Norman Cornish

Norman Stansfield Cornish (18 November 1919 – 1 August 2014) was an English mining artist.
Career.
Cornish was the last surviving member of the "Pitman's Academy" art school at the Spennymoor Settlement in County Durham in North East England. A former miner, he was known for his pictures of mining community life. Other artistic contemporaries of Cornish from the Spennymoor Settlement included Herbert Dees, Robert Heslop and Tom McGuinness.
Cornish started work as a miner in 1933, at the age of 14. He continued to work as a miner even after his painting career was established, until he retired as a miner and became a full-time artist in 1966.
Cornish was granted an honorary Master of Arts degree by Newcastle University in 1974, and an honorary doctorate by Sunderland University in 2012. He was a contemporary and friend of the artist L. S. Lowry.
He was married to Sarah. They had two children, John and Ann.
Legacy.
To mark the 100th anniversary of Cornish's birth, the Bowes Museum organised the first "major retrospective" of Cornish's work. The exhibition was scheduled to run from November 2019 to February 2020. An exhibition of some of Cornish's 269 sketchbooks was scheduled for display over the same period at Durham University's Palace Green Library.
In 2019, a 'Norman Cornish Trail' was created in Spennymoor to allow people to follow a 1.5 mile route to view many of the scenes painted by Cornish.
A room within the art gallery at Spennymoor Town Hall has been dedicated to exhibiting paintings by Cornish.


Neryungrinsky coal mine

The Neryungrinsky Coal Mine is a coal mine located in eastern Russia. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 197 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. The mine has an annual production capacity of 10 million tonnes of coal.


Yaroslavsky mine

The Yaroslavsky mine is a large mine located in the south-eastern Russia in Primorsky Krai. Yaroslavsky represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 51.3 million tonnes of ore grading 30.9% fluorite.


Murray Biggar

Murray Clement Biggar was a Canadian politician, who served as mayor of Sudbury, Ontario in 1895.
During his term in office, the municipal council embarked on the town's first major public works projects, awarding contracts to M.N. McCarthy and W.H. Plummer for the construction of sewage, waterworks and electrical systems. However, the projects faced numerous delays, including a strike for higher wages by workers on the waterworks project, a cost overrun which forced the council to hold a referendum for authorization to spend the additional funds, and scheduling problems which resulted in the projects' completion being delayed by almost a year after the council voided the penalty clause which was its only mechanism for ensuring that the contractors finished the project on time. As a result, in that fall's municipal election, Biggar was defeated by former mayor Stephen Fournier.
Following his defeat, Biggar disappeared from Sudbury in 1896, abandoning his law practice and his family. He was rumoured to have drowned in Lake Ramsey, but Sudbury resident Gus Harwood found him living in San Francisco in 1898. He had gone briefly to Yukon to prospect in the Klondike Gold Rush, but then moved to San Francisco after failing to stake a mining claim.
In 2017, the Sudbury Theatre Centre staged a play written by local playwright Judy Straughan about Biggar's disappearance. The play's cast included the city's current mayor, Brian Bigger, as well as local writers Matthew Heiti and Roger Nash.


Delabole

Delabole () is a large village in north Cornwall, England, UK. It is situated approximately two miles (3 km) west of Camelford. It is in the civil parish of St Teath.
The village of Delabole came into existence in the early 20th-century; it is named after the Delabole Quarry. Three hamlets: Pengelly, Meadrose (pronounced "médroze") and Rockhead, and the hamlet of Delabole south of the quarry are shown on the earliest one-inch Ordnance Survey map of 1813. When the railway arrived, the station was named Delabole after the quarry, and the three hamlets were absorbed into Delabole. It is said to be the third highest village in Cornwall. Treligga military airfield and HMS Vulture II, an aerial bombing and gunnery range, were situated west of the village.
Delabole lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
Toponymy.
The name Delabole derives from the Cornish language, as do the names of the hamlets of Pengelly and Medrose which comprise today's village. Delabole comes from the Cornish "Delyowboll". The name "delyow" is the historic name for a local stream, and the word "boll" could come from two places. It could be a soft-mutation of the Cornish word "poll" (pool), however, it could be an incorrect mutation of "toll" (hole), which should mutate to "doll". Therefore, the meaning could be extracted as 'pool on the delyow stream' or 'pit by the delyow stream'. As the name originally designated the quarry, either name would make sense, given the collection of water at the bottom of the quarry or the crater created.
The names Pengelly and Medrose also come from the Cornish language. The original Cornish name of Pengelly is "Penn-an-gelli". This construction uses the base words "penn" (head or end) and "kelli" (grove). As with many words in Cornish, when a preposition is added the initial letter is mutated. Therefore, "kelli" would become "an gelli" (the grove), giving the meaning 'end of the grove'. The name Medrose is also a descriptive name coming from "medhros" meaning 'middle of the heath'.
The local names "Deli" (grid ref. SX 079,840), "Delinuth" and "Delamere" are also related to "delyow" which has the meaning "place of leaves" according to Craig Weatherhill. Delinuth and Delamere mean "new Deli" and "great Deli" respectively.
History.
The manor of Delabole (Deliou) was recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) when it was held by Roger from Robert, Count of Mortain. There was one hide of land and land for 4 ploughs. There were 1 plough, 1 serf, 1 villein, 3 smallholders, 1 acre of meadow, 40 acres of pasture, 5 cattle and 25 sheep. The value of the manor was 10 shillings though it had formerly been worth 30 shillings.
Economy.
Delabole was the birthplace of the Cornwall Air Ambulance. Businesses include Delabole Quarry and Delabole wind farm, the first commercial wind farm in the UK. The Gaia Energy Centre opened on the wind farm site in 2001 as a tourist attraction. It cost £5m and was intended to attract 150,000 visitors a year. It closed after three years of opening when it only achieved one tenth of the required visitor numbers. Most of the funding for the centre came from Europe, with £300,000 grants from Objective One and SWDRA, the South West Regional Development Agency.
Delabole Quarry.
Delabole Quarry is one of the largest slate quarries in England and has been operated continuously from the 15th-century making it the oldest working slate quarry in England. Indeed, it is reputed that slate has been quarried here since the reign of King Stephen. In the reign of Elizabeth I the five quarries on the site of the now larger pit assumed considerable importance delivering slate to Brittany and the Netherlands. In 1841 the five quarries were combined to make the Old Delabole Slate Quarry.
The Old Delabole Slate Quarry Ltd was liquidated in 1977 by the company's bankers. It was run under receivership by Rio Tinto Zinc until 1999 when a local management team bought it out. In 2005, the majority shareholders bought out the entire share capital, creating a single family ownership, the first time since 1842. In 1910, 500 people were employed at the quarry but this has since been reduced to 80, the decline due to the availability of cheaper roofing materials e.g. Welsh slate or prefabricated tiles. As of 2007 only five skilled men work in the pit and the total workforce is no more than forty.
Delabole Quarry was once the deepest man-made pit in the world, but this is no longer the case due to massive open cast mines and quarries in America and Australia.
The quarry was connected to a narrow gauge railway worked by steam and diesel locomotives to move the slate: this is thought to have begun before 1834 and continued in use until after 1987. The North Cornwall Railway provided a freight service from Delabole between 1893 and 1964 (passenger services ended in 1966).
Religion and education.
The foundation stone for the Anglican Church of St John was laid on the Feast of St Bartholomew in 1868; the church was built to the design of the architects Hine & Odgers (the parish church is at St Teath). The Methodist Chapel is about twenty years older and has a curious 'Italianate' porch. The village has a primary school and secondary education is provided at Sir James Smith's School, Camelford, about three miles away.
Culture and community.
Delabole is renowned for its annual carnival, one of the biggest in Cornwall. It was revived in 2001 after a break of nearly forty years. The week of events takes place in July each year. The village has a King George V Playing Field and until the 1950s there was also a cinema: the Regal. Delabole United AFC (nicknamed the Slaters) is an association football team and play in the Duchy League.


Brunner Mine disaster

The Brunner Mine disaster happened at 9:30 am on Thursday 26 March 1896 (NZMT; ), when an explosion deep in the Brunner Mine, in the West Coast region of New Zealand, killed all 65 miners below ground. The Brunner Mine disaster is the deadliest mining disaster in New Zealand’s history.
The royal commission of inquiry put the cause of the disaster to a blown-out shot in a part of the mine where miners should not have been working. However, experienced miners claimed the explosion was caused by firedamp igniting, which had accumulated in the mine due to inadequate ventilation.
Accident and response.
It is most likely that the explosion was caused by firedamp, a common hazard in coal mines when a pocket of methane gas is accidentally ignited and explodes. Firedamp is all the more hazardous because of the after effects of the explosion. Gases known as "afterdamp" – carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen produced by the explosion – often prove to be just as deadly and can kill miners unhurt by the explosion itself.
“Joseph Scott, the Blackball Mine Manager.., believed that the majority (of miners) were killed by the explosion and “not more than half a dozen by the afterdamp”. Robert Russell, believing the explosion to be caused by firedamp, while acknowledging that the explosion force and coal dust flames contributed to the causes of death, believed that “at the end it was the afterdamp gases that killed them (all).” Dr. James McBrearty’s description of many victims frothing at the mouth, suggests asphyxiation by the predominant afterdamp gas, being carbon dioxide. The afterdamp gas carbon monoxide which presented such a problem for the recovery teams must also have contributed to death through poisoning. It was not then fully appreciated that only small quantities of carbon monoxide or white damp could be fatal”.
Rescuers entering the mine after the explosion found themselves suffocating on the afterdamp gas and had to return to the surface, often unconscious, carried by other rescuers; however, the determination was such to find the bodies, and to find any survivors, that the rescuers – mostly miners from nearby mines – would insist on returning to the airless mine as soon as they had been revived on the surface.
Miners came from as far as Denniston to assist the rescue effort, though it took the Denniston miners several days to arrive as they had to travel by sea from Westport. Wood explains this:
“The response of the West Coast miners in volunteering for the rescue parties was due to their occupational loyalties and social and kinship ties. Occupational bonding, especially of coal miners, requires obedience to the miner’s code that they come to each other’s assistance. Denniston miners and mine managers, like Blackball miners, included former workmates, relatives and friends belonging to the same generation of immigrants, particularly those arriving between 1875 and 1885”. According to Wood: “The tragedy helped to break down some old world differences and establish a West Coast identity especially in the mining community.
Aftermath.
The bodies of all 65 miners from the Brunner mine were eventually accounted for, including a Mr. John Roberts and three of his sons who were all working that day. The miners were buried at Stillwater, thirty-three of them in a mass grave.
A disaster relief fund was established to support the families of the deceased miners. Over £32,000 was raised for the fund, equivalent to NZ$6.46 million in December 2020. Contributions to the fund came from a number of towns including Auckland, Nelson, Christchurch, Lyttleton and Invercargill.
Inquiry.
A Royal Commission was appointed to investigate the disaster. Four commissioners were appointed: district court judge Charles Ward, geologist Sir James Hector, colliery manager Joseph Proud, and coal miner Thomas Skellon. The commission reported back to the Governor-General on 15 June 1896.


Raniganj (community development block)

Raniganj is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Asansol subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography.
Searsole Rajbari is located at .
Raniganj CD Block is part of the Ajay Damodar Barakar tract. This area is sort of an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is a rocky undulating area with laterite soil, with the Ajay on the north, the Damodar on the south and the Barakar on the west. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal, in the eighteenth century, led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.
Raniganj CD Block is bounded by Asansol (municipal corporation)/ Raniganj and Jamuria CD Block on the north, Andal CD Block on the east, Mejia CD Block, in Bankura district, on the south and Asansol (municipal corporation)/ Barabani CD Block on the west.
Raniganj CD Block has an area of 58.28 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 6 gram panchayats, 74 gram sansads (village councils), 12 mouzas and 12 inhabited villages. Asansol North and Raniganj police stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Raniganj.
Nunia, a small stream about 40 km long has its origin near Adra village in the Salanpur area, flows through the Barabani area, past Asansol and joins the Damodar in the Raniganj area.
Gram panchayats of Raniganj block/panchayat samiti are: Amrasota, Ballavpur, Egara, Jemari, Ratibati and Tirat.
Demographics.
Population.
As per the 2011 Census of India Raniganj CD Block had a total population of 106,441, of which 23,023 were rural and 83,418 were urban. There were 55,835 (52%) males and 50,606 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 12,885. Scheduled Castes numbered 37,491 (35.22%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 9,982 (9.38%).
As per 2001 census, Raniganj block had a total population of 101,678, out of which 55,160 were males and 46,518 were females. Raniganj block registered a population growth of -20.45 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. Scheduled castes at 33,515 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 9,761.
Census Towns in Raniganj CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Ratibati (4,508), Chapui (5,358), Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township) (13,179), Banshra (5,703), Belebathan (4,459), Chelad (7,471), Murgathaul (7,371), Amkula (5,445), Baktarnagar (5,112), Egara (7,623), Sahebganj (4,715), Raghunathchak (6,006) and Ballavpur (6,468).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Raniganj CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Tirat (4,224).
Other villages in Raniganj CD Block are (2011census figures in brackets): Saora (2,191), Kumardiha (2,142), Chalbalpur (3,567), Harabhanga (1,907), Damalia (1,118), Narankuri (2,176), Nimcha (2,065), Chak Janadhara (343), Sonachora (11), Chak Brindabanpur (818) and Napur (2,461).(All villages included in 2011 census data are mentioned here. Other villages or localities, if any, are parts of these villages.)
Literacy.
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Raniganj CD Block was 69,098 (73.86% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 40,733 (82.90% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 28,365 (63.86% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 19.04%.
As per 2001 census, Raniganj block had a total literacy of 65.85 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 76.59 per cent female literacy was 52.97 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion.
As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person's mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, Bengali has decreased its share from 82.3% of the population of Bardhaman district in 1961 to 79.9% in 2001, Hindi has increased its share from 8.5% in 1961 to 10.9% in 2001 Santali has remained steady at around 4.9% during the period, and Urdu has increased its share from 2.4% in 1961 to 2.6% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were: Odiya (0.3%), Punjabi (0.2%), Koda/Kora (0.2%), Telugu (0.1%), Bhojpuri (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%) and Kurukh/ Oraon (0.1%).
As of 2017, CD Block-wise/ other region-wise break-up of mother tongue is not available in census/ other official sources. There have been reports in the media about the Hindi speaking population being substantial in the Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency). Bardhaman district provided attractive livelihood opportunities for immigrants from Bihar/ Jharkhand.
According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws.
The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018. However, as of 2019, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered.
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 96,719 and formed 90.87% of the population in Raniganj CD Block. Muslims numbered 6,837 and formed 6.42% of the population. Christians numbered 441 and formed 0.41% of the population. Others numbered 2,444 and formed 2.30% of the population.
Rural poverty.
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living below poverty line in 2005, rural poverty in Raniganj CD Block was 13.66%.
Economy.
Livelihood.
In Raniganj CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 584 and formed 1.69% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 1,386 and formed 4.15%, household industry workers numbered 655 and formed 1.96% and other workers numbered 30,756 and formed 92.19%. Total workers numbered 33,361 and formed 31.34% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 73,080 and formed 68.66% of the population.
Coalmines are spread across the Andal, Pandaveswar, Raniganj, Jamuria, Barabani and Salanpur region, including municipal areas. Livelihood in this region is coal-centred. The area does not produce much of agricultural products. Overall work participation rate, and female work participation rate, in the mining area are low. Interestingly the work participation rate in the predominantly agricultural rural areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district is higher than in the predominantly urbanised mining area. Human development in the mining area does not at all look good. However, in the composite livelihood index the mining area performs much better than the non-mining areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district. The decadal (1991-2001) change in composition of workers shows the growing pressure of population growth, as well as of migrants from adjacent Jharkhand.
Infrastructure.
All 12 or 100% of mouzas in Raniganj CD Block were electrified by 31 March 2014.
All 12 mouzas in Raniganj CD Block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 5 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 38 fair price shops in the CD Block.
Coal mining.
Nimcha open cast project in Satgram Area of Eastern Coalfields has a mineable reserve of 8.70 million tonnes.
Damalia open cast project in Satgram Area of Eastern Coalfields has a mineable reserve of 0.44 million tonnes.
The coal-bed methane gas block of Essar Group, the largest CBM player in India, in Raniganj is close to commercial production.
See also – Satgram Area and Kunustoria Area of Eastern Coalfields
Industries.
Asansol-Durgapur Development Authority (ADDA) has developed the Managalpur Industrial Estate.
Agriculture.
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Raniganj CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 15.92%, patta (document) holders 35.80%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.06%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 26.67% and agricultural labourers 19.55%.
In 2003-04 net cropped area in Raniganj CD Block was 2,434 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 770 hectares.
In 2013-14, Raniganj CD Block produced 4,016 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 1,475 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.
Banking.
In 2013-14, Raniganj CD Block had offices of 12 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks.
Transport.
Narayankuri ghat, on the Damodar, was used by M/s Carr Tagore & Company for transporting coal to Kolkata by boat in the middle of the nineteenth century. Varying levels of water in the Damodar posed problems for transportation. In order to capture the lucrative coal transport business, East Indian Railway laid lines up to Raniganj in 1855. It captured the entire coal transport business. The line was extended to Asansol in 1863.
The Bardhaman-Asansol section, which is a part of Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line, Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line and Howrah-Delhi main line, passes through this CD Block and there is a station at Raniganj.
Raniganj CD Block has 12 originating/ terminating bus routes.
NH 19 (old number NH 2) and NH 14 (old number NH 60) cross at Raniganj.
Education.
In 2013-14, Raniganj CD Block had 46 primary schools with 5,807 students, 7 middle schools with 732 students, 1 high school with 688 students and 5 higher secondary schools with 6,042 students. Raniganj CD Block had 181 institutions for special and non-formal education with 5,723 students. Raniganj (then a municipal town, outside the CD Block) had 2 general colleges with 6,235 students.
Healthcare.
In 2014, Raniganj CD block had 1 rural hospital, 1 block primary health centre, 2 primary health centres, 1 central government/ PSU medical centre and 4 private nursing homes with total 107 beds and 8 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 20 family welfare sub centres. 5,522 patients were treated indoor and 191,301 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
Ballavpur Rural Hospital, with 50 beds at Ballavpur, is the major government medical facility in the Raniganj CD block. Raniganj Block Primary Health centre at Raniganj functions with 25 beds. There are primary health centres at Baktarnagar (with 6 beds) and Tirat (with 6 beds). ECL Banshra Hospital at Banshra functions with 50 beds.


Lanjigarh Airstrip

Lanjigarh Airstrip is a private/public airstrip owned by Vedanta Resources located at Lanjigarh in the Kalahandi district of Odisha. Nearest airport/airstrip to this airstrip is Utkela Airstrip in Kalahandi, Odisha.


Lower Grumbach Pond

The Lower Grumbach Pond (), usually just Grumbach Pond ("Grumbacher Teich"), is an old mining reservoir or "Kunstteich" between Hahnenklee and Wildemann in the Upper Harz mountains in Germany
It is one of the Upper Harz Ponds and was constructed before 1673. After being raised in height at least once, the dam today is 7.5 metres high and just under 60 metres long.
There are nine other ponds within its catchment area, all part of the Upper Harz Water Regale: the "Kranicher Teichen", the "Kuttelbacher Teich", the "Auerhahnteich", the Upper ("Oberer") and Middle ("Mittlerer") Grumbach Ponds and the Upper and Lower ("Oberer" and "Unterer") Flößteich. Its catchment area is 7.92 km² which is very large for an Upper Harz Pond and results in a high volumetric flow. Its impoundment capacity is 82,000 m³.
The pond was not only used for generating hydropower for the pits beneath, but also played an important role in timber rafting on the Grumbach stream to Wildemann. The timber, cut into one to two metre-long logs, was led by a rafting ditch around the pond and slid down the Gefluder in the present day Grumbach Waterfall into the stream. In order to transport the wood further downstream, water was periodically released from the Lower Grumbach Pond which ferried the logs down to the River Innerste.
By the Lower Grumbach Pond is a refuge hut with checkpoint no. 113 "Grumbacher Teich" on the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.


Twin Creeks gold mine

Twin Creeks gold mine, also known as Twin Creeks Mine, is an active open pit mine near Winnemucca, Nevada.
It is a gold and silver mine operated by Newmont. The Chimney Creek gold deposit, now part of Twin Creek, was first identified in the 1980s. A rare specimen of orpiment discovered in the mine
was donated to the Smithsonian.


Sotk gold mine


Wuenduermiao mine

The Wuenduermiao mine is a large iron mine located in northern China. Wuenduermiao represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in China and in the world having estimated reserves of 120 million tonnes of ore grading 36% iron metal.


Durham Miners Heritage Centre

The Durham Miners Heritage Centre was a museum, now closed, run by the Durham Miners Heritage Group at Neville's Cross, Durham, England. It had a display of coal mining memorabilia and an exhibition of art.
One of the main reasons for the display was to educate the next generation of children about the mining past of County Durham and to give opportunities to research coal mining history, especially local school groups in the area and visitors to the city.
The displays included mining pit lamps such as the famous Davy lamp, tools used in the mining trade and a selection of art by former miners. A computer facility showed photographs and there was also a section of books on mining.


Selemdzha mine

The Selemdzha mine is a large mine located in the Amur Oblast. Selemdzha represents one of the largest phosphates reserve in Russia having estimated reserves of 500 million tonnes of ore grading 35% P2O5.


Victor-American Fuel Company

Victor-American Fuel Company, also variously styled as the Victor American Fuel Company and Victor Fuel Company, was a coal mining company, primarily focused on operations in the US state of Colorado during the first half of the Twentieth Century.
Company history.
Company president John C. Osgood founded the company in 1903 after being force out of another company he had founded, Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, by future part-owner John D. Rockefeller. Behind the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, the Victor-American Fuel Company was the second-largest coal company in the state–and the wealthiest owned by Coloradans–during the first decades of the 20th century. During the 1913-1914 Colorado Coalfield War, strikebreakers and mine guards working for Victor-American that had been hired in response to the United Mine Workers of America-led labor uprising were targeted in attacks.
Operations.
Like other Colorado coal mining companies of the era, Victor-American operated company-owned mining towns that housed its workers across many sites. Victor-American acquired mining sites throughout Colorado, establishing towns to support operations. These mines include Chandler, Delagua, Hastings, Pinnacle Mine in the Oak Creek fields, and Wadge Mine. Some of these mines were home to significant Asian-American populations, which occasionally were utilized as strikebreakers against collectivizing White miners, especially at Chandler.
By 1987, Victor-American had registered itself as corporation in Maine.
List of mining disasters.
On 8 November 1910, at Delagua, an explosion at the Victor-American coal mine killed 76 miners. A group of recovery parties were gathered from the nearby mining communities at Hastings, Berwind, and others. Miners from Primero and Starkville, both CF&I towns that had suffered a major disaster earlier that year (the latter exactly a month earlier), rushed to send help.
The Hastings Mine Disaster took place on 27 April 1917, killing 121 miners at the Victor-American mine. The Hasting mine was not far from Ludlow, site of the Ludlow Massacre, the most violent point in the 1913-1914 Colorado Coalfield War that saw some Victor-American property damaged by armed striking miners.
At Delagua on 27 May 1927, six miners were killed in an explosion of the No. 3 shaft, the same that had collapsed in 1910.
On 27 January 1942, 34 miners were killed at the Victor-American Wadge Mine on Mount Harris in Routt County.


Kallak mine

The Kallak Iron Deposit is one of the largest unexploited iron ore deposits in Sweden. It is located on an island in the hydropower regulated Little Lule River between the villages of Björkholmen and Randijaur in the municipality of Jokkmokk in the province of Norrbotten in northern Sweden. It is located near to the hydropower plant Parki, and the regulation reservoirs Parkijaure and Randijaure.
Furthermore the site is on the ancestral lands of the indigenous Sami people and forms part of the reindeer winter grazing lands of the Sami village of Jåhkågasska tjiellde Sirges. The name Kallak is the Swedish form of Gállok, which is the original name of the place in the Lule Saami language.
The Kallak north and Kallak south prospects were identified by the Geological Survey of Sweden in the 1940s. In the late 1960s the SGU identified Kallak north as containing 92 million tonnes of ore and Kallak south as containing 29 million tonnes of ore at a grade of roughly 35%.
Beowulf Mining acquired the Kallak north licence in 2006, and a drill program conducted in 2010 has found at least 175 Mt of Iron at an average grade of 30%. Beowulf acquired the Kallak south licence from Tasman Metals in mid-2010. An ongoing drill program has shown Kallak south to contain at least 400 million tonnes of Iron at an average grade of 30%.
The combined Kallak deposit contains at least 600 million tonnes of Iron and it is believed that the north and south deposits are connected at depth to give a single iron deposit with a strike length of over 4 kilometers.
In mid-2010 an independent conceptual study performed by the Raw Materials Group showed that the Kallak north deposit, which at the time was thought to contain 150 million tonnes of iron at 30% grading, was commercially viable. Given the significant increase in tonnage at Kallak an updated conceptual study is anticipated in 2011.
The plans to establish a mine at the site has met resistance from the indigenous Saami people as well as other local inhabitants and has also raised concerns in regard to dam safety, within the hydro power regulated Lule River. On July 1, 2013, protesters set up a road blockade in order to prevent test drilling. On July 30, the blockade was dismantled by the police, but on the next day the blockade was set up again.
Dam safety research points at the problems of combining hydro power with tailing dams, within the same system. In Sweden this would be the first time such a combination is made, and thereby this would be a full scale experiment with major risks for people and drinking water provision downstream, amongst other the cities of Boden and Luleå.Designing dam safeties: perspectives on large scale dams within the intra-actions of technology, nature and human decision making
In 2014, Norrbotten County said no to further mining in Kallak; the case would be closed if the Swedish governmental geology decision-making body Bergsstaten had agreed with Norrbotten County. However, Bergsstaten overruled the county and it is now up to the government of Sweden to give a final answer to the question.


2020 Hpakant jade mine disaster

The Hpakant jade mine disaster was a mining disaster in which a landslide killed at least 174 miners, while at least 100 went missing, and an additional 54 people were injured in a jade mining site in the Hpakant area of Kachin State in Myanmar. The disaster took place on 2 July 2020 and is the deadliest mining accident to date in Myanmar.
Myanmar's jade industry is worth US$790 million per Myanmar's official statistics, but independent estimates put it at US$30–31 billion worth per year. The industry had become known for its fatal accidents in the preceding years, with the previous deadliest accident in 2015 killing 116 people. While the government responded with promises to make reforms in the jade mining industry, activists claim that little has been done in practice since then.
The miners killed or injured by the landslide were independent "jade pickers", who scavenge tailings from larger operators and who live in ramshackle quarters at the base of large mounds of rubble excavated by heavy machinery. The day before the disaster authorities warned them of the dangers created by heavy rainfall. This warning was ignored by many miners. At 06:30 local time heavy rains triggered the collapse of a heap of mining waste, which came tumbling down into a lake. This then generated a wave of mud and water that buried those working at the site.
Background.
Myanmar is the largest supplier of jade, in a trade worth US$790 million per Myanmar's official statistics, though independent estimates put it at US$30–31 billion worth per year. The industry is known for frequent accidents at its mining sites. The largest jade mine in the world is at Hpakant in Kachin state.
Scores of miners have been killed in smaller accidents in recent years, with independent "jade pickers" who scavenge tailings from larger operators particularly at risk. These freelance miners live in ramshackle quarters at the base of large mounds of rubble excavated by heavy machinery. The freelance miners are often migrants from other regions of Myanmar and are unregistered, which complicated identification of the missing people. Mining is performed at the site by hundreds of people who scavenge through tailings dumped by trucks at the site. The tailings form large slopes, in a moonscape-like scene devoid of trees, which is susceptible to collapse.
In 2015, a landslide killed at least 116 people in the mine. After the incident and the formation of Htin Kyaw's Cabinet, led by Htin Kyaw and Aung San Suu Kyi in 2016, the cabinet promised to reform the jade industry and reduce the accidents. Activists claim, however, that little has been done in practice since the Cabinet took power that same year. In 2019, fifty workers were buried in a mine collapse, resulting in the deaths of 2 rescue workers and 4 miners. According to the BBC at least 100 people died in that year.
Landslide.
The day before the accident, authorities issued a warning against mining in the area due to heavy rainfall. This warning was ignored by many miners.
The Myanmar Fire Services Department said that at the time of the incident, the open-pit mine, which was owned by a local business conglomerate, was inactive. According to news reports, the workers at the site were freelancing scavengers who were scouring the tailings of the mine.
At 06:30 local time, heavy rains triggered the collapse of a heap of mining waste which came tumbling down into a lake. This then generated a wave of mud and water which buried those working at the site. The wave was described by witnesses as being "20 feet high" (6.1 m). The collapse and the subsequent wave of mud and water was captured on video, as were the frantic attempts of escape by miners.
A witness stated that the tailings pile showed signs of instability, but collapsed too quickly for workers to leave the area. The witness was quoted by Reuters as saying that "Within a minute, all the people at the bottom [of the hill] just disappeared. I feel empty in my heart... There were people stuck in the mud shouting for help but no-one could help them".
Death toll.
174 bodies were recovered, and more than 100 people were reported missing. 54 injured people were evacuated to hospitals.
In addition, it was feared that many miners were trapped. Rescue efforts were hampered by the heavy rains.
Photographs from the area showed lines of recovered bodies placed on a hill. Dozens of recovered unidentified bodies were buried in a mass grave dug out by a mechanical digger near the landslide. The death toll is expected to rise, as other bodies are in the mud.
While the Myanmar jade industry is known for fatalities and accidents, the 2020 disaster is the deadliest accident to date.
Aftermath.
The Myanmar Army removed Kachin Security and Border Affairs Minister Colonel Nay Lin Tun and another commander from their posts over the accident. Army spokesperson Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun stated that "they were responsible for reporting any trespassing in this restricted area" and that they failed in carrying this out.


Lihir mine

The Lihir mine is one of the largest gold mines in Papua New Guinea and in the world. The mine is located in the north-east of the country in New Ireland Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 45 million oz of gold.


Tongling Nonferrous Metals

Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings Company Limited is a state-owned enterprise involving in extracting copper resources and smelting copper and other non-ferrous metals. It was founded in 1949 in Tongling, Anhui, China and it was put into production in 1952. It is one of the largest copper smelting companies in the country.
The subsidiary and listed company of Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings Company Limited, Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Company Limited, was established in 1992 and listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 1996 ().


Beans and Bacon mine

The Beans and Bacon mine is a disused lead mine on Bonsall Moor near the village of Bonsall, Derbyshire, United Kingdom. The nearest large town is Matlock. The mine was in operation from 1920 to 1925, but workings around the mine date back to at least 1740 and some are thought to be medieval, making it of some archaeological importance. No reason has been given for the mine's unusual name, but other mines in the area are called Mule Spinner, Frogs Hole, Cackle Mackle and Wanton Legs so this mine's name is not atypical.
The mine is one of a group in the area scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as an ancient monument of national importance. The Beans and Bacon mine site includes five coes (stone sheds), one of which contains the founder shaft in one compartment, and the workings descend more than 55 metres (180 ft). The site is one of only two that show numerous different methods of rock breakage on such a small site. These methods include plug and feather, gad and wedge, and gunpowder blasting.
In September 2014 a cow was rescued from the Beans and Bacon mine after falling four metres (13 ft) down a shaft. Rescuers enlarged another entrance and coaxed the animal out.


Gross mine

The Gross mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Sakha Republic. The mine has estimated reserves of 8.27 million oz of gold and is being developed by Nordgold.


Verninskoye mine

The Verninskoye mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Irkutsk Oblast. The mine has estimated reserves of 12.88 million oz of gold.


Taoxikeng mine

The Taoxikeng mine is a large open pit mine located in the western part of Jiangxi. Taoxikeng represents one of the largest tungsten reserves in China having estimated reserves of 2.08 million tonnes of ore grading 2.1% tungsten.


Frasin mine

The Frasin mine is a large open pit mine in the west of Romania in Alba County, 73 km west of Alba Iulia and 467 km north-west of the capital, Bucharest. Frasin represents a large gold deposit with estimated reserves of 1 million oz of gold and 2.96 million oz of silver. The project is owned by the Toronto-based company Gabriel Resources.
The project will involve the mining and processing of 0.97 million tonnes of ore per annum over an open pit life of 19 years. The open pit is expected to yield approximately 53,000 oz of gold and 156,000 oz of silver per year in doré, reflecting an average total process recovery of 68% for gold and 81% for silver.


Charles Watson Boise

Charles Watson Boise (November 9, 1884 – November 15, 1964) was an American-born naturalised British mining engineer.
Early life.
Born in Lakota, North Dakota on November 9, 1884, his family soon moved to Hope where he spent his formative years. Boise attended the University of North Dakota where he developed an interest in literature, publishing "Varsity verse: A selection of undergraduate poetry written at the University of North Dakota" with P.B. Griffith in 1908. After graduation Boise found work with the Santa Rita Mining Company in New Mexico.
Mining career.
He gained employment with Forminière in the Belgian Congo in 1911, directing the exploration, mining and research operations at the company's Kasai diamond fields. He received promotion to Chief Engineer of the company and remained in the region throughout the First World War. Boise led prospecting expeditions in Southern Africa in 1914 and published "Diamond fields of German South West Africa" in the South African Mining Journal in July 1915 and "The Vaal River diggings in Griqualand West" in the "Mining Magazine" in 1916.
After the war Boise established himself in London as a diamond mining consultant. In 1920 he made the first investigation of the diamond fields of the Gold Coast which led to the founding of the Consolidated African Selection Trust. He was also involved with opening the diamond fields in Sierra Leone and the exploration of Northern Rhodesia for copper, which resulted in the creation of the Rhodesian Selection Trust. In 1926 he applied for a British patent (with W. R. Degenhardt) for a machine that could disintegrate clay and mix sand, cement and other materials. He received a patent in the US for the machine in 1929.
Boise retired in 1959.
Emmetts Garden.
Boise purchased Emmetts Garden, an Edwardian estate in Kent, in 1927. He was particularly fond of the gardens and built a new rock garden, camelia garden and bluebell dell. His experience with malaria-carrying mosquitos, which thrive in standing water, may have been behind his decision to fill in many of the ponds at Emmetts in the 1930s. He left the gardens to the National Trust after his death.
Leakey expedition and death.
Boise financed an anthropological expedition led by Louis Leakey to Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1959. Leakey's wife, Mary Leakey, discovered a fossil cranium of an unknown species on July 17, 1959. It turned out to be the first known specimen of an early hominin species which she named "Zinjanthropus boisei" after the expedition's sponsor. The species was later placed in the genus "Paranthropus".
Boise died in Kent on November 15, 1964.


Minaurum Gold

Minaurum Gold Inc. (formerly Chava Resources Ltd.) is a Canadian junior exploration company based in Vancouver, British Columbia with its exploration office in Cuernavaca, Morelos. The company has gold-silver-lead-zinc exploration projects in Mexico within the states of Guerrero, Puebla, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, and Sonora, with a focus on the Guerrero Gold Belt.
History.
The company was founded in 2007 as Chava Resources Ltd. and first listed shares on the Canadian National Stock Exchange on November 20, 2008. The company changed its name to Minaurum Gold Inc. in November 2009. In February 2010, Minaurum Gold Inc. moved to the TSX Venture Exchange with a new private placement of $1.2 million. and OTCQX for the purpose of mineral exploration via exploration techniques such as soil and rock samples, VTEM magnetic surveys, geophysical surveys, and diamond drilling.
In March 2010, Minaurum Gold Inc. started acquiring a portfolio of early stage exploration projects located in Mexico.
By October 2010, Minaurum Gold Inc. accumulated a portfolio of eight exploration projects encompassing 67,423 hectares, and include skarn, porphyry, epithermal and volcanogenic massive sulfide in geology.
Projects.
Alamos.
Optioned by Minaurum Gold Inc. in September 2016 covering 37,317 hectares in southern Sonora. The project is a silver-gold project.
Adelita.
Acquired by Minaurum Gold Inc. in March 2010 covering 6,446 hectares in southern Sonora. The project is a gold-copper skarn porphyry.
Aurena.
Minaurum Gold Inc.acquired the project in February 2010 and commenced a soil and rock sampling program October 2010, followed by a drill program in January 2011. The concessions are located in southern Oaxaca state of Mexico covering 1,035 hectares.
Santa Marta.
Santa Marta is a 7,310 hectare copper project located in the south eastern tip of the state of Oaxaca, approximately 80 km NE from the major seaport of Salina Cruz. The project is a VMS structure.
Vuelcos del Destino & Biricu.
Vuelcos is an 8,831 hectare project, and Biricu is a 41,464 hectare project located within the Guerrero Gold Belt.
Taviche.
Taviche is an 986 hectare silver-gold project located in the state of Oaxaca.
Aurifero.
Aurifero is an 1,229 hectare gold-silver project located in the state of Sonora.


Newton Spaulding Manross

Newton Spaulding Manross (June 20, 1825 – September 17, 1862) was an American scientist and engineer.
He was born in Bristol, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale College in 1850. He sailed for Europe the day after graduation, and spent a year and a half in studying chemistry at the University of Göttingen. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from that University in 1852. After spending three months in traveling on the continent, mainly in visiting mines, he returned to the United States in the summer of 1852. The following year he spent at his home in Bristol, constructing machinery. In the fall of 1853 he sailed for the Orinoco in an exploring company in search of mining investment, and spent four or five months in examining the gold, region of the Yuruarí River, between the Orinoco and Amazon River. He returned home by way of Trinidad in the spring of 1854. In the spring of 1856 he went to the Isthmus of Panama, where he passed the summer in exploring for coal, iron, and other minerals in Chiriquí Province. Immediately after his return he set out for Mexico, where he was engaged for six months in searching for coal and iron, principally in the district between the City of Mexico and the Pacific coast. During this trip he visited many of the great silver districts, and descended into the craters of El Jorullo and Popocatépetl. He returned home in July, 1857, and for several years remained in Bristol, (Forestville,) Conn, engaged
in perfecting mechanical and chemical inventions.
He was for one year acting Professor of Chemistry in Amherst College. He subsequently raised a Company of volunteers, and went to the war as Captain of Company K., 16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment. He fell after a day of gallant action at the Battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862.
He was the author of several papers in the "American Journal of Science and Arts", and was already eminent for his scientific attainments when he gave up his life for his country.
He was married, Nov. 3, 1857, to Miss Charlotte H. Royce, of Forestville, Connecticut.


Daniel Zavattiero

Daniel Zavattiero is an Australian advocate representing the interests of the nation's uranium mining sector. He is a career mining and metals marketing professional who represents the uranium mining portfolio for the Minerals Council of Australia.
Career.
Zavattiero studied in Melbourne where he obtained a Bachelor of Economics with Honours from Monash University and a Graduate Certificate of Corporate Management from Deakin University. He entered the resources and mining sector and was employed for 22 continuous years by BHP, including through its transformation into the global resource company, BHP Billiton. Zavattiero's career began in Melbourne at BHP steel, followed by iron ore and ultimately uranium (from 2008 to 2013). He worked in sales, marketing, distribution and procurement and the last position he held at the company was General Manager Marketing - Uranium. He worked in Perth, The Hague and Singapore before returning to Melbourne to live.
Zavatierro has held a position on the organising committee of the annual AusIMM International Uranium Conference, at which he has also been a presenter.
Nuclear power advocacy.
Zavattiero has managed the uranium portfolio of the Minerals Council of Australia since its merger with the Australian Uranium Association in 2013. He advocates for nuclear power in Australia as an opinion writer, event organiser and public speaker. In June 2014, he called for the lifting of Australia's ban on nuclear power generation, speaking on behalf of the Minerals Council of Australia. The announcement of South Australia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission received his support in February 2015. Since the commencement of the Royal Commission, Zavattiero has endorsed Australia's agreements to export uranium to India, the United Arab Emirates and the Ukraine.


Talcher Coalfield

Talcher Coalfield is located in Angul district in the Indian state of Odisha, in the valley of the Brahmani.
The coalfield.
According to Geological Survey of India, the Talcher Coalfield has reserves of 51 billion tonnes, the highest in India.
Talcher Coalfield covers an area of . The coal is of lower grade containing only about 35 per cent of fixed carbon, 70 per cent volatile matter and 25 per cent ash content. As of 2011, nearly one hundred thousand tonnes of coal is dispatched daily to power stations in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and other parts of India.
History.
Coal was discovered in the Talcher Coalfields at Gopalprasad in 1837. Handidhua Colliery was opened by M/s Villiers in 1921. NCDC opened several mines – at South Balanda in 1960, Nandira in 1962 and Jagannath in 1972. Production rose from 0.91 million tonnes in 1972-73 to 33.10 million tonnes in 2001-02. Talcher Coalfield is subdivided into five production/ administrative areas: Talcher, Jagannath, Kalinga, Lingaraj and Hingula.
Transport.
Talcher Coalfield was linked by a rail line taking off from Nergundi on the east coast in 1922.


Red Hill mine

The Red Hill mining project is a gold deposit in Eureka County, in central Nevada, adjacent to the Goldrush and Four Mile deposits. Owned by Barrick Gold (61.5%) and Newmont Mining Corporation (38.%), the deposits are being developed as an underground mining project accessed by decline.


Fallin, Stirling

Fallin () is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It lies on the A905 road 3 miles east of Stirling on a bend in the River Forth. The United Kingdom Census 2001 recorded the population as 2,710.
It was formerly a pit village, the site of the Polmaise Colliery 3&4 (Polmaise Colliery 1&2 was situated at Milhall), originally opened in 1904 by Archibald Russell Ltd. At its peak, in 1957, it employed 778 people. During the UK miners' strike 1984-85 it was reputed to be the only colliery in Britain where support was so strong that there was no need for pickets during the whole of the strike. British Coal decided to close the Colliery on 17 July 1987, marking the end of coal mining in Stirlingshire.
The village is home to The Goth, a community-run pub and one of the few remaining pubs in Scotland still run under the Gothenburg system.
Fallin has been the site of several new housing developments and is now a commuter village.


Dalli Rajhara

Dalli-Rajhara is a town and a municipality in Balod district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Dalli Rajhara is home of iron ore captive mines for Bhilai Steel Plant, the largest integrated steel plant in India. Dalli mines deposit was discovered by Pramatha Nath Bose, the first Indian graded officer of the Geological Survey of India around 1900.
Geography.
Dalli Rajhara is located at . It has an average elevation of .
Demographics.
As of the census of India 2011 population of Dalli Rajhara is 44,363. It has just 11,018 Households including House-less which shows declining trend of population.
As of the 2001 India census, Dalli-Rajhara had a population of 50,615. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dalli-Rajhara has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 77% and, female literacy is 58%. In Dalli-Rajhara, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Mining township.
Dalli-Rajhara is the twin mine and part of the Rajhara group of mines. These are captive iron ore mines for Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP)a SAIL enterprise. Iron ores mined from the area are of the hematite and magnetite variety. The other mines in the neighbourhood produce dolomite, lime and other raw materials which go into steel production.
Dalli-Rajhara is about 83 km south of Durg and comes under the south-eastern section of the Indian Railways. While both Dalli and Rajhara have mines, the residential area is predominantly in Rajhara.
Dalli-Rajhara is a self-sufficient township with BSP having set up hospitals and a considerable number of educational institutes.
Dalli-Rajhara rose to prominence as a result of the labour rights movement in the 1970s.
The mines are open cast mines and the poignant view as one enters the township at dusk is that of thousands of glittering lights on the hills.
The expert appraisal committee (EAC) of the ministry had met during the last three days to clear a shelf of stranded projects entailing an investment of nearly Rs 80,000 crore. The EAC has cleared 12 of these projects. The committee is expected to meet shortly again to take a call on the remaining projects. Among those cleared on Saturday are SAIL's proposed 1 million tonne per annum pellet plant along with upstream slime beneficiation facilities at its Dalli-Rajhara iron ore mine in Chhattisgarh.
Transport.
This area is connected via rail and road with its district balod. It is well connected by bus to the Durg and Bastar region. The road is in quite good shape. Only one passenger train runs between Dalli and Durg. Much development is due on the rail connectivity front. There is an ongoing rail link with Jagdalpur.
Extending rail transport.
Union Railway Budget of 2012–13 has proposed new links to existing Durg-Dalli Rajhara railway line.
Culture.
The majority of the population is dependent on BSP for their livelihood. Being a public sector company, BSP has attracted people across India from Bihar to Bengal to Kerala. The pace of life is slower than in the cities. Festivals ranging from Durgapuja to Chatt Puja to ONAM to Christmas are all celebrated.
In brief, the culture is quite cosmopolitan with a flavour of modesty in lifestyle. The cost of living is relatively low.
Among the employees of BSP, many religions are present in the community, as well as people from different parts of India. There are various clubs for social activities. Durga Puja of Camp 1 ground, Flower show organized by BSP in Saptgiri Park are regular events every year.
Sports.
Sports such as football (soccer) for which rajahara Mines is famous in whole of India, cricket and athletics are quite popular in Dalli-Rajhara. During the 1980s the annual Iron Ore All-India gold cup Football tournament (sponsored by BSP) was very popular. Several top football clubs from all over India would compete in this tournament. Well-known soccer players like Zilani, Trinath Naidu, Appal Naidu, Shant Kumar, Rubi David, Prem Nair and their 2nd generation such as Prem Sharma, Tajjuddin, Krishna Naidu (Tittu), Ravikant & Shrikant Naidu who had excelled in football and makes Rajhara mines Football team Famous all around the country. Current Football team includes players named Anil, Deepak Mahato, Praveen Sharma, Nageshwar Rao, Dilip Thapa, Himanshu kola, Sanjay kunjam, Shivam Nayak, Bhalesh, Deshant, Siddharth, Gaurav kachlam and many other young talents. Under the same sponsorship, sports such as weight-lifting and athletics also had a good following.
Most young people leave the area after their Higher Secondary or bachelor's degree in search of jobs in various parts of India.
During the 2000s the annual Iron Ore All-India Cricket tournament (sponsored by RCA-BSP) was very popular. Several top cricket clubs from all over India would compete in this tournament.
Places of interest.
The Bordih dam is a beautiful picnic spot. The surrounding hills and forests are home to many species of wildlife. Dalli Rajhara is surrounded by seven beautiful hills. Rajhara is rich in green patches across the town. Rajhara Baba Mandir Saptagiri Park, Dev Pandum, Munda Pahad, Boirdeeh Dam, Mahamaya Mandir, Pandwan Dev, Danitola Dargah and Siyadevi are all places of interest.


Bremner Historic Mining District

The Bremner Historic Mining District is a historic district in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve in Alaska. It is named after John Bremner, who in 1884-1885 was the first non-native person to live in the area and who prospected for gold along the Bremner River. Located just to the north of the Bremner River, it was the scene of an important placer gold discovery in 1902, and played a key role in the history of the Copper River Basin. Only a few miners struck it rich, but the resulting demand for materials and supplies helped establish regional transportation networks, encouraged supporting industries, and hastened the exploration and settlement of the entire region. While small-scale placer mining continued for over forty years, lode development was largely confined to the period between 1934 and 1941, the district's most significant era.
The Bremner Historic Mining District embodies its period of twentieth-century mining, illustrating both its mining process and its evolutionary sequence. Unusually complete, it retains virtually all of its historic components, including an important placer site, a camp, four discrete lode mines, a mill, and an associated transportation network.
The Golconda Mining Company site, which contains a campsite, an elaborate ditch, and extensive piles of hand-stacked cobble, provides an example of an early placer mining system. The Goldconda complex includes two airstrips dating to the 1930s.
The Yellow Band mining camp is one of the region's most complete, not only containing the typical housing and office facilities, but a sophisticated hydroelectric system. This camp is also significant for its association with Asa C. Baldwin, a distinguished regional explorer, surveyor, and mining engineer. While working for the U.S. Geodetic Survey, Baldwin completed the first American marine survey of Kodiak and the Aleutian Islands in 1909. From 1910-13, he served as a field officer with the U.S.-Canadian International Boundary Survey. Over the years, Baldwin worked locally as a consulting engineer, where, among other activities, he advised the Kennecott Copper Company and the Copper River and Northwestern Railway. Baldwin began prospecting in the Bremner District in the early 1930s, and from 1936 to 1940, was president of the Yellow Band Mining Company. He acquired the Bremner Gold Mining Company holdings in 1939.
Lucky Girl, Grand Prize, Sheriff, and Yellow Band Mines are examples of remote underground mining operations. With each containing a variety of buildings and structures. While Lucky Girl mill is now ruinous due to repeated avalanche strikes, its operating machinery remains intact and in most cases in situ.
In addition to Baldwin, the Bremner district is associated with aviator Merle "Mudhole" Smith, who started flying supplies for the Cordova Air Service in the 1930s, and who became stuck on the upper Golconda strip. Smith operated Cordova Air Service until 1968, when it merged with Alaska Airlines.


Mega Cavern

The Mega Cavern is a former limestone mine in Louisville, Kentucky. The cave stretches under parts of the Watterson Expressway and the Louisville Zoo. Due to its support structures, it is classified as a building and is the largest building in Kentucky. The cavern is used for business, storage, recycling, and tourism, with offerings including tram-guided tours, zipline tours, a ropes course, a mountain bike park, and an annual holiday lights display.
Description.
The Mega Cavern is a 4,000,000 square foot (370,000 m2) structure located in Louisville, Kentucky with an entrance at 1841 Taylor Ave. About underground, the cave stretches under parts of the Watterson Expressway and the Louisville Zoo. Due to its support structures, it is classified as a building and is the largest building in Kentucky.
History and use.
Limestone mine.
The cavern started as Louisville Crushed Stone. It was created by a massive limestone quarry—with miners blasting out rock for over 42 years during the middle of the 20th century. It was acquired in 1989 by private investors who saw the potential to develop a portion of the cavern into an environmentally-conscious high security commercial storage facility.
Renovation.
Business park.
Exhausted of its mineable limestone, the property was purchased by Jim Lowry, Tom Tyler and Don Tyler in 1989 to be made into a "high-security business park". In February 2015, the cavern housed 12 businesses in around .
Storage.
Because of its relatively stable temperature around and humidity, the cavern was renovated to be used for storage. To be useful, the floor was raised by filling in parts of the mine with recycled materials. A fire-resistant safety corridor was also installed as an emergency exit. Various rooms are located throughout the cavern to store various items from road salt and vehicles to pretzels and amusement park rides.
Tourism.
In 2009, the Mega Cavern began offering a Jeep-drawn tour of the area where the floor had been raised. Around Christmas, the cavern hosts "Lights Under Louisville" where visitors can drive through the cavern and view lighted holiday decorations; it is the largest such underground display in the world. Several years later, a zipline tour and a ropes course were added to the offerings.
With national and international attention, an underground mountain bike park was opened to riders of all skill levels in February 2015. It was designed by Joe Prisel with families in mind, and constructed in over 3 months. With 45 trails in of the cavern's space, it is the world's largest indoor bicycle park. The of trails (over interconnected) include "jump lines, pump tracks, dual slalom, BMX, cross country, and singletrack" and signs to indicate the difficulty of the trails. Bike rentals are planned to be offered in the near future. Partially due to the Mega Cavern's recycling business that filled the cave, trails are built with in layers with a rough bottom, sticky, red clay middle, and "good stuff" on top.


Inner Mongolia Yitai Coal Company

The Inner Mongolia Yitai Coal Company is an Ordos City-based coal company founded in 1997. The company works in the mining, production, transport, and sale of coal and coal-based products in Inner Mongolia and China. It is a subsidiary of . It has the seventh largest reserve of coal in the world measured by potential carbon emissions.


Bathurst Resources

Bathurst Resources, along with a number of subsidiaries, is a coal mining company in New Zealand that was established in 2010.
Company history.
The company was originally based in Perth, Western Australia. Bathurst Resources Limited was incorporated in New Zealand on 16 November 2010. The name of this company was changed to BR Coal Pty Ltd on 6 December 2013, with Pier Westerhuis as its sole director. Bathurst Resources (New Zealand) Limited was incorporated on 27 March 2013 and changed its names to Bathurst Resources Limited on 18 December 2013. This company has four directors, including Westerhuis. Another director is Richard Tacon, who has since March 2015 been the CEO of Bathurst Resources. Tacon is the chairperson of the Coal Association of New Zealand.
Since 21 June 2013, Bathurst Resources has been listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. From the same date, Bathurst Resources was listed on the NZX (New Zealand's Exchange). With a background of falling coal prices, the company delisted from the NZX on 3 July 2015 as a cost saving measure. Bathurst Resources is majority-owned by Singaporean interests.
The reason for Bathurst Resources' entrance to New Zealand was the Escarpment Mine Project on the Denniston Plateau. In March 2010, the Perth-based coal company Bathurst Resources announced it was buying L&M Coal's hard-coking coal exploration assets and mining permit areas in the Buller District of the West Coast. In June 2010, Bathurst Resources announced plans to develop an opencast coking and thermal coal mine for exporting in 2011 in a joint venture with Christchurch-based company L&M. The proposal had an exploration target of between 17 and 23 million tonnes of coal in the Denniston area. In early September 2010, Bathurst Resources confirmed plans for a US$57 million hard coking coal opencast mine on the Denniston plateau above Westport. The plan included a slurry pipeline to carry coal down the steep plateau slope from a processing plant to a rail load-out from Westport. The plans for a pipeline were dropped in 2012 and an aerial transport system agreed to instead to address objections made by residents of Fairdown.
L&M Coal Limited became Buller Coal Holdings Limited on 9 November 2010, and the name was further amended to Buller Coal Limited on 28 February 2011. Buller Coal Limited, fully owned by Bathurst New Zealand Limited which in turn is fully owned by Bathurst Resources Limited, is in charge of the Escarpment Mine Project.
Corporate leadership.
Hamish Bohannan was the company's first CEO; he resigned in March 2015. Richard Tacon, who was the company's CFO and had joined in 2012, succeeded Bohannan. Tacon became a director of the company on 1 April 2015. Tacon remains the company's CEO.
Operational history.
The company started operating in New Zealand in 2011, with the head office located in Wellington. It operated small mines in Westland and Southland while waiting for the much larger Escarpment Mine Project to get consented, and once consent was achieved in 2013, for resource prices to recover to make extraction economic. In 2014, Bathurst Resources wrote off the $449.9 million value of the Escarpment Mine Project. The six-month revenue of the mines in Westland and Southland was reported as $26.5 million at the end of 2014.
The Takitimu Mine, also known as the Nightcaps mine, was operated as an open-cast mine by Bathurst Resources from 2011. From 2011, the company was operating to adjacent Coaldale Mine. The Coaldale Mine was then expanded into the adjacent Black Diamond deposit.


Thurlbear Wood and Quarrylands

Thurlbear Wood and Quarrylands () is a 26.7 hectare (65.8 acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south of Stoke St Mary in Somerset, notified in 1963.
Thurlbear Wood is a species-rich woodland, formerly managed in a traditional coppice-with-standards system and situated on soils derived from Rhaetic shales and limestones. It is managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust. The recorded history of the site, its Medieval embankments and the presence of several plants normally confined to primary woods, all suggest that Thurlbear is of considerable antiquity. The woodland has been used for educational and research work for more than 60 years. The 'quarrylands' are an area of calcareous grassland, and scrub occupying 19th-century workings in Lias limestone. Over 80 species of flowering plant occur. There is an outstanding butterfly fauna, with 29 species recorded. Breeding birds associated with the site include buzzard ("Buteo buteo"), nightingale ("Luscinia megarhynchos"), and grasshopper warbler ("Locustella naevia").


Patrick McLoughlin

Patrick Allen McLoughlin, Baron McLoughlin, (born 30 November 1957) is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he first became the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Derbyshire following the 1986 by-election. The constituency became the Derbyshire Dales for the 2010 general election; McLoughlin remained the seat's MP until 2019.
As a former miner, he is one of the few Conservative MPs to have been a manual worker before being elected to Parliament. On 4 September 2012, he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport. On 14 July 2016, he became Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, under the new administration of Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May. He resigned as Chairman on 8 January 2018 and was succeeded by Brandon Lewis.
Early life and career.
McLoughlin was born in Stafford on 30 November 1957, the son and grandson of coal miners. He was educated at the Cardinal Griffin Roman Catholic School in Cannock, Staffordshire, and Staffordshire College of Agriculture at Rodbaston College. From 1974, he worked for five years as a farm worker and, after 1979, worked underground at the Littleton Colliery in Cannock. He was a member of the National Union of Mineworkers, and became an industrial representative for the National Coal Board's Western Area Marketing Department.
McLoughlin was elected as a councillor on the Cannock Chase District Council, serving for seven years from 1980, and was a councillor on Staffordshire County Council from 1981 to 1987. In 1982, McLoughlin served as the Chairman of the National Young Conservatives.
As with the majority of the Staffordshire miners, McLoughlin did not observe the NUM's strike in 1984–85 and later came to national attention when he stood up at the 1984 Conservative Party Conference to announce that he was a working miner. He moved from underground belt attendant to Area Marketing representative in September 1985, five months after the end of the strike.
McLoughlin unsuccessfully contested Wolverhampton South East at the 1983 general election, losing to the sitting Labour MP Robert Edwards by 5,000 votes.
Parliamentary career.
Matthew Parris, then Conservative MP for West Derbyshire, had resigned from the House of Commons to pursue a media career and McLoughlin was chosen to contest the 1986 by-election. He held the seat, albeit very narrowly, with a 100 majority.
In Parliament, McLoughlin served as the Parliamentary Private Secretary, initially to Angela Rumbold (Minister of State at the Department for Education and Science (1987–88) and then to David Young, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (1988–89). McLoughlin was made a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1989, and served in the Department for Transport until 1992, when he was moved by Prime Minister John Major to serve in the same position at the Department of Employment. A year later, McLoughlin was moved to the Department of Trade and Industry.
He joined the government as Assistant Whip in 1995, becoming a Lord Commissioner in 1996. After the Conservative Party's defeat at the 1997 general election, he remained in the whips' office in opposition, becoming the Deputy Chief Whip in 1998. He was then promoted to Chief Whip by David Cameron in 2005. McLoughlin has also served on many select committees. As Opposition Chief Whip, he was sworn of the Privy Council in June 2005.
Following boundary changes, the West Derbyshire constituency was abolished at the 2010 general election, and McLoughlin was elected to the successor seat of Derbyshire Dales, achieving exactly the same number of votes. Prime Minister David Cameron appointed McLoughlin as the government's Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. During his tenure as Chief Whip, he was reprimanded by the Speaker John Bercow for inappropriate behaviour within the House of Commons.
Transport Secretary.
In a government reshuffle in September 2012, McLoughlin was appointed Secretary of State for Transport. Soon after his appointment he had to cancel the award of the InterCity West Coast franchise due to major technical flaws in the bidding process.
As Transport Secretary, McLoughlin oversaw large-scale government investment in rail in the wake of increasing passenger numbers in the years following rail privatisation. From 2014 to 2019, £38 billion of improvement works are planned, including Crossrail, the Thameslink Programme, electrification of the Great Western Main Line and the Northern Powerhouse scheme to boost transport links in the North of England.
In 2017, construction began on HS2, a high-speed link between major cities that will "triple the long-distance capacity to the North of England" as well as freeing up the West Coast Main Line for freight and commuter trains. In 2015, McLoughlin said "So the argument has been won. HS2 will be built, the full ‘Y’ network, from London to Birmingham and Birmingham to Manchester and Leeds. HS2 will change the transport architecture of the north. But it will also change the economic architecture."
In November 2013, he made a speech praising the impact of the privatisation of British Rail, saying that "Privatisation sparked a railway renaissance. Since 1993, passenger journeys have doubled in the UK to a level not seen since the 1920s. On a network roughly the same size as 15 years ago, today our railway is running 4,000 more services a day. And rail freight has grown by 60%. Revenue is up more than £3 billion since privatisation, almost all of it due to higher passenger numbers rather than fare rises. Safety levels are at an all time high. Punctuality is at near record levels. And passenger satisfaction is up by 10% over the past decade." However, a number of academics and journalists disputed this and subsequently argued that the evidence suggested the privatisation had largely failed, creating new inefficiencies, failing to create genuine competition and seeing steep rises in costs to passengers.
In December 2015, he announced the winners of the Northern and TransPennine Express franchises which include new trains, services and free wifi, saying "Arriva Rail North and First TransPennine Express went far beyond our requirements with exciting, ambitious plans that will make a real difference to customers, and – coupled with our commitment to push ahead with electrifying the vital TransPennine route – will help the region realise its full economic potential, ensuring it has a modern 21st century transport system."
McLoughlin's efforts to meet and pacify Cumbrian residents of Pooley Bridge and Soulsby following the 2015 floods were ridiculed in "The Independent" when the ministerial party arrived on the wrong side of the collapsed bridge. The paper compared the event to a scene from the BBC comedy "The Thick of It".
McLoughlin oversaw the beginning of the £15 billion road upgrade package to improve routes and add lanes.
After the resignation of David Cameron as Prime Minister following the UK's vote to leave the European Union on 23 June 2016, McLoughlin was made Conservative Party chairman by new Prime Minister Theresa May on 14 July 2016. He was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, by his colleague in the Conservative Party, for political and public service.
Chairman of the Conservative Party.
In a 24 July 2016 interview on the "Andrew Marr Show", Patrick McLoughlin said "Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty will be triggered before the next general election. It's very clear that Brexit means Brexit. Brexit means that we're coming out of the European Union. We want to see our own borders under our own control."
McLoughlin stepped down as Chairman of the Conservative Party on 8 January 2018, saying that he had had "a very good run" and was replaced by Brandon Lewis. He also resigned as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with David Lidington being his successor. Prior to his resignation, McLoughlin had come under increasing pressure to resign from colleagues in the Conservative Party over the disappointing performance of the party in the 2017 general election and various issues with the most recent party conference.
After the Commons.
Sir Patrick was appointed Chairman of Visit Britain. He will serve until 2023.
Peerage.
McLoughlin was nominated for a life peerage in the 2019 Dissolution Honours. He was created "Baron McLoughlin, of Cannock Chase in the County of Staffordshire" on 8 September 2020. Lord McLoughlin made his maiden speech on 11th November 2020, remembering his time as a whip, meeting Lord Comack & being a member of the cabinet in the Cameron/Clegg Years.
Personal life.
He is married to Lynn McLoughlin, who he employed as a Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £40,000. His son James was also employed by the Conservative Party as a Special Advisor to the Prime Minister Theresa May.


Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor

The industrial archaeology of Dartmoor covers a number of the industries which have, over the ages, taken place on Dartmoor, and the remaining evidence surrounding them. Currently only three industries are economically significant, yet all three will inevitably leave their own traces on the moor: china clay mining, farming and tourism.
A good general guide to the commercial activities on Dartmoor at the end of the 19th century is William Crossing's "The Dartmoor Worker".
Mining.
In former times, lead, silver, tin and copper were mined extensively on Dartmoor. The most obvious evidence of mining to the casual visitor to Dartmoor are the remains of the old engine-house at Wheal Betsy which is alongside the A386 road between Tavistock and Okehampton. The word "Wheal" has a particular meaning in Devon and Cornwall being either a tin or a copper mine, however in the case of Wheal Betsy it was principally lead and silver which were mined.
Once widely practised by many miners across the moor, by the early 1900s only a few tinners remained, and mining had almost completely ceased twenty years later. Some of the more significant mines were Eylesbarrow, Knock Mine, Vitifer Mine and Hexworthy Mine. The last active mine in the Dartmoor area was Great Rock Mine, which shut down in 1969.
Quarrying.
Dartmoor granite has been used in many Devon and Cornish buildings. The prison at Princetown was built from granite taken from Walkhampton Common. When the horse tramroad from Plymouth to Princetown was completed in 1823, large quantities of granite were more easily transported.
There were three major granite quarries on the moor: Haytor, Foggintor and Merrivale. The granite quarries around Haytor were the source of the stone used in several famous structures, including the New London Bridge, completed in 1831. This granite was transported from the moor via the Haytor Granite Tramway, stretches of which are still visible.
The extensive quarries at Foggintor provided granite for the construction of London's Nelson's Column in the early 1840s, and New Scotland Yard was faced with granite from the quarry at Merrivale. Merrivale Quarry continued excavating and working its own granite until the 1970s, producing gravestones and agricultural rollers. Work at Merrivale continued until the 1990s, for the last 20 years imported stone such as gabbro from Norway and Italian marble was dressed and polished. The unusual pink granite at Great Trowlesworthy Tor was also quarried, and there were many other small granite quarries dotted around the moor. Various metamorphic rocks were also quarried in the metamorphic aureole around the edge of the moor, most notably at Meldon.
Gunpowder factory.
In 1844 a factory for making gunpowder was built on the open moor, not far from Postbridge. Gunpowder was needed for the tin mines and granite quarries then in operation on the moor. The buildings were widely spaced from one another for safety and the mechanical power for grinding ("incorporating") the powder was derived from waterwheels driven by a leat.
Now known as "Powdermills" or "Powder Mills", there are extensive remains of this factory still visible. Two chimneys still stand and the walls of the two sturdily-built incorporating mills with central waterwheels survive well: they were built with substantial walls but flimsy roofs so that in the event of an explosion, the force of the blast would be directed safely upwards. The ruins of a number of ancillary buildings also survive. A proving mortar—a type of small cannon used to gauge the strength of the gunpowder—used by the factory still lies by the side of the road to the nearby pottery.
Peat-cutting.
Peat-cutting for fuel occurred at some locations on Dartmoor until certainly the 1970s, usually for personal use. The right of Dartmoor commoners to cut peat for fuel is known as "turbary". These rights were conferred a long time ago, pre-dating most written records. The area once known as the "Turbary of Alberysheved" between the River Teign and the headwaters of the River Bovey is mentioned in the Perambulation of the Forest of Dartmoor of 1240 (by 1609 the name of the area had changed to Turf Hill).
An attempt was made to commercialise the cutting of peat in 1901 at Rattle Brook Head, however this quickly failed.
Warrens.
From at least the 13th century until early in the 20th, rabbits were kept on a commercial scale, both for their flesh and their fur. Documentary evidence for this exists in place names such as Trowlesworthy Warren (mentioned in a document dated 1272) and Warren House Inn. The physical evidence, in the form of pillow mounds is also plentiful, for example there are 50 pillow mounds at Legis Tor Warren. The sophistication of the warreners is shown by the existence of vermin traps that were placed near the warrens to capture weasels and stoats attempting to get at the rabbits.
The significance of the term "warren" nowadays is not what it once was. In the Middle Ages it was a privileged place, and the creatures of the warren were protected by the king 'for his princely delight and pleasure'.
The subject of warrening on Dartmoor was addressed in Eden Phillpotts' story "The River".
Farming.
Farming has been practised on Dartmoor since time immemorial. The dry-stone walls which separate fields and mark boundaries give an idea of the extent to which the landscape has been shaped by farming. There is little or no arable farming within the moor, mostly being given over to livestock farming on account of the thin and rocky soil. Some Dartmoor farms are remote in the extreme.


Charlie Hillam

Charles Emmanuel Hillam (6 October 1908 – 16 June 1958) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for Nelson, Burnley, Clapton Orient, Manchester United and Southend United.
Personal life.
During the early years of his football career, Hillam worked as a miner. After retiring from professional football, he worked as a policeman.


Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station

 Jharsuguda Power Station is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Burkhamunda near Jharsuguda town in Jharsuguda district in the Indian state of Odisha. The power plant is operated by the Sterlite Energy.
The coal for the plant is sourced from Ib Valley Coalfield. Water is sourced from reservoir of Hirakud Dam. The Engineering, procurement and construction contract is given to SEPCO3 of People's Republic of China.
Capacity.
It is a 2400 MW (4×600 MW) project.


Scots Mining Company

The Scots Mining Company, or Scotch Mines Company, was formed shortly after the Jacobite rising of 1715 by Sir John Erskine with the intention of better developing the mineral resources of Scotland. Primary investors were largely garnered from expatriate Scots living in London.
History.
Following its incorporation by Royal Charter in 1729, the Scots Mining Company procured leases for mines at Leadhills and elsewhere.
The company was near bankrupt when, in 1734, the mathematician James Stirling was appointed manager.
The systems of mining, social organisation and living conditions of the workers that Stirling introduced at Leadhills were revolutionary for their time, including reducing the underground day to six hours, introducing health insurance and hiring a surgeon to directly improve the lot of the men. In addition, he concentrated on better housing, education and the founding of the Leadhill Miners Reading Society in 1741. Many of these characteristic features of the company's paternalism were copied by other large mines.
By 1830, the company was the largest and most successful concern working the lead mines at Leadhills.
Following a protracted court case regarding water rights with the rival Leadhills Mining Company the Scots Mining Company was wound up in 1861.
Operations.
Leadhills.
The area between Leadhills and Wanlockhead was the richest lead mining district in Scotland.
The Leadhills concession was obtained from the Earl of Hopetoun on whose land a significant deposits of lead and silver had been mined since 1513, and a limited gold mining operation had begun in 1517.
At the height of the trade in 1810, more than 1,400 tons of lead were being produced annually, by a workforce of 200 men.
Tyndrum.
Lead was discovered on the Breadalbane estates in 1741. Mines were operated by three companies prior to the Scots Mining Company acquiring the lease in 1768. The company began working the mines in a more systematic manner, including the establishment of a smelter locally.
The Scots Mining Company pulled out in 1791, though operations continued intermittently until 1858 when the mines were reacquired by the Marquess of Breadalbane, who worked them till his death in 1862.


Nome mining district

The Nome mining district, also known as the Cape Nome mining district, is a gold mining district in the U.S. state of Alaska. It was discovered in 1898 when Erik Lindblom, Jafet Lindeberg and John Brynteson, the "Three Lucky Swedes", found placer gold deposits on Anvil Creek and on the Snake River few miles from the future site of Nome. Word of the strike caused a major gold rush to Nome in the spring of 1899.
This was one of the first and was the biggest Alaskan gold rush in North America, only the California and Klondike gold rushes were larger. A chaotic and lawless scene ensued, with rampant claim-jumping, crooked judges, and not enough gold found for the 20,000 prospectors, gamblers, shop and saloon-keepers, and prostitutes living in the tent city on the beachfront tundra, at least not at first. Then someone thought to pan the red-and-black streaked beach sands. Within days, gold was found for tens of miles up and down the beach from Nome. More than a million dollars' worth of gold was taken from the beach in 1899. Subsequently the second and third beach lines were discovered and mined. Anvil Creek produced the second-largest gold nugget found in Alaska (182 troy ounces), as well as the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 10th-largest.
Except while prohibited by law during WWII, placer mining near Nome has continued to this day. Over 3.6 million troy ounces of gold have been recovered from the creeks of the Nome District.
A myriad of small hard-rock gold deposits were exploited near Nome, but production was very small, compared to the placer deposits, and none of the hard rock mines operated for more than a few years.
In 1908, the Alaska Road Commission began constructing a trail from Seward to Nome, and in 1911, one year after the trail was completed, thousands of prospectors mushed or hiked to the Iditarod gold fields, a population boom that helped lead to Alaska becoming a territory. That trail is known as the Iditarod Trail, and is about 900 miles long.
Rock Creek mine.
A new hardrock gold mine, Rock Creek, has been built. Start-up procedures began in September 2008. Production efforts were suspended in November, due to design inadequacies in the mill and complications meeting regulatory requirements. NovaGold's Rock Creek project has two planned components; the Rock Creek mine and mill complex seven miles north of Nome and the historic underground Big Hurrah mine site 42 miles east. Both sites are on the road net. The gold deposit at Rock Creek consists of sheeted gold and sulfide-bearing quartz veins in metamorphosed and deformed pelitic sediments. A placer gold deposit exploited in the early and late 1900s overlies the hardrock deposit. Early miners sunk workings to explore for hardrock gold, but did not find the large and high-grade gold-in-quartz veins necessary to be economic at that time. A prescient USGS geologist in 1908 identified the cluster of small veins as essentially a "large low grade gold deposit". Underlying land is patented land owned by NovaGold and by the Sitnasauk Native village (surface) and Bering Sea regional (subsurface) Alaska Native Corporations.
Plans include additional ore from the Big Hurrah mine, 42 miles west in the Solomon River watershed, to be trucked to the mill at Rock Creek. Big Hurrah originally opened in 1908, an underground mine exploiting large quartz veins cutting black slates. The mine closed after only a few years; it was reopened for a few years in the 1950s and again in the 1970s. Big Hurrah was the largest underground mine on the Seward Peninsula.
Both sites will be mined from open pits and ore recovery will use a combination of gravity methods and vat cyanide leach procedures. Rock Creek and Big Hurrah have combined probable reserves of 510,000 ounces of gold, with 32,000 additional indicated and inferred ounces of gold. Ore grade is about 1.75 g/t gold (0.05 ounces per ton gold).


Francis Oats

Francis Oats (29 October 1848 – 1 September 1918) was a Cornish miner who became chairman of De Beers diamond company.
He made extensive investments in the Cornish tin mining industry, which collapsed after he had died.
He is known for Porthledden, a mansion he built at the tip of Cornwall.
Early years.
Francis Oats was born on 29 October 1848, at South Torfrey Farm, Golant, near Fowey, Cornwall, England, in the parish of St Sampson.
His parents were Francis Oats (1794–1871) and Maria Rundle (1810–97).
His father was a farmer.
His younger sister Maria was born in 1850.
The family moved to St Just in Penwith, a mining district, about 1854.
Like most young men in the district Oats became a miner when he left school, but every week he would walk to Penzance, seven miles away, to attend evening classes so he could become a mining engineer.
At the age of 17, Oats placed second in the mineralogy examination for the British Isles, and obtained a high grade in mining, a subject in which he had not been instructed.
He was offered free tuition at the London School of Mines but would have to pay his expenses, and no scholarship was available.
Francis Oats was first appointed Mine Agent in 1871.
He was mining captain at Botallack Mine.
For a while Oats also gave science classes in the Botallack district.
He married Elizabeth Ann Olds on 17 August 1874, in St Just in Penwith, daughter of a butcher.
Two of their children died in infancy.
Their surviving children were Francis Freathey (b. 1879), Wilfred (b. 1883), Giles (b. 1885) and Marie Elise (b. 1887).
South Africa.
Government mines inspector.
On 9 December 1874, Oats was appointed Cape Colony Government Mining Engineer at Kimberley, South Africa, at the age of 26.
Oats left for South Africa on a 20-month mission in January 1875.
The colony's government had recently passed ordinances in favour of small miners which prevented mine concession owners from imposing excessive rentals on the diggers and shopkeepers, and did not allow an individual or company to hold more than ten claims.
The British government had overridden some of these measures.
The proprietors continued to accumulate claims and raise rents, causing mounting unrest.
Oats, as Provincial Engineer, gave the decisive opinion that "fostering a large number of individual holdings is most adverse to economy of working.
Oats made it clear that the restriction on the number of claims would be an obstacle to obtaining foreign capital.
He wrote of the 10 claim limit,
Oats resumed his position at Botallack as soon as he returned.
Mining executive.
In May 1877 Oats was asked to take a position in Kimberley, which he accepted.
The job was to run the Kimberley mines for Baring-Gould and Atkins Co.
In 1883, he joined the Victoria Mine company.
De Beers Mining, headed by Cecil Rhodes, obtained control of Victoria company in 1887 using financing from Stow and Jules Porges & Co., who began quiet purchases of Victoria shares early in 1887, and obtained most of its share capital for £57,000.
On learning this and that the Victoria claims were surrounded by De Beers mergers, Oats and R. Hinrichson, directors of Victoria, agreed to amalgamate in April 1887 in exchange for scrip and stock with nominal value of £445,000 plus other assets.
Both Oats and Hinrichson became directors of De Beers.
By the start of 1890, De Beers had an effective monopoly on the South African diamond trade.
The poorer mines had been closed and production reduced to push up the price of diamonds.
The Wesselton Mine was discovered late in 1890.
The De Beers directors were unwilling to buy the mine, but were reluctantly persuaded after Oats had investigated it and described the damage it could do to diamond prices.
There were many Cornish miners at Kimberley, particularly as the mines became deeper and their skills in mining hard rock became more important.
Oats did his best for these miners.
He insisted that De Beers give each miner a yearly paid holiday in Cornwall.
He also forced adoption of water hydrants to lay the dust created by mining drills, the main cause of silicosis.
He became president of the Cornish Association at Kimberley.
Oats was elected to represent Namaqualand in the South African parliament, holding office until 1907.
During the Second Boer War in 1899, Oats was a member of the Civilian Defence Force.
In 1901, Francis Oats and his son Francis Freathy Oats visited South America.
Oats became known as an authority on diamonds.
In December 1906 Oats visited Henri Lemoine in Paris with three others, and saw Lemoine (stark naked to show he had nothing hidden) mix substances in a crucible, heat it in a huge furnace, and produce tiny diamonds.
Oats demanded repeats of the experiment, and remained sceptical of some trick, saying the diamonds were too close in colour and shape to those of the Jagersfontein Mine near Kimberley.
Lemoine was arrested on charges of fraud on 11 December? 1907.
In 1908, a Parisian jeweller said he had sold Lemoine some small, uncut diamonds from the Jagersfontein mine that matched the description of the diamonds Lemoine was supposed to have manufactured. Lemoine fled the country before receiving judgement.
Chairman of De Beers.
In 1908, Oats was appointed chairman of De Beers.
That year he told the company's annual general meeting, "Really, if one could believe all the stories which have been circulating about the discovery of new mines and methods for the artificial making of diamonds, it would be a marvel that people are willing to buy diamonds at all. ... There have been numerous discoveries of alleged mines in all parts of the world, but none of them have come to the serious production stage except German S.W. Africa where a discovery has been made of some superficial deposits of diamonds, but fortunately for our prices, these, singularly enough, are all small in size."
Oats was making a serious error in discounting the German discovery, which had large and high quality diamonds, and dismissing Ernest Oppenheimer's Premier Mine, which was producing more than the total output of De Beers.
The Kimberley diamond mines were shut down on 8 August 1914, soon after the start of World War I (1914–18).
Francis Oats said the 1,000 men employed at the mines would be given half pay until the end of January 1915, when the company would decide what to do next.
He said of the closure,
In May 1916, the Wesselton Mine and Bultfontein Mine were reopened, but the Big Hole had closed for good.
Francis Oats died on 1 September 1918, in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
He was survived by his widow, daughter and three sons.
The Francis Oats House, a hostel for pupils at the Kimberley Boys' High School, was built in 1920 and was still in use in 2016.
Cornish investments.
On a visit back to Cornwall, Oats bought shares in the Levant Mine.
He also took shareholdings in the Cape Cornwall and Kenidjack mines.
At the time of his death he was chairman of Basset Mines of Redruth.
He tried to modernise the tin mine at St Just by sinking a new vertical shaft so that ore could be raised direct from the lower levels to the surface, a project that seemed even then to be uneconomical.
His large investments in mining in Cornwall were misguided, since the industry would collapse after his death.
Oats arranged for construction of Porthledden, a 21-bedroom mansion in Cape Cornwall designed as a gentleman's residence that was completed in 1909.
He does not seem to have spent much time there, perhaps due to the length of the journey from South Africa.
The terraces of the garden are above the north side of Priest's Cove at Cape Cornwall.
On the south side of the cove there are adits cut into the cliff for the St Just Mine.
His son made Porthledden into a hotel, but it did not succeed. It was sold in the 1950s to pay off family debts, and later fell into disrepair.