Feuerlilie

Feuerlilie (English: fire lily) was the code name of a German anti-aircraft missile, which was developed in 1940 and was shelved because of problems with the controller and the drive section at the end of January 1945 in favour of other projects. The Feuerlilie was built and tested at Rheinmetall-Borsig in two versions: the F-25 with a diameter of 25cm, and the F-55 55cm in diameter. The engines were Rheinmetall 109-505/515 solid rockets.
Feuerlilie F-25.
In 1940 Hermann Goering's German Aviation Research organisation (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luftfahrt - DFL) began to design a remote-controlled rocket under the code name "Fire Lily" to research the construction of anti-aircraft missiles.
The first model, the "Feuerlilie (4.4 F)" was a scaled-down version created in the short term to get an impression of the later flight behaviour of the new weapon. The intention of the Air Ministry (RLM) was to test 25 "F 25"s, in cooperation with the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS) and the Reichspost-Forschungsamt (RPF). In practice this took place, but only some time later.
The development of the remote control system was at an advanced stage in February 1943, with research in the wind-tunnel and the construction of a gun rack almost complete. The production of the first F-25 pre-series included 24 specimens made unexpectedly good progress and by July 1943 it was possible to make further F-25s ready. The work, however, faltered due to lack of motors. The first F-25 in the July 1943 was tested in the Leba proving ground on the Baltic Sea. By mid 1944 at least four F-25s had been fired. However, the test results did not meet expectations and so the development of the F-25 was still set before end of 1944.
Feuerlilie F-55.
With the completion of the development of the F-25, the main interest in the LFA focused on the F-55. This was a remote-controlled 2-stage supersonic missile (first stage: solid and level flight: liquid). Launching the device was made from an oblique ramp, later also on a modified 88-mm anti-aircraft gun launch pad. The first production of the F-55 was completed in April 1942.
On 25 January 1943 a contract was sent to the Ardelt company in Breslau for the construction of five test samples. The construction of the units was completed in February 1943. On 9 March there was a delay to the delivery of the batch, now 30 units, due to technical problems, including with the controller and the drive section.
The first launch of an F-55A1 was on 12 May 1944. It flew for 69 seconds and a distance of 7500 m. From 19 October 1944 at Greifswalder Oie three further launches of the F-55A2, which demonstrated their unstable flight behaviour. The launch of the improved F-55A3 was aborted on 21 October 1944 because of technical problems.
On 22 November 1944 the Technical Department of the Air Ministry cut the number of F-55s from 25 to 11 devices. There was a further cut in December 1944 to 20 sample units of the A2 and A3 models. The last documented attempt to fly an F-55A2 took place on 11 December 1944 at Greifswalder Oie.
To accelerate the development and to obtain reliable results, on 14 January 1945 it was decided to use the unmodified drive from the Henschel Hs 293 in the F-55 A2 and A3. The F-55 would have a larger tail for greater flight stability. As the development was discontinued in late January 1945 these changes were scrapped.
Technical data.
F-25 to 1896 mm
F-55 to 4800 mm
F-25 - 250 mm
F-55 - 550 mm
F-25 to 1500 mm
F-55 - 4500 mm
F-25 - 840 km / h
F-55 - 1260 km / h
F-25 - not known
F-55 - 10,000 m
F-25 - not known
F-55 - 600 kg with a payload of 100


M40 rifle

The M40 rifle is a bolt-action sniper rifle used by the United States Marine Corps. It has had four variants: the M40, M40A1, M40A3, and M40A5. The M40 was introduced in 1966. The changeover to the A1 model was completed in the 1970s, the A3 in the 2000s, and the A5 in 2009.
Each M40 is built from a Remington 700 bolt-action rifle, and is modified by USMC armorers at Marine Corps Base Quantico, using components from a number of suppliers. New M40A5s are being built, and A1s are upgraded to A3s and A5s as they rotate into the armory for service and repair. The rifles have had many sub-variations in telescopic sights, and smaller user modifications. The M40A5 incorporates a detachable magazine and a threaded barrel to allow for the use of a sound suppressor or other muzzle device.
The original M40 was a military type-classified version of the Remington 700; it was factory-made, and had a one-piece wooden stock. The M40A1 and A3 switched to fiberglass stocks made by McMillan, with new scopes. The trigger pull on both models (M40A1/A3) is .
The Marine Corps plans to replace the M40 with the Mk 13 Mod 7.
History.
During the Vietnam War, the Marine Corps decided they needed a standard sniper rifle. After testing several possibilities, they ordered seven hundred Remington Model 40x rifles (target/varmint version of the Model 700 bolt-action rifle), and gave them the M40 designation. Most had a Redfield 3–9 power Accurange variable scope mounted. With time, certain weaknesses, primarily warping of the all-wood stock, became apparent.
Sometime in the early 1970s, the USMC armorers at MCB Quantico began rebuilding the original M40s into M40A1s. The process involved, among other improvements, replacing the original wood stocks with McMillan A1 fiberglass stocks, as well as replacing the original 3–9× Redfield variable-power scopes with 10× Unertl fixed-power scopes. The M40 was originally designed by Jack Cuddy and Neill Goddard. The stock featured Wichita sling swivels and a Pachmayr buttpad.
The Corps began looking at a replacement for the M40 series in 2004, but did not draft requirements until 2009 while working with SOCOM. The plans for a "21st century sniper rifle" were paused while the Army's results of SOCOM's Precision Sniper Rifle program were finalized in 2013.
In April 2018, the U.S. Marine Corps announced they would be replacing the M40 with the Mk 13 Mod 7. The Mk 13 chambered in .300 Winchester Magnum increases range from 1,000 meters with the M40 to 1,300 meters, giving Marine snipers similar capabilities to the U.S. Army M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle.
Variants.
M40A3.
Development of the M40A3 began in 1996 and concluded in 2001, when it was placed into service during Operation Enduring Freedom. It served in Operation Iraqi Freedom and other subsequent conflicts. Though its designation would remain M40A3 until 2009, its exact configuration varied with time. Listed here is a description of the components used in the M40A3.
Action: The M40 has always been based on the Remington 700 Short Action with .308 bolt face, and this is no different in the M40A3. These actions are tuned by Marine armorers; the trigger guard assembly is manufactured by the DD Ross Company, though several M40A3s use Badger Ordnance trigger guards. In 2007, the Marine Corps began replacing the DD Ross trigger guard assemblies with the M5 detachable magazine trigger guard manufactured by Badger Ordnance.
Barrel: The barrel is a Schneider 635; 25-inch, 6-groove, 1:12" match-grade heavy barrel.
Stock: All service M40A3s are based upon the A4 Tactical Riflestock, a benchrest-style fiberglass riflestock made by McMillan Fiberglass Stocks and cast molded in an OD Green color. The action is glass bedded into the stock with aluminum pillars, while the barrel is allowed to "float" (it is attached only to the action), ensuring it is stress free during operation. The stock has adjustable length-of-pull (through a buttstock spacer system) and a Marine manufactured adjustable saddle-type cheekpiece. The stock also has six flush mount sling swivel cups, two on each side front and back and one each on the front and rear underside. One bipod stud is located on the underside of the forend.
Sling: The Model 1907 sling that has been historically used on M40A3s has been replaced with the Quick Cuff Model Two sling manufactured by Tactical Intervention Specialists.
Bipod: The M40A3s use a 6–9" Harris notched swivel type bipod, model S-BRM, with a KMW Pod-Loc, which is a push button ratcheting bipod swivel locking mechanism.
Dayscope: The M8541 Scout Sniper Day Scope is a Schmidt and Bender Police Marksman II LP 3–12×50 modified by Premier Reticles. Starting in 2007, this model replaced the Unertl MST-100 10× fixed day scope. This dayscope is mounted with Badger Ordnance USMC M40A3 34mm scope rings, which use a standard ring in the rear and a wider MAX-50 ring in front. The standard front ring cap is replaced with a SPA-Defense B634 34mm Male Dovetail, as a mounting platform for the Simrad KN200 Night Vision Weapon Sight. The scope and rings are mounted on a DD Ross 30-minute-of-angle lugged Picatinny rail.
M40A5.
The M40A5 designation superseded the M40A3 in 2009, though the evolution between the two systems occurred gradually over a longer period. The primary difference between the M40A5 and the M40A3 is the barrel: The A3's target crown has been replaced with a threaded muzzle and straight tapered barrel to allow the installation of a Surefire muzzle brake and sound suppressor. All M40A5s are fitted with a Badger Ordnance detachable magazine system and a forward rail mount for the AN/PVS-22 night vision optic.
M40A6/A7.
On 25 July 2013, the Marine Corps released a solicitation for the M40 Modular Stock Program. Upgraded features are to include a folding stock, compatible with current M40 actions and barrels, to make the rifle more compact for transportation inside confined spaces like vehicles and a full-length rail to accommodate optics and accessories; the M40A5 has only a few inches of rail space beyond the scope for a night vision optic, so extending the rail length would allow more accessories to be attached, enabling snipers to put rounds on target under any conditions. Deliveries were to begin three months after the contract being awarded, with 1,100 stocks to be purchased to upgrade the entire M40A5 inventory. The resulting weapon from the program was originally to be re-designated the M40A6. Remington was awarded the contract in November 2014. The final product will be designated the M40A7 and was planned to be fielded by 2017. The M40A6 began fielding with Marine Corps in June 2016.
Marine scout snipers had pressed for the acquisition of a longer-range sniper rifle to extend engagement capability. While the M40A5 can hit targets out to 1,000 meters, they considered the Mk 21 Precision Sniper Rifle chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum used by US SOCOM that has an effective range of 1,600 meters. Although the Mk 21 has greater range, Marine officials are continuing with upgrading the M40A-series and keeping the 7.62 NATO round, primarily due to the higher cost of larger rounds and scout sniper training that can achieve kills beyond the weapon's effective range.
Differences between M40 and M24.
The U.S. Army also used the Remington 700/40x action as the basis for its M24 Sniper Weapon System. The primary difference between the Army and the U.S. Marine Corps rifles is that while the U.S. Marine Corps M40 variants use the short-action version of the Remington 700/40x which is designed for cartridges having an overall length of or less (such as the .308 Winchester/7.62×51 mm NATO), the Army M24 uses the Remington 700 Long Action. The long action of the M24 is designed for full-length cartridges up to in overall length, such as the .30-06 Springfield, and magnum cartridges such as the 7 mm Remington Magnum and .300 Winchester Magnum, but shorter cartridges such as the 7.62×51mm NATO (the military version of the .308 Winchester) can also be used. The U.S. Army's use of the long action was the result of an original intention to chamber the M24 for .30-06 Springfield. Despite the fact that the M24 came fitted with a 7.62×51 mm NATO barrel upon issue, retaining the longer action allowed them to reconfigure the rifle in dimensionally larger cartridge chamberings if necessary (which has been the case during the longer engagement distances during Operation Enduring Freedom). In 2014 the last U.S. Army M24 rifles were reconfigured to M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifles that are chambered for .300 Winchester Magnum. The barrels not currently fitted to the rifles are usually stored with the unit armorers. The U.S. Marine Corps M40A3 uses a Schneider barrel and the U.S. Army M24 used a Rock Creek 5R barrel.
Foreign users.
During the Iraqi insurgency, Iraqi insurgents captured two M40A1s in June 2004 and two M40A3s in August 2005 from dead U.S. Marines. In June 2006, one of the two M40A1s was recovered when an Iraqi sniper was killed by an USMC sniper. The Afghan National Army also received some USMC-issued M40A5s.


Coast Guard Investigative Service

The Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) is a division of the United States Coast Guard that investigates crimes where the U.S. Coast Guard has an interest. It is composed of civilian (GS-1811), active duty, reserve enlisted, and warrant officer special agents.
Mission.
The mission of the Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) is to conduct professional criminal investigations, engage in law enforcement information and intelligence collection, provide protective services, and establish and maintain law enforcement liaison directed at preserving the integrity of the Coast Guard, protecting the welfare of Coast Guard personnel, and supporting Coast Guard and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) maritime law enforcement and counter-terrorism missions worldwide.
Authority.
The Coast Guard Investigative Service is a federal law enforcement agency whose law enforcement authority is derived from . This authority provides for Coast Guard special agents to conduct investigations of actual, alleged or suspected criminal activity; carry firearms; execute and serve warrants; and make arrests for all crimes under the jurisdiction of the United States. The criminal investigative function of the Coast Guard Investigative Service is similar to that of a major crimes unit at a large metropolitan police department, investigating crimes such as those "internal" to the Coast Guard, including fraud, larceny, homicide and rape, as well as "external" investigations of maritime-related crimes ranging from migrant and drug smuggling, homicide, rape, false distress calls, and violations of the environmental laws. The Coast Guard Investigative Service is a centralized directorship managed by a professional criminal investigator who reports directly to the Coast Guard's Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard. It is located outside the Coast Guard's operational chain of command.
CGIS Special Agents.
The CGIS special agent workforce is composed of active duty military, reserve, and civilian personnel. All CGIS Special Agents are sworn personnel with powers of arrest and warrant service. All CGIS Special Agents have full arrest powers under Title 14 section 95 of the United States Code.
The active duty military component is composed of enlisted personnel, chief warrant officer and commissioned officer investigator positions. The civilian component is composed of to SES criminal investigator positions.
Firearms.
The Coast Guard Investigative Service's standard issue firearm is the SIG Sauer P229R DAK or SIG Sauer P239 DAK in .40 S&W.


Chancellor House (company)

Chancellor House is a South African group of companies active in the mining, engineering, energy and information technology sectors. It is named after Chancellor House, the building where the law firm of Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo was located.
After initially being exposed as a surreptitious funding front for the African National Congress it was subsequently acknowledged as an in-house investment firm for the party. It is best known for the controversy surrounding the award to it of lucrative black economic empowerment and parastatal contracts.
History.
The existence of the company was first brought to light by the Mail & Guardian newspaper in a 2006 article. That article alleged that the company had been formed in 2003 on the initiative of Mendi Msimang, then treasurer-general of the ANC, with the explicit intention of raising funds for the party.
Prior to the newspaper report the company was virtually unknown; Kgalema Motlanthe, then secretary general of the party, reportedly first learned of it when contacted by the newspaper for comment.
Eskom contract.
In November 2007 parastatal electricity supplier Eskom awarded the biggest single contract in its history, for six steam generators worth R20 billion, to a consortium including Hitachi Power Africa. At the time of the award that company was 25% owned by Chancellor House.
In February 2008 the ANC said it would appoint advisers with a view to transparently exiting the transaction due to governance issues. In March 2008 the office of the Public Protector said an investigation into the transaction was underway.


Kelly Mogk Larson

Kelly (Mogk) Larson was the first woman to complete Coast Guard Rescue Swimmer School on May 23, 1986. She had joined the Coast Guard two years earlier, in 1984. She earned an Air Medal in 1989 for rescuing a downed Air National Guard F-4 pilot. In 2009, she retired with the rank of lieutenant commander. She was inducted into the Women in Aviation International Pioneer Hall of Fame in 2019.


Yo-Yo Rodriguez

Yo-Yo Rodriguez, also known as Slingshot, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Yo-Yo Rodriguez first appeared in "The Mighty Avengers" #13 (July 2008) and was created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Alex Maleev. She has a form of super-speed, when used she automatically returns to the place where she started. She was a member of Nick Fury's Secret Warriors team. She is the daughter of supervillain Johnny Horton.
Yo-Yo Rodriguez was portrayed by Natalia Cordova-Buckley, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe TV series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.". In this version she was reimagined as an Inhuman.
Publication history.
Yo-Yo Rodriguez first appeared in "The Mighty Avengers" #13 (July 2008) and was created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Alex Maleev. Born in Puerto Rico, she is the daughter of the supervillain John "Johnny" Horton. Through her father's mutated DNA, she gained superhuman speed and the ability to snap back to the exact same spot she started running. Following the Secret Invasion event, taking on the name Slingshot, she was one of the members of Nick Fury's black-ops team called the Secret Warriors, which was written by Bendis and Jonathan Hickman. During this run, both her arms were cut off by Hydra member Gorgon, and were later replaced with two prosthetic arms.
Fictional character biography.
Yo-Yo Rodriguez is the Puerto-Rican daughter of the Griffin. She is recruited by Nick Fury to join his anti-Skrull task force during the "Secret Invasion" storyline. This team becomes known as the Secret Warriors.
Both of her arms are severed by the Gorgon and she is temporarily unable to remain active with the team. However, both arms are later replaced with prosthetics. With her new arms, she returns to active duty.
Slingshot is believed to have been killed in a confrontation with the Wrecking Crew.
Powers and abilities.
She can run at superhuman speed, then bounces back to the point where she began. Trained by Nick Fury in espionage, hand-to-hand combat and firearms, her primary weapon is a bo staff.
In other media.
Television.
An Inhuman version of Yo-Yo Rodriguez appears in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", portrayed by Natalia Cordova-Buckley. She first appeared in the episode "Bouncing Back". Elena Rodriguez is a "street-wise Colombian woman given Inhuman abilities"; namely the ability to move at super speed for the duration of one heartbeat before returning to the point from which she started. She first comes into contact with S.H.I.E.L.D. in the episode "Bouncing Back" when they investigate her for stealing weapons from the National Police of Colombia's corrupt members after they kill her cousin Francisco. She grows close to Mack, who nicknames her "Yo-Yo" due to her powers, and eventually agrees to join S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Secret Warriors to help them fight the forces of the Inhuman Hive. After signing the Sokovia Accords, Rodriguez returned to her life with occasional monitoring by S.H.I.E.L.D. She returns to the team after encountering the Watchdogs and pursues a relationship with Mack. In the episode "All the Comforts of Home", Rodriguez's forearms are sliced off by Hydra agent Ruby Hale, but she survives. While recovering in the episode "Principia", Elena learns Mack salvaged robots from a mission and gave them to their colleague Leo Fitz so he can develop prosthetic arms for her. While the arms are effective, Yo-Yo's speed is temporarily disabled due to the messages being sent between her brain and arms not moving fast enough. Despite this, she became involved in the field after Ruby had become infused with gravitonium and killed her before the unstable substance caused her to destroy the world. Fitz eventually fixes her arms so that they do not malfunction when she uses her powers. In the season seven episode, "The New Deal", Jemma Simmons gives Yo-Yo a pair of new bionic arms to look real in 1931 New York, where Yo-Yo, Simmons and Enoch interrogate a Chronicom disguised as a police officer by revealing who he is to murder his target named Freddy, father of the future leader of Hydra, Gideon Malick. In episode, "After, Before", Yo-Yo has an epiphany when she realizes that she has been withholding her powers the entire time and after saving her team, she no longer needs to snap back to her point of origin. In the last episode, "What We're Fighting For", Yo-Yo is one of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s best agents who searches for 0-8-4s with Piper and a Davis LMD (made by Fitz and Simmons).
Web series.
Cordova-Buckley reprises her role in a six-part online digital series titled "". The six-part series showed Elena on the hunt for Victor Ramon who is responsible for the death of her cousin and has allied with the Watchdogs.


Joe M. Rodgers

Joe M. Rodgers (November 12, 1933 – February 2, 2009) was an American construction company executive and political operative who served as the United States Ambassador to France.
Early life.
Rodgers was born on November 12, 1933, in Bay Minette, Alabama, and was raised in Montgomery, Alabama. He attended the University of Alabama, where he was awarded a bachelor's degree in civil engineering and then served for three years in the United States Coast Guard.
Business career.
Rodgers had worked as sales manager for Dixie Concrete Pipe and went out on his own, starting a construction firm in 1966. Having been given a ticket and a house share for the 1968 Masters Tournament at the Augusta National Golf Club, Rodgers ended up sharing a home with Thomas Frist, a doctor from Nashville, Tennessee, who had just started a private hospital company called Hospital Corporation of America. The two built a connection while walking the golf course and Frist offered Rodgers a contract to build a hospital in Erin, Tennessee, for HCA. By 1970, Rodgers had built 19 hospitals for Hospital Corporation of America and had built 200 for the company by 1979, generating $120 million in revenue that year.
His firm took on a project in April 1972 to complete the building of the National Life and Accident Insurance Company's Opryland USA complex which had been scheduled to open on May 19, but had been delayed due to a strike by workers at another construction firm. Rodgers and his subcontractors crossed the picket lines and were able to earn a bonus for completing the project two days early, which was accomplished by working on shifts around the clock. The $50,000 bonus was turned over to local Boy and Girl Scout groups.
Rodgers sold a majority stake in his construction company after a 1977 heart attack and shifted into real estate development. Projects he developed included Vanderbilt Plaza and the Third National Bank building (which has since been renamed the Fifth Third Center), both in downtown Nashville. He started American Constructors in 1979, which built Nashville's Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, the Schermerhorn Symphony Center and the Wildhorse Saloon.
In 1987, Rodgers was described by "The New York Times" as "a leading candidate to head the Department of Commerce" to succeed Malcolm Baldrige Jr., a post that ultimately went to William Verity Jr.
Rodgers was named to serve as chairman and acting CEO of Berlitz International, following the mysterious death of former part-owner Robert Maxwell in 1991. He also served as a director of several major corporations and was active in a number of local civic, charitable and religious organizations.
Politics.
During the 1976 Republican presidential primaries, Rodgers was an early supporter of Ronald Reagan's unsuccessful effort against President Gerald Ford and was finance chairman for Reagan's Tennessee primary campaign. He served as the Republican National Committee's finance chairman from 1978 to 1980, raising $75 million during his tenure. After Reagan was elected President in 1980, he named Rodgers to serve on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. In 1984, building on his continued efforts raising funds for Republican candidates, he was the finance chief for Reagan's 1984 re-election campaign.
Rogers was fundraising co-chair for Fred Thompson's 2008 presidential campaign bid.
Ambassador to France.
In recognition of his efforts, Reagan named him in 1985 to a four-year term as the United States Ambassador to France. Rodgers had never been a diplomat and spoke no French, and spent six hours a day for a four-month period studying the language. Rodgers undertook a fundraising campaign to collect $500,000 to be used towards fixing up the ambassador's residence, raising $100,000 towards this goal by September 1985 after writing to 250 U.S. companies for donations. He and his wife resided in the official residence in Paris, where they would serve GooGoo Clusters, a hometown Nashville delicacy, to their diplomatic guests.
Rodgers accompanied President of France François Mitterrand on a Seine riverboat ride to the Île aux Cygnes where they unveiled a renovated replica of the Statue of Liberty, as part of ceremonies marking the centennial of the French gift to the United States. Rodgers represented the United States at ceremonies on June 6, 1986, to mark the 42nd anniversary of the Normandy Landings.
Mitterrand recognized Rodgers with the rank of Grand Officier of the Legion of Honor.
Personal life and death.
Rogers resided in Nashville, Tennessee.
Rodgers died of cancer on February 2, 2009 in Nashville, at age 75. He was survived by his wife, Helen Martin "Honey" Rodgers, to whom he had been married for 52 years, as well as a daughter, a son and eight grandchildren.


Eylau order of battle

The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Eylau of the Napoleonic Wars.
French Army.
Emperor Napoleon I of France
III Corps.
Marshal Davout
IV Corps.
Marshal Soult
VI Corps.
Marshal Ney
VII Corps.
Marshal Augereau
Reserve Cavalry.
Marshal Murat
Russian Army.
General of Cavalry Count Bennigsen
Chief of Staff: Quartermaster-General, Major F.F. Steinheil
Second Division
Lieutenant General Count A.I. Ostermann-Tolstoi
Cavalry
Brigade MG (Major General) Kozhin
Infantry
Brigade MG A.Y. Masowski
Brigade MG N. Sukin 2
Brigade MG I.A. Diven 3
Artillery
Brigade Col Stavitsky 1
Engineers
1st Pioneer Regiment, Pioneer Company of Major Dreyer
Third Division
Lieutenant General Baron von der Osten-Sacken
Cavalry
Brigade MG Count P.P. von der Palen 3
Infantry
Brigade MG F.A. Ushakov 1
Brigade MG V.P. Titov 2
Brigade MG Prince Dolgorukov 5
Artillery
Brigade Col von Bril
Engineers
Fourth Division
Major General A.A. Somov
Cavalry
Brigade MG Baron Korf
Infantry
Brigade MG Somov
Brigade MG Arseniev 2
Brigade MG Barclay de Tolly
Artillery
Brigade Col Prince Yashvil 2
Engineers
Fifth Division
Lieutenant General N.A. Tuchkov I
Cavalry
Brigade MG Prince Golitsyn
Infantry
Brigade ?
Brigade MG Ivan Leontiev
Brigade Col Priouda
Artillery
Brigade Col Count Sievers
Troops from the Sixth Division
From the Cavalry Brigade
From the Infantry
Brigade MG K.F. Baggovut
From the Artillery Brigade
Seventh Division
Lieutenant General D.S. Dokhturov
Cavalry
Brigade MG Chaplits
Infantry
Brigade MG A.V. Zapol'skii
Brigade MG Straton-Potapov
Brigade MG Markov 1
Artillery
Brigade Col Ermolov
Engineers
2nd Pioneer Regiment, Pioneer Company Maj Berg
Eighth Division
Lieutenant General P.K. Essen 3
Cavalry
Brigade MG P.F. Glebov-Streshnev
Infantry
Brigade MG Olsuf’ev 3
[* Viburg Musketeers Detached; fought with Prussian Corps]
Brigade MG Engelhardt 1
Brigade MG Levitsky
Artillery
Brigade Col Nowak 1
Engineers
2nd Pioneer Regiment, Miner Company of Maj Zapreev
Fourteenth Division
Major General Count N.M. Kamensky 2d
Cavalry
Brigade Col D.D. Sheplev [Brigade may not have been present]
Infantry
Brigade MG Alekseev
Brigade MG Gersdorf
Artillery
Brigade Col Papkov 2
Engineers
Pontoon Company of Major Rutkovski
Prussian artillery temporarily attached to the Russian Army's Right Flank at Eylau
Maj von Brockhausen


Mykola Lebed

Mykola Lebed ( or ; January 11, 1909 – July 18, 1998), also known as Maksym Ruban, Marko or Yevhen Skyrba, was a Ukrainian political activist, Ukrainian nationalist, and guerrilla fighter. He was among those tried, convicted, and imprisoned for the murder of Polish Interior Minister Bronislaw Pieracki, in 1934. The court sentenced him to death, but the state commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. He escaped when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. As leader of OUN-B he is responsible for the genocide of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.
In 2009, the [[United States Congress]] directed the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] to review declassified intelligence records pertaining to the activities of the Nazis and the Japanese Imperial Government that were not processed in time for the [[Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group]]'s (IWG) final report in 2007. The follow-up report from the IWG's [[Richard Breitman]] and [[Norman J. W. Goda]] included a discussion of Lebed's relationship with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] during the Cold War. In 1949 he emigrated to the [[United States]] and lived in [[New York City|New York]]. Through [[Prolog Research Corporation]], his CIA funded organization, he gathered intelligence on the [[Soviet Union]] as late as into the late 1960s. The CIA project name for the operation was AERODYNAMIC. The report stated that as late as 1991 the CIA, for fear of compromising the operation and triggering outrage within the Ukrainian émigré community, shielded Lebed from prosecution for war crimes by preventing the [[United States Department of Justice]]'s [[Office of Special Investigations (United States Department of Justice)|Office of Special Investigations]] from learning about his wartime connections to the Nazis. He died in 1998.
Early life.
Born in [[Novi Strilyscha]], a small town in [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], nowadays western part of [[Ukraine]] (at the time, [[Austria-Hungary]]), Lebed completed his studies in [[Lviv]] which during the [[Interbellum]] was part of the [[Second Polish Republic]]. In 1930-32 he took an active part in setting up youth groups of [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) in the area around Lviv. From 1932 to 1934 he directed communications between the Ukrainian Executive and the Foreign Command of the OUN.
In 1934, he participated in the preparation of the assassination of the Polish Minister of Internal Affairs [[Bronisław Pieracki]]. After the assassination he attempted to flee through [[Gdańsk]]-[[Szczecin]] to [[Germany]], but by order of [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmler]] was arrested by the [[Gestapo]] and handed over to the Polish authorities. During the [[Warsaw Process]] (1934–36) he was given the [[death penalty]] which was later commuted to life imprisonment. He escaped in September 1939 while being evacuated from the [[Bereza Kartuska Prison]] due to the threatening Soviet invasion.
From November 1939 through March 1940 he served as the chief of the school of espionage and sabotage founded by the [[Abwehr]] in [[Zakopane]].
World War II.
In 1940, during the internal conflict that erupted within the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) he supported [[Stepan Bandera]], and, in 1941, became his assistant. In June 1941, he was one of the functionaries in the short-lived Ukrainian government.
Lebed assumed control of Bandera's faction of the OUN in western Ukraine, which would come to dominate the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (UPA) until 1943.
In 1942, he was a participant in the 3rd Special Conference of the OUN, and headed the head council and the delegate for external contacts of the Direction of the OUN. In 1944 he became one of the founders of the [[Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council]] (UHVR) and the general Secretary of International Policies of the UHVR. At the recommendation of the UHVR he traveled to the West where he contacted various Western governments. In 1948, he became a member of the OUN (Diaspora).
Alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany.
In a government reports publication, published by the National Archives, Lebed is being suspected of having collaborated with Nazi Germany.
Lebed was described as a "Ukrainian [[fascist]] leader and suspected [[Nazi]] collaborator", and later labeled as a "well-known sadist and collaborator of the Germans" by [[United States Army]] counterintelligence.
On the other hand, it was also stated, that Lebed himself was persecuted by the Gestapo: "it (OUN/B) fought German rule, and the Gestapo put a price on Lebed's head."
Post-war activities.
From 1949, Lebed lived in the [[United States]]. During 1952–1974, he headed the research center "Prologue" in New York; in 1982–85, he was Deputy Chairman and since 1974 he was a Member of the Board of Directors of the institution. In 1956-91 he was a member of the board of the Ukrainian Society of Foreign Studies in Munich and Toronto, publishing committee "Chronicle of the UPA (1975). Author memories "UPA" (1946, 1987).
Further reading.
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Zhydachiv Raion]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians]]
[[Category:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]
[[Category:Ukrainian collaborators with Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Contractees of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Ukrainian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Insurgent Army]]
[[Category:Ukrainian independence activists]]


Task Force Phoenix

Task Force Phoenix, or more properly known as Combined Joint Task Force Phoenix (CJTF Phoenix), was an international military formation. It was organized by the United States Central Command (CENTCOM) in 2003-2004 to train and mentor the newly created Afghan National Army/Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to establish and maintain law and order throughout Afghanistan using Embedded Training Teams or ETTs.
History.
Immediately following the collapse of the Taliban regime, Soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division began the initial development of the Afghan National Army (ANA) as Task Force Phoenix.
Mission.
One of the early mission statements for the formation appears to have been: "Coalition Joint Task Force PHOENIX executes a broad-based training, mentoring, and assistance program in order to enable the Afghanistan National Army (ANA) to field a mission-ready Central Corps NLT [No Later Than] June 2004."
Units.
The first units involved with TF Phoenix were from the 10th Mountain Division out of Fort Drum, New York. Once the 10th Mountain Division rotated home the mission was assumed by units of the Army National Guard and other members of the coalition. Phoenix II built up the first Afghan Corps – the Central Corps, now 201st Corps (Afghanistan) - in Kabul, Afghanistan. Phoenix II was provided by the 45th Infantry Brigade-Oklahoma Army National Guard. Task Force Phoenix II's base support battalion served as the logistics command for the Afghan National Army, providing all logistics support for an army conducting country-wide combat operations. During this rotation, the brigade grew the size of the Afghan National Army to over 14,000 as well as fielding a corps-sized force ahead of schedule. In August 2004, the brigade was replaced in this mission by the 76th Infantry Brigade-Indiana Army National Guard, and subsequently returned home to the United States. Phoenix III took on the daunting task of splitting that Corps into five separate Corps and locating them throughout the country at five strategic centers. Phoenix IV (53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States) Florida Army National Guard) worked to build up those Corps to full strength. TF Phoenix IV's Training Assistance Group (209th Regiment-Nebraska Army National Guard and 211th Regiment-Florida Army National Guard) stationed at Camp Alamo (inside the Kabul Military Training Center) implemented major improvements to both Basic and Advanced Individual Training programs. Task Force Phoenix V ( 41st Infantry Brigade-Oregon Army National Guard) was the fifth ANA training rotation. The mission continued to expand with TF Phoenix V taking on additional responsibilities associated with training and supporting the Afghan National Police (ANP), as well as continuing to train and mentor the growing ANA. TF Phoenix V was composed primarily of soldiers from the U.S. Army National Guard, with members representing 49 of the 50 states. In addition, they had elements from the regular and reserve components personnel from the Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps attached. Later, the responsibility for the Phoenix missions were assigned to the 27th Brigade Combat Team of the New York Army National Guard took command of Task Force Phoenix on 19 April 2008 from the 218th BCT, South Carolina Army National Guard. They were relieved on 19 December 2008 by the 33rd Brigade Combat Team Illinois Army National Guard. In 2009, the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Georgia National Guard assumed command of Task Force Phoenix IX.
The Task Force Phoenix mission consisted of training, coaching and mentoring ANSF. In addition to the ANA and ANP, the ANSF consists of the Afghan National Army Air Corps, the Afghan National Border Patrol (ANBP), and the Afghan National Civil Order Police (ANCOP). Task Force Phoenix consisted of with five regional commands which matched the five ANA Corps regions. Initially, these sub-commands were named Regional Corps Advisory Commands (RCAC) and Regional Police Advisory Commands (RPAC): RCAC/RPAC-S, RCAC/RPAC-W, RCAC/RPAC-E, RCAC/RPAC-C, and RCAC/RPAC-N). In 2007, these sub-commands were placed under newly created Afghanistan Regional Security Integration Commands (ARSIC). The ARSIC included expanded staffs for logistics and administration to better support the RCAC and RPAC. In addition to the five existing regions, a sixth was added for the capital area of Kabul: ARSIC-West (ARSIC-W), ARSIC-Southwest (ARSIC-SW), ARSIC-South (ARSIC-S), ARSIC-Capital (ARSIC-C), ARSIC-North (ARSIC-N), and ARSIC-East (ARSIC-E). ARSIC-S, for example, was stationed at Kandahar Air Field and its area of responsibility included One example The ARSIC fell under the command of Combined Joint Task Force Phoenix based out of Camp Phoenix, Kabul, and Combined Strategic Transition Command- Afghanistan (CSTC-A) based out of Camp Eggers, Kabul. With the addition of coalition forces personnel from nations such as Canada, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, and France, ARSIC were considered multinational coalition commands. RCAC and RPAC however, tended to be maintain national integrity and most were composed of members of the Army National Guard. ARSIC were not under ISAF.
Disbanding.
TF Phoenix was eventually disbanded. With the establishment of NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan (NTM-A) and Combined Security Transition Command – Afghanistan (CSTC-A) the need for TF Phoenix lessened. The task forces' mission changed from one of training to support of the many coalition bases in the Kabul area. Its name was changed to the Kabul Base Cluster Installation Command or KBC.


MCRD San Diego Command Museum

The MCRD San Diego Command Museum is located in Day Hall, Building 26, Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, San Diego, California. It exhibits historical items relating to the United States Marine Corps. The museum opened on November 10, 1987 and was officially designated as a command museum on January 8, 1993.


USCGC Champlain

USCGC "Champlain" (1929) was a of the United States Coast Guard, launched on 20 June 1928 and commissioned on 23 March 1929. After 12 years of service with the Coast Guard, she was transferred to the British Royal Navy as part of the Lend-Lease Act.
Career.
US Coast Guard – "Champlain".
After commissioning in January 1929, "Champlain" was homeported in Stapleton, New York.
Royal Navy – "Sennen".
As part of the Lend-Lease Act she was transferred to the Royal Navy where she was renamed HMS "Sennen" (Y21) and commissioned on 12 May 1941. On 19 May 1943, "Sennen" assisted in the sinking of U-954 by depth charges. At the end of the war, in March 1946, she was returned to the USCG.
US Coast Guard – "Champlain" (post war).
Upon her return to the USCG, her original name was restored and she was given the hull number and designation WPG-319. She was then placed into reserve status until March 1948 when she was sold to Hughes Brothers, Inc. of New York.


United States Navy ships

The names of commissioned ships of the United States Navy all start with USS, for United States Ship. Non-commissioned, primarily civilian-manned vessels of the U.S. Navy under the Military Sealift Command have names that begin with USNS, standing for United States Naval Ship. A letter-based hull classification symbol is used to designate a vessel's type. The names of ships are selected by the Secretary of the Navy. The names are those of states, cities, towns, important persons, important locations, famous battles, fish, and ideals. Usually, different types of ships have names originated from different types of sources.
Modern aircraft carriers and submarines use nuclear reactors for power. See United States naval reactors for information on classification schemes and the history of nuclear-powered vessels.
Modern cruisers, destroyers and frigates are called surface combatants and act mainly as escorts for aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, auxiliaries and civilian craft, but the largest ones have gained a land attack role through the use of cruise missiles and a population defense role through missile defense.
Aircraft carriers.
Aircraft carriers (CVN) have the ability to put most nations within striking distance of U.S. air power which makes them the cornerstone of US forward deployment and deterrence strategy. Multiple carriers are deployed around the world to provide military presence, respond quickly to crises, and participate in joint exercises with allied forces; this has led the Navy to refer to their "Nimitz"-class carriers as "4.5 acres of sovereign and mobile American territory". "In accordance with customary international law as reflected in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and as discussed in "The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations" and The State Department Cable on the Status of Military Sealift Command Vessels, ships owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being, only on government non-commercial service are entitled to sovereign immunity. Whether in internal, territorial, or international waters, such ships are immune from arrest and search, and exempt from foreign taxation and any foreign regulation requiring flying the flag of that foreign state while in its ports or territorial sea." Former President Bill Clinton summed up the importance of the aircraft carrier by stating that "when word of crisis breaks out in Washington, it's no accident the first question that comes to everyone's lips is: where is the nearest carrier?" The power and operational flexibility of a carrier lie in the aircraft of its carrier air wing. Made up of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, a carrier air wing is able to perform over 150 strike missions at once, hitting over 700 targets a day. Carrier air wings also protect friendly forces, conduct electronic warfare, assist in special operations, and carry out search and rescue missions. The carriers themselves, in addition to enabling airborne operations, serve as command platforms for large battle groups or multinational task forces. U.S. Navy aircraft carriers can also host aircraft from other nations' navies; the French Navy's Rafale has operated, during naval exercises, from U.S. Navy flight decks.
Amphibious warfare ships.
Amphibious assault ships.
Amphibious assault ships, sub-types known as landing, helicopter dock or LHD and landing, helicopter assault or LHA. (also referred to as a commando carrier or an amphibious assault carrier), are a type of amphibious warfare ship employed to land and support ground forces on enemy territory by an amphibious assault. The design evolved from aircraft carriers converted for use as helicopter carriers, but includes support for amphibious landing craft, with most designs including a well deck. Coming full circle, some amphibious assault ships now have a secondary role as aircraft carriers, supporting V/STOL fixed-wing aircraft.
The role of the amphibious assault ship is fundamentally different from a standard aircraft carrier: its aviation facilities have the primary role of hosting helicopters to support forces ashore rather than to support strike aircraft. However, some are capable of serving in the sea-control role, embarking aircraft like Harrier fighters for CAP and anti-submarine warfare helicopters or operating as a safe base for large numbers of STOVL fighters conducting air support for the Marine expeditionary unit once it has gone ashore. Most of these ships can also carry or support landing craft, such as air-cushioned landing craft (hovercraft) or LCUs.
Amphibious command ships.
Amphibious command ships (LCC) of the United States Navy are large, special purpose ships, originally designed to command large amphibious invasions. However, as amphibious invasions have become less likely, they are now used as general command ships, and serve as floating headquarters for two, forward deployed, numbered Fleet commands. Currently, they are assigned to the 6th and 7th fleets as flagships.
Amphibious transport docks.
Amphibious transport docks, also known as landing platform dock or LPD, is an amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks, transports, and lands elements of a landing force for expeditionary warfare missions. Several navies currently operate this kind of ship. The ships are generally designed to transport troops into a war zone by sea, primarily using landing craft, although invariably they also have the capability to operate transport, utility and attack helicopters and multi-mission tilt-rotor aircraft.
Dock landing ships.
Dock landing ships, also known as landing ship, dock or LSD, are amphibious warfare ships with well docks to transport and launch landing craft and amphibious vehicles. Some ships with well decks, such as the Soviet Ivan Rogov class, also have bow doors to enable them to deliver vehicles directly onto a beach (like a Landing Ship, Tank). Modern dock landing ships also operate helicopters.
A ship with a well deck (docking well) can transfer cargo to landing craft in rougher seas than a ship that has to use cranes or a stern ramp. The US Navy hull classification symbol for a ship with a well deck depends on its facilities for aircraft - a (modern) LSD has a helicopter deck, a LPD also has a hangar, and a LHD or LHA has a full-length flight deck.
Expeditionary sea base.
Expeditionary sea bases are semi-submersible, flexible, modular platforms providing that perform large-scale logistics movements such as the transfer of vehicles and equipment from sea to shore. These ships significantly reduce the dependency on foreign ports and provide support in the absence of port availability.
Cruisers.
Cruisers and guided missile cruisers CG are a type of warship. The term has been in use for several hundred years, and has had different meanings throughout this period. During the Age of Sail, the term "cruising" referred to certain kinds of missions – independent scouting, raiding or commerce protection – fulfilled by a frigate or sloop, which were the "cruising warships" of a fleet.
In the middle of the 19th century, "cruiser" came to be a classification for the ships intended for this kind of role, though cruisers came in a wide variety of sizes, from the small protected cruiser to armored cruisers that were as large (although not as powerful) as a battleship.
By the early 20th century, cruisers could be placed on a consistent scale of warship size, smaller than a battleship but larger than a destroyer. In 1922, the Washington Naval Treaty placed a formal limit on cruisers, which were defined as warships of up to 10,000 tons displacement carrying guns no larger than 8 inches in calibre. These limits shaped cruisers until the end of World War II. The very large battlecruisers of the World War I era were now classified, along with battleships, as capital ships.
In the later 20th century, the obsolescence of the battleship left the cruiser as the largest and most powerful surface combatant (excluding aircraft carriers). The role of the cruiser varied according to ship and navy, often including air defense, commerce raiding, and shore bombardment. The U.S. Navy in the Cold War period built guided-missile cruisers primarily designed to provide air defense, while the navy of the USSR built battlecruisers with heavy anti-ship missiles designed to sink NATO carrier task forces.
Destroyers.
Destroyers DDG are fast maneuverable long-endurance warships intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller powerful short-range attackers. They were originally developed in the late 19th century as a defence against torpedo boats, and by the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, these "torpedo boat destroyers" (TBD) were "large, swift, and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats."
Before World War II, destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean operations; typically a number of destroyers and a single destroyer tender operated together. After the war, the advent of the guided missile allowed destroyers to take on the surface combatant roles previously filled by battleships and cruisers. This resulted in larger and more powerful guided missile destroyers more capable of independent operation.
At the start of the 21st century, destroyers are the heaviest surface combatant ships in general use, with only two nations (United States and Russia) currently operating the heavier class cruisers, with no battleships or true battlecruisers remaining. Modern destroyers, also known as guided missile destroyers, are equivalent in tonnage but vastly superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era, capable of carrying nuclear tipped cruise missiles. Guided missile destroyers such as the "Arleigh Burke" class are actually larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile cruisers, due to their massive size at long, displacement (9200 tons) and armament of over 90 missiles.
Guided-missile destroyers are destroyers designed to launch guided missiles. Many are also equipped to carry out anti-submarine, anti-air, and anti-surface operations. The NATO standard designation for these vessels is DDG. Nations vary in their use of destroyer D designation their hull pennant numbering, either prefixing, or dropping it altogether. The U.S. Navy has adopted the classification DDG in the American hull classification system.
In addition to the guns that destroyers have, a guided-missile destroyer is usually equipped with two large missile magazines, usually in vertical-launch cells. Some guided-missile destroyers contain powerful radar systems, such as the United States’ Aegis Combat System, and may be adopted for use in an anti-missile or ballistic-missile defense role. This is especially true of navies that no longer operate cruisers, as other vessels must be adopted to fill in the gap.
Frigates.
Frigates FF or FFG (according to the modern classification of U.S. navy warships) are smaller ships than destroyers. They are designed primarily to protect other ships (such as merchant convoys), and perform some Anti-Submarine Warfare duties. They are cheaper but of more limited capability than destroyers. The last active class of frigates in the US Navy was the , decommissioned in September 2015, leaving the navy no active frigates.
On January 15, 2015 U.S. Navy Secretary Ray Mabus announced that ships of the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) classes built in the future would be re-classified as "frigates". This would apply only to the future variations of these ships. Current ships will retain the LCS classification unless and until they are upgraded to the standards of the newer ships.
On April 30, 2020, the US Navy awarded a contract to design and produce the next generation small surface combatant, the Guided Missile Frigate (FFG(X)). The contract for detail design and construction (DD&C) of up to 10 Guided Missile Frigates (consisting of one base ship and nine option ships) was awarded to Fincantieri Marinette Marine Corporation (MMC) of Marinette, Wisconsin. The FFG(X) will have multi-mission capability to conduct air warfare, anti-submarine warfare, surface warfare, electronic warfare, and information operations. Specifically FFG(X) will include an Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) radar, Baseline Ten (BL10) AEGIS Combat System, a Mk 41 Vertical Launch System (VLS), communications systems, MK 57 Gun Weapon System (GWS) countermeasures and added capability in the EW/IO area with design flexibility for future growth.
Littoral combat ships.
Littoral combat ships LCS are a class of relatively small surface vessels intended for operations in the littoral zone (close to shore) by the United States Navy. It was "envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals."
The and the are the first two LCS variants. Both are slightly smaller than the U.S. Navy's guided missile frigates and have been likened to corvettes. They have the capabilities of a small assault transport, including a flight deck and hangar for housing two SH-60 or MH-60 Seahawk helicopters, a stern ramp for operating small boats, and the cargo volume and payload to deliver a small assault force with fighting vehicles to a roll-on/roll-off port facility. Standard armaments include Mk 110 57 mm guns and RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles. They are also equipped with autonomous air, surface, and underwater vehicles. Possessing lower air defense and surface warfare capabilities than destroyers, the LCS concept emphasizes speed, flexible mission modules and a shallow draft.
The first littoral combat ship, , was commissioned on 8 November 2008 in Veteran's Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The second ship, and first of the trimaran design, , was commissioned on 16 January 2010, in Mobile, Alabama. In 2012, CNO Jonathan W. Greenert stated that LCSs would be deployed to Africa in place of destroyers and cruisers. In late 2014, the Navy proceeded with a procurement plan for enhanced versions of the LCS and upgraded older ships to meet the program's 52-ship requirement; the modified LCS will be redesignated as FF. In December 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the Navy to reduce the planned LCS/FF procurement from 52 to 40, and downselect to one variant by FY 2019.
It was announced in January 2015 that future and retrofitted versions of these two classes will be re-classified as frigates. The navy has currently built and/or planned out to 24 of a total of 52 ships.
Mine countermeasures ships.
Mine countermeasures vessels or MCM are a type of naval ship designed for the location of and destruction of naval mines which combines the role of a minesweeper and minehunter in one hull. The term MCMV is also applied collectively to minehunters and minesweepers.
A "minesweeper" is a small naval warship designed to engage in minesweeping. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, waterways are maintained clear for safe shipping.
A "minehunter" is a naval vessel that actively detects and destroys individual naval mines.
Patrol ships.
Patrol ships PC are relatively small naval vessels generally designed for coastal defense duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, police force or customs and may be intended for marine (blue water) and/or estuarine or river ("brown water") environments. They are commonly found engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement. They are also often called upon to participate in rescue operations. Vessels of this type include the original yacht (from Dutch/Low German "jacht" meaning hunting or hunt), a light, fast-sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into shallow waters.
Submarines.
Submarines SSN, SSBN, SSGN are watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. There are currently two types; attack and ballistic. "Attack submarines" (SSN) have tactical missions, including controlling naval and shipping activity, serving as cruise missile-launching platforms, and intelligence-gathering. "Ballistic submarines" (SSBN) primarily have the single strategic mission of nuclear deterrence by being hidden launching-platforms for nuclear ICBMs. However, some of these boats have been converted to (SSGN) and launch standard cruise missiles.
Future requirements.
In a 2012 study called the "Force Structure Assessment", the Navy determined a post-2020 battle-force requirement of 306 ships.
Historically significant vessels.
The U.S. Navy has operated a number of vessels important to both United States and world naval history:


John D. Lauder

John Drought Lauder (January 26, 1854 – 1934) was a Canadian territorial level politician, rancher, police officer civil servant and medical doctor. As a police officer for the North-West Mounted Police he saw active service during the North-West Rebellion. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories from 1885 until 1888.
Early life.
John Drought Lauder was born in Trim, Ireland in 1855. He went to post secondary education at Trinity College, Dublin and learned medicine. He moved to North America, arriving in Fort Macleod in 1876. Shortly after arriving he joined the North-West Mounted Police. As a police officer Lauder saw active combat duties during the North-West Rebellion. He was part of the Alberta Field Force led by Major General Thomas Bland Strange and served at the battle of Battle of Frenchman's Butte.
Lauder was a pioneer cattle rancher. He settled in the Innisfail, area in the central portion of Alberta. He registered the second cattle brand with the North-West Territories government. He married his wife Marguerite Thomson, a French woman from Quebec in Calgary in 1885. They would have five children together. As a civil servant Lauder worked as an Indian agent on the Blackfoot Reserve.
Political career.
Lauder was elected to the North-West Territories Legislature in his first attempt as a candidate. He won first of two places in the Calgary electoral district in the July 14, 1886 by-election. Lauder won almost 34% of the popular vote. He was 37 votes ahead of Hugh Caley who won the second seat in the vote. He served in the legislature until it was dissolved in 1888 choosing not to run again.
Lauder ran for a second term in office 14 years later in the 1902 North-West Territories general election. He was defeated by John Simpson losing by 21 votes in the Innisfail electoral district.
Late life.
Lauder lived out his entire life in the Innisfail area of Alberta. He died in 1934.


John Lewis-class replenishment oiler

The "John Lewis" class is a future class of fleet replenishment oilers which began construction in September 2018. The class will comprise twenty oilers which will be operated by Military Sealift Command to provide underway replenishment of fuel and limited amounts of dry cargo to United States Navy Carrier Strike Groups, Amphibious ready groups, and other surface forces to allow them to operate worldwide.
Design.
The "John Lewis"-class ships will be double-hulled ships that are being constructed to commercial standards and OPNAVINST 9070.1 requirements, and will be classed to American Bureau of Shipping steel vessel rules. The ships will have capabilities similar to the s and will rely on existing technology. The ships can carry 156,000 barrels of oil and have increased dry cargo storage over the "Henry J. Kaiser" class. There will be stations on both sides of each ship for underway replenishment of fuel and stores, and will have two dry cargo transfer rigs. The "John Lewis"-class ships will have limited means of self-defense when delivered, including defenses against mines and torpedoes, and will be equipped with crew-served weapons which will be operated by embarked Navy Expeditionary Security Teams for limited self-defense ability against small boat attack. The ships will have space, weight, and power reserved for additional self-defense systems, including close-in weapon systems (CIWS) or SeaRAM, and an anti-torpedo torpedo defense system. Even with additional self-defense systems installed the ships will still require escort if operating in a higher threat environment.
History.
On June 30, 2016, General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) was awarded detailed design and construction for six "John Lewis"-class replenishment oilers. NASSCO began construction on "John Lewis" on September 20, 2018, and began construction on "Harvey Milk" on September 3, 2020. In January 2020 it was announced the lead ship delivery estimate had been delayed from November 2020 until June 2021 due to delays in delivery of gear and flooding of a graving dock.
Naming.
The class is named for its lead unit, USNS "John Lewis", which in turn is named for the American politician and civil rights leader John Lewis. The remaining "John Lewis"-class oilers will be named after prominent civil rights activists and leaders.


Improved Load Bearing Equipment

The Improved Load Bearing Equipment (ILBE) is a United States Marine Corps program that had included individual load carriage equipment, individual hydration systems (Source One Hydration) and individual water purification.
Since the rucksack was the first component of the program to be issued to Marines, the rucksack is commonly referred to as simply the ILBE. The ILBE rucksack was designed to replace the long existing All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment (ALICE) and newer Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE) packs.
Design.
The ILBE was designed during the Law Enforcement and Armed Forces (LEAF) program by Arc'teryx, and later manufactured by Propper.
The backpack is made from 725 Denier Cordura material (725 D), with the MARPAT camouflage pattern printed onto it. The pack is also covered with a wide grid of the Pouch Attachment Ladder System (PALS), for the attachment of smaller modular pouches. It includes a main pack, a detachable assault pack and a 100-ounce (3 litre) water reservoir as part of the hydration system.
The ILBE can hold up to 120 pounds (54 kg) of weight, and has room for both 60mm and 81mm mortar rounds outside the main pack. Specialized bags and pouches for corpsmen and reconnaissance units are also available.
The ILBE system includes 6 types of packs:
These packs are paired with waterproofing bags in 56L, 65L, and 9L capacities.
The assault packs, with their smaller volume and lower weight capacities, are intended for wear in combat, while the larger main packs are intended to carry everything needed by a unit on the march. A set of packs typically consists of a main pack, an assault pack, and a hydration system. These three items together cost more than $600 when the ILBE system was first fielded, making it the most expensive single soldier pack system used by the US armed forces.
Criticism.
Because the ILBE was fielded before the creation of the Modular Tactical Vest (MTV), the pack did not integrate well with the fighting system at the time (such as the Interceptor Body Armor), and excessive stress in conjunction with the wearing of body armor could cause discomfort and injury.
Future.
The Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM) announced that a replacement was forthcoming in 2009, with possible replacements, including two entries from Mystery Ranch, Granite Gear, and the United States Army improved variant of MOLLE.
In the year 2011, the Corps had finished testing and evaluation, releasing a solicitation for prototypes under the designation Family of Improved Load Bearing Equipment (FILBE), outlining design requirements that are similar to the improved MOLLE system.


Faciat Georgius

The Faciat Georgius (“Let George Do It” in English) is an unofficial medal given during World War II to United States Marine Corps (USMC) officers, senior NCOs of the 1st Marine Division and a British coastwatcher who served during the Guadalcanal campaign.
History.
After the initial success of the landings on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 by the Marines of the 1st Marine Division, the Imperial Japanese forces rallied. On D+3 Japanese naval and air forces joined the battle. On 10 August, the US naval forces supporting the Marines were withdrawn after their defeat at the battle of Savo Island, having unloaded only half the supplies needed by the Marines ashore. Several weeks would pass before the ships and supplies returned, leaving the Marines on their own, subsisting on their meager supplies and captured enemy rations.
As the division was resting and refitting in Melbourne, Australia after the campaign, Colonel (later Major General) Merrill B. Twining suggested that a commemorative medal be struck. He suggested that the ribbon be made of worn olive drab cotton twill fabric of the USMC M1941 utility uniform and bear the inscription “Let George Do It”, the division’s informal motto from its training days when its personnel seemed to draw more than their fair share of onerous assignments. The motto was translated into Latin by British coastwatcher Captain Martin Clemens, who was also awarded the medal. The artist was Captain (later Colonel) Donald L. Dickson, who drew the designs on captured Japanese postcards using a half dollar to draw the circles. The cost to receive a medal was one Australian pound. About 45 officers and senior enlisted men signed up to receive a medal.
All that can be documented is that the medals were made in Australia using the lost-wax casting process as creating a metal die would have been too expensive. Estimates of the number of medals cast range anywhere from 25 to several hundred with 50 being the commonly agreed upon number. The medal was issued without a brooch, but instead was awarded using an oversized safety pin (or other interesting device) used for closing Navy shipboard laundry bags. A certificate was issued with each medal.
When the medals were ready, Lieutenant Frank Farrell, the 7th Marines' intelligence officer and former feature editor of the "New York World-Telegram", was assigned to write the text and handle the printing of the certificates. Second Lieutenant John C. Schiller Jr. was charged with collecting the fee and Lt. Col. (later Col.) Edmond J. Buckley was appointed "Grand Master of the Order" and signed several of the certificates.
In recent years, fakes have been cast and can be identified by a different metal, different patina and a lack of detail, especially in the fingers on the obverse.
Legend.
Various accounts also state that the ribbon, to be "official", had to be made from uniform fabric washed in the Lunga River of Guadalcanal.
Description and symbolism.
A hand extending from a U.S. Navy uniform sleeve dropping a hot potato to an entrenched Marine. A saguaro cactus symbolizes the code name of the landings ("Operation Cactus.")
The inscription at the bottom reads:
FACIAT GEORGIUS
The rear end of a cow with an electric fan blowing across it, symbolizing the times "when the s*** hit the fan."
The inscription at the bottom reads:
IN FOND REMEMBRANCE OF
THE HAPPY DAYS SPENT
FROM AUG. 7th 1942
TO JAN. 5th 1943
U.S.M.C.
The ribbon is made of washed olive drab cotton twill fabric from the USMC M1941 utility uniform.


USCGC Manowar

USCGC "Manowar" (WPB-87330) is an long of the United States Coast Guard built by Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana and was the thirtieth vessel commissioned in her class. "Manowar" is homeported at Galveston, Texas and her primary missions are ports, waterways and coastal security, search and rescue, law enforcement, marine environmental response, recreational boating safety and military readiness. She was commissioned in 2001.


Constable Thomas Brian King


Richard P. Cueroni

Richard Paul Cueroni (born February 1, 1930) is a retired United States Coast Guard rear admiral. He served as Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Academy from June 1986 to June 1989.


United States naval architect

United States naval architects or ship designers introduced the faster and larger sailing frigates and sloop-of-wars of the early United States Navy which influenced the later merchant ships and clipper ships.
Naval architects.
Name - Years served
Joshua Humphreys 1794 to 1801
Josiah Fox 1794 to 1801, 1804 to 1809
William Doughty 1813 to 1837
Benjamin Hutton 1803
Samuel Humphreys 1813 to 1846
Francis Grice 1817 to 1859
Henry Eckford 1817 to 1820
Samuel M. Pook 1841 to 1866


General of the Air (Spain)

General of the Air "(Spanish: General del Aire)" also called Air General, is a four-star general officer and the second highest possible rank in the Spanish Air Force. A General of the Air ranks immediately above a Lieutenant general and is equivalent to a General of the Army and an Admiral General. There is not equivalent in the Civil Guard or in the Spanish Navy Marines; in both cases the top rank is Lieutenant general.
The rank was created in 1999 to adapt the Spanish military rank to the ranks of NATO This is the highest rank that a military can reach, because the next higher is Captain General and that rank is only reserved to the King or Queen as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces (even that sometimes has been given as honorary rank to some generals).
The General of the Air insignia consist in a baton crossed over a saber under a Royal Crown and a star in every angles that form the crossed baton and the saber. Being under a Crown means that the rank is part of the generalship (the group of generals of the Armed Forces), the baton and the saber means command and the four stars means the rank of General. This insignia was used before to 1999 by the Head of State as Captain General.
Promotion.
The promotion to General of the Air is reserved to two positions. These are, the Chief of the Defence Staff and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force.
Both positions are appointed by the Government, the first is directly nominated by the Prime Minister and the second is nominated by the Minister of Defence. Being appointed Chief of the Defence Staff means the automatically promotion to the rank of General of the Air. The same happens with the Chief of Staff of the Air Force with the exception if the official appointed has the rank of Divisional general, in that case, the official needs to be promoted first to Lieutenant general.
Living Generals of the Air.
As of January 2020, there are the 10 Generals of the Air alive, these are:
The most recent Air General to die was Santiago Valderas Cañestro on 12 January 2019, who served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1996 to 2000.
References.
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2nd Medical Battalion

The 2nd Medical Battalion (2D MED BN) is a medical support unit of the United States Marine Corps and that is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The unit falls under the 2nd Marine Logistics Group (2nd MLG).
Mission.
Provide medical support to II MEF during combat operations. Prepared to deploy on short notice into any environment.


Youth of MPLA

The Youth of MPLA (in Portuguese, "Juventude do MPLA", JMPLA) is a major mass organization within the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour, along with the Organização da Mulher Angolana (Angolan Women's Organization), União Nacional dos Trabalhadores Angolanos (National Union of Angolan Workers) and the Organização de Pioneiros de Agostinho Neto (Agostinho Neto Pioneer Organization).
Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA from 1966 until 2002, was briefly a member of the JMPLA in the early 1960s.


Arch Whitehouse

Arthur George Joseph "Arch" Whitehouse , M.M. was a World War I Veteran and author of World War I aviation books.
Biography.
Arthur George J. Whitehouse was born in England, but lived in Montvale, New Jersey, U.S.A.
At the outbreak of World War I, Whitehouse came to England and enlisted as a Private with the Northamptonshire Yeomanry # 1784.
He then transferred to the Royal Flying Corps # 78563. He was with the Northamptonshire Yeomanry again # 145871, then transferred to the Royal Air Force # 401090
Service.
He was a 1st Class Air mechanic and Observer with the No. 22 Squadron RAF. On 13 April 1917 Whitehouse and his Pilot Bush were brought down by anti-aircraft fire; Whitehouse believed afterward that the Red Baron mistakenly listed Whitehouse/Bush among the Barons's "credits"-although this was not so. For taking part in shooting down German Aircraft and airplane raiding missions he was awarded the Military Medal with the RFC in November 1917. During the last part of World War I he was undergoing training in England as a Pilot in Sopwith Camels aircraft. As of 28 September 1919 he was a 2nd Lt transferred to the Unemployed List. A notation on his Medal card noted he was awarded the "British War Medal" and British "Victory Medal" <br> Contrary to reports that he brought down 16 enemy aircraft and 6 balloons, Whitehouse was never an ace, although he took part in the shooting down of four enemy aircraft:
Both Bush and Meggit were Aces with 6 credits
Author.
"Arch" Whitehouse was a writer postwar for magazines such as Flying Aces (magazine) on World War I Aviation, creating characters like The Griffon, Coffin Kirk, and others.
In the 1960s, he wrote a wide range of books, both fiction and non-fiction on aviation and similar military topics.
More recently, some of his pulp fiction have been reprinted by several publishers, including Altus Press.


Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps

Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (officially abbreviated to SMMC)<ref name="ALMAR 016/09"></ref> is a billet, as well as a unique enlisted grade of rank, with a unique non-commissioned grade of rank insignia, in the United States Marine Corps.
History.
In the U.S. Marine Corps, sergeant major is the ninth and highest enlisted rank, just above first sergeant, and equal in grade to master gunnery sergeant, although the two have different responsibilities. A sergeant major typically serves as the unit commander's senior enlisted adviser and to handle matters of discipline and morale among the enlisted Marines. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is chosen by the Commandant of the Marine Corps to serve as his adviser and is the preeminent and highest ranking enlisted Marine, unless an enlisted marine is serving as the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman. The SMMC holds an order of precedence of a lieutenant general.
Although not officially considered a Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, when Archibald Sommers was appointed to the grade of Sergeant Major January 1, 1801, it was a solitary post, similar to the modern billet of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps. In 1833, an act of legislation made the rank of sergeant major permanent for the Marine Corps and by 1899 five Marines held the rank of sergeant major. This continued until 1946, when the rank was abolished, only to be re-introduced in 1954 as part of the Marine Corps rank structure.
The post of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps was established in 1957 from the order of Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel at Headquarters Marine Corps, Brigadier General James P. Berkeley, as the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corps, the first such post in any of the five branches of the United States Armed Forces. In 1970, the rank insignia of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps was authorized (which features three stripes, the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor flanked by two five-point stars in the center, and four rockers) as opposed to the standard Sergeant Major rank insignia (which features three stripes, one five-point star in the center, and four rockers), which was used for the rank from the post's creation in 1957 to 1970. While "Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps" is the full wording of the rank, the verbal address for this is commonly "Sergeant Major".
The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps and typically serves a four-year term, though his service is at the discretion of the Commandant. Since Sergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick was appointed the first Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps in 1957, 19 different Marines have filled this post.
On January 20, 2015, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Joseph Dunford announced that Sergeant Major Ronald L. Green would relieve Sergeant Major Micheal Barrett and serve as the 18th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps on February 20, 2015.
In April, 2019, Sergeant Major Troy E. Black was announced to be the next Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps. Black succeeded Sergeant Major Green at a ceremony on July 26, 2019.


Swedish Volunteer Air Corps

The Swedish Volunteer Air Corps (, FFK) is a voluntary defence of some 2,400 members (2013) distributed throughout Sweden. The pilots receive their initial training either through privately funded pilot licenses , through the Armed Forces or with bigger schools. Pilots in the FFK perform on a voluntary basis, assignment for Swedish authorities and the Armed Forces. FFK's headquarters are located at Stockholm Västerås Airport.
The FKK is part of Sweden's Total Defence policy, and as such operate in both civilian and military capacities. The aircraft used are largely externally privately owned or joint venture in the Swedish aviation clubs and consist mainly of general utility aircraft, such as the Cessna 172 and Piper PA-28.
Flight Missions.
In 2013 the FFK carried out air missions at regional and national level. FFK's civil air groups conducted missions including power line control after storm damage and searching for missing persons with the police.
Young Pilots.
The FFK conducts youth activities focusing on flying experiences for young people within the organization 'Young Pilots'. Business and recruitment is carried out mainly through the summer in different places across Sweden. Organizational activities during the remainder of the year are held in the regional and youth-led associations.


Harvey E. Johnson Jr.

Harvey Elwood Johnson Jr., retired Vice Admiral, United States Coast Guard, is the President of Humanitarian Services for the American Red Cross. Previously, Johnson was the former Vice President for National Preparedness and Response Solutions at BAE Systems and Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Early life.
Johnson received a Bachelor of Science degree at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in 1975, and an M.S. at the Naval Postgraduate School in 1983, and a Master of Science in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management as a Sloan Fellow in 1993.
Career.
Coast Guard career.
Johnson began his career as a deck watch officer aboard the USCGC "Steadfast" (WMEC-623). He then earned his Naval Aviator wings in 1977. He flew the HH-52A helicopter at Coast Guard Air Station Houston, the HH-3F at Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, the HH-65A in Brooklyn and Corpus Christi, and the HH-60J in San Diego. Staff assignments included: Aviation Assignment Officer in the Office of Personnel and Training; Program Reviewer and Analyst within the Office of the Chief of Staff; Deputy Chief, Programs Division within the Office of the Chief of Staff; and, member of the Streamlining Team.
Johnson assumed the duties of Commander, Pacific Area in June 2004. The Area of Operations for the Pacific Area encompasses over 73 million square miles west of the Rocky Mountains and throughout the Pacific Basin to the Far East. Prior to this assignment, he was the Commander, Seventh Coast Guard District and served as the Director, Homeland Security Task Force-Southeast, where he directed Operation Able Sentry, the DHS response to the crisis in Haiti. In addition to these duties, Johnson served as the Executive Director of the Coast Guard's transition into the Department of Homeland Security, Director of Operations Capability, and Director of Operations Policy.
Prior to promotion to flag rank in 2001, Johnson served as the Executive Assistant to the Commandant of the Coast Guard. Other assignments included: Commanding Officer of Air Station Brooklyn, and concurrently as Commanding Officer of Air Station San Diego and Commander, Activities San Diego. Johnson also served as a fellow at the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group in Newport, Rhode Island.
FEMA career.
On April 6, 2006 Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff announced the appointment of Vice Admiral Johnson as FEMA deputy director.
On September 7, 2007 President George W. Bush announced his intention to nominate Johnson to serve in his administration as Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Emergency Management Agency at the Department of Homeland Security.
Achievements.
After joining FEMA in the Spring of 2006, VADM Johnson spearheaded then-Administrator R. David Paulison's initiative to create a clear mission statement and execute his (Paulison's) vision for a "New FEMA." With the full support of the White House and Department of Homeland Security, Johnson executed a series of assessments of the current status of FEMA from top to bottom following the much publicized failures after Hurricane Katrina. Requiring a "business approach to FEMA," Johnson helped turn the Agency around, and greatly improved both its internal and external operations. Just three years after Katrina, FEMA has received high marks from detractors such as Rep. Bennie Thompson (D-MS) and Sen. Joe Lieberman (I-CT), Chairmen of FEMA's oversight committees in Congress for performance in recent hurricanes such as Gustav and Ike, flooding in the midwest and severe winter storms in the northeast.
In January, 2009, Johnson's public service career ended with his retirement from government service.
Criticism.
On October 24, 2007, FEMA announced a news conference about the recent California wildfires. But with no reporters on hand and an agency video camera providing a feed, carried live by some television networks, FEMA press employees posed as reporters and asked the questions for Deputy Administrator Johnson. Two days later, Johnson admitted that the press conference had been staged, saying, "We can and must do better, and apologize for this error in judgment."
Awards.
His major decorations include the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit (3), the Meritorious Service Medal (3), the Coast Guard Commendation Medal (2), and the Coast Guard Achievement Medal.
Personal.
Johnson is a native of Tampa, Florida. He is married to the former Janet L. Cronin of Boston, Massachusetts, and they have two children, Jennifer and Scott. He also has one granddaughter, Kaitlin.


List of United States Marines

The following is a list of people who served in the United States Marine Corps "and" have gained fame through previous or subsequent endeavors, infamy, or successes. Marines who became notable in the United States Marine Corps and are part of the Marine Corps history and lore are listed and posted in the list of historically notable United States Marines.


Marine Corps Brevet Medal

The Marine Corps Brevet Medal, also known as the Brevet Medal, was a military decoration of the United States Marine Corps; it was created in 1921 as a result of Marine Corps Order Number 26. The decoration was a one-time issuance and retroactively recognized living Marine Corps officers who had received a brevet rank. The similar practice of frocking continues in all five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.
Brevet promotions were used by the United States military in some capacity from 1775 until they were discontinued in 1900. The Army was the only branch authorized to grant brevets until 1814, when the Marine Corps was granted the same privilege. For the 86 years, the Marine Corps awarded 121 brevet promotions to 100 Marine Corps officers. Captain Anthony Gale was the first to receive a brevet promotion in 1814 and John Twiggs Myers, who died in 1952, was the last surviving recipient.
In 1921 Commandant John A. Lejeune requested that a Marine Corps Brevet Medal be authorized; after it was approved and created, the decoration was given to the last 20 living Marine Corps officers who received brevet promotions.
Brevet promotions.
A brevet promotion or "brevet" is the advancement in rank without the advancement in either pay grade or position. Typically, a brevetted officer would be given the insignia of the brevetted rank, but not the pay or formal authority. Brevet promotions were originally authorized for the United States Army in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress. In 1778 a resolution was passed stating brevets would only be authorized "..to officers in the line or in case of very eminent services...".
The Marine Corps would not receive the authorization from Congress for brevet promotions until 1814 stating "... That the President is hereby authorized to confer brevet rank on such officers of the Marine Corps as shall distinguish themselves by gallant actions and meritorious conduct or shall have served ten years in any one grade...".
In 1814 Anthony Gale became the first Marine to receive a brevet promotion when he was brevetted to Major, having been a Captain for ten years. By the time the practice of brevet promotions was discontinued in 1900, 121 brevet promotions were bestowed on 100 Marine Corps officers.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, brevet promotions were common in the United States armed forces. New officers received brevet rank until authorized positions were made available, or they could be brevetted to fill higher positions for gallantry. During the American Civil War, most senior officers received a brevet promotion, particularly during the final months of the war.
Due to the establishment of the Medal of Honor and the change in rules allowing both officers and enlisted to receive it, the need for brevet promotions diminished. During the American Civil War, the Army used the issuing of brevet promotions to such a degree that Congress passed an act in 1869 that restricted the issuance of brevet promotions. The act established three requirements for awarding a brevet: "they could only be awarded in time of war and then only for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy, and it also removed all privileges of command based upon brevet rank except as directed by the President."
In 1870 Congress passed a law stating that no officer could wear, nor be addressed by, their brevet rank making brevet promotions an honorary decoration only. Because of this new law the last nine brevet promotions awarded by the Marine Corps occurred during the Boxer Rebellion. On June 7, 1921, the Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby approved then-Commandant John A. Lejeune's request for a medal denoting the holder of a brevet promotion to be issued. Marine Corps Order #26 was issued on June 27, 1921, authorizing the medal to be ordered and by November 10, 1921 the medals had been created. This decoration was justified on the grounds that, until 1915, Marine Corps officers were not eligible for the Medal of Honor.
In 1940 the Marine Corps declared the Brevet Medal obsolete; the medal was never issued again. The concept of brevet commissions was phased out of the United States military, and was replaced by temporary and field promotions, which were awarded more frequently than brevet ranks.
Award of the medal was approved for twenty-three men, three of whom died before they could receive this award. Of the twenty recipients, three were holders of both the Marine Corps Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor.
Description and symbolism.
The Marine Corps Brevet Medal was considered to be the equivalent of the Navy Cross, although in precedence it ranks just behind the Medal of Honor. Recipients of the medal had received field commissions as Marine Corps officers, under combat conditions, and had performed feats of distinction and gallant service. Initially, the Brevet Medal ranked behind the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and was issued to 23 active, retired, and discharged Marine Corps personnel.
The medal was designed by Sergeant Joseph Alfred Burnett and contained a ribbon, in USMC scarlet, closely resembling the blue-and-white starred pattern of the Medal of Honor. No attached devices for the Brevet Medal were authorized.
Front of medal.
The medal consists of a bronze cross pattée, with the center of each arm extended in a semi-circular shape and in the center of the front is the word "BREVET", encircled by the words "UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS". A small five-pointed star, point-up, is at the bottom center of the circle formed by the inscription and a small Marine Corps insignia (eagle, globe and anchor) attaches the medal to its suspension ring.
Back of medal.
The back of the medal is plain except for its center, which contains the inscription "FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT" in a circle, and the words "IN PRESENCE OF ENEMY" in the center. The original medals were neither named nor numbered.


USCGC Castle Rock (WAVP-383)


British Army order of precedence

The British Army is listed according to an order of precedence for the purposes of parading. This is the order in which the various corps of the army parade, from right to left, with the unit at the extreme right being highest. Under ordinary circumstances, the Household Cavalry parades at the extreme right of the line. Militia and Army Reserve units take precedence after Regular units with the exception of The Honourable Artillery Company and The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers.
Order of precedence.
In the British Army's Order of Precedence, the Household Cavalry is always listed first and always parades at the extreme right of the line. However, an exception is taken when the Royal Horse Artillery is on parade with its guns in which case it takes precedence.
Household Cavalry, Royal Armoured Corps and Infantry orders of precedence.
Cavalry, Tank and infantry regiments of the British Army are listed in their own orders of precedence, which dates back to when regiments had numbers rather than names. The order comes from the start of the regiment's service under the Crown, up to 1881 and the "Cardwell Reforms", when the use of numbers was abolished in favour of linking with and using county names. The regiments of the Household Division are always listed first, as they are the most senior, followed by the line regiments. In today's army, which has many regiments formed through amalgamations of other regiments, the rank in the order of precedence is that of the more senior of the amalgamated units. It is for this reason that the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, one of the youngest in the army, is ranked second in the line infantry order – it is the direct descendant of the 2nd Regiment of Foot.
Cavalry and RTR order of precedence.
The majority of line cavalry regiments in the British Army now form part of a wider administrative formation called the Royal Armoured Corps, along with the Royal Tank Regiment. The two cavalry guards regiments are part of a separate administrative formation called the Household Cavalry.
Cavalry – notes.
 The 1st Life Guards, 2nd Life Guards and the Royal Horse Guards, were originally termed Horse Guards and given precedence over the Cavalry regiments of the Line. The 1st Royal Dragoons was a line regiment.
 In the sequence for Cavalry of the Line, Cavalry, consisting of Dragoon Guards, come first in the order of precedence with their own numbering sequence. Light Cavalry, consisting of Dragoons, Hussars and Lancers, have their own (single) sequence, hence 1st Dragoons, 3rd Hussars, 5th Lancers, 6th Dragoons, 8th Hussars, 9th Lancers, etc.
 Although one of the antecedent regiments of the Royal Lancers was the 5th Lancers, this regiment was formed in the 1850s, resurrecting the number of an old regiment and thus ranked in precedence after the 17th Lancers.
 The RTR (which was formed during the First World War) takes final place in the RAC order.
Infantry order of precedence.
The infantry is ranked in the order of Foot Guards, Line infantry, Rifles. The Royal Marines, as the descendant of the old Army marine regiments of the 17th and 18th centuries, were included in the Order of Precedence after the descendant of the 49th Foot (the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Light Infantry (RGBWLI)), which was the last line regiment of foot formed prior to the formation of the Royal Marines, when not on parade with the Royal Navy. On the completion of the infantry reorganisation in 2007, the RGBWLI, along with the Devonshire and Dorset Light Infantry, the Light Infantry and the Royal Green Jackets, were absorbed into what has become part of The Rifles, and moved last in the Order of Precedence. As of April 2008 the Royal Marines are considered to no longer be a separate arm of the Royal Navy, but rather an integral part of it. Therefore, they no longer have a place amongst the (Army) infantry regiments and now take their place as part of the Royal Navy and parade on the right of the line. Even if there is no other Naval contingent present they are the senior formation on ceremonial occasions. If other contingents of the Royal Navy are on parade, the Royal Marines take their place after them, but before all army regiments and corps. ("The Royal Marines are no longer in the Army order of precedence, but now assume precedence within the Royal Navy at all times.")
Infantry – notes.
 The infantry order of precedence has several missing numbers, due to infantry regiments being disbanded:
 Although the Grenadier Guards traces its formation to a date after both the Coldstream Guards and Scots Guards, it stands as the senior foot guards regiment by virtue of being on the English establishment in the service of the Crown for the longest. The Coldstream Guards formed part of the New Model Army until 1661, while the Scots Guards became part of the English Army in 1686.
 Up to 2006, five line infantry regiments had never been amalgamated in their entire history. In 2006 and 2007, these were amalgamated into large regiments under the planned reorganisation of the infantry:
 Although The Rifles is descended from many numbered regiments, it is last in the order of precedence because the unnumbered regiment The Rifle Brigade has served longest as a rifle regiment. The Royal Gurkha Rifles comes before The Rifles because one of its predecessors (the 2nd Gurkha Rifles) entered service before the Rifle Brigade ceased using its old number (95th). As both the Royal Gurkha Rifles and The Rifles are rifle regiments they come last in the order of precedence thus the Parachute Regiment comes before both.
Precedence within the Colonial Forces.
Not all imperial units had been considered part of the British Army and placed on the order of precedence. The Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery had numbered 10th and the Royal Malta Artillery had numbered 11th. Originally, the part-time reserve units in Bermuda, the Channel Islands and Malta had (in 1945) numbered collectively as 28th in order of precedence, but were ordered within that according to the order of their parent corps in the regular army. This meant, by example, that the Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA), raised in 1895, as part of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, preceded the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC), raised in 1894. Today, the Royal Bermuda Regiment, an amalgam of the BMA and BVRC, is ordered 28th.


Bernie Blanchette

Bernard Robert Blanchette (July 11, 1947 – August 25, 2006) was a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. During the 1972–73 season, Blanchette played 47 games in the World Hockey Association with the Chicago Cougars and Alberta Oilers, scoring 7 goals and 7 assists. After his retirement from professional hockey, he joined the RCMP.