National Museum of Brazil

The National Museum of Brazil () was Brazil's oldest scientific institution. It is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where it is installed in the Paço de São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher's Palace), which is inside the Quinta da Boa Vista. The main building was originally the residence of the Portuguese Royal Family between 1808 and 1821 and was later used to house the Brazilian Imperial Family between 1822 and 1889. After the monarchy was deposed, it hosted the Republican Constituent Assembly from 1889 to 1891 before being assigned to the use of the museum in 1892. The building was listed as Brazilian National Heritage in 1938 and was largely destroyed by a fire in 2018.
Founded by King João VI of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on 6 June 1818, under the name of "Royal Museum", the institution was initially housed at the Campo de Santana park, where it exhibited the collections incorporated from the former House of Natural History, popularly known as "Casa dos Pássaros" ("House of the Birds"), created in 1784 by the Viceroy of Brazil, , as well as collections of mineralogy and zoology. The museum foundation was intended to address the interests of promoting the socioeconomic development of the country by the diffusion of education, culture, and science. In the 19th century, the institution was already established as the most important South American museum of its type. In 1946, it was incorporated into the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
The National Museum held a vast collection with more than 20 million objects, one of the largest collections of natural history and anthropological artifacts in the world, encompassing some of the most important material records regarding natural science and anthropology in Brazil, as well as numerous items that came from other regions of the world and were produced by several cultures and ancient civilizations. Built-up over more than two centuries through expeditions, excavations, acquisitions, donations and exchanges, the collection was subdivided into seven main nuclei: geology, paleontology, botany, zoology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and ethnology. The collection was the principal basis for the research conducted by the academic departments of the museumwhich are responsible for carrying out activities in all the regions of the Brazilian territory and several places of the world, including the Antarctic continent. The museum holds one of the largest scientific libraries of Brazil, with over 470,000 volumes and 2,400 rare works.
In the area of education, the museum offers specializations, extension and post-graduation courses in several fields of the knowledge, in addition to hosting temporary and permanent exhibitions and educational activities open to the general public. The museum manages the "Horto Botânico" (Botanical Garden), adjacent to the "Paço de São Cristóvão", as well as an advanced campus in the city of Santa Teresa, in Espírito Santothe Santa Lúcia Biological Station, jointly managed with the Museum of Biology Prof. Mello Leitão. A third site, located in the city of Saquarema, is used as a support and logistics center for field activities. Finally, the museum is also dedicated to editorial production, outstanding in that field the "Archivos do Museu Nacional", the oldest scientific journal of Brazil, continuously published since 1876.
The palace, which housed a large part of the collection, was destroyed in a fire on the night of 2 September 2018. The building had been called a "firetrap" by critics, who argued the fire was predictable and could have been prevented. The fire began in the air-conditioning system of the auditorium on the ground floor. One of the three devices did not have external grounding, there was no individual circuit breaker for each of them, and a wire was without insulation in contact with metal. In the wake of the fire, the ruined edifice was being treated as an archaeological site and undergoing reconstruction efforts, with a metallic roof covering a 5,000 m² area including debris.
In 2019, more than 30,000 pieces of the Imperial Family's past were found during archaeological works on Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden nearby, part of Quinta da Boa Vista. Among the finds are many items such as fragments of crockery, cups, plates, cutlery, horseshoes and even buttons and brooches with imperial coat of arms from military clothing. Those items were given to the museum. After being destroyed by fire, the National Museum has received donations to the amount of R$ 1.1 million in seven months towards rebuilding efforts. The financial help is expected more from international influences than from the local Brazilian population.
History.
The National Museum was officially established by King João VI of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1769–1826) in 1818 with the name "Royal Museum", in an initiative to stimulate scientific research in the Kingdom of Brazil, then a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Initially, the museum housed plant and animal specimens, especially birds, which caused it to be known by locals n as the "House of the Birds".
After the marriage of King João VI's eldest son and Brazil's first Emperor, Dom Pedro I (1798–1834), to H.I. & R.H. Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria (1797–1826), the Museum started to attract some of the greatest European naturalists of the 19th century, such as Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (1782–1867), Johann Baptist von Spix (1781–1826), and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868). Other European researchers who explored the country, such as Augustin Saint-Hilaire (1799–1853) and the Baron von Langsdorff (1774–1852), contributed to the collections of the Royal Museum.
By the end of the 19th century, reflecting the personal preferences of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Pedro II (1825–1891), the National Museum started to invest in the areas of the anthropology, paleontology and archaeology. The Emperor himself, who was an avid amateur scientist and enthusiastic supporter of all branches of science, contributed with several of the collections of the art of Ancient Egypt, botanical fossils, etc., which he acquired during many of his trips abroad. In this way, the National Museum was modernized and became the most important museum of natural history and human sciences of South America. Edmund Roberts visited the museum in 1832, noting that the museum only had three open rooms at that time, and that the closed rooms were "sadly plundered of its contents by Don Pedro."
D. Pedro II was well aware of the shortage of true scientists and naturalists in Brazil. He fixed this problem by inviting foreign scientists to come to work at the Museum. The first to come was Ludwig Riedel (1761–1861), a German botanist who had participated in Baron von Langsdorff's famed expedition to Mato Grosso from 1826 to 1828. Other scientists to come were German chemist Theodor Peckolt and American geologist and paleontologist Charles Frederick Hartt (1840–1878). In the following years, the museum gradually became known so it continued to attract several foreign scientists who wished to achieve scientific stature with their work in Brazil, such as Fritz Müller (1821–1897), Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930), Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke (1848–1894), Orville Adalbert Derby (1851–1915), Émil August Goeldi (1859–1917), Louis Couty (1854–1884) and others; all of them were fired by museum director Ladislau Netto when the Emperor was deposed.
The Emperor was a very popular figure when he was deposed by a military coup in 1889, so the republicans tried to erase the symbols of the Empire. One of these symbols, the Paço de São Cristóvão, the official residence of the emperors in the Quinta da Boa Vista, became vacant; therefore, in 1892, the National Museum, with all its collections, valuables and researchers, was transferred to this palace, where it stays until today.
In 1946, the museum's management was passed to the University of Brazil, currently the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The researchers and their offices and laboratories occupy a good part of the palace and other buildings erected at Botanical Gardens (Horto Florestal), in the Quinta da Boa Vista park – one of the largest scientific libraries of Rio. The National Museum offers graduate courses in the following areas: anthropology, sociology, botany, geology, paleontology, and zoology.
It was presented as a Lego Idea.
Former collections.
The museum sheltered one of the largest exhibits of the Americas, prior to the fire, consisting of animals, insects, minerals, aboriginal collections of utensils, Egyptian mummies and South American archaeological artifacts, meteorites, fossils and many other findings.
One of the meteorites that was on display is the Bendegó meteorite, which weighs over and was discovered in 1784.
Archaeology.
The collection of archaeology of the National Museum comprised more than 100,000 objects, covering distinct several civilizations that lived in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, since the Paleolithic Age until the 19th century. The collection is subdivided into four main segments: Ancient Egypt, Mediterranean cultures, Pre-Columbian archaeology, and Pre-Columbian Brazil last nucleus, systematically gathered since 1867, is the largest segment of the archaeological collection, as well as the most important collection of its typology in the world, covering the history of Pre-Cabraline Brazil in a very comprehensive manner and sheltering some of the most important material records related to Brazilian archaeology. It was, therefore, a collection of considerable scientific value, and object of several works of basic research, theses, dissertations, and monographs.
Ancient Egypt.
With more than 700 items, the collection of Egyptian archaeology of the National Museum was one of the largest of Latin America and one of the oldest in the Americas. Most part of the objects entered the museum collection in 1826, when the tradesman Nicolau Fiengo brought from Marseille an assemblage of Egyptian antiquities that belonged to the famous Italian explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni, who had been in charge of excavating the Theban Necropolis (modern-day Luxor) and the Temple of Karnak.
This collection had Argentina as the initial destination, and had probably been ordered by the president of that country, Bernardino Rivadavia, creator of the University of Buenos Aires and a noted enthusiast of museums. However, a naval blockade at the La Plata River would impede Fiengo from completing his journey, forcing him to return from Montevideo to Rio de Janeiro, where the pieces were offered at an auction. Emperor Pedro I bought the entire collection for five million "réis", and subsequently donated it to the National Museum. It has been suggested that the action of Pedro I would have been influenced by José Bonifácio de Andrada, a relevant early member of Freemasonry in Brazil, perhaps driven by the interest that the organization had for the Egyptian iconography.
The collection started by Pedro I would be expanded by his son, emperor Pedro II, an amateur Egyptologist and notable collector of archaeological and ethnographic artifacts. One of the most important additions to the Egyptian collection of the National Museum made by Pedro II is the polychromed wood sarcophagus of the singer of Amun, Sha-Amun-en-su, from the Late Period, offered to the emperor as a gift during his second trip to Egypt, in 1876, by the Khedive Ismail Pasha. The sarcophagus is distinguished for its rarity, since it is one of few examples that have never been opened, still preserving the mummy of the singer in its interior. The collection would be enriched through other acquisitions and donations, becoming, at the beginning of the 20th-century, sufficiently relevant to draw the attention of international researchers and Egyptologists, such as Alberto Childe, who served as conservator of the Department of Archaeology of the museum between 1912 and 1938 and was also responsible for publishing the "Guide of the Collections of Classical Archaeology of the National Museum", in 1919.
Besides the aforementioned coffin of Sha-Amun-en-su, the museum possesses other three sarcophagi, from the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Era, belonging to three priests of Amun: Hori, Pestjef, and Harsiese. The museum also conserves six human mummies (four adults and two children), as well as a number of mummies and sarcophagi of animals (cats, ibises, fishes, and crocodiles). Among the human examples, the highlight is a mummy of a woman from the Roman Period, which is considered extremely rare for the preparatory technique used, of which there are only eight similar examples worldwide. Called "princess of the Sun" or "princess Kherima", the mummy has her members and fingers of the hands and feet individually swaddled and is richly adorned, with painted strips. "Princess Kherima" is one of the most popular items of the National Museum collection, being even related to accounts of parapsychological experiences and collective trances, that supposedly occurred in the 1960s. "Kherima" also inspired the romance "The Secret of the Mummy" by Everton Ralph, member of the Rosicrucian society.
The collection of votive and funerary steles is composed of dozens of pieces dated, in their majority, from the Intermediate Period and the Late Era. The steles of Raia and Haunefer, which are graved with titles of Semitic origins present in the Bible and in the tablets of Mari, stand out, as well as an unfinished stele, attributed to the emperor Tiberius, of the Roman Period. The museum also had a vast collection of "shabtis", "i.e." statuettes representing funerary servers, including a group of pieces that belonged to pharaoh Seti I, excavated from his tomb at the Valley of the Kings. The rare artifacts included a limestone statue of a young woman, dated of the New Kingdom, carrying a conic ointment vessel on the top of her headan iconography that is almost exclusively found among paintings and reliefs. The collection also includes fragments of reliefs, masks, statues of deities in bronze, stone and wood (such as representations of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris), canopic jars, alabaster bowls, funerary cones, jewels, and amulets.
Mediterranean cultures.
The collection of classical archaeology of the National Museum added up to around 750 pieces and consists mostly of Greek, Roman, Etruscan, and Italiote objects, being the largest collection of its kind in Latin America. Most of the pieces previously belonged to the Greco-Roman collection of empress Teresa Cristina, who had been interested in archaeology since her youth. When the empress disembarked in Rio de Janeiro in 1843, right after her proxy wedding to emperor Pedro II, she brought an assemblage of antiquities found during the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii, the Ancient Roman cities destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Part of this collection had also belonged to Carolina Murat, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte and queen consort of the king of Naples, Joachim Murat.
In turn, Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, brother of empress Teresa Cristina, had ordered the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii, initiated in the 18th century, be resumed. The recovered pieces were sent to the Royal Bourbon Museum of Naples. Aiming to increase the number of classical artifacts in Brazil with a view to the future creation of a museum of Greco-Roman archaeology in the country, the empress established formal exchanges with the Kingdom of Naples. She requested the shipment of Greco-Roman objects to Rio de Janeiro, while sending artifacts of indigenous origins to Italy. The empress also personally financed excavations in Veios, an Etruscan archeological site located fifteen kilometers north of Rome, thus enabling a large part of the objects found there to be brought to Brazil. A greater part of those had been gathered between 1853 and 1859, but Teresa Cristina continued to enrich the collection until the fall of the Brazilian empire in 1889, when the Republic was proclaimed and the empress left the country with all the royal family.
Among the highlights of the collection were a set of four frescos from Pompeii, made around the 1st century AD. Two of those are decorated with marine motifs, respectively depicting a sea dragon and a seahorse as the central figure surrounded by dolphins, and had adorned the lower walls of the room of the devotees at the Temple of Isis. The other two frescos are decorated with representations of plants, birds, and landscapes, stylistically close to the paintings of Herculaneum and Stabiae. The museum also housed a large number of objects from Pompeii portraying the daily life of Ancient Roman citizens: "fibulae", jewels, mirrors, and other pieces of the Roman female "toilette", glass and bronze vessels, phallic amulets, oil lamps molded in terracotta, etc.
The collection of Mediterranean pottery comprised more than dozens of objects and is noted for the diversity of origins, shapes, decorations and utilitarian purposes. Several of the most important styles and schools of classical antiquity are represented, from the Corinthian geometric style of the 7th century BC to the Roman terracotta amphoras of the Early Christian era. The museum houses examples of "kraters", "oenochoai", "kantharos", chalices, "kyathos", cups, "hydriai", "lekythoi", "askoi", and "lekanides". The groups of Etruscan "Bucchero" pottery (7th–4th centuries BC), Greek black-figure vases (7th–5th centuries BC), Gnathian vessels (4th century BC), and the vast set of Italian red-figure vases, with ceramics from Apulia, Campania, Lucania and Magna Graecia, which also stand out.
The collection of sculptures comprised a large number of Tanagra figurines, small terracotta sculptures of Greek origin that were widely appreciated in the Ancient world, as well as a group of Etruscan bronze statuettes representing warriors and female figures. The collection of military artifacts included entire pieces or fragments of helmets, maces, scabbards, bronze blades, brooches and "phalleras".
Pre-Columbian archaeology.
The National Museum housed an important group of about 1,800 artifacts produced by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas during the Pre-Columbian era, as well as Andean mummies. Gathered throughout the 19th century, the collection was based on holdings of the Brazilian royal family, with several objects coming from the private collection of Emperor Pedro II. It was later enlarged through acquisitions, donations, exchanges, and excavations. By the end of the 19th-century, the collection already had considerable prestige, being cited, on the occasion of opening the 1889 Anthropological Exposition, as one of the largest collections of South American archaeology.<ref name="Projeto Exposição MN/UFRJ"></ref>
The collection comprised mostly objects related to the textile manufacturing, featherwork, ceramic production, and stonecraft of the Andean cultures (groups of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina) and, to a lesser extent, of the Amazonian natives (including a rare assemblage of artifacts from the area of present-day Venezuela) and Mesoamerican cultures (mainly from present-day Mexico and Nicaragua). Several aspects of the daily routine, social organization, religiosity, and imagery of the Pre-Columbian civilizations are addressed in the collection, which has items from common daily use (clothing, body ornaments, weapons) to more refined artifacts, imbued with notable artistic sense (measurement and musical instruments, ritual objects, figurative ceramic sculptures and vessels distinguished for their aesthetic features). Other aspects of Pre-Columbian life, such as the dynamics of trade, ideological diffusion, and cultural influences among the groups, are also represented in the collection. Items are evaluated in terms of the similarity of decorative patterns and artistic techniques, as well as in the subjects portrayed. Common to nearly all distinct groups are such subjects as plants, nocturnal animals (bats, serpents, owls), and fantastic creatures associated to natural elements and phenomena.<ref name="Visitação Escolar MN/UFRJ"></ref>
The best represented groups, in the context of Andean cultures, include:
The collection of Andean mummies of the National Museum allows a glimpse at the funerary practices of the cultures of the region. The mummies of the collection were preserved either naturally (as a result of the favorable geo-climatic conditions of the Andean Mountains) or artificially, in the context of religious and ritualistic practices. Originating from Chiu Chiu, at the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, there is a mummy of a man with an estimated age of 3,400 to 4,700 years, preserved in a seated position, with the head resting on the knees and covered by a wool cap. This was the position which the Atacaman cultures used to sleep, due to the cold climate of the desert. It was also the position in which they were buried, together with their belongings. A second mummy in the collectionan Aymara man, found in the surroundings of Lake Titicaca, between Peru and Boliviais preserved in the same position, but involved in a funerary bundle. The collection of mummies also include a boy, donated by the Chilean government, and, illustrating the techniques of artificial mummification of Pre-Columbian cultures, an example of a shrunken head, coming from the Jivaroan peoples of equatorial Amazon, of ritualistic purposes.
Brazilian archaeology.
The collection of Brazilian archaeology of the National Museum brought together a vast set of artifacts produced by the cultures that flourished in the Brazilian territory during the pre-colonial era, with more than 90,000 objects. It was considered the largest collection in its typology worldwide. Gradually assembled since the early 19th century, the collection started being systematically gathered since 1867 and has been continually expanded until the present day, through excavations, acquisitions and donations, also serving as basis for a large number of research projects conducted by the academics of the museum, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and other institutions. It was composed of objects coming from all regions of Brazil, establishing a timeline spanning more than 10,000 years.
From the oldest inhabitants of the Brazilian territory (horticulturists and hunter-gatherer groups), the museum preserved several artifacts made of stone (flint, quartz and other minerals) and bones, such as projectile points used for hunting, axe blades of polished stone and other tools used for carving, scraping, cleaving, triturating, and piercing, in addition to artifacts of ceremonial use and adornments. Although objects made of wood, fiber, and resin were also produced, the majority of them didn't stand the test of time and are almost absent in the collection, except for some individual piecesnamely a woven straw basket covered by resin, only partially preserved, found in the southern coast of Brazil.
In the segment regarding the Sambaqui people, "i.e." the fishing and gathering communities which lived in the south-central coast of Brazil between 8,000 years before present and the early Christian era, the National Museum holds a large number of vestiges originating from deposits constituted of agglomerated lime and organic materialthe so-called Sambaquis, or middens. Two fragments of Sambaquis are preserved in the collection, in addition to a group of human skeletal remains found in these archaeological sites, as well as several cultural testimonies of the Sambaqui people, encompassing utilitarian objects used in routine tasks (vessels, bowls, pestles and mortars carved in stone), ceremonies and rituals (such as votive statuettes). Among the highlights of the Sambaqui collection, there is a large set of zoolites (stone sculptures of votive use, with representation of animals, such as fish and birds, and human figures).
The collection included several examples of funerary urns, rattles, dishes, bowls, clothing, dresses, idols, and amulets, with emphasis being placed on ceramic objects, produced by numerous cultures of precolonial Brazil. Best represented groups in the collection include:
The National Museum held the oldest known examples of indigenous mummies found in the Brazilian territory. The collection consisted of the body of an adult woman of approximately 25 years of age, and two children, one located at her feet, with an estimated age of twelve months, involved in a bundle, and a new-born, also covered by a mantle, positioned behind the head of the woman. This mummified set is composed of individuals that probably belonged to the group of the Botocudos (or Aimoré) people, of the Macro-Jê branch. They were found at the "Caverna da Babilônia", a cavern located in the city of Rio Novo, interior of the state of Minas Gerais, in a farm that belonged to Maria José de Santana, who donated the mummies to emperor Pedro II. As an act of gratitude for this favor, Pedro II awarded Maria José with the title of Baroness of Santana.
Financial difficulties.
From 2014 the museum faced budget cuts that dropped its maintenance to less than R$ 520,000 annually. The budget was so low, there was US$ 0.01 to spend on each of the artifacts. The building fell into disrepair, evidenced by peeling wall material, exposed electrical wiring, and termite problem. By June 2018, the museum's 200th anniversary, it had reached a state of near-complete abandonment. There was an offer from the World Bank to purchase the museum for US$80 m, which was turned down because the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro would have to give up ownership.
According to the dean of UFRJ "Denise Pires de Carvalho", the university does not have the money to pay bills of light delayed since January 2019, of water since 2 years, of security and cleaning services. She also said that although they do not have any more money available, she would seek the release of 20% of the R$43 million released by the parliamentary bench in Rio de Janeiro to continue the reconstruction works of the National Museum. It aims to reopen at least one wing of the palace in 2022, the year of independence bicentennial.
2018 fire.
The building was heavily damaged by a large fire which began about 19:30 local time (23:30 UTC) on 2 September 2018.
Although some items were saved, it is believed that 92.5% of its archive of 20 million items were destroyed in the fire, though circa 1.5 million items are stored in a separate building, which were not damaged.
First responders fighting the fire were hindered by a lack of water. Rio's fire chief claimed that two nearby fire hydrants had insufficient water, leaving firefighters to resort to pumping water from a nearby lake. According to a CEDAE () employee, although the hydrants did have water, the water pressure was very low, due to the fact that the building is on top of a hill. Brazilian President Michel Temer claimed the loss due to the fire to be "incalculable."
Background.
Museum Deputy Director Luiz Fernando Dias Daniel pointed to neglect by successive governments as a cause of the fire, saying that curators "fought with different governments to get adequate resources to preserve what is now completely destroyed" and that he felt "total dismay and immense anger." The museum lacked a fire sprinkler system, although there were smoke detectors and a few fire extinguishers. The museum did not receive the R$520,000 per year necessary for its maintenance since 2014, and it closed temporarily in 2015 when cleaning and security staff could no longer be paid. Repairs to a popular exhibit hall had to be crowd-funded, and the museum's maintenance budget had been cut by 90 per cent by 2018. There were visible signs of decay before the fire, such as peeling walls and exposed wiring. The museum celebrated its 200th anniversary in June 2018 in a situation of partial abandonment. No state ministers attended the occasion.
Fire.
A large fire broke out shortly after the museum closed on 2 September 2018, reaching all three floors of the building. Firefighters were called at 19:30 local time (22:30 UTC) and arrived quickly at the scene. However, the fire chief reported that the two fire hydrants closest to the museum had no water, and trucks had to be sent to a nearby lake. According to the spokesman for the fire department, the fire crews went inside the burning building to rescue artifacts, despite there being no people inside, and they were able to remove items with the help of museum staff.
The fire was out of control by 21:00 (00:00 UTC 3 September), with great flames and occasional explosions, being fought by firefighters from four sectors. Dozens of people went to Quinta da Boa Vista to see the fire. A specialized team of firefighters entered the building at 21:15 to block areas still not hit by the flames and to evaluate the extent of the damage. However, by 21:30, the whole building had been engulfed by the fire, including exhibitions of Imperial rooms that were in the two areas at the front of the main building. The four security guards who were on duty at the museum managed to escape; first reports stated that there were no casualties, although a firefighter suffered burns to the fingers while trying to rescue the Luzia's fossil.
Two fire engines were used with turntable ladders, with two water trucks taking turns to supply water. The Brazilian Marine Corps also provided fire engines, water trucks, and a decontamination unit from a nearby base. Pictures on social media showed artifacts being rescued from the burning building by firefighters and civilians.
At 22:00 (01:00 UTC 3 September), dozens of museum employees joined the fight against the flames. Two floors of the building were already destroyed by this time, and the roof had collapsed. Brazilian Culture Minister Sérgio Sá Leitão suggested that it was probably caused by either an electric fault or by a sky lantern accidentally landing on the building.
Damage to collection.
A building area of with 122 rooms was destroyed. The building was started in 1803 with luso-lebanese "Elie Antun Lubbus". According to museum officials, approximately 92.5 percent of the collection has been destroyed. The building was uninsured.
A spokesman for the fire department reported that pieces had been recovered from the blaze, due to efforts from firefighters and workers from the museum. Information about the condition of pieces that had been displayed started being reported as early as late 2 September, when the images of items had been shared. One of these was a Roman fresco from Pompeii that had survived the eruption of Vesuvius, but was lost in the fire.
Preservation director of the museum João Carlos Nara told reporters that "very little will be left" and that they would "have to wait until the firefighters have completed their work here in order to really assess the scale of it all." The next day, firefighters began more salvage work inside the museum, trying to rescue what they could from beneath the charred remains of the collapsed roof.
The collection relating to indigenous languages is believed to have been completely destroyed, including the recordings since 1958, the chants in all the extinct languages, the Curt Nimuendajú archives (papers, photos, negatives, the original ethnic-historic-linguistic map localizing all the ethnic groups in Brazil, the only extant record from 1945), and the ethnological and archaeological references of all ethnic groups in Brazil since the 16th century. One of the linguistic researchers, Bruna Franchetto, who returned only to see her office as a pile of ash, criticised the fact that a project to back up the collection digitally had only just received funding and barely started, asking for any student who had ever come to the museum to scan or photocopy things for projects to send a copy back.
The fire destroyed the museum's collection of thousands of indigenous artifacts from the country's pre-Columbian Indo-American culture. The items include many indigenous peoples' remains as well as relics amassed in the personal collection of Pedro II. This collection also featured items from present native tribes, including "striking feather art by the Karajá people". There are only about 3,000 Karajá people left.
Indigenous people expressed anger that there was no money given to a museum with indigenous history but "the city had recently managed to find a huge budget to build a brand new Museum of Tomorrow". Cira Gonda also confirmed shortly after the fire that the indigenous linguistics collected had been completely destroyed, and so that original recordings of spoken word and song in dead languages have been lost, as well as other artifacts including those detailing the land and language distribution of tribes in Brazil.
Surviving items.
Some items survived the fire. The Bendegó meteorite from the museum's collection of meteorites, which is the biggest iron meteorite ever found in Brazil, was unscathed, due to its inherent fire-resistance. From images and video of salvage after the fire, at least three other meteorites also survived undamaged. Another meteorite called "Angra dos Reis" was rediscovered among the debris. The meteorite is worth R$ 3 million and was lost in the rubble of the National Museum. With a mass 76 thousand times smaller than that of Bendegó, with mere 65 grams and 4 cm long, Angra dos Reis rock is the most valuable of the collection and was already the object of meteorite hunters. In more than a century of research, this fragment was divided into small portions. The biggest one was buried in the rubble of the museum. Some meteorites were found on 19 October 2018, including the "Angra dos Reais", besides, burnt.
In the days following the fire, firefighters recovered several portraits from the upper floor of the museum, which had been burnt, smoke and water damaged but not destroyed. Cristiana Serejo, deputy director of the museum, also said that "part of the zoological collection, the library and some ceramics" had survived. Images were shared of research microscopes, freezers, and specimen jars being collected outside of the building by museum staff during the fire, next to a rusted hydrant. During the fire, part of the Zoology department pulled out mollusks and other marine specimens, and only stopped due to the imminent danger the fire posed. The fire did not reach an annex of the site where vertebrate specimens were kept, but due to a loss of electricity parts of the collection could become damaged.
During the salvage, an intact skull that appeared to be that of Luzia Woman was found, and sent to a nearby scientific laboratory for analysis. Due to other skulls and fragments of bones were discovered in the remains of the building prompting a need for lab testing on the found items. On 19 October 2018, it was announced that the Luzia skull indeed was found however as many fragments, which 80% were identified as being part of the frontal (forehead and nose), side, bones that are more resistant and the fragment of a femur that also belonged to the fossil and was stored. A part of the box where Luiza's skull was, was also recovered. Though the assembly of them was postponed. The bones became white, because the earth along them were burned.
A portion of the museum's collection, specifically the herbarium, and fish and reptile species, was housed elsewhere and has not been affected. There was also a large scientific library within the museum, containing thousands of rare works. People on social media were reported to have found burnt pages from the library in the nearby streets; it was later confirmed that the library proper is housed in an adjacent building and was mostly undamaged. Some burnt pages, of unknown origin, were recovered by security guards. Nine Torah scrolls from the 15th century had previously been on display but were in the library at the time and survived.
Reactions.
Brazil's president, Michel Temer, said that "the loss of the National Museum is incalculable for Brazil. Today is a tragic day for our country's museology. Two hundred years of work, research and knowledge were lost. The value of our history cannot be measured now, due to the damage to the building that housed the Royal Family during the Empire. It is a sad day for all Brazilians." His statement was echoed by Rio Mayor Marcelo Crivella, who called for rebuilding stating: "It's a national obligation to reconstruct it from the ashes, recompose every detail of the paintings and photos. Even if they are not original, they will continue to be a reminder of the royal family that gave us independence, the empire and the first constitution and national unity".
The archaeologist Zahi Hawass says that the tragedy legitimizes the movement for the repatriation of Egyptian objects in museums around the world and that if museums are not able to guarantee the safety and conservation of the objects, the archaeologist argues that to be returned to the native land. Although the collection of the National Museum was not targeted by Egyptian archaeologists, Hawass says that the destruction of the collection strengthens the movement for the repatriation of objects and that UNESCO observes countries with overseas collections and overseas museums to control them, to ensure that objects are properly protected and restored.
French President Emmanuel Macron expressed his condolences on Twitter at the event. He offered to send experts to help rebuild the museum.
Brazilian environmentalist and politician Marina Silva called the fire "a lobotomy of the Brazilian memory".
News of the fire quickly spread through the city of Rio de Janeiro, and protesters turned up at the gates in the early hours of Monday morning. Initial reports suggested that there were 500 people, forming a chain around the still-smoking building. Some of the protesters tried to climb over fencing into the museum grounds; the police who were called to attend, in full riot gear, threw tear gas bombs into the crowds. The public were later allowed to enter the grounds.
A group of Museum Studies students from the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro called for the public to send in any photographs or videos of the destroyed collections. Their appeal received 14,000 videos, photos, and drawings of the museum's exhibitions within hours.
Cultural institutions.
The president of the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, Kátia Bogéa, said that "It's a national and worldwide tragedy. Everybody can see that this is not a loss for the Brazilian people, but for the whole humanity" and commented that it was "a predictable tragedy, because we've known for a long time that Brazilian cultural heritage has no budget".
Museums around the world sent their condolences. In the UK, the British Library said "our hearts go out to the staff and users of [the National Museum] of Brazil" and called the fire "a reminder of the fragility and preciousness of our shared global heritage"; London's Natural History Museum, the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, and the Smithsonian Institution were among other institutions expressing their sorrow. The head of the Australian Museum said that she was "shocked", "devastated", and "distraught". Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities expressed both solidarity with the museum and concern over the status of more than 700 ancient Egyptian artifacts that were housed in the building. It offered to send experts, if requested by the Brazilian government, to assist the National Museum in restoring the damaged pieces.
Salvage efforts.
On 12 September 2018, work began to implement a plan to temporarily shelter and work with what is currently the ruins of the museum:
For this plan, the Brazilian government offered R$9 million as an emergency budget which has since been received by the museum. The company, Concrejato, is contracted to reinstall the walls of the building at a cost of R$8,998,075.66. and Unesco says that the reconstruction would take 10 years to get ready. Researchers are recreating 300 parts of the collection of the National Museum, including the skull of Luzia, with 3D printers. The studies are being resumed in a laboratory of the National Institute of Technology (INT), by master's and doctoral students of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
The museum is still doing some festivals called "Museu Nacional Vive" or "Museum lives" to public in tents mounted in front of current under construction improvements to the burned headquarters, with exposition of fossils, living snakes and taxidermied animals like Pterosaurs and Armadillo among others. The museum would do a permanent exposition outside. By some estimates, it would take R$100 million to rebuild the main dependencies. With the exception of a few metal cabinets intact, there are only charred fragments. Around 80% of the roof and 60% of the floors have been affected. The one million euro aid announced by Germany would allow the installation of laboratories for analysis of archaeological finds.
The museum director said there is a collective effort to rebuild the collection, pursue research, and plan the reconstruction of the institution housing six major graduate programs. He reported that classes, thesis defenses and dissertations were resumed and knowledge production did not stop. "The National Museum has lost part of its collection but has not lost the ability to create knowledge and do science," said the director. The social anthropology library, one of the most important in Latin America and totally destroyed by the fire, has received a considerable amount of donations, including the personal library of Rio de Janeiro researcher Gilberto Velho (1945–2012), who was dean of the Department of Anthropology of the museum until his death. Museum zoologists have already gone to the field to collect new specimens in an attempt to repopulate the invertebrate collection, one of the richest (with 5 million copies only in the case of insects) and harder hit by the fire. Before a revamped headquarters is available, Kellner said the museum's intention is to re-display its collection – still considerable – to the public. There is a collective funding campaign to allow the institution's loan back to schools and the plan to revitalize the museum's botanical garden so that it houses a small exhibition that would receive visitors again. "It would be an illusion, even a frivolous thing, to say that the old collection will be reconstituted, but we will continue to fulfill our role," said the director. It was also informed they plan to keep part of ruins as historical exposition with a high modern structure of equipment inside.
According to UFJR dean Roberto Leher, the facade and the exterior of the National Museum is to be preserved in the reconstruction works, but the building could be different. The recovery of the building will take into account a new concept of architecture. The cost would still depend on the concept of the museum. Technicians focus are on 3D modeling and a term of reference. New materials with low-carbon, energy-less, environmentally friendly will be used because it is a science museum. IPHAN has endorsed (since the property is overturned) to do the reconstruction taking this model into account. The new project could be with high roof space or with more slabs, depending the approval of R$100 million or € 22,610,000,00 in the budget of 2019.
On 7 May 2019, the museum presented 27 small pieces found of Egypt collection. The current director took the chance to ask for more money, a minimum of R$1 million to guarantee his services further. On 14 May 2019, the statue of the Bés god about 2,350 years old was found. The piece in rock and glass paste was one of the highlights of the collection.
The roof was finished on 8 June 2019, nine months after the fire. It is 23 m high sustained by 42 truss tower pillars with 30 thousand steel bars and 147 tons of total weight.
Cooperation agreement with the Italian government provides for restoration of damaged parts and long-term loan of Italian parts that would be displayed in the National Museum when it is ready for reopening. Until then, the exhibition would be installed in the Sala Roma of the Consulate General of Italy, in the Center of Rio de Janeiro. The Italian Ministry of Culture would collaborate in the restoration of a Koré, an important Greek female statue, which was found in 1853 in a tomb in Italy, in which Empress Teresa of Bourbon brought dowry of her marriage to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. However, the director denied to borrow pieces. Instead, he prefers money donations, which is denied by Italian and French governments. Samba Mangueira and Chico Buarque tries with music to help the museum in some way.
Reconstruction.
During the signing of a protocol of intent for technical-scientific cooperation with the Brazilian Institute of Museums (Ibram), held on 14 May 2019, it was reported that the works of restoration of the patrimony would be initiated in 2019, with an elaborated executive project of the reconstruction of the facades and of the roof, with an endowment of R$1 million. Paulo Amaral, president of Ibram, said that the new concept of the National Museum would probably be announced in April 2020, when the final formatting of the space would be defined, with parts dedicated to the historical collection, contemporary works and equipment.
On the first floor of the building was the Francisca Keller Library, which had the largest collection of anthropology and human sciences in South America. To speed up the fundraising process, they are making a crowdfunding campaign on the Benfeitoria platform. The money would be used for the demolition of the interior walls of the space, restoring the floor, finishing and painting, laying the ceiling, making the electrical and air conditioning installation and the restoration of hardware. They expect to get R$129,000 by 12 September 2019.
The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, responsible for the museum, signed on Saturday 31 August 2019 a memorandum of understanding with the Vale Foundation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the BNDES to create a governance steering committee that can lead the museum's recovery project. Vale provides R$50 million and BNDES R$21.7 million for this reconstruction. The Ministry of Education had allocated R$16 million to the National Museum. Of this total, R$8.9 million was used in emergency works, and the rest for facade and roof projects. The Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications contributed R$10 million to acquire equipment for scientific research and infrastructure actions. Germany had donated 230,000 euros so far. After 1 year since the destruction, 44% of the museum's collections had been saved. More than 50 of the 70 areas hit by the fire were searched.
Reconstruction of the facade and roof is expected to take place between the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020. In the first half of 2020, the salvage of parts of the collection and the start of the inventory process are expected to be completed. R$69 million in public funds for the project. The amount is composed of R$21 million from BNDES (R$3.3 million of which have already been released), R$43 million from the amendment of the Rio de Janeiro bench in the Chamber of Deputies and R$5 million from the Ministry Education.
On 3 October 2019, the museum has about 120 million reais available to make works, coming from funds from parliamentary amendments, the BNDES and Vale. But, the money cannot be used to buy the material needed to continue the rescue, only in the works. In the box of the Association Friends of the National Museum, there are 80 thousand reais in cash, coming from donations, but only R$25 thousand are not yet committed. The Rio de Janeiro Legislative Assembly (Alerj) donated R$20 million to help in the works. Funding are available as project steps are completed.
Political influences.
The director of the National Museum, Alexander W. A. Kellner, issued an open letter addressed to presidential candidates Jair Messias Bolsonaro and Fernando Haddad on the evening of 15 October 2018, which, along two pages, reinforces the historical importance of the institution, and recalls that his survival is tied to the responsibility of those who hold "power in the hands."
The document was also sent to the National Congress, where he had regularly gone to ask for a public hearing, during which he asked for the inclusion of resources for the museum, and for the next budget. Without these resources, he says the institution will end up harming decades of research.
In the letter, the director says that many reflect on what could have been done differently to avoid a disaster that led to the loss of an invaluable patrimony, involving millions of cultural and scientific pieces. He also adds that "others should be deeply reflecting on why, being in a position of decision, they did not act firmly in triggering actions that would have avoided the absurdity of that loss".
On 17 October 2018, the Director of the Museum had a meeting with federal deputies to first resolve the R$50 million needed to reinstall the front part of Palace. In late October 2018, the museum's director attended an audience in Brasília at the Chamber of Deputies in order to secure R$56 million for the basic reconstruction of the front part of main building, No. 1, including the facade, roof and its structure. He negotiated the money before the President-elect Jair Bolsonaro, being afraid that the building would remain destroyed for years in an abandoned state. Also, the laboratory containers were not received. On 31 October 2018, the Chamber of Deputies approved an amendment of R$55 million to the budget of 2019. This would need to be further approved by a joint committee and also by the plenary. The Director travelled to China to guarantee pieces of collections for the museum. During his travel to (Germany), specifically Berlin, Munich and Paris, France to bargain some money, the amount of R$55 million, supposed to reconstruct some part of building was reduced to R$43 million by Government. However the Louvre Museum could lend some Egyptian pieces to be displayed in Rio de Janeiro, when its reconstruction comes done. From this sum, until June 2019, Education Ministry or Ministério da Educação (MEC) paid R$908.800,00 for the facade project.
A proposal by Senator "Maria do Carmo Alves (DEM-SE)" under review in the Commission of Education, Culture and Sport proposes to include a National Day of the Museum, in the official Brazilian calendar to be celebrated on 18 May.
Until December 2018, the concern was the change of the Brazilian Government, because none of the transition teams of the future Governor of Rio de Janeiro, nor the President of the Republic Jair Messias Bolsonaro have sought the direction of the museum to talk about the disaster that hit the former Residence of the Imperial Family. Even then, the containers to store restored objects, until the reconstruction work is completed, had not yet been delivered by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, which did not express its opinion on the delay.
Recent events.
During the three months after the fire debris was removed, the "economic support network" promised by the president was not established. The partnership to help the museum would count on the participation of the Brazilian Federation of Banks (Febraban), Petrobrás, Bradesco, Itaú, Santander, Caixa, Banco do Brasil, BNDES and Vale. According to the entity, the banks are awaiting approval of Provisional Measure 851 in the National Congress to be able to make the donations. The text must be approved by Congress until February 2019. If this does not happen, the Provisional Measure loses its validity. "The first disbursement of the contract between the BNDES, the Association of Friends of the National Museum and UFRJ, with a total execution period of four years, was scheduled for October 2018 of R$ 3 million."
In June 2018, when the National Museum completed 200 years, the BNDES signed a R$21.7 million contract to pay for the update of the building, but before the first transfer of R$3 million, it caught fire. The agreement was maintained, and the BNDES promised that the money would be used to support the reconstruction works. That was not done. Until final of 2018, only R$8.9 million was released to carry out emergency works for the reconstruction of the building.
The Ministry of Education (MEC) gave R$5 million to a second phase of elaboration of recovery project of the Museum. Unesco personnel and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs visited the debris. Another R$2.5 million was allocated to the research of the institution through the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes).
1,500 items were found among the rubble, between parts of the collection, equipment, personal property and others not unidentifiable. Among them were pieces from the Egyptian collection and minerals from the Werner collection, that came to Brazil along with the Portuguese Crown, as well as pre-Columbian ceramics.
A partnership with Google Brasil, through Google Arts & Culture, allowed guided virtual tours via internet of 160 items from the collections in 2016.


Brillia Tower Tokyo

The is a residential building in the Sumida special ward of Tokyo, Japan. Completed in June 2006, it stands at 159 m (522 ft) tall.


Rizal Tower

Rizal Tower is a residential skyscraper ranked officially as the 37th tallest building in the Philippines since 2000. It has 47 storeys. The building is located on 31 Residential Drive, Rockwell Center, in Makati. The amenities in the building include a swimming pool, a library, a function room, a helipad, an access tunnel to the neighboring Power Plant Mall, and three gardens (Oval Garden, Sunken Garden, and Pocket Garden) in a tropical landscape setting. The building is managed by Rockwell Property Management Corporation.


Mercator Research Park

The Mercator Research Park is a science park located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium and it is being managed by the Brussels Regional Investment Company. The research park provides a business incubator for spin-offs of universities and space for companies active in research and development.


Corinthia Hotel St. Petersburg

The Corinthia Hotel St. Petersburg, formerly the Nevskij Palace Hotel (known in Russian as Невский Палас), is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is located on Nevsky Prospect. Corinthia Hotel St Petersburg is regarded as one of Saint Petersburg's most luxurious hotels, along with Hotel Astoria and Grand Hotel Europe.
The Nevskij Palace Hotel featured in the 1996 spy film "Midnight in Saint Petersburg" starring Michael Caine as Harry Palmer.
It recently underwent an enlargement, during which two historical buildings on either side were restored and joined to the complex to serve as a office building, and a trading center. The building project was run by Arup.
Refurbishment.
Goddard Littlefair, a London-based interior design studio, is working on a two-phase refurbishment that will seek to raise the hotel's profile and follow on from the success of Corinthia, London, unifying the structures via a modern and luxurious treatment, with light touches of art deco-era inspiration.
As part of the refurbishment, the restaurant is being redesigned as an all-day-dining, destination restaurant offer, with an elegant brasserie feel and strong Art Deco references that correlate with the rest of the hotel interior. The design treatment offers segmented and more secluded areas, so that diners in smaller groups could experience a sense of intimacy, set within a typically high-style Corinthia environment.


Church of St Constantine and Helena

The Church of St Constantine and Helena () is a church in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. It is considered to be among the oldest churches in the city. It was built in 337 at the sight of an ancient pagan temple in the acropolis on one of the fortified hills. The church was named after Emperor Constantine the Great and his mother Elena. During the years, the building was destroyed and rebuilt several times. Its current edifice was constructed in 1832 with the help of local patriots. Its magnificent frescoes and icons were painted by masters of one of the most famous Bulgarian Icongraphic Schools: the Debar School. Some of the icons and painting of the church were made by the famous Bulgarian National Revival painter Zahari Zograf who lived and worked in Plovdiv between 1836 and 1840.


Edificio Lapido

Edificio Lapido is a building on the 18 de Julio Avenue in Centro, Montevideo, Uruguay.
It is a multifunctional building, built in 1933 and designed by architect Juan Aubriot. It is a fine example of the Uruguayan international architectural renewal of the early decades of the 20th century. It is a National Heritage Site since 1989.


Vladislav Hall

Vladislav Hall is a large room within the Prague Castle complex in the Czech Republic, used for large public events of the Bohemian monarchy and the modern Czech state. Built between 1493–1502 by Benedikt Rejt during the reign of Vladislav II, the hall was the largest secular space (62m x 16m x 13m) in medieval Prague and belongs to the most complex structural and architectural spaces of the late Middle Ages. In particular, the construction of the complex stone vaulting system spanning 16m was a refined engineering feat. The third and highest floor of the palace, the hall replaced a group of rooms dating from the 14th century. Immediately underneath, the second floor is a Gothic addition built during the reign of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the 14th century, while the lowest, first floor is a Romanesque palace.
The hall was used for banquets, receptions, coronations, and other events of the Bohemian court. It was even large enough to accommodate tournaments between knights; the "Knight's Stairway" was built wide enough to accommodate horses to facilitate such activities.


Alanta Manor

Alanta Manor is a former residential manor in Naujasodis, Molėtai district.


Le Formentor

Le Formentor is a high-rise residential building in Monaco.
Location.
It is located at 27 Avenue Princesse Grace in the Larvotto district of Monaco.
History.
The construction of the building was completed in 1981. It was built by the Monegasque construction firm, J. B. Pastor et fils. It is owned by the Groupe Pastor, whose offices are located in the building. It is 27-storey high, at 78.00 metre. It was built in concrete in the modernist architectural style.
Monaco Modern’Art, an art gallery, is located in the building. The consulate of Uruguay in Monaco is also located in Le Formentor.


Epauto Adventist High School

Epauto Seventh-day Adventist Junior Secondary School is a coeducational Christian secondary school in Port Vila, Vanuatu, established in 2004.
Academics.
Each week, the school offers for Years 8 to 10:
For Year 11, Vanuatu Senior Secondary Certificate courses are being taught in 2008. This includes:
Student life.
The school provides an hour of physical education for each class; and an hour work line on Wednesday afternoon and 30 minutes on Friday afternoons.
STUDENTS UPDATE:
In 2014, the total number of students at Epauto Seventh-day Adventist Junior Secondary School is 417.
See also.
On 20 June 2014, students and teachers fundraise for their new classroom buildings by a "Walkathon" from KORMAN STADIUM to TEOUMA SHOPPING.


SaS group Tower

SaS group Tower (formerly: SHD Komes) is a high-rise in Most, Czech Republic. With a height of 96 metres it is the tallest building in Ústí nad Labem Region and the fourth tallest building in the Czech Republic. Construction of the building commenced in 1977 and finished in 1984. The building was used as the headquarters of Severočeské hnědouhelné doly. This company was one of the largest producers of brown coal in Czechoslovakia. After 1989, SD-Comes a.s. became the new owner of the building. In 2012, the owner SD - KOMES a.s. sold the building for CZK 73.5 million to SaS ENERGO s.r.o.


Guangzhou TV Tower

Guangzhou TV Tower is a lattice telecommunication tower in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou with an observation deck, erected in 1991.
A newer tower was completed in Guangzhou in October 2010, named Canton Tower that initially bore the name Guangzhou TV and Sightseeing Tower. It features observation decks on floors 107 and 108.


Hermosillo Cathedral

Hermosillo Cathedral or the Assumption Cathedral ("locally called "La Catedral" or "La Catedral de la Asunción"") stands 30 meters tall as the principal church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hermosillo and one of the most emblematic buildings of the Mexican city of Hermosillo.
Before the actual building was built, there was a smaller chapel, built in the 18th century. The current structure had to be built as the previous building was too small for the congregation. The building was supported by the then Bishop Herculano López de la Mora, and was consecrated in 1908 while still unfinished. The dome was completed in 1963.


Ilzenberg Manor

Ilzenberg Manor is a former residential manor in Rokiškis district, near border with Latvia. It is between Ilgio and Apvalaso lakes.
Code in the Register of Cultural Heritage No.555.
History.
1515-1677.
Ilzenberg Manor was first mentioned in historical sources in 1515 when it was founded by a Baron of the Livonian Order, Berndt Kersenboick I. The baron possessed 615 ha of land and ruled over a territory of 2,234 ha occupied by local peasant crofts. Berndt Kersenboick (probably Berndt I’s son or grandson) owned Ilzenberg until his death (c1616).
The manor was inherited by Berndt’s wife Ana, who died in 1680, but by that time the owners of Ilzenberg Manor had changed several times, and Ana herself lived somewhere nearby. She was buried between Ilzenberg and Alksne.
In 1642, the intendant of Wenden (Cēsis) Castle, Nicolaus von Korff (1585-1659), acquired Alksniai Manor, situated in the neighbourhood of Ilzenberg, from Wilhelm Heyck. The act of purchase was signed in Vabalninkas, a witness to the transaction was Matthias von Orgies, whose son, Adam, later became the landlord of Ilzenberg Manor (the first of this family).
Nicolaus von Korff married Katarina von Effern (1591-1657), coming from Nereta (Nerft) near Ilzenberg and received Ilzenberg Manor. In 1653, their daughter Agnesa (1619-1698) married Ernst von Sacken (1606-1679).
The digest of Baltic noble families lists Ernst von Sacken as the lord of the Ilzenberg Manor in 1653-1677. He probably became the lord of the manor through his marriage to Agnesa. In 1677, their daughter Maria Gertruda von Sacken married Captain Magnus Ernst von Korff. Ilzenberg Manor then passed to the von Korff family.
The von Korff Family.
The digest of Baltic noble families identifies Magnus Ernst von Korff as the landlord of Ilzenberg from 1677 to 1687. After the death of his wife Maria Gertruda von Sacken, in 1687, the new lord of Ilzenberg Manor, Magnus Ernst von Korff (probably Magnus Ernst von Korff I’s son), married Louisa Elisabeth von Rummel. She inherited her parents’ manor where, together with her husband, she settled.
It was then decided to sell Ilzenberg Manor to the lord of the neighbouring Alksniai Manor, Adam von Orgies gen. Rutenberg (c1640-1697). On October 17 1687, Adam von Orgies contacted Magnus Ernst von Korff and his wife Louise Elizabeth for the purchase of Ilzenberg. So the first owner of Ilzenberg Manor from the Orgies-Rutenberg family was Adam von Orgies.
The Orgies-Rutenberg Family.
When Adam died, his eldest son, Friedrich Wilhelm (1679-1716) inherited Ilzenberg. The estate then went to his son, Christoph Georg Rutenberg (1712-1775), who is considered the pioneer of the Orgies-Rutenberg Ilzenberg family in the genealogy of the Orgies-Rutenberg family. In 1775 Johann Christoffer (1745-1808) inherited Ilzenberg as Christoph's eldest son. In Ilsen (1.7 km west of Ilzenberg) in about 1790, Johann built a Lutheran church (which was replaced by Georg Fridrich’s  widow in 1844 who built a new one that survives to our time.)
Ilzenberg was then inherited by Ernst Diedrich Victor von Orgies gen. Rutenberg, who in 1854 married Elizabeth von Klopman. Elizabeth didn’t have children and became the last representative of the Orgies-Rutenberg family in Ilzenberg Manor. Ernst Diedrich sold Ilzenberg to Fuchs, a German engineer, who managed the estate between 1863-1896.[4] Fuchs rebuilt the manor, which has remained virtually unchanged to this day. Ernst and Elizabeth von Orgies went to Paris and then to Naples where Ernst died in 1868.
The Dimša Family.
In 1896, Eugeniusz Dimša (1853-1918) bought Ilzenberg Manor. Eugeniusz had studied at Jelgava Gymnasium and later graduated from the High School of Communications in St. Petersburg. While visiting his cousin, Eugeniusz met Livija Majoresku (1863-1946). In c1892 they married. Eugeniusz and Livija had three daughters: Janina (1894-1991), Livija (1899-1970) and Eugene (1902-1905).
After Eugeniusz died, in 1918, Ilzenberg was inherited by his wife Livija and two daughters, Janina and Livija. Livija-mother left with her daughters to place the urn with Eugenius’ ashes in the family tomb. Shortly afterwards, the Dimša family went to Warsaw.
In March, 1920, the Dimša family returned to the devastated Ilzenberg Estate, where Livija-mother and Livija-daughter spent the next twenty years. Ilzenberg belonged to daughters Livija and Janina until 1940.
The Soviet Period.
With the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of September 23, 1939, the Soviet Union annexed Lithuania and began sovietization of the country.
The Dimša lands were confiscated and the family was threatened with exile. Therefore, in the autumn of 1940, Livija Dimša and her daughters and grandchildren moved to Vilnius to avoid arrest and exile.
Restoration.
In 2003, Ilzenberg Manor became private property. Restoration was started in December 2012 and involved reconstruction of the dilapidated buildings as well as restoration of the interior of the manor house. The main building of the property, a richly decorated house in classical style of the second half of the 19th century with its authentic cellars dating back to the 18th century, was opened to the public in 2017.


Wu Chung House

The Wu Chung House () is a 40-floor skyscraper located on 213 Queen's Road East, in the Wan Chai area of Hong Kong. It was completed in 1992.
Tenants.
The building houses a number of important Hong Kong institutions, notably the offices of The Hong Kong Competition Commission, Hong Kong Department of Health, Hopewell Holdings and the Hongkong Post. It is named after Wu Chung, the father of current Hopewell Holdings chairman Gordon Wu.
The lobby is located on the first floor and is accessed via an escalator from the outside.


Lance Burton Theatre

The Lance Burton Theatre is located in the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino. Its 1,274 seats are arranged in three main sections: the main floor, the mezzanine, and the balcony. The theatre was specially built for Lance Burton's magic show and until 2010 hosted "Lance Burton: Master Magician".
On October 22, 2001, the theater was the host site for the release of the USPS Harry Houdini stamp.
Entertainment.
In addition to Lance Burton's magic show five days a week, the theater hosts a weekly "Vintage Vegas Show" with Chris Phillips and Marley Taylor, and Frank Caliendo for 4 shows a week.


Parriwi Head Light

Parriwi Head Light, also known as Rosherville Light and Port Jackson Entrance Range Rear Light, is an active lighthouse located just off Parriwi Road, near Rosherville Reserve on the south side of Middle Harbour in Mosman, New South Wales, Australia. It serves as the rear range light, Grotto Point Light serving as the front light, into Port Jackson. Grotto Point Light is located almost exactly ( to be exact) in front of Parriwi Head Light.
It is one of four such lighthouses designed by architect Maurice Festu in a style now sometimes called "Disney Castle", the others being Grotto Point Light, Vaucluse Bay Range Front Light and Vaucluse Bay Range Rear Light.
The light is shone through a horizontal slit just below the dome.
Site operation.
The light is operated by the Sydney Ports Corporation, while the site is managed by the Mosman Municipal Council as part of the Parriwi Lighthouse Park.
Visiting.
The site is open and accessible to the public, but the tower itself is closed.


Marunouchi Central Plaza

Marunouchi Central Plaza, or Tokyo Marunouchi Station Plaza, is a plaza on the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station, in Tokyo, Japan. Construction on the plaza began in August 2014. It was unveiled in December 2017. The 6,500 square meter plaza is paved with white granite and partly lined with Japanese zelkova trees.
A statue of Inoue Masaru is installed in the plaza.


Prek Tamak Bridge

The Prek Tamak Bridge is situated 40 km north of Phnom Penh, Cambodia and provides a link between East and West by crossing the Mekong.
The contractor of the project was China's Shanghai Construction Group. Chinese ambassador Zhang Jinfeng stated that the construction of the bridge will promote economic development in Cambodia. The Prek Tamak Bridge is 1,060 meters in length and 13.5 meters in width and will accommodate speeds of 60 km per hour.
The construction period of the 43.5 million U.S. dollars project lasted about 50 months and it opened in 2010.


Rutja Airfield

Rutja Airfield () is a disused airfield in Estonia, located west of Kunda. During the Soviet era it was reserve airfield of the 656th Fighter Aviation Regiment, stationed at Tapa air base.


South Point Lighthouse

South Point Lighthouse is a lighthouse located in the south of Barbados. Its height is .
History.
It is the oldest lighthouse in Barbados. It was brought to Barbados in 1852, one year after being shown at London's Great Exhibition, and reassembled on the southernmost point of the island. Although still listed as active, the lighthouse is now considered to be more of a national landmark and tourist attraction, with its grounds (but not tower) being made open to the public. The lighthouse has been depicted on the reverse of the 5 cent coin of the Barbadian coinage since 1973.


Sunrise Theatre

The Sunrise Theatre (also known as the Sunrise Building) is a historic theater in Fort Pierce, Florida. It is located at 117 South 2nd Street. Built in 1922 by builder C.E. Cahow, the Sunrise Theatre was designed in the Mediterranean Revival Style by architect John N. Sherwood. The theatre earned its reputation for becoming the cultural center of the city of Fort Pierce as well as being the greatest and biggest cultural institution in Florida at the time. At the time it had the largest stage between Jacksonville and Miami. It was designed for plays, movies and variety shows. In 1930 the young A.E. Backus became resident artist for the theater. Backus created displays and posters for the theatre's films and celebrity appearances. Opening day was August 1, 1923.
Closure.
The theater closed in 1983 after it had fallen into disrepair. It later partially reopened in 1999 after a $750,000 grant was awarded to renovate and restore the structure to its former condition. On December 7, 2001, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Renaissance.
After a complete renovation including adding additional support areas in 2005, the venue opened in January 2006. It now presents a wide variety of entertainment events from local groups to world-famous artists such as Willie Nelson, Bill Cosby, Itzhak Perlman, Diana Ross, 3 Dog Night, Lindsey Buckingham, Bryan Adams, Vince Gill, Tony Bennett, Ziggy Marley, the late Dave Brubeck plus Operas, Broadway Shows, Ballet, Rock and Jazz.


Crieff Hydro

Crieff Hydro is a hotel in Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland. The purpose-built hotel opened in 1868 as the Crieff Hydropathic Establishment, and is locally known as the Hydro. It was founded in 1868 by Dr Thomas Henry Meikle, who had received treatment at a centre in Gräfenberg, Austria (now known as Lázně Jeseník, Czech Republic), where Vincenz Priessnitz had built such an establishment. Preissnitz based his pharmacopeia on water, exercise, fresh mountain air, water treatments in the brooks and simple country food.
History.
In 1857, Dr Meikle, a recent medical graduate from the University of Edinburgh, observed Priessnitz's work and whilst being personally disparaging of him for his non-medical background, took back some of his principles for his new hydropathic establishment in Aberdeen, Scotland. When Priessnitz came to Britain on a visit promoted by the publications of Captain R. T. Claridge, a prominent booster of his methods, "The Lancet" was particularly scathing about his work, describing him as a charlatan and a fraud. However, Dr James Manby Gully, also an Edinburgh medical graduate, picked up on the "water cure", his most famous patient being Charles Darwin, who attended Gully's establishment in Malvern, Worcestershire.
Built in the second wave of such establishments in the UK in the latter part of the 19th century, Crieff Hydro utilised the Caledonian Railway to bring a prosperous, sober clientele from the lowlands of Scotland to take the cure in upmarket conditions. The architect of the original Scots-Jacobean style building, built at a cost of £30,000, was Robert Ewan, but the original building was extended in the later heyday of hydropathic spas in 1893–94.
It was successful from the start and, from a stable of 20 such establishments across Scotland at the peak, is one of only two left, the other being Peebles Hydro in Peebles in similar upland surroundings. Priessnitz considered mountain scenery an essential background to his Nature Cure. By 1874, as medical superintendent, Dr Meikle was drawing a salary of £500 "per annum", receiving dividends on his investment at the maximum of 7% and getting an extraordinary £279 as an "ex gratia" payment. It was rather self-contained, farming its own estate until recently, and possessing its own hydroelectricity station, fed from Loch Turret until 1968, (now part of the seven-station Breadalbane hydroelectric scheme) and its own laundry. The company still has only 160 shareholders.
During the Second World War, the government took over the Hydro, and Free Polish forces were billeted there, to the chagrin of some of the residents of the town, who felt scarce food supplies were being diverted to the Poles' exclusive use.
It has been a Category B listed building since 1971.
Regime.
The principles of the establishment were decidedly firm and of a Protestant religious character (notably the United Presbyterians and the Evangelical Union favoured the establishment), with a fine of one penny being levied for those who missed grace before meals. It still has a large room, used for worship services, with a full-size organ. The establishment was teetotal until 1994 when the first bar was placed within the Highlandman Room - Today the hotel has several bars including The Meikle, The Hub and The Brasserie that have adjoining eateries. It is run by the great, great, great, grand nephew of the original founder and medical superintendent. It became a favourite destination for alcoholics to dry-out. It offered and continues to offer cheap rates for Church of Scotland ministers out of season, though they are not required now to lead daily prayers. Smoking was also disapproved of, though not banned, a small and obscure room being set aside for smokers' use.
Today.
The hotel operates as a 4/5* resort with over 200 bedrooms, over 50 self-catering properties and a dozen meeting rooms for conferences. The main restaurant, a Victorian dining room, is named after the founder. The hotel has over 60 facilities for indoor and outdoor pursuits such as a golf course, riding stables, a gym, swimming pools, 5-a-side football pitches and, basketball, badminton and squash courts. In 2006 the Resort opened BIG Country, a registered childcare facility offering free childcare to over 100 children of resort guests simultaneously. It is run by Stephen Leckie, the great-great-great-grand nephew of the founder. In February 2014, Crieff Hydro announced it would start operating five other hotels in Scotland and one in Harrogate. These included Peebles Hydro, the Park Hotel in Peebles, the Ballachulish Hotel, the Isles of Glencoe Hotel and Leisure Centre, the Oban Caledonian Hotel and the Yorkshire Hotel.


Granada Public Library

The Granada Public Library is a public library located in Granada, Spain.


New Ohio Theatre

The New Ohio Theatre is a performance venue in the West Village of New York City. Located at 154 Christopher Street, the theater was established by Robert Lyons. After losing the lease on his Soho space for the Ohio Theater in 2010, Lyons moved to the Archive building in the West Village. It is an Off-Off-Broadway theater.


Sheridan Square Playhouse

The Sheridan Square Playhouse was an Off-Broadway theatre in New York City that was active from 1958 through the early 1990s. Closed as a theatre in 1996, the theatre was located at 99 7th Avenue South in Greenwich Village.
History.
Prior to being a theatre, the building was host to "The Nut Club", a famous nightclub frequented by people such as Lionel Barrymore, Jimmy Durante, Eddie Cantor, and Mae West. The building was originally built as a garage, on the foundations of a church demolished in 1917 for the construction of the IRT 7th Avenue line.
The Sheridan Square Playhouse opened on May 6, 1958 with a production of Jacinto Benavente's 1907 play (Los Intereses Creados) "The Bonds of Interest." It soon hosted the two-year revival of musical "Leave It to Jane". The theatre became the home of the Circle Repertory Company in 1972, hosting their plays through the 1993-1994 theatre season, after which the company relocated to the Circle in the Square Theatre's former home at 159 Bleecker Street.
The last production at the theatre was Graydon Royce and Geoffrey C. Ewing's (who also starred in) "Ali" in 1992 The building became a restaurant and jazz club under the name, "Garage Restaurant and Cafe" which closed in 2015.


Gamecity Lifestyle Shopping Mall

Gamecity LifeStyle Shopping Mall is a lifestyle shopping mall located in Gaborone, Botswana. Currently it has 126 shops, with more available by mid-2014.
The property is owned and managed by Turnstar Holdings Limited, Botswana.
Notable retailers include:
Stuttafords was previously an anchor department store until its closing in 2017.
Notable restaurants:
Notable banks:


Campen Lighthouse

Campen Lighthouse is an active lighthouse in the village Campen, by the Ems estuary, northwest of Emden, in the East Frisia region, state of Lower Saxony, Germany. At a height of it is the fourteenth tallest "traditional lighthouse" in the world and the tallest in Germany.
The structure consists of a free-standing lattice tower with the stair shaft inside. The lighthouse was built in 1889 and went in service on 1 October 1891.
The lamp of Campen Lighthouse has a light intensity of 4.5 million candelas, the most powerful lighthouse lamp in Germany.
Remarkably, the aperture of its flashing light to the left and right has an angle of only 0.3 degrees. The continuous light aperture is also quite small, less than 0.6 degrees.
The machine building contains the oldest workable diesel engine in Germany. It was built in 1906 and has a power of 15 kilowatts.


Choragwica transmitter

Chorągwica Transmitter is a facility for FM- and TV-broadcasting at Chorągwica near Mietniów, Wieliczka County in Poland. Chorągwica transmitter uses as antenna tower a 286 metre tall guyed mast, built in 1962.
Transmitted Programmes.
Digital Television MPEG-4.
MUX 3*(SW) - Transmitters for Southern part Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship


Palacio de Eventos de Venezuela

The Palacio de Eventos de Venezuela is a convention center in Maracaibo, Venezuela. Its infrastructure is constituted by 6 levels that offer wide possibilities for its multifunctional use to any kind of events; and is 0.3 km away from the centre of the Maracaibo. The 7,000-seat center is the largest convention center in Maracaibo, and hosted the Miss Venezuela 2010 pageant.


Emirau Airport

Emirau Airport is an airfield in Emirau Island, Papua New Guinea.
History.
World War II.
Emirau was seized unopposed by two Battalions of the 4th Marine Regiment on 20 March 1944. Naval Construction Battalions arrived shortly after the landings and began construction of two coral-surfaced by airfields on the island. Inshore Airfield had 35 double hardstands capable of parking 210 fighter or light-bomber planes, while North Cape Airfield had 42 hardstands with space for parking 84 heavy bombers. Both were fully equipped with towers, lighting, and a dispensary. The aviation tank farm consisted of three tanks and nineteen together with the appropriate filling and distribution points. A reserve of was stored in drums. Emirau was the staging point for attacks on the Japanese strongholds at Rabaul and Kavieng.
US Marine Corps units based here included:
Royal New Zealand Air Force units based here included:
There was also one Australian unit located on the island - the 474 Heavy Anti-aircraft Troop.
Base roll-up commenced in December 1944 and was completed by May 1945.
Postwar.
The runways remain usable.


Cacolo Airport

Cacolo Airport is a public use airport north of Cacolo, in Lunda Sul Province, Angola.


Rudolph Karstadt Department Store (Szczecin)

The Rudolph Karstadt Department Store (German: "Warenhaus Rudolph Karstadt", ) was a department store of pre-war Szczecin, which was located at today's Stefan Wyszyński Street, in the Old Town, in the Śródmieście district. The store was destroyed in World War II, though some of the ruins remained uncleared until the 1960s.
History.
The first building of the Szczecin branch of the Rudolph Karstadt department store was erected between 1912 and 1916 at then Breite Straße. The site for its construction was obtained by demolishing four older tenement houses. The store took its form from the Hamburg branch. Between 1923 and 1924, tenement houses no. 23 and 24, adjacent to the right gable wall, were adapted to the needs of the commercial space. During World War II, the buildings were bombed. The ruins of the larger building survived the longest: until the mid 1960s. After their demolition, the plot remained undeveloped until 2002, when the "Atrium Katedra" office and hotel building was constructed.
Description.
The department store consisted of two buildings. The larger one was two-storey, 33-axial with an attic. It was adjacent to the Aronheim & Cohn Department Store building with its left gable wall. The smaller one was a two-storey, 7-axial building with an attic. Both buildings had gambrel roofs with dormers.


Carlton Bloc

Carlton Bloc () was a residential bloc located in Bucharest, Romania, at 9 Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard, completed in 1936. Designed by architects George Matei Cantacuzino and Vasile Arion, it had a large cinema on the ground level, also called the Carlton. Having 14 floors, and a height of it was the tallest buildings in the capital until it completely collapsed in the November 10, 1940 earthquake, killing 140 and injuring 86 people.


House of Leshukov

The House of Leshukov () is a building at 37 Komsomolsky Boulevard in Taganrog, Rostov Oblast.<ref name="Лешуковой дом//Энциклопедия Таганрога">Лешуковой дом//Энциклопедия Таганрога</ref>
History and description.
In the 1860s, Baron Karl Reinking appeared the owner of the house. Roman and subject Pyotr de Rossi was the following owner of the house. They with the wife Theresa Nikolaevna brought up the daughter Maria who was born in 1873. Rossi's family was on friendly terms with the merchant Baklazhoglo and his family, were Godfathers to their children – to Nikolay and Maria. Pyotr Yakovlevich Rossi's father – Jakov Petrovich Rossi was the Italian vice-consul, his brother Victor Yakovlevich de Rossi in 1872 became engaged to the Azov bourgeois Ulyana Andreevna Andropova.
From 1873 to 1880, the house belonged to the petty bourgeois Konstantin Kuzminov. In the middle of the 1880s (according to other data – in 1890) the stabs-captain's spouse Vera Soltanova began to own the house. From 1898 to 1906 the house was in the property of the nobleman Alexander Ivanovich Korobyin. In 1915 the house was owned by the widow Elizabeth Leshukova.
The corner one-story house was built in style of the Russian provincial classicism with the plastered walls. Croutons are located on the crowning eaves. Sideways on the first floor, there are four windows, on the area of the central facade – windows with an arch segmentary entrance which decorate sandrikam on arms. Squared pair pilasters with a Doric capital are placed on subwindow eaves, the decorated ornament. They divide a facade into three parts of the different size. The main entrance is created with a shod umbrella, placed between pilasters on the right. Under it, the ornament from rectangular small niches contains.


Teatro Adriano

The Teatro Adriano (i.e. "Adriano Theater"), also known as Politeama Adriano and Cinema Adriano, is a cinema and former theatre located in Piazza Cavour, Rome, Italy.
It was built by Pio Gallas and Romeo Bisini on a project by architect Luigi Rolland (the father of Luigi Moretti) and inaugurated on 1 June 1898 with a representation of the Amilcare Ponchielli's opera La Gioconda conducted by Edoardo Mascheroni.


Antilhue I Power Plant

Antilhue I Power Plant is an oil-fueled electrical generating station in Antilhue, Los Ríos Region, Chile. The plant uses diesel as fuel and produces 50.9 MW of electricity. The plant was built in 2005 and is run by Colbún S.A..


Gate of Divine Prowess

The Gate of Divine Might or Gate of Divine Prowess () is the northern gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China.
History.
The gate was built in 1420, during the 18th year of Yongle Emperor's reign. The Gate was originally named "Black Tortoise Gate" (), but when Qing Dynasty's Kangxi Emperor, whose birth name was Xuanye (), ascended to the throne, the use of the Chinese character "Xuan" () became a form of naming taboo.
The gate is the back gate of the palace, and was used by palace workers. Women being sent into the palace for selection as concubines also entered the palace through this gate.
It is important to note that the Xuanwu Gate Incident, while sharing a similar name with this gate's original name, did not take place at this gate. The palace coup happened during the Tang Dynasty, when the capital was in Chang'an.


Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies

Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies (CCWS), Department of Economics, Politics and Public Administration, Aalborg University, (founded in 1995) is a multidisciplinary research group analyzing the functioning, challenges and patterns of change of contemporary welfare states. Focus is on comparative studies, or on the Danish and the Scandinavian welfare states in a comparative perspective. Basic research is the major research agenda, but group also conducts analyses that are relevant to current policy debates.
The research centre is run by Professor in Political Sociology Jørgen Goul Andersen.


Bremen-Walle station

Bremen-Walle is a railway station in Bremen, Germany on the Bremen–Bremerhaven line. It is situated in the Walle district northwest of the city centre and the central station.
The station only offers local services; it is a regular stop for the Verden to Bremen-Vegesack trains, with additional peak time services to and from Bremerhaven.


Bon Echo hut

Coordinates:
The Bon Echo hut is an alpine hut located in Bon Echo Provincial Park on Mazinaw Lake in Ontario. The hut is maintained by the Toronto Section of the Alpine Club of Canada.
This is a day-use hut, with no sleeping facilities. It is equipped with propane powered lamps and stovetops, and a wood-burning fireplace for heating and drying clothes. There are numerous tent sites on the property for use by Alpine Club members and guests during summer weekends.
Unlike most other alpine huts managed by the Alpine Club, the ACC owns the land on which the hut is built.
The hut can be reached by boat from the park's dock on Mazinaw Lake. It is a 3-4 hour drive from Toronto.


Capitol Center for the Arts

The Capitol Center for the Arts is an entertainment venue in Concord, New Hampshire, United States, which features a 1,304-seat theatre designed with an Egyptian motif. The center opened in its current form in 1995 after a multiyear renovation of the Capitol Theatre, which had existed in the same location from 1927 to 1989. The theatre is equipped to host major Broadway shows, and has played host to the Billy Joel musical "Movin' Out", pianist George Winston, and humorist David Sedaris.
The renovation of the Capitol Center was made possible by $4.2 million in donations received for the then-newly formed center, with Chubb Life providing the majority of the support. The Chubb Theatre was named in honor of the company that made the center possible. Volunteers, some 250 of them, also contributed 3,000 hours of service to repaint the interior and restore the Egyptian motif. Paul Hodes, who subsequently became a congressman from New Hampshire, was also instrumental in the renovation and reopening of the center, heading up the effort at the urging of fellow lawyer and patron of the arts Martin L. Gross of Concord.
History.
The Capitol Theatre, as well as the Star Theatre around the corner, were part of a chain owned by Joseph P. Kennedy's Maine-New Hampshire Theatres Co.
In a piece written in 2011, remembering back to the 1950s and '60s, Paul E. Brogan wrote that "the Capitol Theatre still bore signs of the elegance and lushness that had earned it acclaim when it opened, replete with a pipe organ and stage presentations before the film."


INEC Rivers State Branch

INEC Rivers State Branch Office is the branch of the Independent National Electoral Commission that organizes, undertakes and supervises elections to federal and state executive as well as legislative government offices in Rivers State. It is led by a Resident Electoral Commissioner (REC), currently Obo Effanga.
INEC Rivers State Branch Office is specifically located at Plot 236, Aba Road, Port Harcourt.


Westside Theatre

The Westside Theatre is an off-Broadway performance space at 407 West 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The building houses two auditoriums: the Upstairs Theatre, which seats 270, and the Downstairs Theatre, which features a thrust stage and has a seating capacity of 249. Formerly known as the Chelsea Theatre Center and the Westside Arts Theatre, the building was renovated in 1991.
The Romanesque Revival style building, designed by Henry Franklin Kilburn, was constructed in 1890 for the Second German Baptist Church, which it housed until the 1960s. The site was then occupied by various nightclubs until its establishment as a theatre in 1976.


Latvian Museum of National History

The Latvian Museum of National History (), is a national history museum in Riga, Latvia.
It was founded in 1869 by the Riga Latvian Society.
Since 1920 it has been located in Riga Castle and in 1924 it attained state museum status. Its mission is "to collect, preserve, research and popularise spiritual and material culture from Latvia and the world from ancient times until today, which has archaeological, ethnographic, numismatic, historical or artistic significance, in the interests of the Latvian nation and its people".
Since May 2014 the main exhibition space has been temporarily located on Freedom Boulevard ("Brīvības bulvāris") in a three-story building dating from 1875, originally constructed as a family home by architect Heinrich Scheel. The location is close to the Freedom Monument. For many years it was painted with an advertisement for the newspaper Diena, often visible in photographs of the monument. In 2015 it was replaced with an advert for Air Baltic. From 1946-2009 the building was used as the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the University of Latvia. After reconstruction and restoration works are finalized at Riga Castle, the museum is scheduled to move back to its permanent premises in 2018.
The Popular Front museum, located in the former headquarters of that organization from the Third Awakening, came under the museum in January 2015.


Shire Airport

Shire Airport, also known as Indaselassie Airport, is an airport serving Shire, a city in the Tigray National Regional State of Ethiopia. The airport is just south of the city.
Shire Airport was constructed by Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation, Transport Infrastructure Construction Sector. The project was signed to construct in 2015 and completed in 2017. The project included airport runway, apron, and taxiway, as well as a road running from Shire city to the airport.


Niechorze Lighthouse

Niechorze Lighthouse (Polish: "Latarnia morska Niechorze") is a lighthouse in Niechorze, on the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea, by a steep cliff. The lighthouse is located in Niechorze, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Poland.
The lighthouse is located in between the Kikut Lighthouse (about 30 km to the west), and the Kołobrzeg Lighthouse (34 km to the east).
History.
The lighthouse in Niechorze is located at the edge of a steep cliff, with a height of 20 metres. The lighthouse's base is a square-shaped building, on both sides of the tower. The light glare from the lighthouse can be seen 36 km away due to the 1000w light bulb which is enhanced by 20 prismal crystals. The lighthouse in Niechorze was commissioned by the German Ministry of Shipping in 1863 and started operating on 1 December 1866. Although the lighthouse did not suffer any war damage in World War II, after the liberation of Poland – 8 mines left by the Germans were discovered, and safely removed without detonation. After the end of the Second World War there was a considerable delay restarting the lighthouse, it was not until 18 December 1948 when the lighthouse was finally operational – this was due to the erosion of the cliff which the lighthouse was located close to; the authorities secured the cliff by putting large boulders and rock armour (500 metres of heavy concrete) to secure the cliff and provide a stable ground for the lighthouse. Currently the lighthouse is open to tourists, with a viewpoint – nearby the lighthouse there is a miniature park of all Polish lighthouses, a popular attraction for families and enthusiasts.


Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater of Russian Drama

Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater of Russian Drama (also referred to as "Lesya Ukrainka Theater") is a theater in Kyiv, Ukraine. It is located in a building known as Bourgogne Theatre.
Founded in 1926, the theater produces many important plays of Russian and Ukrainian dramatic art. Its repertoire consists of plays by famous playwrights such as Fyodor Dostoevsky, Mikhail Bulgakov and others. Many current movie actors have started their career in the theater.
The theatre traces its roots to the Solovtsov theatric troupe that existed in Kyiv since 1891 and also performed in the Bourgogne Theatre. Later the troupe was named as the Russian Drama Theatre.
Bourgogne Theatre.
The building was originally designed in 1875 by Vladimir Nikolayev and sponsored by a French entrepreneur Augustin Bourgogne. At first it housed the Kyiv city circus. From 1891 to 1898 the building was leased to the first drama company in Kyiv, Solovtsov Theater. In 1896 the theater put on its first cinema showing. The present company has been in the building since 1929, and named after Lesya Ukrainka in 1941.


Albert Street, Riga

Albert Street () is a street in central Riga known for its Art Nouveau buildings. It was built in 1901 and named after Bishop Albert, who founded Riga in 1201.
Many of the apartment buildings along the street were designed by the architect Mikhail Eisenstein, who was particularly active in Riga at the beginning of the twentieth century. His creativity is reflected through the various atypical, decorative buildings along Albert street. The architectural style makes use of structural and decorative elements of romantic nationalism common to northern Europe at the time. Konstantīns Pēkšēns and Eižens Laube, a teacher and his pupil respectively, were prominent in building design on the street at the same time. Other authors of buildings of Alberta iela include Baltic and Baltic German architects Paul Mandelstamm, Hermann Hilbig and Heinrich Scheel.
Since April 2009 Pēkšēns' former residence at number 12 has housed the Riga Art Nouveau Museum. A number of institutions of higher education are located on the street or adjacent; the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, the Riga Graduate School of Law and the College of Business Administration (). The embassies of Belgium and Ireland are also located on Alberta iela.


Cayo Fragoso Lighthouse

Cayo Fragoso Lighthouse is a Cuban lighthouse located in Cayo Fragoso, a resort island of the municipality of Caibarién, Villa Clara Province.


Central Youth Hall

The Central Youth Hall is a social education center located in North Korea, opened on 18 May 1989 for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students.
The building houses a variety of functions including two theatres (2,000 and 600 seats), a multipurpose hall for 1,000, four large meeting rooms for 250 people; in total a total of 760 rooms covering 59,900 sq m.


Fairmont Pacific Rim

Fairmont Pacific Rim is an upscale hotel and condominium building in Vancouver, British Columbia. It stands at 140 m or 44 stories tall and was completed just prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 4, 2010.
History.
The skyscraper, which is part of the Fairmont Hotels and Resorts chain, is located at 1038 Canada Place in Downtown Vancouver in the Coal Harbor neighborhood by the Burrard Inlet waterfront. Right beside the Shaw Tower, it is also attached to the West Building of the Vancouver Convention & Exhibition Centre. The Southern and Eastern exteriors are wrapped with an art installation of a Liam Gillick poem. Under the Tunnel SkyTrain Waterfront Station. Fairmont Pacific Rim was developed by Westbank Corp. and the Peterson Group with architecture by James KM Cheng Architects Inc.
This is the fourth Fairmont Hotel in the Vancouver Metropolitan Area. The hotel occupies the first 22 floors of the 44 storey building, with the remaining floors being condominiums. There are a total of 175 residential condominium units beginning from the 23rd floor. The entrance for the residential units is located at 1011 Cordova Street W.
The condominiums were pre-sold in 2007, at a price of $2,100 per square foot (), one of the highest in Canada at the time.
"Glee" actor Cory Monteith was found dead in his hotel room on July 13, 2013. He was 31 years old. His cause of death was a toxic overdose of heroin and alcohol.


Jonava Senamiestis Gymnasium

Jonavos Senamiesčio gimnazija () is a public gymnasium in Jonava, Lithuania. It was founded in 1998 and includes grades 9–12. Its institution code is 190302622. The gymnasium's anthem was changed several times because of politic structure changes in Lithuania. The current anthem was recognized in 2001.