William R. Allen (economist)

William Richard Allen (April 3, 1924 – January 15, 2021) was an American economist, professor and author. He was known for his authorship of economic literature alongside frequent co-author Armen Alchian.
Career.
Allen obtained his A.B. (Bachelor of Arts) from Cornell College (1948) and his Ph.D. from Duke University (1953). He instructed at Washington University prior to joining the UCLA faculty in 1952. He was a visiting professor at Northwestern University, the University of Wisconsin, the University of Michigan, Southern Illinois University, and Texas A&M University, and he had been on the faculty of the Colorado School of Banking.
He was a consultant to the Balance of Payments Division of the Department of Commerce and a director of the Yardney Corporation. He was Chairman of the Department of Economics from 1967–1969. A recipient of various scholarship awards as a student, his professional research (largely in International Economics, Monetary Economics, and the History of Economic Theory) has been supported by grants from the Social Science Research Council, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Earhart Foundation. He has received the UCLA Alumni Association Award for the Art of Teaching, the Western Economic Association's Distinguished Teaching Award, and the Foundation at Valley Forge Award for Excellence in Private Enterprise Education. He has been Vice President and President of the Western Economic Association, Vice President of the History of Economics Society, Vice President and a member of the Executive Committee of the Southern Economic Association, and a director of the University Professors for Academic Order. He was the economics correspondent of the California Political Review, on the editorial board of the Social Science Quarterly, and on the advisory board of the History of Political Economy. He has participated extensively in conference, seminar, and lecture programs. He has authored, co-authored, and edited nine books and has contributed widely to professional journals in the United States and elsewhere. In 1974, he was appointed the first President of the International Institute for Economic Research; he was then Vice President of the Institute for Contemporary Studies, with which the International Institute for Economic Research merged in 1986. From 1990-1992 he was an associate of the Reason Foundation.
He was a nationally syndicated radio commentator and a newspaper columnist, a Los Angeles television commentator and an occasional magazine essayist. From 1978 to 1992 more than 200 radio stations carried daily broadcasts of “the Midnight Economist” written and delivered by Allen.
Education.
Bachelor of Arts in History, Political Science (1948), Cornell College.
Doctor of Philosophy in Economics (1953), Duke University.
Authorships and publications.
Allen has published and edited nine books as well as publishing multiple articles in academic journals. Some of the more popular selections of Allen's works are listed below.
Positions.
Other essays of William R. Allen


Jena Osman

Jena Osman is an American poet and editor, who graduated from Brown University, and the State University of New York at Buffalo, with a Ph.D. She teaches at Temple University. Osman's work has appeared in "American Letters & Commentary", "Conjunctions", "Hambone", "Verse", and "XCP: Cross-Cultural Poetics".
With Juliana Spahr, she founded and edited "Chain". She has been a writing fellow at the MacDowell Colony, the Blue Mountain Center, the Djerassi Foundation, and Chateau de la Napoule. She inspired the start of "Hyphen" magazine.
In her ongoing project, "Court Reports," Osman worked directly from court records, judicial opinions bearing the stamp and influence of Charles Reznikoff.


Michael Armacost

Michael Hayden Armacost (born April 15, 1937) is a retired American diplomat and a fellow at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute. He was the president of the Brookings Institution from 1995 to 2002.
Diplomatic career.
In the 1960s, Armacost taught international relations and foreign policy at Pomona College.
In January 1977 Armacost was selected as a member of the National Security Council to handle East Asian and Chinese affairs under the Carter administration until July 1978, when he was replaced by Nicholas Platt. Years later he was appointed to be the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1989 to 1993, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1984 to 1989, and United States Ambassador to the Philippines from 1982 to 1984, during a critical period of political upheaval during the Ferdinand Marcos presidency.
He served as Acting Secretary of State from January 20, 1989 to January 25, 1989. In the interval between 1995 and 2002, Armacost served as president of Washington D.C's Brookings Institution, the nation's oldest think tank and a leader in research on politics, government, international affairs, economics, and public policy.
He has received the President's Distinguished Service Award, the Defense Department's Distinguished Civilian Service Award, and the Secretary of State's Distinguished Services Award.
Armacost is the author of three books, the most recent of which, "Friends or Rivals?", was published in 1996 and draws on his tenure as ambassador. He also co-edited, with Daniel Okimoto, The Future of America's Alliances in Northeast Asia, published in 2004 by Shorenstein APARC. Armacost has served on numerous corporate and nonprofit boards, including TRW, AFLAC, Applied Materials, USEC, Inc., Cargill, Inc, Carleton College, and The Asia Foundation.
Armacost received a Bachelor of Arts in international relations from Carleton College in 1958, an honorary degree in 1989, where he was chairman of the board of trustees from 2004 to 2008, and earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University.


Ben Bradlee

Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (, 1921 – , 2014) was one of the most prominent journalists of post-World War II United States, serving first as managing editor, then as executive editor at "The Washington Post", from 1965 to 1991. He became a public figure when he joined "The New York Times" in publishing the Pentagon Papers and gave the go-ahead for the paper's extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal. He was also criticized for editorial lapses when the Post had to return a Pulitzer Prize in 1981 after it discovered its award-winning story was false.
After retirement, Bradlee continued to be associated with the Post, holding the position of "Vice President at-large" until his death. In retirement Bradlee was an advocate for education and the study of history, including working for years as an active trustee on the boards of several major educational, historical, and archaeological research institutions.
Early life and education.
Ben Bradlee was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Frederick Josiah Bradlee, Jr., an investment banker, and Josephine de Gersdorff, daughter of a Wall Street lawyer. His great uncle was Frank Crowninshield, founder and first editor of "Vanity Fair".
Bradlee was the second of three children; his siblings were older brother Frederick, a writer and Broadway stage actor, and younger sister Constance. The children grew up in a wealthy family with domestic staff. They learned French from governesses, took piano and riding lessons, and went to the symphony and the opera; but the stock market crash of 1929 cost Bradlee's father his job, and he took on whatever work he could find to support his family, from selling deodorants to supervising janitors at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
With the help of wealthy relatives, Bradlee was able to continue his education at Dexter School, and to finish high school at St. Mark's School, where he played varsity baseball. At St. Mark's he contracted polio, but eventually recovered enough to walk without limping. He went on to attend Harvard College, where his father had been a star football player, and graduated in 1942 with a combined Greek–English major.
World War II service.
Like many of his classmates, Bradlee anticipated the United States would eventually enter the European conflict and enrolled in the Naval ROTC at Harvard. As a result, he received his naval commission on the same day he graduated. He was assigned to the Office of Naval Intelligence, and served as a communications officer in the Pacific during World War II. He was assigned to the destroyer USS "Philip" fighting off the shore of Guam and arriving at Guadalcanal with the Second Transport Group, part of Task Group 62.4, commanded by Rear Admiral Norman Scott. Bradlee's main battles were Vella Lavella, Saipan, Tinian, and Bougainville. He also fought in the biggest naval battle ever fought, the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines Campaign, in the Borneo Campaign, and made every landing in the Solomon Islands campaign.
Early career in journalism.
At loose ends after the war, Bradlee was recruited by a high school classmate in 1946 to work at the "New Hampshire Sunday News", a new Sunday paper in Manchester, New Hampshire. The paper struggled to build advertising and circulation for two years, but was finally sold to the Manchester Union-Leader, the competing daily newspaper. Bradlee appealed to family friends for job leads, and got interviews at both "The Baltimore Sun" and "The Washington Post". According to Bradlee, when the train arrived in Baltimore it was raining, so he stayed on the train to Washington and was hired by "The Washington Post" as a reporter. He got to know associate publisher Philip Graham, who was the son-in-law of the publisher, Eugene Meyer. On , 1950, Bradlee was alighting from a streetcar in front of the White House just as two Puerto Rican nationalists attempted to shoot their way into Blair House in an attempt to kill President Harry S. Truman. In 1951 Bradlee become assistant press attaché in the American embassy in Paris
In 1954, Bradlee took on a new job as European correspondent for "Newsweek". He remained overseas another four years until he was transferred to "Newsweek's" Washington D.C. bureau.
As a reporter in the 1950s, Bradlee became close friends with then-senator John F. Kennedy, who had graduated from Harvard two years before Bradlee, and lived nearby. In 1960 Bradlee toured with both Kennedy and Richard Nixon in their presidential campaigns. He later wrote a book, "Conversations With Kennedy" (W.W. Norton, 1975), recounting their relationship during those years. Bradlee was, at this point, Washington Bureau chief for "Newsweek", a position from which he helped negotiate the sale of the magazine to "The Washington Post" holding company.
Career at "The Washington Post".
Bradlee remained with "Newsweek" until he was promoted to managing editor at the "Post" in 1965. He became executive editor in 1968.
Under Bradlee's leadership, "The Washington Post" took on major challenges during the Nixon administration. In 1971 "The New York Times" and the "Post" successfully challenged the government over the right to publish the Pentagon Papers.
One year later, Bradlee backed reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein as they probed the break-in at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel. According to Bradlee:
You had a lot of Cuban or Spanish-speaking guys in masks and rubber gloves, with walkie-talkies, arrested in the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at 2 in the morning. What the hell were they in there for? What were they doing? The follow-up story was based primarily on their arraignment in court, and it was based on information given our police reporter, Al Lewis, by the cops, showing them an address book that one of the burglars had in his pocket, and in the address book was the name 'Hunt,' H-u-n-t, and the phone number was the White House phone number, which Al Lewis and every reporter worth his salt knew. And when, the next day, Woodward—this is probably Sunday or maybe Monday, because the burglary was Saturday morning early—called the number and asked to speak to Mr. Hunt, and the operator said, 'Well, he's not here now; he's over at' such-and-such a place, gave him another number, and Woodward called him up, and Hunt answered the phone, and Woodward said, 'We want to know why your name was in the address book of the Watergate burglars.' And there is this long, deathly hush, and Hunt said, 'Oh my God!' and hung up. So you had the White House. You have Hunt saying 'Oh my God!' At a later arraignment, one of the guys whispered to a judge. The judge said, 'What do you do?' and Woodward overheard the words 'CIA.' So if your interest isn't whetted by this time, you're not a journalist.
Ensuing investigations of suspected cover-ups led inexorably to congressional committees, conflicting testimonies, and ultimately to the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974. For decades, Bradlee was one of only four publicly known people who knew the true identity of press informant Deep Throat, the other three being Woodward, Bernstein, and Deep Throat himself, who later revealed himself to be Nixon's FBI associate director Mark Felt.
In 1981 "Post" reporter Janet Cooke won a Pulitzer Prize for "Jimmy's World", a profile of an 8-year-old heroin addict. Cooke's article turned out to be fiction: there was no such addict. As executive editor, Bradlee was roundly criticized in many circles for failing to ensure the article's accuracy. After questions about the story's veracity arose, Bradlee (along with publisher Donald Graham) ordered a "full disclosure" investigation to ascertain the truth. Bradlee personally apologized to Mayor Marion Barry and the chief of police of Washington, D.C., for the "Post"'s fictitious article. Cooke, meanwhile, was forced to resign and relinquish the Pulitzer.
Activities and awards after retirement.
Bradlee retired as the executive editor of "The Washington Post" in September 1991 but continued to serve as vice president at large until his death. He was succeeded as executive editor at the "Post" by Leonard Downie Jr., whom Bradlee had appointed as managing editor seven years earlier.
In 1991 he was persuaded by then–governor of Maryland William Donald Schaefer to accept the chairmanship of the Historic St. Mary's City Commission and continued in that position through 2003. He also served for many years as a member of the board of trustees at St. Mary's College of Maryland, and endowed the Benjamin C. Bradlee Annual Lecture in Journalism there. He continued to serve as vice chairman of the school's board of trustees.
In 1991 Bradlee delivered the Theodore H. White lecture at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. His message: Lying in Washington, whether in the White House or the Congress, is wrong, immoral, tearing at the fiber of our national instincts and institutions — and must stop. He said, "Lying has reached such epidemic proportions in our culture and among our institutions in recent years, that we've all become immunized to it." He went on to suggest that the deceit was degrading the respect for the truth.
Bradlee had an acting role in "Born Yesterday", the 1993 remake of the 1950 romantic comedy.
In 1988, Bradlee received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
He published an autobiography in 1995, "A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures".
In recognition of his work as editor of "The Washington Post", Bradlee won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism in 1998.
In the fall of 2005 Jim Lehrer conducted six hours of interviews with Bradlee on a variety of topics, from the responsibilities of the press to Watergate to the Valerie Plame affair. The interviews were edited for an hour-long documentary, "Free Speech: Jim Lehrer and Ben Bradlee", which premiered on PBS on , 2006.
On , 2006, Bradlee received a Doctor of Humane Letters from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Prior to receiving the honorary degree, he taught occasional journalism courses at Georgetown.
Bradlee received the French Legion of Honor, the highest award given by the French government, at a ceremony in 2007 in Paris.
Bradlee was named as a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama on , 2013, and was presented the medal at a White House ceremony on , 2013.
In film, Bradlee has been portrayed by Jason Robards in "All the President's Men" in a performance that won Robards an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor as well as Tom Hanks in "The Post".
Death.
Bradlee suffered from Alzheimer's disease in his final years. In late September 2014, he entered hospice care due to declining health. He died , 2014, at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 93. His funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral. He was buried at the Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Marriages and children.
Bradlee was married three times. His first marriage was to Jean Saltonstall. Like Bradlee, Saltonstall also came from a wealthy and prominent Boston family. They married on , 1942, the same day Bradlee graduated from Harvard and entered the Navy. They had one son, Ben Bradlee Jr., who later became first a reporter, then a deputy managing editor at "The Boston Globe".
Bradlee and his first wife divorced while he was an overseas correspondent for "Newsweek". In 1957 he married Antoinette 'Tony' Pinchot Pittman. Together, they had a son, Dominic, and a daughter, Marina. This marriage also ended in divorce.
Bradlee's final marriage was to "The Washington Post" reporter Sally Quinn in 1978. Quinn and Bradlee had one child, Quinn Bradlee, born in 1982 when Quinn was 40 and Bradlee was 60.


Italo Brancucci

Italo Brancucci (1904, La Spezia – 1958, Rome) was an Italian composer and singing teacher. He taught at the Parma Conservatory for many years. Several of his pupils went on to have major opera careers, including Luigi Infantino, Rinaldo Pelizzoni, Elvina Ramella, Ferruccio Tagliavini, and Renata Tebaldi. As a composer he is best known for his opera "Fiorella" which premiered at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste on 30 December 1936. It was subsequently performed at a number of other Italian opera houses during the late 1930s, including at the Teatro Regio in Parma on 15 February 1938 with Rina Corsi in the title role and Franco Lo Giudice as Eugenio Beauharnais.


Morse system

MORSE system is a unique communication system developed by RACOM. The system has been primarily designed for narrow band radio modems. However, it has been extended for the next communication channels afterwards: IP (any network using UDP/IP, e.g. Internet) and GPRS, EDGE, UMTS.
The system is used primarily for communication in SCADA & Telemetry, Fleet management and transaction & financial networks.
There are more than 70 automation protocols implemented in MORSE system. Some of them are implemented in “cache mode”, when there is a mirror of data from all RTU in central modem. So the response time for SCADA is really fast.


Alf Hellevik

Alf Hellevik (28 June 1909 – 8 November 2001) was a Norwegian philologist.
He was born in Fjaler. He graduated as cand.philol. from the University of Oslo in 1938. He was the principal editor of the multi-volume dictionary "Norsk Ordbok" from 1948 to 1978. He lectured at the University of Oslo from 1972 until his retirement in 1977. He edited several editions of "Nynorsk Ordliste". From 1952 to 1970 he was a member of "Norsk Språknemnd", and a member of the Norwegian Language Council from 1972 to 1988.
He resided at Hosle during his working career, but later moved back to Sunnfjord. He died in November 2001 in Askvoll.


Intermarket segmentation

Intermarket segmentation refers to forming segments of consumers who have similar needs and buying behaviour, even though they are located in different countries. It is the process of selecting consumer segments across a range of countries that are targeted with an integrated brand positioning strategy without regard to geographic or national boundaries. The concept was originally coined and defined in a 1991 article published by The Academy of Marketing Science by Dr. Salah S. Hassan, Professor of Global Brand Strategy at George Washington University.


Dan Graur

Dan Graur \ˈɡra.ur\ (born July 24, 1953 in Piatra Neamț) is a Romanian-American scientist working in the field of molecular evolution. He is a Moores Professor at the University of Houston and Professor Emeritus of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is coauthor along with Wen-Hsiung Li of "Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution". His "Molecular and Genome Evolution" was published in 2016.
Education.
Dan Graur earned a B.Sc. in Biology and an M.Sc. in Zoology from Tel Aviv University. In 1985 Graur received his Ph.D. at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston for research supervised by Masatoshi Nei. He conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Tübingen, Germany.
Career.
From 1986 to 2003 he worked in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University. He retired in 2006 as Norman and Rose Lederer Professor Emeritus of Zoology. In 2003, he moved to the University of Houston. From 2009 to 2011 he has held the position of Councillor for the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. Graur has been noted for his criticisms of the ENCODE project.
Awards and honors.
In 2011 Graur was awarded the Humboldt Prize. In 2015, he was elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.


Lincoln Caplan

Lincoln W. Caplan, II (born 1950) is an American author, scholar, and journalist. He is the Truman Capote Visiting Lecturer in Law and a Senior Research Scholar in Law at Yale Law School.
Early life and education.
Caplan was born in 1950 in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, where he graduated cum laude in 1968. He then attended Harvard College, where he graduated magna cum laude in 1972, after which he attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge for one year. He earned a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1976.
Career.
Caplan began his career in journalism as an intern for "The New Republic" after his first year of law school. His first piece covered the oral argument in United States v. Nixon. He began writing for "The New Yorker" in 1978, and worked on the newspaper for several decades as a member of the editorial board. From 1998 to 2006 he worked on the faculty of Yale Law School, where he found and headed the "Legal Affairs" magazine in 2002. From July 2006 to July 2010, he served as a managing partner of Seachange Capital Partners. He has worked as a clerk for the chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, a management consultant for the Boston Consulting Group, and a White House Fellow. He was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1989 for the study of general nonfiction. He has also taught at the University of Virginia School of Law. Caplan has authored six books on legal topics. His book, "The Insanity Defense and the Trial of John W. Hinckley, Jr.", was awarded a Silver Gavel Award by the American Bar Association.
Personal life.
Lincoln Caplan married Susan L. Carney, a judge for United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Their daughter, Molly, was born in 1988.


Peter Corr

Peter Joseph Corr (23 June 1923 – 1 June 2001) was an Irish footballer. Corr played as an outside-right for, among others, Everton and Ireland. In 1949 he was a member of the Ireland team that defeated England 2–0 at Goodison Park, becoming the first non-UK team to beat England at home. He was the uncle of Jim, Sharon, Caroline and Andrea Corr who make up the Irish musical group The Corrs. His brother Gerry is their father. After a three-year-long battle with Alzheimer's Disease, Corr died in a nursing home in Goosnargh in June 2001, aged 77.
Playing career.
Club career.
Corr, who played Gaelic football as a youth, played soccer for his hometown club Dundalk before signing for Preston N.E. in April 1947 for a fee of £2,500. However his appearances for Preston were limited by the form of Tom Finney and he only made three league appearances for Preston before joining Everton in August 1948. He made his league debut for Everton against Stoke City in September 1948. While at Everton he made 24 appearances and scored 2 goals. His teammates at the club included fellow Irish internationals Peter Farrell, Tommy Eglington and Alex Stevenson, and future Everton manager Harry Catterick. After leaving Everton, Corr went on to play for Bangor City and Wigan Athletic. During the 1952–53 season he played 34 games and scored 11 goals for Wigan in the Lancashire Combination. He was instrumental in Wigan winning the Combination and three cups during that season.
Irish international.
While playing for Everton, Corr was capped four times for Ireland. He made his debut for Ireland on 22 May 1949 in a 1–0 win against Portugal at Dalymount Park. The following month on 12 June 1949 he also played in the 4–1 defeat to Spain, again at Dalymount Park. His third game for Ireland was as a member of the Ireland team that defeated England 2–0 at Goodison Park, becoming the first non-UK team to beat England at home. His last game for Ireland, on 13 November 1949, was a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup. Ireland lost the game 3–1 to Sweden.
Later years.
After retiring as a player, Corr settled in Preston where he opened a newsagent in Water Lane with fellow former Preston N.E. player Frank O'Farrell, later to become manager at Manchester United. He then opened Corr's Hardware Shop on Sharoe Green Lane with his wife, Doreen Melling, whom he had married in 1947. They had four children: two sons, Peter Jr. and Francis, and two daughters, Susan and Patricia. Peter Corr worked as a scout for Everton and in 1967 helped persuade Howard Kendall to move from Preston N.E. to Everton.
Honours.
Wigan Athletic


Leonardo Martinez-Diaz

Leonardo Martinez-Diaz (born October 28, 1976) is Global Director of the Sustainable Finance Center at the World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C. At WRI, he heads a team of researchers working to promote the flow of public and private finance to environmentally-sustainable activities, including climate adaptation and mitigation. Martinez-Diaz is author, with Alice C. Hill, of "Building a Resilient Tomorrow: How to Prepare for the Coming Climate Disruption" (Oxford, 2019). He also served on the Climate-Related Market Risk Subcommittee convened by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. He served as co-editor of the Subcommittee's final report, "Managing Climate Risk in the U.S. Financial System".
During the Obama Administration, he served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy and Environment in the United States Department of the Treasury. In that capacity, he represented the United States in key institutions providing climate and environmental finance to developing countries, including the Climate Investment Funds, the Global Environment Facility, and the Green Climate Fund. He also negotiated finance elements of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and helped implement President Obama's executive orders on climate change and international development and climate change and national security.
Prior to that, Martinez-Diaz served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Western Hemisphere at the United States Department of the Treasury. In that capacity, he led Treasury's financial diplomacy with countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, which included initiatives to support those countries' efforts to promote economic growth, preserve financial stability, and improve social equity. Before that, he served as Director of the Office of Policy in the United States Agency for International Development. In the latter position, he oversaw the development of USAID's first climate change strategy and the Agency's first four-year Strategic Framework.
Before entering government, Martinez-Diaz was Fellow and deputy director of the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution. He also served as deputy director of Brookings’ Partnership for the Americas Commission, as an economist at the International Monetary Fund, and as director of the High-Level Commission on the Modernization of World Bank Group Governance.
Martinez-Diaz is author of "Globalizing in Hard Times: the Politics of Banking-Sector Opening in the Emerging World" (Cornell, 2009). He is co-editor with Ngaire Woods of "Networks of Influence? Developing Countries in a Networked Global Order" (Oxford, 2009), of "Brazil as an Economic Superpower? Understanding Brazil’s Changing Role in the Global Economy" with Global Economy and Development Director Lael Brainard (Brookings, 2009), and of "Studies of IMF Governance: A Compendium" with Ruben Lamdany (IMF, 2009).
Martinez-Diaz specialized in International Political Economy, receiving a M.Phil. degree in 2001 and D.Phil. in 2007 from Magdalen College, Oxford University, where he was a Marshall Scholar. He graduated with honors from Northwestern University in 1999 with degrees in Economics and Political Science and was a 1998 Truman Scholar.


Magnum Chorum

Magnum Chorum is a choral ensemble based in the Twin Cities of Minnesota. Magnum Chorum performs sacred choral music in cathedrals and sanctuaries throughout the Midwest. The 65 voice auditioned choir presents concerts, commissions new sacred works, makes recordings, and provides music for worship. Founded in 1991 in the choral tradition of St. Olaf College, membership was originally limited to St. Olaf graduates, but since 2005, auditions are open to singers devoted to excellence in choral music. Magnum Chorum’s name is intended to convey the importance of the choir in expressing the divine and infinite through voice, music, and text.
Magnum Chorum has collaborated with numerous composers including Stephen Paulus, Kenneth Jennings, Frank Ferko, Libby Larsen, Ralph M. Johnson, J. Aaron McDermid, Eric Barnum, Robert Morris and Eric Sayre. The choir has appointed three Composers-in-Residence including Stanford Scriven, Benjamin Simmons, and Paul John Rudoi. Magnum Chorum has performed with conductors such as Anton Armstrong, Craig Arnold, René Clausen, Allen Hightower, Kenneth Jennings, Craig Hella Johnson, Sigrid Johnson, Weston Noble, Matthew Olson, Sandra Peters, Brian Schmidt, Osmo Vänskä, and Dale Warland. The ensemble has been featured at conferences of the American Choral Director’s Association, Chorus America, College Music Society, American Guild of Organists, and American Hymn Society. Broadcasts of the choir’s 8 recordings have been heard in the U.S. and Canada on public radio and classical music stations.
Magnum Chorum has served as Choir in Residence at Westwood Lutheran Church in St. Louis Park, Minnesota from 2005-2014 and from 2016 to present.
Magnum Chorum was founded in 1991 by three St. Olaf College graduates, including Jin Kim, the choir's Founding Music Director from 1991-1994. David Dickau conducted the choir from 1994-2007, during which time the ensemble released four recordings including "Wonder Tidings: Christmas Music of Stephen Paulus" (2001), and appeared at national and regional choral conferences. For the 2007-2008 season, Ralph M. Johnson was named interim Music Director, and Christopher Aspaas was named guest conductor. In 2008, Christopher Aspaas was appointed Artistic Director and he served until 2013. The ensemble produced two recordings under the direction of Christopher Aspaas, including "Love Divine" (2009) and "With a Voice of Singing: The Music of Kenneth Jennings" (2012). Guest conductors during the 2013-2014 season included Craig Arnold, Mark Stover, Allen Hightower, and Anton Armstrong, In 2014, Mark Stover was appointed Artistic Director. Under Mark Stover's direction, Magnum Chorum released the live recordings "Requiem: I Will Lift Mine Eyes" (2015) and "My Song in the Night" (2016). Guest conductors led the 2017-2018 season including Brian Schmidt, Sigrid Johnson, Sandra Peters and Matthew Olson. In 2018, Dr. Dwight Jilek was named Artistic Director of the ensemble, and in 2019, Karen Lutgen was named Associate Conductor.


Stephen Leone

Stephen Robert Leone (born May 19, 1948) is an American physical chemist and the John R. Thomas Endowed Chair in Physical Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley.
Early life and education.
Leone was born in Queens, New York City on May 19, 1948, of Italian descent. The family moved to Rochester, New Hampshire, and later Batavia, Illinois, where Stephen attended primary and secondary school. Leone earned a bachelor's degree from Northwestern University and spent a summer working at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory prior to attending the University of California, Berkeley for graduate study. In 1974, Leone began teaching at the University of Southern California, and later moved to JILA, a research institute at the University of Colorado Boulder. Leone returned to Berkeley in 2002.
Awards and honors.
Over the course of his career, Leone has received the ACS Award in Pure Chemistry (1982) and Peter Debye Award (2005) from the American Chemical Society, the Bourke Award (1995) and Polanyi Medal (2010) from the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Herbert P. Broida Prize (1989) of the American Physical Society, among several others. He has been awarded Sloan and Guggenheim fellowships, and was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1995.


Shamit Saggar

Shamit Saggar CBE (born August 1963) is professor of political science and public policy at the Institute for Social & Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex. He was previously professor of political science at the University of Sussex, a Yale World Fellow at Yale University, senior advisor at the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit, Cabinet Office, HM Government, and reader in political behaviour at Queen Mary, University of London. He was a Harkness Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a lecturer in public policy at the University of Liverpool.


Ray Brew

John Raymond Brew (14 January 1903 – 21 August 1979) was an Australian rules footballer who played for and coached in the Victorian Football League.
Brew grew up in the suburb of West Melbourne where his father Michael was a hotelkeeper. He first attended St Mary's Primary School, West Melbourne before moving to St. Joseph's Christian Brothers' College, North Melbourne where he was a pupil between 1914 and 1920. During his teenage years he performed in numerous school concerts in a variety of roles ranging from elocutionist, piano player and Shakespearean actor. While at school he developed into a fine athlete but did not let his studies suffer as a consequence of his sporting interests. In 1919 he was captain of the school athletics team, played handball to championship level and was a valuable team member in the senior football squad. In 1920 he was voted Captain of the College and achieved Dux of College. He left St. Joseph's and completed his schooling at St Kevin's College before going to university with a Newman Scholarship.
Brew eventually gained a Bachelor of Law but never let the sporting side of his life fade away. At the end of 1922 he finished a season as captain of the junior C.W.M.S. league team of West Melbourne and shortly after made his debut for the Carlton Football Club in Round 3 of the 1923 season. In 1931 Brew was made a Life Member of the Carlton Football club in 1931 however ongoing problems with injury made his role increasingly difficult. He formally retired from the game early in 1932 due to a knee injury which occurred towards the end of the previous season.
During the Second World War he served with the Australian Army, rising to the rank of Captain by 1945. In 1943 he was married in South Australia while stationed there during the war. His interest in horse racing increased and by the 1960s it was taking up a larger part of his time as both an owner and trainer.


Contempra

The Contempra is a telephone designed and produced by Northern Electric beginning in 1967. Contempra was the first phone designed in Canada, previous Canadian sets having been designed in the US for Western Electric and built under licence.
Contempra was highly stylized, using straight lines and oblique angles where curves and corners would be found on contemporary sets like the Trimline. The design was further notable at release for being available in "nine outrageously elegant colours" including bright red and orange, deep brown and green, and other colours selected to match new styles of interior decorating emerging in the 1960s. The one option that was not initially supplied was black, the standard colour for phones for decades.
Contempra remains an icon of Canadian industrial design, famous to the point of being featured on a postage stamp. It won numerous design awards and is part of the permanent display at the Canadian Museum of History and Canada Science and Technology Museum. It was widely licensed around the world and its production, including that of a smaller version known as Contemprette, continued into the 1990s.
History.
Like Bell Telephone in the United States, Bell Canada held a monopoly on telephone service in Canada which encompassed every aspect of the network from the wiring to the telephone handsets. Bell Canada had its own manufacturing arm, Northern Electric (NE), which over time became partially owned by its US counterpart, Western Electric (WE). As a purely manufacturing organization, Northern Electric had no internal design department and the telephones produced in Canada were US models. This also allowed the Canadian factories to sell into the US as seasonal demand waxed and waned.
In 1949, an antitrust suit in the US forced Western Electric to sell its stake in Northern Electric; the sale was completed in 1956. The two companies arranged a ten-year licensing deal allowing NE to continue producing WE designs during that time. In 1965, as the end of the licensing deal approached, R C Scrivener, director of Bell Canada, began developing Northern Electric to become truly independent. He later said of the design process: "We could have adopted, as we have in the past, an American design. They have excellent models with many of the same features. But we thought we should produce our own."
John Tyson, a recent graduate of the Ontario College of Art (OCAD), joined Northern Electric's Carling Campus in Ottawa as their first industrial designer. A few months later he was asked to design a new phone that could be built at NE's London, Ontario, factory using as many Canadian components as possible.
At that time, Henry Dreyfuss Associates was working on a new design for Western Electric. Dreyfuss had designed all of Bell's phones since the 1940s, including the ubiquitous business-oriented Model 500 and the more modern home-oriented Princess. Their newly introduced Trimline design had several unique features, including having the rotary dial in the handset instead of the base, and compressing the size of the dial through the use of a moving finger-stop.
Tyson took Dreyfuss' advice on how to design a good product; Dreyfuss believed that if one wanted to design a successful gas pump, you should go out and pump gas. Tyson fulfilled this need by spending several weeks with telephone installers in Guelph, Ontario. This work revealed two important behaviours that led to a design significantly different to the Trimline. The first was that he found customers often had two phones, a desktop model for a side table in the bedroom and a wall model for the kitchen. Tyson concluded that any new design should be able to be used on either mounting. He also noticed that users would often try to hold the handset between their shoulder and chin, something that could not be easily done with the Trimline due to its rounded back and slippery plastic shell.
Tyson produced a new design roughly the size of the Trimline but in an angular enclosure with large flat areas on the handset that allowed it to be easily held on the shoulder. Tyson removed the Trimline's light-up dial, which, at that time required a bulky transformer plugged into a wall socket to power the lamp. He also widened the base to make it more stable and less likely to be pulled off a desk by the handset cord, and then moved the handset to the left side of the case to provide room on the right for future innovations such as a videophone screen. The resulting design was similar to the Trimline in overall layout, but somewhat larger and dramatically more striking and modern looking.
Tyson also took the advice of his teachers at OCAD and designed two phones, his own new design and another that exactly met the original requirements management had set down, which produced "an amorphous blob". About 18 months after joining Northern Electric he presented both models; his design immediately caught their eye and the original requirements were forgotten. The adoption of Tyson's design was followed by a naming contest, which initially lead toward either "Expo", due to the upcoming Expo 67, or "Tinkerbell", a play on the name of Dreyfuss' Princess model. Tyson eventually convinced everyone that Contempra was the right name.
Production began in late 1967. Tyson was sent on a publicity tour, demonstrating the phone on morning talk shows. Around the same time, the Carterfone opened the Bell network to direct connections by 3rd party suppliers, and Northern Electric began production of Contempra at a plant in Nashville, selling it through a network of resellers. In spite of its larger size, Contempra was dramatically more modern looking than the Trimline, which has been described as "a turtle finding refuge on a log", and was soon a staple of television shows and movies attempting to define the modern look.
The Contempra was an international licensing success, with fifteen licensees selling the design around the world. Notable among these was the 1977 licence to UK-based General Electric Company who built sets locally and sold them into the Post Office Telecommunications "Special Range Telephone" line, upscale designs that could be rented for an additional fee. A similar deal followed with Thomson-CSF in France.
In 1976, Northern Electric was rebranded as part of an ever-growing Northern Telecom. The next year they reorganized their product lines and Contempra became part of their new "Imagination" line of phones, similar to the UK Special Range. Ultimately, the empty area on the right of the phone was of little use and led to the introduction of the Contemprette model in 1982, which featured a smaller base that made it more comparable to the Trimline in size while still retaining the strong angular design of the original Contempra. It was sold primarily into the US market. In 1986, a lighter and slightly more rounded-off version of the Contemprette was introduced in Canada as the Silhouette.
Design.
The outer casing of the Contempra was made of injection-moulded terpolymer and other modern plastics. The result was, by modern standards, very sturdy and relatively light for the era at .
The handset was essentially L-shaped, although the bend between top and bottom was about 40 degrees rather than 90. From above, it was roughly rectangular, tapering slightly towards the top and bottom. The speaker was in a raised section so that, when the handset was cradled on the shoulder, the speaker and dial were free of the cheek. The base was rectangular as seen from the top, and a triangle as seen from the side, matching the angle of the handset.
The upper and lower sides of the earpiece extension were angled relative to the base, and there was similar angling in the recess in the base where the earpiece sat when the phone was on-hook. The lower angle engaged a matching projection in the base that held the phone up when wall mounted. The angle at the top resulted in the handset naturally engaging the projection when it was placed back on the base.
The hookswitch, made of clear polycarbonite, was located in the base at the lower lip. A separate "recall" button, more commonly known as a "flash" button, was placed on the handset so that a new call could be placed without having to return the handset to the base to hang up. The handset was connected to the base using a coiled cord that was permanently connected at both ends in the Canadian versions, and required disassembly of the phone to replace. The cord connected to the base on the right, so the cord fell in a U shape when hanging from the wall. A wheel, almost hidden under the base on the right, controlled the volume of the ringer.
The original model used the same moving-finger-stop dial design of the Trimline. In order for a digit to register when dialled, the dial must rotate a minimum angular distance so that the return motion generates the "flashes" that produce the number. On earlier designs like the Model 500, this was implemented by leaving a gap between the digit 1 and the finger-stop, about 45 degrees. In the moving-finger-stop design there was no gap between the 1 and the finger-stop, instead, the finger-stop itself was able to rotate that same amount to produce the required motion. Removing the gap allowed the entire dial to be reduced in diameter while still using the same size finger holes.
Although Touch-Tone service was introduced in Canada in 1964 it was not until 1971 that a Touch-Tone version of the Contempra was released. The Touch-Tone models replaced the in-handset dial with a separate pushbutton unit, but the system as a whole was otherwise unchanged.
Accolades.
The Contempra was a darling of the design world when it was introduced, being featured in journals in the industrial design and telephony markets. It was awarded a citation by the Canada Design Council and went on to be part of the permanent collections of the Design Exchange and the Canadian Museum of History. In 1974 it was featured on a postage stamp commemorating 100 years of telephone development in the country.


Three Rivers Village School

Three Rivers Village School is the first democratic school in Pittsburgh, PA. It operates on the Sudbury school model of democratic education. Three Rivers Village School opened in the Fall of 2013 and accepts students from Kindergarten through twelfth grade. It is a tuition-based private school that offers a sliding scale tuition rate. As of Fall 2014, it enrolls around 25 students.
Three Rivers Village School emphasizes personal responsibility, innate thoughtfulness and trust in the judgement of its students and strives to foster a community of equals governed by democratic values, instead of the hierarchy, standardized testing, and arbitrary rule following enforced in the traditional schooling model.
Curriculum.
The students at Three Rivers Village School are free to spend their time during each school day in whatever way they wish, as long as they adhere to the rules defined by the School Meeting. Resources available to the students include books, computers, musical instruments, a kitchen, art supplies, toys, outdoor space, off-site field trips, as well as the knowledge and experience of staff and other students. Every member of the school, staff and students alike, has an equal voice at the weekly School Meeting, where the day-to-day operations of the school are determined.
School rules, created by the School Meeting, are compiled into a rule book that is enforced by the Justice Committee. Every member of the school participates in Justice Committee, which is a daily meeting of students and staff. All decisions about rule making, discipline, suspensions, expulsions, etc. are made democratically, with each member of the school having an equal vote.
History.
Three Rivers Village School opened in fall of 2013 at 4721 Stanton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, in the city's Stanton Heights neighborhood. The school was founded by a group of parents and teachers including Evan Mallory and Jean Marie Pearce.
After two years of operation, the school moved in 2015 from its original Stanton Heights location to the former St. Stephen's School building at 134 East Elizabeth Street, Pittsburgh, PA in the Hazelwood section of the city.


Chinese comedy

Chinese comedy has a long history that dates back to the Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC to 221 BC) when the aristocracy kept jesters in their homes.
At that time people in higher society were profoundly influenced by the teachings of Confucius, and as a result comic shows were usually looked down upon in feudal China. During the late Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) and Republic of China period, different styles of comedy flourished in big cities and the genre of xiangsheng comic drama began to emerge. Since the 1980s, the rapid development of media throughout the country has led to the formation of new forms of comedy, which have become popular among the general population. Today, the most consumed genres of Chinese comedy are Chinese skit and Xiangsheng.
Xiangsheng.
Xiangsheng (), also known as crosstalk, is a traditional Chinese comedic performance in different forms of dialogue. Xiangsheng is a language art combining four basic techniques: speaking, imitating, teasing, and singing. It can be conducted by one or two performers. It is one of the most popular forms of entertainment because its language is rich in puns and allusions. New developments have been applied to this traditional art in order to keep pace with the times. Xiangsheng is a very contemporary performance. Comedians place emphasis on creating new works and injecting new elements into traditional works making them more relevant to current affairs. It is performed in the form of a dialogue between two performers, or, much less often, a solo monologue or, even less frequently, a multi-person dialogue.
Chinese skit.
Chinese skit is a form of performance about small things in people's daily lives. Chinese skit is generally regarded as originating in 1980s. It has inherited qualities, and developed from other forms of comedy, such as stage play, xiangsheng, errenzhuan and comic drama. A skit revolves around just one topic, but with a lot of action and lively language. Through promotion by the Spring Festival Gala Evening over 20 years, Chinese skit became a very popular artistic form in China. The first skit in China was “eating noodles” (in 1984) which was performed by Chen Peisi.
Shanghai style stand-up comedy.
The typical form of Shanghai-style stand-up comedy is the style known as "Shanghai Qing Kou", which was created by Zhou Libo — a most famous stand-up comedian in China. "Shanghai Qing Kou" originated from different forms of local stand-up comedy in Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong. It is a style of comedy in which the performer speaks directly to the audience on socially popular topics. In the performances the performer will include his or her personal experiences.


Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics

The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics (OSSM) is a two-year, public residential high school located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Established by the Oklahoma state legislature in 1983, the school was designed to educate academically gifted high school juniors and seniors in advanced mathematics and science. OSSM opened doors to its inaugural class in 1990. It is a member of the National Consortium of Secondary STEM Schools (NCSSS).
General.
Admittance to OSSM is conducted through a highly selective application process, with acceptance rates varying over time. The application process consists of five short essays, submission of high school transcripts and standardized test scores (such as the ACT), recommendations from teachers and counselors, personal questionnaires of the student, a statement from the student's parents, and an on-campus interview.
Students are accepted from all over the state of Oklahoma, and students from each of Oklahoma's 77 counties have been selected to attend. Because students hail from across the state, all are required to live on campus during the week. Classes are held five days a week, with the earliest classes starting at 8am and the latest ending at 5:30pm. Some classes, such as astronomy lab and special topics classes, are held at night. Most students have breaks throughout the day depending on their individual, college-style schedule. Students are not allowed in the dorm during their breaks in the academic day, but are to stay academically engaged during these periods. Required physical education classes are held in the afternoon with each student participating in 45 minutes of supervised physical activity twice a week. Fine arts classes (two semesters are required for graduation) are also held in the evenings. One Saturday a month, students are required to take a three-hour test in math, physics, literature, history, or a national standardized test (ACT, SAT, or PSAT). Two weekends a month is called an open weekend, with the students allowed to either go home or stay in the dorms, and the other weekend is an extended weekend with all students required to leave campus.
As part of OSSM's academic program, two hours of study are required each weeknight from 8 to 10pm, with students on structured study (resulting from unfortunate grades) required to study for an additional hour each night, beginning at 7pm. Lights out is at 11pm every night of the week, and internet access is shut off in the dormitories at that time. OSSM fulfills its educational mission at no charge to its students: tuition, books and other class materials, as well as room and board, are all provided by the taxpayers of the State of Oklahoma.
One hundred percent of OSSM graduates are college-bound, and approximately 60% of OSSM graduates choose to remain in-state for college. Of the 1,211 (as of May 2011) graduates since the school's inception, 323 students have been named National Merit Scholars, and an additional 167 students have been selected as National Merit Commended Scholars. Graduates also show exemplary performance in other national scholarship programs, with 227 graduates selected as Robert C. Byrd Scholars, and 124 students nominated for the Presidential Scholars Program, of whom thirteen were named semifinalists and five selected as Presidential Scholars. Graduates excel in statewide scholarship programs, with 553 students receiving Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education Scholarships and 92 students named Academic All-Staters by the Oklahoma Foundation for Excellence. Twice, in 1998 and again in 2000, the school had the highest ACT composite scores of any high school in the nation. OSSM is also listed as one of the best public high schools in the nation by the Washington Post, in a list of top-performing schools with elite students.
Academics.
OSSM's graduation requirements include four semesters of History, four semesters of Literature, two years of the same foreign language (unless this was completed at the student's previous high school), one semester of computer science, four semesters of mathematics including math through Calculus II, three semesters of physics including physics through Electricity and Magnetism, two semesters of chemistry, two semesters of biology, four semesters of physical education, two semesters of fine arts, and two semesters of science, math, or computer science electives. OSSM regularly offers the following classes:
Additionally, students may arrange to take directed studies with faculty members. Many OSSM students choose to participate in the mentorship program in their senior year, in which they perform research with a mentor (who may be an OSSM faculty member, or an off campus expert).
Campus.
OSSM is located on thirty-three acres at the northwest corner of 10th Avenue and Lincoln Boulevard near downtown Oklahoma City, near the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Its main academic building, Lincoln School, was built in 1903, and used as an elementary school, then torn down and rebuilt in 1948 Oklahoma City Public Schools and used until the 1980s. This building houses a computer lab, the campus auditorium, nineteen classrooms, six labs, a student lounge, a study area, basement, and faculty and administrative offices. The Dan Little Residence Hall, with a capacity of nearly 300 students and twelve faculty families, was completed in 1998, located at the center of campus, complete with a basement containing billiards, game tables, and a TV for students to use during their nightly free time. The basement is also a reinforced storm shelter and is large enough to house the entire school population. The Gymnasium, opened in March 1999, provides a full-size basketball court, a weight room, and a dance floor, among other amenities. The Samson Science and Discovery Center was completed in 2001 and houses three chemistry labs, four physics labs, one computer lab, and one demonstration/lecture room, as well as many personal research labs. In Fall 2003, the Senator Bernice Shedrick Library opened, with a capacity of 50,000 books and 10 computers for student use.
References.
 6. https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i35/Oklahoma-Chemist-AwardK-Fazlur-Rahman.html#:~:text=A.K.%20Fazlur%20Rahman-,A.%20K.,of%20a%20plaque%20and%20%241%2C000.
7.https://www.inverse.com/article/44254-high-school-student-george-wang-carbon-7-bonds


Candlestick telephone

The candlestick telephone is a style of telephone that was common from the late 1890s to the 1940s. A candlestick telephone is also often referred to as a desk stand, an upright, or a stick phone. Candlestick telephones featured a mouth piece (transmitter) mounted at the top of the stand, and a receiver (ear phone) that was held by the user to the ear during a call. When the telephone was not in use, the receiver rested in the fork of the switch hook protruding to the side of the stand, thereby disconnecting the audio circuit from the telephone network.
Design and features.
Candlestick telephones were designed in a great variety of styles with varying features.
Most recognizable, candlesticks featured a base with a vertical cylindrical neck extending upright for up to in length. At the top of the stand was mounted a carbon microphone ("transmitter") to speak into, and a switch hook extending sideways upon which an ear piece ("receiver") was hung. In order to make or answer a telephone call, the user lifted the receiver off the switch hook, thereby activating an internal switch connecting the telephone to the telephone line.
Candlestick telephones required the nearby installation of a subscriber set ("subset", ringer box), which housed the ringer to announce incoming calls and the electric circuitry (capacitor, induction coil, signaling generator, connection terminals) to connect the set to the telephone network.
When automatic telephone exchanges were introduced, the base of a candlestick also featured a rotary dial, used for signaling the telephone number of an intended call recipient.
Production.
Candlestick telephones were produced in various models by many manufacturers. The main producers of these telephones were Western Electric (a unit of AT&T), Automatic Electric Co. (later acquired by GTE), Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company, and Stromberg-Carlson.
The first tube shaft candlestick telephone was the Western Electric #20B Desk Phone patented in 1904.
In the 1920s and 1930s, telephone technology shifted to the design of more efficient desk top telephones that featured a handset with receiver and transmitter elements in one unit, making the use of a telephone more convenient. However, despite ceasing new production, many candlestick telephones remained in operation, maintained by the telephone companies, throughout the 1940s and into the 1950s.
Many retro-style versions of the candlestick telephone were made long after the original phones were obsolete by companies such as Radio Shack and the Crosley Radio company.
Successor telephones.
When Western Electric had sufficiently developed modern handset design in the 1920s, the Western Electric candlesticks were superseded by a series of new desktop models, starting with the A1 mount in the mid 1920s. This was essentially a candlestick telephone that had its vertical tube-shaft shortened to about in height above the round base, and had a cradle on top of it, designed to hold a combined handset with both the receiver and the transmitter in the same unit. The cradle contained a plunger that operated the hookswitch in the base below. The A1 was only distributed for a very short time until the B-type telephone mount (model 102 telephone) was completed in 1927, a streamlined design that replaced the tube-shaft with a sculpted cone shape. By 1930 this round base was redesigned into the oval-footprint D-mounting to avoid instability of the unit when dialing. At the same time the electric circuitry was upgraded to produce the model 202 telephone, which reduced the strong sidetone characteristic of earlier designs.
Accessories.
The Hush-A-Phone was like a mini megaphone created in 1920 for slipping over the candlestick phone.
Later design influences.
The Ericofon, or Cobra Phone is a plastic one-piece telephone, in the candlestick/upright style, created by the Ericsson Company and marketed throughout the second half of the 20th century. It was the first commercially marketed telephone design to incorporate the dial and headset into a single unit. Because of its styling, and influence on future telephone design, the Ericofon is considered one of the most significant industrial designs of the 20th century and is in the collection of Museum of Modern Art.


Stephen G. Rabe

Stephen G. Rabe is a historian based in the United States. Born in Hartford, Connecticut, he received degrees from Hamilton College and the University of Connecticut. His areas of interest include the relations between the US and Latin America, the Vietnam War, and slavery in the US. Rabe has held a Fulbright Distinguished Chair and the Bicentennial Chair in American Studies at the University of Helsinki.
Rabe's work has been recognized by grants, awards, and prizes from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Historical Association, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation, the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, the Harvey O. Johnson Prize, the Stuart L. Bernath Prize from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, and the Bernath Lecture Prize.


CourseWork Course Management System

CourseWork, a course management system (CMS), was developed at Stanford University. Started in 1998, CourseWork was expanded in 2001. It has been used by thousands of courses at Stanford. An open source version was released in 2003.
When Stanford joined the Sakai Project's joint development effort to create a widely adopted, open source, CMS in 2004, effort was redirected to that project. Functionality of the original CourseWork assignment tool strongly influenced the design of the SAMigo Test and Quiz tool, a part of the Sakai tool suite.
CourseWork, Base Version (1998): An Interactive Problem Set Manager.
In early winter 1988 the Stanford Learning Lab initiated development on CourseWork, a web-based problem set tool for use in the Human Biology Program at Stanford University. In fall 1998, this version was made available to students and was in use until superseded by Version 1. In 2000, the program was expanded to support other question types and quizzes at Stanford's Academic Computing group by Scott Stocker.
Functionality of the system included:
CourseWork-Base Version was designed by George Toye, Scott Stocker, and Charles Kerns, based on discussions with Human Biology faculty, including Prof. Russ Fernauld, and teaching assistants. Its first implementation required browser versions: Netscape 3.01 or higher or Internet Explorer 4.0.
CourseWork, Version I (2001).
CourseWork I, a full-featured course management system, was developed as part of the Open Knowledge Initiative funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. A prototype, including all planned tools, was delivered in fall 2001. After testing and refinement, the complete production version with a full complement of Web site administration features, was available Winter Quarter 2002. By June 2002, after the system had been available for two academic quarters, more than 400 course web sites were created and over 6000 students and instructors had registered.
CourseWork had two basic views: student and instructor for each page that the student viewed. The instructor also viewed a set of links to editing wizards that stepped them through the development process.
Each user logged on to CourseWork and then viewed a list of the courses in which they were registered. From this page they could navigate to one of their course sites. A course site, from the user point of view, consisted of a set of tools:
All Tools had an admin view for the instructor to edit the page: enter information, upload files, create quizzes, etc.
My Courses.
A list of all course in which the student is registered is displayed on My Courses Page. The student goes through this page to get to her/his course homepages.
Course Homepage.
The course homepage is the first page seen when navigating to a course site. It displays:
Announcements.
Announcements are displayed in reverse chronological order. Two views -- "Past 7 Days" and "All"—are provided. Each announcement displayed: date/time, who posted it, a title, an indication of Class or Group posting, and the message text. Only 3 lines of each announcement are displayed on the homepage. If a message exceeded 3 lines, a “more” link is provided for viewing the complete text.
An editing view allows instructors to create and remove announcements. They can be sent to the full class or to specific sections. Announcements can be sent as emails to students (not the default).
Syllabus.
Instructors have the option of posting downloadable documents, adding links to online syllabi or pasting text or HTML directly into a form.
Course Materials.
Course Materials lists the documents uploaded and organized by the instructor for the course. The instructor can group documents and assign them a pedagogical type (e.g. reading) and designate whether they are required or optional. Documents can b sorted by name, date added, etc. Users download the documents to their computer.
Each piece of content is assigned a unique identifier and persistent URL within CourseWork allowing it to be displayed within pages controlled by other tools, e.g. within an assignment in the Assessment/Quiz tool.
Schedule.
The Schedule page lists the activities in a course. It is divided into weeks, initially showing the current week in a course. Instructors posting an activity, choose from a set of activity categories, write a short description, and then can link course materials to it.
Assignments.
The Assignments Tool updates functionality from the earlier, base version of CourseWork. This tool lists homework, problem sets, and other assignments for the course in chronological order. Students can navigate to assignments, answer questions and submit their work. The assignment list shows which had been submitted, and which are past due.
A CourseWork assignment consists of parts made up of questions: multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, audio response and essays (which allow you to upload files.) Students can resubmit assignment parts and only the most recent was graded at the due date.
Discussion.
The discussion page contains a link to the Panfora discussion tool or other asynchronous applications.
Panfora supports threaded discussions on a class-wide basis, or within individual sub-groups (sections or work groups). Instructors control the discussion topics: they can add a guiding question or attached content and set a start and end time. Students can either respond to an existing thread or start a new thread within the topic. Email notifications were available when a posting was made. Students can attach documents to their postings (if this option is chosen by the instructor.)
The instructor can view and post to all group discussions. Students only see discussions for the section to which they are assigned, in addition to class-wide discussions.
Grades.
The grades page shows the grades for all assignments listed in the assignments tool.
System Administration Features.
The system controls user authentication and authorization (what role a user plays in a given course or activity), and manages user login sessions. A login session enables CourseWork to “maintain state” for a user, or remember who they are and some vital information about them from click to click in their web browser.
The core system also encompasses the following administrative and user features:
CourseWork, Version 2 (2002).
CourseWork v.2 was released in Fall Quarter 2002. In addition to linking to the Registrar's database to automate course lists, it provided enhanced assignment and gradebook features as well as multiple other features requested by faculty. A new interface was introduced that incorporated usability feedback from faculty and students. An additional 5500 faculty and students registered to use the system in Fall Quarter 2002.
In 2002 Stanford developed an open source version of CourseWork. In November 2002, Stanford hosted 6 other institutions at a two-day workshop to introduce CourseWork and to receive feedback in preparation for the open source release. Attending the workshop were representatives from four large institutions, the University of Cambridge, the University of California, Berkeley, Dartmouth College and the University of Pennsylvania, and from two small colleges, Denison University and Hamilton College. The session focused on technology and functionality, and offered extensive opportunity for feedback about features and deployment issues. The changes and suggestions requested by the other colleges were incorporated into CourseWork, and it was released to these schools in 2003.
June 2003 numerous user-requested enhancements were implemented, including signup lotteries, e.g., for lab sections, super user tools, timeout warnings; performance tuning and better exception handling, security enhancements. Database OSID incorporated to support database failover.


Robert Anderson (playwright)

Robert Woodruff Anderson (April 28, 1917 – February 9, 2009) was an American playwright, screenwriter, and theatrical producer. He received two Academy Award nominations for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, for the drama films "The Nun's Story" (1959) and "I Never Sang for My Father" (1970), the latter based on his play.
Life and career.
Anderson was born in New York City, the son of Myra Esther (Grigg) and James Hewston Anderson, a self-made businessman. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, which he later said he found a lonely experience. While there he fell in love with an older woman, an event which later became the basis of the plot of "Tea and Sympathy". Anderson also attended Harvard University, where he took an undergraduate as well as a master's degree.
He may be best-remembered as the author of "Tea and Sympathy". The play made its Broadway debut in 1953 and was made into a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film in 1956; both starred Deborah Kerr and John Kerr.
"You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running", a collection of four one-act comedies, opened in New York in 1967 and ran for more than 700 performances. His other successful Broadway plays were "Silent Night, Lonely Night" (1959) and "I Never Sang for My Father" (1968).
He wrote the screenplays for "Until They Sail" (1957), "The Nun's Story" (1959), and "The Sand Pebbles" (1966). He also authored many television scripts, including the TV play "The Last Act Is a Solo" (1991), and the novels "After" (1973) and "Getting Up and Going Home" (1978).
He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981.
Anderson was married to Phyllis Stohl from 1940 until her death in 1956 and to actress Teresa Wright from 1959 until their divorce in 1978. Anderson died of pneumonia on February 9, 2009 at his home in Manhattan, aged 91. He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for seven years prior to his death.
Advocacy.
As a supporter for writers' rights in theatre, Anderson was a member of the Dramatists Guild of America and was elected president in 1971. He continued to serve the non-profit organization until 1973.


Hawaiian Vacation

Toy Story Toons: Hawaiian Vacation is a 2011 American computer animated short directed by Gary Rydstrom. It is the first short in the "Toy Story Toons" series. The short features characters from the "Toy Story" films and takes place after the events of "Toy Story 3". It premiered in theaters with Pixar's "Cars 2", and was included on the film's media release.
Plot.
It is Bonnie's winter break from school, and she is going on vacation to Hawaii with her family. The toys are excited to have a week of relaxation, but Barbie and Ken reveal themselves to have stowed away in Bonnie's backpack, hoping to join her in Hawaii. Bonnie leaves them in her room, however, much to Ken's horror and disappointment when he realizes they are not going to Hawaii. Barbie reveals to Woody that Ken planned to have their first kiss on a beach at sunset (based on a travel brochure), inspiring Woody, Buzz, and the rest of Bonnie's toys to work together and recreate their own version of Hawaii for the two. After various adventures in "Hawaii", Ken and Barbie share their first kiss in the snow at sunset, recreating the scene from the brochure. However, the two step off the edge of the porch without realizing it and end up buried in the snow.
In a post-credits scene, the other toys are trying to free them from a block of ice in which they are now frozen by using a hairdryer to melt the ice as Buzz (who's been reset to normal) describes it as the best vacation ever. Woody agrees with Buzz as Mr. Potato Head tries chiseling the ice with a screwdriver.
Production.
The film was announced in June 2010 by Lee Unkrich who said, "We have announced we're going to do a short film in front of "Cars 2" that uses the "Toy Story" characters. We're going to keep them alive; they're not going away forever." The short film's title and plot were later revealed on February 17, 2011.
Reception.
Charlie McCollum of "Mercury News" called it a "delightful snippet of life" that is "crisp, funny and sweet."
Home media.
On November 1, 2011, "Hawaiian Vacation" was released as a bonus feature on the "Cars 2" DVD and Blu-ray. As of July 2012, "Hawaiian Vacation" is available as a digital purchase on Amazon Video and iTunes Store. The short was released on November 13, 2012, on the DVD and Blu-ray Disc of "Pixar Short Films Collection Volume 2". The short film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 19, 2014, with "Toy Story of Terror!" and two other "Toy Story Toons".


Steven Poole

Steven Poole (born 1972) is a British author and journalist. He particularly concerns himself with the abuse of language and has written two books on the subject: "Unspeak" (2006) and "Who Touched Base In My Thought Shower?" (2013).
Biography.
Poole studied English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has subsequently written for publications including "The Independent", "The Guardian", "The Times Literary Supplement", "The Sunday Times", and the "New Statesman". He has published two books and currently writes a weekly nonfiction book-review column in the Saturday "Guardian" called Et Cetera, as well as regular longer book reviews, plus a monthly column in "Edge" magazine. Poole was invited to deliver the opening keynote address at the 2006 Sydney Writers' Festival, and also gave a keynote at the 2008 Future and Reality of Gaming conference in Vienna.
Books.
"Trigger Happy" and "Trigger Happy 2.0".
"Trigger Happy" was published in 2000 by 4th Estate in the UK (with the subtitle 'The Inner Life of Videogames') and by Arcade Publishing in the US (with the subtitle 'Videogames and the Entertainment Revolution'). Investigating the aesthetics of videogames, Poole notes similarities and differences to other artforms such as cinema, painting and literature, and finally offers a description of games as semiotic systems that may provoke 'aesthetic wonder'. In 2007, Poole released a PDF version of the book for free download on his website, calling it an 'experiment' in the tip-jar model for writers.
In 2013, a collection of Poole's "Edge" columns was published as "Trigger Happy 2.0".
"Unspeak".
"Unspeak" was published in 2006 by Little, Brown in the UK, and by Grove Press in the US. The second UK edition (2007) has the subtitle 'Words Are Weapons'. It is a book about language in contemporary politics, structured around buzzphrases such as 'community', climate change/global warming, and 'war on terror'. The book was shortlisted for Index on Censorship's T.R. Fyvel Award in 2006. According to Poole,'unspeak' is related to framing: it is a rhetorical way of naming an issue so as to avoid having to argue one's position, and to render the opposing position inexpressible. In a hostile review of the book in the "Guardian", former British government communications chief Alastair Campbell wrote, 'I am not quite sure what Poole is trying to say.' Since publication of the book, the author has continued to discuss new examples of unspeak at the book's dedicated blog.
"Who Touched Base In My Thought Shower?".
"Who Touched Base In My Thought Shower?" was released in October 2013 by Sceptre, an imprint of Hodder & Stoughton. The book was expanded from an article written for "The Guardian" and ridicules workplace jargon. "The Spectator" thought it "does show occasional signs of having been written in a rush, but it's a valuable glossary to corporate life and demonstrates the empty-headed arrogance of what passes for management style."
"Rethink: the Surprising History of Ideas".
"Rethink: the Surprising History of Ideas" was released in 2016 by. Among other subjects, it takes up the life-cycle of bad ideas and argues that retooling past ideas often leads to significant progress and innovation.
Journalism.
Poole writes book reviews and literary and cultural essays for numerous publications, including a long obituary of Jean Baudrillard for "The Guardian", and a critique of the work of Alain de Botton.
Media.
In 2004, Poole presented a television documentary for BBC Four called "Trigger Happy: The Invincible Rise of the Video Game", based on his book. He also appeared in the documentary "Thumb Candy", and has guested on BBC Radio 4 and other outlets in numerous discussions about language, including an appearance on the "Today" programme in 2009 talking about the term "swine flu".
Other activities.
Poole is also a composer of music for documentary and short films, including the short film EVOL.


Sapo language

The Sapo language, also known as Sarpo or Southern Krahn, is a Kru language of the Niger–Congo language family. It is spoken in eastern Liberia, primarily in Grand Gedeh County and Sinoe County, by the Sapo people. Its dialects include: Juarzon, Kabade (Karbardae), Nomopo (Nimpo), Putu, Sinkon (Senkon), and Waya (Wedjah).


Seweryn Bialer

Seweryn Bialer (November 3, 1926 in Berlin – February 8, 2019 in New York City) was a German-born American academic. He was emeritus professor of political science at Columbia University and an expert on the Communist parties of the Soviet Union and Poland. He was the Director of Columbia's Research Institute on International Change.
Biography.
Born in Berlin, Germany, Bialer joined the underground anti-fascist movement in Lodz, Poland in 1942. Between February 1944 and May 1945 he was a prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp.
From May 1945 to June 1951 he was member of the Polish communist police force (the "Milicja Obywatelska"). He also held various positions in the Polish Communist Party (PZPR). He was a political officer of the State Police in Warsaw and a member of the Central Committee of the Polish Worker's Party. Subsequently, beginning in June 1951, he became a Professor at the Institute of Sociology and political editor of the newspaper "Trybuna Ludu". He was also a researcher in economics at the Polish Academy of Sciences. During this time he authored several political science textbooks.
In January, 1956 Bialer defected to West Berlin and conducted almost one-year-long interview sessions for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in New York, which was broadcast to Poland during that year.
He moved to New York, eventually receiving a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia. He was appointed Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of Political Science. In 1983 he was awarded a prestigious MacArthur Fellowship. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984.
He died in February 2019 at the age of 92.


Harry Smith (Egyptologist)

Henry Sidney "Harry" Smith, (born 14 June 1928) is a British Egyptologist and academic, specialising in epigraphy and Egyptian archaeology. He held the Edwards Chair of Egyptology at University College London from 1970 to 1986. He had previously been a lecturer in Egyptology at the University of Cambridge, where he was also Budge Fellow in Egyptology at Christ's College, Cambridge.
Early life and education.
Smith was born on 14 June 1928 to Sidney Smith, FBA, an Assyriologist and curator, and his wife Mary (nee Parker), an artist. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, an all-boys independent school. He went on to study classics and Egyptology at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1953: as per tradition, his BA was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree. He then studied Demotic, a late Ancient Egyptian script, under Stephen Glanville. He was awarded a Doctor of Letters (DLit) degree by the University of London in 1987.
Academic career.
From 1953 to 1953, Smith worked as an epigraphist on the Theban tombs, and was an assistant to W. B. Emery at his archaeological excavation at Saqqara. He was appointed a lecturer in Egyptology at the University of Cambridge in 1954, and was elected Budge Fellow in Egyptology at Christ's College, Cambridge the following year. He continued to assist at excavations in Egypt and Nubia, working at the Buhen fortress and Qasr Ibrim from 1959. In 1961, he directed the Egypt Exploration Society's archaeological survey of Egyptian Nubia.
In 1963, he moved to University College, London (UCL), where he had been appointed Reader in Egyptian Archaeology. He was additionally appointed an honorary curator of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, a position he held between 1963 and 1970. From 1964 to 1965, he once more directed the EES's Egyptian Nubian Survey. He was field director of the excavations at Saqqara's Sacred Animal Necropolis between 1964 and 1976. In 1970, he was appointed to the Edwards Chair of Egyptology and head of UCL's Department of Egyptology. He directed excavations at Saqqara and Memphis between 1970 and 1988. He stepped down from the chair in 1986 and as head of department in 1988. He was made Professor Emeritus of Egyptology by UCL in 1993, upon his retirement.
Personal life.
In 1961, Smith married Hazel Flory Leeper. His wife predeceased him, dying in 1991.
Honours.
In 1985, Smith was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.


Joshua Mosley

Joshua Mosley (born 1974 in Dallas, Texas) is an American artist and animator. He is Professor and Chair of Fine Arts in the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. His work is represented by Corbett vs Dempsey in Chicago. He is the recipient of the 2007 Joseph H. Hazen Rome Prize in Visual Arts and the 2005 Pew Fellowship in the Arts.
Exhibitions.
Solo
Group


Houston Sudbury School

Houston Sudbury School (HSS) is a non-profit private Sudbury school in Spring Branch, Houston, Texas. The school serves students of ages 6–18 and follows the Sudbury model of self-education.
The democracy is meted out in a weekly school meeting where staff and students discuss and vote on a variety of administrative aspects of the school, including rules. These rules are enforced through a peer justice system called the judicial committee.
History.
The school was founded in 2016 by Dominique Side and Cara DeBusk and opened in January of that year.
Its original campus was in Independence Heights. the school had 23 students; two of them identified as transgender, and the student body originated from various socioeconomic and racial groups. It was scheduled to move into another campus in May 2017, located in Acres Homes.


Barbara Bates (doctor)

Barbara Bates, MD, MA (1928 – December 18, 2002) was an American physician, author and historian. She authored a leading medical textbook on physical examination. Bates was on the faculty at several U.S. medical schools, and she was on both the medical and nursing school faculties at the University of Pennsylvania. She helped to develop the role of the nurse practitioner in American healthcare and she wrote a thorough account on the history of tuberculosis in Pennsylvania.
Biography.
Education and early life.
Bates attended Smith College as an undergraduate and earned a medical degree at Cornell University. She also completed a medical residency at Cornell. Once her medical career was established, Bates earned two master's degrees in history, one from the University of Kansas and one from the University of Pennsylvania.
Medical career.
After completion of her residency training, Bates established an internal medicine practice in Greenwich, Connecticut. She subsequently worked with the University of Kentucky and the University of Rochester. In 1976, she moved on to the University of Missouri-Kansas City, which was establishing a six-year post-high school medical program to increase the supply of rural physicians. In 1980, Bates came to the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a faculty member in nursing and in medicine. She also held an appointment at MCP Hahnemann University.
Bates became known for contributions beyond direct patient care and teaching. Her first book, "A Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking", was written in 1974 and published in eleven languages. In her obituary, "The New York Times" described the book as "the leading text in its field." Bates received the Smith College Medal from her alma mater in 1980. Her second book, "Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938", won the Lavinia L. Dock Award from the American Association for the History of Nursing in 1993.
Later life.
Bates died of Alzheimer's disease in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania in 2002. Dr. Bates was survived by longtime companion Dr. Joan Lynaugh. Lynaugh is the co-founder and director emerita of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, a research center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing.


WEA Sydney

WEA Sydney is an Australian educational institution which began in 1913 as the Workers' Educational Association (WEA), inspired by the British organisation of the same name. It is a democratic and voluntary adult education movement. Its current educational program ranges from humanities, languages and arts, to computer, business and vocational training. It is a member of Community Colleges Australia.
History.
The Workers' Educational Association arrived in Australia in 1913. It had been founded in England in 1903 by Albert Mansbridge as 'An Association to Promote the Higher Education of Working Men'. His experience in the British co-operative movement was that workers wanted political and industrial power, but lacked the knowledge to use it, which could be provided by the universities. Growing demand for adult education in Australia led Peter Board, Director of Education in New South Wales, to establish Evening Continuation Schools in 1911 to provide continuity of education between primary school and employment. As a member of the University of Sydney Senate, Board was concerned about what he saw as a lack of effective outreach by universities, and 1912 he drafted the New South Wales Parliament bill which established evening tutorial classes at the University.
In the same year, Mansbridge wrote to David Stewart, a Scottish-born carpenter who had arrived in Sydney in 1910 and was a delegate to the Labor Council of New South Wales. In 1912 Stewart persuaded the Council to investigate sponsoring a scheme for working-class education. He met Board, who remained a strong supporter of the WEA and tutorial classes, but he found the University unenthusiastic. Mansbridge's visit to Sydney in late 1913, however, provided the catalyst for the establishment of the New South Wales branch of the WEA. Stewart was elected unopposed as general secretary, a post he would hold until his death in 1954.
By the end of World War I the WEA had 80 affiliated organisations, including 38 unions. At the end of its first decade, it had 120 affiliated courses and was the most prominent provider of adult education in Australia. At the time of Stewart's death the organisation served more than 8,000 students, offered 103 courses and 31 study circles across New South Wales, hundreds of lectures, and a summer school complex at Newport.
The WEA introduced creative writing courses and the WEA Film Study Group in 1961. From 1960 to 1964 it partnered with the Sydney television channel TCN-9 to provide "Doorway to Knowledge", which aired four times a week. The Computer Training Centre was initiated in 1989. Reorganization in 1994 saw the WEA in New South Wales split into WEA Sydney, WEA Hunter (Newcastle) and WEA Illawarra (Wollongong). The WEA was forming new relationships, including developing courses with the State Library of New South Wales. Federal Government-sponsored renovations of WEA House were completed in 2010, and in 2013 WEA Sydney celebrated its centenary.
Campus.
Most classes are held at WEA House, 72 Bathurst Street, Sydney. It has been WEA Sydney's home since 1971 and remains the Association's major asset and one of its major sources of income. Its location close to Town Hall station and all city bus routes is an important factor in attracting students by day, evening and at weekends. WEA House's facilities for disabled students were enhanced in 2010 with the installation of a small lift for mobility-disadvantaged students at the front entrance. Lonsdale Institute and Barton International College are currently tenants in the building.
Classrooms.
WEA Sydney's teaching spaces include:
There is also a lending library, with almost 13,000 books, tapes and periodicals, leading to an annual borrowing pattern of 4,000 items (2017).
Governance.
WEA Sydney is a non-profit company governed democratically by an elected board of honorary office bearers and an executive director (non-voting). The board meets monthly and provides reports to a monthly council meeting which consists of elected volunteer Representatives of Students and Tutors, Representatives of Individual Members of the Association and of Affiliated Organisations, and Life Members. Fee income for 2017 was $1,972,641, with 48% of total fees and 37% of total income coming from language teaching, followed by the contribution of the WEA's core program of Humanities. Total income for 2017 was $2,586,362, with a trading/operating surplus of $166,265. In 2004 the New South Wales Department of Education and Training cut funding for the WEA and other adult and community education providers; it now receives no government funding, with its chief income sources being course fees, property income, and donations.
Courses and Student Profile.
WEA Sydney describes its tutors as 'the life blood of the organisation, both for the quality of the courses that they teach, and as the WEA staff that most students connect with...Most tutors are also heavily involved in their non-WEA careers, either teaching at other institutions, or working within their chosen field.' Its defining Mission Statement stresses the importance of the offering of courses in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Courses are presented in a variety of formats – either short, as in its 'Politics at Lunchtime' talks or one-off weekend seminars, or of standard length (normally between six and ten weekly sessions). There are four terms a year.
WEA Sydney offers courses in the following areas:
Humanities and Social Sciences.
This is the largest area of provision in terms of enrolment numbers. It covers areas including history, philosophy, science, social sciences, art appreciation, politics, music and literature.
Foreign Languages.
Courses are offered in Chinese, Japanese, Ancient Greek, Hebrew, Latin, French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Spanish, Swedish, Arabic, Russian, Indonesian and Welsh.
General Studies.
The program includes courses on travel, writing skills, lifestyle and hobbies, healthy living, photography, and the creative and visual arts.
IT/Gadgets/Business.
Courses are offered in general IT skills (mainly the Microsoft Office package) and Apple and Samsung devices, with specific courses available as special seniors' courses. Business courses include web-based marketing, business communication and leadership techniques.
Classes in Conjunction with Other Organisations.
WEA Sydney offers a number of courses in association with external organisations, including the Australian National Maritime Museum, the Royal Australian Historical Society, Sydney Observatory, Nicholson Museum, and the United Nations Human Rights Committee.
Other Educational Activities.
WEA Sydney puts together programs to tie in with various special weeks, community events and anniversaries including NAIDOC, Sydney Writers' Festival, Seniors Week, and History Week.
Discussion Groups.
The Discussion Group Program, inherited from the University of Sydney in the early 1990s, is a distance education program providing specially developed study material to small groups spread widely around New South Wales. Students join together in groups to read, analyse, discuss and debate educational material that is mailed to them under the guidance of a corresponding tutor.


Sarah Stillman

Sarah Stillman is an American professor and journalist focusing on immigration policy and the criminal justice system. She won a 2012 George Polk Award, and 2012 Hillman Prize. In 2016, she was named a MacArthur Fellow.
Life.
Stillman graduated from Georgetown Day School in Washington, D.C. and graduated from Yale University in 2006. While in college, she founded and edited an interdisciplinary feminist journal, "Manifesta", and co-directed the Student Legal Action Movement, a group devoted to reforming the American prison system.
Stillman was a Marshall Scholar at Oxford University. In 2009, she was embedded with the 116th Military Police Company.
She teaches at New York University and Yale University. She is also a staff writer for the "New Yorker".
Awards.
In 2005, Stillman was awarded the Elie Wiesel Prize in Ethics.
Stillman also won the 2012 National Magazine Award for Public Interest for her reporting from Iraq and Afghanistan on labor abuses and human trafficking on United States military bases.
She is also the recipient of the Overseas Press Club's Joe and Laurie Dine Award for international human-rights reporting, the Hillman Prize for Magazine Journalism, and the Michael Kelly Award.
In 2016, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation awarded Stillman a MacArthur fellowship.


Frank Bonner

Frank Bonner (born Frank Woodrow Boers Jr., February 28, 1942) is an American actor and television director best known for playing sales manager Herb Tarlek on the television sitcom "WKRP in Cincinnati".
Life and career.
Bonner was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, the son of Mamie Grace (née Dobbins), a singer, and Frank Woodrow Boers, a saxophone player. Bonner started his acting career in the experimental 1967 independent film "The Equinox ... A Journey into the Unknown", which was re-shot and re-edited as the 1970 cult classic "Equinox" (credited as Frank Boers, Jr.).
In 1978, Bonner was injured in a parachute accident. Bonner was being towed by a 4 wheel drive vehicle when the ascendancy parachute he was hanging in collapsed in a freak wind at the El Mirage Dry Lake Recreational Area in 50 miles northeast of Los Angeles. Bonner fell 20 feet and suffered internal and back injuries. This accident led to his appearance with crutches on TV, most noticeably in the "WKRP in Cincinnati", season 2 episode - A Family Affair as well as an All-Star Special episode of "Family Feud".
He reprised the role of Herb Tarlek in the 1991 spinoff "The New WKRP in Cincinnati", and in a 2004 rock video for Canadian indie rock band Rheostatics (for the song "The Tarleks", from their album "2067").
Bonner appeared as a guest star in one episode of the sitcom "Night Court" in the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, Bonner played the role of Father Hargis, headmaster of the fictional St. Augustine's Academy on the TV show "Just the Ten of Us" which was a spin-off of "Growing Pains". Bonner also appeared in one of the early episodes of the television show "Newhart".
Bonner also directed several episodes of "WKRP in Cincinnati" as well as other TV sitcoms, including "Who's the Boss?", "Head of the Class" (starring WKRP alumni Howard Hesseman), "Evening Shade", "Newhart" and every episode of the NBC Saturday morning sitcom "City Guys". Bonner also appeared in five episodes of "", and directed four episodes.


Shishir Hathwar

Shishir Hathwar (born 27 February 1986) holds a world record for the fastest backwards spelling. He correctly spelled 50 randomly chosen words (20 six-letter words, 15 seven-letter words, 15 eight-letter words) backwards in 1 minute and 22.53 seconds, which qualified as a Guinness World Record, breaking the previous world record set by Job Pottas of Kerala, India on 12 March 2010. Pottas's time was 1 minute and 40.14 seconds. Hathwar won by over 17 seconds. Pottas performed his attempt on 12 March 2010 at the Ernakulam Press Club.
Personal life.
Hathwar is an electronics engineer working in Bangalore. He states that his talent of rapidly visualizing words, breaking them up into smaller words and spelling them backwards, was what resulted in his achievement. It was a YouTube clip of Pottas breaking the record that got him started on the idea he could attempt a similar feat.


Direct Internet Access System

Direct Internet Access System is a technology used to access internet through DSL developed jointly by IIT Madras and Banyan Networks. It offers a wired solution for high-speed symmetrical Internet access through existing public switched telephone network lines and provides an " Always On" Internet Access that is permanently available at the customer's premises. It uses the existing cabling infrastructure by combining voice and data packets onto a single twisted-pair wire at the subscriber's premises.
The speed of this type of internet access depends upon the distance of the customer's residence from the nearest office of the broadband company.
For example: