Principes

Principes (Singular: "princeps") were spearmen, and later swordsmen, in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy, and could afford decent equipment. They were the heavier infantry of the legion who carried large shields and wore good quality armor.
Their usual position was the second battle line. They fought in a quincunx formation, supported by light troops. They were eventually disbanded after the Marian reforms of 107 BC.
History and deployment.
According to Pat Southern, "principes" appear to have been born from remnants of the old second class of the army under the Etruscan kings when it was reformed by Marcus Furius Camillus. The second class stood in some of the first few ranks of a very large phalanx and were equipped in a similar manner to "principes". They would support the heavier first class in the front ranks. It is probable that engagements with the Samnites and a crushing defeat at the hands of the Gallic warlord Brennus, who both used many smaller military units rather than a few very large ones, taught the Romans the importance of flexibility and the inadequacy of the phalanx on the rough, hilly ground of central Italy.
Camillan system.
In the early Camillan system of organisation of the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, men were sorted into classes based on wealth, the "principes" being the wealthiest after the "triarii". "Principes" were armed with short spears, or "hastae", up to 1.8 metres (6 ft) long. They fought in a quincunx formation, usually carrying "scuta", large rectangular shields, and bronze helmets, often with a number of feathers fixed onto the top to increase stature. They wore heavier armour types, the most common form being chainmail, which offered a good degree of protection without hindering movement.
In this type of legion, the 900 "principes" formed 15 maniples, military units of 60 men each. The "principes" stood in the second battle line, behind "hastati" of the first line and in front of the "triarii" in the third. In a pitched battle, the "leves", javelin armed light infantry would form up at the front of the legion and harass the enemy with javelin fire to cover the advance of the "hastati", light spearmen.
If the "hastati" failed to break the enemy during their engagement, they would fall back and let the heavier "principes" take over. If the "principes" could not break through, they would retire behind the heavy "triarii" spearmen who would then engage the enemy in turn. The "equites", cavalrymen, were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies. The "rorarii" and "accensi" in the final battle line were some of the least dependable troops, and were used in a support role, providing mass and reinforcing wavering areas of the line.
Polybian system.
By the time of the Punic wars of the 3rd century BC, this form of organisation was found to be inefficient. In a new Polybian system, infantry were sorted into classes according to age and experience rather than wealth, the "principes" being older veterans with a greater degree of experience. Their equipment and role was very similar to the previous system, except they now carried swords, or "gladii", instead of spears. Each princeps also carried two "pila", heavy javelins that bent on impact to prevent them being removed from the victim or thrown back.
The "principes" had been increased in number to 1,200 per legion, and formed 10 maniples of 120 men each. The "rorarii" and "accensi" had been disbanded. "Leves" had been replaced with "velites", who had a similar role, with forty of them being attached to each maniple in the legion. Pitched battles were conducted in a similar fashion; the "velites" would gather at the front and fling javelins to cover the advance of the "hastati", who had also been re-armed with swords. If the hastati failed to break the enemy, they would fall back on the principes. If the principes could not break them, they would retire behind the triarii who would then engage the enemy.
This order of battle was almost always followed, the Battle of the Great Plains and the Battle of Zama being among the few notable exceptions. At the Great Plains, Scipio, the Roman general, formed his men up in the usual manner, but once the "hastati" had begun to engage the enemy, he used his "principes" and "triarii" as a flanking force, routing the opposing Carthaginians. At Zama, Scipio arranged his men into columns, side by side, with large lanes in between. The opposing Carthaginian elephants were drawn into these lanes where many were killed by "velites" without inflicting many casualties on the Romans. Once the surviving elephants had been routed, he formed his men into a long line with his "triarii" and "principes" in the centre and "hastati" on the flanks, ready to engage the Carthaginian infantry.
Marian reforms.
With the formal military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC, intended to combat a shortage of manpower from wars against the Numidian king Jugurtha in North Africa and Germanic tribes to the north, the different classes of units were disbanded entirely with legionaries uniformly armed with gladius and two pilum. The wealth and age requirements were scrapped. Soldiers would join as a career, rather than as service to the city, and would all be equipped as "miles", or soldiers, with the same state purchased equipment. Auxiliaries, local irregular troops, would fulfill other roles, serving as archers, skirmishers and cavalry.


43rd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

The 43rd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was a regiment of infantry that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was first formed in September 1862 in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for 300,000 men to serve for nine months. The nucleus of the regiment was the Second Battalion Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, a unit dating to 1798 known as the Boston Light Infantry and nicknamed the "Tigers." The 43rd Massachusetts therefore became known as the "Tiger Regiment."
The regiment trained at Camp Meigs in Readville, Massachusetts just outside of Boston. They departed Massachusetts on October 24, assigned to Maj. Gen. John G. Foster's Department of North Carolina, later designated as the XVIII Corps. The regiment was stationed in New Bern, North Carolina. In December, the regiment took part in the Goldsboro Expedition. The objective of this maneuver was to disrupt the Confederate supply line along the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad by destroying the Goldsboro Bridge. During this expedition, was lightly engaged in the Battles of Kinston, White Hall and Goldsboro Bridge.
While based in New Bern, the 43rd Massachusetts participated in patrols and reconnaissance expeditions. The unit returned to Boston in July 1863 and was mustered out on July 30, 1863. The regiment lost two men killed in action and 12 by disease.


Fort Stedman Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Fort Stedman on March 25, 1865. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia.
MG John B. Gordon


Order of battle of the First Battle of the Marne

The following units of the British, French and German Empires fought in the First Battle of the Marne from 5–12 September 1914 on the Western Front of World War I.


Games for Heroes

Games For Heroes is a non-profit organization that sends hand-held video games to United States troops currently serving in Iraq and Afghanistan.
History.
In March 2008, Games for Heroes founders Peter Gallagher and Jack Wilson organized a community service project called Cheer up the Troops. For one week, Peter and Jack, then 15, helped elementary school children write over 1,000 letters and drawings to send to US troops stationed overseas. This project inspired them to put video game collection boxes in their school, fire stations, and churches in their Westchester County, New York neighborhood.
In addition to video game systems, the organization also actively collects games for systems and batteries. As of mid-2010, the organization has distributed more than $100,000 in goods.


Alaska Defense Command

The Alaska Defense Command (ADC) was a military formation of the United States Army. It was established on 4 February 1941, responsible for coordinating the defense of the Alaska Territory of the United States. The first commanding general of ADC was Brigadier General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.. The Air Force, Alaska Defense Command, was replaced by the Alaskan Air Force which was activated on 15 January 1942.
Until 1 November 1943, Alaska Defense Command was under the jurisdiction of the Western Defense Command, headquartered at the Presidio of San Francisco. ADC was dissolved on 31 October 1943 and replaced by the Alaskan Department, still commanded by now Lieutenant General Buckner but now reporting directly back to the War Department in Washington, D.C..
The Alaskan Department became United States Army Alaska on 15 December 1947.
Organization.
Organization of the command in 1941 (just before Pearl Harbor) was as follows:


Cross Keys Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cross Keys of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Department of the Valley.
MG Thomas J. Jackson
Forces at Cross Keys.
MG Richard S. Ewell


List of German U-boats

Germany has commissioned over 1,500 U-boats () into its various navies from 1906 to the present day. The submarines have usually been designated with a "U" followed by a number, although World War I coastal submarines and coastal minelaying submarines used the "UB" and "UC" prefixes, respectively. When Germany resumed building submarines in the 1930s, the numbering of the submarines was restarted at 1. The renumbering was restarted at 1 a third time when Germany resumed building submarines in the 1960s.
World War I–era U-boats.
There were some 380 U-boats commissioned into the "Kaiserliche Marine" in the years before and during World War I. Although the first four German U-boats—, , , and —were commissioned before 1910, all four served in a training capacity during the war. German U-boats used during World War I were divided into three series. The "U" designation was generally reserved for ocean-going attack torpedo U-boats. The "UB" designation was used for coastal attack U-boats, while the "UC" designation was reserved for coastal minelaying U-boats.
U-boats.
U-boats designed primarily for deep water service were designated with a "U" prefix and numbered up to 167.
Type U 66 (Type UD).
The Type U 66 submarines were originally constructed for Austro-Hungary as the "U-7" class, but were sold to Germany at the start of WWI.
UB coastal U-boats.
Coastal attack torpedo U-boats were smaller craft intended for operation closer to land. They were designated with a "UB" prefix and numbered up to 154.
UC coastal minelaying U-boats.
Coastal minelaying U-boats were smaller vessels intended to mine enemy harbors and approaches. They were designated with a "UC" prefix and numbered up to 105.
Type UC III.
Thirty-five Type UC III submarines were planned, but only 26 were completed. Nine of these ("UC-106" to "UC-114") were never commissioned and were awarded to the United Kingdom and France and broken up in 1921.
Foreign U-boats.
At the outbreak of World War I Germany took charge of a number of submarines under construction in German shipyards for other countries.
World War II U-boats.
In the World War II era, Germany commissioned some 1,250 U-boats into the "Kriegsmarine."
Type X (XB).
Originally intended as long-range minelayers, the Type X were later used as long-range cargo transports.
Type XI.
The Type XI was a planned artillery boat, armed with four 128-mm guns in two twin turrets along with an Arado Ar 231 floatplane. Four boats were laid down in 1939 but were cancelled at the outbreak of WWII.
Type XIV.
The Type XIV submarine was a shortened version of the Type IXD and used as tankers. Twenty-four were planned, but only 10 were commissioned; three ("U-491" to "U-494") were cancelled before completed and eleven were never laid down. This type was nicknamed "Milchkuh" (milk cow).
Type XVII.
Type XVIIB.
Twelve Type XVIIB submarines were planned, but only three were completed; three were cancelled at the end of the war before completion and six were cancelled in favor of the Type XXI submarine.
Type XVIII.
The Type XVIII was a projected attack boat using the Walter propulsion system. Two boats were laid down in 1943, but construction was cancelled in March 1944.
Midget submarines.
"Seehund" (Type XVIIB).
The range of "U-5000" to "U-6442" was specifically allocated to German midget submarines. The following "Seehund" Type XXVIIB U-boats were entered into the Kriegsmarine registry as commissioned vessels
Foreign U-boats.
Germany captured and commissioned 14 submarines from six countries into the "Kriegsmarine" during World War II.
Turkey
United Kingdom
Norway
Netherlands
France
Italy


59th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 59th Infantry Division "(59. Infanteriedivision)" was a military division of the Wehrmacht during World War II.
History.
The 59th Infantry Division was formed in June 1944 in the Groß Born area. It saw immediate action on the Western Front. It had a serious equipment and training shortage due to its quick formation. It was surrounded at the Falaise Pocket. A little later after the division was part of 15th Army as it retreated to BrabantStad. In October the division was part of Army Group B during The Battle of the Scheldt. In February 1945 the division was stationed on The Rhine. Later after the Battle of the Ruhr the division was diminished as a result of the end of the war.
Organization.
Structure in early 1944
Organization of the division in 1943:
Commanders.
The division's commanders were :


Boydton Plank Road Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Boydton Plank Road (October 27-28, 1864) of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the casualty returns.
Army of the Potomac.
II Corps.
MG Winfield S. Hancock
V Corps.
MG Gouverneur K. Warren
Escort: Cpt Napoleon J. Horrell
Provost Guard: Cpt Paul A. Oliver
Ambulance Train: Cpt William F. Drum
IX Corps.
MG John G. Parke
Escort: Lt William W. Neiterfield
Provost Guard: Cpt Andrew D. Baird


Chief of the Kriegsmarine Personnel Office

Chief of the "Kriegsmarine" Personnel Office () was a leading position within the German "Kriegsmarine" High Command in Nazi Germany.


Barry Usher

Barry M. Usher is an American politician serving as a member of the Montana House of Representatives from the 40th district. Elected in November 2016, he assumed office in January 2017. Since January 2021, Usher has served as the majority whip of the House.
Career.
Usher previously served in the United States Coast Guard. He also worked in law enforcement before establishing a small business. Usher and his wife, Ann Marie Murphy Usher, have four children. Usher lives in Yellowstone County, Montana.


Laughing at Life

Laughing at Life is a 1933 American pre-Code film directed by Ford Beebe.
Plot summary.
Easter, a soldier of fortune and gunrunner, leaves his family behind escaping from the authorities and an American detective named Mason. His globe-hopping escape leads him finally to South America, where he is hired to organize a band of revolutionaries, unaware that they plan to eliminate him when his job is done. Here, also, he encounters his own son, who is on track to waste his own life in pursuits similar to Easter's.


Jake Allex

Aleksa Mandušić (Serbian Cyrillic: Алекса Мандушић; July 13, 1887 – August 28, 1959) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his service in the U.S. Army during World War I. He was also known as Jake Allex Mandusich or simply Jake Allex.
Military service.
Allex entered the U.S. Army in Chicago, Illinois, and returned there following World War I with the rank of Sergeant. While in the Army, he served in Company H, 131st Infantry, 33rd Infantry Division.
In early August of 1918, the rapid Allied advance during the Battle of Amiens ran into a very serious impediment in "a bare seventy-five-foot-high ridge" in an oxbow bend of the Somme River near Chipilly, which was still in German hands. The Germans soldiers on Chipilly Ridge commanded a wide field of fire to the south of the Somme, and poured devastating machine gun and artillery fire that kept the Australian Corps pinned down across the river at Hamel. The job of taking Chipilly Ridge was ultimately assigned to 3 battalions of American Doughboys from the 33rd U.S. Infantry Division.
According to B.J. Omanson, "Their attack took place at 5:30 p.m.and, despite heavy machine gun and artillery fire pouring down on them from Chipilly Ridge, the Americans could not be driven back. They repeatedly pressed the assault until the northern half of the ridge and southern end of nearby Gressaire Wood were taken. Continuing the assault the following day, they took the rest of Gressaire Wood and by day's end were in possession of seven hundred German prisoners, thirty artillery pieces, one aircraft, and more than one hundred machine guns."
On August 9, 1918, during the attack on Chipilly Ridge, when finding all of his officers either wounded or killed and his platoon under heavy attack from the opposing German forces Allex, a Corporal, took command. Leading his platoon forward toward the machine gun nest, his platoon was able to overwhelm the opposition. He personally killed five enemy soldiers. When his bayonet broke, he used the butt of his rifle in close-quarters. Corporal Alex personally took fifteen German prisoners. Little is known about his life following the First World War.
He died August 28, 1959 in a Veterans Administration hospital in Chicago. He lies buried in the cemetery of the Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery in the Chicago suburb of Libertyville, Illinois.
Medal of Honor Citation.
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company H, 131st Infantry, 33d Division. Place and date: At Chippilly Ridge, France, August 9, 1918. Entered service at: Chicago, Ill. Born: July 13, 1887, Prizren, Kosovo. General Orders: War Department, General Orders No. 44 (April 2, 1919).
Citation:
At a critical point in the action, when all the officers with his platoon had become casualties, Cpl. Allex took command of the platoon and led it forward until the advance was stopped by fire from a machinegun nest. He then advanced alone for about 30 yards in the face of intense fire and attacked the nest. With his bayonet he killed 5 of the enemy, and when it was broken, used the butt of his rifle, capturing 15 prisoners.
Military Awards.
Allex's military decorations and awards include:


Michael Poeschke

Michael Georg Poeschke (6 March 1901 in Erlangen - 10 May 1959 in Langenzenn) was a German politician (SPD) and mayor of Erlangen from 1946 to 1959.
Life before 1933.
Michael Poeschke was born as the ninth child of a tailor in 1901. In 1915 he started his apprenticeship as drafter . The same year he joined the "sozialistische Arbeiterjugend, "a socialist youth organisation. He was the head of Erlangen's subgroup from 1919 to 1923. In 1919 Poeschke joined the SPD. After he became editor of the "Erlanger Volksblatt" in 1923, he was elected the first chairman of Erlangen's SPD one year later.
Whilst Nazism.
Poeschke was arrested in March 1933 and later moved to the Dachau concentration camp. In April he was released due to the inauguration of the Bavarian Landtag, which he became member of after its recreation. Shortly after, Poeschke had to go to hospital because of his injuries resulting of his detention.
After being arrested again on 30 June 1933 he was released on 20 June 1934 and afterwards moved to Upper Silesia. In 1939 he was conscripted by the Wehrmacht.
After World War II.
On 6 August 1945 Poeschke was elected 2. mayor of Erlangen. One year later, on 4 September 1946, he became Erlangen's mayor and thus the successor of Anton Hammerbacher. He was reelected in 1948 as well as 1952 (with 92.4% of all votes) and in 1958 (57.8%).


Atlanta campaign Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Atlanta campaign of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign.
This order of battle covers the period of May 7 – July 17, 1864. The period July 17 – September 8, 1864 is listed separately.
Army of Tennessee.
Gen Joseph E. Johnston
Hardee's Corps.
LTG William J. Hardee
Hood's Corps.
LTG John B. Hood
Polk's Corps (Army of Mississippi).
LTG Leonidas Polk (k June 14)

MG William W. Loring

LTG Alexander P. Stewart
Artillery Reserve.
Chief of Artillery: BG Francis A. Shoup
Cavalry Corps.
MG Joseph Wheeler
Strengths.
The following table shows total strengths of each of the major formations at several stages throughout the campaign.


John J. Pinder Jr.

John J. Pinder Jr. (June 6, 1912 – June 6, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II during the Battle of Normandy.
Biography.
Pinder joined the Army from Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, and after initial training was assigned to Headquarters Company, 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. In the vicinity of Gangi, Sicily, Pinder's heroic actions on 23 July 1943 earned him the Bronze Star Medal (Posthumously). By June 6, 1944 was serving as a Technician Fifth Grade. On that day, he participated in the Allied landings near Colleville-sur-Mer, France. Despite being twice wounded, Pinder refused medical attention and continued to gather communications equipment in order to establish a radio link on the beach before receiving a third and fatal wound. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor seven months later, on January 4, 1945.
Pinder, killed on his 32nd birthday, was buried in Grandview Cemetery, Florence, Pennsylvania. The U.S. Army barracks in Zirndorf, Germany, were named Pinder Barracks in his honor. Although these barracks were abandoned in the years after 1999, the name Pinder remained by decision of the city administration as the newly formed city district "Pinder Park".
US Army Transportation Corps coastal cargo ship FS 398 was named "Cpl John J. Pinder Jr." in his honor.
Medal of Honor citation.
Technician Pinder's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, near Colleville-sur-Mer, France. On D-day, Technician 5th Grade Pinder landed on the coast 100 yards off shore under devastating enemy machinegun and artillery fire which caused severe casualties among the boatload. Carrying a vitally important radio, he struggled towards shore in waist-deep water. Only a few yards from his craft he was hit by enemy fire and was gravely wounded. Technician 5th Grade Pinder never stopped. He made shore and delivered the radio. Refusing to take cover afforded, or to accept medical attention for his wounds, Technician 5th Grade Pinder, though terribly weakened by loss of blood and in fierce pain, on 3 occasions went into the fire-swept surf to salvage communication equipment. He recovered many vital parts and equipment, including another workable radio. On the 3rd trip he was again hit, suffering machinegun bullet wounds in the legs. Still this valiant soldier would not stop for rest or medical attention. Remaining exposed to heavy enemy fire, growing steadily weaker, he aided in establishing the vital radio communication on the beach. While so engaged this dauntless soldier was hit for the third time and killed. The indomitable courage and personal bravery of Technician 5th Grade Pinder was a magnificent inspiration to the men with whom he served.
Military awards and other honors.
Technician Fifth Grade John Joseph Pinder's awards include :


Allan J. Kellogg

Allan Jay Kellogg Jr. (born October 1, 1943) is a retired sergeant major in the United States Marine Corps. He received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions as a staff sergeant on March 11, 1970, during the Vietnam War.
Early life.
Kellogg was born on October 1, 1943, in Bethel, Connecticut, and graduated from elementary school there in 1958. He attended Bethel High School for two years before dropping out in 1959. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on November 14, 1960, in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Marine Corps service.
Kellogg received recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, and individual combat training at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Following graduation, he was assigned duty as a rifleman, assistant automatic rifleman, and fire team leader, consecutively, with Company K, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune. He was promoted to private first class in June 1961, to lance corporal in April 1962, and to corporal in October 1962. From December 1962 until November 1964, Kellogg served as squad leader with Company D, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines, 1st Marine Brigade. Upon his return to the United States, he was assigned duty as Sergeant of the Guard, Marine Air Base Squadron 31, Marine Aircraft Group 31 at Beaufort, South Carolina. He was promoted to sergeant on May 1, 1965.
In March 1966, Kellogg was transferred to South Vietnam where he served as Weapons Platoon Sergeant and, later, Company Supply Non-commissioned Officer of Company F, 2nd Battalion 9th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. He was promoted to staff sergeant on July 1, 1967. In December, Kellogg was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune, serving as a squad leader with M-16 Special Task Group Command, 3rd Battalion 8th Marines and subsequently as a platoon sergeant and, later, platoon commander of Company I, 3rd Battalion 6th Marines.
Returning for his second tour of duty in December 1969, Kellogg served briefly as a platoon sergeant with Company A, 1st Battalion, 26th Marines. During March 1970, he was reassigned duty as a platoon sergeant of Company G, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division. His actions on March 11, 1970, earned him the Medal of Honor. Wounded in action in Quang Nam Province on May 8, 1970, he was evacuated to the United States Naval Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan.
Kellogg was released from hospital in October 1970 and returned to duty that December, when he assumed his assignment as Instructor, Field Medical Service School, at Camp Pendleton, California. He was promoted to gunnery sergeant on July 1, 1972. In 1975 he served at Marine Barracks, Pearl Harbor, with the rank of gunnery sergeant. During the Fall of Saigon, while the last Marine troops were conducting the evacuation of the United States Embassy in Saigon, in March and April 1975, he brought a television into the squad bay at Marine Barracks Pearl Harbor. He explained the historical importance of what was happening to a few Marines, his subordinates, who were off duty in the barracks at that time. He served as a role model and highly experienced leader of the Marine Security Guards he held command over at that time. He was later promoted to sergeant major, and retired from the Marine Corps in October 1990.
In May 1984, Kellogg designated The Unknown service member from the Vietnam War during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The Unknown service member was later identified in 1998 as Air Force Lieutenant Michael Blassie, following mitochondrial DNA testing.
Later life.
After retiring from the military, Kellogg remained in Hawaii and worked for the Department of Veterans Affairs as a benefit counselor at Tripler Army Medical Center in Honolulu. Kellogg's son, former Staff Sergeant Aaron Kellogg who also was highly decorated, is an ex-infantryman and paratrooper who served with the 173rd Airborne.
Awards and honors.
A complete list of his medals and decorations includes:
Medal of Honor citation.
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor to
Gunnery Sergeant Allen J. Kellogg Jr.
United States Marine Corps
for service as set forth in the following citation:


Bayou Fourche order of battle

The Battle of Bayou Fourche (September 10, 1863) saw Union forces under the overall command of Frederick Steele clash with Confederate forces led by Sterling Price near Little Rock, Arkansas. Steele's cavalry commanded by John W. Davidson crossed to the south side of the Arkansas River and compelled the Confederate cavalry under John S. Marmaduke to abandon its defensive position behind Bayou Fourche. Price's outnumbered forces evacuated Little Rock and withdrew south to Arkadelphia. The Union occupation of Little Rock was the final action in a campaign that started on August 18 when Steele's troops marched west from DeValls Bluff.
Union forces.
Union Army: Maj. Gen. Frederick Steele
Confederate forces.
Confederate Army: Maj. Gen. Sterling Price


Gilla Gerzon

Gilla Gerzon (), known to many United States military personnel as the "mother of the 6th fleet," is an Israeli who served as director of the Haifa, Israel USO for almost eighteen years, from the time it opened in December 1984 until it closed in September 2002 when U.S. security concerns for the region led to a sharp decrease in U.S. ship visits. In 1993, she was brought to Somalia to establish a temporary USO for U.S. service personnel deployed in support of Operation Restore Hope.
Gerzon is the first Israeli citizen to receive the United States Navy Commendation Medal.
Background.
Gerzon first began working with U.S. military personnel during her time as director of public relations at Haifa's Dan Carmel Hotel in the 1980s. She worked with the hotel to host holiday parties for officers and sailors from visiting U.S. ships, and then tours of Israel. She saw her actions as an "ideal way to repay the American people for all the warmth and comfort she and her daughter had received while in the United States."
Haifa USO.
The recommendation to open a USO in Israel was made by U.S. Navy Vice-Admiral Edward Martin, Commander, U.S. Sixth Fleet, when U.S. ship visits to Israel began to increase after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings in Lebanon. Beginning in 1979 five to ten Sixth Fleet ships began to visit Haifa each year, but by the mid-80s, after the bombing, the annual number of port calls by U.S. ships had grown to 40–50. Two officers on Admiral Martin's staff, Public Affairs Officer Captain Peter Litrenta and Assistant Sixth Fleet Chaplain Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff, had worked with Gerzon during her time at the Dan Carmel, and recommended her as director for the proposed USO operation.
The new Haifa USO opened on December 2, 1984, before a crowd of hundreds of Navy personnel from the and the . It was located near the entrance to the Dan Panorama Hotel on Mount Carmel. Working with a team of volunteers, Gerzon worked to welcome military personnel and provide them with opportunities to explore and get to know Israel. Under her leadership, the Haifa USO became "one of the best-loved facilities in the USO system." Referred to as "a one-woman whirlwind" and "inexhaustibly hospitable," Gerzon's "take-charge approach won her renown among the officers and enlisted men of the 6th fleet," and made the USO "not a sad hangout for lonely sailors, but more like the busy office of a camp's activities director."
A USO article noted that the Haifa USO under Gerzon's leadership epitomized "forward deployed
hospitality for U.S. forces overseas." Open 24 hours a day when U.S. ships visit Israel, her USO operation served as "an unofficial base of operations to American sailors and Marines forward-deployed to the Mediterranean." Gerzon was able to augment her small staff with 200 English-speaking volunteers so that the USO could function as a "bridge between visiting U.S. service personnel and the Israeli people," answering questions, arranging visits, making hotel and tour reservations, and sponsoring a program for local residents to "Adopt a Sailor" during U.S. Navy ship visits. Buses for "liberty parties" from the ships took officers and sailors from the port to the USO door.
Activities.
Under Gerzon's direction, the USO not only provided opportunities for visiting military personnel to tour the country, but also to get involved with its people. For example, Gerzon speaks about the time a group of sailors visited a school for emotionally handicapped children, "just to play with them...to make tricks and entertain them...[and]they went back three times," while others went to schools to speak with students or to a cancer ward at a Haifa hospital to visit patients, entertaining them or bringing them gifts. Sailors would also help with special projects, such as painting orphanages or even homes for the elderly. Gerzon notes that during major ship visits, 400–500 sailors would visit the USO daily, sometimes asking questions about agriculture or technology in Israel, and sometimes to take advantage of free tickets to events such as the Haifa Symphony Orchestra. Trips organized by the USO brought sailors to locations including the Sea of Galilee, Bethlehem, Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, and Masada, in addition to visits to homes and kibbutzim.
In addition to activities that brought U.S. military personnel to meet Israelis, Gerzon worked to bring Israelis to meet and greet the Americans—such as the time that crew members from visiting U.S. Navy ships and arrived on small boats from their ships to be greeted at the Haifa port by 50 Israeli school children, singing songs in Hebrew and English, and waving U.S. and Israeli flags. She also coordinated numerous home hospitality visits for arriving sailors—including one time, when a ship arrived on the eve of the Jewish holy day Rosh Hashana and it was hard to make last-minute contact with others, she called home to tell her mother to expect 100 additional guests for dinner. Gerzon recalls that her mother's immediate response was that she'll start making more soup. On another occasion, Gerzon coordinated volunteers from Haifa and Natanya to prepare 1400 home-cooked meals ("right down to the chicken soup") for crew members of the and the . The USO also sponsored many special events including beach parties that allowed military personnel to mingle with Israeli citizens. Other special events for shipboard personnel Gerzon coordinated on behalf of the USO included children's parades, folklore dances, and even fashion shows.
Visits.
In addition to creating a welcoming space and opportunities to explore Israel for the military personnel, especially those on visiting U.S. Navy ships, Gerzon worked as the USO Liaison to the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv to coordinate visits from many visiting military and civilian distinguished guests.
Closing.
In 1989 USO financial concerns drove a decision to close the Haifa USO,
but a groundswell of support and appeals from the Sixth Fleet, the United States Congress and organizations such as the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs resulted in a reversal of the decision. Part of the decision was to use the USO to house a new "LT Elmo Zumwalt III" Library, sponsored by Book Bank USA. Soon thereafter, beginning in 1990, U.S. interest in Haifa increased, not only as a port of call, but even as a possible home port for some Navy ships, including one aircraft carrier. In fact, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin reportedly proposed to U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1993 that Haifa become the homeport for the U.S. Sixth Fleet, and a number of formal U.S. studies of Haifa port capabilities, including one by the Center for Naval Analyses, were completed.
However, when U.S. ship visits to Haifa sharply decreased in the early 2000s, largely because of security concerns in the region, including the Second intifada in Israel and the October 2000 USS Cole bombing in Yemen, the USO was closed in September 2002. Israel criticized the U.S. decision as one that sent a signal of weakness to Islamic militants. Beginning in 2008 U.S. Navy ship visits to Haifa began to increase once more, but although no plans have been announced to reopen the USO, Haifa Deputy Spokesman Roni Grossman has said that hosting American sailors "is a great tradition of the city"—and although the number of sailors now visiting the city "pales in comparison" to the numbers that used to arrive on Navy ships, "it's significant that there is a renewed connection between Israel and the American navy...[and] Now we're doing everything we can to show the sailors a good time." Additionally, following the traditions established by the Haifa USO, visiting sailors are again engaging in volunteer projects during their visits. Many individuals and organizations involved with supporting visitors, on ships or through visits sponsored by the American Embassy, credit their work with Gerzon and the USO as the inspiration for their involvement.
USO Somalia.
Gerzon was one of the first USO employees to volunteer to go to Somalia to work with the USO to support American troops. Gerzon traveled to Somalia in 1992 to lay the groundwork and gather volunteers for the official December 23, 1992 opening of "USO Somalia." Located at the Mogadishu airport, the USO Somalia operation continued through April 1993, hosting shows from entertainers such as Clint Black, but military personnel reported that something as simple as a "warm coke" ("best coke I ever had") made a big difference in their lives during hard times.
Memorializing Americans.
In honor of the 241 Americans killed in the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing Gerzon personally spearheaded an effort to have a park dedicated in their honor—with one tree planted for each victim of the attack. Recalling that she was "heartsick when I heard that so many young men had been killed," Gerzon immediately began to create support for a monument in honor of the victims, but the project was delayed after the kidnapping and eventual murder of U.S. Marine Lt.Col. William R. Higgins. Her efforts were successful when on February 12, 1992, the memorial was created, with 241 olive trees lining a "path of peace," dedicated at a point overlooking Lebanon itself, A "Higgins Tree" is planted at the end of the path. at the Mount Carmel National Park.
The tree planting ceremony that officially dedicated the site was attended by more than 250 Marines and Sailors from the U.S.Marine Corps 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), and Israeli children from the Degania and Really schools in Haifa. Representing the 24th MEU, Sergeant Major W.E. Hatcher noted that 241 trees were being planted in memory of the 241 American lives lost in the Beirut attack, but that "we also dream that as these trees grow, they will grow with generations of mankind whose hopes of a future filled with peace and freedom will be realized." Following the initial tree planting, other groups of Sailors and Marines visited the sites, sometimes creating additional ceremonies to mark their visits and remember lost comrades. For example, on April 11, 1994, U.S. Marine Corps Brigadier General J. L. Jones was the speaker at a memorial service attended by members of the 24th MEU.
Gerzon continued to make this memorial a place to remember American losses, and after the December 1990 death of 21 U.S. sailors who drowned when their liberty boat capsized during its return to the , she began efforts to remember their deaths as well—and within a year 21 additional trees were planted in their memory and a plaque memorializing them was added to the park. Gerzon continued to host ship visits to the memorial site, including visits for ship's crews to clean up the area and polish the plaques. Additionally, visits include an opportunity to read the names of those who have died because, according to Gerzon, "In Jewish tradition, if you read the names of the dead out loud, they never die." Gerzon has stated that the USO's goal is not to move mountains, but instead, "to move a few people's hearts," and she believes that efforts such as this one help that occur.
Poetry.
Gerzon's poetry often marked her efforts, including the poem she wrote to remember the Americans lost in the Beirut bombing: "They came in peace." Gerzon explained that "These men came in peace, to keep the peace...and that's why I felt they should be remembered."
At the April 1994 service held at the memorial for the victims, a new poem by Gerzon was read and included in the program, ending with the hope that "the children, who are the sign of hope, will walk in the path of peace Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall, and God's nature will hold their memories."
The poem she wrote during her time with the USO in Somalia, "Rise up, children of Somalia," was the inspiration for the song of the same name sung by the Somali singer Malika and the Mombasa Roots Band.
Honors and awards.
For her work during Operation Desert Storm, the U.S. Secretary of the Navy authorized the award of the Navy Commendation Medal (since renamed the "Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal") to Gerzon. The medal was presented in a ceremony on board the USS "Inchon", making Gerzon the first Israeli citizen to receive that award.


Jagdgeschwader 234

Jagdgeschwader" 234 "Schlageter was a fighter wing of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe in World War II.


Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme

This is the order of battle for the Battle of the Somme. The Battle of the Somme was an offensive fought on the Western Front during World War I from 1 July to 18 November 1916 as one of the greatest engagements of the war. It was fought between French, British and Dominion forces and the German Empire in the Somme River valley and vicinity in northern France.
Background.
British and Dominion forces.
In typical British county regiments, the 1st and 2nd Battalions were regular army, the 3rd was the special reserve battalion which did not normally serve overseas but remained at home as the regimental depot and training unit from which replacements were sent to the regular battalions. The 4th, 5th and 6th Battalions were normally Territorial Force battalions. Territorial battalions raised second line battalions which would be numbered 2/4th, 2/5th and 2/6th, initially from men who did not volunteer for overseas service. The terms of service in the Territorial Force meant that men who had signed up on these could not be forced to serve outside the United Kingdom. The number of battalions depended on the recruitment potential of the area from which the battalions were raised (i.e. the Dorsetshire Regiment raised eleven battalions, whilst the London Regiment managed to raise eighty-eight battalions).
Regular Army Divisions were numbered 1st to 8th. "New Army" divisions of Kitchener's Army raised after the outbreak of war were numbered 9th to 26th. The 27th to 29th Divisions were Regular Army divisions made up from units recalled from Imperial Garrison Duties. The 30th to 41st were again made up from New Army units while the 42nd to 74th were Territorial. The 63rd Division (Royal Naval Division) was made up from Naval Reserves and did not follow this numbering pattern.
Army and Corps organisation.
Corps.
French Sixth Army, which contained British or Dominion forces:
Formations per battle.
Refer following section titled "Divisions" for brigades, regiments and battalions associated with each division participating in the listed battles. Battle nomenclature and participating units information taken from source British Army Council Command Notice 1138 unless stated.

French forces.
A majority of the French Divisions were triangular divisions – that is comprising three regiments, with each regiment containing three battalions.
During the Battle of Verdun, General Pétain had rotated the French Divisions through the battle – resulting in a large number of divisions entering the battle with experience.
Army and corps organisation.
List of Army/Corp/Divisions involved taken from "Organigramme des Grandes Batailles".
German: 2nd Army.
German order of battle derived from "Hart, Appendix C" unless stated.

Commander: Fritz von Below On 19 July, split into the 1st Army (opposite the British) and the 2nd Army, Commander: General der Artillerie Max von Gallwitz (opposite the French) with authority over the 1st Army as , this was not an army group, the term for which was

Chief of the German General Staff: Erich Falkenhayn (until 28 August 1916), Paul von Hindenburg
German divisions were being converted from square to triangular, hence some had four infantry regiments, others had three.
Citations and references.
References.
Books
Websites


World War Three (Doctor Who)

"World War Three" is the fifth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme "Doctor Who" which was first broadcast on BBC One on 23 April 2005. It is the second of a two-part story which began with "Aliens of London" on 16 April.
In the episode, set in London, the alien time traveller the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) and his companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) team up with Rose's boyfriend Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke), her mother Jackie (Camille Coduri), and Member of Parliament Harriet Jones (Penelope Wilton) to foil the plan of the alien Slitheen family from selling the Earth for commercial purposes. The Slitheen, who have infiltrated the Government of the United Kingdom, plan to get the United Nations to release nuclear activation codes so they can trigger World War III on Earth and sell the remains.
Plot.
Mickey is able to push aside the impostor police inspector advancing on Jackie in her flat. Escaping the electrical pulse of the Slitheen in 10 Downing Street, the Ninth Doctor attempts to get the police, but by the time he has returned the Slitheen get back into their suits. The Doctor escapes to the upper floors of Downing Street and reunites with Rose and Harriet in the Cabinet Rooms. Just before sealing off the rooms, the Doctor confronts the Slitheen and learns that they are a family rather than a race. The Slitheen tell him that they are not invading Earth but raiding it for some commercial purpose.
Making contact with Mickey, the Doctor gives him instructions on how to log into the UNIT website on his computer. The Doctor uses the information to determine that the Slitheen ship is presently in the North Sea transmitting a signal. After the Doctor figures out the Slitheen are weak to acetic acid, Jackie and Mickey use gherkins, pickled onions and pickled eggs from Mickey's flat to kill the Slitheen who was impersonating the police inspector.
Green and the other Slitheen declare a matter of national security and request that the United Nations release the activation codes to launch a nuclear strike against a fictitious mothership. The Doctor realises that the Slitheen actually plan to fire the weapons against other countries in order to start World War III. The Slitheen plan to sell the Earth's radioactive remains as a fuel source, which they have already begun advertising through the signal. Through Harriet's insistence, the Doctor helps Mickey to hack into the controls of a Royal Navy submarine and fire a missile at 10 Downing Street, even though the Doctor is unsure whether they will survive. The Slitheen are caught in the explosion when the missile hits but the Doctor, Rose, and Harriet all survive. With the Prime Minister dead, the Doctor suggests that Harriet could become Prime Minister.
The Doctor gives Mickey a CD to upload to the internet that will remove all mentions of the Doctor from the web. He also privately offers Mickey the chance to travel with him, but Mickey admits that he is too scared to handle it. He asks the Doctor not to tell Rose about his concerns. Rose arrives with a full backpack and asks the Doctor if Mickey can come along, and the Doctor covers for him.
Production.
According to Russell T Davies (among others), this episode was called "Aliens of London, Part Two" until the last minute, when the name was changed to "World War 3", soon amended to "World War Three". The Telos Publishing Ltd. book "Back to the Vortex" cites "10 Downing Street" as another working title. This decision has proved to be a precedent, as in the original series all multi-episode stories shared a title from "The Savages" onwards. All multi-episode stories in the new series have continued to have individual titles except "The End of Time" and "Spyfall".
Cast notes.
Lachele Carl reappears as the American reporter seen in "Aliens of London". She is later seen in "The Christmas Invasion", "The Sound of Drums", "The Poison Sky", "Turn Left", "The Stolen Earth" and the "Sarah Jane Adventures" story "Revenge of the Slitheen". In "Turn Left," it is revealed that her name is Trinity Wells. She also appeared in the spin-off "Torchwood", in the five-episode serial "Children of Earth".
Broadcast and reception.
"World War Three" received a final rating of 7.98 million viewers in the United Kingdom. The episode received an Audience Appreciation Index score of 81.
Like the first part of the story, "World War Three" has received generally mixed reviews. Arnold T Blumburg of "Now Playing" gave the episode a grade of C+, finding it slightly better than "Aliens of London" because it minimized the "juvenile" humour associated with the Slitheen and had good performances by the actors portraying them, though some of the effects were lacking. He criticised the direction and "thin" resolution of the UNIT missile operated from a home computer, but he praised the storyline with Rose's family, highlighting the performances of Clarke and Coduri. In 2013, Patrick Mulkern of "Radio Times" felt that Wilton's performance as Harriet Jones was the best part of the "flashy but silly, disappointing story". He praised Rose's storyline due to the "vivid" characters, though he found Eccleston's performance lacking. He also was critical of the Slitheen as believable monsters to be taken seriously. "The A.V. Club" reviewer Alasdair Wilkins gave the episode a grade of B-. He found the problem to be more in the execution than conception; there was a possibility of satire in the fart jokes of the Slitheen, but the direction and performances let it down. Because it veered close to being silly and not taking the Slitheen seriously, he argued that the televised version did not display its more nuanced parts, like each Slitheen having individuality, the exploration of the human race knowing about extraterrestrials, and Rose's home life. Wilkins also questioned why the Slitheen would invade a country that required the UN's permission to launch nuclear missiles. In "Who is the Doctor", a guide to the revived series, Graeme Burk noted that the story was "loved and hated by fans in equal measure" but it was an unexpected "delight" for him. He found the Slitheen's humour to work on many levels and highlighted the domestic conflict and the performances. Burk's coauthor Robert Smith? called it the closest the new series and Davies "ever gets to pastiching the Classic Series' most beloved writer, Robert Holmes." He also praised the domestic situation, though he found the political satire "one-note" and the direction disappointing. "World War Three" he described as "slight" on plot with improbable Internet-ready missiles, but the ending was still "wonderful" and Eccleston's performance of the more serious material sold the episode.


Oberstabsfeldwebel

Oberstabsfeldwebel (OStFw or OSF, ) is the highest Non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank in German Army and German Air Force. It is grouped as OR9 in NATO, equivalent to a Sergeant Major in the United States Army and a Warrant Officer Class 1 in the British Army. Attainment of this rank requires at least sixteen years since promotion to feldwebel and at least six years since promotion to hauptfeldwebel
In army/ air force context NCOs of this rank were formally addressed as "Herr Oberstabsfeldwebel" also informally / short "Oberstaber".
The rank was introduced in the German "Heer" equivalent to the Marine grade "Oberstabsbootsmann" in 1955, and belongs to the grad group Unteroffiziere mit Portepee.
History.
The rank is a comparatively new rank, and had not been used by any German military prior to in 1955. The Kriegsmarine, did however have a , used from 1939 to 1945.
Rank sequence.
The sequence of ranks (top-down approach) in that particular group ("Senior NCOs with portepee") is as follows:


Joe Knollenberg

Joseph Kastl Knollenberg (November 28, 1933 – February 6, 2018) was an American politician from Michigan. From 1993 to 2009, he was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing and .
In his congressional term, Knollenberg was known as a staunch supporter of the North American Free Trade Agreement, President George W. Bush's stance on protecting manufactured goods and for voting against expanding SCHIP in the later years of his career.
He was defeated by Gary Peters in the 2008 election by a margin of 52% to 43%.
Early life.
Knollenberg was born in Mattoon, Illinois, the son of Helen E. (née Kastl; 1903–1990), a teacher and William Herman Knollenberg Jr. (1902–1975), a farmer. He was raised a Catholic and grew up on a farm along with 12 siblings. He graduated from Eastern Illinois University in 1955.
After graduation, he served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957 as a corporal in Germany, where he specialized in petroleum chemistry. He then spent more than three decades as an insurance agent. Initially working for New York Life Insurance Company as an assistant manager and later for Sears, he founded his own agency, Knollenberg Agency in the late 1980s. He served as chairman of the Oakland County Republican Party from 1978 to 1982.
Congressional career.
In 1992, Knollenberg signed on as campaign manager for Congressman William Broomfield, who had represented most of Oakland County in Congress since 1957. However, at a meeting with Knollenberg and other advisers, Broomfield announced he would not run for a 19th term. He then asked Knollenberg to run in his place in the 11th District, which had been renumbered from the 18th District after the 1990 census.
Despite being the only candidate in the three-way Republican primary not holding elected office, Knollenberg won the nomination by over 13 points. As the 11th was one of the most Republican districts in Michigan and the nation at the time, he was virtually assured of becoming only the third person to represent the district. He was reelected six times without serious difficulty, never dropping below 55 percent of the vote.
Knollenberg was re-elected to his seventh term in 2004 with 58% of the vote. In 2006, however, Knollenberg faced a tough campaign against Democrat Nancy Skinner, a liberal talk show host in the Detroit area, ultimately winning by six points. Two years later, in a more difficult election cycle for Republican candidates, Knollenberg lost re-election to former state senator Gary Peters.
Generally, Knollenberg's voting record was conservative. He supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and led the campaign against President George W. Bush's steel tariffs. In 2002 he was awarded the Mkhitar Gosh Medal by the president of the Republic of Armenia. On September 29, 2008, he voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.
2006 election.
Knollenberg was challenged in the 2006 Republican primary by moderate Republican Patricia Godchaux. Democratic candidate Nancy Skinner, a popular former radio-talk show host in the Detroit area, was her party's nominee for the 9th district. Matthew R. Abel of the Green Party and Adam Goodman of the Libertarian Party were third-party candidates also in the race.
Prior to 2006, Knollenberg's election was widely considered to be relatively easy given the traditionally Republican leanings of Troy, the largest city in his district. The 2000s round of redistricting made Knollenberg's district much friendlier to Democrats. While the district lost heavily Democratic Southfield, it picked up equally Democratic Pontiac and lost a Republican-leaning spur of Wayne County.
In the 2006 election, Knollenberg was nearly defeated, taking only 52 percent of the vote to Skinner's 46 percent. Abel received .9%, and Goodman received 1.3%. This was the closest a Democrat had come to winning the district in 48 years; in 1958 Broomfield only won a second term by 5.5 points.
Knollenberg spent $2.7 million in his campaign.
2008 election.
In January 2006, Congressman Knollenberg announced his intent to seek re-election in 2008. The narrowness of his 2006 reelection bid, combined with his district's changing demographics led the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee to target him for defeat. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee targeted Congressional Districts where Republicans garnered less than 55% of the vote.
The Democratic nominee was Gary Peters, the former state lottery commissioner. Skinner initially made plans for a rematch, but bowed out to clear the field for Peters. In March 2008, Jack Kevorkian announced that he would challenge Knollenberg as an independent candidate. The Libertarian nominee was Adam Goodman and the Green nominee was Douglas Campbell. Kevorkian, Goodman and Campbell each raised and spent less money than the mandatory reporting threshold.
On November 4, 2008, Knollenberg was defeated, garnering 43 percent of the vote to Peters' 52 percent. Knollenberg's candidacy was likely hurt by a heavy Democratic tide in the Detroit area; Barack Obama carried Oakland County by a 15-point margin, six percentage points more than Peters' margin over Knollenberg. A potential factor in Knollenberg's defeat was a series of advertisements criticizing his vote against expanding SCHIP.
Personal life and death.
Knollenberg had two sons, Stephen and Martin with his wife, Sandra "Sandie" Moco, whom he married in September 1962 at St Frances Cabrini Church in Allen Park, Michigan. His son, Martin, was elected in November 2006 by a 58%-42% margin to the Michigan State House of Representatives from the 41st District.
Knollenberg died on February 6, 2018, due to complications from Alzheimer's disease at a care facility in Troy, Michigan at the age of 84.


3rd Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment

The 3rd Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized by consolidating the 41st Massachusetts Mounted Infantry and the 2nd Battalion Massachusetts Cavalry on June 17, 1863. The regiment served with the XIX Corps, Army of the Gulf during the Red River Campaign in 1864. Its heaviest combat during this campaign took place during the Battle of Sabine Crossroads.
On June 25, 1864, the unit was dismounted and ordered to serve as infantry. They were sent north on July 15 with other units of the XIX Corps to become part of the Army of the Shenandoah and served as infantry in several large battles during the Valley Campaigns of 1864. The regiment took significant casualties during the Third Battle of Winchester and the Battle of Cedar Creek.
In February 1865, the unit was remounted again as cavalry and served in the Shenandoah Valley until the end of the war. The companies that had been the 2nd Battalion reached the end of their term of service in December 1864 and January 1865 and were replaced with two new companies consisting of Massachusetts recruits. The bulk of the regiment that had enlisted as the 41st Massachusetts were mustered out on May 20, 1865. What remained of the regiment took part in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D.C. and then were deployed to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After serving in Kansas and Nebraska, they were mustered out on September 28 and returned to Boston.
Formation.
The regiment was formed from troops already serving in the field in Louisiana on June 17, 1863 by Special Order No. 144, Department of the Gulf. The 41st Massachusetts retained their original company letter designations during the consolidation. The three companies of the 2nd Battalion Massachusetts Cavalry were assigned to the regiment as Companies L, M, and the third without a letter designation known as "Read's Company." The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Gulf.
2nd Battalion Massachusetts Cavalry.
The 2nd Battalion consisted of three companies recruited and organized during the fall and winter of 1861-1862. The first two companies were recruited in Boston and were initially known as the 1st and 2nd companies of Massachusetts Mounted Rifle Rangers. Cavalry units so named were known for their marksmanship and expected to act as sharpshooters when dismounted. These companies, prior to being organized as a battalion, were also known as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Companies Unattached Cavalry. They left Boston together by steamship on January 13, 1862 and arrived at Ship Island in the Gulf of Mexico on February 12, 1862. Here they were officially organized into a battalion by order of Brigadier General John W. Phelps under the command of Capt. S. Tyler Read as acting major. Soon after, the battalion was shipped to New Orleans, Louisiana and became part of the Department of the Gulf. The three companies were assigned to three different brigades and therefore only existed as a battalion by Brig. Gen. Phelps's order on paper. For roughly a year, the three companies were stationed at New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, mostly performing outpost duty. They participated in the Siege of Port Hudson and other operations in Louisiana, suffering some loss. On June 17, 1863, the battalion was consolidated with the 41st Massachusetts Mounted Infantry to form the 3rd Massachusetts Cavalry.
41st Massachusetts Mounted Infantry.
The 41st Massachusetts Infantry, later known as the 41st Massachusetts Mounted Infantry, was formed during the fall of 1862 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Thomas E. Chickering. It departed Boston on November 5, 1862 with orders to report for service in the Department of the Gulf. The regiment arrived with other troops at Baton Rouge, Louisiana on December 17, 1862. The regiment remained there for three months on routine duty until March 28, 1863 when it joined the expedition in the Bayou Teche region. During this campaign, on May 11, the regiment acquired horses and were thenceforth known as mounted infantry. After returning from western Louisiana to Port Hudson in June, the 41st Massachusetts was merged with the 2nd Battalion Massachusetts Cavalry to form the 3rd Massachusetts Cavalry under Col. Chickering's command.
Service.
The regiment served with the Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. Defenses of New Orleans to August 1863. Cavalry Brigade, District of Port Hudson, Louisiana, Department of the Gulf, to October 1863. Unattached, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1864. 4th Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. Reserve Cavalry Brigade, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. Defenses of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps, to June 1865. Department of Missouri to September 1865.
Men whose enlistments had expired mustered out May 20, 1865. Company L mustered out December 27, 1864, and Company M on January 31, 1865. The 3rd Massachusetts Cavalry mustered out of service on September 28, 1865 and was discharged at Boston, Massachusetts on October 8, 1865.
Detailed service.
Siege of Port Hudson, La., June 17-July 9, 1863. Duty at Port Hudson until January 1864, scouting, outpost and patrol duty. Action at Jackson August 3, 1863. Plain's Store November 30. Ordered to New Orleans, La., January 2, 1864. Duty at Carrollton until February 29. March to Berwick and Brashear City February 29-March 10. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14–26. Monett's Ferry and Cloutiersville March 29–30. Natchitoches March 31. Crump's Hill, Piney Woods, April 2. Bayou de Paul, Carroll's Mills, April 8. Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Natchitoches April 19. Monett's Bluff, Cane River Crossing, April 23. Hudnot's Plantation and Alexandria May 1. Mansura May 4. Retreat to Morganza May 13–20. Mansura May 16. Moreauville May 17. Yellow Bayou May 18. Dismounted June 25 and equipped as infantry. Moved from Morganza to New Orleans, La., July 3; then to Fort Monroe, Va., and Washington, D.C., July 15–28. Moved to Monocacy, Md., July 29; then to Harpers Ferry, W. Va., August 4, Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. At Cedar Creek until November 9. At Opequan Creek, near Winchester, until December 25. Moved to Stephenson's Landing, then to Remount Camp, Pleasant Valley, Md., December 25–28, and duty there until February 24, 1865. Again mounted and equipped as cavalry February 15. Moved to Opequan Creek March 8. Scout to Front Royal March 16. Scout to Woodstock April 1. Duty at Cedar Creek, Edinburg, Winchester, and Berryville until April 20. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 20–22, and duty at Fall's Church until May 22. Grand Review of the Armies May 23–24. Duty at Bladensburg and Cloud's Mills until June 14. Moved to St. Louis, Mo., June 14–20; then to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, June 21–25. Regiment consolidated to six companies July 21. March to Fort Kearney, Neb., July 27-August 16. March to Cottonwood Springs, Colo., August 23–28; then to Fort Kearney August 29-September 1, and to Fort Leavenworth September 8–18.
Casualties.
The regiment lost a total of 288 men during service; 5 officers and 101 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 180 enlisted men died of disease.


738th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group

Mission.
The group's mission is to train the Afghan Air Force able to meet the security requirements of Afghanistan. As part of the 438th Air Expeditionary Wing, the 738th advises the Kandahar Air Wing, which operates in the southern regions of Afghanistan. The group also assists the Kandahar Air Wing in counterinsurgency operations. Group advisers mentor their Afghan counterparts in flight operations, aircraft maintenance, intelligence, logistics, personnel management, communications and base defense.
Units (Inactivated).
441st Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron
442d Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron
443d Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron
History.
The 738th was activated on 29 November 2009 to include the NATO advisory support that had been established at Kandahar in the spring of 2008. It includes airmen from the United States, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, and Belgium. It is made up of three Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadrons operating out of Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan.


Flag officers of the Kriegsmarine

Flag officers of the Kriegsmarine were the leadership of the German Navy (known then as the "Kriegsmarine") from 1935 to 1945. Most flag officers had also served as officers of the Reichsmarine, as well as the Imperial German Navy during World War I. German naval flag officers were divided into five Admiralty ranks while a senior captain rank, known as "Kommodore" also existed. The Kriegsmarine flag officers were responsible for holding the senior most naval positions within the organization of the Kriegsmarine.


Robert D. Maxwell

Robert Dale Maxwell (October 26, 1920 – May 11, 2019) was a United States Army combat soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration for valor—the Medal of Honor—for his heroism in France during World War II.
Early life.
Maxwell was born on October 26, 1920, in Boise, Idaho. He was raised by his grandparents on their farm in Quinter, Kansas. He dropped out of school in the seventh grade to help his family on their farm. During the Great Depression, his family traveled to Oregon to pick fruit, but ran out of money on the way back to Kansas so they settled in Colorado.
Military service.
Maxwell was drafted into the United States Army and entered service from Larimer County, Colorado, in June 1941. He was offered and refused "conscientious objector" status by the army for being a Quaker. He received basic training at Camp Roberts, California and training in advanced infantry tactics at Camp Meade in Maryland.
In February 1942, Maxwell was sent overseas and landed in North Africa at Casablanca with the 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. He was assigned to Headquarters Company as a battalion communications technician, a "wire man." He carried a heavy roll of cable and was tasked with stringing phone lines to the command post. He began the war armed with a M1 Garand rifle, but was later reclassified as a non-combatant and carried only a .45 caliber pistol.
After participating in the North African Campaign with his unit, Maxwell took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily on July 10, 1943, marching to Palermo, and on to Messina. The 7th Infantry then landed at Salerno in September shortly after the Allied invasion of mainland Italy and fought northwards to an area near Cassino. During the early stages of the subsequent Battle of Anzio in January 1944, Private First Class Maxwell repaired damaged wire lines to maintain communication under intense artillery fire for over three hours on January 31 and was wounded in the leg. For his actions under fire that day, he was awarded the Silver Star. He spent the next few months recovering at a hospital in Naples.
Maxwell rejoined his unit in time for the invasion of southern France (Operation Dragoon) in August 1944 and the following advance inland. On September 7, near Besançon in eastern France, Technician Fifth Grade (Corporal) Maxwell, while under enemy fire, risked his life in order to protect the lives of other soldiers by falling on an enemy hand grenade and absorbing the blast with his body. He survived the wounds from the grenade blast and was awarded the Medal of Honor on April 6, 1945. The medal was presented to him by Major General Clarence Danielson at the Camp Carson Convalescent Hospital in Colorado on May 12. He also received an oak leaf cluster to his Silver Star, which was awarded for an earlier action on September 7, 1944.
Post-war.
After the war, Maxwell enrolled in vocational school for two years in Eugene, Oregon to be an auto mechanic. After his training, he worked a two-year apprenticeship for an Oldsmobile car dealership in Redmond, Oregon. During this time, he met Beatrice, and they married on August 12, 1951.
He then taught auto mechanics at Bend High School in Bend, Oregon and later helped establish an auto mechanics program at Central Oregon Community College. From 1966 through 1986, Maxwell taught auto mechanics at Lane Community College in Eugene. He was honored in 1970 as one of 5,000 outstanding educators.
In 2011, at the age of 90, he received his high school diploma from Bend Senior High School. In 2012, Maxwell suffered a minor stroke, but recovered after only a few days with only minor loss of functionality of his right hand. He continued as the director of the non-profit Bend Heroes Foundation.
After retiring, Maxwell resided in Bend, Oregon until his death. He died in Bend on May 11, 2019, at the age of 98. At the time of his death, he was the only Medal of Honor recipient residing in Oregon.
Military awards.
Maxwell's military awards and decorations include:
Medal of Honor citation.
Maxwell's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Rank and organization: Technician Fifth Grade, U.S. Army, 7th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division

Place and date: Near Besançon, France, 7 September 1944

Entered service at: Larimer County, Colo.

G.O. No. 24, 6 April 1945
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty on 7 September 1944, near Besancon, France. Technician 5th Grade Maxwell and 3 other soldiers, armed only with .45 caliber automatic pistols, defended the battalion observation post against an overwhelming onslaught by enemy infantrymen in approximately platoon strength, supported by 20mm. flak and machinegun fire, who had infiltrated through the battalion's forward companies and were attacking the observation post with machinegun, machine pistol, and grenade fire at ranges as close as 10 yards. Despite a hail of fire from automatic weapons and grenade launchers, Technician 5th Grade Maxwell aggressively fought off advancing enemy elements and, by his calmness, tenacity, and fortitude, inspired his fellows to continue the unequal struggle. When an enemy hand grenade was thrown in the midst of his squad, Technician 5th Grade Maxwell unhesitatingly hurled himself squarely upon it, using his blanket and his unprotected body to absorb the full force of the explosion. This act of instantaneous heroism permanently maimed Technician 5th Grade Maxwell, but saved the lives of his comrades in arms and facilitated maintenance of vital military communications during the temporary withdrawal of the battalion's forward headquarters.


General der Flieger

General der Flieger () was a General of the branch rank of the Luftwaffe (air force) in Nazi Germany. Until the end of World War II in 1945, this particular general officer rank was on three-star level (OF-8), equivalent to a US Lieutenant general.
The "General of the branch" ranks of the Luftwaffe were in 1945:
The rank was equivalent to the General of the branch ranks of the "Heer" (army) as follows:
The rank was also equivalent to the German three-star ranks:


Carthage Confederate order of battle

The following Missouri units and commanders fought in the Battle of Carthage of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Missouri State Guard.
MG Sterling Price [not present]
Governor Claiborne F. Jackson
Col Lewis Henry Little, Adjutant General
Note: Several independent cavalry units were attached to Rains' Eighth Division. Among these a contingent of 150 mounted troops under the command of Capt. Jo Shelby distinguished themselves on the vanguard of the Southern action throughout the battle. From daring battlefield maneuvers under fire by Sigel's batteries to pressing Sigel's retreat to Sarcoxie, Shelby's cavalry "snatched the victory at Carthage from Sigel's grasp." Altogether, the Missouri State Guard included over 2,000 unarmed men who did not participate in the battle.


93rd Infantry Division (German Empire)

The 93rd Infantry Division (93. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


List of entertainers who performed for American troops in Vietnam

The following entertainers performed for U.S. military personnel and their allies in the combat theatre during the Vietnam War (1959–1975):
Quintessence 1970 (Clive and Stanley Romney, Sheryl Albiston, Jack McDonald, Ruth Sorensen)


Juno Beach order of battle

This is the Juno Beach order of battle on D-Day.
Canadian Army.
3rd Canadian Infantry Division Divisional Troops
7th Canadian Infantry (Assault) Brigade Group – Mike Green / Mike Red and Nan Green Beaches
8th Canadian Infantry (Assault) Brigade Group – Nan White and Nan Red Beaches
9th Canadian Infantry Brigade – Landing through 8th CIB on Nan Beaches
Supporting corps divisional units integrated in Mike Sector and Nan Sector
British Forces.
British forces on Juno beach included units from Second Army and Combined Operations Headquarters
102 Beach Sub-Area
Naval forces.
Force J was commanded by the British, and the flagship vessel came from the Royal Navy. Among the chief vessels in this combined British and Canadian Force were
The force also included 109 Royal Canadian Navy vessels, among them:
Landing craft from both the RN and RCN were employed in Force J, the total number were:
German forces.
Standing against the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, units of 716.Infanterie-Division (Static) – Wehrmacht Heer Coastal Defence (Bodenständigen) had little tactical mobility and its personnel, in general, belonged to the lowest category of conscript, coming from older age groups or from the Landsturm: Military District 6. While the division in Normandy with the fewest personnel; fronting the Juno sector, its density of troops was a little stronger than elsewhere. The division had no combat experience before D-Day, and on 1 May 1944 it only had 7,771 personnel of all ranks.
The 716. Infanterie-Division consisted of:
Panzer-Division 21., belonging to XXXXVII Pz.Gr.West, was allocated to AOK.7 (Army Group B) as its (only) reserve. Pz.Div.21 was reconstituted on 15 July 1943, in the reorganization of schnellen Brigade West (SB 931). Pz.Div.21 was absent from Normandy from March 1944, for Operation Maragretha, in Hungary, until May 1944, when it was reassigned to Brittany, and then moved up into Normandy. On 6 June 1944, Panzer-Division 21., on its initiative, adopted a 'new' organization for battle, as Regimental (Brigade) Groups were formed, PzKGr.Oppeln - Pz.Regt.22., and KGr.Luck - Pz.Gren-Regt 125., they regrouping an infantry battalion for a tank battalion, and KGr.Rauch - Pz.Gren-Regt192., was formed, given Panzer-Artillerie-Regiment 155., assigned a battalion to each Kampfgruppe. The Canadians, coming South, from Juno Beach, did not experience a direct impact from either PzKGr.Oppeln or KGr.Luck and only felt a slight impact, in their area of influence, from the counter-move undertaken by KGr.Rauch, on 6 June.


20th Independent Infantry Brigade (Guards)

The 20th Independent Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army, raised during the Second World War.
History.
The brigade was formed in Aldershot Command in April 1940. It served with the 1st Armoured Division during the Battle of France in 1940, briefly defending Boulogne in May 1940 (22–23 May 1940) before being successfully evacuated. After return to the United Kingdom, the brigade served in Eastern Command and London District.
On 15 September 1941 the brigade was converted into the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade; a component of the Guards Armoured Division. It served with distinction through the battles in Normandy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.
Commanders.
The following officers commanded the brigade:
Order of battle.
The following units comprised the brigade:


Order of battle for Operation Barbarossa

This is the order of battle for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. It was fought between the German-led Axis Forces and the Soviet Forces. The operation started on June 22, 1941, and ended on December 5, 1941, at the conclusion of Operation Typhoon.
Axis.
German Army Group North.
Commanded by Field Marshal Wilhelm von Leeb
German Sixteenth Army.
Colonel General Ernst Busch
German Eighteenth Army.
Colonel General Georg von Küchler
Panzergruppe 4.
Colonel General Erich Hoepner
German Army Group Center.
Commanded by Field Marshal Fedor von Bock
German Fourth Army.
Field Marshal Günther von Kluge
German Ninth Army.
Colonel General Adolf Strauß
Panzergruppe 2.
Colonel General Heinz Guderian
Panzergruppe 3.
Colonel General Hermann Hoth
German Army Group South.
Commanded by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt
German Sixth Army.
Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau
Panzergruppe 1.
Colonel General Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
German Seventeenth Army.
General of Infantry Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel
Romanian Army Group Antonescu.
General Ion Antonescu
German Eleventh Army.
Colonel General Eugen Ritter von Schobert
Soviet.
Stavka.
The "Main Command of the Armed Forces of the USSR" ("Stavka Glavnogo Komandovaniya") was formed on 23 June, largely from the existing People's Commissariat for Defence.
Commander in Chief: Marshal Semyon Timoshenko (until July 19), then Josef Stalin

Deputy Commander-in-Chief: Army General Georgy Zhukov (from August 8)

Chief of the General Staff: Army General Georgy Zhukov (until July 21), then Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov
16th Army.
Lieutenant General Mikhail Lukin
19th Army.
Lieutenant General Ivan Konev
20th Army.
Lieutenant General Fyodor Remezov
21st Army.
Lieutenant General Vasily Gerasimenko
22nd Army.
Lieutenant General Filipp Yershakov
Northern Front.
General Colonel Markian Popov
The front was the Leningrad Military District until 24 June.
7th Army.
Lieutenant General Filip Danilovich Gorelenko
14th Army.
Lieutenant General Valerian A. Frolov
23rd Army.
Lieutenant General P.S. Pshennikov
Front Assets.
Frontal aviation
Northwestern Front.
General Colonel Fyodor Isodorovich Kuznetsov
Source:
Baltic Special Military District until 22 June.
8th Army.
Lieutenant General Pyotr Sobennikov
11th Army.
Lieutenant General V. I. Morosov
27th Army.
Lieutenant General Nikolai Berzarin
Front Assets.
Frontal aviation
Western Front.
General Colonel Dmitry Grigorevich Pavlov
Western Special Military District until 22 June.
3rd Army.
Lieutenant General Vasily Kuznetsov
4th Army.
Lieutenant General Aleksandr Korobkov
10th Army.
Lieutenant General Konstantin Golubev
Front Assets.
Frontal aviation
Southwestern Front.
General Colonel Mikhail Kirponos
Kiev Special Military District until 22 June.
5th Army.
Lieutenant General M.I. Potapov
6th Army.
Lieutenant General Ivan Muzychenko
12th Army.
Lieutenant General Pavel Ponedelin
26th Army.
Lieutenant General F. Ya. Kostenko
Front Assets.
Frontal aviation
Southern Front.
General Colonel Ivan Tyulenev
9th Army.
Lieutenant General Yakov Cherevichenko
Air Forces.
Luftwaffe.
The directive issued to the Luftwaffe for Barbarossa ordered that Luftflotte 2, under the command of Albert Kesselring was to be the strongest Air Fleet. Kesselring was assigned to supporting Army Group Centre, which was to capture Minsk, Smolensk and Moscow. Kesselring was given Fliegerkorps VIII (a specialised ground attack Corps, commanded by tactical specialist Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen), Fliegerkorps II (commanded by Bruno Loerzer) and the 1st Anti-Aircraft Corps (1st AA Corps under Walther von Axthelm). Army Group South was supported by Luftflotte 4, containing Fliegerkorps V (under Robert Ritter von Greim) and Fliegerkorps IV (under Kurt Pflugbeil). The Air Fleet and Army Group were responsible for capturing Kiev, the Crimea and the Caucasus oilfields. Army Group North was supported by Luftflotte 1, and Luftflotte 5. Luftflotte 5 conducted operations in the Arctic near Murmansk. Luftflotte 1 supported operations in the Baltic Sea, Baltic States and near, in and over Leningrad. Luftflotte 1 contained Fliegerkorps I under the command of Helmuth Förster.
Other Axis air forces.
The Romanian Air Force was considered weak by the OKL, and therefore unlikely to play a great role in the ground fighting. Far more attention was given by the OKW to training and preparing the Romanian Army. Hitler, on 18 June 1941, declared that the primary mission of the Romanian air arm was to defend Romania and the Romanian oilfields. Only when those forces were sufficient, could they divert the remaining forces to ground support operations for "Barbarossa". On 21 June 1941, it possessed a balanced fleet of 53 Squadrons; 11 bomber (five modern), 17 fighter (nine modern), 15 reconnaissance, six liaison, two flying boat, one transport and one air ambulance unit. On the 22 June, there was 160 fighters and 82 bombers in service. Total strength amounted to 380 aircraft. Only 30 of the Romanian fighters were Bf 109s, of the E model. However, this small force did not remain inferior in numbers for along. Despite a weak inter-war economy, the aircraft industry was run very efficiently, and they were able to produce some very capable aircraft; such as the IAR 37 and IAR 39. Unlike the army that stagnated, it was able to garner the cream of the Romanian officer corps. With the right support, organisation and modern equipment, it was able to grow in number and match its enemies in quality. In air defence and ground support operations it performed well, but failed in strategic bomber and naval operations owing to a lack of doctrine. Within a few weeks of "Barbarossa" beginning, it was able to put up 1,061 aircraft, including 400 trainers. The modern combat aircraft were focused into one unified Air Combat Command, or GAL (Gruparea Aeriana Lupta), while the obsolete types were given the Romanian Fourth Army, operating under the German Army Group South.
Soviet.
Organisation.
Since 1935, Soviet military aviation had been divided between the army (VVS KA) and the navy (VVS VMF). The VVS KA had been split into four different organisations owing to faulty conclusions drawn from the Winter War. Owing to a lack of coordination in close support operations with the Red Army, the entire VVS KA was subordinated to the field armies. The existence of too many different branches under separate commands in Soviet air power caused coordination problems (made worse by Axis bombing during "Barbarossa"). Most Soviet bomber units could not coordinate with fighter aviation, consequently they did not have fighter escort for long periods.
The total strength of the VVS amounted to 61 divisions; 18 fighter, nine bomber and 34 mixed. Five brigades were also included.
The Front Air Forces were divided into Districts (later 'Fronts') and the home defence, the PVO. This element had 40.5 per cent of the Soviet air strength. The Army Air Forces comprised 43.7 per cent of the VVS' strength. The liaison squadrons were a collection of individual squadrons assigned to different army corps of the ground army (KAE). They comprised only 2.3 per cent.
The Soviet order of battle:
Leningrad and Baltic Fronts.
The total strength of the front was 1,270 aircraft.
The total strength of the front was 1,211 aircraft.
Western and South Western Fronts.
The total strength of the front was 1,789 aircraft.
The total strength of the front was 1,913 aircraft.
Odessa Front and Long Range Aviation.
The total strength of the front was 950 aircraft.
The total strength of the front was 1,332 aircraft; 1,122 DB-3s, 20 TB-3s, and nine TB-7s.


Nighthawk (DC Comics)

Nighthawk is a fictional character, a cowboy in the DC Comics universe. His real name is Hannibal Hawkes and he first appeared in "Western Comics" #5. In his secret identity, he worked as a traveling repairman. He had a sidekick named Jim Peyton.
Created by Joe Millard and Charles Paris, his later adventures were handled by writers France Herron, Don Cameron, and Gardner Fox; and artists Gil Kane and Carmine Infantino.
Fictional character biography.
He was shown as dying during "Crisis on Infinite Earths", although this has been retconned twice to fit in with the later revelation that he was a reincarnation of Prince Khufu — who would later be reincarnated as Carter Hall, the Golden Age Hawkman. Current continuity has it that he was shot by a criminal named Matilda Roderic, who was presumably a reincarnation of the evil priest Hath-Set, who is apparently destined to kill Khufu in every life. Roderic's descendant is the current Hath-Set.
The 2002 retcon also revealed he was the partner and lover of the Western heroine Cinnamon, who was the reincarnation of Khufu's wife Chay-Ara.
Nighthawk appears in "Guy Gardner" #24 during the "Zero Hour" incident. He sported white sideburns at this point in time. His group of allies, which includes El Diablo and Bat Lash, were forming to take on the villain Extant and several men Extant had brainwashed. Nighthawk calls this group the "Rough Bunch" on more than one occasion. The time-lost heroes Steel, Supergirl, Guy Gardner and a version of Batgirl show up to help in the fight.
A modern-day version of the character appears in the Western-themed "Robin Annual" #6, as a mercenary. He worked with Robin and the modern day Pow Wow Smith to track down the modern day Trigger Twins. They have a literal Main Street showdown in a Western-themed tourist attraction located near Gotham City.
The New 52.
Nighthawk appears in "All Star Western" in both its backups and in the main Jonah Hex story. Nighthawk's new origin is that he left home as a child and worked on a whaling boat. The captain, a former slave, became a second father to him and Nighthawk was there when the man died. This death inspired Nighthawk to fight for justice and for the oppressed. Nighthawk is teamed with Cinnamon once again. Nighthawk uses a special medallion he found at an Indian burial site which gives him enhanced strength and healing abilities.


360th Civil Affairs Brigade (United States)

The 360th Civil Affairs Brigade is a civil affairs brigade of the United States Army stationed at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. It is a unit of the United States Army Reserve and falls under the 352nd Civil Affairs Command with a wartime command of the XVIII Airborne Corps.


Technician third grade

Technician Third Grade (officially abbreviated as T/3, TEC3 or TEC-3) was one of three United States Army technician ranks established on January 8, 1942, during World War II. Those who held this rank were often addressed as Staff Sergeant, as they shared the same pay grade, but technicians did not have the authority to give commands as a staff sergeant would. Initially they shared the same insignia but on September 4, 1942, the three technician ranks were distinguished by a block "T" imprinted below the standard chevrons. Unofficial insignia using a technical specialty symbol instead of the T were used in some units.


Battle of Ayacucho order of battle

The order of battle for the Battle of Ayacucho proceeded as follows:
See also.
Battle of Ayacucho


Lapland Shield

The Lapland Shield () was a World War II German military decoration awarded to military personnel of General Franz Böhme’s 20th Mountain Army which fought a two-front campaign against advancing Finnish and Soviet Red Army forces in Lapland between November 1944 and the war’s end in May 1945. It was awarded to men who had "honorably served" for six months in the region or had been wounded during operations there. It was authorized in February 1945 and was the last officially instituted German campaign shield of the war.
With the shield having been approved and designed shortly before the war's end, early recipients had the award noted in their military pay book in March 1945. However, presentation of the shield only began in July 1945, after Germany's surrender, with some awards recorded in pay books as late as August 1945.
Design.
A basic shield with flat top and rounded base, it incorporates an eagle at the top but without a swastika. Directly below this, is "LAPPLAND" in capital letters, with a map of the region beneath. Four small holes were punched in the shield to allow it to be sewn on the upper left sleeve of the uniform, with no back-plate or uniform cloth section attached.
At the end of the war, while the disarmed German forces in Lapland were awaiting repatriation, they remained under the command of their own officers and had a functioning military bureaucracy. Although authorized earlier, it was only in this immediate post-war period that the Lapland Shield was manufactured and distributed. Locally produced, the awards were crudely made with variations in style and metal, with most made of aluminum or zinc. This post-war manufacture may explain the absence of the swastika symbol from the final design.
The Lapland Shield was not among those Nazi era military decorations authorized for official wear by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.