play is automatically accepted. A month before the festival, there is an open audition during which actors perform short scenes that are either improved or done with only a short time to prepare. Directors request the actors they want, and the organizers assign actors to plays (often the most popular actors are assigned to several plays in smaller roles). The festival itself lasts for one to three evenings with two to four plays per night. There are usually short scenes between plays.
Every year the festival has a theme chosen by the organizers. Sometimes the plays themselves are sometimes related to the theme, but normally the theme only applies to the short scenes between plays while the next cast is setting up. These scenes are usually directed or starring the MCs.
The Three Rs.
At Woburn, the school has the Three Rs system:


ToneScript

ToneScript is a description syntax for the characteristics of call-progress tones.
A call progress tone is a pattern of audible tones played to the caller in a telephone call, conveying the status of the call. ToneScript describes the pattern of frequency, cadence, and level of the signal. Many Internet telephony devices support configuration options for users to customize the tones, but standard patterns are provided for various telephone administrations. ToneScript is used in Sipura, Linksys and Cisco family of IP telephony products.
Ireland tones.
(ETSI standard) is indicated where tones are in compliance with European Telecommunications Standards Institute recommendations.


IQor

iQor is a business process outsourcing company which provides customer service, third-party collections and accounts receivable management. Although its headquarters are located in St. Petersburg, Florida, the company operates about 40 call centers in North America, Europe, and Asia. Since 2014, iQor has shifted to an end-to-end customer support organization, when iQor acquired the aftermarket services division of Jabil Circuit (rebranded as iQor's Product Support division). Services provided vary from consumer electronics, to medical devices.
History.
In January 2004, Vikas Kapoor became the CEO and President of iQor. Kapoor built the company's computing platforms, developer tools, and cloud computing services. iQor’s employee base grew from 4,000 to 14,000. This success led InformationWeek magazine to rank iQor #27 among the top technology innovators in the US.
Investigations.
In 2012, a CBC news investigation found that iQor routinely and sometimes knowingly repeatedly contacted people who did not owe debt in Canada. The investigation noted that in 2012, two Canadian provinces had fined iQor for violating provincial regulations. In 2010, Allied Interstate, a subsidiary of iQor, was fined $1.75 million by the Federal Trade Commission for harassing debtors and trying to collect from the wrong people.
Ownership.
iQor is privately owned by Huntsman Gay Global Capital and the company's management team. In 2010, iQor acquired RMS which was headquartered in Bethlehem, PA.