UK Coal

UK Coal Production Ltd, formerly UK Coal plc, was the largest coal mining business in the United Kingdom. The company was based in Harworth, in Nottinghamshire. The company was a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. The successor company that contains the former property division, Harworth Group, is still listed on the London Stock Exchange.
History.
The predecessor company of UK Coal was founded by Richard J. Budge in 1974 as "RJB Mining". In 1994, following the privatisation of the UK mining industry, it grew fivefold with the acquisition of British Coal's core activities. It changed its name to UK Coal in 2001 after the retirement of its founder, having acquired UK Coal plc.
Former operations.
At year end 2008, the company estimated coal reserves and resources of 105 Mt at the mines, of which 45 Mt was accessible under existing five year mining and investment plans. Its most important customers were electricity generators.
In 2010 the company proposed a series of developments, mainly opencast mining, including the "Minorca mine project" development in Measham, Leicestershire.
However, UK Coal exited surface mining in late 2014, so these plans did not materialise.
In 2012, UK Coal were fined £200,000 after pleading guilty to breaching health and safety laws after a death of a miner at Kellingley Colliery.
One deep mine, the Welbeck colliery, in Nottinghamshire closed in 2011 after continuous production since 1912. Another deep mine, Daw Mill at Furnace End, Warwickshire, closed in 2013 after an underground fire damaged much of the facilities.
On 10 April 2014, Reuters reported that the British government was to give UK Coal a £10 million loan to help fund the closure of its two remaining deep mines. The company will carry out a managed closure of the deep mines by Autumn 2015 and will seek a buyer for its surface mines. UK Coal's difficulties have been precipitated by a flood of U.S. coal on to the market, as a result of shale gas development, and by the strength of sterling.
Thoresby Colliery was shut in July 2015, while Kellingley Colliery ceased production on 18 December 2015. with ownership to be transferred to Harworth Estates for future redevelopment.
Former opencast mining operations.
Three surface mines in North East England were owned by UK Coal Surface Mines Limited (company number 08492512) which went into administration on 14 November 2014. The business was then sold to UKCSMR Limited (company number 09275881). The three surface mines are Butterwell and Potland Burn in Northumberland and Park Wall North in County Durham.
Former renewable energy and gas operations.
The company moved into renewable energy, expanding into windfarms, which is helped by a large landbank and the desire to diversify into energy activities beyond coal. Wind power offers financial incentives such as Renewables Obligation Certificates. UK Coal, through its Harworth Power subsidiary, engaged in mine gas recovery, to generate electricity.
Harworth Power was sold on 1 October 2012 to Red Rose Infrastructure Limited for £20.30 million. At the time of the sale, it operated 14 gas engines of 26 MW generation capacity supplying electricity to UK Coal and the National Grid.
Restructuring.
On 12 December 2012 UK Coal plc completed a complex financial restructuring of the company to secure its future and changed its name to Coalfield Resources plc. The company's operations had been restructured into two separate businesses: the mining division (under UK Coal Mine Holdings Limited) and the property division (under Harworth Estates Property Group Limited).
Control of the mining division had passed to an employee benefit trust ("EBT"), which initially held shares representing 67& of the voting and 10% of the economic rights in UK Coal Mine Holdings for the benefit of current and future employees of the mining division. Coalfield Resources initially retained the remainder of UK Coal Mine Holdings's economic and voting rights, but the shareholdings rank behind pension fund debt. On 9 July 2013, following a devastating fire, their largest mine, Daw Mill, was forced into closure. As a direct, result both UK Coal Mine Holdings Ltd (UKCMHL) and UK Coal Operations Ltd (UKCOL) were put into administration. The remaining mining operations were again restructured, resulting in the formation of a new business "UK Coal Production Ltd".
The successor of Coalfield Resources, Harworth Group had no equity interest in the mining business by the time the last two mines were closed in 2015. Harworth Group initially (in 2012) owned 24.9% of Harworth Estates Property Group, with 75.1% having passed to EBT in return for a £30 million cash injection and their financial support to the mines. However, in November 2014 Coalfield Resources announced that it had agreed terms with the Pension Protection Fund to buy back the 75.1% of Harworth Estates Property Group it did not already own and to change the name of the company to Harworth Group plc. This transaction was completed on 24 March 2015.
Operations.
The company is no longer active in mining. On 18 December 2015 the company closed its last deep mine located in Central England, at Kellingley. Surface mines have been sold to UKCSMR Limited in late 2014. Coal extraction has declined from 37.1 megatonnes in 1995 to around 7 Mt in 2009.
Only the former property division operates as the successor company Harworth Estates (wholly owned by the Harworth Group).
At the end of 2007 Harworth Estates land was estimated to be worth £411 million. The estate assets are primarily in business parks, industrial sites and agriculture, with a smaller portfolio of residential property (residential assets associated with agricultural properties). Harworth Estates manage, develop and regenerate their extensive portfolio of land totalling over .
Harworth Estates are now wholly owned by the Harworth Group, which had divested its equity interest in the mining operations before the restructuring of March 2015.


Stephen Walsh (politician)

Stephen Walsh (26 August 1859 – 16 March 1929) was a British miner, trade unionist and Labour Party politician.
Background.
Born in Liverpool, Walsh became an orphan at a very young age. He was educated at an industrial school in the Kirkdale area of the city, leaving school aged 13 to work in a coalmine in Ashton in Makerfield.
Political career.
Walsh was an official of the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners' Federation before he was elected to parliament for Ince in the 1906 general election. Later that year he attacked the idea that an MP needed an Oxbridge education further adding that: "To use an arithmetical metaphor, the Labour party had reduced the points of difference among the working classes to the lowest common denominator, and had promoted and developed the greatest common measure of united action".
Walsh was a member of David Lloyd George's Coalition Government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of National Service in 1917 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board from 1917 to 1919.
Walsh stood in the 1918 election as a Coalition Labour candidate opposed by the official Labour Party. He was Vice-President of National Union of Mineworkers from 1922 to 1924 until he was appointed Secretary of State for War by Ramsay MacDonald in January 1924, a post he held until the government fell in November of the same year. He was sworn of the Privy Council in January 1924.
Family.
One of Walsh's sons died in World War I. Walsh himself died in March 1929, aged 69.


Leigh Creek Energy

Leigh Creek Energy () is an ASX listed Australian company which is developing an in-situ coal gasification (ISG) project at Leigh Creek, South Australia.
Leigh Creek Energy Project.
Leigh Creek Energy holds petroleum licences over the Leigh Creek Coalfield, a large coal deposit which spans approximately seven kilometres at Leigh Creek. The company's flagship Leigh Creek Energy Project intends to produce gas at the site of the former Leigh Creek coal mine and develop a fertiliser production facility using waste gas streams and produce ammonium nitrate fertiliser for use by Australia's farming sector and for export. The LCEP will also generate electricity via gas turbines to supply power to the project and Leigh Creek township.
History.
According to the "Sydney Morning Herald", the company "undertook a back-door listing on the ASX earlier this year using the shell of the former Marathon Resources."
Project planning commenced in 2011, and an exploration license was obtained by the company in November 2014.
In October 2015, two non-executive directors of Leigh Creek Energy resigned. The outgoing directors were former South Australian politician and political lobbyist, Chris Schacht and Peter Williams. Both were previously directors of Marathon Resources, and their departure marked "the transition of the company from its previous endeavours, to the new management direction as an energy company."
Current Executive Chairman Justyn Peters is a former executive general manager of Linc Energy Ltd. Between 2006 and 2012 he managed Linc's trial in-situ coal gasification project in Chinchilla, Queensland.
On 12 April 2018, Leigh Creek Energy received approval for its Statement of Environmental Objectives to run a in-situ coal gasification trial at Leigh Creek. The company successfully ran the pilot project and produced syngas for a period of 4 months and analyzed the sample gas quality.
The in-situ coal gasification trail was completed during April 2019 and the site will be monitored for the next 3 years to prove that there are no environmental concerns with the process.
Governance.
As of June 2017, the company's CEO is Phil Staveley, and its Executive Chairman is Justyn Peters with Non-Executive Independent Directors, Gregory English and Murray Chatfield.
Lobbying.
As of 1 April 2018, Leigh Creek Energy is represented to the South Australian parliament by political lobbyist and former leader of the South Australian division of the Liberal Party of Australia, Iain Evans. It is also represented by former company director, and retired Labor party politician, Chris Schacht.
Opposition.
Opposition to the project has been voiced by the Adnyamathanha Traditional Lands Association, and the William Light Foundation. The latter has been supported by groundwater experts Gavin Mudd and Matthew Currell, both of RMIT, who expressed their view that the environmental risks associated with the project had been understated by the proponent.
External links.
Leigh Creek Energy Company website. Retrieved 17 September 2020.


William Montague Ferry Jr.

William Montague Ferry Jr. (July 8, 1824 – January 2, 1905) was a Michigan and Utah politician and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Michigan years.
Ferry was born in the Mission House on Mackinac Island, Michigan, as the first son of the Reverend William Montague Ferry and Amanda White Ferry. In the 1830s, the family founded Ferrysburg, Michigan, and in 1834 founded and moved to Grand Haven, Michigan.
In August 1861, Ferry joined the Fourteenth Michigan Infantry, and served during the American Civil War, eventually being made a major and lieutenant-colonel in 1865.
In 1871, Ferry's brother Thomas W. Ferry—who was a Republican—was elected by the Michigan Legislature as a United States Senator for Michigan. As a result, Thomas Ferry vacated his seat in the House of Representatives for Michigan's 4th congressional district, and William ran as the Democratic Party nominee in a special election for the seat. William Ferry lost the election to Republican Wilder D. Foster by a 58%–42% margin.
In the 1872 election, Ferry was the nominee of the Democratic Party for governor of Michigan. He received only 1.2% of the vote, losing badly to Republican John J. Bagley (61.9%), and also trailing Liberal Republican and former governor Austin Blair (36.3%). The following year, Bagley appointed Ferry as a member of the committee charged with revising the constitution of Michigan.
In 1876, Ferry was elected the mayor of Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Utah years.
In 1878, Ferry moved to Park City, Utah, and become involved in the mining industry. From 1884 to 1892 he was a member of the Democratic National Committee. In 1893, he was a Commissioner of the Chicago World's Fair.
In 1904, Ferry joined Utah's new anti-Mormon American Party. Ferry was the party's nominee for governor of Utah in the 1904 election. In losing to Republican John Christopher Cutler, Ferry received nearly 8,000 votes, or 7.8% of the statewide total.
Ferry died in Park City and was buried in Grand Haven, Michigan.
Family.
Ferry married Jeanette Hollister on October 29, 1851. The couple had six children. One of his nephews, W. Mont Ferry, was mayor of Salt Lake City from 1916 to 1919.


Bugdai mine

The Bugdai mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Zabaykalsky Krai. The mine has estimated reserves of 22.4 million oz of gold, 54.4 million oz of silver and 594 million tonnes of ore grading 0.067% molybdenum.


Silverdale, Staffordshire

Silverdale is a village and civil parish in Staffordshire, west of Newcastle-under-Lyme. In 1932 it became part of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme and is now primarily part of the Silverdale and Parksite ward, with the exception of the north-eastern end which is part of Silverdale and Knutton.
Historically the village has been dominated by the coal industry and records indicate coal was mined in the area as long ago as the 13th century. The last colliery, Silverdale, closed in 1998.
Silverdale Colliery.
The main employer in Silverdale for well over 100 years was Silverdale Colliery, also known locally as Kent's Lane. The first shafts were sunk in the 1830s and the colliery initially mined ironstone as well as coal. The main user of both the minerals was the nearby Silverdale Forge.
The colliery was completely rebuilt during the 1970s when three new drifts were sunk to exploit new reserves in the Keele area. Production increased and the pit mined over one million tonnes annually but was closed in 1998, the last deep mine in North Staffordshire to close.
One of the coal spoil heaps from the Silverdale mine on Hollywood road between Silverdale and Keele caught fire in 1996, 2 years before the site's closure, and continues to burn two decades later. While the fire is primarily underground there have been times when the heat and smoke have made it to the surface setting fire to parts of Holly Wood for which the road is named. Speculation has been raised that attempts to fight the fire or open it up for housing work could result in what's left of the Silverdale coal seam catching fire as well.
Protests have been held against the local landfill.
Transport.
Silverdale was served by a railway station which was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway in May, 1863. The station was on the NSR Newcastle to Market Drayton line and was closed in the 1960s. The station buildings remained for a number of years as train crew accommodation for British Rail staff who worked the coal trains to Silverdale Colliery. The rapid loader was located adjacent to the old station.
In 2009 the track was removed between the station and Silverdale tunnel, however the two short station platforms still exist. The line from the entrance to the former site at Pepper Street through the old train station and onto Knutton and Newcastle under Lyme has been regenerated into a public access foot and cycle path providing a single, safe, accessible footpath for Newcastle under Lyme College for much of its prime catchment area.


Bystrinskoye mine

The Bystrinskoye mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Zabaykalsky Krai. The mine has estimated reserves of 6.4 million oz of gold.


Okzhetpes mine

The Okzhetpes mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Navoiy Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 25 million oz of gold and 22.4 million oz of silver.


Tilly Foster Mine

The Tilly Foster Mine was an iron mine in the Town of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, USA, two miles west of the village of Brewster along Route 6.
The Tilly Foster Mine was named for Tilly Foster, who bought the land that the mine was on from George Beale. After Foster's death in 1842, the property passed through several hands before it came into the possession of Harvey Iron and Steel Company. The mine opened in 1853 and employed large numbers of Irish and Italian immigrants. The jobs available at the mine played a large part in bringing immigrants to the town of Southeast. Workers were known by numbers rather than names, because the names of immigrants were considered too difficult to pronounce.
The mine reached its peak of production in the 1870s. It was 600 feet (180 meters) deep. There were 300 miners employed and they were producing 7,000 tons (14,000,000 pounds) of ore per month. The main minerals were magnetite and chondrodite. The iron ore was loaded onto a train to New York City. Large quantities of Bessemer ore were shipped to Scranton, Pennsylvania, and used to make steel rails for the Lackawanna Steel Company.
From 1887 to 1889, the mine was made into an open pit, at the time the largest man-made pit. In 1895, there was a major collapse that killed 13 miners. After the collapse it was flooded by a reservoir nearby. It was used by soldiers in World War II to test their diving equipment. A collection of minerals and artifacts from the mine is at the Southeast Museum in Brewster.
On November 19, 2017, Robert Thomas, 48, went scuba diving at Tilly Foster Mine. He went down without a "buddy" to a depth of 171 feet, became entangled in wires and cables, and never resurfaced. His body was recovered at about 1:00 p.m. the day after he went missing. He and other divers had an agreement with owners of the property to dive at the mine.


Claver, Surigao del Norte

', officially the ' (Surigaonon: Lungsod nan Claver; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
The town can be reached by bus, van-for-hire and jeepney from the Surigao Integrated Bus & Jeepney Terminal or at any point along the national highway. Its patron saint is St. Peter Claver and fiesta is celebrated every ninth day of September.
A large part of the municipal land area is a mining reservation due to extensive mineral deposits. This includes the Nickel ore loading port at Taganito, located 10 kilometers from the town proper of Claver, on the banks of Taganito river.
Geography.
In the north-east, Claver is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, to the west by the town of Gigaquit, and to the south by the boundary town of Carrascal, Surigao del Sur. It is approximately southeast of the provincial capital, Surigao City.
Barangays.
Claver is politically divided into 14 barangays:
The Mamanwa village of Toyatoya is located in Barangay Urbiztondo.
History.
World War II.
Claver was one of many coastal towns that for some time were ignored after the American and Filipino military forces surrendered to the Japanese in May 1942. Claver became the headquarters of the 114th Infantry Regiment of 10th Military District, which was the guerrilla organization under the jurisdiction of the United States Army. Some residents had fled for fear of a Japanese raid or occupation of the town, but an American whose family took refuge there said Claver still had a feeling of normalcy to it. On a hill above town the guerrillas maintained a radio station by which they kept in contact with other military units. The radio operator decided, without the knowledge of his superiors, to jam wavelengths used by the Japanese. The Japanese got a fix on the location of the station as a result.
On November 30, 1943, the Japanese took action to put the radio station out of business. Very early in the morning several Japanese ships appeared off the coast and began shelling the town with five-inch guns. After a prolonged shelling, Japanese troops landed and destroyed the radio station. The guerrillas left as the Japanese entered town and moved their headquarters elsewhere. Because the town had supported the guerrillas, the town was ransacked. The troops then returned to the ships, which left.
Most of the residents fled south to avoid the Japanese, who did not occupy Claver. Claver remained almost abandoned until the end of the war.
Economy.
Claver is primarily a mining town with iron, nickel, copper and silver deposits on its Pulang Lupan mountains which are exploited mainly by the Taganito Mining Corporation. Mining, trading, and -traditionally - farming and fishing are the main sources of livelihood among residents. Fishing has become increasingly difficult due to water pollution as a consequence of mining activities.


Willie Mercer

William Mercer (8 November 1874 – 9 September 1932) was a Scottish football outside left who played in the Scottish League for Cowdenbeath and Hibernian. He also played in the Football League for Glossop. After his retirement as a player, Mercer served Cowdenbeath as trainer and was secretary of junior club Vulcan Rovers.
Personal life.
Mercer worked as a miner and died after coming off his shift at Donibristle Colliery in 1932.


Hathor Exploration

Hathor Exploration Limited is a uranium exploration company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Its exploration office is located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Hathor's exploration projects concentrate on properties within the Athabasca Basin of Northern Saskatchewan, Canada.
In 2009, Hathor Exploration was reported as having the sixth most significant exploration project in Saskatchewan (based on expenditures) and the 51st out of 100 in Canada at their Midwest NorthEast property in the Athabasca Basin, by Natural Resources Canada.
The name Hathor was inspired by the ancient Egyptian goddess, who besides being one of the most important and popular deities throughout the history of Ancient Egypt, was also the patron goddess of miners in ancient Egyptian culture.
History.
The company was founded on June 28, 1996 in Alberta as Longview Minerals Ltd. Following its inception, the company then moved out of Alberta and was renamed pursuant to the Canada Business Corporations Act under the name of Sixgill Minerals Ltd. on September 26, 1996. On May 28, 1997 the company changed its name to Hathor Exploration Limited.
In 2006 Hathor Exploration completed the acquisition of Roughrider Uranium Corp. which led to the discovery of the Roughrider Deposit of the Midwest NorthEast property, and then in 2009 and 2011 respectively acquired Northern Continental Resources Inc. and Terra Ventures Inc. giving the company full control of both the Russell Lake and Midwest NorthEast properties.
On August 26, 2011, Cameco announced its intention to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Hathor Exploration Limited, and made an all-cash offer to shareholders of $3.75 CAD per Hathor share. This announcement initiated a bidding process between Cameco Corp. and Rio Tinto which came to an end on November 30, 2011. Rio Tinto succeeded in its bid to acquire Hathor Exploration by obtaining 70.21% of the outstanding Hathor common shares on a fully diluted basis through their all-cash offer of $4.70 CAD per Hathor share.
On January 12, 2012, Rio Tinto announced that it had successfully acquired 135,290,661 Hathor common shares, representing 100% of the outstanding Hathor common shares on a fully diluted basis. As a result, Hathor de-listed from the Toronto Stock Exchange.
Roughrider deposit and discovery.
The most significant assets attributed to Hathor Exploration is the Midwest NorthEast Project and the Roughrider Deposit's multiple zones of uranium mineralization.
The Roughrider Deposit's West Zone was discovered in February 2008 with drill hole MWNE-08-12 which showed concentrations of up to 5.29% U3O8 over 3.3m.
As of May 17, 2011, the Roughrider Deposit contained a NI 43–101 compliant combined resource (indicated and inferred) of 57.94 million pounds U3O8 (Resource estimates prepared by SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc., a division of SRK Consulting), where intercepts have shown grades of up to 81.9% U3O8. The resource estimates to date have only included the West and East zones of the Roughrider Deposit and not the recently discovered Far East Zone. The West Zone of mineralization currently accounts for 27.81 million pounds U3O8 at an average grade of between 1.98% (indicated) & 11.03% (inferred) U3O8, while the larger East Zone currently accounts for 30.13 million pounds U3O8 of the total estimated resource at 11.58% U3O8.
With all current resource estimates taken into account, the Roughrider Deposit is currently the third-highest grade uranium deposit in the world, following Cameco's McArthur River and Cigar Lake Deposits.
The (RRZ) of mineralization is located in the same region which also accommodates several other significant uranium deposits. Roughly 4 km to the southwest is the Midwest uranium deposit owned by AREVA Resources Canada Inc, Denison Mines Corp. and OURD Canada Co., Ltd. which contains 41.7 million pounds of U3O8 at a grade of 5.47%, and only 900 meters to the southwest is the Midwest A discovery (formerly known as the Mae Zone) which contains an additional 19.5 million pounds of U3O8 at a grade of 1.57%, and is also owned jointly owned by AREVA Resources Canada Inc, Denison Mines Corp. and OURD Canada Co., Ltd.
Corporate activities.
As a result of negotiations regarding either the acquisition and/or management of various properties Hathor Exploration Limited had previously entered into joint venture agreements, with Forum Uranium Corp., Northern Continental Resources Inc., Triex Minerals Corporation, Terra Ventures Inc., and ESO Uranium Corp. on various projects across Canada.
In March 2009, Hathor Exploration spun-out its Eskay Creek precious metals project to form the new company called Standard Exploration Ltd. (until October 7, 2010 known as MAX Minerals Ltd.) which now oversees all aspects of that project.
In December, 2009 Hathor Exploration completed its acquisition of Northern Continental Resources Ltd. where through a financial agreement, Hathor became the owner of 100% of the interest in the Russell Lake property which is located 15 km northeast of the Key Lake mine/mill complex and 12 km southeast of the McArthur River uranium mine, which was previously divided between the two companies.
On August 5, 2011, Hathor Exploration took full ownership and control of the issued and outstanding securities of Terra Ventures Incorporated. This arrangement consolidated a 100% interest in the Roughrider uranium deposit and 100% interest in the Russell Lake exploration project, located at either end, respectively, of the eastern corridor of the Athabasca Basin.
Corporate governance.
Corporate personnel at the time that the company was delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange, were:


Sleeper Gold Mine

The Sleeper Gold Mine was a high-grade gold mine operated by AMAX Gold from 1986 until 1996, producing 1.66 million ounces of gold and 2.3 million ounces of silver. It is located about 25 miles northwest of Winnemucca in Humboldt County, Nevada. This was an epithermal (hot springs) gold deposit, formed by volcanism during Basin and Range extensional tectonics. The Sleeper Rhyolite dates to 16.3-16.5 million years (latest Early Miocene), and the gold mineralization dates to about 14.3-15.8 million years (during the early Middle Miocene).
The property is currently (2019) owned by Paramount Gold.


Bard Ventures

Bard Ventures Ltd. () was a Canadian mining and exploration company headquartered in Vancouver. The company conducted exploratory drilling to assess mineral rights within the Lone Pine Molybdenum Property outside of Houston, British Columbia, specifically focusing on molybdenum. The company has also held interests in several other projects, including a 50% interest in the Wasi Creek Zinc Lead Silver Project, outside of Mackenzie, British Columbia.
History.
The Lone Pine property has seen extensive historical exploration. A Minister of Mines and Resources (Canada) annual report from 1914 was the first mention of workings on the property, detailing a shaft intersection of a narrow silver-lead-zinc-copper-gold bearing quartz vein. Various surface workings continued in the 1920s as additional veins were discovered.
Numerous companies from 1959 to 1971 conducted a variety of exploration over the property, however, it wasn't until 1976 that molybdenum mineralization was being sought after as a primary commodity. Between 1976 and 1992 continued exploration resulted in moderate molybdenum mineralization on the property.
The Lone Pine Property consists of seven mineral claims covering 1051 hectares, which are approximately 15 kilometers north-northwest of Houston, BC, and are situated in the Omineca Mining Division. The Property area extends over several molybdenum showings including Quartz Breccia, Alaskite Zone, Mineral Hill and Granby.
The Alaskite Zone is aptly named for the white, fine to medium grained quartz feldspar porphyry intrusive that was recognized and mapped in outcrop in 1967 as alaskite. The alaskite intrusive is the main focus of the Lone Pine Property drilling and has been interpreted as being the most favorable lithology for molybdenum mineralization. The alaskite intrusive to date continues to be drilled to the northwest of its original outcropping occurrence, BD-07-01 area, with exploration advancement to the northwest ongoing.
Mining operations and community.
Bard Ventures drilling program for the Lone Pine Property provides employment for the surrounding communities of Smithers, British Columbia and Houston. Commercial production will not interfere with the local communities as the property has access to an existing infrastructure and is located less than one kilometre off Highway 16 that connects Prince Rupert to Prince George in central BC.
The main power grid connecting the area transects the property along Highway 16. In addition, a power sub station occurs within two kilometres of the property, opening the potential for simple, low-cost power for the project. Surface rights in the area are controlled by a few (less than five) local residents that have thus far been cooperative with the exploration efforts. Also transacting the property is a natural gas pipeline. Natural gas is an important component used to drive energy for a Mo roaster facility, should the project ever warrant the development of one.
Demand for molybdenum.
According to the International Molybdenum Association , demand from the manufacturing of tools, high-speed steel, stainless steel and low alloy steel accounts for about 80% of total molybdenum consumption. Demand for molybdenum has also increased because of its use as a reducer of sulfur in crude oil. One of the applications pertinent in current market conditions is the use of molybdenum in the pipework for the offshore oil and gas industry. High growth in the energy sector has contributed to the growth in global demand of molybdenum, due to increased demand for the metal for new and replacement pipelines. However, an analyst from Fundamental Research Corp. says: "The recent decline in energy prices and global steel consumption will put downward pressure on molybdenum demand growth."
Other mining companies in the molybdenum industry are Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc., General Moly, Inc. and Roca Mines Inc.
References.
Junior Mining Weekly, July 16, 2008, Canaccord Adams


L. D. Ricketts

Louis Davidson Ricketts (December 19, 1859 – March 4, 1940) was an American economic geologist, metallurgist, mining engineer and banker who pioneered development of copper mines in the U.S. state of Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora.
Early career.
Ricketts was born in Elkton, Maryland on December 19, 1859. He was educated at Princeton University, earning both a B.Sc. (1881) and D.Sc. (1883), being a Fellow in Chemistry and a Fellow in Economic Geology. He then went to Colorado and began at the bottom in Leadville as mine surveyor and assayer, then foreman of a short-lived mine operation near Silverton, Colorado, and, finally, as a consultant and expert witness on geology for mine lawsuits in Leadville, Aspen and elsewhere. In 1887-1890 he served as Geologist for Wyoming Territory. In 1890 he was recruited by Dr. James Douglas of Phelps Dodge (PD) and began his long mining career in the Southwest borderlands.
His first years were filled with more failures than successes. In 1891, Douglas appointed Ricketts manager of the Commercial Mining Company (Phelps Dodge owned) to introduce the Southwest's first Hunt-Douglas process leaching plant at Copper Basin, near Prescott. It burned down, a premature test of hydrometallurgy. The company, backed by Phelps Dodge, also acquired claims adjacent and above the rich United Verde mine at Jerome. Here too Ricketts failed to find profitable ore. Similarly, at Globe, efforts to open several claims for the Phelps Dodge proved marginal. In 1893, he returned to Silverton, Colorado invested in a silver mine, built a mill, and went bankrupt. The failure educated him not to build a costly mill before opening an ore reserve large enough to pay the bills, let alone make a profit. By the mid-1890s, Ricketts was rehired by Douglas and sent to northern Sonora, Mexico, with hopes of finding copper properties.
Nacozari, Sonora, Mexico and Morenci, Arizona with PD.
In 1897, Dr. Ricketts recommended that Phelps Dodge buy the then-small Moctezuma (Nacozari) copper mine in northern Sonora from the Guggenheim family. Dr. Douglas put him in charge of redeveloping the property, in what became probably the first attempt to mine a porphyry copper deposit by mass methods. Ricketts planned and constructed a modern mine, concentrator, smelter and townsite, connected by railroad. The plant was innovative in that it was constructed of steel frame, and the works powered by electricity. By 1901, when he left the company, the Moctezuma mine was a profitable, low-cost copper producer, mining ore with less than 3% copper, a record at the time. Also he had gained maturity as a mine manager and had become a sought after metallurgist.
In this same time period, Dr. Ricketts designed another modern copper concentrator for the Detroit Copper Mining Company of Arizona (another Phelps Dodge controlled company) at Morenci, Arizona, and invested in what became the Valley National Bank, one of the first substantial banks in Arizona. Ricketts continued to serve as a Valley Bank executive for the rest of his life.
Preeminent consultant metallurgist.
In 1901, he opened office as a consultant and became legendary for his designs of major metallurgical works during the early twentieth century copper boom. Over the next decade and a half, Ricketts designed new smelters and/or concentrators, for example, at Old Dominion copper mine at Globe, Arizona (Phelps Dodge controlled), for the Copper Queen (Phelps Dodge) at Douglas and Bisbee, at Miami, at Cananea, and at Clifton, plus a coal washing plant for Phelps Dodge at Dawson, New Mexico. During this period, he also served as president and general manager of the Anaconda interests at Cananea, Sonora, rebuilding its metallurgical works. Since 1907, Arizona copper mines have produced over half the nation's copper, much of the first three decades of this copper was processed through mills designed by Ricketts. On November 18, 1915, because of his work in developing the state's mineral resources, the governor of Arizona honored Ricketts with a medal and special ceremony at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, as the "most distinguished citizen of Arizona."
Ricketts' most significant metallurgical innovations came in the 1910s. As a consulting engineer for the Inspiration copper mine and International smelter in Miami, Arizona (1912–1915), owned by Anaconda, he introduced the first froth flotation plant at a major copper works. Also significant was his work, with John Campbell Greenway, in developing the innovative copper-leaching technology with electrolytic refining for ore from the New Cornelia mine at Ajo, Arizona (1911-1916). At Ajo, his fortune was made. With help of staffs of chemists this leaching technology was adopted at other works, such as his introduction of the process at Inspiration, and was a direct descendant of his work for Dr. Douglas in 1891. This process is the basis for all modern leaching (or solvent) processes used in copper mines around the world. He later flirted with California oil projects, Chilean copper mines, and Chihuahua, Mexico railroads and silver-lead mines, but his great works had been completed.
Recognitions.
In 1916, he was recognized for his contributions by his election as president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Earlier, in 1910, he had been recognized with the gold medal from the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Great Britain. He received the degree of L. L. D. from the University of Arizona in 1916, and doctor of engineering from Princeton in 1925. He was elected a Trustee to Princeton, where he maintained a home for his mother and sister (formerly the home of friend, President Woodrow Wilson), and was a donor to and served as trustee of Caltech. In 1940 he was awarded the gold medal, named after his mentor James Douglas, of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers.
Personal.
Ricketts suffered a serious illness in 1917. While he did recover, and resumed his consulting practice, he did not undertake any major new projects. He retired to Pasadena, California, where he died in 1940. He retained his connection with Arizona, being chairman of the Valley National Bank, Phoenix, and a director of Phelps Dodge at the time of his death.
In 1916, Ricketts married Kate Bruce Greenway, widow of his partner John C Greenway's brother. They had no children. His brother Palmer C. Ricketts was president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.


Salar de Uyuni mine

The Salar de Uyuni mine is one of the largest lithium mines in Bolivia. The mine is located in southern Bolivia in Potosí Department. The Salar de Olaroz mine has reserves amounting to 3 billion tonnes of lithium ore grading 0.3% lithium thus resulting 9 million tonnes of lithium.


Ankasar mine

The Ankasar mine is a large copper mine located in the south-east of Armenia in Syunik Province. Ankasar represents one of the largest copper reserve in Armenia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.2 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.49% copper and 0.2% molybdenum.


Peak District Lead Mining Museum

The Peak District Lead Mining Museum is located at Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, England. The museum has a mockup of a lead mine in which children may safely experience and explore how the miners, and in particular how children, were used in this dangerous aspect of England's industrial past.
The museum is currently housed inside Grand Pavilion, Matlock Bath.


University of Texas at El Paso

The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) is a public research university in El Paso, Texas. It is a member of the University of Texas System. UTEP is the second-largest university in the United States to have a majority Mexican American student population (about 80%) after the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity." The university's School of Engineering is the nation's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S. and Ph.D. degrees.
UTEP is home to the Sun Bowl stadium, which hosts the annual college football competition the Sun Bowl every winter.
The campus is one of the few places in the world outside of Bhutan or Tibet to have buildings created with the Dzong architectural style. It sits on hillsides overlooking the Rio Grande river, with Ciudad Juárez in view across the Mexico–United States border.
History.
Early history.
On April 16, 1913, SB 183 was signed by the Texas governor allocating funding for a new educational institution that would later become UTEP, making it the second oldest academic institution in the University of Texas system. The school officially opened on September 28, 1914, with 27 students in buildings belonging to the former El Paso Military Institute on a site adjacent to Fort Bliss on the Lanoria Mesa. The school was founded in 1913 as the State School of Mines and Metallurgy, and a practice mineshaft survives on the campus. By 1916, enrollment had grown to 39 students, including its first two female students, Ruth Brown and Grace Odell.
On October 29, 1916, a devastating fire destroyed the main building of the school, prompting its relocation. In 1917, the new school facility was constructed on its present site above Mundy Heights at the Paso del Norte, with the land donated by several El Paso residents. In a period when United States architects were designing in styles adopted especially from Europe, Kathleen Worrell, wife of the university's dean, was attracted by photographs of the Kingdom of Bhutan in a 1914 issue of "National Geographic" magazine, which showed the "dzong" architecture style of its Buddhist monasteries. The resemblances between the local terrain and mountainous features of Bhutan inspired her to propose designing early buildings of the mining school in the dzong style. Liking its distinctiveness, administrations have continued to choose that style for additional facilities, including the Sun Bowl football stadium and parking garages. Dzong architecture has characteristics such as sloping sides, markedly overhanging roofs, and bands of colored decoration.
The University of Texas Board of Regents changed the name of the institution in 1919 first to the Department of Mines and Metallurgy and then to the College of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Texas (TCM) in 1920. The school's name was changed again in 1949 to Texas Western College of The University of Texas (TWC).
Notable events at UTEP include the training in 1961 of the nation's first Peace Corps class, the construction of Sun Bowl Stadium in 1963, and the winning of the 1966 NCAA Basketball Tournament.
The University of Texas at El Paso.
When the 60th Texas State Legislature designated the University of Texas as The University of Texas System in 1967, the name of the school was changed to The University of Texas at El Paso. While the 1967 law designated "U.T. El Paso" as the school's official abbreviated name, the school is more commonly referred to by its trademarked name of "UTEP". Known as the Miners since the school's opening in 1914, TCM's students painted a large "M" for Miners on the Franklin Mountains in 1923; this was later moved to a site adjacent to the Sun Bowl Stadium in the 1960s where it remains today.
The school has had achievements in academic and sports areas. In 1969, UTEP won the first of seven NCAA Men's Cross Country Championships. In 1974, UTEP's first doctoral degree program in Geological Sciences was approved. Also in 1974, UTEP won the first of seven NCAA Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships. In 1975 UTEP won both the NCAA Men's Outdoor and Indoor National Championships. UTEP is only one of a handful of universities to win at least 21 NCAA national championships in multiple sports.
The campus expanded in 1976 with the completion of the Engineering-Science Complex. That same year, the College of Nursing was founded. In 1977, the Special Events Center (now the Don Haskins Center) was built, featuring a 12,000-seat capacity for sporting events, live concerts, and other performances. An expansion of Sun Bowl Stadium followed in 1982, increasing its capacity to 52,000. The six-story University Library opened its doors to the public for the first time in 1984.
In 1988, Diana Natalicio became UTEP's first woman president. When she stepped down in August 2019, she was the longest-serving sitting president of a major public research university. In 1989, UTEP's second doctoral program was approved (in electrical engineering). Doctoral programs in computer engineering, psychology, and environmental science and engineering followed in 1991, 1993, and 1995, respectively. The university's cooperative pharmacy and nursing doctorate programs began in 1996 and 2000, respectively. A biological sciences doctorate program was started in 1997 and a history doctorate followed in 1999. Doctoral programs in international business, civil engineering, and rhetoric and composition were started in 2003.
In 1999, UTEP launched its MBA online degree program. It was designated as a Comprehensive Doctoral/Research-Intensive University by the Carnegie Foundation the following year. In 2002, the $11 million Larry K. Durham Sports Center opened and the Sam Donaldson Center for Communication Studies was established. The Academic Services and Biosciences buildings as well as the Engineering-Science complex in 2003. UTEP celebrated its 90th anniversary the next year with the Miners football team going to the Houston Bowl, and the men's basketball team made its 15th NCAA Tournament appearance.
In August 2019, Heather Wilson, Ph.D., became UTEP's 11th president. She previously served as the Secretary of the U.S. Air Force.
Academics and research.
The University of Texas at El Paso is subdivided into eight colleges and schools, each of which offers a variety of degree programs including undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate. UTEP offers 74 undergraduate degrees, 76 master's-level degrees, and 22 doctoral degrees. UTEP follows a semester system with a spring, summer, and fall semester annually, along with a shorter wintermester in the month of January.
UTEP offers the USA's only bilingual M.F.A. creative writing program.
The university's research expenditure in fiscal year 2018 was $91 million.
UTEP is classified as an "R1: Research University (Highest research activity)" in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.
The National Science Foundation has designated UTEP as a Model Institution for Excellence, one of only six in the country. UTEP is one of only 11 universities nationwide to receive a $5 million Teachers for a New Era (TNE) research grant from the Carnegie Corporation.
"Hispanic Business" magazine has twice ranked UTEP as the number one graduate engineering school for Hispanics. The National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering has called UTEP "a model for other engineering institutions who say that today's minority young people from low-income families can't succeed in a rigorous math- or science-based discipline."
In November 2012, it was announced Igor C. Almeida, Ph.D., professor of biological sciences at UTEP, had developed a fully protective vaccine against Chagas disease. UTEP also holds the rights to a patent (# 5,798,392) for the use of methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF) as a central nervous system selective cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease developed by Donald E. Moss Ph.D., in the department of psychology. A Phase I human clinical trial of MSF as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease was recently successfully completed in Germany.
UTEP's art gallery, The Stanlee and Gerald Rubin Center for the Visual Arts, specializes in site-specific art installations and exhibitions by renowned artists, which have included in the past Teresa Margolles, Tania Candiani, and Rafael Lozano-Hemmer. Under the leadership of its current director, Kerry Doyle, the Rubin Center has been recognized with grants and awards by The Texas Commission on the Arts, The National Endowment for the Arts, The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, The Lannan Foundation, The Leonard Nimoy Foundation, and others.
Campus architecture.
In 1916, only two years after the school opened, the original campus buildings were destroyed in a fire. The school was rebuilt on its present site in 1917. Kathleen Worrell, the wife of the school's first dean Steve H. Worrell, had seen pictures of Bhutanese buildings in an April 1914 issue of "National Geographic". Noting the similarity of mountainous Bhutan (which is in the Himalayas) to the location of the campus, she suggested the new buildings be in the style of Bhutanese "dzongs" (monastic fortresses), with massive sloping walls and overhanging roofs. This idea was enthusiastically accepted by all.
Prominent El Paso architect Henry Trost designed the first four buildings. All buildings since then have followed this style, including a fifth by Trost in 1920, and three more by his firm in 1933–1937. While the early structures only copied the general appearance of a "dzong", recent buildings incorporate internal elements of the "dzong" form as well.
The kingdom of Bhutan has honored UTEP's adoption of their country's style. Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuk has visited the campus, and in 2009 the Kingdom presented UTEP with a hand-carved wooden temple to be erected on the campus.
The Himalayan style of UTEP's campus made it an appropriate site for the Chenrezig Himalayan Cultural Center of El Paso, a Tibetan Buddhist facility.
School colors and logo.
Since the school was established as a department of the main branch of the University of Texas at Austin, the school's colors were originally orange and white. However, in the early 1980s, Columbia blue was added so now the official colors are orange, white, and blue. When the new UTEP athletic department logo was introduced in the fall of 1999, a darker hue of blue was incorporated into the logo, as well as a silver accent to go with the customary orange.
Athletics.
UTEP was the first college in the American South to integrate its intercollegiate sports programs. This change was made in the 1950s. When Don Haskins became basketball coach in 1961, he aggressively recruited black players. In 1966, Haskins' Miners won the NCAA basketball championship, defeating an all-white Kentucky team in the final game. In 1966, at a time when many claimed black players lacked the mental and emotional "necessities" to compete at a high level, the UTEP Miners coach Don Haskins put his usual starting players in the Championship game. They were the first all-black team to start in a game at that level – and to win. This story was retold in Haskins' autobiography "Glory Road" (2005) and in the 2006 film "Glory Road". Haskins coached his entire career at UTEP and compiled a 719–353 record with only five losing seasons. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997, and the special events center was renamed the Don Haskins Center. He retired from coaching in 1999, and died in 2008. The entire 1966 UTEP team was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2007.
In 1968, the UTEP Track and Field program revoked the scholarships of eight black athletes after they boycotted a meet at Brigham Young University in protest of perceived racism at BYU and in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints of the era. This included future Gold Medal winner and world record long jump holder Bob Beamon, who would briefly return to the school after the incident but not graduate. The coach at the time later regretted his actions, and felt that he and the school acted hastily.
UTEP's sports programs have won a total of 21 NCAA Division I national championships. UTEP is tied for 10th overall among schools in Men's Sports Division I championships.
UTEP owns the two largest venues in El Paso, Texas:
In 2005, UTEP moved to Conference USA from the Western Athletic Conference.
Mike Price was hired as football coach in 2003 and announced his retirement in November 2012. On December 10, 2012, it was announced that Sean Kugler would be taking over as the new UTEP football coach.
In 2010, Tim Floyd became the head basketball coach. He was a protege of Don Haskins and is a former coach at the University of New Orleans, the NBA's Chicago Bulls and New Orleans Hornets, and the University of Southern California. Floyd retired in 2017 due to recurring health issues and was succeeded by Rodney Terry, former head coach at CSU Fresno (Fresno State).
Pickaxe hand symbol.
This hand symbol represents the traditional tool used by Miners, the pickaxe, and is similar to the shaka sign and the letter Y in american sign language. This gesture is made by UTEP Miners fans when UTEP players are shooting free throws at basketball games, or any time UTEP kicks off at a football game. It was first introduced by the UTEP cheerleading squad during the 1976–77 football season.
Nickname.
The first reference to the nickname "Miners" is found in the February 1919 (volume 1, number 1) issue of the "Prospector", the school's student newspaper. However, an earlier reference can be found in the handwritten bill (Senate Bill 183) that established the school in 1913, where the author, State Senator Claude Hudspeth, mistakenly wrote "Miners" instead of "Mines," and thus referred to the school as the "State School of Miners and Metallurgy." It is presumed the nickname "Miners" came from the fact the school was founded as the "State School of Mines and Metallurgy." In doing research on this project, early mention of "Ore Diggers" and "Muckers" for the nickname was found, but nothing to determine if the name "Miners" was voted upon by the student body, or if a faculty member, John W. (Cap) Kidd, chose the name. Kidd was a big booster of athletics, especially football, and in 1915, when funds were lean at the school, Kidd donated $800 to equip the football team, though there is no evidence other than anecdotal he contributed this amount. He also assisted with coaching, although he was not the head coach. The present track facility on campus, Kidd Field, bears Cap Kidd's name.
School songs.
"The Eyes of Texas" was adopted by the 1920 student body after the song had been "declared the school anthem for the University of Texas at Austin".
UTEP's fight song, "Miners Fight" was also borrowed from the Austin campus.
With the estate of Marty Robbins, the UTEP Music Department in the late 1980s wrote new words to the melody of his Grammy Award-winning Country & Western hit "El Paso". This gave UTEP a fight song all its own, to a tune recognized across the nation.
Rivalries.
New Mexico State University: UTEP has a strong rivalry with New Mexico State University, known as "The Battle of I-10". UTEP and NMSU are just over 40 miles apart.


West Midlands Coal Board


Ulaan Ovoo coal mine

The Ulaan Ovoo Coal Mine , "red mound") is a coal mine located in the Tüshig sum of Selenge aimag in northern Mongolia. It is located on the northern shore of the Zelter River a short distance west of the sum center.
The mine has coal reserves amounting to 208.8 million tonnes of brown coal.


List of mines in Oregon

This list of mines in Oregon summarizes the mines listed by the Geographic Names Information System. As of January 7, 2014, there are 595 entries.


Iron Mountain (Utah)

Iron Mountain, in southern Iron County, Utah, United States, that the namesake of Iron County. Its summit is at
Description.
The mountain has a long history of iron mining, in the form of magnetite and hematite. Mining at this site goes back to Brigham Young and Mormon pioneers in the 1850s. The early history of this mining can be seen at Iron Mission State Park in nearby Cedar City, Utah. It is one of three major peaks in the Iron Mountain Mining District.


Kamptee Coalfield

Kamptee Coalfield is located in Nagpur district in the Vidarbha region of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
The coalfield.
Coalfieds in the Nagpur region are Kamptee, Bokhara and Umrer.
Kamptee Coalfield lies north of Kanhan railway station in Nagpur district. The coalfield extends in north-westerly direction from Kanhan railway station towards Saoner.
Exploration.
While presently (2012) only one mine is being worked in Kamptee Coalfield, detailed exploration has revealed large deposits of coal in three blocks: Ghatrohan area to the east of the Kanhan river, Silewara area to the west of the Kanhan river, Bina area to the south of the Kanhan river. Non-coking coal is available in five workable seams. The moisture content of the coals varies from 8 to 11% and the volatile matter from 33 to 43%.
Reserves.
According to the Geological Survey of India, Kamptee Coalfield has total reserves of 2,296.84 million tonnes of non-coking coal, up to a depth of 1,200 m, out of which 1,233.74 million tonnes are proved reserves and the rest being indicated or inferred. Bulk of the coal is up to a depth of 300 m.


Polsterberg Pumphouse

The Polsterberg Pumphouse () is a pumping station above the Dyke Ditch in the Upper Harz in central Germany which is used today as a forest restaurant.
As part of the Upper Harz Water Regale it was built in the 18th century and was used to lift the water needed in Clausthal for the mining industry from the Dyke Ditch ("Dammgraben") to the level of the highest pond, the Hirschler Pond. Aside from this water hoist, the Dyke Ditch supplied, and still supplies, water over ditches and tunnels to the Hausherzberg Ponds and the Lower Peacock Pond ("Unterer Pfauenteich") (see also Middle Peacock Pond). The problem was however, that, as it happened, the most productive silver mines in the Upper Harz mining region, the Caroline Pit and the Dorothea Pit, were high up in the mountains and could only be supplied with water power from the Hirschler Pond.
The motive force for the wooden piston pumps was won in the Polster valley below by two water wheels. The headrace for these water wheels was brought via the Heller Valley Ditch ("Hellertal Graben") from the Heller valley and from the Fortune Pond over its Bottom Ditch ("Grundgraben"), but frictional losses and poor efficiencies meant that a considerable amount of headrace water was required in order to lift just a few litres of water from the Dyke Ditch. These wheels transferred their output power over 260 and 560 m long flat rods made of wood to the pumping station on the Polsterberg hill. In the pumping station the water from the Dyke Ditch was pumped 8 m higher and fed into drinking troughs from which it was then further transported via the Hutthal Ditch and "Huttaler Widerwaage" to the Hirschler Pond, or via the Jägersbleek Tunnel and Ditch. The Polsterberg Pumphouse also acted as living accommodation for the master pumper and the ditch keepers, as well as a bar ("Schankstube").
At the beginning of the 20th century the wooden structures were replaced by electrically-drive pumps; the original can still be seen in the pumphouse by the ditch. Today the building is listed. It is purely run as a restaurant and is a popular destination for walkers from Altenau and Clausthal-Zellerfeld. Like the nearby Sperberhai Dam House it lies on the Harz High Road, the B 242.
"See also:"


List of ponds of the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System

The ponds of the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System in Germany consist of around 20 small and larger reservoirs. Most were laid out roughly from the beginning of the 17th century between the Upper Lude, Großer Auerberg, Straßberg, Neudorf and Silberhütte. Several of the pond barrages are classified as dams. The dam of the Gräfiggründer Teich is also the second oldest reservoir in Germany.
The ponds are located in the mining fields of Straßberg, Silberhütte, Birnbaum and Neudorf.


Idris Cox

Idris Cox (15 July 1899 – 25 June 1989) was a Welsh communist activist and newspaper editor.
Born in Maesteg, Cox grew up in Cwmfelin, where he worked in a coal mine from a young age. His family was highly religious, and he attended chapel three times each Sunday, but he lost interest in religion after becoming active in the trade union movement, and was involved in the South Wales miners' strike of 1915. He was elected to the Management Committee of the Garth Miners' Institute at the age of 18 and, in 1920, he became the lodge's delegate to coalfield conferences. Becoming interested in Marxism, he served as Chairman of the local miners' lodge during the 1921 lockout.
In 1923, the South Wales Miners' Federation granted Cox a scholarship, enabling him to study at the Central Labour College in London and, after the 1924 general election, he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). He returned to Wales in 1925, but was unable to find work, other than a short spell as a deputy checkweighman. Instead, he founded a National Unemployed Workers' Movement branch in Maesteg, and continued his communist activity there.
By 1926, Cox was an Area Organiser for the CPGB in Mid Glamorgan. However, he was also active in the Labour Party, and became vice-chairman of its Maesteg branch in 1927. He continued his rise in the CPGB, becoming District Secretary that year, and was co-opted to its National Executive in 1928, attending the Sixth Congress of the Communist International that year.
Cox returned to London in 1929 to join the CPGB's political bureau. He also worked as a correspondent for the "Workers' Weekly", and soon became National Organiser of the party. He married Dora Roberts (1904–2000) in 1931.
In 1935, Cox became editor of the replacement party newspaper, the "Daily Worker". Shortly after, he returned to Wales, as Secretary of the Welsh District of the CPGB. He served in this role until 1951, and stood unsuccessfully for the party in Rhondda East at the 1951 general election. Later that year, Cox became Secretary of the International Department of the CPGB, and was heavily involved in the Movement for Colonial Freedom. He retired in 1970, and wrote his autobiography, "Story of a Welsh Rebel".


Aktogay mine

The Aktogay mine (, "Aqtoǵaı mys ken orny") is a large open-pit mine located in south eastern Kazakhstan in East Kazakhstan Province approximately 250 km from Kazakhstan - China border. Aktogay is KAZ Minerals's second major growth project.
The Aktogay ore body consists of an oxide deposit on top of a larger sulphide deposit, the latter containing some valuable molybdenum as a by-product. The project will include an open-pit mine and concentrator and has a production life of over 50 years.
General.
The Aktogay project has a measured and indicated oxide ore resource of 121 MT with a copper grade of 0.37%, and a sulphide ore resource of 1,597 MT at a copper grade of 0.33%. The project will initially develop the deposit’s oxide resource which is located above the sulphide ore body at the SX/WE plant currently under construction. The sulphide resource extracted from the Aktogay mine will be processed at the concentrator on site, currently under construction.
Aktogay will employ around 3,000 people at peak construction activity and around 1,500 people when operational. First oxide copper cathode production is expected in the fourth quarter of 2015, whilst first sulphide copper in concentrate output is planned for 2017.


Zhunggar coalfield

The Zhunggar is a large coal field located in the north of China in Xinjiang. Zhunggar represents one of the largest coal reserve in China having estimated reserves of 10 billion tonnes of coal.


Wild Horse River

The Wild Horse River, formerly known as Wild Horse Creek, is a tributary of the Kootenay River, joining it near the town of Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada. The river's canyon was the setting for the Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush and associated "war" during the gold rush of the mid-1860s.
Gold Rush.
American prospectors first came to Wild Horse River in the fall of 1863. The river was originally known as Stud Horse Creek. The Wild Horse River yielded close to $7,000,000 in gold during the gold rush. The river is considered to be one of the greatest gold creeks in the entire province of British Columbia. A miner named Mike Reynolds who mined the river in the 1860s recovered a 36-ounce gold nugget. This was the largest nugget recovered from the river. The river was mined with many methods including hydraulics, tunnels, and shafts. During the Gold Rush this river went through two eras of great activity. The first era was from 1863 to 1868 and the second was from 1885 to 1900. The river was worked by both European and Chinese miners.


Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape

The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape is a World Heritage site which includes select mining landscapes in Cornwall and West Devon in the south west of England. The site was added to the World Heritage List during the 30th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Vilnius, July 2006. Following plans in 2011 to restart mining at South Crofty, and to build a supermarket at Hayle Harbour, the World Heritage Committee drafted a decision in 2014 to put the site on the List of World Heritage in Danger, but this was rejected at the 38th Committee Session at Doha, Qatar (July 2014), in favour of a follow-up Reactive Monitoring Mission.
History.
Up to the mid-16th century, Devon produced approximately 25-40% of the amount of tin that Cornwall did but the total amount of tin production from both Cornwall and Devon during this period was relatively small. After the 1540s, Cornwall's production took off and Devon's production was only about between a ninth to a tenth of that of Cornwall. From the mid-16th century onwards, the Devon Stannaries were worth very little in income to the King and were sidelined as such following the Supremacy of Parliament Act 1512 (this does not apply to the Stannaries of Cornwall).
The landscapes of Cornwall and West Devon were radically reshaped during the 18th and 19th centuries by deep-lode mining for copper and tin. The underground mines, engine houses, foundries, new towns, smallholdings, ports, harbours, and ancillary industries together reflect prolific innovation which, in the early 19th century, enabled the region to produce two-thirds of the world's supply of copper. During the late 19th century, arsenic production came into ascendancy with mines in the east of Cornwall and West Devon supplying half the world’s demand.
The early 19th century also saw a revolution in steam engine technology which was to radically transform hard-rock mining fortunes. The high-pressure expansively operated pumping engines developed by the engineers Richard Trevithick and Arthur Woolf enabled mining at much greater depths than had been possible hitherto. Cornish-design beam engines and other mining machinery was to be exported from major engineering foundries in Hayle, Perranarworthal, Tavistock and elsewhere to mining fields around the world throughout the century.
Commencing in the early 19th century, significant numbers of mine workers migrated to live and work in mining communities based on Cornish traditions, this flow reaching its zenith at the end of the 19th century. Today numerous migrant-descended Cornish communities flourish around the world and distinctive Cornish-design engine houses can be seen in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Mexico, the British Virgin Islands, Spain, and in the mining fields of other parts of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man.
A much reduced mining industry continued in Cornwall after the copper crash of the 1860s with production mainly focused on tin. Metalliferous mining finally ceased in Cornwall in 1998 with the closure of South Crofty Mine, Pool, the last tin mine to operate in Europe.
Areas.
The World Heritage site comprises discrete but thematically linked areas spanning Cornwall and West Devon. The areas (with the area codes from the site nomination) are:


Howell Works

Howell Works (later the Howell Works Company) was a bog iron-based production facility for pig iron which was established in New Jersey in the early 19th century by American engineer and philanthropist James P. Allaire. It is notable as one of the earliest American examples of a company town.
Allaire purchased the Howell Works property to provide pig iron for his Allaire Iron Works in New York, which was at the time a leading manufacturer of marine steam engines. The Howell Works also manufactured its own lines of cast iron products. Allaire eventually transformed the Howell Works into an almost completely self-sufficient community, with its own housing and food supply for the workforce, its own post office, church, school and company store, even its own currency.
After bog iron was made redundant by the increasing availability of iron ore, Allaire closed the Howell Works and eventually retired there with his family. The property remained in private hands until being bequeathed to the state in 1941. Today, the Howell Works is a registered historic site known as Allaire Village.
Background.
James Peter Allaire founded his first company, a brass foundry, at 462 Cherry Street, New York, in 1804. In 1807, Allaire received an order from steamboat pioneer Robert Fulton for brass fittings for the "North River Steamboat", the world's first commercially successful steam-powered vessel. Allaire subsequently became interested in marine steam engine technology, and in 1815 he established a plant in New York for the production of such engines, the Allaire Iron Works.
Allaire soon ran into supply problems with his new ironworks. With little demand in the United States for the high quality pig iron necessary for building marine steam engines, the local pig iron industry was in its infancy and unable to supply him with either the quantity or quality he required. The best quality pig iron was imported from the United Kingdom, but high tariffs made it too expensive to purchase.
Allaire's solution was to become a manufacturer of pig iron. In 1821, a friend and business associate of Allaire's, Benjamin B. Howell, began leasing a bog-iron furnace in Monmouth County, New Jersey, which was known as Monmouth Furnace. After Howell informed Allaire of the property, Allaire decided to raise the capital to purchase it. On 27 April 1822, he purchased the furnace along with of the surrounding land from its owner William Newbold for the sum of $19,000.
Allaire's initial capital raising fell through and Newbold promptly sued for the balance, but Allaire was able to refinance. He took full possession of the property in 1823. He renamed the property Howell Works, in honor of Benjamin Howell.
Operational period, 1822-1850.
The property purchased by Allaire contained a large swathe of swampland — from which the renewable resource of bog iron was harvested — along with forests to process for charcoal to fuel the bog iron conversion. Allaire eventually purchased an additional of woodland to increase the supply for charcoal making.
Workforce.
The basic workforce was divided into three different groups:
Because of the area's isolation, Allaire realized he had to provide virtually all the facilities of a small town to satisfy the daily needs of his employees. Consequently, he hired additional artisans: a blacksmith, carpenters, brickmakers to supply bricks for new buildings on the grounds, farmers to grow food and raise cattle, millers, bakers, butchers and so on. In effect, Allaire built an almost entirely self-contained community.
Financial restructure.
In 1824, Allaire sold 50% of the Works to his brother-in-law John Haggerty, who in turn sold his share of the business in 1827 to Thomas P. Wallworth. Allaire and Wallworth incorporated the business in 1828 as the Howell Works Company, with a capital of $150,000. By 1833, Allaire was the sole owner once again.
Post office and company scrip.
In 1831, the Howell Works secured a US Postal contract and opened its own Post Office. In the same year, the New Jersey Legislature passed an act prohibiting the use of "tickets" - in effect, banning the use of currencies other than the state's official currency. Allaire had been planning to issue his own scrip prior to passage of the act. In 1832, he initiated a test case.
The courts found that the Allaire scrip did not violate the Act because they were "due bills" (IOU's). Allaire began issuing his workers the scrip, which was redeemable at the company store on the grounds, as well as accepted as payment by businesses in the local area. The scrip was issued in a variety of denominations, from tokens worth a few pennies to notes with a value of between $1 and $10.
Transportation hub.
As Allaire's business grew, Howell Works became a major transportation center. In 1833 Allaire upgraded the original wooden carriage house, built in 1825, with a larger brick building. He established a stagecoach company that ran a freight-wagon line between Howell Works and his depot at Eatontown Dock (modern-day Oceanport). Later he built another depot at Red Bank further north. To transport the pig iron from Red Bank to New York, Allaire purchased Cornelius Vanderbilt's steamer "Bellona" and established the first regular steam packet service between the two localities. Other steamboats used by Allaire to transport goods and supplies to and from the Howell Works included the "Frank", "David Brown", "Osiris", "Iolas" and "Orus".
Company store.
Allaire expanded the Howell Works Company Store in 1835 by constructing a new four-story brick building at a cost of $7,000 to house the steadily expanding range of goods for sale. The Store's goods included meat, fish and dairy products stored in the basement; hardware, flour, coffee, wine, liquor, groceries, ironware and other goods on the ground floor; and a wide range of furniture to suit buyers of different means on the second floor. The top floor held bulk items and was also used a storage area. The Store also contained the Howell Works Post Office, an apothecary, and an early example of a soda fountain. Customers came from miles around to shop there. At this time, the Store may have been the largest in the entire state of New Jersey.
Philanthropy.
Allaire was not only interested in the physical wellbeing of his employees. In 1832, he built a church on the Howell Works grounds. The Church was Episcopal in keeping with Allaire's personal faith; however, he was tolerant of other faiths and did not require his employees to attend services.
A strong believer in education, Allaire did require the children of his employees to attend school, which he provided free of charge. Lessons were held three days a week, from dawn to dusk, for children of both sexes between the ages of about five or six to eleven or twelve. Children old enough to train as apprentices could continue their schooling on a part-time basis if they so desired. Lessons were held inside the chapel and provided by the resident minister—retained by Allaire at a salary of $500 per year—and an assistant.
Peak period.
By 1836, Howell Works had expanded to its peak operation and size. By this time, the Works employed 400 to 600 workers, including not only those who lived in the Works community but many people from the surrounding region. The Works had expanded to over sixty buildings, including a large three-storey charcoal depot storing charcoal, bog iron and flux; the company store and the church; a carriage house and stables; a bakery, gristmill and slaughterhouse; a blacksmith, carpentry shop and wheelwright; an enamelling furnace; numerous row houses for married employees; and finally Allaire's mansion, which included a dormitory wing for the Works bachelors, managed by a housekeeper.
The blast furnace now included two smaller furnaces or cupolas in addition to the main furnace, all of which were housed in a large casting shed and adjoined by an office, bridgehouse and wheelhouse (the latter containing a large waterwheel to pump air into the furnace). The cupolas were added for the production of cast-iron products, which Allaire was able to manufacture as a result of the surplus pig iron from the Works. His company manufactured items including pots, pans, skillets, kettles and other holloware; along with andirons, pipes, tools and machine castings. Some of these items were sold at the company store, but most were shipped north for sale in New York. Allaire established file and screw factories, the latter of which manufactured the first screws made on mechanical lathes.
Decline and closure.
At the peak of Howell Works' production, however, Allaire's business empire suffered a series of financial and other setbacks from which it would never fully recover. In October 1836, his steamship the "William Gibbons" ran aground and was destroyed. In May of the following year, the Panic of 1837 began, triggering a prolonged recession throughout the United States. At about the same time, the Howell Works furnace blew out. The loss of the "William Gibbons", along with difficulties in obtaining loans and the loss of product demand caused by the Panic, prevented the Works from returning to full production for two years.
Allaire was unable to obtain loans to take possession of his latest steamship, "Home", for more than a year after its construction. Soon after he did so, "Home" sailed only a few voyages before foundering and sinking off North Carolina in October 1837. One hundred people died and the ship was uninsured. The accident cost Allaire $89,708, but his reputation suffered more because of the loss of life.
Howell Works was rendered redundant by the discovery in the early 1830s of abundant deposits of iron ore and anthracite coal in the state of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian pig iron was cheaper to produce than that of the Works. As coal burns hotter than charcoal, the iron was processed to higher quality. The Howell Works furnace was extinguished for the last time in 1846. Some operations continued until about 1850, when the Works was formally declared bankrupt.
Later history.
In 1850, James Allaire was forced out of the management of the Allaire Iron Works in New York by his erstwhile business partners, and retired with his second wife Calicia and their only son Hal to the former Howell Works property. After Allaire's death in 1858, ownership of the property passed first to his wife and later to their son Hal.
Hal Allaire lived as something of a recluse, leaving the property largely unchanged but lacking the funds to fully maintain it. As the derelict buildings gradually fell into disrepair, locals dubbed the location "Deserted Village".
After Hal Allaire's death in 1901, the property was purchased by W. J. Harrison. Harrison sold it in 1907 to Arthur Brisbane, then the world's wealthiest journalist, for the sum of $68,000. Brisbane leased the Deserted Village to the Monmouth Council of Boy Scouts for twenty years. Following Brisbane's death in 1936, his widow bequeathed the property's to the State in 1941, in accordance with her late husband's wishes. It thereby became known as Allaire State Park.
In 1957, a group of locals established an organization for the restoration and maintenance of the old Howell Works Company site, which they renamed Allaire Village. The non-profit organization, Allaire Village Inc., runs the historic site in conjunction with the State of New Jersey as a tourist and educational facility.


Takraf India Pvt. Ltd.

TAKRAF India Pvt. Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tenova Mining and Minerals working in development, planning, design, manufacture and supply of plants, systems and equipment in the area of Open cast mining and Bulk material handling. Tenova Mining and Minerals Division is a part of the larger Techint group.
History.
TAKRAF India commenced its operations in India in 1995 in Chennai as a fully owned subsidiary to TAKRAF Germany (then, a part of MAN SE Group), under the supervision of Karel Meijers. Tenova acquired MAN TAKRAF in 2006 and was renamed to Tenova TAKRAF. It started with ony 10 people which has now grown to more than 200 employees and counting. Neyveli Lignite Corporation has been one of the major customers, with order values worth more than €50 million. TAKRAF India has supplied NLC the Asia's largest Earth Moving Machine (HEMM) – a 20,000 tonnes per hour spreader in 2004. In June 2012 Tenova TAKRAF received one major project order from NLC worth ₹330 crores. Pet coke handling system of the 9.02 million tonnes per year Guru Govind Singh Refinery Project of M/S Hindustan Petroleum-Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL) at Bathinda (Punjab) is one of the major recent installations from TAKRAF India.
Products.
TAKRAF India specializes in producing custom made high-capacity machines, in the following sectors:


Sixes mine

The Sixes Mine is a group of former gold placer mines in the Georgia Gold Belt. They are near Sixes in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States, located off Bell's Ferry Road, south of Canton, Georgia. The mine's coordinates are .
History.
The Sixes Mine was originally worked by the Cherokee and was located near the Cherokee town called Sixes. It may have been in operation as early as 1819 and would therefore predate the Georgia Gold Rush. The discovery of six gold mines was the reason why the Cherokee Nation was forced off their land. The Trail of Tears march began in Cherokee County approximately from where Sixes Mine is located. After the Cherokee Nation was driven off their land, the Georgia Land Lottery of 1832 took place, which granted plots of land to Georgia residents who were fortunate enough to win the lottery. One such winner was Mrs. Mary G. Franklin, founder of the Franklin-Creighton Mine.
The six mines that comprised the Sixes are the Three Hundred and One, Cherokee, Clarkston, Downing Creek Placer Mine, Macou Project, and the Putnam Mine.
Current status.
The Sixes mine and Downing Creek Placer mines were both located in what is now the BridgeMill planned community. The Downing Creek Placer mine is located on private property on Downing Creek Court.
The Three Hundred and One mine was located on county plat 301, 15th district.
The Cherokee Mine is located off Wooten Drive on Army Corps of Engineers property. Public access is difficult, and there is no easy approach. The mine can be accessed by boat on Allatoona Lake up Sixes Creek, or by foot into the Corps property tree line marked by red blazes on the trees across from the BridgeMill neighborhood swimming pool. Visiting and gold panning is allowed by the Corps, but only panning with shovels and pans in the stream bed.


Henry Krumb

Henry Krumb (1875–1958) was an American mining engineer. As a Guggenheim engineer, he was the first to apply scientific methods to sampling bulk-tonnage orebodies at the enormous porphyry copper deposit at Bingham Canyon, Utah.
Krumb further refined his churn drill sampling technique at William Boyce Thompson's Inspiration (Miami, Arizona) mine. He also developed the nearby Magma Mine at Superior, Arizona for Thompson. Thompson then built a winter home and gardens nearby, now open to the public as the Boyce Thompson Arboretum, the oldest public botanical garden in the Western US.
The Henry Krumb School of Mines at Columbia University, which encompassed the Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering along with the program in Materials Science and the Earth Engineering center, is named in his honor in 1964. However, in 1998, Columbia did away with its mining program and the Krumb chair in mining has been vacant for at least two decades, as of 2013.
The lecture series at Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration is also named in his honor.
Krumb graduated from Columbia School of Mines with a E.M. degree in 1898.


Molango mine

The Molango mine is a mine located in the center of Mexico in Hidalgo. Molango represents one of the largest manganese reserve in Mexico having estimated reserves of 1.53 bmillion tonnes of manganese ore grading 25% manganese metal.


Iamgold

Iamgold Corporation (formerly Iamgold International African Mining Gold Corporation) is a Canadian company that owns and operates gold mines in Burkina Faso, Suriname and Canada. Headquartered in Toronto, the company was founded in 1990 and went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1996 with additional shares being listed on the New York Stock Exchange beginning in 2005. The company formerly owned or had stakes in the Sadiola and Yatela gold mines in Mali, the Mupane gold mine in Botswana, the Niobec niobium mine in Quebec, as well as a royalty in the Diavik Diamond Mine. Iamgold's early exploration work in Western Mali, particularly around Sadiola, was based on the fieldwork of Canadian geologist James C. Snell. M.Tech, P.Eng. Snell provided exploration coordinates to company founder Mark Nathanson. After years of seeking recognition and payment for his work, Snell committed suicide while living in poverty in Vancouver B.C.
Operations.
Entering 2020, Iamgold controlled three productive mines that had combined to produced 762,000 ounces in 2019. In addition, the company owned controlling interest in two developing mines with stakes exploration activities in numerous locations in west Africa, Canada, Nicaragua, Brazil.
The company's largest operating mine is located in Burkina Faso. Iamgold subsidiary company Essakane S.A. operates the Essakane gold mine with the Government of Burkina Faso owning a 10% stake. It is an open pit mine, with heap leach processing, along the Gorouol River near the town of Falagountou and the border with Niger. It was acquired by Iamgold in 2009 from Orezone Resources who had conducted exploration and development activities. The mine began commercial production in July 2010. With 3.8 million ounces in proved and probable reserves as of 2020, the mine has produced approximately 350,000-450,000 ounces of gold per year.
In Suriname, Iamgold subsidiary company Rosebel Gold Mines N.V. operates the Rosebel gold mine with the Government of Suriname owning a 5% stake. It is an open pit mine located near the town of Brownsweg. Golden Star Resources and Cambior had conducted the exploration and development work to bring the mine into commercial production in 2004. Iamgold acquired Cambior in 2006 while Golden Star sold its stake to Euro Ressources S.A. which Iamgold acquired in 2008. With 2.9 million ounces in proved and probable reserves as of 2020 (with additional reserves in the neighboring Saramacca expansion property and potential for zinc extraction), the mine has produced approximately 300,000 ounces of gold per year.
In the Abitibi Municipality of Quebec, Iamgold acquired the Doyon Division mining property with its 2006 acquisition of Cambior. As its older Doyon mine ceased production in 2009, the facilities were re-purposed to support the developing and operation of the new Westwood gold mine which began commercial production in 2014. The ore from the open pit mine is processing at the refurbished Doyon mill using the carbon in pulp method. Zinc deposits. With 1.2 million ounces in proved and probable reserves as of 2020, the mine has produced around 100,000 ounces of gold per year.
Iamgold's two developing mines are the Côté Gold project in the Sudbury District of Ontario, and the Boto Gold project in the Kédougou Region of Senegal. The company involvement in the Côté Gold project began in 2012 when it acquired Trelawney Mining and Exploration which held the mineral rights. In 2017, with a preliminary economic assessment estimating a 21-year mine life producing an average of 302,000 ounces of gold annually at an all-in sustaining cost of $686/oz, Iamgold sold a 30% stake in Côté Gold to Sumitomo Metal Mining. A feasibility study completed the next year estimated the open pit mine would require an initial capital cost of $1.15 billion and adjusted the estimated production numbers to 367,000 ounces of gold annually over 16 year life span. Meanwhile, feasibility studies for the Senegalese Boto Gold project estimated a potential for approximately 160,000 ounces of gold annually over 11-year mine life.
Corporate history.
The Iamgold International African Mining Gold Corporation (re-named Iamgold Corporation in 1997) was founded on March 27, 1990, by businessmen Mark Nathanson and William Pugliese to pursue a mining concession being offered in Mali. Headquartered in Markham, Ontario, the company partnered with South African gold mining company Anglo American's AngloGold Ashanti to develop the Sadiola Gold Mine. To fund this, Iamgold raised $60 million in an initial public offering becoming a publicly-listed company on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1996, with an additional $13 million worth of shares being issued the following year. With the success of developing the Sadiola Gold Mine, Iamgold and AngloGold Ashanti developed a second mine, the Yatela Mine, which began production in 2001. With profits now being realized, Iamgold was listed on the TSE 300 index and began issuing dividends to shareholders, uniquely the dividends were aid in bullion instead of cash. Additional shares were issued in 2002 and they company became listed on the American Stock Exchange. The company incurred a court-ordered $1.7 million fine, payable to Kinbauri Gold for withdrawing from a merger agreement. Also in late-2002, in a $218 million in all-stock deal, Iamgold acquired royalty company Repadre Capital Corp. which had stakes in several gold and diamond mines in Canada and Africa, most significant of which was a 19% interest in Gold Fields's Tarkwa and Damang mines in Ghana. With Repadre's Joseph Conway taking over as CEO of the combined company, the merger boosted Iamgold's attributable gold production to 421,000 ounces from 290,000 ounces the year before.
After moving its headquarters from Markham to Toronto, the directors and CEOs of Iamgold and Wheaton River Minerals Ltd. agreed to a merger deal that would create a new company to be called Axiom Gold, valued at about $2.9 billion in 2004. However Iamgold stakeholders fought the proposal. BMO Nesbitt Burns and CIBC World Markets organized competing offers, Golden Star Resources Ltd. to acquire Iamgold for $1.2-billion and Coeur d'Alene Mines Corp. to acquire Wheaton River for $2.56 billion, whose rejection by the Iamgold and Wheaton River board of directors was fought in court. While the shareholder votes were delayed due to the court cases, Wheaton River shareholders voted in favour of the merger but Iamgold shareholders rejected it. The company subsequently made a failed bid to acquire assets of Gold Fields. With the failed merger and acquisition behind them, in the next two years the company acquired Australian company Gallery Gold and its Mupane gold mine in Botswana in an $235 million all-stock deal, and Cambior with its Rosebel mine in Suriname, a Niobium mine in Quebec and several older Quebec gold mines in a $1.2 billion deal. With 100% interest in the Mupane, Doyon & Mouska, Sleeping Giant and Niobec mines, as well as a 95% interest in the Rosebel mine, the mergers transitioned the company from an investor into an operator and increased their attributable gold production from 642,000 ounces in 2006 to 965,000 ounces in 2007, and peaking at 997,000 ounces in 2008. The company fared well during the 2008 recession with its stock falling from $8 per share at the beginning of the year to bottoming out at $4 in October and peaking again at $20 by November 2009. They sold off numerous non-core assets, such as royalties acquired from Repadre, the La Arena copper project in Peru acquired from Cambior, and closed the Sleeping Giant (selling the mill and remaining property), and Doyon mines. In the same timeframe, they initiated plans to develop the Westwood mine using the Doyon property and acquired Orezone Resources Inc. and its Essakane Project in Burkina Faso.
While 2008 proved to be their best year in terms of gold production, the company's stock price peaked in 2011 at $21.40. After CEO Joseph Conway stepped down in January 2010, replaced by interim CEO Peter Jones until Enbridge executive Stephen Letwin was hired, the Essakane mine had commenced production in July 2010. In June 2011, Iamgold sold its 19% stake in the Tarkwa and Damang gold mines in Ghana to Gold Fields Limited for $667 million and its Mupane gold mine in Botswana to Galane Gold Ltd. for $34 million. In 2012, in a $608-million purchase, Iamgold acquired Trelawney Mining and Exploration and its Côté Lake gold deposit, near Sudbury, Ontario which they believed could be developed into a significant mine; although a 30% stake had to be sold to Sumitomo Metal Mining to help fund its development. While the sales also helped finance the expansion of Essakane and the development of the Westwood mine, production would peak again at 882,000 ounces in 2017 and 2018, before falling to 762,000 ounces in 2019 as the Yatela mine became exhausted and Sadiola mine was sold in December 2019. Looking towards future projects, Iamgold purchased Merrex Gold and its Siribaya-Diakha exploration property in Mali.
Past mines (divested and closed).
Since opening the Sadiola Gold Mine in 1996, Iamgold has held stakes or outright owned numerous mines that later sold or ceased operation.


David T. Ansted

David Thomas Ansted FRS (5 February 181413 May 1880) was an English professor of geology and author of numerous books on geology. His role as a teacher at Addiscombe Military Seminary, where future East India Company army officers were trained, had an influence on the study of geology in the colonies.
Youth, education.
Ansted was born in London on 5 February 1814 to William Ansted. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, and inspired by Adam Sedgwick took an interest in geology. After taking an MA degree in 1839, he was elected to fellow of the college. He was appointed professor of geology at King's College London in 1840, holding the post until 1853. From 1845, he was also a lecturer at the East India Company's Military Seminary at Addiscombe (until its closure in 1861), and professor of geology at the College for Civil Engineers at Putney. His "Elementary Course of Geology" textbook was awarded as a prize to cadets at Addiscombe. The cadets themselves were posted to India and other colonies where some pursued geology.
He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1844, and from that date until 1847 he was vice-secretary of the Geological Society. The practical side of geology now came to occupy his attention and he visited various parts of Europe as a consulting geologist and mining engineer.
In 1868, Ansted became an Examiner in Physical Geography to the Science and Art Department of King's College. In 1870 he was awarded a Telford Medal by the Institution of Civil Engineers for his paper "On the Lagoons and Marshes of certain parts of the Shores of the Mediterranean".
Travel and writing.
Ansted's "Gold-Seekers Manual" (1849) attempted to improve the prospects of emigrants to the California gold rush. His other published works include "Geology, Introductory, Descriptive, & Practical" (1844), "The Geologist's Text-Book" (1845), "Syllabus of Lectures on Mineralogy, Geology, and Practical Geology" (1848), "An Elementary Course of Geology, Mineralogy, and Physical Geography" (1850), "The Great Stone Book of Nature" (1853), "The Applications of Geology to the Arts and Manufactures" (1865). He was the co-author with Robert Gordon Latham of "The Channel Islands" (1862).
By 1853, Ansted's reputation was sufficient that he was hired by potential investors to survey promising coal fields along the New River in southern Virginia in the United States, and he was one of the earlier geologists to identify the rich bituminous coal seams which lay there. His work set the stage for a mining boom in the area, where he invested in land along the Midland Trail in Fayette County in what became the new state of West Virginia in 1863 during the American Civil War (1861–65). A protégé of Ansted, William Nelson Page (1854–1932), became a leading industrialist and developer of iron furnaces, coal mines and railroads in the area, leading and managing such enterprises as the Victoria Furnace in Goshen, Virginia and the Gauley Mountain Coal Company for absentee investors, many of whom were based overseas in the United Kingdom.
Ansted collaborated with numerous scientists of the period and like many others he entered into a correspondence with Charles Darwin in about 1860.
Personal life.
Ansted married Augusta Dorothea Hackett (1828-1897), daughter of Alexander Baillie on 24 June 1848 and they had six children. Ansted died at Melton near Woodbridge, Suffolk, on 13 May 1880. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.
Legacy.
The town of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia, was named in his honour in 1873.


Poeville, Nevada

Poeville, also known as Peavine until 1863, is the site of a historical mining town, established in 1864. John Poe, a professional promoter from Michigan allegedly related to Edgar Allan Poe, discovered rich gold and silver veins in 1862 on the slopes of Peavine Mountain. After the discovery of ore, Poe announced that the veins comprised the next Comstock Lode; he presented extracted ore at the state fair of 1864 as rich in content. As a result, the former mining camp, called Poe City (Poeville) or Podunk (Poedunk), grew to 200 people by 1864. Ore production in the mining district and population peaked around 1873-1874 with several hundred people living in town, supported by three hotels and a post office. The post office, named "Poeville", operated between September 1, 1874, and March 24, 1878.
The smelting of the sulfide-rich ores with the primitive technology of the time directly at town was difficult, and also water resources were scarce. The situation improved in 1866, when the extracted ore was freighted to smelters by wagon to Cisco, California, and, after the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad, by rail to Sacramento, California. Income from the mines was low, for the extracted ore was rich not in gold, but in copper. Mining activity rapidly slowed, then ceased altogether in the late 1870s. By 1880, only 15 people remained in town. Nothing can be seen today of the former town. Several small mining claims were in operation near the town site since that time.
Geography.
Poeville, according to the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, was situated on the flat area to the right on Peavine Road, where the road turns up a switchback to the left (latitude: 39.591221, longitude: -119.906137).
Golden Fleece Mine.
The Golden Fleece Mine was operated by the Golden Fleece Gold & Silver Mining Company, incorporated on February 2, 1875, which held one patented claim on the site. W. F. Stewart had published a geological report on the mine in 1879, which had an eight-foot vein of ore.


Huogeqi mine

The Huogeqi mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in China. The mine is located in Bayannur, Inner Mongolia. The mine has reserves amounting to 67.6 million tonnes of ore grading 1.44% lead and 1.46% zinc thus resulting 0.97 million tonnes of lead and 1 million tonnes of zinc.


Croesor

Croesor is a small village in Gwynedd, Wales, located at the foot of Cnicht, in Cwm Croesor, in the community of Llanfrothen. The Croesor Tramway travelled along the bed of the cwm, before rising steeply to Bwlch Rhosydd via Croesor Incline.
To the south of the village is the site of Parc, which was the ancient estate of the Anwyl Family, with a claim to be the direct descendants in the male line of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd.
The primary language used is Welsh
The Snowdonia Slate Trail between Beddgelert and Tanygrisiau passes through the village
Famous residents.
The author Patrick O'Brian and his wife Mary were residents of this village from 1945 to 1949, living first at the cottage Fron Wen and later at a larger house Moelwyn Bank.
In the early 1960s, the author Philip O'Connor spent several years in Croesor, which served as the basis for "Living In Croesor" (1962), an account of the village and its people.


Wolverine Mine