Jain Bunt

The Jain Bunt are a Jain community from Karnataka, India. They are traditionally defined as a subdivision of the Jain community. It is believed that the Jain Bunts also have the highest per capita income in India.They have a feudal and martial heritage, and many erstwhile royalty of the Tulu Nadu region were Jain Bunts. They are classified as Other Backward Class (OBC) by the Government of Karnataka.
Origin.
Some Jain Bunts are hereditary trustees and administrators of Hindu Temples, an example being at the Dharmasthala Temple, whose hereditary administrators are the Pergade family.
Tradition.
Achieving moksha or liberation is the highest goal of life for the Jains. Jain monastics and renouncers of worldly life are highly revered, especially Bahubali, a king who turned into an ascetic. His virtues are greatly extolled in legends. Huge, monolithic statues have been erected by the Jain Bunts in his honor throughout their recorded history. The oldest among them is located in Karkala. Standing about 42 feet tall, it was erected by the Jain Bunt as per the wishes of a pontiff named Lalitakeerti in 1432. Another statue of Bahubali standing about 35 feet was erected in Venur in 1604 by the Jain Bunt ruler Timma Ajila. The most recently erected statue lies in Dharmasthala and is about 39 feet tall. Mahamastakabhisheka rituals are held once in 12 years at the site of these statues. Jain temples, called "basadi" and "derasar", are numerous in the region and were built by various Jain Bunt rulers. The most famous among them is the Saavira Kambada Basadi located in Moodabidri. Jain Bunts are strict vegetarians and do not consume anything after sunset or eat root vegetables.


Alta Charo

Robin Alta Charo (born 1958) is the Warren P. Knowles Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a leading American authority on bioethics. She holds appointments in both Wisconsin's law school and medical school.
Charo is among the leading advocates for embryonic stem cell research in the United States.
She earned a B.A. in biology from Harvard University in 1979 and a J.D. from Columbia University in 1982. She is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.
In 2020 the American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected her fellow.


Forgetting curve

The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. A related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain. The stronger the memory, the longer period of time that a person is able to recall it. A typical graph of the forgetting curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned material.
The forgetting curve supports one of the seven kinds of memory failures: transience, which is the process of forgetting that occurs with the passage of time.
History.
From 1880 to 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus ran a limited, incomplete study on himself and published his hypothesis in 1885 as "" (later translated into English as "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology"). Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" (CVCs or Consonant–Vowel–Consonant) by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results. He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the "forgetting curve". Ebbinghaus investigated the rate of forgetting, but not the effect of spaced repetition on the increase in retrievability of memories.
Ebbinghaus's publication also included an equation to approximate his forgetting curve:
formula_1
Here, formula_2 represents 'Savings' expressed as a percentage, and formula_3 represents time in minutes. Savings is defined as the relative amount of time saved on the second learning trial as a result of having had the first. A savings of 100% would indicate that all items were still known from the first trial. A 75% savings would mean that relearning missed items required 25% as long as the original learning session (to learn all items). 'Savings' is thus, analogous to retention rate.
In 2015, an attempt to replicate the forgetting curve with one study subject has shown the experimental results similar to Ebbinghaus' original data.
Ebbinghaus' experiment contributed a lot to experimental psychology. He was the first to carry out a series of well-designed experiments on the subject of forgetting, and he was one of the first to choose artificial stimuli in the research of experimental psychology. Since his introduction of nonsense syllables, a large number of experiments in experimental psychology has been based on highly controlled artificial stimuli.
Increasing rate of learning.
Hermann Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material (e.g. how meaningful it is), its representation and other physiological factors such as stress and sleep. He further hypothesized that the basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals. He concluded that the difference in performance can be explained by mnemonic representation skills.
He went on to hypothesize that basic training in mnemonic techniques can help overcome those differences in part. He asserted that the best methods for increasing the strength of memory are:
His premise was that each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed (for near-perfect retention, initial repetitions may need to be made within days, but later they can be made after years). He discovered that information is easier to recall when it's built upon things you already know, and the forgetting curve was flattened by every repetition. It appeared that by applying frequent training in learning, the information was solidified by repeated recalling.
Later research also suggested that, other than the two factors Ebbinghaus proposed, higher original learning would also produce slower forgetting. The more information was originally learned, the slower the forgetting rate would be.
Spending time each day to remember information will greatly decrease the effects of the forgetting curve. Some learning consultants claim reviewing material in the first 24 hours after learning information is the optimum time to actively recall the content and reset the forgetting curve. Evidence suggests waiting 10–20% of the time towards when the information will be needed is the optimum time for a single review.
However, some memories remain free from the detrimental effects of interference and do not necessarily follow the typical forgetting curve as various noise and outside factors influence what information would be remembered. There is debate among supporters of the hypothesis about the shape of the curve for events and facts that are more significant to the subject. Some supporters, for example, suggest that memories of shocking events such as the Kennedy Assassination or 9/11 are vividly imprinted in memory (flashbulb memory). Others have compared contemporaneous written recollections with recollections recorded years later, and found considerable variations as the subject's memory incorporates after-acquired information. There is considerable research in this area as it relates to eyewitness identification testimony, and eyewitness accounts are found demonstrably unreliable.
Equations.
Many equations have since been proposed to approximate forgetting, perhaps the simplest being an exponential curve described by the equation
formula_4
where formula_5 is retrievability (a measure of how easy it is to retrieve a piece of information from memory), formula_6 is stability of memory (determines how fast formula_5 falls over time in the absence of training, testing or other recall), and formula_3 is time.
Simple equations such as this one were not found to provide a good fit to the available data.


Prison pose


Sacred complex

The concept of Sacred Complex was proposed by L. P. Vidyarthi under the influence of Robert Redfield. The aspects of great and little tradition as put up by Redfield were applied to an Indian context. The crux of the concept was to identify the mechanism of cultural complexions in an ancient Indian setting and studying the secondary complexions based on religious centres of India. L. P. Vidyarthi defined the complex in "Sacred complex of Hindu Gaya," as "a happy synthesis of sacred geography, sacred practices and sacred specialist of a Hindu place of pilgrimage, reflecting a level of continuity, compromise, and a combination between the great and little tradition." Later a number of studies were taken by different Indian Scholars in different Sacred Geographies in India as well as outside India. In which, Professor Makhan Jha stands first who studied many pilgrimage center applying "Sacred Complex" as a methodology to understand the trichotomy of the elements of Sacred Complex. After five decades to the concept prouponded by Prof. Vidyarthi, A restudy was done by Dr. Karuna Shanker Pandey in Hindu Gaya for his doctoral Degree in 2015.


Relentless (Koontz novel)

Relentless is a 2009 suspense thriller from "The New York Times" #1 best selling author, Dean Koontz. The story follows the plight of best selling author Cullen "Cubby" Greenwich, his wife, son, and family dog, Lassie, who are being stalked and hunted by a feared and revered national book critic, Shearman Waxx. The novel was released in the US on June 9, 2009 by Bantam Books.
Plot summary.
Cullen "Cubby" Greenwich has just released his sixth novel, "One O'Clock Jump" which is generally well received in the literary community. However, Shearman Waxx, considered to be a preeminent literary critic, writes a scathing, albeit somewhat inaccurate review of Cubby's latest work.
Against the advice of his wife, Penny Greenwich, a children's book author in her own right, Cubby attempts to gather some information about his new nemesis. Cubby learns that he and the critic share a favorite dining locale. Accompanying Cubby to the restaurant is his six-year-old prodigy son, Milo. A chance encounter in the men's room foretells the ensuing chaos when Shearman Waxx simply utters "Doom."
Upon arriving home, the residents of the house go about their daily business, when Shearman Waxx is seen walking the interior of the house. With Cubby yelling at him the whole time, he finally leaves. That night, they turn on security and alarms but are awakened in the night by Sherman Waxx in their room again repeating the words "Doom". Penny and Cubby are both tasered multiple times by the eccentric book critic. The electricity, which has previously been shut down, turns back on once Waxx leaves and the alarm system states that it is fully functional and undisturbed.
Receiving a fortuitous call from a fellow writer who had previously endured a similar slandering at the hands of Waxx, Cubby is told of the horrific manner in which the writer's family was murdered. The writer encourages Greenwich to abandon his home and flee.
Set into motion are a series of violent events, beginning with the destruction of the Greenwich home. All members of the family, rescued pup Lassie included, flee to the presumed safety of a friend's real estate investment project. After a sudden round of rifle shots into the living room, it is apparent that Milo is being solely targeted. When their moves are quickly countered by the escalating violence of their pursuers—as it is now evident there is more than one—it becomes apparent they need to seek armament and information.
The family seeks refuge with Penny Greenwich's apocalypse-fearing family who, having been warned ahead of time, are in their well-fortified bunker. Not content being forced into the role of reclusive prey, the family embarks on a journey of discovery to determine who it is they're dealing with and what can be done to stop him.
Their journey takes them to the hometown of two former artists in an attempt to digest the brutality with which they and their families were dispatched. Along the way, the family counters the rising tension and ever-present shadow of death with bits of sarcastic humor and Milo, by engrossing himself in his increasingly complex scientific projects.
The story continues to follow the Greenwiches through a series of tense and suspenseful events as they search for clues into the past of their tormentor and seek to discover his hidden motives. They work with a former sheriff named Truman who is also investigating Waxx. Two associates of Waxx suddenly arrive at the scene murdering Truman but gets killed by Cubby and his wife. While retreating they kidnap Waxx himself. They take him to his own house, and encounter his mother, Zazu, who reveals herself as the mastermind of an organization that seeks to control society by destroying those who create positive symbols of hope and happiness through their artwork.
Zazu orders her grandson, one of the pursuers, to make sure that Waxx is in the car. He stabs Waxx, killing him, and Zazu is enraged. She pulls out her gun which was hidden and kills her grandson, and then shoots Cubby. Cubby falls to the floor and dies. Previous examples of Milo's scientific endeavors activate. Time goes backwards and Cubby is saved, but Zazu dies.
The novel ends with the family traveling back to the bunker, seeing it as an oasis of protection from Zazu's organization and the world they intend to create.


IStreet Giving

iStreet Giving is an online shopping platform set-up to help UK charities raise additional funds through online shopping. The firm's headquarters are located in Ipswich, Suffolk.
History.
In 2014, Hugo Catchpole and Hamish Stone founded iStreet, an online platform which helps shoppers to help a good cause with online shopping. The Social Enterprise allows users to donate to charities and good causes alike registered with the site, by their day to day online shopping.
How it Works.
It is free for UK charities and good causes to register themselves on iStreet, in doing so a profile is automatically created - this profile connects the charity with over 1200 retailers. Charities can then share their iStreet page with their supporters allowing them to raise donations whilst online shopping. Users raise a small donation on every shop, this is normally a percentage of the total spend - at no extra cost, providing an alternative mode of fundraising.
Accolades.
In 2014, iStreet was recognised in the Charity Times annual Awards in their Fundraising Technology category - finishing runner up. The prestigious Charity Times awards are said to be a pre-eminent celebration of best practise in the UK charity and not-for-profit sector, recognising outstanding achievement and operational excellence. The Big Give Christmas Challenge scooped the award for their ongoing success.


Czech Lion Award for Best Editing

Czech Lion Award for Best Editing is award given to the Czech film with best Editing.


Emma Wilson

Emma Wilson (born 1967) is a British academic and writer, specialising in French literature and cinema. She is Professor of French Literature and the Visual Arts at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Corpus Christi College.
Early life and education.
Emma Wilson is the daughter of novelist Jacqueline Wilson and her former husband, William Millar Wilson, a police officer. She was a scholarship student at Surbiton High School and then studied French and Latin as an undergraduate at Cambridge. She then stayed on to do a PhD in the French department. Her thesis was entitled "The pain of the pleasure of the text: Tournier, reading and sexuality".
Academic career.
Wilson then got a post as a university lecturer at Cambridge. She is a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Professor of French Literature and the Visual Arts at the University of Cambridge. She was previously Reader in Contemporary French Literature and Film and head of Cambridge's Department of French.
Research.
As a researcher, Wilson is author of six books and over twenty articles published in scholarly journals in the field of modern languages and film. Her published work includes book studies of Alain Resnais and Krzysztof Kieslowski as well as specific work on writers such as Marcel Proust, Marguerite Duras, Hélène Cixous and Michel Tournier. As well as her contribution to these author fields, however, Wilson's writing has applications to critical theory. In her 1996 work, "Sexuality and the Reading Encounter", Wilson makes a contribution to reader response theory in relation to feminism and queer theory. She argues for the potential for change in the reader's identity through reading. The encounter between reader and text, she says, depends "not on pre-constructed identities, but on the very performance of identity in the process of reading." Wilson is particularly interested in the way that readers position themselves in relation to representations of desiring relations.
Wilson's 2003 study of the cinematic treatment of missing children, "Cinema's Missing Children", was described as "a book rich in academic and cultural backstory".
Contribution to the dissemination of French culture.
On 6 May 2009, Wilson was awarded an Ordre des Palmes académiques Chevalier (knight) medal by the French Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Maurice Gourdault-Montagne. This prestigious award is awarded by the French government to academics and educators. It recognises Wilson's sustained contribution to the dissemination of French culture and to education. As well as her active contribution to the teaching and research of her department, Wilson has set up a number of links between Cambridge University and French institutions such as the École Normale Supérieure-Lettres et Sciences humaines in Lyon with which Cambridge now has a very successful ERASMUS programme.


Shannon (unit)

The shannon (symbol: Sh) is a unit of information and of entropy defined by IEC 80000-13. One shannon is the information content of an event occurring when its probability is . It is also the entropy of a system with two equally probable states. If a message is made of a sequence of a given number of bits, with all possible bit strings being equally likely, the message's information content expressed in shannons is equal to the number of bits in the sequence. For this and historical reasons, the shannon is more commonly known as the bit. The term "shannon" provides an explicit distinction between the amount of information that is expressed and the quantity of data that may be used to represent the information.
The shannon can be converted to other information units according to
The shannon is named after Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory.


Williams v. Pennsylvania

Williams v. Pennsylvania, 579 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a prosecutor involved in seeking the death penalty for a defendant should recuse himself if asked to judge an appeal in the capital case.
Background.
Terrance Williams was convicted and sentenced to death for the murder and robbery of Amos Norwood and then appealed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Chief Justice of the state court by that point was Ronald Castille, who had been the local District Attorney of Philadelphia throughout Williams’ trial, sentencing, and appeal, and who had personally authorized his office to seek the death penalty in this case. The attorneys for Williams asked the justice to recuse himself but Castille refused.
Opinion of the Court.
Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy authored the majority opinion.


Echecratides

Echecratides was an Ancient Greek Peripatetic philosopher who is mentioned among the disciples of Aristotle. He is spoken of only by Stephanus of Byzantium, from whom we learn that he was a native of Methymna in Lesbos.
Several other persons of this name, concerning whom nothing is known beyond what is contained in the passages where they occur, are mentioned by Thucydides (i. Ill), Pausanias (x. 16. § 4), Aelian (V. H. i. 25), Lucian (Timon, 7), and by Anyte in the Greek Anthology (vi. 123.).


Bernard Reginster

Bernard Reginster is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Brown University. He is known for his expertise on philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, particularly Nietzschean affirmation.
Reginster is a recipient of Laurence S. Rockefeller Fellowship.
Books.
"The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism", Harvard University Press, 2006


Nena Danevic

Nena Danevic is a film editor who was nominated at the 57th Academy Awards for Best Film Editing. She was nominated for "Amadeus". She shared her nomination with Michael Chandler.
She did win at the 39th British Academy Film Awards for Best Editing. Also for "Amadeus" with Michael Chandler.
She also won at the American Cinema Editors awards.


Ernest

Ernest is a given name derived from Germanic word "ernst", meaning "serious". Notable people and fictional characters with the name include:


Guy Barruol

Guy Barruol (born 10 June 1934) is a French historian and archaeologist. He is Director of Research Emeritus at the CNRS.
Biography.
Guy Barruol was born on 10 June 1934 in Mazan, Vaucluse, the son of Jean Barruol (1898–1982), a local historian and the author of numerous books on ancient and medieval Provence.
Barruol entered the CNRS in January 1962 as an intern, then was awarded the post of Research Assistant in 1963, Research Fellow in 1967, Senior Research Fellow in 1967, and eventually became Director of Research in 1985. Since June 2000, he has been Director of Research Emeritus at the CNRS.
Barruol was the director of the Antiquités Historiques of Languedoc-Roussillon from 1968 to 1982, and a member of the until 1999.


Call of the Night

 is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kotoyama. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" since August 2019. In North America, the manga is licensed for English release by Viz Media.
Plot.
Unable to sleep or find true satisfaction in his daily life, Ko Yamori stops going to school and begins wandering the streets at night. He encounters a girl named Nazuna Nanakusa who shows Ko the joys of being a night-walker by turning him into a vampire with a bite on the neck.
Manga.
"Call of the Night" is written and illustrated by Kotoyama, his second manga series after "Dagashi Kashi". It started in issue #39 of Shogakukan's "Weekly Shōnen Sunday", published on August 28, 2019. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was published on November 18, 2019. As of April 16, 2021, seven volumes have been published.
On July 3, 2020, Viz Media announced an English release of the manga in North America starting on April 13, 2021.
Reception.
In 2020, the manga was nominated for the 6th Tsugi ni Kuru Manga Taishō Awards and placed 7th out of the 50 nominees with 15,134 votes. The series ranked 8th on the "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2021" by the Honya Club website.


Andreas Suchanek

Andreas Suchanek (born August 12, 1961 in Stadthagen, Germany) is a German economy and business ethicist and one of the best-known students of Karl Homann, an expert in business ethics.
He is an economist as well as an expert in business and economy ethics. As academic disciple of Karl Homann he contributed substantially to Homanns teaching regarding the approach of institutional economics toward business ethics, which not only plays an important part at Universities and international business schools but also in the economy, politics and the society.
Life.
Andreas Suchanek studied political economy at the University Kiel and the University Göttingen before he graduated as doctor of political science summa cum laude from the private Witten/Herdecke University in 1993. In 1999 he was habilitated at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt due to his work on normative environmental economics. Subsequently, in 1999, he was appointed as Karl Homanns successor and took over the substitution of the chair for economy and business ethics at the University's science faculty. Homann left to serve as chair for philosophy and economy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 2004, Suchanek joined the HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management (former Handelshochschule Leipzig). Since that time, he holds the Dr. Werner Jackstädt-chair for economy and business ethics.
In addition to this, since 2005, Suchanek is as member of the Wittenberg-Center for Global Ethics (Wittenberg-Zentrums für Globale Ethik) board of directors which specializes on the topics "Building Global Cooperation" and corporate social responsibility as globalization, world economy and global competition are supposed to be shaped for the benefit of all people. According to the center, this requires general principles which make peace, justice and prosperity possible in the consolidating world society. Since 2013 Suchanek is the center's chairman and vice chairman of the executive board of the foundation. The foundation was founded by former US ambassador Andrew Young and Hans-Dietrich Genscher, former German minister of foreign affairs. The idea for founding the center was inspired by Hans-Dietrich Genscher's guiding principle “winners vs. losers – that's not how the new world order should be. Everybody should have their share of the winning side. In affirming the interests of others lies a chance for oneself”. As academic leader Andreas Suchanek is responsible to develop the theoretical groundwork of the Wittenberg-Center with the aim for the guiding principle to increasingly take root in the society. A number of well-known businesses and organizations as well as important personalities from the spheres of politics, economy, church, culture and science support the Wittenberg-Center's work.
As an expert in questions of corporate social responsibility Suchanek advises global businesses from various economic branches.
Theory.
Suchanek's studies focus on economy and business ethics, sustainability, trust and credibility management as well as interaction ethics. By using decision and game theory methods, which view the question of competition and cooperation not as contradiction but as chance to win cooperation, Suchanek developed the economically reformed golden rule: invest in the conditions of social collaboration for mutual advantage.
Being a member of the core team of HHL - Leipzig Graduate School of Management, he developed the Leipzig Leadership Model, which was published in 2016, along with Manfred Kirchgeorg, Timo Meynhardt, Andreas Pinkwart and Henning Zülch.


Robert Q. Lovett

Robert Q. Lovett is a film editor who was nominated at the 57th Academy Awards in the category of Best Film Editing for his work on "The Cotton Club". He also participated in the Festival De Cannes for "A Bronx Tale", directed by Robert De Niro in 2011. He worked on over 30 films and TV shows from 1963 to 2006.


2003 Martiniquean autonomy referendum

A referendum on autonomy was held in Martinique on 7 December 2003, alongside an identical referendum in Guadeloupe. Voters were asked whether they wanted the island to become a territorial collectivity. The proposal was rejected by 50.48% of voters.


Parwar (Jain community)

Parwar, also spelt as Paravāra (परवार in Hindi, पौरपट्ट in Sanskrit inscriptions), is a major Jain community from the Bundelkhand region, which is largely in Madhya Pradesh, but also includes [Lalitpur District, Jhansi District of Uttar Pradesh] region of Uttar Pradesh. Apart from this District Nagpur (Maharashtra) have also a very large Parwar community. There is an area in Itwari of Nagpur known as Parwar-Pura having large number of Parwar's homes and shops . Most of the Nagpur's Parwar are migrated from Sagar, Deori, and other small villages of Sagar District of MP. Parwar exclusively follow the Digambar Jain tradition. Parwar usually preferred their marriage within community. There are 12 Gotra in Parwar community. Each Gotra has 12 Moor (lineages). A marriage within the same gotra or lineage are not allowed. Traditionally a marriage within any of the 8 branches (the moor of boy or girl, mother's family, father's mother's family etc) was not permitted and hence the community was termed ashta-shakha.
A number of Jain scholars have belonged to this community, including Tarana Swami, the founder of Taran Panth and the Bhattarakas of Chanderi. Osho was born in the Samaiya section of this community. Also, Pandit Sumerchand Diwakar, Pandit Nathuram Premi, Dr Hiralal Jain, Dr Mahendrakumar Nyayacarya, Pandit Phulacandra Shastri, Pandit Hiralal Jain, Pandit Balacandra Shastri, Pandit Jaganmohanlal Shastri, Pandit Devakinandan Nayak, Swami Satyabhakta, Wardha, philosopher, founder of Satya Samaj (1899–1998) many other illustrious scholars of Jainism were born in the Parwar [also spelt as Paravara] community. The map of districts having large number of Parwar Jain in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh is shown below.
History.
A number of inscriptions mentiong the community have been found in the region adjacent to the Betwa river, which flows on the border of MP and UP. In the older inscriptions they are called Paurapatta or Puravada. The oldest inscriptions include those found at Vidisha (948 CE),Pachrai (1065 CE), Aharji (1152, 1153), Chanderi (VS 1252,13450), Sironj (VS 1299, 1316), Narwar (VS 1319). A long inscription at Deogarh of VS 1493 mentions Lakshaman Singhai and his large family, who installed an idol of Lord Shantinath under the supervision of Bhattaraka Devendrakirti of Balatkara Gana. It is probably the first mention of the Singhai (or Sanghapati) title in the region.
Some authors have proposed a historic connection between the Parwar and the Porwad communities.
Jainism had a continuous presence in this region since antiquity. Jainism was flourishing during the Gupta period at Vidisha region. The Durjanpur idols installed during the rule of Ramagupta date to about 365 AD. The Udaigiri cave Parshvanath inscription mentioning the lineage of Bhadranvaya is dated to 425 AD. The great Shantinath temple at Deogarh was built before 862 CE, suggesting a prosperous Jain community in this region.
According to Mahavamsa, Devi, the wife of Maurya Ashoka was a daughter of a merchant of Vidisha, whose son Mahinda took Buddhism to Sri Lanka. It is likely that the Parwar community is a continuation of the ancient merchant community of the region.
Organization.
The Parwars are divided into 12 gotras, each gotra is further divided into 12 shakhas (mura)s. Traditionally 4 of the shakas of the grandparents of the boy, and four of the shakhas of the grandparents of the girl were required to be distinct for a marriage to take place. Thus the Parwars were sometimes termed ashta-shaha.
There were once several social divisions among the Parwars, which are no longer significant.
Some Parwars follow Taran Panth and are called Samaiya, because Taran Swami based his teachings on Samayasara of Acharya Kundakunda.
Parwar Sabha was founded in 1917 at Ramtek, after the Bundelkhandiya Jain Sabha broke into community groups. In the 1924 convention, it was proposed that only four shakhas be considered for marriage, but the proposal was defeated. A newsletter Parwar Bandhu was published during 1929–1944.
A "Parwar Directory" was published in 1924 which included population data, according to which the Parwar population then was 48,074. The community resided in 1438 towns and villages with largest population in Sagar, Jhansi, Jabalpur, Damoh and Tikamgarh districts. The largest number are in Lalitpur (1122 in 1924), Mungawali (481), Khaniadhana (320), Pachhar (Ashoknagar Isagarh), Mandawara (304), Sivni (358), Sagar (595), Bamora (374), Khurai (503), Bina-Itawa (358), Pindarai (Mandla 314),Jabalpur (1058) and Tikamgarh. This puts the majority of the major centers within a 50-mile radius from Deogarh (see
Map) along the Betwa river in early 20th century.
The main concentration of the Parwars is still in these towns; however, many of them have moved to major industrial cities further away such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. A few Parwar families now migrated to Americas.


Life of William Blake

The Life of William Blake, "Pictor Ignotus." With selections from his poems and other writings is a two-volume work on the English painter and poet William Blake, first published in 1863. The first volume is a biography and the second a compilation of Blake's poetry, prose, artwork and illustrated manuscript.
The book was largely written by Alexander Gilchrist, who had spent many years compiling the material and interviewing Blake's surviving friends. However, Gilchrist had left it incomplete at his sudden death from scarlet fever in 1861. The work was published two years later, having been completed by his widow Anne Gilchrist with help from Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Michael Rossetti.
The book became the first standard text on the Blake, a foundation of the extensive scholarship on his life and work. The original 1863 edition was subtitled "Pictor Ignotus", Latin for "unknown artist", a common phrase used for unattributed artworks. Here it refers to Blake's obscurity at the time. The phrase was taken from the recently published poem of that title by Robert Browning, part of which was used as an epigraph. A second edition was published in 1880; this included additional material and revisions to the earlier transcripts of Blake's work and Gilchrist's bibliographical details. Both are referred as Gilchrist's "Blake" or "Life".
Several of Blake's short poems, such as "The Tyger", were typeset during his lifetime and had become widely known since the author's death in 1827, having been reproduced in commonplace books by William Wordsworth and others; however, the larger corpus of his work remained in relative obscurity.
The second volume, edited and annotated by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, included most of Blake's songs, verse and other poetry, his prose, and letters. These were often the first publication in typeset. The editors sometimes adapted the works during transcription, printing "Tyger" as "Tiger" for the well known example, and largely excluded discussion and republication of the 'Prophetic Books'. The transcriptions included the "Poetical Sketches" (selections), the "Songs of Innocence and of Experience", the "Book of Thel", and unpublished poetry from manuscript as "Ideas of Good and Evil". Prose works include the rare "Descriptive Catalogue", Blake's description of the paintings exhibited at his solo exhibition in 1809. It includes his analysis of Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales", and an account of his panoramic depiction of the pilgrims leaving London.
The work reproduced many of Blake's illustrations from public and private collections, interspersed throughout the biography and series of plates from his illuminated books. Many of these were engraved by William James Linton. Other designs, commentary and the second edition's cover were provided by Frederic Shields.
Anne Gilchrist appended a memoir of her husband, Alexander, to the second volume.
A review by James Smetham of the first edition was included in the second as an "Essay on Blake". The biography of the second edition was expanded with Blake's letters, obtained in an 1878 sale at Sothebys.


Shifting (syntax)

In syntax, shifting occurs when two or more constituents appearing on the same side of their common head exchange positions in a sense to obtain non-canonical order. The most widely acknowledged type of shifting is heavy NP shift, but shifting involving a heavy NP is just one manifestation of the shifting mechanism. Shifting occurs in most if not all European languages, and it may in fact be possible in all natural languages. Shifting is not inversion, and inversion is not shifting, but the two mechanisms are similar insofar as they are both present in languages like English that have relatively strict word order. The theoretical analysis of shifting varies in part depending on the theory of sentence structure that one adopts. If one assumes relatively flat structures, shifting does not result in a discontinuity. Shifting is often motivated by the relative weight of the constituents involved. The weight of a constituent is determined by a number of factors: e.g., number of words, contrastive focus, and semantic content.
Basic examples.
Shifting is illustrated with the following pairs of sentences. The first sentence of each pair shows what can be considered canonical order, whereas the second gives an alternative order that results from shifting:
The first sentence with canonical order, where the object noun phrase (NP) precedes the oblique prepositional phrase (PP), is marginal due to the relative 'heaviness' of the NP compared to the PP. The second sentence, which shows shifting, is better because it has the lighter PP preceding the much heavier NP. The following examples illustrate shifting with particle verbs:
When the object of the particle verb is a pronoun, the pronoun must precede the particle, whereas when the object is an NP, the particle can precede the NP. Each of the two constituents involved is said to shift, whereby this shifting is motivated by the weight of the two relative to each other. In English verb phrases, heavier constituents tend to follow lighter constituents. The following examples illustrate shifting using pronouns, clauses, and PPs:
When the pronoun appears, it is much lighter than the PP, so it precedes the PP. But if the full clause appears, it is heavier than the PP and can therefore follow it.
Further examples.
The syntactic category of the constituents involved in shifting is not limited; they can even be of the same type, e.g.
In the first pair, the shifted constituents are PPs, and in the second pair, the shifted constituents are NPs. The second pair illustrates again that shifting is often motivated by the relative weight of the constituents involved; the NP "anyone who used Wikipedia" is heavier than the NP "a cheater".
The examples so far have shifting occurring in verb phrases. Shifting is not restricted to verb phrases. It can also occur, for instance, in NPs:
These examples again illustrate shifting that is motivated by the relative weight of the constituents involved. The heavier of the two constituents prefers to appear further to the right.
The example sentences above all have the shifted constituents appearing after their head (see below). Constituents that precede their head can also shift, e.g.
Since the finite verb is viewed as the head of the clause in each case, these data allow an analysis in terms of shifting. The subject and modal adverb have swapped positions. In other languages that have many head-final structures, shifting in the pre-head domain is a common occurrence.
Theoretical analyses.
If one assumes relatively flat structures, the analysis of many canonical instances of shifting is straightforward. Shifting occurs among two or more sister constituents that appear on the same side of their head. The following trees illustrate the basic shifting constellation in a "phrase structure grammar" (= constituency grammar) first and in a dependency grammar second:
The two constituency-based trees show a flat VP that allows n-ary branching (as opposed to just binary branching). The two dependency-based trees show the same VP. Regardless of whether one chooses the constituency- or the dependency-based analysis, the important thing about these examples is the relative flatness of the structure. This flatness results in a situation where shifting does not necessitate a discontinuity (i.e. no long distance dependency), for there can be no crossing lines in the trees. The following trees further illustrate the point:
Again due to the flatness of structure, shifting does not result in a discontinuity. In this example, both orders are acceptable because there is little difference in the relative weight between the two constituents that switch positions.
An alternative analysis of shifting is necessary in a constituency grammar that posits strictly binary branching structures. The more layered binary branching structures would result in crossing lines in the tree, which means movement (or copying) is necessary to avoid these crossing lines. The following trees are (merely) representative of the type of analysis that one might assume given strictly binary branching structures:
The analysis shown with the trees assumes binary branching and leftward movement only. Given these restrictions, two instances of movement might be necessary to accommodate the surface order seen in tree b. The material in light gray represents copies that must be deleted in the phonological component.
This sort of analysis of shifting has been criticized by Ray Jackendoff, among others. Jackendoff and Culicover argue for an analysis like that shown with the flatter trees above, whereby heavy NP shift does not result from movement, but rather from a degree of optionality in the ordering of a verb's complements. The preferred order in English is for the direct object to follow the indirect object in a double-object construction, and for adjuncts to follow objects of all kinds; but if the direct object is "heavy", the opposite order may be preferred (since this leads to a more right-branching tree structure which is easier to process).
A mystery.
From a generativist's perspective, a "mysterious" property of shifting is that in the case of ditransitive verbs, a shifted direct object prevents extraction of the indirect object via wh-movement:
Some generativists use this example to argue against the hypothesis that shifting merely results from choice between alternative complement orders, a hypothesis that does not imply movement. Their analysis in terms of a strictly binary branching tree resulting from leftward movements would in turn be able to explain this restriction. However, there are at least two ways of countering this argument: 1) in case one wants to explain choice, if choice is assumed to be performed between possible orders, the impossible order is not in the linguistic potential and it cannot be chosen; however, 2) in case one wants to explain generation, that is, to explain how a linguistic potential comes to exist in a situation, one can explain this phenomenon in terms of generation and avoidance rules: for instance, one of the reasons for avoiding a wording in potentiality would be an ordering in which a preposition falls before a nominal group by accident as in the example above. In other words, from a functional perspective, we either recognise that these fake clauses are none of the clauses we can choose from (choice of possible clauses) or we say that they are generated and avoided because they might cause listeners to misunderstand what the speaker is saying (generation and avoidance).


Monica Partridge

Prof. Monica Partridge born Monica Agnes McMain (25 May 1915 – 2008) was a British linguist and Russian and Serbo-Croatian scholar who was a benefactor to the University of Nottingham. She was the first woman to be a Professor at her university.
Life.
Partridge was born on 25 May 1915 in Nottingham to Florence Emma Marjorie born Roberts and John McMain. Her father was a teacher. She studied French at Nottingham University but later became intrigued by Russian. She began to study Russian at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in London, in 1940. She undertook post graduate studies with Professor Simon Boyanus and won the Laura Soames Prize for her study of the phonetics of Russian.
Partridge did some (assistant) lecturing at University College London. After the war in 1947 she worked at her alma mater as a tutorial assistant.
She was encouraged by Janko Lavrin to begin a doctorate and she undertook a thesis into the time that Alexander Herzen spent in Russia. She would in time become an acknowledged expert on Herzen. In 1949 she was appointed to a lectureship in Russian at Nottingham as an Assistant Lecturer to Lavrin. Each summer she went to Slovenia where she established links with the University of Ljubljana. Because of her interest the University of Nottingham was able to establish student exchanges which also improved the opportunities for Yugoslav students. In 1967 she became the first woman to be appointed a Professor at Nottingham University.
She led the university's department of Slavic studies until she retired in 1980. After she retired she was recognised as an emeritus professor. The Yugoslav government awarded her the Order of the Flag with Star. In 1990, when she was 75, a presentation was made to her of a series of essays titled "The Bell of Freedom". In 1993 she published a book detailing her studies of Alexander Herzen. When she died on 19 March 2008 she left a bequest to the university which assisted students to be granted fellowships.


Decasyllabic quatrain

Decasyllabic quatrain is a poetic form in which each stanza consists of four lines of ten syllables each, usually with a rhyme scheme of AABB or ABAB. Examples of the decasyllabic quatrain in heroic couplets appear in some of the earliest texts in the English language, as Geoffrey Chaucer created the heroic couplet and used it in "The Canterbury Tales". The alternating form came to prominence in late 16th-Century English poetry and became fashionable in the 17th Century when it appeared in heroic poems by William Davenant and John Dryden. In the 18th Century famous poets such as Thomas Gray continued to use the form in works such as "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard". Shakespearean Sonnets, comprising 3 quatrains of iambic pentameter followed by a final couplet, as well as later poems in blank verse have displayed the various uses of the decasyllabic quatrain throughout the history of English Poetry.
Heroic Quatrain.
The decasyllabic quatrain with an alternating rhyme scheme is often referred to as the "heroic quatrain", the "heroic stanza" or the "four-line stave". It came to prominence in the poem "Nosce Teipsum" by Sir John Davies in 1599. Although the use of ten-syllable lines had existed long before Davies's poems, the most common usage for the decasyllabic form was in the heroic couplet, where two lines of iambic pentameter were composed with a rhyme scheme that caused the vowel sound at the end of each line to correspond with the vowel sound of the line immediately following it. Hence, a quatrain formed of heroic couplets would have a scheme of AABB. However, "Nosce teipsum" used a variation of the form wherein the couplets were separated by interjected lines, causing the scheme to gain complexity.
Following the publication of "Nosce Teipsum", other poets in the English language also began to break free from the heroic couplet in their longer works. In 1650 William Davenant published the preface to his epic poem "Gondibert", which was intended to contain five parts, similar to a five-act play. In letter to Davenant, Thomas Hobbes, whom Davenant had met in Paris as a Royalist in exile, stated that he believed the poetic form Davenant intended to use in his poem would greatly change the course of poetry by opening up new possibilities for poetic expression. However, Hobbes freely admitted that he knew little about poetry before he attempted to explain his thoughts on literary theory. While Hobbes praised Davenant's intention to write a poem of the scope of "Gondibert", the work was never completed, and Davenant's most significant contribution to the development of the form came from his influence on Dryden, who would prove to be the decasyllabic quatrain's most prominent practitioner.
When Dryden published Annus Mirabilis in 1667, the form he used for the long poem was that of the decasyllabic quatrain. The poem achieved prominence quickly, as it discussed the year of 1666, during which many disasters had plagued the people of England. The poem contained 1216 lines of verse in 304 stanzas, each with a period at the end to show a "completeness" in each stanza. While the form had achieved fame with other poets of Dryden's era and was considered "fashionable" by figures of the literary world, Dryden's poem quickly became known as the standard-bearer of the genre.
Elegiac decasyllabic quatrain.
In 1751, Thomas Gray published "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard", composed in the heroic stanza. Written in iambic pentameter, the poem followed the same metrical and structural patterns seen in "Annus Mirabilis", but the use of the poetic form in an elegy gave it the title of the "elegiac decasyllabic quatrain". Other writers of Gray's time also wrote heroic stanzas about topics similar to those in "Elegy", such as Thomas Warton in "Pleasures of Melancholy" and William Collins in "Ode to Evening". While the topic chosen for these quatrains appealed to the novel literary devices of Gray's period with emphasis on melancholy and by taking place in the evening, Gray's contemporaries did not believe that the heroic quatrain, which was commonly used in the era, was dramatically changed or altered in the poems.
Criticisms of the form.
When discussing the auditory impression created by the sound of the decasyllabic quatrain, Ralph Waldo Emerson described how he would hum the tune created by the pattern of the rhyme scheme then long to fill the sounds in with the words of a poem. However, Henry David Thoreau, when writing about Emerson's "Ode to Beauty" criticizes the use of the decasyllabic quatrain by suggesting that its tune is unworthy of the thoughts expressed.
George Saintsbury, in "A History of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day", argues that the heroic quatrain, while breaking from the conventions of the heroic couplet, contains limitations that outweigh its liberating characteristics. To Saintsbury, the decasyllabic quatrain contains a stiffness that can not be overcome: You can not vary your stops, as in blank verse or the Spenserian, there is not room enough: and the recurrent divisions necessatated by the stanza lack at once the conciseness and the continuity of the couplet, the variety and amplitude of the rhyme-royal, octave, or Spenserian itself.
In his essay on "Annus Mirabilis", A. W. Ward suggests that the decasyllabic quatrain used by Davenant and Dryden, with its insistence on providing each quatrain with the "completeness" given by the final period, causes the verse to strike the reader as "prosy". While Ward respects Dryden's willingness to use a new form despite his mastery of the heroic couplet, he believes that "Annus Mirabilis" exemplifies the weaknesses of the form and hinders Dryden's ability to use poetry to fully express his philosophical conceits. Saintsbury, agreeing with this assessment, suggested that Dryden's choice to revert to the heroic couplet for his three poems on the restoration.


Haptic memory

Haptic memory is the form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli. Haptic memory is used regularly when assessing the necessary forces for gripping and interacting with familiar objects. It may also influence one's interactions with novel objects of an apparently similar size and density. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds. Haptic memory is best for stimuli applied to areas of the skin that are more sensitive to touch. Haptics involves at least two subsystems; cutaneous, or everything skin related, and kinesthetic, or joint angle and the relative location of body. Haptics generally involves active, manual examination and is quite capable of processing physical traits of objects and surfaces.
Overview.
Perhaps the first experiment conducted to study the phenomenon of haptic memory was that of Bliss, Crane, Mansfield, and Townsend who investigated the characteristics of immediate recall for brief tactile stimuli applied to the hand. The results obtained showed a haptic memory store remarkably similar to the visual memory store suggested by Sperling in 1960, with a capacity of approximately four to five items. Similar to tests of visual sensory memory, it was also found that haptic memory performance was significantly improved with the use of partial report procedures. This particular finding is consistent with more recent research by Gallace in 2008. Bliss et al. interpreted this difference in partial report versus whole report as a sensory form of memory for passively presented tactile stimuli with a high capacity and short duration. Additional support for the short duration of haptic memory comes from studies by Gilson and Baddeley in 1969. According to these studies, memory for stimuli applied to the skin is resilient for approximately ten seconds after removal of the stimulus, even when the individual is engaged in tasks that inhibit verbal rehearsal. After this delay, the memory trace becomes vulnerable to forgetting as it decays from the haptic memory store and begins to rely on a more central memory store. Similar findings were later reported by Miles and Borthwick in 1996, who emphasized the role of tactile interference on discriminability of the target location and the role of central processing resources in consolidation of haptic memory. More recent experimental procedures and technologies such as minielectrode recording devices and transcranial magnetic stimulation have allowed for mapping of brain areas involved in the storage of tactile memories. Implicated in most of these studies is the primary somatosensory cortex. More recent studies have also investigated a broader selection of participants, allowing for the discovery of an intact haptic memory in infants.
Neuroanatomy.
Tactile memories are organized somatotopically, following the organization of the somatosensory cortex. This means that areas close on the body surface receive nervous signals from areas that are close together on the brain surface. Several distinct areas of the parietal lobe are responsible for contributing to different aspects of haptic memory. Memory for the properties of stimuli such as roughness, spatial density, and texture involves activation of the parietal operculum. Properties of stimuli such as size and shape, as detected by touch receptors in the skin, are stored in the anterior part of the parietal lobe. Memory for spatial information such as the location of stimuli involves the right superior parietal lobule and temporoparietal junction.
Additional neuroimaging data has been provided by studies using microelectrodes implanted in the somatosensory cortex of monkeys. When performing a delayed match to sample task with objects of identical dimensions but different surface features, activity is observed in somatosensory neurons during perception and in the short-term memory for tactile stimuli.
According to a study done by Bruce V. DiMattia, Keith A. Posley and Joaquin M. Fuster, it was found that monkeys were quite capable of concurrent Visual-to-Haptic as well as Haptic-to-Visual crossmodal matching of objects by size, shape and texture. It was also discovered that they were more adept at performing cross modal matching in the Visual-to-Haptic direction.
Development.
Memory is important in infancy as it forms the basis for more complex procedures such as learning and reasoning. Studies of haptic memory in infants is particularly useful because it allows researchers to study the more perceptual representation of information as opposed to verbal or semantic aspects. Haptic abilities develop in stages in infants: The last two decades have allowed researchers to study the sensory system of infants which gives an insight to the initial stages of thinking, deciding and reasoning in a human brain.
Evidence of haptic memory was discovered in infants as young as two months by Myriam Lhote and Arlette Streti, who demonstrated that haptic habituation occurs asymmetrically between the hands of infants, and that differences in haptic memory exist between sexes. For instance, in 2-month-old infants, haptic habituation was found in both the right and the left hand. Babies were able to encode haptically some characteristics or features of objects without visual control with their left hand as well as with their right hand. In the experiment, haptic habituation was formed through an occurred stimuli and at the end, it has seen that even though stimuli was not present, infants still carry on their stimuli habit. It was also shown that infantile haptic memory is robust in that it is somewhat resistant to delays (especially in males). These findings support earlier results by Catherwood, which stated that 8-month-old infants were able to recognize a familiar shape after a five-minute delay. Studies by Millar on congenitally blind and blindfolded children have revealed the importance of movement and body-centered cues in haptic memory. While these cues are important in all individuals, blind children tend to rely on them heavily.
Furthermore, it is proven that our haptic cues and memory affects our visual experience and the two experiences are linked for us to comprehend our surroundings.
Implicit.
Implicit memory can be referred to as the unconscious recollection of previously presented information. This type of memory influences one's actions and behaviors without the individual having any awareness of its availability for explicit recall. Implicit memory has been linked to phenomena such as skill acquisition, priming, and classical conditioning. In some cases, tactile information is also remembered implicitly. Evidence for this comes from patients with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere, who, due to their brain damage, are unable to explicitly report any of the qualities of objects held in their left hand when another object is simultaneously presented in their right hand. Despite this fact, when the patients are asked to compare the characteristics of objects presented to either hand, their judgements are influenced by objects previously held in their right hand. This suggests that the patients have some memory for the properties of objects recently removed from their right hand that they are not consciously aware of, and that this memory is affecting their accuracy on subsequent tasks. Similar evidence has been found in healthy individuals of varying ages, and in patients with Alzheimer's disease.


Prix Iris for Best Editing

The Prix Iris for Best Editing () is an annual film award presented by Québec Cinéma as part of the Prix Iris awards program, to honour the year's best film editing in the Cinema of Quebec.
Until 2016, it was known as the Jutra Award for Best Supporting Actor in memory of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra. Following the withdrawal of Jutra's name from the award, the 2016 award was presented under the name Québec Cinéma. The Prix Iris name was announced in October 2016.


Lev Kuleshov

Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (; – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School. He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969. He was intimately involved in development of the style of film making known as Soviet montage, especially its psychological underpinning, including the use of editing and the cut to emotionally influence the audience, a principle known as the Kuleshov effect. He also developed the theory of creative geography, which is the use of the action around a cut to connect otherwise disparate settings into a cohesive narrative.
Life and career.
Lev Kuleshov was born in 1899 into an intellectual Russian family. His father Vladimir Sergeevich Kuleshov was of noble heritage; he studied art in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, despite his own father's disapproval. He then married a village schoolteacher Pelagia Alexandrovna Shubina who was raised in an orphanage, which only led to more confrontation. They gave birth to two sons: Boris and Lev.
At the time Lev Kuleshov was born, the family became financially broke, lost their estate and moved to Tambov, living a modest life. In 1911 Vladimir Kuleshov died; three years later Lev and his mother moved to Moscow where his elder brother was studying and working as an engineer. Lev Kuleshov decided to follow the steps of his father and entered the Moscow School of Painting, although he didn't finish it. In 1916 he applied to work at the film company led by Aleksandr Khanzhonkov. He produced scenery for Yevgeni Bauer's pictures, such as "The King of Paris", "For Happiness" and others. With time Kuleshov became more interested in film theory. He co-directed his first movie "Twilight" in 1917. His next film was released under the Soviet patronage.
During 1918–1920 he covered the Russian Civil War with a documentary crew. In 1919 he headed the first Soviet film courses at the National Film School. Kuleshov may well be the very first film theorist as he was a leader in the Soviet montage theory – developing his theories of editing before those of Sergei Eisenstein (briefly a student of Kuleshov). He contributed the article "Kinematografichesky naturshchik" to the first issue of "Zrelishcha" in 1922. Among his other notable students were Vsevolod Pudovkin, Boris Barnet, Mikhail Romm, Sergey Komarov, Porfiri Podobed, Vladimir Fogel and Aleksandra Khokhlova who became his wife. For Kuleshov, the essence of the cinema was editing, the juxtaposition of one shot with another. To illustrate this principle, he created what has come to be known as the Kuleshov Effect. In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images (a casket, a bowl of soup, etc.) in order to show how editing changes viewers' interpretations of images. Another one of his famous inventions was creative geography, also known as artificial landscape. Those techniques were described in his book "The Basics of Film Direction" (1941) which was later translated into many languages.
In addition to his theoretical and teaching work, Kuleshov directed a number of feature-length films. Among his most notable works are an action-comedy "The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks" (1924), a psychological drama "By the Law" (1926) adapted from the short story by Jack London and a biographical drama "The Great Consoler" (1933) based on O. Henry's life and works. In 1934 and 1935 Kuleshov went to Tajikistan to direct there "Dokhunda", a movie based on the novel by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped. No footage survives.
After directing his last film in 1943, Kuleshov served as an artistic director and an academic rector at VGIK where he worked for the next 25 years. He was a member of the jury at the 27th Venice International Film Festival, as well as a special guest during other international film festivals.
Lev Kuleshov died in Moscow in 1970. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Aleksandra Khokhlova (1897–1985) – an actress, film director and educator, granddaughter of Pavel Tretyakov and Sergey Botkin – and Aleksandra's son Sergei from her first marriage.


Johann Kaspar Zeuss

Johann Kaspar Zeuss (or "Zeuß", 22 July 1806 – 10 November 1856) was a German historian and founder of Celtic philology. He is credited with demonstrating that the Celtic languages belong to the Indo-European group.
Life.
Zeuss was born in Kronach, Upper Franconia, and studied at the gymnasium of Bamberg. His parents wished him to enter the priesthood, but he chose a scholarly career, inclining particularly to historical and linguistic studies. He entered the University of Munich and after graduating, taught at the gymnasium there. In 1837 his book "Die Herkunft der Baiern von den Markomannen" (The Descent of the Bavarians from the Markomans), which brought him an honorary PhD from the University of Erlangen. The same year he went to Speyer to teach history at the lyceum and remained there until 1847, when he accepted a professorship of history at the University of Munich. This he resigned on account of poor health and was transferred to the lyceum in Bamberg. In 1853 there appeared his monumental "Grammatica Celtica", which brought him fame. Two years after he took leave of absence to recover his health, but he died in Kronach the following year.
Influence.
Zeuss was a scholar of great erudition, combining a knowledge of philology with history and ethnology. His Germanic studies had taught him the necessity of knowing Celtic languages, and he went to work to investigate this neglected field. To get at the sources, the old manuscripts, particularly those in Old Irish, he journeyed to Karlsruhe, Würzburg, St. Gallen, Milan, London, and Oxford, and everywhere made extracts or copies. Both ancient and modern dialects received his attention. His "Grammatica Celtica" proved beyond doubt that the Celtic languages were a group of the Indo-European family, which put Celtic philology on a sound scientific basis. After the author's death the work was revised and re-edited by Hermann Ebel (Berlin, 1871). Other works by Zeuss are "Traditiones possessionesque Wirzenburgenses" (1842) and "Die Freie Reichstadt Speyer vor ihrer Zerstörung" (The Free Imperial City of Speyer before its Destruction).
De Barra (2018, page 26) writes that Zeuss "brought rigorous scientific methodologies and a sense of scholarly gravitas to the study of indigenous languages of Britain and Ireland...something the field had lacked before...in his wake universities in Britain and Europe devoted more resources to the study of Celtic matters".


Cesare Marsili

Cesare Marsili (Bologna, 31 January 1592 – Bologna, March 22, 1633) was an Italian intellectual and associate of Galileo Galilei.
Early life.
Cesare Marsili was born into one of the most important senatorial families of the city, the son of Filippo Marsili and Elizabetta Rossi. From an early age he assumed various positions of authority in the city, becoming a member of the Council of Elders, tribune of the people, standard-bearer of justice. In 1622, just thirty years old, was elected Superintendent of Water, a position which he required hydraulic and mathematical skills that he had probably learned from Giovanni Antonio Magini, professor of mathematics and astronomy University of Bologna. On 10 November 1628, he married a noblewoman named Elena Ballatini.
An efficient government man, an educated scholar, Marsili was a member of several academies, including the Gelati, the Notte and the Torbidi. In 1624 he went to Rome following the election of Pope Urban VIII and there he met Galileo Galilei, through whom he became a member of the Accademia dei Lincei in 1625. Galileo had had a close friendship with Filippo Salviati for many years, and since his early death had lacked a close confidant. Marsili quickly came to fill this role for him. Marsili was also an enthusiastic jouster and is known to have participated a number of tournaments between 1615 and 1628.
Correspondence with Galileo.
Marsili's friendship with Galileo and the extensive correspondence between them cast light on the nature of Galileos' work and the activities of the Accademia dei Lincei. Because of his social standing, he was a vital link between Galileo and the political elites in Rome and Bologna. From this correspondence emerges Marsili's passion for experiments and measuring instruments, to which he devoted his own studies and activities. On one occasion, we know that Galileo send him two top-quality telescope lenses, and promised him a telescope in due course.
The letters also provide insight into otherwise unknown experiments. In April 1626, after learning from Marsili that "a certain engineer" in Bologna had built a device that imitated the motion of the tides, Galileo responded that he had made a similar machine himself twenty years previously, but that it had not been for studying the tides. Galileo's accounts indicate that he had a clear idea of the principles of the thermometer by around 1606-08, so the claim to have invented it properly belong to him. In another letter of 7 July 1626, Marsili reported that a Bolognese artisan had succeeded in manufacturing a mirror that could produce the effects of a telescope, but that it had not yet been possible for him to verify its working. As the correspondence continued, it was clear that Marsili and Galileo were developing the concept of the reflecting telescope, an idea that was to be developed by Cavalieri.
Relations with Cavalieri.
As prominent member of the ruling families in Bologna, Marsili played a key role in the appointment of Bonaventura Cavalieri to the chair of mathematics at the University, vacant since the death of Magini, in 1617. There was no shortage of candidates, including Kepler, who politely declined, doubting the freedom he would enjoy at Bologna as a Protestant Copernican. Thanks to the lobbying undertaken by Marsili, Galileo was highly regarded in Bologna, and he was a patron of Cavalieri, who was a pupil of his associate Benedetto Castelli. Castelli, who was professor of mathematics at Pisa, was known to Marsili through his work as Superintendent of Water, when he had visited Bologna with a commission of experts sent by the pope to resolve a dispute between Bologna and Ferrara over the management of the Po and the Reno, and he recommended Cavalieri.
After Cavalieri took up his chair, they worked together to promote the ideas of Galileo; Marsili also mediated the argument which broke out between Galileo and Cavalieri when the young mathematician published "The Burning Mirror" in 1632, which Galileo felt made use of his own ideas and demonstrations. Thanks to Marsili's good offices, amicable relations between the two men were restored.
"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems".
Marsili's friendship proved invaluable to Galileo in the preparation of his great work "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems". Galileo finally decided to finally respond to Francesco Ingoli's work of 1616, known as "De situ et quiete Terrae contra Copernici Systema disputatio" challenging the theories of Copernicus. Marsili undertook to obtain a copy of it, and took part in the discussions Galileo held with his friends to work out the main lines of his counter-argument. Marsili also saw a manuscript draft of Galileo's response, and found himself the main point of contact between Galileo and other thinkers, including the peripatetic Scipione Chiaramonti and Kepler. Marsili was well aware of the crucial importance Galileo's "Dialogue", and undertook a sustained campaign of letter writing to make other Bolognese writers and scholars aware of its forthcoming publication. While preparing the ground for Galileo's ideas, he carefully avoided confrontation with traditional Aristotelian scholars. He also ordered 32 copies of the "Dialogue" from the printers, to sell to interested readers in Bologna.
Because of the importance Galileo's book, Marsili sought to have his own name included in it in some positive light. In his letter to Galileo of 27 March 1631 he explicitly requested a mention, and at the same time informed him of a discovery he had made. The marble sundial created some five decades previously by Ignazio Danti on the facade of Santa Maria Novella did not in fact align with the sun at the equinox. He went on to refer to a number of other discrepancies between modern astronomical data and that reported by Ptolemy and other ancient writers. Galileo obliged him. In the fourth day of his "Dialogue", Marsili features in a complimentary exchange between Salviati and Sagredo:
"SALVIATI: 'There is now a fifth novelty from which one might be able to able to argue for the motion of the terrestrial globe. This refers to the extremely subtle things being discovered by the most illustrious Mr. Cesare Marsili, member of a very noble family of Bologna, and also Lincean Academician; in a most learned essay he states that he has observed a constant though extremely slow motion of the meridian line. Having recently seen this essay with astonishment, I hope he sends copies of it to all students of the marvels of nature.' "
"SAGREDO: 'This is not the first time I have heard of this gentleman's refined learning and of his great concern to be a patron to all scholars. If this or some other work of his comes out, we can be sure it will be a thing of distinction.' "
After the publication of the "Dialogue" in 1632, Marsili understood the severity of the repression that was about to descend on Galileo and his supporters, but before the full impact this could be left, he died, on 22 March 1633. He was buried in the family chapel in the San Petronio Basilica. His essay, referred to in the "Dialogue" is not extant and appears never to have been published, like other works attributed to him by eighteenth-century biographers.


Hillcrest Labs

Hillcrest Labs was a sensor processing technology company that developed freespace motion-control technology and developed the first motion-controlled remote for television. Hillcrest also invented the first graphical zoomable interface for television and Kylo, the first Web browser optimized for television. The company, based in Rockville, Maryland, was acquired by CEVA in July 2019.
History.
Founded in 2001 as Hillcrest Communications, the company changed its name to Hillcrest Laboratories in 2005. Founder Dan Simpkins, who had previously founded SALIX technologies, believed that television content was becoming increasingly difficult to navigate, and he wanted to make it easier. To that end, Hillcrest developed Freespace motion sensing technology, which translates a user's gestures into screen motion. This allows a remote control to operate as a mouse for the television. The company also developed a graphical, zoomable interface for television content. Early investors included Grotech Ventures, New Enterprise Associates, and Columbia Capital.
Timeline.
In 2006, Hillcrest introduced its first products: the Loop pointer and the HoME television navigation system, with a graphical, zoomable interface.
In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest's technology for the MX Air, a mouse that could be used in the air.
In 2008, Hillcrest licensed its technology to Kodak, for the Kodak Theatre HD Player and Pointer Remote. Also in 2008, Universal Electronics and Texas Instruments licensed Freespace for use in remote controls.
In 2009, Hillcrest released the Loop pointer for sale directly to consumers. PC World Magazine named The Loop pointer one of the “top 100 products of the year” and one of the “greatest tech designs ever.”
In 2010, Hillcrest released the Kylo browser, a free Web browser for Windows and Mac OS X, optimized for viewing on a TV screen. Hulu blocked users of Kylo from accessing the site. Hillcrest released a new version that worked with Hulu, and Hulu blocked it again. Also in 2010, LG came out with the Magic Motion remote, which used Hillcrest's technology to allow users to change channels with gestures.
In 2011, Hillcrest raised new funding from NEA, AllianceBernstein, Columbia Capital, and Grotech Ventures.
On December 20, 2016, InterDigital announced the acquisition of Hillcrest Labs.
In January 2018, Hillcrest Labs launched its FSP200 processor.
On July 22, 2019, CEVA announced the acquisition of Hillcrest Labs.
Technology and products.
Freespace Motion Control Technology
Freespace Motion Control Technology combined motion algorithms with MEMS accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other sensors to translate physical motions into cursor movement. The software compensates for human tremor and inadvertent movement, generating natural cursor movement.
The Freespace MotionEngine software was embedded in the Roku 2 "game remote", released in 2011, which uses Freespace to control Roku's streaming players. Freespace is also used by LG for its Smart TVs and Magic Motion Remote. The Logitech MX Air Mouse uses Freespace, and Popular Mechanics called this mouse the “best pointer we’ve tried.” Another Freespace-enabled product is the Universal Electronics remote control.
Freespace allows users to control images on a screen by using intuitive motions, allowing for a more natural method of interacting with television content compared to directional pads. It is currently used in several products, such as the Magic Motion motion-sensing remote controls that come with some of LG Electronics’ televisions. Other licensees of Freespace include Logitech, Sony's videogame division, Roku, Universal Electronics, and Zillion TV.
The Loop pointer
The Loop pointer, enabled by Hillcrest's Freespace technology, was designed to act as a mouse for television. Similar to the LG Magic Remote, the Loop senses the viewer's wrist movements and translates the gestures into onscreen movement. It has four buttons and a scroll wheel. The Loop doesn't need to be pointed at the PC, or have a direct line of sight.
The Scoop pointer
The Scoop pointer is a Freespace enabled in-air mouse that succeeded its heavier Loop predecessor. It has nine buttons and a scroll wheel.
Kylo Web browser
Kylo is a free Web browser that was optimized for the TV screen with a 10-foot user interface. It has large fonts and buttons, and an onscreen keyboard. The Kylo browser was released in March 2010, and was available for Windows and Mac OS X.
Legal.
On August 19, 2008, Hillcrest Laboratories filed a complaint against Nintendo with the U.S International Trade Commission, alleging that the Wii Remote infringed on three of its patents. A fourth Hillcrest patent (for graphical interfaces displayed on television screens) was also allegedly violated. Hillcrest sought a ban on Wii consoles imported to the U.S. On August 24, 2009, Nintendo and Hillcrest reached a settlement, although the terms were not publicly disclosed.


Clive Scott (linguist)

Clive Scott is a professor of European Literature at the University of East Anglia and the author of many ground-breaking books on French poetry.
Scott's book "Channel Crossings: French and English Poetry in Dialogue 1550-2000" (Legenda, 2002) was awarded the 2003 R. H. Gapper Book Prize by the UK Society for French Studies. This prize recognises the work as the best book published by a scholar working in Britain or Ireland in French studies in 2002.
Scott became a fellow of the British Academy in 1994.


John Seamon

John Seamon (born February 8, 1943) is an American psychologist who is Professor of Psychology Emeritus and Professor of Neuroscience and Behavior Emeritus at Wesleyan University. His research focuses on memory.
Seamon read for a BS at Columbia University (1966) and a doctorate at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1971). After postdoctoral work at New York University, he joined Wesleyan in 1972. He was awarded Emeritus status in 2013. His books include 1980's "Memory & Cognition: An Introduction" (Oxford University Press); the 1980 reader "Human Memory: Contemporary Readings" (Oxford University Press); 1992's "Introduction to Psychology", co-written with D. T. Kendrick (Prentice Hall), the second edition of which was published in 1994; and 2015's "Memory and Movies: What Films Can Teach Us About Memory" (MIT Press).


AdS/CFT duality


Meleager of Gadara

Meleager of Gadara (; fl. 1st century BC) was a poet and collector of epigrams. He wrote some satirical prose, now lost, and some sensual poetry, of which 134 epigrams survive.
Life.
Meleager was the son of Eucrates, born in the city of Gadara, now Umm Qais in Jordan, which was then a partially Hellenized community noted for its "remarkable contribution to Greek culture". He was educated in Tyre and spent his later life in Cos where he died at an advanced age, perhaps at 70. According to short autobiographical poems he wrote, Meleager was proud of his hometown and identified himself as cosmopolitan, being both "Attic" (i.e. Hellenistic) and Syrian, and also praised Tyre for having "made [him] a man" and Cos for taking "care of [him] in [his] old age".
The scholiast to the Palatine manuscript of the Greek Anthology says he flourished in the reign of Seleucus VI Epiphanes (95 – 93 BC). The uppermost date of his compilation of the Anthology is 60 BC, as it did not include Philodemus of Gadara, though later editors added thirty-four epigrams.
Some writers classed him among the Cynics, and according to historian Benjamin Isaac Meleager's belief that "all men are equal and compatriots" strengthens this view, as some Cynics already held such a world view possibly as early as the 5th century BC. Like his compatriot Menippus, Meleager wrote what were known as "spoudogeloia" (Greek singular: ), satirical prose essays putting philosophy in popular form with humorous illustrations. These are completely lost. Meleager's fame is securely founded on the one hundred and thirty-four epigrams of his own which he included in his Anthology. The manuscripts of the "Greek Anthology" are the sole source of these epigrams.
"The Garland" of Meleager.
Meleager is famous for his anthology of poetry entitled "The Garland" (). Polemon of Ilium and others had created collections of monumental inscriptions, or of poems on particular subjects earlier, but Meleager first did so comprehensively. He collected epigrams by 46 Greek poets, from every lyric period up to his own. His title referred to the commonplace comparison of small beautiful poems to flowers, and in the introduction to his work, he attached the names of various flowers, shrubs, and herbs — as emblems — to the names of the several poets. The "Garland" itself has survived only as one of the original constituent roots to the Greek Anthology.
Poetry.
Meleager's poetry is concerned with personal experience and emotions, frequently with love and its discontents. He typically describes himself not as an active and engaged lover, but as one struck by the beauty of a woman or boy. The following is an example:
The wine-cup is glad: dear Zenophilè’s lip
It boasts to have touched, when she stooped down to sip.
Happy wine-cup! I wish that, with lips joined to mine,
All my soul at a draught she would drink up like wine.


Anna Crone

Anna Lisa Crone (June 9, 1946 – June 19, 2009) was an American linguist and literary theorist.
Life.
Bom in Brooklyn, New York, Lisa was raised in North Carolina and graduated from Goucher College in 1967. She received her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1975, where her teachers were Roman Jakobson, , and . She entered the University of Chicago two years later (1977) and began working as Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures. Her first monograph was published in 1978 and devoted to a study of the Russian philosopher Vasilii Rozanov. Robert Bird, Chairman of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Chicago, called the book a new chapter in the study of Russian philosophical discourse. Her final years were dedicated to a monograph on the philosophies of eros in Russian modernism. This book, entitled "Eros and Creativity in Russian Religious Renewal: The Philosophers and the Freudians" (2010), focuses on four brilliant representatives of the "Russian Religious Renaissance" of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—Vladimir Solovyov, Vasily Rozanov, Nikolai Berdyaev, and Boris Vysheslavtsev. In trying to situate these thinkers in a European philosophical context, Crone investigated their connection to Freudian theory, with their views being sometimes misinterpreted by Crone.
During her career she directed almost 20 dissertations. In 2007, two of her students published "Poetics, Self, Place: Essays in Honor of Anna Lisa Crone". She died from cancer and was survived by her husband Vladimir Donchik, her daughter Liliana, her parents Ethel and James Crone, and sisters Laurel Sneed and Moira Crone.


Fair computational tree logic

Fair computational tree logic is conventional computational tree logic studied with explicit fairness constraints.
Weak fairness / justice.
This declares conditions such as all processes execute infinitely often. If you consider the processes to be Pi, then the condition becomes:
Strong fairness / compassion.
Here, if a process is requesting a resource infinitely often (R), it should be allowed to get the resource (C) infinitely often:
Model checking for fair CTL.
Consider a Kripke model with set of states "F". A path formula_3 is considered a fair path, if and
only if the path includes all members of "F" infinitely often.
Fair CTL model checking restricts the checks to only fair paths. There are two kinds of fair quantifiers:
A fair state is one from which at least one fair path originates. This translates to Mf, s |= EGtrue.
SCC-based approach.
A strongly connected component (SCC) of a directed graph is a maximal strongly connected subgraph—all the nodes are reachable from each other. A fair SCC is one that has an edge into at least one node for each of the fair conditions.
To check for fair EG for any formula,
Emerson Lei algorithm.
The fix point characterization of Exist Globally is given by: [EGφ] = νZ .([φ] ∩ [EXZ ]), which is basically the limit applied according to Kleene's theorem. To fair paths, it becomes [Ef Gφ] = νZ .([φ] ∩Fi ∈FT [EX[E(Z U(Z ∧ Fi ))]), which means the formula holds in the current state and the next states and the next to next states until it meets all the members of the fair conditions. This means that, the condition is equivalent to a sort of accepting point where the accepting condition is the entire set of Fair conditions.


Ginowan, Okinawa

 () is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2012, the city has an estimated population of 94,405, with 40,041 households and a population density of 4,838.8 persons per km². The total area is 19.51 km².
The city borders Chatan to the west, Okinawa City to the North, Urasoe to the south and Nishihara to the East.
History.
Ginowan was heavily damaged during World War II. After the war, half of the area of the city was allocated for use by the United States military. A refugee camp was built in the Nodake area of Ginowan. The population of the refugee camp increased exponentially, and the area was renamed Nodake City. The American occupation forces abolished Nodake City in 1946, and renamed the area Ginowan Village. Subsequently, the occupation authorities confiscated the main areas of Ginowan to build military bases. The area became a base town with military bases centered in Nodaka and Futenma.
Around 33% of Ginowan has been leased by the Japanese Ministry of Defense for use as U.S. military base under the Japanese and American mutual defense agreement. and hosts part of the Marine Corps' Camp Foster.
Ginowan was elevated to city status on July 1, 1962.
Geography.
Ginowan is located in the south of Okinawa, and sits on the western coast of the island along the East China Sea. The city sits on gently-sloping coastal terrace composed of Ryukyuan limestone. 38% of the city is occupied by military bases used by the United States.
Neighboring municipalities.
Clockwise, starting north, Ginowan borders on the following municipalities in Okinawa Prefecture:
Its tourist attractions include two castle ruins.
Environmental Investigation.
Japanese officials found dozens of abandoned metal drums in October 2013 when they entered the base with US permission to look for buried cultural property, The officials did not report this to the Ginowan city's mayor until March 2014. "No unusual odor or color change in soil" was detected and no health problems have been actively "reported by residents living around the base". Ginowan city government called the Japanese defense ministry to investigate for "possible environmental impacts". The Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera said: "We will take appropriate measures in cooperation with the United States and the city of Ginowan" as they plan environmental studies on soil in the week of March 18, 2014. The United States rarely allow environmental inspections on U.S. bases not planned for return to Japan.
Economy.
Ginowan has been economically dependent on the United States military.
The city is home to taro, specifically the "taimo" (田芋) used in Okinawa cuisine. While the taimo remains the chief product of Ginowan, agriculture greatly declined in the city in the postwar period. Like other municipalities on Okinawa Island, the city produces cut flowers for sale on the home islands of Japan.
Arts and culture.
The Okinawa Convention Center was constructed in Ginowan, and has hosted numerous international conferences. The city is also home to the Okinawa Prefectural Ginowan Marina, the Ginowan Municipal Museum, and the Sakima Art Museum.
Education.
Ginowan was home to the former Okinawa International University Junior College.
Government.
Ginowan is run by a city assembly of 28 elected members.
Transportation.
Roads.
Ginowan is crossed by Japan National Route 58, which stretches across segments of Kyūshū, Tanegashima, Amami Ōshima, and Okinawa, and Japan National Route 330, which connects the city of Okinawa and the prefectural capital of Naha. Both highways are routed around the U.S. military bases. The Okinawa Expressway, which connects Nago to Naha, runs along the eastern border of the Ginowan.


Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)

The seizure of power (simplified Chinese: 夺权; traditional Chinese: 奪權), or power-seizure movement (simplified Chinese: 夺权运动; traditional Chinese: 奪權運動) during the Chinese Cultural Revolution was a series of events led by the "rebel groups (造反派)", attempting to grab power from the local governments in China and local branches of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The seizure of power began in the "January Storm" of Shanghai in 1967, and rapidly spread to other areas of China. The power seizure usually culminated in the establishment of local revolutionary committees, which replaced the original governments as well as communist party branches, and wielded enormous power that often caused much chaos in the Chinese society.
Brief history.
Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution in May 1966. In January 1967, the January Storm in Shanghai marked the beginning of power-seizure movement, which then spread to other areas of China. The rebel groups across China, such as those in Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Guizhou and Shandong, started their own seizure of power as early as late January. The Cultural Revolution thereafter entered a new phase.
The end product of the power seizure were the revolutionary committees, which were established to wield the power grabbed from local governments and communist party committees. The revolutionary committees possessed enormous and highly centralized power. However, conflicts and power struggle within the revolutionary committees and the rebel groups often occurred, which resulted in nationwide violent struggles and the persecution of a large number of people.
After the Cultural Revolution, the revolutionary committees were gradually abandoned during the Boluan Fanzheng and "Reforms and Opening-up" period.