Red Cross House

The Red Cross House is a heritage-listed former commercial building and now Australian Red Cross and blood transfusion centre located at 153-159 Clarence Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Samuel Lipson, architect, in conjunction with Robertson and Marks and McCredie and built from 1937 to 1938 by Kell & Rigby. It was originally built for the firm of S. Hoffnung & Co.. The property is owned by the Australian Red Cross - NSW Division. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 May 2001.
History.
Warehousing west of the central business district.
During the late 19th century and up to the 1950s, the area west of the Central Business District, that is west of George Street through to the former wharves on Darling Harbour, was characterised by businesses with functions and services associated with import and export, textile and clothing manufacturers, etc.
The redevelopment of this area from its predominant early to mid-19th century-use as a residential quarter commenced in the 1860s. The 1880s consolidated Clarence, Kent and York Streets as "the great warehousing streets" of Sydney. After the economic downturn of the 1890s, the pent up demand for warehousing in the first decade of this century resulted in another building boom of large five to seven storey buildings. These new warehouses often also resulted on the consolidation of the smaller residential sized allotments of about 10 perches.
Occupants and owners.
The firm of S. Hoffnung & Co. was established in 1853 by Sigmond Hoffnung (1830-1904) a Polish migrant who arrived in Sydney in 1852. During the gold rush years of the 1850s-1860s Hoffnung (in partnership with Henry Nathan) prospered by supplying miners and settlers of the colony with provisions and stores. In 1870 the company commissioned the construction of new purposely built premises at 163/171 Pitt Street. These premises were designed by Thomas Rowe. Also during the 1870s the company opened new branches in Brisbane, New Zealand, Fiji and London. In 1899 the company was incorporated as a private limited liability company and adopted the title of S. Hoffnung & Co. Limited. Later, in 1902 the firm became a public company.
In April 1937 the company's premises at 163-171 Pitt Street were resumed by the Commonwealth Government for the proposed extensions to the Sydney GPO. Prior to this in early 1937 the company had undertaken the purchase of several allotments of land on Kent and Clarence Street. The move to the new premises at Clarence Street was completed in January 1939. While the company continued to trade from their 367-371 Kent Street property the premises at Clarence Street became their headquarters.
Sigmond Hoffnung and presumably his descendants were prominent in Jewish activities in the city of Sydney. Sigmond was associated with the York Street Synagogue and a benefactor of the building committee of the Great Synagogue in Elizabeth Street. He also served on committees to raise money for the Sydney Jewish Sabbath School; the Sydney Hebrew Certified Denominational Scholl, and the Jewish Philanthropic and Orphan Society.
The Clarence Street property was the fifth warehouse occupied by the firm. The location of the earlier premises were generally in the vicinity of the GPO: at 339 George Street (from 1855), 2 Wynyard Street (from 1861), 117 Pitt Street (from 1870) and 163-171 Pitt Street (from 1883). The size and architectural quality of these buildings suggest that the firm during the period 1850s to 1950s was an important member of Sydney's commercial trading houses.
The Australian Red Cross was established in 1914 (as a consequence of the outbreak of hostilities at this time) as a branch of the British organisation. The institution is associated with a wide range of medical and social welfare activities. Prior to the move to Hoffnung building, the New South Wales branch of this society was located in premises at No. 1 York Street.
The current owner of the building is the Australian Red Cross Society. The property was purchased by the Society in July 1970.
Architect.
The design of the building is credited to Samuel Lipson in conjunction with the large Sydney architectural practice of Robertson, Marks and McCredie. However the role of Robertson, Marks and McCredie in this relationship is not entirely clear as Lipson alone appears to have been responsible for the drawings prepared in the development stages of the project.
Samuel Lionel Lipson (1901-) was born in Leeds, England of Lithuanian descent. His architectural training commenced in 1916 at the School of Architecture within the Glasgow School of Arts. Lipson passed the RIBA entrance examination in 1924, and in the following year migrated to Australia. Following his arrivals in Sydney, Lipson was employed for a while in the Commonwealth Department of Works and Railways. During his tenure here he worked on a number of Commonwealth Bank buildings erected around the county at this time. Connected with this work was the remodelling of the bank's head office at the corner of Pitt Street and Martin Place. Lipson was retrenched from government employment in the early 1930s and went into private practice. One of the early significant commissions was the remodelling of "The Daily Telegraph" Building in 1933 for the Bank of New South Wales (extant and now known as the Trust Building).
From the mid-1930s Lipson was in practice with Peter Kaad. The work of this firm was heavily influenced by the Dutch School of Architecture, in particular by the work of Willem Dudok. Extant important work by this office up to the outbreak of World War II includes the Hoffnung Building (1937-8) and the Temple Emmanuel, Woollahra.
Description.
The building is constructed of reinforced concrete throughout designed on the flat slab principle which allowed with the mushroom-head columns. The dimension of the columns varied from between in diameter. The head of the columns are approximately in diameter.
Eight level face brick with recessed ninth floor level behind awning with five column bays at ground floor and expressed columns up to second floor level with central Art Deco pierced breakfront and cement rendered fin-like termination motifs in Moderne style. Evidence of original awning removed. Original decorative copper clock converted to Red Cross symbol. Steel frame windows with curved terminations at north and south ends and breakfronts at top level. Recessed façade at ground level 1971, possibly including paving and column cladding. Luxaflex metal ceiling linings to undercroft. At first floor level decorative marble facings in Moderne and Art Deco design. Recessed upper levels including plant rooms and water tanks with cement rendered surfaces and galvanised steel railings.
Nine level face brick and render with roof top extension of one level. Horizontal Moderne style with steel frame windows. Vertical emphasis breakfront at north end indicating stairwell. Steel awning at street level over vehicle entrances.
Cement rendered above adjacent building.
Bounded by taller building set back approximately 5m, cement rendered walls.
As at 3 January 2001, the archaeological potential of the place is low. The building is not included in the Archaeological Zoning Plan for Central Sydney 1992 In general, the building is reasonably intact, in particular the Clarence and Kent Street facades.
Heritage listing.
As at 3 January 2001, the building was constructed in 1938-9 for and exclusively occupied until by the long established Sydney wholesalers S. Hoffnung & Co. Ltd. The building was designed by Samuel Lipson (in conjunction with Robertson Marks and McCredie), now noted as one of the avant-garde designers of the 1930s and part of the movement to introduce European derived Modernism into Australia. The building was designed principally as a warehouse structure and as such probably represents the last such large scale structure to be erected in the traditional warehousing quarter of the Sydney CBD - Clarence, York and Kent Streets. Since the building has been exclusively occupied by one of Australia's best known medical and welfare institutions, the Red Cross Society. The building is a very good and rare example of a Moderne style CBD warehouse building possessing characteristic features embodied in the Kent and Clarence Street facades. Internally the aesthetic of clean industrial quality finishes is exhibited in the system of columns and mushroom head capitals. The building facades make a substantial contribution to the streetscape of both Kent and Clarence Streets by the use of texture brick relieved by the horizontal bands of windows, which in the instance of the principal front of Clarence Street is contrasted by the strong vertical element of the triangular window and Art Deco motif termination. The building has served as the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Centre for nearly the past twenty five years. This association is probably recognised by a majority of the community of Sydney of all ages. The association of the building with the S.Hoffnung & Co. Ltd ownership is also likely to be recognised by some older members of Sydney. The building has also been recognised as possessing heritage significance by the City Council and various professional and interest groups.
Red Cross House was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 May 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
While much of the warehousing stock in the York, Clarence, Kent Street area was constructed on the building booms of the 1880s and 1900s, the Hoffnung warehouse, constructed in 1938-9 is a relatively late building, and as such is probably the last major warehouse to be constructed prior to the outbreak of World War Two. By the time of next building boom of the 1950s the need for such a building in the CBD had vanished. The building is associated with the work of Samuel Lipson, being an excellent example of a large scale commission of this architect of the late 1930s.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The building is a very good (albeit altered) example of a city CBD warehouse building in the Moderne style. The building retains many features which are indicative of the original Moderne style design, these being:
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The building has served as the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Centre for nearly the past twenty five years. This association is probably recognised by a majority of the community of Sydney of all ages.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Red Cross House is rare as an extant Art Deco warehouse building in the City of Sydney. It exhibits fine Art Deco Moderne detailing on its Clarence Street facade.


Hemihydranencephaly

Hemihydranencephaly is a severe cephalic disorder characterized by complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral cortex with preservation of meninges, basal ganglia, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and falx. It is a special type of hydranencephaly.
It is a very rare disease. As it stands, only 7 cases have been reported.


Arthur Dacres

Arthur Dacres (1624–1678) was an English physician and academic, briefly Gresham Professor of Geometry.
Life.
He was sixth son of Sir Thomas Dacres, knight, of Cheshunt, and was born in that parish, where he was baptised on 18 April 1624. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, in December 1642, and graduated B.A. in 1645. He was elected a fellow of his college on 22 July 1646, and took the degree of M.D. on 28 July 1654.
He settled in London and was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians on 26 June 1665, and assistant-physician to Sir John Micklethwaite at St. Bartholomew's Hospital on the resignation of Dr. Christopher Terne, 13 May 1653. On 20 May 1664 he was appointed professor of geometry at Gresham College, but only held office for ten months. He was censor at the College of Physicians in 1672, and died in September 1678, being still assistant-physician at St. Bartholomew's.


Anton von Rosas

Anton von Rosas (23 December 1791 – 31 May 1855) was an Austrian ophthalmologist born in Pécs, Hungary.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Pest and Vienna, earning his doctorate in 1814. He later became an assistant to Georg Joseph Beer (1763-1821) at the University Eye Clinic in Vienna, and from 1819 to 1821 was director of the ophthalmology clinic at the University of Padua. In 1821 he returned to Vienna as successor to the late Dr. Beer.
From 1821 to 1853 he was professor of ophthalmology and director of the eye clinic at the University of Vienna. He is credited with making several improvements at the clinic, including establishment of a year-round ambulatory clinic. Among his written works was a three volume ophthalmological textbook titled "Handbuch der theoretischen und practischen Augenheilkunde".
A street in the Meidling district of Vienna called "Rosasgasse" is named in his honor.
Schopenhauer’s imputation.
Schopenhauer claimed that Professor Rosas committed plagiarism against him. Schopenhauer made this claim in two of his books: "On Vision and Colors", § 1, and "On the Will in Nature", "Physiology and Pathology." In the latter book, Schopenhauer showed in detail how Professor Rosas, "…adopted his [Schopenhauer’s] phrases exactly and numerously. The main example cited is Rosas’s "Textbook of Ophthalmology" (1830) where passages are matched [in many cases word for word] with those from 'On Vision and Colors' (1816)."


Defective interfering particle

Defective interfering particles (DIPs), also known as defective interfering viruses, are spontaneously generated virus mutants in which a critical portion of the particle's genome has been lost due to defective replication or non-homologous recombination. The mechanism of their formation is presumed to be as a result of template-switching during replication of the viral genome, although non-replicative mechanisms involving direct ligation of genomic RNA fragments have also been proposed. DIPs are derived from and associated with their parent virus, and particles are classed as DIPs if they are rendered non-infectious due to at least one essential gene of the virus being lost or severely damaged as a result of the defection. A DIP can usually still penetrate host cells, but requires another fully functional virus particle (the 'helper' virus) to co-infect a cell with it, in order to provide the lost factors.
DIPs were first observed as early as the 1950s by Von Magnus and Schlesinger, both working with influenza viruses. However, the formalization of DIPs terminology was in 1970 by Huang and Baltimore when they noticed the presence of ‘stumpy’ particles of vesicular stomatitis virus in electron micrographs. DIPs can occur within nearly every class of both DNA and RNA viruses both in clinical and laboratory settings including poliovirus, SARS coronavirus, measles, alphaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus.
Defection.
DIPs are a naturally occurring phenomenon that can be recreated under experimental conditions in the lab and can also be synthesized for experimental use. They are spontaneously produced by error-prone viral replication, something particularly prevalent in RNA viruses over DNA viruses due to the enzyme used (replicase, or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.) DI genomes typically retain the termini sequences needed for recognition by viral polymerases, and sequences for packaging of their genome into new particles, but little else. The size of the genomic deletion event can vary greatly, with one such example in a DIP derived from rabies virus exhibiting a 6.1 kb deletion. In another example, the size of several DI-DNA plant virus genomes varied from one tenth of the size of the original genome to one half.
Interference.
The particles are considered interfering when they affect the function of the parent virus through competitive inhibition during coinfection. In other words, defective and non-defective viruses replicate simultaneously, but when defective particles increase, the amount of replicated non-defective virus is decreased. The extent of interference depends on the type and size of defection in the genome; large deletions of genomic data allow rapid replication of the defective genome. During the coinfection of a host cell, a critical ratio will eventually be reached in which more viral factors are being used to produce the non-infectious DIPs than infectious particles. Defective particles and defective genomes have also been demonstrated to stimulate the host innate immune responses and their presence during a viral infection correlates with the strength of the antiviral response.
This interfering nature is becoming more and more important for research on virus therapies. It is thought that because of their specificity, DIPs will be targeted to sites of infection. In one example, scientists have used DIPs to create "protecting viruses", which attenuated the pathogenicity of an influenza A infection in mice to a point that it was no longer lethal.
Pathogenesis.
DIPs have been shown to play a role in pathogenesis of certain viruses. One study demonstrates the relationship between a pathogen and its defective variant, showing how regulation of DI production allowed the virus to attenuate its own infectious replication, decreasing viral load and thus enhance its parasitic efficiency by preventing the host from dying too fast. This also provides the virus with more time to spread and infect new hosts. DIP generation is regulated within viruses: the Coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element (shown in the image) is a higher-order genomic structure implicated in the mediation of DIP production in bovine coronavirus, with apparent homologs detected in other coronavirus groups. A more in-depth introduction can be found in Alice Huang and David Baltimore's work from 1970.
Research.
Research has been conducted by virologists to learn more about the interference in infection of host cells and how DI genomes could potentially work as antiviral agents. A 2014 article describes the pre-clinical work to test their effectiveness against influenza viruses. DI-RNAs have also been found to aid in the infection of fungi via viruses of the family "Partitiviridae" for the first time, which makes room for more interdisciplinary work.
Several tools as ViReMa and DI-tector have been developed to help to detect defective viral genomes into next-generation sequencing data.


Sahar Saleem

Sahar Saleem is a professor of radiology at Cairo University where she specialises in paleoradiology, the use of radiology to study mummies. She discovered the knife wound in the throat of Ramesses III, which was most likely the cause of his death.
Early life and career.
Sahar Saleem received her degree in medicine from Qasr El Eyni Hospital, Cairo. Subsequently, she went on to receive both her master's and medical doctorate in radiology from Cairo University. She moved to Canada to do a postdoctoral fellowship in neuroradiology and a fellowship in radiology education at the University of Western Ontario, before returning to Cairo University, where she is currently a professor of radiology.
Research.
Saleem uses medical imaging, in particular CT scans, to study mummies. This enables her to look through the wrappings, providing more detail than X-rays. She is part of the Egyptian Mummy Project and she has scanned several of the royal mummies, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III and Seti I, from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. These mummies have been described in her book "Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummie"s, which she co-authored with Zahi Hawass. In 2017, the book was a recipient of the PROSE Award in Popular Science.
By using CT scans on the mummy of Tutankhamun, Saleem and Hawass determined that he was around 19 years old when he was mummified. They also hypothesised that the cause of death was not head trauma, as previously thought, but a knee fracture on a background of malaria.
They also scanned Ramesses III, a pharaoh who was thought to be the victim of a harem conspiracy. Scans performed by Saleem revealed that Ramesses throat was cut and his left toe was cut off, providing supporting evidence that he was likely killed in that conspiracy, as the injuries pointed to there being more than one attacker.


Sue VandeWoude

Susan (Sue) VandeWoude is a veterinarian and researcher in the United States, specializing in viral diseases of cats. She is currently faculty at Colorado State University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Education and career.
VandeWoude grew up in Berryville, Virginia and received her B.S. in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology. She graduated with her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree in 1986 from the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. She completed her post-doctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she studied the virus associated with Borna disease. She joined the faculty of Colorado State University in 1990 and became a Diplomate of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine in 1991. She held the position of Director of Laboratory Animal Resources at Colorado State University from 2007-2011 and has been the Associate Dean for Research within the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. In July 2020, she will assume the position as the director of the Colorado State University One Health Institute, after completion of a Fulbright research scholarship in Australia.
Research interests.
VandeWoude studies viruses including Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline Leukemia Virus, and Feline Foamy Virus that infect both domestic cats and wild felids, such as bobcats and pumas.
Honors and awards.
She has previously served as President of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine and the American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners. She has also been involved with leadership for the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges and the American Veterinary Medical Association. VandeWoude was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2019.


Syrian Arab Red Crescent

The Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) ( "Al-Hilal al-Aḥmar al-Arabi al-Souri") is a humanitarian nonprofit organization. Its headquarters are in the Syrian capital city of Damascus. The society was founded in Damascus, Syria in 1942, and admitted to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1946. Some of founders included were Abdul-Kader Zahra, Jamil Kabara, Sami Al-Meedani, Shafiq Diyab, Mustafa Shawky, Ahmed Kadary, Wade Saydawy, and others. The society is part of the International Federation and has been recognized by the ICRC. The SARC has 14 branches all over Syria and 75 sub-branches. Volunteer based, the SARC has around 11,000 trained volunteers that work in the areas of first aid, first aid training, disaster response & relief, psycho-social support, and health in general. SARC also partners with local charity organizations and works with the relevant components of the Syrian community, with UN agencies and NGOs.
The organization is working in the Syrian Civil War and is engaged in evacuation of people from war torn region to other places. It is shifting people and militants who surrender and relocating them to other places. When Darayya surrendered to government forces, the militants were relocated by the Red Crescent.
SARC volunteers and hospitals have been the targets of numerous attacks since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War. In 2016 a UN aid convoy composed mostly of SARC workers driving near Urum al-Kubra was bombed, killing at least 12 SARC drivers and destroying aid supplies in a warehouse. According to the ICRC 20 civilians were also killed in the attack. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemned the attack and temporarily suspended UN aid convoys after the attack. A UN investigation carried out by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic found that the Syrian government deliberately carried out the attack on the aid convoy which they allege amounts to a potential war crime.


American Pediatric Society

The American Pediatric Society (APS) is the first pediatric society established in North America. Created in 1888, the APS pursues a vision of an engaged, inclusive and impactful community of pediatric thought leaders. The APS mission is shaping the future of academic pediatrics through engagement of distinguished child health leaders.


Cryofibrinogenemia

Cryofibrinogenemia refers to a condition classified as a fibrinogen disorder in which the chilling of an individual's blood plasma from the normal body temperature of 37 °C to the near-freezing temperature of 4 °C causes the reversible precipitation of a complex containing fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, and, occasionally, small amounts of fibrin split products, albumin, immunoglobulins and other plasma proteins. Returning this plasma to 37 °C resolubilizes the precipitate.
Cryofibrinogenmia may occur as a laboratory finding in individuals that have no evidence of precipitate-induced tissue damage (i.e. asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia) or in individuals suffering serious consequences of cryofibrinogen precipitation, particularly pathological blood clots in small and medium size arteries and veins. The clotting disease is commonly grouped with the asymptomatic condition in the term cryofibrinogenemia but is here termed cryofibrinogenemic disease for clarity purposes. When occurring in association with another serious disease, cryofibrinogenemic disease is referred as secondary cryofibrinogenemia; in the absence of such an association, it is referred to as primary cryofibrinogenemia.
Cryofibrinogen precipitation.
The reasons for the cold temperature-induced in vitro as well as the in vivo precipitation of the fibrinogen-containing complex is unknown. The fibrinogen involved in precipitate formation appears to have a normal structure. This separates cryofibrinogenemia from two pathological blood-clotting/bleeding diseases that can mimic cryofibrinogenemia but are due to structurally abnormal fibrinogen viz., dysfibrinogenemia and hypodysfibrinogenemia. Based on in vitro studies, three causes have been hypothesized for the precipitate formed in cryofibrinogenemia. 1) The blood and plasma of individuals with cryofibrinogenemia lack the fibrinolysis activity that normally degrades and thereby resolubilizes the precipitate. This hypothesis is based on the findings that some but not all individuals with the disorder have abnormally high levels of one or two of the agents, alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2-Macroglobulin, which inhibit the naturally occurring fibrinolytic agent, plasmin. 2) The blood of individuals has an increased ability of the pro-coagulant thrombin to bind fibrinogen and thereby promote coagulation. 3) The blood of individuals, particularly those with cryofibriognemic disease associated with other severe disorders, has high levels of immunological elements such as immunoglobulins or immune complexes that interact with fibronectin to promote blood clotting. This hypothesis is base on findings that some patients with cyrofibrinogenemic disease improve when treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Further basic research into this area is required.
Asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia.
The occurrence of cryofibrinogenemia as defined by a 4 °C-induced formation of fibrinogen-based precipitation in plasma occurs in 2% to 9% of asymptomatic individuals and 8% to 13% of hospitalized patients without symptoms attributable to this precipitation. Most of these cases have relatively low levels of cold temperature-induced fibrinogen precipitate levels (<50 milligram/liter of fibrinogen) and do not have a disorder associated with the development of cryofibrinogenmia.
Associated disorders.
Cryoglobulinemia may occur without evidence of an underlying associated disorders, i.e. primary cryoglobulinemia (also termed essential cryoglobulinemia) or, far more commonly, with evidence of an underlying disease, i.e. secondary cryoglobulinemia. Secondary cryofibrinogenemia can develop in individuals suffering infection (~12% of cases), malignant or premalignant disorders (21%), vasculitis (25%), and autoimmune diseases (42%). In these cases of the secondary disorder, cryofibrinogenemia may or may not cause tissue injury and/or other symptoms and the actual cause-effect relationship between these diseases and the development of cryofibrinogenemia is unclear. Cryofibrinogenemia can also occur in association with the intake of certain drugs.
Infection-associated cryofibrinogenemia.
Acute bacterial and mycobacterium infections are sometimes associated with cryofibriongenemia. In these cases, cryofibrinogenemia is usually transient and rapidly resolves after appropriate anti-bacterial treatment. In HIV/AIDS virus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis virus infections any rise in circulating cryofibrinogen is more sustained and potentially symptomatic. For example, one large study of the most thoroughly study example of viral infection-associated cryofibrinogenmia, Hepatitis C infection, found that cryofibrinogenemia occurred in 37% of cases, was associated with concurrent cryoglobulinemia in 89% of cases, and led to significantly increased vascular disruption. Antiviral therapy resulted in complete resolution of the cryofibrinogenemia in only ~50% of these cases.
Malignancy-associated cryofibrinogenemia.
Lymphoproliferative disorders such as B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various plasma cell dyscrasias (e.g. multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and the premalignant precursors to these two diseases, MGUS, smoldering multiple myeloma, IgM MGUS, and smoldering Waldenström's macroglobulinemia as well as adenocarcinomas of the stomach, liver, lung, colon, and other solid tumor cancers have been reported to be associated with symptomatic or asymptomatic cryfibrinogenemia.
Vasculitis-associated cryofibrinogenemia.
Cryofibrinogenemia is often associated with inflammatory disease of the arteries and/or veins. These vasculitis-associated diseases include ANCA-associated vasculitides, giant cell arteritis, Behcet disease, polyarteritis nodosa, and Henoch–Schonlein purpura. Cryofibrinogenemia is also often associated with the inflammatory vasculitis that accompanies mixed Cryoglobulinemia#Classification, i.e. cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, particularly but not exclusively in instances where hepatitis C virus is an underlining disease.
Autoimmune disease-associated cryofibrinogenemia.
A broad range of autoimmune diseases have been reported to be associated with cryofibrinogenemia. These diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Hashimoto disease, Graves' disease, sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, spondyloarthropathy, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
Cryofibrinogenemic disease.
Symptoms and signs.
Cryofibrinogenemic disease commonly begins in adults aged 40–50 years old with symptoms of the diseases occurring in the almost always affected organ, skin. Cutaneous symptoms include one or more of the following: cold contact-induced urticarial (which may be the first sign of the disease); painful episodes of finger and/or toe arterial spasms termed Raynaud phenomena; cyanosis, a palpable purpura termed cryofibrinogenemic purpura), and a lace-like purplish discoloration termed livedo reticularis all of which occur primarily in the lower extremities but some of which may occur in the nose, ears, and buttocks; non-healing painful ulcerations and gangrene of the areas impacted by the cited symptoms. Patients also have a history of cold sensitivity (~25% of cases), arthralgia (14-58%), neuritis (7-19%), myalgia (0-14%); and overt thrombosis of arteries and veins (25-40%) which may on rare occasions involve major arteries such of those of the brain and kidney. Signs of renal involvement (proteinuria, hematuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and/or, rarely, renal failure) occur in 4-25% of cases. Compared to secondary cryofibrinogemia, primary crygofibrinogenemia has a higher incidence of cutaneous lesions, arthralgia, and cold sensitivity while having a far lower incidence of renal involvement. Patients with secondary cryofibrinogenemia also exhibit signs and symptoms specific to the infectious, malignant, premalignant vasculitis, and autoimmune disorders associated with their disease. While rare, individuals with cryofibrinogenemic disease may experience pathological bleeding due to the consumption of blood clotting factors consequential to the formation of cryofibrinogen precipitates.
Diagnosis.
Suggested diagnostic criteria for cryoglobulinemic disease fall into the following obligatory and additional categories:
The diagnosis of secondary cryofibrinogenemia also requires evidence for the cited infectious, malignant, premalignant vasculitis, and autoimmune disorders while the diagnosis of primary cryofibriongenemia requires a lack of evidence for 1) the cited associated disorders, 2) other vascular occlusive diseases, and 3) cryoglobulinemia.
Treatment.
Studies on the treatment of cryofibrinoginemic disease have involved relatively few patients, are limited primarily to case reports, and differ based on whether the disease is primary or secondary. In all cases of cryofibrinogenemic disease, however, patients should avoid the exposure of afflicted body parts to cold weather or other environmental triggers of symptoms and avoid using cigarettes or other tobacco products. In severe cases, these individuals also risk developing serious thrombotic events which lead to tissue necrosis that may result in secondary bacterial infections and require intensive antimicrobial therapy and/or amputations. Careful treatment of these developments is required.
Primary cryofibrinogenemic disease.
Success in treating the primary disease has been reported using blood clot lysing agents such as anabolic steroids (e.g. danazol or stanozolol which is no longer available in the United States), streptokinase, and streptodornase; anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, and immunosuppressive drug regimens such as a corticosteroid (e.g. prednisone) combined with either azathioprine of chlorambucil. Very moderate cases may do well by simply avoiding cold exposure. Treatment with a corticosteroid plus low-dose aspirin followed by maintenance therapy with an anabolic steroid where necessary are recommended for moderately severe cases. Very severe cases generally require an immunosuppressive drug regimen and if extreme or life-threatening require resorting to plasmaphoresis or plasma exchange. Cryofiltration apheresis, a method to remove plasma agents by removing cold-induced precipitated material, may be an effective alternative to plasmaphoresis and plasma exchange but is still regarded as second-line therapy for cryofibirnogenemic disease treatment.
During the several years following its initial diagnosis, some 27-47% of primary cryofibrinoginemic diseases are complicated by the development of a B-cell or T-cell lymphoma. That is, the cryofibrinoginemic disease may appear to precede by years the malignant disorder to which it is associated. Accordingly, patients require careful follow-up not only to treat their primary cryofibrinoginemic disease but also to monitor them for movement to the diagnosis of secondary cryofibrinoginemic disease caused by the development of one of these hematological malignancies.
Secondary cryofibrinogenemic disease.
Treatment of secondary cryofibrinoginemic disease may use the same methods used for treating the primary disease wherever necessary but focus on treating the associated infectious, malignant, premalignant, vasculitis, or autoimmune disorder with the methods prescribed for the associated disorder. Case report studies suggest that: corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drug regimens, antimicrobial therapy, and anti-neoplastic regimens can be effective treatments for controlling the cryfibrinoginemic disease in cases associated respectively with autoimmune, infectious, and premalignant/malignant disorders.
Prognosis.
While the prognosis of cryofibrinoginemic disease varies greatly depending on its severity as well as the severity of its associated disorders, satisfactory clinical outcomes are reported in 50-80% of patients with primary or secondary disease treated with corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive regimens. However, relapses occur within the first 6 months after stopping or decreasing therapy in 40-76% of cases. Sepsis resulting from infection of necrotic tissue is the most common threat to life in primary disease whereas the associated disorder is a critical determinant of prognosis in secondary disease.


Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck

Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck is a minor and very rare congenital cutaneous condition characterized by branchial arch remnants that are considered to be the cervical variant of accessory tragus. It resembles a rudimentary pinna that in most cases is located in the lower anterior part of the neck.


State Venereological Institute

The State Venereological Institute in Moscow was founded by Russian venereologist Volf Bronner in 1922. He became its first director.


Blue toe syndrome

Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia. The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.
The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.
Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI, peripheral arterial run off imaging studies, hypercoagulopathy labs, and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.


Nina Catherine Muir

Nina Catherine Muir (20 October 1900–9 June 1981) was a New Zealand doctor.
Early life.
Nina Muir (née Howard) was born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1900. Her father was Dr Ernest Henry Howard (d. 1954) who practised in Murchison and Taumarunui where he was superintendent of the hospital. Muir went to school at Auckland Girls' Grammar School and graduated from the University of Otago medical school in 1926.
Career.
In 1927 Muir became the first woman house surgeon at Wellington Hospital. On moving to Gisborne she worked at Cook Hospital and Te Puia Hospital, attending births and treating patients in remote areas. After her marriage she became the first general practitioner to practise in the maternity unit of Cook Hospital. In 1949–1950 she did a postgraduate diploma in obstetrics and gynaecology at the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin.
During the 1940s Muir was the president of the East Coast branch of the British Medical Association.
Personal life.
In 1929 she married Percy Rutherford Muir, a Gisborne journalist and printer, whose family owned the Poverty Bay Herald. They had two daughters.
Muir died in Gisborne in 1981.


Iliac tuberosity

Behind the iliac fossa is a rough surface, divided into two portions, an anterior and a posterior. The posterior portion, known as the iliac tuberosity, is elevated and rough, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and for the origins of the Sacrospinalis and Multifidus.


Frank W. Crowe

Frank Wilkinson Crowe (July 2, 1919 – April 29, 1987) was an American physician, who practiced Dermatology in Boise, Idaho. He was a world-renowned authority for the Crowe sign or Crowe's sign in neurofibromatosis which is the presence of axillary (armpit) freckling in people with neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen's disease). These freckles occur in up to 30% of people with the disease and their presence is one of seven diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis. Freckles can also be present in the intertriginous area in neurofibromatosis, such as the inguinal fold, submamillary areas and nape of the neck.
In 1956 Crowe "et al." recognised the autosomal dominant heredity of neurofibromatosis and the use of 6 or more café au lait spots to diagnose the condition. In 1964 Crowe published work on the use of axillary freckling in its diagnosis, which is now referred to as the "Crowe sign".


Ilse Kohler-Rollefson

Ilse Köhler-Rollefson is a German scientist known for championing pastoralism, Ethnoveterinary medicine and camels with special reference to India. She found the Raika people whose way of life was under threat because of their dependence on camels and she decided to help. In 2017 she was awarded the highest award for women in India, the Nari Shakti Puraskar and, in 2018, the Federal Cross of Merit of the German Federal Government.
Life.
Ilse is the daughter of Dr. Diethard Köhler, a professor of botany and of Brigitte Köhler, an agricultural scientist. She grew up with horses and all kinds of other animals in Ober-Ramstadt Wembach in Germany. Out of love for animals she studied veterinary medicine at the Veterinary College in Hannover, graduating in 1971. After discouraging experiences in veterinary practice, she became an archaeozoologist working on excavations in Jordan, including the Neolithic site of Ain Ghazal. In Jordan she discovered her love for camels and lived with a Bedouin family to understand how nomadic life is reflected in the archaeological record. This helped her to understand how the process of domestication proceeded in prehistory. She completed her Ph.D. 'On the domestication of the camel' in 1981. She came to notice when she went to India on a fellowship of the American Institute of Indian Studies in 1990/91 to study camel socio-economics and management patterns. During her research, she engaged with the Raika people whose lives are traditionally built around camels. However because the Raika can no longer make a living from breeding camels, the camels are disappearing and the traditional camel culture is being lost.
The Raika (aka Rabari) people are an ethnic group who believed that they were created in order to care for camels by Shiva. In 1992 she published "Raika Dromedary Breeders of Rajasthan: A Pastoral System in Crisis". They are pastoralists mainly in India.
She was trained as a veterinarian and an anthropologist and these come together in Ethnoveterinary medicine. She has found that traditional practices of veterinary medicine are legitimate and seeks to validate them. She has noted that at least since colonial times scientists had noted indigenous expertise in animal health and their diagnostic skills before implementing their Western-technology projects.
She noted and researched the role of the Raika and other pastoralists as creators of indigenous livestock breeds and guardians of domestic animal diversity ('Keepers of Genes') and was a moving force behind the concept of Livestock Keepers' Rights. Later she promoted Biocultural or Community Protocols for pastoralists as a tool for obtaining their rights under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
Together with Hanwant Singh Rathore, she created the NGO "Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan" which lobbied the government of India for help, together with Hanwant Singh Rathore. She is the co-founder and key worker with the League for Pastoral Peoples. In order to create income for the Raika she set up the social enterprise Camel Charisma which markets camel milk and other camel products.
In 2002 she received an Associate Rolex Award for Enterprise. In 2017 President Pranab Mukherjee presented her with the highest award for women in India, the Nari Shakti Puruskar. The function took place at the Presidential palace, Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi.
In 2021 she was still arguing that the pastoralists had to be valued as they turned "waste into worth". She rejects the word "wastelands" as colonial. These are rangelands that ensure that India's livestock has somewhere to thrive.
External links.
www.ilse-koehler-rollefson.com
www.pastoralpeoples.org
www.camelcharisma.com


James Barnston

James Barnston (July 3, 1831 – May 20, 1858), a son of HBC fur trader George Barnston, was born at Norway House (Man.), and trained as a physician at the University of Edinburgh. He obtained an M.D. presenting a thesis "Observations on scarlatina".
Barnston had a love of natural history from his father's influence and this was nurtured while studying medicine. He returned to Canada in 1853 and practiced medicine in Montreal where he also actively continued his botanical pursuits. He promoted the founding of a chair in natural history at McGill University and became the first professor of botany at that institution.
He became ill at the end of his first course of lectures and never recovered, dying in his 26th year.


Paso del Norte Health Foundation

The Paso del Norte Health Foundation is one of the largest private foundations on the U.S.-Mexico border. It was established in 1995 from the sale of Providence Memorial Hospital to Tenet Healthcare Corporation. The Foundation is committed to improving the health and promoting the wellness of the people living in west Texas, southern New Mexico, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico through education and prevention.
Between 1997 and the end of 2008, the Foundation committed nearly $90 million to the Paso del Norte region with more than 260 agencies receiving grants ranging from several thousand dollars to more than one million dollars.


Nicholas Cummings

Nicholas Andrew Cummings (July 25, 1924 – June 8, 2020) was an American psychologist and author.
Education.
Cummings first attended the University of California at Berkeley, receiving a bachelor's degree in psychology, before moving to Claremont Graduate University for his master's and Adelphi University for a doctorate in clinical psychology.
Professional career.
Cummings was Chief of Mental Health with the Kaiser Permanente Health Maintenance Organization (1959–1979) and founding president of the California School of Professional Psychology (1970). He became instrumental in the development of the Psy.D. training program for clinical psychologists when he launched the National Foundation of Professional Schools of Psychology, an alternative to the American Psychological Association for accrediting university doctoral programs in clinical psychology. In 1979, Cummings was elected president of the American Psychological Association. In 1994, he co-founded with his wife the Nicholas & Dorothy Cummings Foundation. The Foundation is dedicated to ensuring that routine healthcare includes doctoral psychotherapy. In the 2010s, they donated $5 million to the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron (Ohio), which renamed itself the Cummings Center for the History of Psychology as a result. Cummings and his daughter Janet L. Cummings founded the Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies in 2014.
Personal life.
Cummings was born in Salinas, California. At the time of his death, Cummings resided in Reno, Nevada with his wife, Dorothy Mills Cummings. They have two children and two grandchildren.


Virgin Care

Virgin Care is a private provider of publicly funded community health and social services, and has been commissioned by the National Health Service and Local Authorities in England since 2010 (when it was known as Assura Medical).
History.
The company was known as Assura Medical from March 2010 until March 2012. It originated as a division of Assura Group and a majority share was purchased by Virgin Group in 2010, setting it up as a separate company.
Until October 2012 each GP provider company was 50% owned by the surgery GPs and 50% by Virgin; each GP provider company was run by a board consisting of locally elected GPs and one Virgin representative. 358 surgeries were listed as being involved in mid-2012.
In October 2012 the company announced that it would be taking over all jointly owned GP-provider companies, in order to avoid any conflict of interest arising in respect of contracts with clinical commissioning groups.
Following this change, the company has bid for contracts put out by these clinical commissioning groups, NHS England and local authorities and has contracts stretching for more than a decade to a total potential value of £2bn.
Profit.
The company claims to never have made a profit overall from its NHS services, and that it has invested its own money into the business, although accounts show that individual parts of the Group with NHS contracts have made profits.
Sir Richard Branson wrote in January 2018:"Over the last 50 years, I have been fortunate to build many successful companies and do not want or intend to profit personally from the NHS. Indeed, I have invested millions in Virgin Care to help it transform its services for the better and to improve both the patient and employee experience."
"Contrary to reports, the Virgin Care group has not made a profit to date. If and when I could take a dividend from Virgin Care (which would make us a profit over and above our overall investment), I will invest 100% of that money back into helping NHS patients young and old, with our frontline employees deciding how best to spend it."
Former Contracts.
Lyme Regis Medical Practice.
In 2012, Virgin Care won a contract to provide services in Dorset, at the Lyme Regis Centre, for five years. When the service was inspected by the regulator in August 2015, the Minor Injuries unit was found “not safe” by the Care Quality Commission because “patients were at risk of harm because systems and processes were not in place to keep them safe”.
Inspectors returned in February 2016 and found improvements, and again in August 2016 when a ‘desk based’ inspection based on information the company provided was deemed sufficient to rate the practice ‘good’ in all areas. The service was eventually rated ‘good’ again by the CQC in October 2018, but inspectors again said it needed to do more and rated it ‘requires improvement’ for services for people with long term conditions. This contract ended in 2019 after a short extension, as the NHS merged it with another local GP practice.
Croydon Urgent Care Centre.
Virgin Care ran the Urgent Care Centre at Croydon University Hospital under a £6 million contract for three years that started from April 2012.
East Staffordshire.
The company won a seven-year contract worth £270 million for providing long-term and elderly care for about 38,000 people with long-term health conditions in East Staffordshire in March 2015, known as the "Improving Lives" programme. The commissioners, East Staffordshire Clinical Commissioning Group, said the programme was "focused on supporting the residents across East Staffordshire with long-term health conditions and older people who need extra support ". A report by the Care Quality Commission published in October 2019 rated the service 'good'. Virgin Care terminated its role as prime provider on 12 October 2018 after an 18-month-long dispute and went on to terminate the remaining part of the contract in May 2019.
Current Contracts.
Surrey.
Virgin Care won a contract to provide community health services in Surrey from 2012 until 2017. This includes the Jarvis Breast Centre in Guildford, which in October 2014 was subject to an investigation by North West Surrey Clinical Commissioning Group after 35 patients were not tested within two weeks of their GP referrals during April and July. In 2017, Surrey's CCGs split the contract again and procured elements of it separately with Virgin Care being awarded some adult community services in the Surrey Heath CCG and North East Hampshire and Farnham CCG areas as well as continuing to operate Community Dental Services and Wheelchair Services.
In September 2019, the company was awarded an £85m contract to run a joint project with Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust in Surrey.
Bath and North East Somerset.
It won a seven-year prime provider contract to run health services in Bath and North East Somerset in 2016. The company will be running adult social work services, something that has not been done by a commercial organisation in the UK before. Forty-three social workers were transferred to the company, which employed a “senior social work expert”, one of several to be appointed to provide “professional support”. The service experienced significant IT issues during their first three months of operation which resulted in the cancellation of patient appointments, correspondence not being sent out and problems with updating patient records.
Kent.
Community services in part of Kent, previously provided by Kent Community Health NHS Foundation Trust were transferred to Virgin Care by Swale CCG and Dartford, Gravesham and Swanley CCG in January 2016 in a contract for £18 million a year for the next seven years from April 2016 with an option to extend by a further three years.
Lancashire County Council.
Lancashire County Council (LCC) awarded Virgin Care a five-year £104m contract in 2017 to provide public health services for children aged 0 to 19.
Two Lancashire NHS Trusts that had jointly bid for the contract contested the decision on the grounds that LCC had not properly followed the procurement process, and the High Court overturned the decision. In 2018, after LCC had re-evaluated the bids, in a process overseen by an independent panel of experts, it again chose Virgin Care.
The decision was criticised by UNISON on the grounds that it would destabilise the NHS in Lancashire, that the gap between the two bids was only 0.07% and that the council was helping to privatise the delivery of key NHS services.
2012 legal challenge.
In October 2012, a mother of two children mounted a challenge in the High Court against Devon County Council's decision to award health and social care contracts to Virgin Care. The court allowed Virgin Care to keep the contract.
2017 lawsuit against the NHS.
In early 2017, Virgin Care began legal proceedings against NHS England, Surrey County Council and the county's six clinical commissioning groups. They took this action after they failed to procure an £82 million children's community services contract, a decision which Virgin Care claimed was "not in the best interests of the children and families [they] support".
The lawsuit was settled out of court with a £328,000 payout to Virgin Care, resulting in some controversy. This included a petition signed by over 100,000 people addressed to Richard Branson and Virgin Care, demanding that they "return the NHS’s money, and never sue the NHS again", as well as criticism in Parliament from Shadow Health Secretary Jonathon Ashworth, who claimed that the NHS is already "underfunded" without having to make payments to private health companies.


Ray Guarendi

Raymond N. Guarendi, aka Dr. Ray, is a practicing clinical psychologist and authority on parenting and behavioral issues active in the Catholic media, and is also a well known author. Guarendi is an advocate of common sense approaches to child rearing and discipline issues.
Biography.
Guarendi received his B.A. and M.A. at Case Western Reserve University in 1974, and his Ph.D. at Kent State University in 1978. His experience includes work with school districts, substance abuse and mental health centers, and juvenile courts.
He is the author of 12 books:
See more at: http://drray.com/about/#sthash.gwYbzVUc.dpuf.
Guarendi has appeared on nationally syndicated United States television programs, including "The Oprah Winfrey Show" and "CBS This Morning", and is a regular on radio programs "Catholic Answers Live" and "The Doctor is In", produced by the Catholic lay apostolate Catholic Answers. He also appears in speaking engagements in the U.S. for Catholic Answers. He also owns a TV show, "Living Right With Dr. Ray", on EWTN.
He is the father of ten children, Andrew (31), Hannah (29), Jonathan (28), Joanna (28), Sarah (27), Samuel (24), James (23), Mary (22), Peter (21), and Elizabeth (19) whom he and his wife Randi adopted.


Albert Gombault

François Alexis Albert Gombault (2 October 1844 – 23 September 1904) was a French neurologist who was a native of Orléans.
He studied medicine in Paris, where he was a student and collaborator of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). From 1887, he was associated with the Hospice d'Ivry, and for years served as "chef de travaux" in the pathological anatomy laboratory of Victor André Cornil (1837–1908).
In 1880, Gombault published an early description involving a type of hypertrophic neuritis that was later known as Dejerine–Sottas syndrome. With Charcot, he performed important research of obstructive biliary cirrhosis. In 1877, he published "Etude sur la sclérose latérale amyotrophique", a study on "Charcot disease", better known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).


Streaking (microbiology)

In microbiology, streaking is a technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism, often bacteria. Samples can then be taken from the resulting colonies and a microbiological culture can be grown on a new plate so that the organism can be identified, studied, or tested.
The modern streak plate method has progressed from the efforts of Robert Koch and other microbiologists to obtain microbiological cultures of bacteria in order to study them. The dilution or isolation by streaking method was first developed by Loeffler and Gaffky in Koch's laboratory, which involves the dilution of bacteria by systematically streaking them over the exterior of the agar in a Petri dish to obtain isolated colonies which will then grow into quantity of cells, or isolated colonies. If the agar surface grows microorganisms which are all genetically same, the culture is then considered as a microbiological culture.
Technique.
Streaking is rapid and ideally a simple process of isolation dilution. The technique is done by diluting a comparatively large concentration of bacteria to a smaller concentration. The decrease of bacteria should show that colonies are sufficiently spread apart to affect the separation of the different types of microbes. Streaking is done using a sterile tool, such as a cotton swab or commonly an inoculation loop. Aseptic techniques are used to maintain microbiological cultures and to prevent contamination of the growth medium. There are many different types of methods used to streak a plate. Picking a technique is a matter of individual preference and can also depend on how large the number of microbes the sample contains.
The three-phase streaking pattern, known as the T-Streak, is recommended for beginners. The streaking is done using a sterile tool, such as a cotton swab or commonly an inoculation loop. The inoculation loop is first sterilized by passing it through a flame. When the loop is cool, it is dipped into an inoculum such as a broth or patient specimen containing many species of bacteria. The inoculation loop is then dragged across the surface of the agar back and forth in a zigzag motion until approximately 30% of the plate has been covered. The loop then is re-sterilized and the plate is turned 90 degrees. Starting in the previously streaked section, the loop is dragged through it two to three times continuing the zigzag pattern. The procedure is then repeated once more being cautious to not touch the previously streaked sectors. Each time the loop gathers fewer and fewer bacteria until it gathers just single bacterial cells that can grow into a colony. The plate should show the heaviest growth in the first section. The second section will have less growth and a few isolated colonies, while the final section will have the least amount of growth and many isolated colonies.
Growth medium.
The sample is spread across one quadrant of a Petri dish containing a growth medium. Bacteria need different nutrients to grow. This includes water, a source of energy, sources of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, certain minerals, and other vitamins and growth factors. A very common type of media used in microbiology labs is known as agar, a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. The nutrient agar has a lot of ingredients with unknown amounts of nutrients in them. On one hand, this can be a very selective media to use because as mentioned bacteria are particular. If there is a certain nutrient in the media the bacteria could most certainly not grow and could die. On the other hand, this media is very complex. Complex media is important because it allows for a wide range of microbial growth. The bacteria growth can be supported by this media greatly due in part to the high amounts of nutrients. Choice of which growth medium is used depends on which microorganism is being cultured, or selected for.
Incubation.
Dependent on the strain, the plate may then be incubated, usually for 24 to 36 hours, to allow the bacteria to reproduce. At the end of incubation there should be enough bacteria to form visible colonies in the areas touched by the inoculation loop. From these mixed colonies, single bacterial or fungal species can be identified based on their morphological (size/shape/colour) differences, and then sub-cultured to a new media plate to yield a pure culture for further analysis.
Automated equipment is used at industrial level for streak plating the solid media in order to achieve better sterilization and consistency of streaking and for reliably faster work. While streaking manually it is important to avoid scratching the solid medium as subsequent streak lines will be damaged and non-uniform deposition of inoculum at damaged sites on the medium yield clustered growth of microbes which may extend into nearby streak lines.
Importance.
Bacteria exist in water, soil and food, on skin, and intestinal tract normal flora. The assortment of microbes that exist in the environment and on human bodies is enormous. The human body has billions of bacteria which creates the normal flora fighting against the invading pathogens. Bacteria frequently occur in mixed populations. It is very rare to find a single occurring species of bacteria. To be able to study the cultural, morphological, and physiological characteristics of an individual species, it is vital that the bacteria be divided from the other species that generally originate in the environment. This is important in determining a bacterium in a clinical sample. When the bacteria is streaked and isolated, the causative agent of a bacterial disease can be identified.


SACRAL syndrome

SACRAL syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by spinal dysraphism, anogenital, cutaneous, renal and urologic anomalies, associated with an angioma of lumbosacral localization.


Petrus Iilonga

Petrus Iilonga (8 January 1947 – 11 December 2018) was a Namibian politician as well as a trade union leader and political prisoner in Robben Island. A member of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Iilonga served as Deputy Minister in various Ministries and was a member of the party's Central Committee.
Early life and military career.
Iilonga was born in Etilyasa, a settlement near Ongandjera in the Omusati Region. He attended primary school there and originally became a farm worker (from 1966). He graduated from Onakaye Boys School in 1969 and from 1970 to 1971 attended Ongwediva Training College to be trained as a motor mechanic. From 1971 he worked on the construction of the Ruacana to Calueque canal and between 1972 and 1973 taught at the Elondo West Combined School. He had a brief spell of work at the Ondangwa government garage before he left to receive military training in Tanzania and the Soviet Union in 1974. He returned to Namibia in 1976 to fight for the People's Liberation Army of Namibia in the Namibian War of Independence. Captured by South African forces, he was imprisoned on Robben Island from 1978 to 1985.
Trade unionism.
After his release, Iilonga began mobilizing workers under the National Union of Namibian Workers. He is described as one of three former Robben Island prisoners who were key in the rise of the union in the mid 1980s. Iilonga served as Secretary General of the Namibia Public Workers Union (Napwu) from 1988 to 2000. He had founded the union in 1987, though it was legally unable to recruit members until after independence in 1990.
Political career.
In 1995, Iilonga became a member of the National Assembly, a position he held until his death in 2018. In 1996, Iilonga received Namibia's Omugulugwombashe Medal for bravery and long service. Iilonga left Napwu when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Environment and Tourism by Sam Nujoma in 2000. Despite his position in the government he was often a vocal critic of its labor policy, in particular for what he considered the favoring of landowners over farm laborers. In 2004 he was the centre of some controversy for pointing out that a proposed law did not allow for rapes committed by women, only those by men. Iilonga left the Department of Environment and Tourism when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Labour and Social Welfare in 2005.
In a 2008 belated Heroes Day speech, Iilonga criticized the newly formed opposition Rally for Democracy and Progress for alleged tribalism. In the same speech in Keetmanshoop, he said that SWAPO did not support opposition parties. Iilonga was appointed Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Water and Forestry in 2010. He held that position until 4 December 2012 when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense.
In the 2014 election he was not reelected to Parliament but kept his seat in the Central Committee. In November 2017 Iilonga missed out on election to the central committee of SWAPO. Iilonga resided in Windhoek and was famous for his "Che Guevara-style" beret and frequent phone-ins to Namibian Broadcasting Corporation radio programmes.


Allan Friedman

Allan Howard Friedman is the Guy L. Odom Professor of Neurological Surgery (neurosurgery) at Duke University Medical Center, specializing in tumor and vascular neurosurgery. He has been on the Duke faculty since 1981.
Friedman was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1949 and attended Purdue University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1970. He earned his medical degree from the University of Illinois in 1974.
He operated on Senator Edward Kennedy, journalist Robert Novak and author Reynolds Price.


Roswell Lee Evans

Roswell Lee Evans, originally from Georgia, is the former Dean of the Harrison School of Pharmacy at Auburn University and an alleged expert on the use of the benzodiazepine midazolam for carrying out the death penalty.
"Glossip v. Gross".
Beginning in April 2015, Evans' credibility and qualifications as an expert witness became heavily criticized when the case of "Glossip v. Gross" went before the Supreme Court of the United States of America. At this time, it was revealed that over 150 pages of his report he provided in his testimony came directly from the consumer website Drugs.com.
Many have also criticized Evans’ opinion as an expert on midazolam due to his testimony regarding of the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. Evans testified that:
"“Midazolam attaches to GABA receptors, inhibiting GABA… that's what generates the clinical effect or the pharmacological effect from midazolam and all the other benzodiazepine drugs” and further stated “GABA receptors are responsible for anxiety disorders. So when you basically inhibit GABA, you basically begin to control those kind of symptoms”".
These statements drew criticism as they describe the exact opposite of benzodiazepines, which actually work by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter "gamma"-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor. By enhancing the effects of GABA, benzodiazepines use results in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects.


Russell Church

Russell M. Church (born 1930) is an American psychologist, He is the Edgar L. Marston Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Brown University, having formerly served as the Charles Pitts Robinson and John Palmer Barstow Professor from 1993 to 1999.
Church received his A.B. from the University of Michigan in 1952 and his A.M. and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1954 and 1956.


Recovery Audit Contractor

The Recovery Audit Contractor, or RAC, program was created through the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) to identify and recover improper Medicare payments paid to healthcare providers under fee-for-service (FFS) . The United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is required by law to make the program permanent for all states by January 1, 2010 under section 302 of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006.
History.
In section 306 of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, the United States Congress directed the DHHS to conduct a three-year demonstration program to detect and correct improper payments in the Medicare FFS program. DHHS, through its Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) branch, began the program in 2005, using Recovery Audit Contractors to perform the actual work of reviewing, auditing, and identifying improper Medicare payments. At the inception of the program, it focused on Medicare payments in the states of California, New York, and Florida. The program eventually expanded to Massachusetts and South Carolina before ending in March 2007. By the end of the demonstration, the program had recovered nearly $693.6M on behalf of CMS.
Jurisdictions.
The RAC program divides the United States into four jurisdictions (regions A through D), each comprising approximately one quarter of the country, and contracts are awarded for each region. Diversified Collection Services audits region A, CGI Group region B, Connolly, Inc region C, and HealthDataInsights region D. Each RAC may subcontract portions of its region. PRG Shultz subcontracts for portions of regions A, B and D. iHealth Technologies and Strategic Health Solutions are also subcontractors for region A, while Viant is a subcontractor for region C.
RACs are also active in other than government industries. Large players in this field are Connolly, PRGX and Transparent.


Archigenes

Archigenes (), an ancient Greco-Syrian physician, who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.
Archigenes was the most celebrated of the sect of the Eclectici, and was a native of Apamea in Syria; he practiced at Rome in the time of Trajan, 98-117, where he enjoyed a very high reputation for his professional skill. He is, however, reprobated as having been fond of introducing new and obscure terms into the science, and having attempted to give to medical writings a dialectic form, which produced rather the appearance than the reality of accuracy. Archigenes published a treatise on the pulse, on which Galen wrote a "Commentary"; it appears to have contained a number of minute and subtle distinctions, many of which have no real existence, and were for the most part the result rather of a preconceived hypothesis than of actual observation; and the same remark may be applied to an arrangement which he proposed of fevers.
Archigenes, however, not only enjoyed a considerable degree of the public confidence during his lifetime, but left behind him a number of disciples, who for many years maintained a respectable rank in their profession. The name of the father of Archigenes was Philippus; he was a pupil of Agathinus, whose life he once saved; and he died at the age either of 63 or 83.
The titles of several of Archigenes' works are preserved, of which, however, nothing but a few fragments remain; some of these have been preserved by other ancient authors, and some are still in manuscript in the King's Library at Paris. By some writers he is considered to have belonged to the sect of the Pneumatici.
Archigenes is mentioned several times by Juvenal, in his "Satires".


Harvard Ambulance Service

Harvard Ambulance Service (HMS) is a volunteer municipal emergency medical service organization, providing emergency basic life support services to the town of Harvard, Massachusetts.


North Devon Hospice

The North Devon Hospice is a charity based in Barnstaple, Devon, England, established in 1984 providing palliative care.
It operates a hospice in Barnstaple and palliative home care. It is developing a new base in the grounds of the Holsworthy Medical Centre.
In 2014, it won the UK Charity of the Year award.
In 2020 and 2021, 11-year-old Max Woosey from Braunton, raised more than £130,000 for the hospice, which had cared for his late neighbour Rick, by camping in his back garden for nearly 300 days.


Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system "in vitro", "in situ", and "in vivo". Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, who advanced studies on immunology and received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908. He pinned small thorns into starfish larvae and noticed unusual cells surrounding the thorns. This was the active response of the body trying to maintain its integrity. It was Mechnikov who first observed the phenomenon of phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body.
Prior to the designation of immunity, from the etymological root "immunis", which is Latin for "exempt", early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs, including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissues, can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ, but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.
Classical immunology.
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.
The immune system has the capability of self and non-self-recognition. An antigen is a substance that ignites the immune response. The cells involved in recognizing the antigen are Lymphocytes. Once they recognize, they secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that neutralize the disease-causing microorganisms. Antibodies do not directly kill pathogens, but instead, identify antigens as targets for destruction by other immune cells such as phagocytes or NK cells.
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (antibody generators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
It is now getting clear that the immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, there are direct implications of the immune system in the infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and helminth infestations) as well. Hence, research in the field of immunology is of prime importance for the advancements in the fields of modern medicine, biomedical research, and biotechnology.
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
Clinical immunology.
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories:
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent the immune system's attempts to destroy allografts (transplant rejection).
Developmental immunology.
The body’s capability to react to antigens depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like "Staphylococcus" and "Pseudomonas". In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. These antibodies are transferred from the placenta to the fetus using the FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor). Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA do not cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly, the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six and nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-estradiol (an estrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Estradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids not only act directly on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
The female sex hormone 17-β-estradiol has been shown to regulate the level of immunological response, while some male androgens such as testosterone seem to suppress the stress response to infection. Other androgens, however, such as DHEA, increase immune response. As in females, the male sex hormones seem to have more control of the immune system during puberty and post-puberty than during the rest of a male's adult life.
Physical changes during puberty such as thymic involution also affect immunological response.
Ecoimmunology and behavioural immunity.
Ecoimmunology, or ecological immunology, explores the relationship between the immune system of an organism and its social, biotic and abiotic environment.
More recent ecoimmunological research has focused on host pathogen defences traditionally considered "non-immunological", such as pathogen avoidance, self-medication, symbiont-mediated defenses, and fecundity trade-offs. Behavioural immunity, a phrase coined by Mark Schaller, specifically refers to psychological pathogen avoidance drivers, such as disgust aroused by stimuli encountered around pathogen-infected individuals, such as the smell of vomit. More broadly, "behavioural" ecological immunity has been demonstrated in multiple species. For example, the Monarch butterfly often lays its eggs on certain toxic milkweed species when infected with parasites. These toxins reduce parasite growth in the offspring of the infected Monarch. However, when uninfected Monarch butterflies are forced to feed only on these toxic plants, they suffer a fitness cost as reduced lifespan relative to other uninfected Monarch butterflies. This indicates that laying eggs on toxic plants is a costly behaviour in Monarchs which has probably evolved to reduce the severity of parasite infection.
Symbiont-mediated defenses are also heritable across host generations, despite a non-genetic direct basis for the transmission. Aphids, for example, rely on several different symbionts for defense from key parasites, and can vertically transmit their symbionts from parent to offspring. Therefore, a symbiont that successfully confers protection from a parasite is more likely to be passed to the host offspring, allowing coevolution with parasites attacking the host in a way similar to traditional immunity.
Immunotherapy.
The use of immune system components or antigens to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used to treat allergies, autoimmune disorders such as Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and certain cancers. Immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as HIV patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies.
This includes regulating factors such as IL-2, IL-10, GM-CSF B, IFN-α.
Diagnostic immunology.
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made the antibody an excellent tool for the detection of substances by a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with an isotopic (radio) or fluorescent label or with a color-forming enzyme in order to detect it. However, the similarity between some antigens can lead to false positives and other errors in such tests by antibodies cross-reacting with antigens that are not exact matches.
Cancer immunology.
The study of the interaction of the immune system with cancer cells can lead to diagnostic tests and therapies with which to find and fight cancer. The immunology concerned with physiological reaction characteristic of the immune state.
Reproductive immunology.
This area of the immunology is devoted to the study of immunological aspects of the reproductive process including fetus acceptance. The term has also been used by fertility clinics to address fertility problems, recurrent miscarriages, premature deliveries and dangerous complications such as pre-eclampsia.
Theoretical immunology.
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism's "humors" rather than its cells.
In the mid-1950s, Macfarlane Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
More recently, several theoretical frameworks have been suggested in immunology, including "autopoietic" views, "cognitive immune" views, the "danger model" (or "danger theory"), and the "discontinuity" theory. The danger model, suggested by Polly Matzinger and colleagues, has been very influential, arousing many comments and discussions.


Abraham Manie Adelstein

Abraham Manie "Abe" Adelstein (28 March 1916 – 18 October 1992) was a South African born doctor who became the United Kingdom's Chief Medical Statistician.
Career.
Adelstein was the fourth of five children (four boys and one girl) of Nathan Adelstein, a miller, and Rosie Cohen, Jewish immigrants from Latvia to South Africa.
After graduating from the University of Witwatersrand and doing military service, Adelstein worked as a Health Officer (research and medical statistics) at South African Railways, 1947–61. He spent 1951–53 studying at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He returned to South African Railways as the Director of Research and Medical Statistics.
Moving to England in 1961, he became
David Adelstein, one of his sons, was an active student politician at L.S.E. during the 1960s; he was President of LSE Students' Union during the famous protests in 1967. Both father and son were active politically on the left-wing and in anti-Apartheid politics.


Bruno Cremer

Bruno Jean Marie Cremer (6 October 1929 – 7 August 2010) was a French actor best known for portraying Jules Maigret on French television, from 1991 to 2005.
Origins.
Bruno Cremer was born in Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne, in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. His mother, Jeanne Rullaert, a musician, was of Belgian Flemish origin and his father, Georges, was a businessman from Lille who, though born French, had taken out Belgian nationality after the French armed forces refused to accept him for service in the First World War. Bruno himself opted for French nationality when he reached the age of 18. His childhood was largely spent in Paris.
Bruno attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school. Having completed his secondary studies, he followed an interest in acting which had interested him since the age of 12 and trained in acting from 1952 at France's highly selective "Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique" (English: "French National Academy of Dramatic Arts").
Career.
His career began with ten years spent acting in live theatre, playing roles drawn from works of Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde and Jean Anouilh. Aged already 30, he created the role of Thomas Becket in the 1959 world premiere of Anouilh's "Becket", and held Anouilh in veneration all his life. Later Cremer played Max in a French production of "Bent" by Martin Sherman in 1981. He regarded his basic profession as that of a stage actor, though he gravitated firmly to films.
It was in 1957 that Cremer had his first credited part in a film, " Quand la femme s'en mêle" ("When a woman meddles"), which starred Alain Delon. However, it was in 1965 that Cremer's career really began to prosper, with the film "La 317e section", ("The 317th Platoon"), directed by Pierre Schoendoerffer and set in Indochina during the French colonial wars. From then onwards, Cremer became a popular actor and appeared in over 110 productions for cinema and television.
While Cremer tried to avoid labels and typecasting, he tended to be offered tough-guy roles, often military men. Examples from various points in his career include "Section spéciale" (1975), "La légion saute sur Kolwezi" (1980) and "Là-haut, un roi au-dessus des nuages" (2004).
"Special Section" (French original title: "Section spéciale"), released in 1975, is about a kangaroo court set up in collaborationist Vichy France to ensure judicial convictions of innocent people so as to mollify the Nazis. A French language film directed by the Greek-French film director Costa-Gavras, it features Cremer as Lucien Sampaix, a Communist-leaning journalist.
The 1980 film "La légion saute sur Kolwezi" (English "Operation Leopard"), directed by Raoul Coutard, is a documentary-style portrayal of a real-life operation headed by the French Foreign Legion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1978 to rescue foreign hostages. Cremer plays a military commander.
Pierre Schoendoerffer’s 2004 film "Là-haut, un roi au-dessus des nuages" ("Above the Clouds"), based on his own novel, "Là-haut". Cremer played the Colonel.
Some 30 other film parts of Cremer included releases by both French and foreign directors. In 1967, for example, came the film "The Stranger" (Italian: "Lo straniero"), directed by Italian director Luchino Visconti, based on the novel "L'Étranger" by Albert Camus, and starring Marcello Mastroianni.
The 1976 release "The Good and the Bad" (French "Le Bon et les Méchants") was directed by Claude Lelouch, with Cremer playing Inspector Bruno Deschamps.
The next year, 1977, came the thriller "Sorcerer" (French "Le Convoi de la peur"), based on Georges Arnaud’s novel "Le Salaire de la peur" and directed by a William Friedkin fresh from the successes of "The French Connection" (1971) and "The Exorcist" (1973). In "Sorcerer", Cremer played the fraudulent Paris banker Victor Manzon, starring alongside Roy Scheider. In 1989 Cremer starred in Jean-Claude Brisseau’s film drama "White Wedding" (French "Noce Blanche") with Vanessa Paradis.
From 1991, he became a universally known figure in France and elsewhere for his televised portrayal of George Simenon's Commissaire Maigret, a role he played until 2005, totalling 54 episodes. During this period his cinema film commitments were few, though he did appear in 2000 with Charlotte Rampling in "Under the Sand", written and directed by François Ozon, in 2001 in José Giovanni's "Mon père, il m'a sauvé la vie", and in 2004 in Pierre Schoendoerffer’s "Là-haut, un roi au-dessus des nuages" ("Above the Clouds").
In 2005, in the final episode of the "Maigret" series, his voice was doubled by that of Vincent Grass in "Maigret et l'Étoile du Nord": Cremer was suffering from the throat cancer that made him decide to end his career.
Later years.
Cremer was made an officer of the Légion d’honneur in 2008.
An inveterate smoker of "Punch" brand cigars, he died of a cancer of the tongue and the pharynx from which he had suffered for several years, in a Paris hospital on Saturday, 8 August 2010, aged 80. His funeral service was held in Paris on 13 August 2010 at the church of Saint Thomas of Aquinas, in the VIIth arrondissement. He is buried in the Montparnasse cemetery, Paris.
His part autobiography appeared in 2000 under the title, "Un certain jeune homme" ("A certain young man"). In it he covered not the whole of his life, but only his early career, until the death of his father.
Married twice, Cremer had a son, Stéphane, by his first wife, and by his second wife, Chantal, whom he married in 1984, two daughters, Constance and Marie-Clementine.


Carl von Arensdorff

Carl von Arenstorff (1625–1676) was an officer born in Mecklenburg, who served with the Swedish, Danish and Dutch armies. He was a brother of Friedrich von Arenstorff.
Military career.
Carl von Arenstorff served with the Swedish king Charles X Gustav during the Second Northern War.
Arenstorff distinguished himself as an excellent cavalry officer and was promoted Major General. He was dismissed from the Swedish army on his own request.
In 1673 he entered service with the Danish king Christian V and was a member of the king's council (Geheimeråd).
When the Scanian War began he was temporarily in Dutch pay and was called back to Denmark. He became Commander-in-Chief of the Danish army in Scania when Duke Holstein-Pløn was dismissed on 1 October 1676, after having differences with the King. Although he had been a successful cavalry officer, he performed poorly as a commander when compared to his predecessor. Disagreements in the kings council led to poor planning of vital parts of the deciding battle on Swedish ground.
Carl von Arenstorff was badly wounded by a bullet to his right arm at the initial phase of the Battle of Lund. He was shipped to Copenhagen but died from gangrene on 10 December 1676. In the king's correspondence hence after, Carl von Arenstorff was praised posthumously for his service.