Geology of Cornwall

The geology of Cornwall, England, is dominated by its granite backbone, part of the Cornubian batholith, formed during the Variscan orogeny. Around this is an extensive metamorphic aureole (known locally as killas) formed in the mainly Devonian slates that make up most of the rest of the county. There is an area of sandstone and shale of Carboniferous age in the north east, and the Lizard peninsula is formed of a rare section of uplifted oceanic crust.
Coasts.
Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of the island Great Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to impressive cliffs.
The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically-named "High Cliff", between Boscastle and St Gennys, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in Cornwall at 735 ft (224 m). However, there are also many extensive stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches that are so important to the tourist industry, such as those at St Ives, Hayle, Perranporth and Newquay. The only river estuary of any size on the north coast is that of the Camel, which provides Padstow with a safe harbour.
The south coast, dubbed the riviera, is somewhat more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries formed by drowned valleys or rias that offer safe anchorages to seafarers, such as at Falmouth and Fowey. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of wave-cut platform. Raised beaches can be identified in various places these being geological evidence of past changes in sea levels.
Interior.
The interior of the county consists of a roughly east–west spine of infertile and exposed upland, with a series of granite intrusions, such as Bodmin Moor, which contains the highest land within Cornwall. From east to west, and with approximately descending altitude, these are Bodmin Moor, the area north of St Austell (including St Austell Downs), the area south of Camborne and Redruth, and the Penwith or Land's End peninsula. These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops of south-west Britain, which include Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to the west, the latter now being partially submerged.
The uplands are surrounded by more fertile, mainly pastoral farmland. Near the south coast, deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for a flora that likes shade and a moist, mild climate. These areas are mainly of Devonian sandstone and slate. The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven, spectacularly at the "Whaleback Pericline" on the beach just south of Bude and at several other locations.
Granite.
The intrusion of the granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks gave rise to extensive metamorphism and mineralisation, and this led to Cornwall being one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. It is thought that tin ore (cassiterite) was exploited in Cornwall as early as the Bronze Age. Over the years, many other metals such as copper, lead, zinc and silver have all been mined in Cornwall. Alteration of the granite also gave rise to extensive deposits of china clay (kaolinite), especially in the area to the north of St Austell, and this remains one of Cornwall's most important industries.
Granite was used as a building stone as early as the Bronze Age. Before the 17th century the granite was not quarried as it was far too difficult to cut the stone at that time. Builders used blocks lying about on the moors, known as moorstone, instead. By the later Middle Ages the masons were adept enough at dressing moorstone to use it in church building. Moorstone blocks were also used for bridging streams and for walls, stiles, posts and troughs.
The Lizard peninsula.
The Lizard complex is Britain's most complete example of an ophiolite. Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red rock, serpentinite, which forms cliffs as at Kynance Cove, and can be carved and polished to create ornaments. This ultramafic rock forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the Goonhilly Downs.
Mining and quarrying.
Extraction of tin began in Cornwall in prehistoric times and continued until the late 20th century. Historically extensive tin and copper mining has occurred in Devon and Cornwall, as well as arsenic, silver, zinc and a few other metals. Granite, slate and aggregate are still quarried and china-clay extraction continues on a large scale.
There are ample supplies of granite worth the cost of shipping out of the county and much Cornish granite has been used in distant places. It is one of the most appropriate materials for memorials and examples are found in most parts of Cornwall. there are no active metalliferous mines remaining. However, tin deposits still exist in Cornwall, and there is talk of reopening South Crofty tin mine.
Geological studies were made worthwhile due to the economic importance of mines and quarries: about forty distinct minerals have been identified from type localities in Cornwall, e. g. endellionite from St Endellion.


Tilmanstone

Tilmanstone is a small village in Kent, in the South East of England, near Eastry, a much bigger and more developed area. Tilmanstone no longer has a village school; however, the independent Northbourne Park School is close to the parish boundary. The name of Tilmanstone has historically been famous for its colliery, although it is located in the village of Eythorne, operated from 1906 to 1986 as one of the four main pits of the Kent coalfield. The population taken at the 2011 Census also included that of the nearby hamlet of Ashley.
History.
The parish church of St Andrew dates back to the mid-11th century and is made of flint, with later stone and brick sections. The church also includes the Tilmanstone Brass, which recognized Richard Fogge (c. 1482, a descendant of politician Thomas Fogge) and features a point perspective with three-dimensional figures, something that at the time was only popular in Florence. The yew tree in the churchyard has been dated to more than 1,200 years, likely to be older than anything else in the village.
The manors of Dane Court, South Court, and North Court form the foundation of the ancient village. The Kent Archaeological Society transcription of 1922 included the North Court and South Court Manor Court Rolls held in the Library of Lambeth Palace. These rolls cover the years 1753–1789.
Mining.
The Tilmanstone Colliery was located in the village of Eythorne, on the ridge to the west. The mine was opened in 1906 and was modernised in 1947 surviving until closure in 1986.
An accident in 1913 killed three men and destroyed the pumping system, causing the mine to flood and work was abandoned for nine months. The site was connected to the East Kent Railway (EKR) in 1915 and coal first brought to the surface in March 1916. Tilmanstone Colliery Halt railway station served the pit between 1916 and 1948. An accident at the pit on 27 February 1931 resulted in Sydney William Padfield being awarded a bronze Edward Medal, the only one awarded in the Kent Coalfield. An aerial ropeway was built in 1930 to link the pit with Dover Harbour; this included tunnelling through the cliff at Dover to deliver the coal to a 5,000 ton bunker at the harbour. It was little used after 1935, and was dismantled in 1954. In 1945, the workforce was 914, with 631 being employed sub-surface and 283 above. The colliery closed in 1988, having produced over 20,000,000 tons of coal. A system of tokens was used in the pithead baths and canteen and a lamp check was operated, in common with the majority of pits. All buildings have been demolished.
Tilmanstone is on the Miner's Way Trail, linking the coalfield parishes of East Kent.


Ampasindava mine

The Ampasindava mine is one of the largest rare earths mines in Madagascar. The mine is located in northern Madagascar in Diana Region. The mine has reserves amounting to 130 million tonnes of ore grading 0.08% RE.


Rajpura Dariba Mine VRM disaster

The Rajpura Dariba Mine VRM disaster took place in Dariba, Udaipur on 28 August 1994 at a mine operated by Hindustan Zinc Ltd.
History.
The slurry from a VRM stope where cemented fill could not settle broke through the plug made below the stope. The shaft was undergoing a second phase of deepening. A plug was placed in the shaft to separate the old operating portion from new construction. The slurry got stuck over this shaft plug. Material accumulated for until the weight overwhelmed the plug. The accumulated material flowed through the haulage level and took the shortest path via the main shaft into the mine. All 13 miners in the mine drowned.
Stope.
A stope of about 50 meters horizontal length X 25 to 50 meters width X 50 meters vertical depth was excavated. This stope area was drilled completely from the top of stope throughout its height of 50 meter using long drill hole machines. At the bottom of the stope sufficient area is cleared to draw out muck. The stope is blasted in slices of about 5 meter or so using explosives. Blasted muck is withdrawn using an LHD machine. After blasting a barricade plug is placed at the bottom of the stope from which muck is withdrawn. This barricade plug has a draw out pipe fitted at bottom with a V notch for proper decantation and monitoring. This empty stope is now equipped with long decantation pipes to be lowered from the top of the stopes. The empty stope is filled with cement fill. Water is drained from the bottom of the stope, and the fill gradually solidifies.
Possible cause.
The collapse was clearly due to non-solidification. Decantation is the first step for proper solidification. 8000 m3 of material with maximum head of 50 meter remaining in slurry form for days together indicate lack of decantation, which can be due to deficient installation of decantation equipment and/or monitoring system. 15 stopes had already been filled successfully, indicating sufficient experience and reliability of method and equipment used. Nobody noticed that 50 meter of filling slurry head had been created inside the stope over days/months. Lack of notifications of non solidification points toward an inadequate alarm system.


Carl August Stetefeldt

Carl August Stetefeldt (born in Holzhausen, near Gotha, Germany, 28 September 1838; died in Oakland, California, 17 March 1896) was a United States mining engineer.
Biography.
His father was a Lutheran clergyman who moved the family to Hörselgau in 1847 where, in addition to his clerical work, he ran a school to prepare students for entering a gymnasium. His son was among the students, and entered the gymnasium in Gotha in 1852. In a rebellious act, Stetefeldt escaped the study of Hebrew there, being more attracted to the natural sciences. With other students, he founded the "Naturwissenschaftliche Verein der Gymnasiasten zu Gotha". In 1858, he entered the University of Göttingen, and in 1860 the mining school in Clausthal, where he graduated in 1862.
Directly after his graduation, he was commissioned to investigate a problem in copper processing at the government works in the Harz. After visiting Freiberg, Mansfeld, Stolberg, and other metallurgical centers, he managed, for a brief period, a small copper plant in Bohemia.
In 1863, he emigrated to the United States. There he started out as an assistant to Charles Joy, a chemistry professor at Columbia College in New York City. He then became an assistant in the office and field work of the consulting firm Adelberg & Raymond. In addition to Stetefeldt, the firm employed many graduates from German schools, among them Hermann Credner, Anton Eilers, Otto H. Hahn, and Albert Arents. Stetefeldt was distinguished by a possession of a knowledge of mathematics and chemistry much beyond the usual equipment of a mining engineer or metallurgist, and at the same time an exceptionally wide scientific and literary, as well as technical, culture.
In 1865, he founded with John H. Boalt an assay office and consulting firm in Austin, Nevada. There, after a failure involving construction of a lead smelter, he turned his attention to processing silver ores. The silver ores of the Reese River district were treated by preliminary chloridizing roasting and then pan amalgamation with the aid of chemicals. After experimentation, Stetefeldt introduced a new type of furnace in Reno, Nevada. The Stetefeldt furnace was a metallurgical milestone. After the introduction of this furnace, most of his career revolved it. The invention made him widely known in mining districts. It was extensively used in the western United States for the roasting of silver ores preparatory to the extraction of the metal by either amalgamation or lixiviation.
From 1870 to 1872 Stetefeldt resided in Europe. On his return to the United States, he married in San Francisco, California, where he resided until 1882, when he moved to New York City. In 1889, he moved to Oakland, California. He worked as a mining engineer and metallurgist, devoting himself principally to consultation. He was a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME) from 1881, and was elected a vice-president in 1888 and 1895, and occupied the office at his death.
Writings.
Stetefeldt contributed about 20 papers to the "Transactions" of the AIME. He also wrote "The Lixiviation of Silver Ores with Hyposulphite Solutions" (New York, 1888).
He made numerous contributions to scientific literature outside the "Transactions", which were published in Germany and in the United States. These papers dealt with topics inside and outside of his specialization. Heliology and selenology were subjects which he studied with special interest, and on which he speculated with ingenuity as well as learning.


List of active gold mines in Nevada

Gold mining is a major industry in the U.S. State of Nevada. In 2019 mining overall contributed $8.1 billion to the state's economy, $7.1 billion from gold and silver mining (all silver produced in Nevada is as a by-product from gold mines). Gold production from Nevada was higher than any other U.S. state, in 2019 (a decrease of 12.8% on 2018), accounting for 76% of gold produced in the United States and 4.4% of the world's production. The Nevada mining industry supported an average 14,887 direct employees in 2019, with about 75,000 additional jobs related to providing goods and services needed by the mining industry.
The following is a list of active gold mines in Nevada.


Tyya mine

The Tyya mine is a large iron mine located in southern Russia in the Buryatia. Tyya represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.5 billion tonnes of ore grading 40% iron metal.


Husnicioara Coal Mine

Husnicioara Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Husnicioara, Mehedinţi County. The legal entity managing the Husnicioara mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997.
The exploitation has two open pits Husnicioara - Vest, Zegujani that produced 3.1 million tonnes of lignite in 2008. The mine has around 700 workers and is endowed with five bucket-wheel excavators, three spreaders, one mixed machine and four deposits spreader. The total proven recoverable reserves of the mine amount to 67 million tonnes of lignite.


Jack Warhop

John Milton Warhop (July 4, 1884 – October 4, 1960) was an American baseball pitcher who played eight seasons in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1915 for the New York Highlanders/New York Yankees.
Considered by baseball insiders and historians as an unlucky pitcher, Warhop had a career 69–92 win–loss record, but with a 3.12 earned run average while playing for mostly second division Highlanders/Yankees teams. Of his 92 losses, the Yankees did not score a run in 23, and he holds the MLB record for losing the most 1–0 games with five in 1914. He was released after the 1915 season and played a number of seasons in minor league baseball and semi-professional teams until his late 40s or early 50s.
Warhop had an underhand submarine delivery, which gave him the nickname "Crab". He was also known for his rather small size, which is a subject of some conflict, although most historians and statisticians agree that he measured between 5 feet, 8 inches, used by several historians like Marty Appel or 5 feet 9 inches, used by Baseball-Reference.com.
Early life.
Warhop was born in Hinton, West Virginia. He spent his early life working as a coal miner for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Warhop played for local semi-professional teams sponsored by the railway company. He drew the attention of several minor league teams, and in 1906, Warhop signed with the Class-D Freeport Pretzels of the Wisconsin–Illinois League in 1906 to start his professional career. His debut campaign included a no-hitter on Independence Day against the La Crosse Pinks. From 1906 to 1908, Warhop had an 82–20 win–lost record and 330 strikeouts, with a career high 30 wins in 1907. After pitching to a 29–7 record for the Williamsport Millionaires in 1909, people throughout both the National and American League started to take notice of his ability. As many as a dozen teams were interested in Warhop, and he signed a $1,000 contract ($ in today's dollars) with the Detroit Tigers. However, they soon sold Warhop to the Highlanders without appearing in a single game with the Tigers.
Major League Baseball career.
1908–1912.
Warhop made his debut on September 9, 1908. He ended up with a 1–2 win–loss record with a 4.46 earned run average (ERA) in five games that year. Warhop became a regular fixture in the starting rotation in 1909. He pitched a three hitter against the Cleveland Nats on August 10, 1909 and finished the year with a 13–15 win–loss record, a 2.40 ERA, and 21 complete games in 36 games pitched as the Highlanders finished fifth in the American League (AL). However, Warhop led the AL in hit batsmen in 1909 (26) and 1910 (18), which might have been caused by his unorthodox pitching style. In 1910, Warhop pitched to a 14–14 win–loss record, a 3.00 ERA and 11 errors (the most among AL pitchers). He was respected throughout baseball, and "Baseball Magazine" once called him the "unluckiest pitcher in the American League".
The season saw Warhop post a 12–13 record, a 4.16 ERA and 15 hit batsmen (the third highest in the league). His starts throughout the season were mixed; some were poor or marred by bad luck. He was shelled on May 9 in a 10–0 loss against a Detroit Tigers lineup featuring Ty Cobb, Sam Crawford and Jim Delahanty, giving up runs in each of the first four innings. However, he improved a few weeks later on May 20, when he limited the St. Louis Browns to four hits. This began a quality stretch for Warhop, who won five consecutive games by July 17—a result of an improvement in his control. Then, during an August 21 road game against the Tigers, he lost a 5–4 walk-off game in the eleventh inning, in part due to his own unsuccessful strategy in fielding two bunts. On both occasions, he threw to second base but was too late, and the baserunners were able to advance safely and load the bases. The Highlanders lost when Earle Gardner booted a routine ground ball by Bill Donovan in an rushed attempt to throw out the go-ahead runner at home plate. His desperation culminated in him unsuccessfully requesting the league at the end of the season to change his win–loss record to 14–11, under the mistaken belief that his 12–13 record was incorrect.
Warhop's penchant for tough luck was best exemplified in the season, when he finished with a 10–19 record—the second highest number of losses in the AL—despite compiling a 2.86 ERA and 6.7 Wins Above Replacement (WAR). Both his ERA and WAR were tenth best in the AL, though he also finished second in hit batsmen (16) and fifth in errors as a pitcher (7). In a July 5 road game against the Washington Senators, he entered the game in the second inning and lost 6–5 in a walk-off, despite dueling Walter Johnson up to the 16th inning. Then, in a game on August 22, he held the Chicago White Sox to just two hits and no runs in the first five innings. While pitching with a 3–0 lead, Warhop surrendered one run in the sixth inning, before getting shelled in the seventh, giving up four runs and the lead. After another four runs were given up in the ninth inning, the Highlanders lost the game 9–4. Towards the end of the season, Warhop was again on the losing side of a bad luck game, when he lost a 3–0 pitchers' duel against the St. Louis Browns, having held them scoreless for the first five innings.
1913–1915.
A sore arm in caused Warhop to pitch ineffectively and have just seven games started. He recovered by ; however, Warhop was on the unfortunate end of a hard-luck campaign. He had an 8–15 win–loss record with a 2.37 ERA. However, the Yankees were one of the worst offensive and defensive teams in baseball, which caused Warhop to be on the losing end of five 1–0 games, a present-day Major League Baseball record shared with five other pitchers. In one of those games, on July 25, Warhop shutout the Chicago White Sox for twelve innings before losing 1–0 in the thirteenth, due to two errors—one of which was committed by himself on an errant throw to first base after a sacrifice bunt. His first win of the season finally came on June 25 against the Boston Red Sox. He led the American League in home runs allowed at the end of the season with eight, a very high number in the dead-ball era. His pitching style included an underhand, submarine delivery which he abandoned by 1914.
He gave up Babe Ruth's first career home run on May 6, 1915, while Ruth was a member of the Boston Red Sox. Warhop threw a fastball in the third inning, and Ruth hit the ball to the upper right field stands. Warhop won the game 4–3 in extra innings. When interviewed about it many years later, Warhop shrugged it off, stating "that's one way to be remembered". A little over three weeks later, on June 2, he gave up Ruth's second career home run in a 7–1 Yankee defeat. In what would be his final season in Major League Baseball, Warhop had a 7–9 win–loss record and a 3.96 ERA, while leading the American League in home runs allowed (7) for the second consecutive year. He was released alongside first baseman Charlie Mullen and catcher Ed Sweeney on August 14 and then sold to Jack Dunn of the Richmond Climbers in the International League, but Warhop didn't play a game with them. According to one historian, however, Warhop was released because Yankee management thought he was a "jinx" to the club, as during Warhop's tenure—with the exception of the 1910 season—the Highlanders/Yankees finished no higher than fifth in the division.
Warhop led the Yankees in games pitched four times (1908, 1909, 1912, 1914), saves three times (1909, 1910, 1912), and complete games once (1909). His 114 career hit batsmen is a Yankees team record and ranks in the top 100 on the MLB all-time hit batsmen list.
Later life.
After leaving the Yankees, Warhop played in the minor leagues, including stints in the Pacific Coast League and the International League, until the late 1920s. He was player–manager for the Class-B Norfolk Tars of the Virginia League in 1921 and won 20 games for the team. In 1927, he pitched and won both games of a doubleheader, a rare achievement, while with Bridgeport of the Eastern League at age 42. In 1928, Warhop became the manager for the Sally League Spartanburg team. He played semi-professional baseball until the age of 50, when he retired and became a butler for a large house in Long Island.
He married Grace Nichols on November 23, 1907. They later divorced, and he married Frances Helsinger in 1918. Warhop died at age 76 in Freeport, Illinois, where his professional baseball career began.


Alf Baker

Alfred Baker (27 April 1898 – April 1955) was an English footballer.
Playing career.
Born in Ilkeston, Derbyshire, Baker was originally a miner and played for various clubs in Derbyshire as an amateur, including Eastwood Rangers. During World War I he guested for Chesterfield, Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town, although these appearances are not considered official. In 1919 he turned professional and signed for Arsenal; according to club legend, Arsenal manager Leslie Knighton signed Baker after meeting him at the pit where he worked, thus beating rivals for the player's signature who were waiting at his home.
He made his debut for Arsenal against Newcastle United on 13 August 1919 (which was Arsenal's first-ever top flight game at Highbury). Baker played seventeen matches that season, but in 1920-21 he became a first-team regular; he also had trials for England, though it would be another seven years before he won a cap.
A Utility player, "Doughy" (as he was nicknamed) played in every position for Arsenal, including as an emergency goalkeeper on several occasions, though usually played as right half. He was made club captain in 1924. In the 1924-25 season, Baker won two Football League representative caps and also played in the Charity Shield, which was a Professionals "v." Amateurs match; the Professionals won 3–1. However, when new manager Herbert Chapman arrived at the end of that season, he made Charlie Buchan captain instead of Baker; Baker continued to play for Arsenal for another five years, though.
In 1927, Baker played in Arsenal's first ever FA Cup final; however Arsenal suffered an infamous 1–0 loss to Cardiff City after a mistake by Arsenal goalkeeper Dan Lewis. The following season, he was finally capped for England, appearing against Wales on 28 November 1927; England lost 2–1. It was his only international appearance.
Baker finally won a major medal when he played in Arsenal's 1930 FA Cup final win over Huddersfield Town; by now he had nearly reached the end of his career. He played only one more game for the club (also against Huddersfield, on 7 March 1931) before retiring from the game aged 33 in the summer of 1931. In all, he played 351 matches for Arsenal, scoring 26 goals.
Personal life.
His brother Jim Baker was also a footballer who played for Leeds United.
Baker later worked for Arsenal as a scout. He died in 1955, at the age of 56.


Vasyugan deposit

The Vasyugan deposit is a peat deposit located in Russia in Novosibirsk Oblast. The deposit has reserves amounting to 7 billion tonnes, one of the largest peat reserves in Russia and the world and has an annual production of 2 million tonnes of coal.


Molo mine

The Molo mine is one of the largest graphite mines in Madagascar. The mine is located in Atsimo-Andrefana. The mine has reserves amounting to 120 million tonnes of ore grading 8% graphite metal.


Cobre mine, Panama

Cobre Panamá is a large open-pit copper mine in Panama. The concession is located 120 kilometres west of Panama City and 20 kilometres from the Caribbean Sea coast, in the district of Donoso, Colon province, in the Republic of Panama. The concession consists of four zones totalling 13,600 hectares. The main deposits are at Balboa, Botija, Colina and Valle Grande. With 3.1 billion tonnes of proven and probable reserves, Cobre Panama is one of the largest new copper mines opened globally since 2010. It is located next to the Petaquilla mine.
This mine project was owned by Inmet Mining until 2013, when this company was taken over by First Quantum Minerals Ltd. (FQM). Construction continued over the next six years until 2019. Cobre Panama represents a total US$6.2 billion investment, partly financed by deposits in the amount of US$1'356 million from Franco-Nevada against future deliveries of gold and silver produced by the mine.
Commercial production started in June 2019. At full current capacity, the plant will process 85Mtpa of ore to produce more than 300,000 tonnes of copper per year along with gold, silver and molybdenum. The operation has a 34-year mine life. The three 28 megawatt SAG mills and four 16.5 megawatt ball mills installed at Cobre Panama are the largest installed in the world up to the year 2020, except for the Sentinel mine in Zambia, also owned by First Quantum Minerals. The project is powered by a 300 megawatt power generation plant located at a new port built for this mining operation.
Ownership.
As of 2017, First Quantum Minerals Ltd. has a 90 per cent equity interest in "Minera Panamá, S.A." ("MPSA"), the Panamanian company that holds the Cobre Panama concession. The remaining equity is owned by "Korea Resources Corp." (KORES, 10%).


Upton Colliery

Upton Colliery was a coal mine near to the village of Upton in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. The site was north west of Doncaster and north east of Barnsley. Coal was transhipped from the colliery by the former Hull and Barnsley Railway line.
The colliery had a short life of only 40 years. Geological faulting and a serious explosion in 1964 led to its closure.
History.
Work on the site started in 1924, but preliminary works at the site meant that coal was not raised until 1927. Two shafts were dug throughout 1925 and 1926 to a depth of between and . By 1927, the seams were located at a depth of , with the coal seam itself extending for . Upton mined mainly from the Barnsley Seam, but also had workings in the Beamshaw and Winter seams. Coal was taken out of the site via the former Hull and Barnsley railway line (which was being run by the London and North Eastern Railway by the time of the colliery's operation).
In 1952, the National Coal Board opened the new £115,000 pit-head baths at the site. The NCB also spent spent a further £500,000 at Upton in an effort to get the saleable coal output to rise from per shift to .
The colliery was run by the Upton Colliery Company (Bolckow Vaughan & Co. Ltd and the Cortonwood Co. Ltd) between 1924 and 1939, by Dorman Long between 1939 and 1947, and under the National Coal Board from 1947 to 1964.
The colliery coal tips were cleared in the early 1970s, and the surface area of the coal mine site is now the Upton Country Park. The site now has a pond, a memorial garden and a pit winding wheel sunk into the ground.
Notable colliers.
Charlie Williams worked in the mine during his youth and played for their own team, Upton Colliery F.C.. He was scouted by Doncaster Rovers, and post football, was recognised as one of the first black comedians in the United Kingdom.
George Ashall played for Upton F.C. and was a coal-miner before his footballing career.
Joe Shaw worked briefly as a coalminer at Upton and played for Upton Colliery F.C., before moving on to playing football full time with Sheffield United.


Mount Baker Gold Rush

The Mount Baker Gold Rush (1897 to mid 1920s) occurred in Whatcom County, Washington, United States, upon the discovery of the Lone Jack Mine. The Mount Baker area was flooded with prospectors which led to the staking of many claims both patented and unpatented. The most notable mines staked soon after the Lone Jack are the Boundary Red Mountain Mine, Garget Mine (a.k.a. Gold Run Mine), Gold Basin Mine, Silver Tip Mine, and the Evergreen Mine.


James Boisclair

James Boisclair was an African American gold miner who achieved notable fame and success during the Georgia Gold Rush. Boisclair was known as "Free Jim" and was highly regarded at the time for his entrepreneurial work and part-time efforts as a preacher.
While panning for gold, Boisclair found an impressive vein of ore and used his successful finding to build a large general store in Dahlonega, Georgia.
Other Boisclair achievements of the time included his building of an ice house and popular saloon, despite the fact that all of his establishments faced problems because the laws of the time prevented black men from buying real estate or holding a liquor license. Boisclair was able to get around the laws with the aid of white men sympathetic to his cause.
Death and legacy.
James Boisclair traveled to California in a search for fortune in the new gold rush, and in 1850 Boisclair took his entrepreneurial efforts to a new level by hiring fifty men to come help him mine for gold.
At age 46 Boisclair died after being shot during an argument over a disputed gold claim, but his legacy lives on Dahlonega, and the old mine he worked in for 10 years is known as "Free Jim" in his honor.


South Karanpura Coalfield

South Karanpura Coalfield is located in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Overview.
In 1917, L.S.S.O’Malley described the coalfields in the upper reaches of the Damodar as follows: "Near the western boundary of Jharia field is that of Bokaro, covering , with an estimated content of 1,500 million tons; close by… is the Ramgarh field (40 square miles), in which, however, coal is believed to be of inferior quality. A still larger field in the same district is that called Karanpura, which extends over" "and has an estimated capacity of 9,000 million tons."
The Coalfield.
The South Karanpura coalfield forms an elongated strip along the Chingara fault. Barkakana railway junction is situated at the south-east edge of the field. There are two coal beds:the upper one is thick and the lower one thick, separated by sandstone, shales and shaly coal, mixed coal and shale.
South Karnpura Coalfield covers an area of and has total coal reserves of 5,757.85 million tonnes.
Reserves.
Geological reserves in the South Karanpura Coalfield in million tonnes as on 1/4/2010:
Transport.
In 1927, Bengal Nagpur Railway opened the Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line to traffic. In the same year the Central India Coalfields Railway opened the Gomoh-Barkakana line. It was extended to Daltonganj in 1929. Later these lines were amalgamated with East India Railway.
The Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line became functional between Koderma and Barkakana in 2015 and 2016.


Narrow Vein Mudstone Formation

The Narrow Vein Mudstone Formation (commonly known as the Narrow Vein) is an Ordovician lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in Mid Wales. The rock of the formation is silty, homogenous or finely-laminated mudstone. It generally a medium blue colour. This formation has been commercially quarried as slate in several locations along its length. The formation is between and thick and runs from Dinas Mawddwy south-west to Cardigan Bay at Tywyn.
Outcrops.
The formation is exposed in a number of locations in Mid Wales where glacial valleys cut across it. It is especially visible in the quarries along its length
Commercial quarrying.
The Narrow Vein is one of the two major slate veins in Mid Wales that were commercially quarried. Narrow Vein rock is generally more splittable than Broad Vein rock and was often used to make roofing slates.
The Narrow Vein was quarried in the following locations:


Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum

The Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum preserves the heritage of anthracite coal mining in the U.S. State of Pennsylvania and is located in McDade Park in Scranton. It features exhibits detailing the industrial history of northeastern Pennsylvania.
The museum is part of Anthracite Museum Complex, created in 1971 by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, which includes three museums and one historical site located in there communities:
The museum was featured on "The Office" episode "The Merger" in Michael and Dwight's parody of Lazy Sunday.
A few museum exhibits are also located at the companion Lackawana Coal Mine Tour.


Francis Mer

Francis Mer (born 25 May 1939, in Pau) is a French businessman, industrialist and politician. A former alumnus of the École Polytechnique, and of the École des Mines de Paris, he is a member of the Corps des mines. He was hired in 1970 by the Saint-Gobain group. In 1982, he became chairman of the board of Pont-à-Mousson SA. In the 1980s, he joined the Saint-Simon Foundation think-tank.
Following the 1986 legislative elections and the nomination of the conservative Jacques Chirac as Prime Minister, he was nominated as president of the new Usinor group. He was reelected to his position in 1995, upon the group's privatization, and renamed the group Arcelor in 2002. From 2002 to 2004, he was Minister of Finances in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's conservative government.
Since 2005, he sits on the board of directors of Vale Inco, which benefited from an important tax rebate to exploit a nickel mine in New Caledonia while he was finance minister.
In June 2009, he became chairman of the board of Safran.
In April 2011, due to the change of structure of Safran, Jean-Paul Herteman became CEO and Francis Mer became Vice Chairman.


Thomas Laspeyre

Thomas Laspeyre (c. 1834–1883) was an American miner, politician and lawyer. He emigrated from North Carolina to California in 1853, making him an American pioneer, and he took up mining in San Joaquin County, California. He was a member of the California State Assembly from 1859 to 1862, where he held pro-Southern sentiment. After practicing the law in California and Nevada, he became the city attorney of Butte, Montana in the early 1880s.
Early life.
Thomas Laspeyre was born in North Carolina circa 1834. He had two sisters. He moved to California in 1853, making him an American pioneer.
Career.
Laspeyre became a miner in California.
Laspeyre served as a member of the California State Assembly for San Joaquin County from 1859 to 1862. In 1861, he voted against a state resolution for California to stay in the Union (which passed the assembly).
By 1866, Laspeyre became a lawyer in Havilah, California. He later practiced law in Eureka, Nevada.
Laspeyre moved to Butte, Montana in 1881, and he was subsequently elected as the city attorney. He was an Odd Fellow.
Death.
Laspeyre died in 1883 from pneumonia. He never married and had no children.


Mineral del Monte

Mineral del Monte, commonly called Real del Monte () or El Real, is a small mining town, and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in the State of Hidalgo in east-central Mexico.
It is located at an altitude of . As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 11,944 — with Mauricio Rodriguez Téllez as head of the municipal council.
History.
The Mine District of Pachuca—Real del Monte has a long and rich heritage. The mines in the district are conservatively estimated to have produced 1.2 billion Troy ounces of silver and 6.2 million ounces of gold. That is 6% of the silver mined throughout the world during the last five centuries. Some of the mines have continued limited production until the present day.
Gold and silver were discovered after the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 1520s. The Colonial Spanish began mining in the 16th century in the Pachuca area, but the mines were suffering from flooding by 1725. In 1741, Pedro Romero de Terreros and Jose Alejandro Bustamante started a drainage program using an adit.
The native Mexican Amerindians were often enslaved to work the mines, despite the Royal mandate for Colonial Jesuit Reductions and later Franciscan Indian Reductions. In addition, Africans were imported to replace Indian slaves. The Real del Monte 1766 Strike is considered by many to be the first real labor strike in North American history.
The town's steep streets, stairways and small squares are lined with low buildings, some dating back to the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain period (1500s - 1810). The older houses with high sloping roofs and chimneys in town show the 19th century Cornish and English influence.
19th-century Cornish miners.
Mining.
The Cornish role in the development of Mexican silver mining is significant. The Cornish brought "new" mining technology of the industrial revolution in the 1820s, reviving Mexican silver mining. Especially important was British equipment to drain mine tunnels flooded by groundwater since the Spanish period. The majority of immigrant miners came from the Cornish Central Mining District of Camborne-Redruth-Gwennap in Cornwall. The Cornish firm that ran the Real del Monte-Pachuca mines between 1824 and 1848, employed 350 Cornish miners and, when the mines were in full operation, the municipality was once the richest in the state.
One of the leading personalities in 19th-century Mexico mining was Francis Rule, from Camborne in Cornwall. Known as "El Rey de la Plata" (Silver King), Rule left a mark on the Pachucan cityscape, with civic generosity to his adopted homeland. His opinion could be a barometer for the rise and fall of mining shares. He became very wealthy from his numerous mining interests in the district. One was the Santa Gertrudis Mine, which by 1898 was one of the most productive in the State of Hidalgo under Cornish management.
Four extant Cornish mine engine houses, and the 'English' Cemetery ("Panteon Inglés") containing the graves of hundreds of Cornishmen in Pachuca, bear witness to the Cornish contributions to Mexican silver mining for over a century. The cemetery is undergoing restoration following storm damage in 2016.
Sports.
It was the Cornish who first introduced soccer/football to Mexico (Pachuca). The first game of what would go on to be Mexico's national past time ("futbol"), was first played in Mexico by Cornish miners at Pachuca in 1900, a fact that is celebrated each year. The first soccer club in the country, the Pachuca Athletic Club, was also founded in that year. The first team consisted of Charles Dawe, John Dawe, James Bennetts, John Bennetts, William Blamey, Richard Sobey, William Bragg, William Thomas, Percy Bunt, Lionel Bunt, Albert Pengelly and William Pengelly, a decidedly 'Cornish' team. The Pachuca club encouraged the formation of teams in Mexico City and Orizaba, the first championship was played in 1902 and 'El Pachuca' won the 1904-05 tournament. Also rugby union, cricket, tennis, polo, chess among other sports, were introduced here.
Methodism was introduced to Roman Catholic Mexico by the Cornish upon their arrival, and most of the descendants of the Cornish in Real del Monte and Pachuca are of Methodist faith. They brought Methodist Christianity to other major Mexican cities as they relocated. Mexican remittances helped to build the Wesleyan Chapel in Redruth, Cornwall, in the 1820s.
Geology.
The Pachuca-Mineral del Monte silver mining district is at the southern end of a metalliferous mineral zone that extends northwest to encompass Mineral del Chico to the Zimapan lead-mining district to the northwest. The ore deposits occur in the volcanic Tertiary Pachuca Group, principally andesite-rhyolite flow series with intervening tuff beds. The deposits are epithermal sulfide minerals within steeply dipping normal fault veins. Acanthite and argentite are the principal silver ore minerals. Between 1973 through 1981, Compania De Real Del Monte Y Pachuca, S.A., produced 24,762,667.2 Troy ounces of silver and 133,950.33 Troy ounces of gold.
The richest vein of silver was the Veta Vizcaina, or the Vizcaina Vein, which extended 5 km to the east of Real del Monte. Productive mines along this vein included the San Francisco, Santa Agueda (1767), Santa Teresa (1734), La Joya (1734), San Cayetano (1751), Dolores (1734), and La Palma (1734). By 1750, Pedro Terreros had control of this lucrative vein. Production continued until the mid-1770s.
Tourism.
Real del Monte was named a "Pueblo Mágico" by the federal government, for its unique historical qualities, aesthetics, and traditions. There are significant examples of Spanish Colonial architecture, in individual buildings and via the overall cityscape, that are preserved in the town.
Little Cornwall.
The twin silver mining settlements of Pachuca and Real del Monte (Mineral del Monte) in the State of Hidalgo have been marketed as 'Mexico's Little Cornwall' by the Mexican Embassy in London since 2007. This represents the first attempt by the Spanish-speaking part of the Cornish diaspora to establish formal links with Cornwall. The Camborne Town Council voted on 19 July 2007 to twin with Pachuca and on 16 August 2007 a public meeting confirmed the earlier decision of Redruth Town Council to twin with Real del Monte. The formal twinning ceremony took place at Mineral del Monte in July 2008 during the visit of the Cornish Mexican Cultural Society.
Real del Monte is a home of the paste in Mexico, with 30 "paste" producers in the town. A little larger than cocktail pasties common to the UK, the Mexican-made versions are widely varied including: meat and potato, black bean, shredded chicken, and sausage, all heavily laced with chillies plus a range of sweet pasties including: pineapple, apple, strawberry, and blackberry. A number have developed into national chains with shops in towns and cities across Mexico. The town of Real del Monte is the site of a museum of Cornish pasties, opened in 2011.
In October 2009 the town of Real del Monte (twinned with Redruth, Cornwall) held the first International Pasty Festival (Festival Internacional del Paste). Organised by the Municipality of Real del Monte, the paste producers and the Cornish Mexican Cultural Society Chapter Mexico, the Festival was a great success drawing an estimated 8,000 visitors to the town for the three-day event. A coach of visitors travelled from Cuernavaca, some four hours away, and another from Mexico City. The Festival was opened by the President Municipal of Real del Monte, Ing. Omar Mariano Skewes. During the opening speeches it was stated that ‘ Cornish people rebuilt our shattered mining industry giving us work and now again, when we have lost that industry, the Cornish have given us pastes and a new source of income’.
As is usual on festival days in this town, the programme commenced with a visit to the Cornish Cemetery and a guided tour by Bridget Galsworthy of the British Society, followed by wreath-laying at the Miner´s Monument. The main street was transformed with a long line of tented stands where ‘pastes’ of all descriptions were produced and a large stage next to the Miners' Memorial provided dance and other entertainments throughout the Festival.
Notable citizens.
At the end of the 19th-century, the engineer Andrés Aldasoro worked in the Las dos Estrellas mine. Two of his sons, Juan Pablo Aldasoro and Eduardo Aldasoro Suárez, were born in Mineral del Monte. As adults, they became pioneers in aviation, and both became members of the Early Birds of Aviation. Alfred C. Crowle was the Cornish born miner who emigrated to Mexico and in 1935 became manager to the national Mexican football team.
John Edgar Benjamin Vial was a Cornish-Mexican who fought in the British Imperial Forces during World War I. He died in the Battle of Somme. For his service he received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. There is a monument in his honor at the "Panteon Inglés".


Balkhab Copper Mine

The Balkhab Copper Mine is located in the Sar-e-Pul and Balkh Provinces in north central Afghanistan, approximately 130 km south-west of Mazar-i-Sharif, the capital of Balkh province. There is evidence of mineral extraction activities at Balkhab going back almost 3,000 years, likely to have been continuous mining of copper via surface and underground workings.
The copper mine is of Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit (VMS), modern exploration was conducted during 1966-1972, consisting of mapping, trench and surface grab sampling and analysis. Recent work on the Balkhab copper prospect was initiated by the Afghan Geological Survey, at the request of villagers in the region. A reconnaissance sampling mission was carried out in 2008 by the Ministry of Mines. The Balkhab copper deposit could be as high as 150 million tonnes.
Road access to the site is from Mazar-i-Sharif, and the area has the potential to benefit from the proposed rail link connecting Afghanistan to Pakistan. The Chaman-Kandahar-Logar province line is proposed to pass just east of the project area with a station planned at near-by town Ghazni. The closest power source identified is at Mazar-i-Sharif which is connected to the North East Power System main isolated grid. The main water source for the project is the significant stream, Rode Balkhab, which splits the licence area.
The Government of Afghanistan, through the Ministry of Mines, announced the opening of tender processes for the exploration and subsequent
exploitation of the mine on 6 December 2011. The tender process for the Project is expected to culminate in the granting of a mining agreement with associated exploration licence(s) and, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, will lead to the granting of the requisite exploitation licence(s). Canaccord Genuity, SRK Consulting and Mayer Brown are acting as transaction advisers to the
Ministry in relation to the tenders for the Projects. The deadline for submission of bids for the Balkhab mineral tender was 23 July 2012.
To ensure transparency and fair and open competition, bids for the mine were opened publicly by junior ministerial officers with bid-company representatives in attendance. The council’s evaluation of bids for Balkhab, were observed by transaction advisors and third party transparency advisers. On 26 November 2012, preferred bidders were selected to undertake the exploration and subsequent exploitation of the current mineral tenders. The selection of the preferred bidder for Balkhab follows an extensive process since launch in December 2011, An announcement of the winner for the mine was announce on 31 December 2012 with Preferred bidders and reserve bidders were selected for the mineral tender. The preferred bidder for the mine was investment group Centar and its operating company, Afghan Gold and Minerals Company (AGMC), and the reserve bidder was Silk Road Mining. The companies hoped to have a pilot plant operational by the end of 2014 or 2015. On October 5, 2018 in Washington, D.C., Afghan officials signed a 30 year contract involving $56 million investment by Centar and AGMC for exploration of an area covering 500 square km, with development of mining due to begin thereafter.


Castle an Dinas, St Columb Major

Castle an Dinas is an Iron Age hillfort at the summit of Castle Downs near St Columb Major in Cornwall, UK () and is considered one of the most important hillforts in the southwest of Britain. It dates from around the 3rd to 2nd century BCE and consists of three ditch and rampart concentric rings, above sea level. During the early 1960s it was excavated by a team led by Dr Bernard Wailes of the University of Pennsylvania during two seasons of excavation.
Arthurian legend.
Traditionally, Castle an Dinas is the hunting lodge (hunting seat) of King Arthur, from which he rode in the Tregoss Moor hunt. A stone near St Columb (now lost) allegedly bore the four footprints of his horse made whilst hunting.
The earliest written history was written by William of Worcester during his visit to Cornwall in 1478. He noted that legend says that the fort was the place where Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall and husband of King Arthur's mother, died.
Civil War.
In March 1646, during the English Civil War, Sir Ralph Hopton's Royalist troops camped for two nights within the rings of the fort. Here they held a Council of War where it was decided that they would surrender to the Parliamentarians. Only Hopton and Major-General Webb voted against. A few days later Hopton surrendered at Tresillian Bridge near Truro.
Other notable occurrences.
Ghost army An extraordinary event that took place at the site was recorded by Cornish historian Samuel Drew, a ghost army was seen in the sky above Castle an Dinas around the end of the 18th century : (if true, a most unusual but documented form of mirage.)
In 1867, Henry Jenner heard a story from an old man at Quoit, near Castle an Dinas, who had seen the ghosts of King Arthur's soldiers drilling there, and remembered the glancing of the moonbeams on their muskets!
Murder In 1904 a young woman, by the name Jessie Rickard, was murdered on the site by a jealous lover, he then took his own life.
Midsummer The Old Cornwall Society hold their traditional annual midsummer bonfires here on the highest point of the fort. This ceremony dates back to pre-Christian times to when Pagans would mark the Summer Solstice
The execution of John Trehenban.
In 1671, a man called John Trehenban (pronounced TREM-on) (1650–1671) of St Columb Major, murdered two young girls and was sentenced to imprisonment in a cage on Castle an Dinas, and starved to death. The murder of the two young girls is recorded in the Parish Register.
"23 June 1671"
"Anne daughter of John Pollard of this Parish and Loveday Rosevear (aged 17), daughter of Thomas Rosevear of St Enoder were barbarously murdered on the day before in the home of Captain Peter Pollard at the bridge by one John Trehenban the son of Humphrey and Cissily Trehenban of this Parish at about 11 O' clock in the forenoon upon a market day."
Castle-an-Dinas mine.
From 1916-57 it was the site of Cornwall's largest wolfram mine. Many of the old buildings and workings remain standing. The mine is the type locality for the mineral Russellite.
Other minerals found here include: Arsenopyrite, Cacoxenite, Löllingite, Phlogopite, Russellite Topaz Turquoise


Aylesham

Aylesham is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of Kent, England. The village is located around 6.5 miles (10.5 km) southeast of the cathedral city of Canterbury, and around 8.5 miles (13.7 km) northwest of the town and port of Dover. According to the 2001 Census, the parish had a population including Drellingore and Snowdown of 3,884, increasing to 3,999 at the 2011 Census.
The village was built in the 1920s to accommodate workers at nearby coal mines. The parish also includes the village of Snowdown. Both villages are served by railway stations on the Dover branch of the Chatham main line.
History.
By British standards, Aylesham is a relatively new village. It was established in 1926 to house miners working in the Kent coal mines. The heads of the first families to be housed there all worked at the nearby newly sunk Snowdown Colliery. It was planned to also accommodate future workers at two other proposed new pits at Adisham and Wingham, but neither colliery was ever built.
Although it is still a village, it was originally intended by its masterplanner, Sir Patrick Abercrombie, to grow to be a town with a population of up to 30,000, but only 1,000 houses had been built by the 1960s.
Miners from all parts of the UK (notably South Wales, Scotland and the Northeast) seeking better wages and safer conditions, travelled to the South East to work at Snowdown Colliery. Due to this the people of Aylesham have developed a unique dialect, which was the subject of a 2016 article in the Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. Most residents use the short [a] in words such as "bath", as is common in the northern half of the country, and a schwa in words such as "strut", as in common in Wales. Some older residents also use glottal stops for the definite article, as in Yorkshire and Lancashire.
The miners brought with them the traditional Male Voice Choir, Brass band and Rugby pastimes; all of which are still in evidence today and each of these organisations keep the colliery name as their identity.
During the Second World War, the Aylesham coalminers formed a Home Guard contingent that took part in many rescue operations during the German bombings, especially in Canterbury and the surrounding areas. Old pillboxes can be found in the fields and woods around the village.
Several footballers were sponsored by the Latrobe Soccer Club of Brisbane, Australia, to migrate in the early 1960s. Both Henry Brown and Robert Yore came via this way. Brown played and coached at Latrobe, Polonia and Wynnum. Many of the 1960s emigrants settled in a suburb of Brisbane called Acacia Ridge. The resettled families often affectionately referred to this suburb as "Little Aylesham."
Aylesham Fire Station was founded in 1955, and still remains active, despite the closure of other fire stations within the Kent Fire and Rescue Service.
Aylesham has been identified by the Dover Local Plan as a location for expansion. A Housing Development, proposing 1,200 new homes in the village commenced work in 2014.
Governance.
County Council.
Kent County Council is the county authority for Aylesham. Aylesham is part of the Dover North Division of Kent County Council. Services provided include; libraries, social services, highways, education, school transport, byways, PROW and public health.
District Council.
Dover District Council is the District Authority for Aylesham. An electoral ward in the same name exists. The Dover District Council Ward of Aylesham, includes Nonington and had a total population of 4,905 at the 2011 census. Services provided include; elections, housing, parks and open spaces, cemeteries, disabled facilities grants, planning, licensing, council tax collections, waste and recycling etc.
Parish Council.
Aylesham Parish Council is the lowest tier of local government, responsible to the civil parish of Aylesham. The Parish Council operates in a former Doctors Surgery in Dorman Avenue South, Aylesham, which has over the years been satirically coined 'The White House' due to it being a white building and the administrative office of the Parish Council. The official name of the building is 'Aylesham House'. As well as being the Parish Council Offices, Aylesham Heritage Centre also operate in 'Aylesham House'. Services provided by the Parish Council include; allotments, grants, recreation grounds, parks, children's play areas, playing fields, youth provision and other general services. As the most local council in all the tiers of government, parish councils have the right to be consulted on planning and licensing matters. Aylesham Parish Council was a major stakeholder in the Masterplan of the Aylesham Development. Monthly meetings are held every second Thursday of the month (excluding August) and the council has three committees; Finance, Audit & Personnel, Recreation & Facilities, Planning, Environment & Transport.
Poetry.
Kay Sutcliffe, the wife of a striking miner at Aylesham, wrote the poem "Coal not Dole", which became popular with the "Women Against Pit Closures" groups across the country and was later made into a song by Norma Waterson.
Sport and leisure.
Walks.
The village is on the Miner's Way Trail. The 27-mile circular trail links up the coalfield parishes of East Kent, passing through or near the villages of Goodnestone, Wingham, Ash, Eastry, Betteshanger, Tilmanstone, Elvington, Snowdown and Nonington.
Whilst not passing directly through Aylesham, the North Downs Way (northern section) passes directly by Aylesham Cemetery (1.2 miles south-west to the village) on the B2046 Adisham Road. This trail can be accessed from Aylesham by various footpaths, fields, byway (road) and bridleways. There is a bus stop at the cemetery, where the North Downs Way passes by.
Rugby Club.
The village has a long sporting history, with a rugby club being present in the village since 1930. It has played a prominent role in community life. Before the professionalisation of Rugby Union, Snowdown Colliery Welfare Rugby football Club (a name that dates back to when Snowdown Colliery was open) would play teams such as Blackheath F.C., Wasps RFC and Canterbury RFC. Snowdown Colliery RFC has since remained true to its roots and has not become a professional club, instead concentrating of 'community rugby' provision. The club currently play in the London & SE Division Invicta 2 Premier - East.
In the 2015/2016 Season, the rugby club achieved great success by gaining promotion in to Shepherd Neame Kent 1. The club also won the Kent Vase, beating Beccahamian RFC in the final at The Jack Williams Memorial Ground, Aylesford, Kent.
The score was Snowdown Colliery 31 - 5 Beccahamian RFC, with the final being heavily attended by the community.
In the 2016/2017 season, Snowdown Colliery RFC got in to the Kent Salver Final, which took place at The Marine Travel Ground, Merton Lane, Canterbury. Snowdown Colliery lost 17-7 to Greenwich RFC.
Leisure Centre.
Aylesham Welfare Leisure Centre opened in 2011. In conjunction with Aylesham & Snowdown Social & Welfare Trust, Freedom Leisure operate the building which houses a gym, bar, function room, changing facilities and showers. A 3G pitch, MUGA and sports pitches (football & rugby) are also maintained at the Centre.
Aylesham Carnival Association.
Aylesham Carnival Association promotes the village to surrounding areas in Kent and beyond.
As far as records show, the first carnival held in Aylesham was in 1929. Over the years, the Association has been repeatedly held in abeyance and revived until the late 1990s/early 2000s, when a period of stability emerged, with the carnival now being an annual event.
The Aylesham Carnival, held every September, has carnival courts from all round the country take part. This is normally held in conjunction with a fete, fun fair and stalls in the Market Square before the carnival commences.
Schools.
Aylesham Primary School.
Aylesham Primary School recently had a new school building erected in 2016, with modern classrooms, technology and a new school playground.
St Joseph's Catholic Primary School.
St Joseph's was built in the early 1950s. The site was where the Catholic Church of St Joseph, Aylesham was situated, until it was severely damaged during the Second World War. After the War, St Joseph's operated as a school, church, canteen and hall for the village, until the 1950s, when the Catholic Church of St Finbarr, Aylesham was built in Market Place, Aylesham. In January 2014, St Joseph's became an academy within the Kent Catholic Schools Partnership.
Aylesham Secondary School.
Aylesham Secondary School closed in 1992. The school buildings were then occupied by the Aylesham Community Workshop Trust to provide educational, social and employment opportunities to the coalfield communities of Kent. Aylesham Secondary School was well known for its sporting achievements, with successes in Football, Rugby and Athletics. There is still much debate about a Secondary School in Aylesham, as the population increases due to the on-going Housing Development. A petition was created in 2015 and was completed in January 2016. As of 10 April 2018, Kent County Council has no plans to open a secondary school in Aylesham.
Churches.
Aylesham Baptist Church.
The Baptist Church is situated in Dorman Avenue South. It was built in 1927. Regular services take place on a Sunday. The church has a newly erected hall to the rear of the building, which is used by the community for creche's, a youth club, breakfast club, Sure Start, coffee mornings and other community events.
Church of St Peter, Aylesham.
St Peter's is situated in Dorman Avenue North. It was built in 1927. Regular services take place on a Sunday. The church organises a sunbeams toddler group, coffee mornings, messy church, soft play cafe, luncheon club and on Fridays, a Farmers Market.
Catholic Church of St Finbarr, Aylesham.
St Finbarr's is situated in Market Place. It was built in 1957. There was a Catholic church situated near the train station when Aylesham was first built. Due to severe damage during the Second World War, the church, dedicated to St Joseph, was gradually repaired and converted in to St Joseph's Catholic Primary School in the 1950s, with the new St Finbarr's Church officially being blessed and opened on 28 April 1957 by Canon de Laubenque. Regular services are held every Sunday. There is an active Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, with dance classes and other community events taking place in the church. The church is also used by the Snowdown Colliery Male Voice Choir for rehearsals. In 2016, St Finbarr's amalgamated with the Catholic Church of St Paul, Dover and the Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Holy Apostles, Eythorne to become the Catholic Parish of The Good Shepherd.
Transport.
Aylesham railway station serves the village.
Twin towns – sister cities.
Aylesham is twinned with:
References.
https://democracy.kent.gov.uk/mgEPetitionDisplay.aspx?Id=301


Talas mine

The Talas mine is one of the largest gold mines in the Kyrgyzstan and in the world. The mine is located in the north-west of the country in the Talas Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 3.7 million oz of gold.


Mining Exchange

The Mining Exchange is a Grade II listed building in Redruth, Cornwall, UK. It was constructed in 1880 at a cost of £500 to build. It is thought to have been designed by local architect Sampson Hill. The Mining Exchange was where local producers sold mineral stock.


Rigside

Rigside is a small village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, about from the town of Lanark, and less than from Douglas Water. It lies on the A70 road to Ayr, and has approximately 800 inhabitants.
Rigside is a former mining village. The village has one shop a takeaway cafe and public house as well as a doctor's surgery. The village has a very limited public transport link so most of the villagers have access to a car. The village has a nursery and primary school, both located on Muirfoot Road next to the recently upgraded play park and skate park.
The houses in the village are heated in order by ASHP, coal, oil, and LPG. There is no mains gas in the village.
There is a mixture of both private and council owned houses which are being upgraded to ASHP from solid fuel.


Eldorado Gold

Eldorado Gold Corporation is a Canadian company that owns and operates gold mines in Turkey, Greece and Canada. Since its merger with European Goldfields in 2011 the company has been pursuing the development of the Skouries mine, Olympias mine and Stratoni mine in Greece. The company previously developed and operated gold mines in China, Brazil and Mexico. Headquartered in Vancouver and listed on the Toronto and New York Stock Exchanges, Eldorado Gold has developed and operated assets from several merged companies HRC Developments Corporation, Afcan Mining Corporation, Sino Gold Mining, Brazauro Resources, Integra Gold, as well as European Goldfields.
Corporate history.
The Eldorado Corporation was incorporated in Bermuda on April 2, 1992, by several entrepreneurs who worked together at Bema Gold. The group had agreed to a contract that would give them a 70% interest in the Mexican La Colorada mining project if they were able to bring the mine into commercial production. In early 1994, La Colorada became Eldorado's first productive mine and by the end of the year they had purchased its remaining interest. Meanwhile, they also fulfilled a similar contract, conducting development-related work in exchange for ownership interest, in the La Trinidad project, also in Mexico. While the mine began production in 1996, and Eldorado gained 100% ownership in 1997, it was shut down and then sold off in 1998 as the price of gold collapsed; La Colorada was sold in 2000 for the same reason.
In April 1996, after fending off a hostile takeover bid by Glamis Gold the previous year, the company was renamed to Eldorado Gold Corporation and had its domicile moved to Vancouver, British Columbia. That year, they acquired the Brazilian São Bento, as well as exploration properties in Brazil and Turkey, from Gencor in exchange for a 43% stake in the company. Gencor made a similar deal with Vancouver Stock Exchange-listed HRC Developments Corporation, 43% of the company for several exploration properties, and then Eldorado and HRC merged to form one company. São Bento would be the company's sole operating mine from 2000 to 2006 as it focused on developing the Kişladağ project in Turkey.
Eldorado Gold increased the gold production from 64,298 ounces in 2005 to 632,539 ounces in 2010, despite the closure of the São Bento in 2007, by bringing Kişladağ into production in 2006, acquiring the Toronto Stock Exchange-listed Afcan Mining Corporation for its Tanjianshan Mine which it had acquired two years previous from Sino Gold Mining, and then acquiring Australian Securities Exchange-listed Sino Gold Mining, in a 2009 $1.6 billion all-stock deal, for their new Jinfeg and White Mountain mines. During this period of growth, Eldorado and Centerra Gold considered merging their operations but were unable to find sufficient advantages. Eldorado went on to be added to the S&P/TSX 60 in 2009 as one of the largest companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange.
In 2010 Eldorado acquired, in an all-stock deal worth $122 million, TSX Venture Exchange-listed Brazauro Resources for their share of the Brazilian Tocantinzinho exploration project. Later that year, Eldorado offered a $3.4-billion all-stock deal to acquire ASX-listed Andean Resources for their Cerro Negro project but were out-bid by Goldcorp who offered $3.6-billion in cash and stocks. Instead, Eldorado went on to acquire TSX-listed European Goldfields for $2.5-billion in stocks for its projects in Greece, as well as exploration properties in Romania. Eldorado's gold production peaked at 789,224 ounces in 2014 from its three mines in China, the Kişladağ mine in Turkey, supplemented by its second Turkish mine (Efemcukuru) which came online in 2012 and the old Olympias mine in Greece which the company was able to begin retreatment of leftover tailings.
Eldorado Gold began a years long decline as it committed to selling its mines in China in favour of developing its properties in Greece. At the time, during its economic crisis, Greece was actively seeking foreign investment and its Skouries project had the potential to be a high producing, long-lived (over 20 years) gold and copper mine. Other companies had previously attempted to develop the Skouries mine but the government had deemed it as not being in the national interest but the need for foreign investment reversed that decision. However, Eldorado's projects in the Chalkidiki region had long been controversial as other mining projects left locals with little confidence in the government's ability to effectively regulate mining and manage economic development. The company spent US$1 billion by 2017, mostly on the Skouries project, without completing a mine and experiencing protests against the project, due to land clearing in a popular forest and anticipated impacts to environmental values, tourism and agriculture, as well as protests in favour citing the number of jobs the mining project represented. Eldorado Gold's assets in China were sold to China National Gold Group Corporation and the Shenzhen-listed Yintai Resources Company for a cumulative US$900-million in 2016 resulting in its gold production falling to 292,971 ounces in 2017. Despite having gained the Lamaque mine in Quebec with the company's $590 million cash and stock acquisition of TSX Venture-listed Integra Gold, the company suspended dividend payments in 2018 and their stock briefly fell under CDA$1, all while company was accused of using Dutch subsidiaries for tax avoidance purposes and excessively compensating executive management for poor performance.
Operations.
As of 2020, Eldorado Gold operates 5 mines:
Environmental Impact.
Greece.
The mining operation at Olympiada has been found to be in violation of Greek environmental protection laws by an inspection committee of the Greek Ministry of the Environment and Energy. The inspectors discovered, among other violations, concentrations over the allowed limits of cadmium, lead and arsenic in a water stream used by the mining operation.


Henry Clough

Henry Clough (1855 – 1936) was an English player of the Northumbrian pipes, or Northumbrian smallpipes. He was a miner, listing his trade as a hewer, and he lived in Newsham, in south-eastern Northumberland. He was the father of Tom Clough, 'The Prince of Pipers'. Several previous generations of the family had also been pipers, Henry's father, 'Old Tom' (1830-1885), and grandfather Henry (1789-1842) among them. Since the instrument assumed its modern keyed form at the beginning of the 19th century, the family's playing tradition goes back unbroken to that time. There is a photograph of Henry with his son at, while a photograph of Henry, his son Tom (III), and grandson Tom (IV) playing at Bellingham Show in 1926, is at.
Music.
Some tunes from his music manuscripts can be found on the FARNE archive at, together with those of his son, and an authoritative book on the family and its music, based on the collected manuscripts, was published by the Northumbrian Pipers' Society as "The Clough Family of Newsham". These sources give considerable insight into the traditional playing technique and style of the instrument.
Henry and his son were both fine solo pipers, regularly winning competitions, Henry being one of the Gold Medal winners in the Northumbrian Small Pipes Society's competitions in the 1890s. Henry was an expert duet player, both with Richard Mowat, and later with his son Tom. Henry and Tom's duet playing was said to be superb - a showpiece was "Sir Sidney Smith's March"; a duet setting of this tune is found in Tom's manuscripts. However Henry's playing, unlike his son's, was never recorded.


Red Back Mining

Red Back Mining Inc. is an unhedged Vancouver based mineral resource company. Its focus is West Africa where it operates the Chirano Gold Project in Ghana and the Tasiast Gold Mine in Mauritania.
It has one division, Red Back Mining NL, based in Perth, Australia.
While independent it was considered one of Canada's Largest gold companies with a market capitalization of $ 5.8 billion or 3/4 as much as the 10th largest gold mining company in the world however at the time its key mines hadn't yet reached full potential or critical mass.
In May 2010, there was an announcement of a private placement in which one of the world's largest gold mining companies Kinross Gold will purchase 9.4% of Red Back's outstanding shares. When the deal is completed Kinross will be the company's largest shareholder next to Fidelity Management which currently owns 6%.
On August 3, 2010 an announcement was made by Kinross offering to merge Red Back into Kinross with Kinross paying $7.1 billion for all outstanding shares of Red Back. Current Red Back shareholders would own 37 percent of Kinross if the offer is accepted. The price offered was 15% above the current price of Red Back stock. According to Tye W. Burt, Kinross’s President, Red Back has reserves Kinross has the ability to develop.
On September 15, 2010 two thirds of Kinross Gold's shareholders voted in favour of the USD 7.2 billion deal to acquire Red Back Mining (99% of Red Back's shareholders approved the deal). Despite opposition from an advisor to Kinross's Investors (and others who estimate the company is overpaying for Red Back based on reserves estimates), KGC plans to close the deal within days of the approval. The acquisition price voted on gives Red Back's shareholders 1.778 KGC commons shares.
Production in 2010 and 2009.
The company produced 342,085 ounces in 2009, a 31% increase over 2008 production, and has set a target of 800,000 oz for 2012. Red Back's 90% share of Chirano and 100% share of Tasiast produced 402,000 ounces of gold equivalent in 2010.
Cash operating costs per ounce in 2009 rose to $391 compared to $325–$350 for the previous year.


Burngrange mining disaster

Burngrange is an area of the Scottish village West Calder. Situated at the far west of the village it mainly consists of housing constructed for the areas mining industry in the early 20th century.
On 10 January 1947, Burngrange was witness to its worst underground mining disaster, in which 15 miners perished.
Burngrange Shale Mine was situated 16 miles south-west of Edinburgh in the Parish of West Calder in the County of Midlothian. It was owned by Young's Paraffin Light & Mineral Oil Co., Ltd., which at the time was a subsidiary of Scottish Oils Ltd and was one of a group of 12 mines working the oil shales in the Counties of Midlothian and West Lothian.
The Report on the causes of, and circumstances attending the Explosion and Fire which occurred at Burngrange Nos. 1 and 2 (Oil Shale) Mine, Midlothian, can be found at.
David Brown was awarded the Edward Medal (later the George Cross) for his actions on the day. He was an overman at the mine.
James McArthur was awarded the King’s Commendation for Brave Conduct. He was a miner who voluntarily became a member of the rescue team.
Press reports.
The London Gazette reported on 13 January 1948 that:
"The KING has been pleased to award the Edward Medal to David Brown in recognition of his gallantry in the following circumstances: -
An explosion occurred in the Burngrange Shale Mine, West Calder, Midlothian, at about 8pm on Friday, 10th January, 1947, when 53 persons were at work underground in the district. Firedamp was ignited by an open acetylene cap lamp and the initial explosion started fires which spread rapidly.
David Brown, the overman, descended the pit and proceeded with a fireman to explore the narrow workings where men were trapped. Though they encountered smoke for a time it was not sufficiently dense to prevent progress but as they passed the junction of another heading increasing smoke compelled their withdrawal. After waiting a few minutes Brown made another attempt, alone, to get inbye. He actually got in to No. 3 Dookhead, where he shouted but got no response. He saw no signs, of the inbye men nor of their lights, and he was forced to withdraw again. On his way outbye, he again met the fireman, who said he had been trying to improve the atmospheric conditions in the inbye section by a partial opening of some brattice screen doors, but this step was of no avail. The atmospheric conditions were getting worse all the time, to the spreading of the fires, the extent and seriousness of which even then were not generally realized. Brown, however, did realize the seriousness of the position in relation to the trapped men and immediately sent word explaining the position to the manager who was dealing with fires elsewhere, asking for all possible assistance and making it quite clear that there was no hope of undertaking further exploratory work without the use of rescue teams wearing self-contained breathing apparatus. He then set out to discover for himself where all the smoke was coming from.
Although the National Fire Service was never intended for fire-fighting underground in mines, nevertheless, a team at once volunteered for this duty. Two members of the team donned their one-hour Proto-Breathing Apparatus. Underground, they met the overman, Brown, who pleaded for the use of the two sets of Proto-Apparatus, so that he and another trained member of the Burngrange Mines Rescue Team could make another attempt to get into the workings beyond No. 3 Dook. Using the one-hour apparatus borrowed from the N.F.S. Brown and his companion made an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the trapped men. At 11.15 pm under the captaincy of Brown a fresh team wearing goggles and using a life-line again attempted to reach the men but were forced to return as the temperature was very high and the smoke so dense that their lights could not be seen. There had been a fall of stone and sounds of strata movement were heard. A further attempt along another level led to the discovery of another fire and it became certain that there was no hope of saving the men until this was under control. The work of firefighting continued for four days and it was not until the night of 13th/14th January, that it was considered practicable to send a rescue team beyond the fire area. With one exception the bodies of all the 15 men who lost their lives by the effect of afterdamp and fumes were in No. 3 Dook."
The Scotsman newspaper reported on 30 January 1948:
"The Carnegie Hero Fund Trustees at Dunfermline yesterday awarded an honorary certificate and grants of £25 and £15 respectively to David Brown, mine oversman, 82 Parkhead Crescent, and James M'Arthur, shaleminer, 12 Kirkgate, both of West Calder, Midlothian, who on January 10, 1947, attempted to rescue a number of workmen who had been trapped following an explosion in a colliery at West Calder. Brown has already been awarded the Edward Medal and M'Arthur received the King's Commendation."


Sancy

The Sancy, a pale yellow diamond of , was once reputed to have belonged to the Mughals of antiquity, but it is more likely of Indian origin owing to its cut, which is unusual by Western standards. The stone has been owned by a number of important figures in European history, such as Charles the Bold, James VI and I, and the Astor family.
The shield-shaped stone comprises two back-to-back crowns (the typical upper half of a stone) but lacks any semblance to a pavilion (the lower portion of a stone, below the girdle or midsection).
History.
The diamond now known as the "Sancy" began as an even larger diamond called the "Balle de Flandres" with a possible weight of over . The "Balle" was part of the dowry of Valentina Visconti when she married Louis I, Duke of Orléans (the younger brother of King Charles VI of France) in 1398. While the precise path of ownership over the next 75 years is uncertain, the stone found its way to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who lost it together with an array of other treasures - including his silver bath and the Three Brothers jewel - in the Battle of Grandson in 1476. Balfour (2009) posits that this diamond is the same stone that eventually became the "Sancy".
After Charles died, in 1477 the diamond passed to his cousin King Manuel I of Portugal. When Portugal was threatened to come under Spanish rule, claimant António, Prior of Crato fled the country with the bulk of the Portuguese Crown Jewels. He spent his life trying to get allies to regain the Portuguese throne in the French and English courts, and eventually sold the diamond to Nicolas de Harlay, seigneur de Sancy.
 Other sources claim that the diamond was purchased in Constantinople by de Sancy. He was popular in the French Court and was later French Ambassador to Turkey. Something of a gem connoisseur, de Sancy used his knowledge to prosperous advantage.
Henry III of France suffered from premature baldness and tried to conceal this fact by wearing a cap. As diamonds were becoming increasingly fashionable at the time, Henry arranged to borrow de Sancy's diamond to decorate his cap. Henry's successor Henry IV of France also borrowed the stone, but for the more practical purpose of collateral for financing an army. An apocryphal tale from the time of de Sancy's possession of the stone tells of a messenger carrying the jewel, but never reaching his destination. Nevertheless, de Sancy (by then Superintendent of Finance) was convinced that the man had remained loyal and conducted a search until the messenger was discovered robbed and murdered. When the body was disinterred, the jewel was found in the faithful man's stomach.
Facing financial difficulties, de Sancy was forced to sell the diamond to King James VI and I in March 1605 when it is thought the "Sancy" acquired its name. It weighed 53 carats and cost 60,000 French crowns. It was described in the Tower of London's 1605 Inventory of Jewels as "...one fayre dyamonde, cut in fawcetts, bought of Sauncy." James had it set into the Mirror of Great Britain, with diamonds from the Great H of Scotland.
The "Sancy" was briefly possessed by Charles I (King of England, Scotland and Ireland) and then by his third son James II. Beleaguered after a devastating defeat, James took shelter under Louis XIV of France, a fickle host who tired of his exiled guest. Facing destitution, James had no choice but to sell the "Sancy" to Cardinal Mazarin in 1657 for the reported sum of £25,000. The cardinal bequeathed the diamond to the king upon his death in 1661.
The "Sancy" was thus domiciled in France but disappeared during the French Revolution when brigands raided the Garde Meuble (Royal Treasury). As well as the "Sancy", other treasures stolen were the Regent diamond, and the French Blue diamond which is known today as the Hope diamond.
The "Sancy" was in the collection of Vasiliy Rudanovsky until 1828 when purchased by Prince Demidoff for £80,000. It remained in the Demidov family collection until 1865 when sold to Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, an Indian prince, for £100,000. He sold it only a year later, creating another gap in its history. It reappeared in 1867, displayed at the Paris Exposition, carrying a price tag of one million francs; the gem then vanished again for forty years.
The "Sancy" next surfaced in 1906 when bought by William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, from famous Russian collector A.K. Rudanovsky. The prominent Astor family possessed it for 72 years until the 4th Viscount Astor sold it to the Louvre for $1 million in 1978. The "Sancy" now rests in the Apollo Gallery, together with the likes of the Regent Diamond and the Hortensia Diamond.


Barruecopardo mine

The Barruecopardo mine is a large open pit mine located in the western part of Spain in Province of Salamanca. Barruecopardo represents one of the largest tungsten reserves in Spain having estimated reserves of 10.9 million tonnes of ore grading 0.45% tungsten.
The mine closed in the early 1980s. Saloro SLU redeveloped the site and production recommenced in early 2019.


East Wheal Rose

East Wheal Rose was a mine around south east of the village of St Newlyn East and is around from Newquay on the north Cornwall coast, United Kingdom. The country rock at the mine was killas and its main produce was lead ore (galena), but as is usual when mining this mineral, commercial quantities of silver and zinc were also found and sold.
Lead was found in the area in 1812 and in 1834 the mine was established, by 1846 the mine employed over 1,200 men, women and children.
The two main lodes, called Middleton's Lode and East Lode, trended north-south. The ore they contained was in places very soft and loose and the killas was also not a particularly strong rock, necessitating extensive underground timbering, particularly in the shafts. Records show that the mine had more than twenty shafts on the two lodes, and the deepest workings were at 150 fathoms (900 ft).
Disaster in 1846.
The mine was sited in the valley of a small stream at the point where it opens out into a natural bowl and is virtually surrounded by hills. The outlet from this bowl is through a narrow ravine through which the stream flows into the River Gannel. Just after noon on 9 July 1846 there was an unusually heavy thunderstorm which lasted an hour and a quarter. Captain Middleton, the mine manager, reported that within five minutes of it starting to rain, water was flowing down the hills in torrents. Despite efforts by the men on the surface to dam or divert the water from the shafts the mine was rapidly flooded up to the 50 fathom (300 ft) level, and of the estimated 200 miners who were underground at the time, 39 were drowned.
Later history.
Despite the setback the mine soon reopened and continued producing ore until it closed in 1886. A 90-inch engine, supplied by Messrs Harvey and company of Hayle, came into operation on 3 June 1882 and when the of main adit level was cleared, several lodes were discovered and the Middleton's lode was longer than previously thought. The engine was christened ″Inne's Engine″ by Lady Innes. Between 1845 and 1885 it produced 48,200 tons of 62% lead ore, 212,700 ounces of silver and 280 tons of zinc ore.
Today, apart from the preserved engine house and chimney stack (which stands at 120ft high), there are few remains of the mine visible. The site is a tourist attraction with a boating lake, crazy golf etc. It is at one end of the Lappa Valley Steam Railway which follows part of the route of one of the Treffry Tramways that was opened in 1849 for hauling ore from the mine to Newquay.


Cacova Ierii mine

The Cacova Ierii mine is a large open pit mine in the north-western of Romania in Cluj County. Cacova Ierii represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 16.6 million tonnes of ore grading 42% iron metal. The mine has the capability to produce around 415,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.


Olimpiada mine

The Olimpiada mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Krasnoyarsk Krai. The mine has estimated resources of 47.37, and reserves of 30.01 million oz of gold.


Nizhne-Angarskoye mine

The Nizhne-Angarskoye mine is a large iron mine located in eastern Russia in the Sakha Republic. Nizhne-Angarskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.2 billion tonnes of ore grading 40.4% iron metal.


Preventing Government Waste and Protecting Coal Mining Jobs in America

The Preventing Government Waste and Protecting Coal Mining Jobs in America () is a bill that would amend the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to require state programs for regulation of surface coal mining to incorporate the necessary rule concerning excess spoil, coal mine waste, and buffers for perennial and intermittent streams published by the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement on December 12, 2008.
The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.
Provisions of the bill.
"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source."
The Preventing Government Waste and Protecting Coal Mining Jobs in America would amend the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to require state programs for regulation of surface coal mining to incorporate the necessary rule concerning excess spoil, coal mine waste, and buffers for perennial and intermittent streams published by the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement on December 12, 2008.
The bill would require the Secretary of the Interior to: (1) publish notice of a determination when all states that wish to assume exclusive jurisdiction of such mining regulation have incorporated the rule in their programs; (2) assess the effectiveness of the rule's implementation during the five-year period following such notice; and (3) report to Congress an evaluation of the rule's effectiveness, any ways in which it inhibits energy production, and any proposed changes to the rule.
The bill would prohibit issuance of any regulations regarding stream buffer zones or protection before publication of the report, other than a rule necessary to implement incorporation of the December 2008 rule described in this Act. Requires each state with an approved program for regulation of surface coal mining to submit program amendments incorporating such rule within two years of enactment of this Act.
Congressional Budget Office report.
"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on November 14, 2013. This is a public domain source."
H.R. 2824 would require certain states to implement, within two years, a rule published in 2008 by the Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement (OSM) regarding the disposal of mine waste near streams (the stream buffer zone rule). The bill also would require OSM to assess the effectiveness of that rule after five years of implementation and to report its findings to the Congress. Finally, the bill would prevent OSM from issuing a new rule regarding stream buffer zones until the agency completes the report required under the bill.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the bill would have no significant impact on the federal budget. Enacting the bill could affect offsetting receipts, which are treated as reductions in direct spending; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. However, CBO estimates that any such effects would be negligible. Enacting H.R. 2824 would not affect revenues.
Under the 2008 stream buffer zone rule, which CBO expects would be implemented through 2021 under the bill, firms would be allowed to dispose of mine waste near streams if regulators determine that avoiding disturbance of the streams is not reasonably possible. Under the rule OSM is currently implementing, firms are prohibited from disposing of mine waste within 100 feet of streams; however, according to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OSM is in the process of preparing a new rule to govern such disposal. CBO has no information regarding the content of the new rule or when it might be implemented.
The budgetary impact of enacting H.R. 2824 would depend, in part, on whether the stream buffer zone rule implemented under the bill would be more or less restrictive than the rule implemented under current law. If the rule implemented under the bill imposed relatively fewer restrictions on the disposal of mine waste, coal producers would use less costly methods to dispose of such waste and CBO expects that firms producing coal would increase their valuation of coal leases affected by the rule, including leases on federal lands. Under such a rule, CBO expects that proceeds to the federal government would increase from the sale of federal coal leases. Conversely, a relatively more restrictive disposal rule would reduce the value of coal leases and thus the proceeds from the sale of coal leases on federal lands.
Based on information provided by OSM, CBO expects that implementing a new stream buffer zone rule would primarily affect coal mining that requires the removal of mountaintops in the Appalachian Mountains. In 2012, the federal proceeds from activities related to coal mining on federal lands in that area totaled $1.5 million. Because the existing federal proceeds from the area affected by this bill are small, and because it is unclear whether the rule imposed by this bill would be more or less restrictive than the rule that OSM will impose under current law, CBO expects that firms in the coal industry would not significantly change their valuation of coal leases under the bill, and therefore, that enacting H.R. 2824 would have a negligible impact on the federal budget.
H.R. 2824 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). The bill would impose additional requirements on states and tribal governments that choose to apply for exclusive jurisdiction—or "primacy"—in regulating surface mining operations within their jurisdiction. However, those requirements would be conditions of participating in a voluntary federal program and thus not mandates as defined in UMRA.
Procedural history.
The Preventing Government Waste and Protecting Coal Mining Jobs in America was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on July 25, 2013 by Rep. Bill Johnson (R, OH-6). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources and the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources. On February 28, 2014, the committee reported the bill alongside House Report 113-364. On February 29, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that H.R. 2824 would be considered on March 4, 2014. However, due to a snowstorm, consideration of the bill was delayed until March 25, 2014, another day on which it snowed.
Debate and discussion.
Majority Leader Eric Cantor described the bill as needed to stop "excessive and unnecessary" regulation. Rep. Bill Johnson indicated that the bill was in response to changes in coal mining rules proposed by the Obama Administration.
Supporters of the bill argue that it will be good for jobs, save the government money, and improve U.S. energy production by preventing the Obama Administration from introducing more coal regulations. The bill is a reaction to actions taken by the Obama Administration to rewrite a regulation called the 2008 Stream Buffer Zone Rule. According to one source, "the Administration has spent nearly $9 million taxpayer dollars working to rewrite this rule, including hiring new contractors, who were dismissed once it was publicly revealed that the Administration's proposed regulation could cost 7,000 jobs and cause economic harm in 22 states."
The National Mining Association supported the bill, with its President, Al Quinn, saying "this bill accomplishes the important task sometimes lacking in public policy: it balances the needs of the economy with the needs of the environment." The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council (SBEC) also supported the bill. According to the SBEC's President, Karen Kerrigan, "impractical and excessive regulations are certainly hurting the coal industry, and by extension the many small businesses who need affordable electricity to remain competitive."
Opponents of the bill described it as a bill that would require "OSM to implement the flawed 2008 Stream Buffer Zone rule and prevent the agency from improving that rule for a minimum of seven years." Opponents also claimed that Republicans were using "fear mongering" to argue in favor of the bill. Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) opposed the bill, arguing that it should be opposed because the supporters "believe coal companies should be allowed to blow the tops off mountains and dump the waste into streams, no matter what the science says about the consequence for our environment and the public health."


Hersden

Hersden is a village and civil parish east of Canterbury in Kent, South East England. It is established as a planned coalmining village dating from the 1920s, on the A28 road between Canterbury and the Isle of Thanet. Work in Kent Coalfield was the main source of employment for the male residents of the village until the closure of the Kent colliery in the 1980s. The parish was formed on 1 April 2019 from Sturry, Chislet and Westbere.
History.
A 5th-6th century cemetery of Frisians and Jutes was discovered nearby in 1931.
Exploratory works for a Channel Tunnel at Shakespeare Cliff near Dover led to the identification of the Kent Coalfield in 1890. Its northern extension came after coal was discovered at Chislet in 1918. Initially the miners lived in Ramsgate but in 1924 the Chislet Colliery Housing Society was formed to build a mining village of 300 houses, which became Hersden. The mine closed in 1969 but the Chislet Colliery Welfare Club remains.
Amenities.
Now, there is a Chinese restaurant, the village hall which houses a social club and recently a large and impressive B.M.X track was built. There are two churches in Hersden; Hersden Church (a former Anglican and Methodist which now is used as a community centre - the congregation has moved to Sturry Church) and St Dunstan, the Roman Catholic Parish church which opened in 1935.


Qingchengzi mine

The Qingchengzi mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in China. The mine is located in Liaoning, northeastern China. The mine has reserves amounting to 29.9 million tonnes of ore grading 2.64% lead and 1.9% zinc thus resulting 0.73 million tonnes of lead and 0.35 million tonnes of zinc.