Freddie Stowers

Freddie Stowers (January 12, 1896 – September 28, 1918) was an African-American corporal in the United States Army who was killed in action during World War I while serving in an American unit under French command. Over 70 years later, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor and Purple Heart for his actions.
Early life and induction into the Army.
Stowers was born in Sandy Springs, South Carolina, the grandson of an enslaved person. Before the war, he worked as a farmhand. He married a woman named Pearl, with whom he had one daughter, Minnie Lee.
Stowers was drafted into the Army in 1917, and assigned to Company C, 1st Battalion of the segregated U.S. 371st Infantry Regiment, originally part of the 93d Infantry Division (Colored).
While the United States had established permanent African-American military units in 1866, these did not participate in the American Expeditionary Force; a peacetime role as frontier police and cavalry experts was gradually devolving into labor duties, the fate of many black troops in the world wars, despite the protests of some officers and organizations like the NAACP. Some of these "Buffalo Soldiers", as they were nicknamed, did participate in a border skirmish with Mexican troops accompanied by German military advisors near Nogales.
By contrast, Stowers was part of a new division that, by the end of the war, included a commissioned African-American officer, and saw sustained combat. Due to compromises with the institutionalized racism of the day, this combat did not take place under American command: although his unit had arrived in France as part of the American Expeditionary Force, Stowers' regiment, like the others in the division, was seconded to the 157th French Army "Red Hand Division", badly in need of reinforcement, under the command of the General Mariano Goybet.
The assault on "Côte" 188.
Early on the morning of September 28, 1918, Stowers' company was ordered to assault "Côte" 188, a tall, heavily defended hill overlooking a farm near Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles, in the Ardennes region of France. At first, the German defenders offered stiff resistance, bombarding the Americans with mortars, raking them with machine guns, and keeping up steady rifle fire. The advance was not halted, however; with the Americans steadily gaining ground, and the Germans communicated their surrender with verbal and hand signals. This proved to be a ruse, and as Company C drew near the German trenches, the machine guns opened up again. Within minutes, the company's strength was reduced by half. The lieutenant commanding Stowers' platoon went down, followed by the more senior noncommissioned officers. Corporal Stowers, trained to lead a section of a rifle squad, was now in command of a battered and demoralized platoon.
Stowers began crawling toward a German machine gun nest and shouted for his men to follow. The platoon successfully reached the first German trench line and reduced the machine guns by enfilade fire. Stowers then reorganized his force and led a charge against the second German line of trenches. During this assault, Stowers was struck by an enemy machine gun, but kept going until he was struck a second time. He collapsed from loss of blood, but ordered his men not to be discouraged and to keep going and take out the German guns. Inspired by Stowers' courage, the men forged ahead and successfully drove the Germans from the hill and into the plain below. Stowers, meanwhile, succumbed to his wounds on "Côte" 188. He is buried, along with 133 of his comrades, at the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial east of the village of Romagne-sous-Montfaucon.
Medal of Honor.
Shortly after his death, Stowers was recommended for the Medal of Honor; however, this recommendation was never processed. Three other black soldiers were recommended for Medals of Honor, but were instead awarded the next highest award, the Distinguished Service Cross. This decision may have partly been motivated by racism; however, the criteria for the Medal of Honor were becoming stricter during this time period, partly due to a perception that it was being awarded too frequently, especially to members of the Army, while members of the naval services could receive one of two different medals, both called the Medal of Honor. Marine officer Smedley Butler, for instance, might have received three or four, instead of two, total Medals of Honor, or he might have received only one, if the actions for which they were awarded had occurred only a few years earlier or later than they did. Many possibly deserving whites and persons of color were denied medals, while some possibly less deserving people received them. In Stowers' case, the official position is that his recommendation was "misplaced," which is plausible given that the other three MOH recommendations for black soldiers were at least processed, even if the decision to award the DSC remains controversial and possibly racism-related.
In 1990, at the instigation of Congress, the Department of the Army conducted a review and the Stowers recommendation was uncovered. Subsequently, a team was dispatched to France to investigate the circumstances of Stowers' death. Based on information collected by this team, the Army Decorations Board approved the award of the Medal of Honor. On April 24, 1991—seventy-three years after he was killed in action, Stowers' surviving sisters, Georgina and Mary, received the medal from President George H.W. Bush at the White House.
Legacy.
Lieutenant Colonel Taylor Voorhis Beattie, in his article for the magazine "Military History," compared Stowers to the famous World War I soldier, Sergeant Alvin York. Both were poor, semi-literate southern farm boys who were drafted into the U.S. Army and earned the Medal of Honor for their extraordinary and inspirational courage under fire on the Western Front. York, however, survived the war and returned home to national acclamation; while Stowers made the ultimate sacrifice for his country, but remained an obscure figure who was not given his due until nearly a century after his death.
If Stowers is forgotten today, this lesson was not. The outcome of the Stowers review led to a new Army study in 1992, which found that several African American and other minority Distinguished Cross recipients from World War II were actually deserving of Medals of Honor that were not awarded because of bias on the part of the Decorations Board. Their DSCs were upgraded to Medals of Honor which were presented to living recipients (Vernon Baker) or their next of kin by President Bill Clinton.
Stowers Elementary School on Fort Benning, Georgia, and the Corporal Freddie Stowers Single Soldier Billeting Complex on Fort Jackson, South Carolina, are both named in his honor.
Medal of Honor citation.
Stowers' Medal of Honor citation reads:
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor posthumously to
Corporal Freddie Stowers
United States Army
Citation:
Cpl. Stowers, distinguished himself by exceptional heroism on September 28, 1918 while serving as a squad leader in Company C, 371st Infantry Regiment, 93d Infantry Division. His company was the lead company during the attack on Hill 188, Champagne Marne Sector, France, during World War I. A few minutes after the attack began, the enemy ceased firing and began climbing up onto the parapets of the trenches, holding up their arms as if wishing to surrender. The enemy's actions caused the American forces to cease fire and to come out into the open. As the company started forward and when within about 100 meters of the trench line, the enemy jumped back into their trenches and greeted Corporal Stowers' company with interlocking bands of machine-gun fire and mortar fire causing well over fifty percent casualties. Faced with incredible enemy resistance, Cpl. Stowers took charge, setting such a courageous example of personal bravery and leadership that he inspired his men to follow him in the attack. With extraordinary heroism and complete disregard of personal danger under devastating fire, he crawled forward leading his squad toward an enemy machine-gun nest, which was causing heavy casualties to his company. After fierce fighting, the machine-gun position was destroyed and the enemy soldiers were killed. Displaying great courage and intrepidity Cpl. Stowers continued to press the attack against a determined enemy. While crawling forward and urging his men to continue the attack on a second trench line, he was gravely wounded by machine-gun fire. Although Cpl. Stowers was mortally wounded, he pressed forward, urging on the members of his squad, until he died. Inspired by the heroism and display of bravery of Cpl. Stowers, his company continued the attack against incredible odds, contributing to the capture of Hill 188 and causing heavy enemy casualties. Cpl. Stowers' conspicuous gallantry, extraordinary heroism, and supreme devotion to his men were well above and beyond the call of duty, follow the finest traditions of military service, and reflect the utmost credit on him and the United States Army.
/S/ "George H. W. Bush"


2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 2nd Panzer Division () was an armoured division in the German Army, the Heer, during World War II.
Created as one of the original three German tank divisions in 1935, it was stationed in Austria after the Anschluss and then participated in the campaigns in Poland (1939) and France (1940) before it returned to Poland for occupation duties (1940–1941). It took part in the Balkans campaign (1941) and then transferred to the Eastern Front in September 1941.
The division fought with Army Group Centre in the battles of Moscow (1941) and Kursk (1943). After heavy losses on the Eastern Front it was sent to France for rehabilitation (1944). It fought in Normandy and was almost completely destroyed in the Falaise Pocket (1944). It was rebuilt once more and fought in the Battle of the Bulge (1944) and in the defence of the Rhine (1945), surrendering to US forces at war's end.
History.
Formation.
The 2nd Panzer Division was formed on 15 October 1935 and was headquartered in Würzburg, Bavaria. It was one of three tank divisions created at the time, the other two having been the 1st and 3rd Panzer Division. Germany had renounced the Treaty of Versailles earlier in the year which had forbidden the country, among other things, from having tank forces, a treaty Germany had violated almost from the start by secretly developing tanks and operating a covert tank school in the Soviet Union.
Under the command of Heinz Guderian the division participated in the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, covering in 48 hours but in the process losing 30 percent of its tanks to accidents and mechanical failures. It formed part of the garrison in Vienna, Austria's capital with most of its personnel now recruited from former Austria.
Invasion of Poland.
In early September 1939, the 2nd Panzer Division took part in the invasion of Poland, crossing the Polish-Slowak border and advancing towards Kraków. The division suffered heavy losses while fighting in central Poland.
Battle of France.
In May 1940, the unit took part in the Battle of France as a part of the XIX Army Corps under the command of Guderian. The division was involved in fighting in Belgium and the Mosel River valley. It arrived in the town of Abbeville on the 20th.
The division advanced on Boulogne and was involved in a battle with the under-equipped French 48th Regiment on 22 May. Having overcome the defenders, the 2nd Panzers made a direct attack on the port itself which was in complete chaos. Later, the division formed the armoured element which flanked the British Expeditionary Force and forced their evacuation from Dunkirk. The 2nd Panzer Division then advanced along the River Aisne into the interior of France. At the end of the campaign in the last months of 1940, the Division lost its 4th Panzer Regiment which was used as the basis for the soon-to-be-formed 13th Panzer Division.
Invasion of Greece.
The division was reassigned to the XVIII Mountain Corps of the 12th Army on 6 April 1941 to play a role in Operation Marita, the invasion of Greece. The German army pushed through the south of Yugoslavia, reaching the Greek border, where they made contact with the 19th Greek Mechanized Division in the area of Lake Dojran. On 9 April the division took the city of Salonika and forced the surrender of the Greek Eastern Macedonia Army Section.
The division, together with the 5th Mountain Division, the 6th Mountain Division and the 72nd Infantry Division, formed an attack group with the mission of advancing into the south of Greece. After the 6th Division had taken Verroia and formed a river crossing beachhead on the other side of the River Haliacmon, the 2nd Panzer Division crossed, taking Katerini on 14 April. After the Battle of Thermopylae, the 2nd Panzer Division entered Athens together with the 6th Mountain Division.
At the end of the campaign the 2nd Panzer Division returned to Vienna for refitting, with parts of the division transported by sea and suffering heavy losses when the transport ships "Marburg" and "Kybfels" hits mines (laid by HMS "Abdiel") and sank.
Invasion of the Soviet Union.
In October 1941, the 2nd Panzer Division was sent to the Eastern Front, reinforcing Army Group Centre in their push towards Moscow, Operation Typhoon. It was attached to the XL Panzer Corps (later to the V Army Corps of the 4th Panzer Army during the Battle of Moscow). On November 16, the units of the division attacked the soviet positions where "Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen" were supposed to be. The division retreated following a counterattack of the Red Army in the winter of 1941, taking part in various battles as a component in the 9th German Army during the first months of 1942. In 1943 the 2nd Panzer Division took part in Operation Citadel, as part of the XLVII Panzer Corps of the 9th German Army of Army Group Centre. Following the operation's failure, the Red Army launched Operation Kutuzov in Army Group's Center's sector. The division retreated, suffering heavy losses, having also lost two of its three tank battalions earlier in 1942 when they were send to the southern sector of the front to assist with the German push towards the Volga and Caucasus.
Battle of Normandy.
In late 1943 the 2nd Panzer Division was sent to France for refitting after the heavy losses it suffered on the Eastern Front. The division was equipped with Panther tanks. Following the invasion of Normandy, the division was moved to Normandy in June 1944; it engaged British troops of the 50th Infantry Division and the 7th Armoured Division. From June 6 until mid July the division stood in the Caumont area engaged in daily skirmishes with British units. During Operation Epsom a group of 6 Panther tanks of the Pz.Rg.3 was used for a counterattack to take Cheux but that attack failed and 5 of their tanks were lost. Although the 2nd Panzer Division was very experienced the German doctrine overall was flawed and couldn't be exploited in Normandy. All German Panzer divisions in Normandy suffered severe defeats when counterattacking. The Division was relieved at Caumont by the 326th Infantry Division and sent to the Verrières ridge southwest of Caen. During the Canadian Operation Spring a Kampfgruppe from the division (Kampfgruppe Sterz) was sent to reinforce the 272nd Infantry division at St.Andre sur Orne and St.Martin. The Kampfgruppe took St.Martin, destroying The Black Watch in the process and got involved in street fighting in St.Andre sur Orne. Kampfgruppe Zollhöfer of the 9th SS Panzer Division took over and struck towards Point 67. After Operation Spring 2nd Panzer was sent to the US sector to help in halting Operation Cobra. They could stop the drive of the US 2nd AD for a moment but were too weak to cover the whole front. The division retreated and with its last 25 tanks it took part in Operation Luttich, the failed German counterattack at Mortain. It was later encircled in the Falaise pocket, but broke out with heavy losses in materiel and troops. At Falaise it was responsible for taking and holding St-Lambert-sur-Dive but was only able to take one part of the village. Nevertheless due to the efforts of the 2nd Panzer Division other German units, notably the 10th and the 12th SS, were able to cross the bridge over the Dives and escape eastwards. The division was reorganised in Germany, absorbing the depleted 352nd Infantry Division. Due to the shortage in materiel, the division's complement of tanks was significantly reduced. Some tank companies only had assault guns, although one battalion received Panther tanks.
Battle of the Bulge.
The division was sent to the Western Front and attached to XLVII Panzer Corps, 5th Panzer Army which was preparing for the German offensive in the Ardennes region of Belgium (the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944). On the eve of battle, 2nd Panzer was about full strength, with 27 Panzer IVs, 58 Panthers, and 48 StuG III assault guns in the division tank parks. During the attack, 2nd Panzer drove towards the crucial road junction of Bastogne. However, Bastogne was quickly reinforced by the veteran 101st Airborne Division. Attacks against the town failed. On 18 December, in accordance with the original plan, 2nd Panzer was directed toward the Meuse River, but was unable to reach the Meuse, as American reinforcements threatened its flanks and supply line. Its vanguard got to 4 km from the Meuse, where on 24 December they were stopped by the U.S. 2nd Armored Division and the British 3rd Royal Tank Regiment. 2nd Panzer was forced to retreat by fierce American counterattacks and lack of petrol.
Battle of the Rhine.
Now operating at an extremely reduced effectiveness, in the spring of 1945 the 2nd Panzer Division took part in the Battle of the Rhineland. In this, the Wehrmacht tried to halt the passage of the Allies across the River Rhine, and the Division assisted as a component of the XIII Army Corps, of the 7th German Army, Heeresgruppe B.
The final engagement of the unit was at the city of Fulda in April 1945. The division surrendered in Saxony and north-western Czechoslovakia to the US forces on 7 May 1945.
Commanders.
The commanders of the division:
Organisation.
The organisation of the division:


Marvin Herman Shoob

Marvin Herman Shoob (February 23, 1923 – June 12, 2017) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
Education and career.
Born in Walterboro, South Carolina, Shoob was in the United States Army during World War II, from 1942 to 1945, becoming a Sergeant. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of Georgia School of Law in 1948. He was in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia from 1948 to 1979.
Federal judicial service.
On June 5, 1979, Shoob was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 23, 1979, and received his commission on July 24, 1979. He assumed senior status on September 30, 1991. He took inactive senior status on February 23, 2016, serving in that capacity until his death on June 12, 2017, at his home in Atlanta, Georgia.


Order of battle at Chorrillos

This is the order of battle for the Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos in 1881 during the War of the Pacific.
Chilean Operations Army.
Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army: GLD Manuel Baquedano González (37)
"Total strength: 23,179 men"
I Division.
Commodore Patricio Lynch Solo de Zaldívar, Chilean Navy (6)
Chief of Staff: Col. Gregorio Urrutia, Chilean Army (15)
"Strength: 9.295 men"
II Division.
Col. Emilio Sotomayor Baeza
"Strength: 5,970 men"
III Division.
Col. Pedro Lagos
"Strength: "
Reserve.
Col. Aristides Martínez
"Strength: "
Peruvian Army.
Supreme Commander in Chief: President Nicolás de Piérola
North Army.
Gen. Ramón Vargas Machuca
I Army Corps.
Col. Manuel Iglesias
II Army Corps.
Col. Belisario Suarez
Center Army.
Col. Juan Nepomuceno Vargas
III Army Corps.
Col. Justo Pastor Dávila
IV Army Corps.
Col. Andrés Avelino Cáceres


Corniculary

A corniculary () or cornicular was an officer of the Roman legions who served as the adjutant to a centurion, so named for wearing a cornicule ("corniculum"), a small, horn-shaped badge.


Order of battle of the Chindits

The Order of battle of the Chindits, an Allied "special force" which carried out two deep penetration raids behind Japanese line during the Burma campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II
First Chindit expedition, 1943, codenamed Operation Longcloth.
Headquarters 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Deception party
No. 1 Group (Southern)
No. 2 Group (Northern)
HQ Group (Burma Rifles)
Second Chindit expedition, 1944, codenamed Operation Thursday.
Headquarters 3rd Indian Infantry Division
Thunder 3rd West African Brigade
(From disbanded 70th British Infantry Division );
Javelin British 14th Infantry Brigade
Enterprise British 16th Infantry Brigade
Emphasis 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Profound 111th Indian Infantry Brigade
Morris Force
Dah Force
Bladet (Blain's Detachment)
Royal Artillery Supporting non-mobile units designed to defend Chindit Jungle Fortresses.
Support Units
Divisional Support Troops
Galahad 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) US Army
23rd British Infantry Brigade


Animal (audio drama)

Animal is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who".
Plot.
The Doctor and UNIT investigate a science laboratory at Margrave University, 2001.
Critical reception.
Matt Michael reviewed the play favourably for "Doctor Who Magazine". Paul Simpson of "Sci-Fi Bulletin" was more restrained, calling it a "throwback" to the late 1980s. Both the reviewers noted the inclusion of Cartmelisms, particularly animal rights, although Michael found that this was handled more subtly than might have been expected.


Mine Run campaign Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Mine Run campaign (November 27–December 2, 1863) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization from October 31, 1863, the casualty returns and the reports.
Army of Northern Virginia.
Gen Robert E. Lee
Second Corps.
MG Jubal A. Early
Third Corps.
LTG Ambrose P. Hill
Cavalry Corps.
MG J.E.B. Stuart
Reserve artillery.
BG William N. Pendleton


Donald W. Nicholson

Donald William Nicholson (August 11, 1888 – February 16, 1968) was an American politician from the state of Massachusetts.
Early life.
Born in Wareham, Massachusetts, Nicholson attended the public schools and took college extension courses. He first worked as a salesman before serving in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919. He served in the 236th Prisoner of War Escort Company Army Service Corps and rose to the rank of sergeant.
Career.
Returning to Massachusetts, he entered politics and served as selectman, assessor, and overseer of the poor in Wareham from 1920 to 1925. He served as a delegate to all Republican state conventions from 1924 to 1947; served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1925 and 1926; as a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1926 to 1947, and as president of the state senate in 1946 and 1947. He was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative Charles L. Gifford, and reelected to the five succeeding Congresses (November 18, 1947 – January 3, 1959). Nicholson voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
Personal life.
Nicholson retired to his home in Wareham, remaining there until his death on February 16, 1968; he is buried in Center Cemetery.
In 1964 a bridge in Wareham was named after Nicholson.


34th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 34th Brigade was a formation of the British Army. It was one of the New Army (or Kitchener's Army) brigades, and assigned to the 11th (Northern) Division. It served on the Western Front during the First World War.


Jagdgeschwader 233

"Jagdgeschwader" 233 was a fighter wing of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe in World War II.


Year of the Gun (film)

Year of the Gun is a 1991 American thriller film directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Andrew McCarthy, Sharon Stone and Valeria Golino.
Plot.
In 1978, David Raybourne is an American novelist who lives in Rome and works as a journalist in a small English-language newspaper. He is romantically involved with Lia, the estranged wife of an Italian Industrialist, and befriended by Italo Bianchi, a politically left-leaning lecturer at a Rome university.
The story happens against the backdrop of politically charged atmosphere and student unrest, in which the infamous Red Brigades commit their spate of violent attacks which rocked northern Italy in the 1970s, culminating in the kidnapping and later murder of Aldo Moro, former Italian Prime Minister.
As part of a plan to write a commercial novel and raise money to marry and support Lia in the style to which she is accustomed, Raybourne researches the activities and organization of the Red Brigades. He writes the draft of a novel, realistic but fictitious, with the plot centered on the kidnapping of a central political figure by the Red Brigades. During this time Raybourne meets a beautiful and sexually provocative young photojournalist, Alison King. She is eager for a news story and is introduced by Raybourne to Bianchi. Alison becomes convinced that Raybourne knows something about the Red Brigades and is hiding a potential scoop from her, so after a sexual dalliance she searches his apartment and finds Raybourne's novel draft. She brings this to the attention of Bianchi who, despite his mild manner and seemingly moderate politics, is actually collaborating with the Red Brigades. He delivers the draft to a Red Brigades contact and the similarity of his fictitious plot to their actual kidnap plans causes them to conclude that their plans have been leaked. Raybourne realizes he is being hunted when the Brigades shoot his boss Pierre Bernier dead at the newspaper office, moments before Raybourne himself arrives. He then attempts to escape with Alison with the aid of Lia.
It turns out that Lia is even more deeply involved with the Red Brigades than Bianchi, and after a chase, Raybourne and Alison are captured. They are held while the kidnapping of Aldo Moro takes place. After this is achieved, the Brigades leadership accuses Lia of the leak and shoots her for her apparent betrayal right before Raybourne's and Alison's eyes. They force Alison to photograph the body and instruct Raybourne to publicize the story as a warning to any future traitors.
Raybourne is interviewed on American television regarding the successful publication of a now non-fiction book about the Red Brigades and his contact with them, with a postscript saying that Moro was found shot to death in the trunk of a car nearly two months after his kidnapping.
Reception.
The film received mixed reviews. "New York Times" film critic Janet Maslin, criticized the transition from book to film by saying, "But the plot, from a screenplay by David Ambrose based on Michael Mewshaw's book, turns out to be dizzyingly overcomplicated, and far too much of it hinges on the American journalist's supposed power to make trouble with his novel, which he says will be a "Day of the Jackal"-like mixture of real and fictitious characters. It is this journalist's advance knowledge of the plot to kidnap Aldo Moro, a former Italian Prime Minister, that makes so many waves."
Siskel & Ebert were divided, Siskel giving the film a thumbs-down, Ebert a thumbs-up. In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times Ebert gave it 3 out of 4 and wrote: "Frankenheimer's palette is perfectly suited to this material. The grays and browns of his autumn Rome, and the wet skies above it, cast a kind of weary le Carreian gloom over the landscape."
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from 7 critics.


Truman Kimbro

Truman Carol Kimbro (May 27, 1919 – December 19, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.
Biography.
Kimbro was drafted into the Army from Houston, Texas in December 1941, just a few days before the attack on Pearl Harbor. By December 19, 1944 he was serving as a technician fourth grade in Company C, 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division. On that day, he was assigned to lead a squad in the mining of a crossroads near Rocherath, Belgium. Finding that the area was covered by enemy forces, he left his men in a protected position and went forward alone. Although wounded on his approach, he continued on his mission and successfully laid mines across the road before being killed by enemy fire. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor five months later, on May 24, 1945.
Kimbro was buried at the Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery in Henri-Chapelle, Belgium. His grave can be located in Plot F Row 6 Grave 28.
Medal of Honor citation.
Technician Fourth Grade Kimbro's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On 19 December 1944, as scout, he led a squad assigned to the mission of mining a vital crossroads near Rocherath, Belgium. At the first attempt to reach the objective, he discovered it was occupied by an enemy tank and at least 20 infantrymen. Driven back by withering fire, Technician 4th Grade Kimbro made 2 more attempts to lead his squad to the crossroads but all approaches were covered by intense enemy fire. Although warned by our own infantrymen of the great danger involved, he left his squad in a protected place and, laden with mines, crawled alone toward the crossroads. When nearing his objective he was severely wounded, but he continued to drag himself forward and laid his mines across the road. As he tried to crawl from the objective his body was riddled with rifle and machinegun fire. The mines laid by his act of indomitable courage delayed the advance of enemy armor and prevented the rear of our withdrawing columns from being attacked by the enemy.
Honored in ship naming.
The U.S. Army ship USAT "Sgt. Truman Kimbro" which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor.


27th U-boat Flotilla

27th U-boat Flotilla ("27. Unterseebootsflottille") was a training flotilla ("Ausbildungsflottille") of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II.
The flotilla was founded at Gotenhafen in January 1940 under the command of "Korvettenkapitän" Ernst Sobe as "Taktische Unterseebootsausbildungsflottille" ("Tactical U-boat Training Flotilla"), and was redesignated "27. Unterseebootsflottille" in June 1940.
This was where new U-boat crews received their tactical training ("Taktische Ausbildung Unterseeboote"), also taking part in an eight- to fifteen-day tactical exercise ("Taktische Übung"), a simulated convoy battle in the Baltic Sea. A U-boat might have to take part in more than one exercise, for example needed two attempts in the spring of 1941, before being declared combat ready. The flotilla was the last training station for new U-boats. It disbanded in March 1945.
Assigned U-boats.
One U-boat was assigned to this flotilla during its service.


Panzer Division Kempf

The Panzer Division "Kempf" (, also "East Prussia Panzer Formation" (de: "Panzerverband Ostpreußen") was an "ad hoc" combined arms formation consisting of regular German Army personnel and SS. It was created for operations out of East Prussia during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. The formation was generally called "Panzer Division "Kempf"" after General der Panzertruppe Werner Kempf assumed command, though it was only about half the strength of the other Panzer Divisions of the time.
The division participated in the Battle of Mława.
The SS components of the very division committed war crimes against the Jews (), September 6, 1939, and against the Polish soldiers, civilians, including Polish Jews, Massacre in Zakroczym, September 28, 1939.


Swedish Brigade

The Swedish Brigade (, ) was a paramilitary unit composed of 400 Swedish volunteers to assist the White Guards during the 1918 Finnish Civil War. The brigade participated in the Battle of Tampere between 28 March and 6 April. 34 members of the Swedish Brigade were killed in action and up to 50 wounded. Notable members included the archaeologist Axel Boëthius and the historian Olof Palme who was killed in Tampere.
It is suspected that the Swedish volunteers killed the Estonian Deputy Prime Minister Jüri Vilms. Vilms had traveled to Finland for instructions to get diplomatic recognition for his newly sovereign nation, but went missing. According to the Swedish Brigade war diaries, they executed three Estonians in the village of Hauho in 2 May. One of them was described as ″well-dressed″ and was carrying a large sum of money.


King of Montenegro


Australian First Tactical Air Force

The Australian First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF) was formed on 25 October 1944 by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Its purpose was to provide a mobile force of fighter and ground attack aircraft that could support Allied army and naval units fighting the Empire of Japan in the South West Pacific Area. One of several Allied tactical air forces formed during World War II, it evolved from the RAAF's No. 10 Operational Group, established a year earlier. Following action in the assaults on Aitape and Noemfoor, the group was renamed the First Tactical Air Force to better reflect its size and role. It was beset with morale and leadership issues in early 1945, but recovered to take part in the battles of Tarakan, North Borneo, and Balikpapan. Reaching its peak strength of over 25,000 personnel in July 1945, No. 1 TAF's squadrons operated such aircraft as the P-40 Kittyhawk, Supermarine Spitfire, Bristol Beaufighter, and B-24 Liberator. The formation remained active following the end of hostilities in the Pacific until it was disbanded on 24 July 1946.
History.
No. 10 Operational Group.
No. 1 TAF was formed as No. 10 Operational Group (No. 10 OG) on 13 November 1943, under the command of Group Captain Frederick Scherger. The group consisted of No. 77 Wing, operating A-31 Vengeance dive bombers, and No. 78 Wing, operating P-40 Kittyhawk fighters, as well as various ancillary units. It was to act as a mobile strike force capable of supporting Allied ground and naval units as they advanced against the Japanese in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), as distinct from the RAAF's area commands then based in Northern Australia, which had a static, geographical defence function. No. 10 OG took over the mobile role originally undertaken by No. 9 Operational Group, which by 1944 had itself evolved into a static garrison force in New Guinea and been renamed Northern Command to reflect its new purpose.
After establishing headquarters at Nadzab, Papua New Guinea, in support of the US Fifth Air Force, No. 10 OG's first sorties took place on 13 January 1944, when Kittyhawks of No. 78 Wing launched patrols and bombing missions near Madang. By March 1944, No. 77 Wing's Vengeances had been withdrawn from operations due to their inferiority to newer equipment. Three RAAF squadrons—one each flying Bostons, Beaufighters, and Beauforts—were assigned to the Wing as replacements. Following his promotion to air commodore, Scherger led No. 10 OG in Operation Persecution, the assault on Aitape, New Guinea, in April 1944. With airfield construction elements of No. 10 OG going ashore shortly after the attack, Aitape airstrip was repaired and No. 78 Wing was operating from it within three days. This operation was followed by the attack on Noemfoor, commencing in June, by which time No. 10 OG's combat strength consisted of Nos. 71, 77, 78 and 81 Wings RAAF. Scherger was injured in a jeep accident that August and replaced by Air Commodore Harry Cobby.
First Tactical Air Force.
No. 10 OG's name was changed to First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF) on 25 October 1944, ostensibly to emphasise "the formation's impressive size and ambitious purpose". Its complement of units was much greater than that typically assigned to RAAF groups, which were themselves considerably larger than USAAF "groups" that consisted of three or four squadrons. As the conflict gradually shifted further north, however, No. 1 TAF was relegated—in the absence of a Japanese air presence—to patrol, reconnaissance and some ground attack duties, including the Philippines campaign in 1944 and the Borneo campaign in 1945. By early 1945, there was widespread dissatisfaction among the fighter squadrons of No. 1 TAF due to its new focus on close air support duties. The underlying cause was the reluctance of the Allied Supreme Commander in the SWPA, Douglas MacArthur, to use non-American forces for the main advance towards Japan.
Frustration was especially evident among highly experienced pilots, such as Australia's top-scoring ace, Group Captain Clive Caldwell, who commanded No. 1 TAF's Spitfire squadrons. This led to a series of events known as the "Morotai Mutiny" in April 1945. Officers based at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies, including Caldwell, protested the missions against what they saw as unimportant targets and tendered their resignations. Cobby was held responsible for the incident and eventually dismissed, being replaced by Air Commodore Scherger, who had recovered from his earlier injuries and who immediately set about restoring morale. He took over No. 1 TAF as Operation Oboe One, the Battle of Tarakan, was under way; the formation's airfield construction teams had been tasked with opening the runway on Tarakan Island within a week of Allied landings but extensive pre-invasion damage and adverse environmental conditions delayed this until the end of June. Poor planning on the RAAF's part was blamed on its earlier low morale and disruptions caused by the "Mutiny". No. 1 TAF then participated in Operation Oboe Six, the Battle of North Borneo, where its performance was much improved.
During July 1945, when the final Allied offensive of the Borneo Campaign took place as Operation Oboe Two, the Battle of Balikpapan, No. 1 TAF reached a strength of some 25,000 personnel, augmented by the B-24 Liberator heavy bomber squadrons of No. 82 Wing transferring in from North-Western Area Command. It was freed of garrison duties and had its strength reduced somewhat on 30 July, with the movement of units to the recently established No. 11 Group, which had been formed to command operations over the eastern islands of the Dutch East Indies and much of Borneo. Prior to the formation's disestablishment, No. 1 TAF units helped organise the medical treatment and repatriation of thousands of Australian prisoners-of-war. Group Captain Charles Read had taken over command from Scherger following the end of the Pacific War in August; by January 1946, No. 1 TAF numbered 1,400 personnel compared to its wartime peak of 22,000, and its remaining units were slated for imminent disbandment. No. 1 TAF itself was disbanded at Morotai on 24 July 1946.
Order of battle.
Upon its establishment on 25 October 1944, No. 1 TAF consisted of:
The following units joined No. 1 TAF shortly after it was established:


Order of battle for the Gallipoli campaign

This is an order of battle listing the Allied and Ottoman forces involved in the Gallipoli campaign during 1915.
Allied forces.
Initial landings, 25 April 1915.
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
29th Division
Royal Naval Division
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
1st Australian Division
New Zealand and Australian Division
ANZAC Corps Troops
Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient
1re Division
Ottoman forces.
Initial landing, 25 April 1915.
Note: When the campaign commenced, the Fifth Army comprised two army Corps:
In addition, the 5th Division was positioned north of the peninsula under the command of First Army.


Sarhang (rank)

Sarhang is a title and/or military rank of Iranian origin, a compound of "sar" ("head, chief") and "hang" ("an army division"). In modern usage in Iran, "sarhang" () is the equivalent of colonel.
History.
The origin of the title "sarhang" may date back at least to the Parthian period.
In the Sasanian period, it was a rank in the hierarchy of the "aswaran" cavalry force. In the medieval period, "sarhang" has been defined as "a heroic man, a brave fighter, a night-guard". According to Ibn al-Balkhi, the rank was immediately below "spāhbadh". In "Tārikh-i Bukhārā", the title is ranked below "amīr". In early Islamic period, the title appears together with "ayyār", and a related title, "sarhang-shumārān", seems to belong to the leaders of the hierarchy of "ayyārān". According to Bosworth, "sarhang"s were separate from "ayyar"s, and were probably fighters with outstanding leadership or fighting qualities that were recruited from the latter.
Historical figures recorded as bearing this title include:


Ragan (film)

Ragan (also known as Devil's Angel) is a 1968 Spanish-Italian Eurospy film directed by José Briz Méndez and starring Ty Hardin and Antonella Lualdi.
Plot.
A former mercenary named Ragan, who now runs a one-plane, money-losing air-transport service, is approached by a man named Velludo with a $75,000 job offer. Velludo wants Ragan to fly a plane in a mission to free Moreno, the former dictator of a Caribbean island. Ragan says "no" but his plane is mysteriously destroyed in a fire and his insurance is suddenly cancelled so "no" becomes "yes." After all, Moreno is preferable to Chavez, the current dictator, and Ragan will have to chance to meet up with an ex-flame named Janine who's also involved in the planned coup along with her husband. Complicating things, however, is Maria, an attractive blonde with the "hots" for Ragan. Ragan and company incur heavy losses but manage to free Moreno in a daring commando raid and Ragan now looks forward to a romantic future with one of those two women.
External links.


77 Armoured Engineer Squadron

77 Armoured Engineer Squadron was a sub-unit of 35 Engineer Regiment. The sub-unit provides close support engineering to the 1st Battalion, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires) battlegroup. It is located in Barker Barracks, Paderborn, Germany. From October 2011 to May 2012 the sub-unit was deployed on Operation Herrick 15 in Afghanistan.


Wehrmacht prison Anklam

The Wehrmacht prison Anklam was one of eight military prisons of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) in Nazi Germany. The listed building is located west of the Friedlander Straße in the southern part of Anklam. Since 2005 it has been the seat of the foundation, "Center for Peace Work - Otto Lilienthal - Hanseatic City of Anklam". It serves as an educational resource center and a memorial to victims of the Nazi military justice system during 1933-1945.
History.
The prison, which was designed for 600 prisoners, was built during 1939-1940 in the yard of the Anklam military academy. There were both group and individual cells. In the basement of the southern wing was the death row, consisting of 19 cells. The administrative offices were in the adjacent military school in which the court officers were housed.
The prisoners were convicted by military courts of the military districts I (Königsberg), II (Stettin), and XX (Danzig), the Marineoberkommando (MOK) Baltic Sea Naval forces, and Luftwaffe Field Divisions I and XI. The jurisdiction also extended to Army Group North and the Heer (field army) in Scandinavia and northern and eastern Europe. Convictions resulted from both military (e.g. desertion, sedition, unlawful removal, cowardice before the enemy or insubordination) and criminal offenses.
The first prisoners arrived late in 1940 and continued to arrive until 1945. Several thousand convicts passed through the prison. Some of them were used for work details in armament factories such as the Arado aircraft factory in Anklam. At times, the prison, with up to 1,500 prisoners, was overcrowded and the confinement conditions for the prisoners deteriorated. In 1944 several hundred inmates were transferred to the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger, which was used for the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising.
Executions of at least 139 condemned prisoners occurred from November 5, 1941 until April 26, 1945. Approximately 100 of the executions occurred during the period from January to April 1945. About 120 clemency requests to death sentences were granted.
The evacuation of the Wehrmacht prison took place on April 28, 1945. Guards and the remaining prisoners marched in three groups toward Küstrin, Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Jarmen in the direction of Bützow. The last group was captured on May 1 by the Red Army.
Under the GDR government, use of the northern wing of the building was discontinued and the rest was used for the storage of grain. A working group of the Cultural Association of the GDR began research into the history of the Wehrmacht prison. The death cellblock was transformed in the mid-1970s as a memorial.
Between 1990 and 2005 the building remained unused. In 2005, the newly established Foundation "Center for Peace Work - Otto Lilienthal - Hanseatic City of Anklam" took over the prison. After a partial restoration, the building is used as a center of national and international peace work. A permanent exhibition describes the historical significance of the facility.


II Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

II Army Corps (II. Armeekorps) was a corps in the German Army during World War II.
Organisation.
Organisation of the corps at different times included;


92nd Infantry Division (German Empire)

The 92nd Infantry Division (92. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


Forrest E. Peden

Forrest E. Peden (October 3, 1913 – February 3, 1945) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.
Biography.
Peden joined the Army from Wathena, Kansas in February 1943, and by February 3, 1945 was serving as a technician fifth grade in Battery C, 10th Field Artillery Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division. On that day, near Biesheim, France, his unit was ambushed by a larger enemy force. After giving medical aid to two wounded soldiers, Peden ran for help despite intense enemy fire. He found a friendly tank and guided it to the ambush site, but was killed when the tank was hit by hostile fire. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on February 13, 1946.
Aged 31 at his death, Peden was buried at Mount Olive Cemetery in Troy, Kansas.
Medal of Honor citation.
Technician Peden's official Medal of Honor citation reads:


Operation Stand Down

Operation Stand Down is a United States non-profit organization providing social services to United States Armed Forces veterans, helping them transition into civilian life. It has chapters across the United States, with one in Nashville, Tennessee among the most prominent.
External links.
Home pages and information on Operation Stand Down in


Camden Expedition Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Camden Expedition of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Union forces.
VII Corps (Department of Arkansas).
MG Frederick Steele
Escort:


Perryville Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Perryville of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and return of casualties. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Ohio.
MG Don Carlos Buell, Commanding
MG George Henry Thomas, second in command
Escort:
Signal detachment: Cpt Jesse Merrill
I Corps.
MG Alexander McDowell McCook
II Corps.
MG Thomas Leonidas Crittenden
Escort:
III Corps.
MG Charles Champion Gilbert


General der Nachrichtentruppe

General der Nachrichtentruppe (Literally: General of the Communications Troops) was a General of the branch OF8-rank of German Army, introduced by the Wehrmacht in 1940.
The rank was equivalent to the long established "General der Kavallerie", "General der Artillerie" and "General der Infanterie". The Wehrmacht also introduced "General der Gebirgstruppe" (mountain troops), "General der Pioniere" (engineers), "General der Flieger" (aviators), "General der Fallschirmtruppe" (parachute troops) and "General der Panzertruppe" (armored troops).
Only two officers held the rank; Erich Fellgiebel (1886-1944) from 1 August 1940 until his dismissal following the 20 July Plot assassination attempt and Albert Praun (1894-1975) who was appointed on 1 October 1944 and served until he was taken into captivity in May 1945.


4th United States Army Field Artillery Detachment

The 4th United States Army Field Artillery Detachment was located in Werl, West Germany. The Belgian 14th and 20th Artillery Battalions of the Belgian I Corps were supported by the 4th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment. The detachment was co-located with the Belgian battalions, in quarters across the street from the Belgian Houthulst Kaserne, on Langenwiedenweg Strasse, Werl, Westfallen, Germany. In this period, the unit was a custodial detachment, responsible for maintaining physical control of nuclear warheads for Belgian Honest John rocket systems, which were later replaced by the MGM-52 Lance.
The 4th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment was activated in September 1962 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. It was originally designated the 4th U.S. Army Missile Detachment and assigned to the 5th U.S. Army Artillery Group (USAAG). In January 1963, the 4th Missile Detachment, along with other units of the 5th USAAG, left for Germany and arrived in Bremerhaven in February. In September 1970, the 4th Missile Detachment was redesignated the 4th U.S. Army Artillery Detachment. In October 1978, the 4th was reassigned to the 570th USAAG. The unit was inactivated in June 1992.


57th Infantry Regiment (Ottoman Empire)

The 57th Infantry Regiment (Turkish: "57 nci Piyade Alayı" or "Elli Yedinci Piyade Alayı") or simply 57th Regiment (Turkish: "57 nci Alay" or "Elli Yedinci Alay") was a regiment of the Ottoman Army during World War I.
Established on February 1, 1915, in Tekirdağ (Rodosto) and received its regimental colours ("sancak") on February 22, 1915. The regiment's command was given to Major Hüseyin Avni Bey (Arıburnu) on February 23, and the regiment went to Çanakkale and arrived at Eceabat (Maydos) on February 25. After relocating the Bigali Village on March 26, 1915, they trained until April 24.
On April 25 Australian and New Zealand forces carried out the landing at Anzac Cove. The 57th, being nearest, counterattacked, slowed the invasion, and lost about half of its personnel. The 57th Infantry Regiment Memorial commemorates their sacrifice.
Gallipoli.
Mustafa Kemal issued his order, "I am not ordering you to attack, I order you to die! In the time which passes until we die, other troops and commanders can take our place!". and later noted the 57th Regiment was "a famous regiment this, because it was completely wiped out".
Upon landing at Anzac Cove the attackers encountered small groups of Turks who, after doing what they could, withdrew back over the ridges. The Turkish company defending the coast immediately reported the situation to 27th regimental Command to the West of Eceabat. The main Ottoman forces in the area had been held in reserve to see just where the British Empire troops were going to land on the peninsula. By 6.30 am a report had reached the commander of the 19th Division of the Ottoman Army, Yarbay Mustafa Kemal, that an enemy force had scaled the heights at Ari Burnu. Mustafa Kemal's troops were at Bigalı, a small village off to the east beyond the main range, and he ordered his whole division to prepare to march to the coast. He himself set off riding at the head of the 57th Regiment. By about 9.30 am Mustafa Kemal stood at Chunuk Bair with some other officers. He could see the British warships and transports off Anzac Cove and also, coming rapidly up the hill towards him, a group of Ottoman soldiers who had been tasked with defending Hill 261 (Battleship Hill). They were out of ammunition and retreating. Mustafa Kemal stopped them, and asked them to take out their bayonets and lie down. This made the Anzacs climbing up the hill hesitate and lie down also. Although Mustafa Kemal had sent reports to the army and the Corps Command at Gallipoli, he received no reply. Using his initiative he attacked the Anzacs with mostly 57th Regiment. Later, 27th Regiment reinforced the attack and the Ottoman forces managed to retake the hill. 57th Regiment lost 25 officers and 1817 privates and NCOs out of its initial strength of 49 officers and 3638 privates and NCOs.
The regiment was structured as follows at the commencement of the Gallipoli campaign:
Commanding officer: Major Hüseyin Anvi. Following the battles of April 25–28, 1915, Hüseyin Avni was promoted to lieutenant colonel.
Galicia.
After the successful completion of the Gallipoli Campaign, a new 15th Army was formed, which included the 57th Regiment. On January 14, 1916, they were ordered to move towards Uzunkopru. Along the way, on April 25, 1916, their flag was given a special decoration by the Sultan recognizing its outstanding performance in the Gallipoli front. On July 22, 1916, they boarded a train which took them through Plovdiv, Sofia and Niš, arriving at Belgrade. After some rest, 54 officers and 2741 soldiers made their way to Zemlin in Austria-Hungarian Empire. They were quartered in private residences in the area mostly. On August 21, 1916, Russians began their Brusilov Offensive along the Galicia front. 57th positions were attacked on September 11. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. Fighting continued through September and early October. Almost a year after they arrived, on June 11, 1917, the 57th Regiment was ordered back home. Their losses at the Galicia front were 685 dead and 975 missing.
Flag.
A long-standing urban legend in Turkey claims that the flag of the 57th regiment was captured by Australian forces, who found it hanging on a tree branch above the dead body of the last surviving member of the regiment, and that it is now on display at the Melbourne Museum. The Museum and the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne both field many calls from the Turkish community about the flag around ANZAC Day each year, but assure all enquirers that they have never had the flag.
A rumour that started in the 1990s stated that the standard was held by the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. The Memorial does hold 3 Turkish infantry standards, all captured in Sinai/Palestine between 1916-1918 for the 46th Regiment, the 80th Regiment and an unnamed regiment but does not and never has held the 57th Infantry Regiment's standard. Nor are they aware that it was ever brought to Australia and does not know its current location.


U.S. Eighth Army Korean War order of battle

This is the U.S. Eighth Army Korean War order of battle.


William H. Bailey (artist)

William H. Bailey (November 17, 1930 – April 13, 2020) was an American artist and university professor. He was the Kingman Brewster Professor Emeritus of Art at Yale University. He is best known as a contemporary realist painter.
Early life.
Bailey was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa.
He studied from 1948 to 1951 at the School of Fine Arts at the University of Kansas.
His student days were interrupted from 1951 to 1953. Bailey was a sergeant in the United States Army from 1951 to 1953. He served in Japan and Korea.
After his army days were over, he earned a B.F.A. (1955) and an M.F.A. (1957) at Yale. He studied with Josef Albers.
Career.
Bailey's career as a working artist developed over time. He was best known as a figurative painter whose work is in major collections, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the National Museum of American Art in Washington, D.C.
He was a professor of art at Yale from 1969 to 1995.
William passed away in 2020, at the age of 90.
Selected works.
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Bailey, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 40+ works in 60+ publications in 5 languages and 2,100 library holdings.


Port Hudson Confederate order of battle

The following is the organization of the Confederate forces engaged at the Siege of Port Hudson, during the American Civil War in 1863. The Union order of battle is listed separately.


23rd Landwehr Division (German Empire)

The 23rd Landwehr Division ("23. Landwehr-Division") was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


Eastern Medal

The Eastern Medal (), officially the Winter Battle in the East 1941–42 Medal (), was a military award of the "Wehrmacht" which was created by ordinance of Adolf Hitler on 26 May 1942.
The Eastern Medal was awarded to any member of the "Wehrmacht" and "Waffen-SS" "in recognition of experience in the struggle against the Bolshevik enemy and the Russian winter within the period from to ." It was also awarded posthumously to any service member who died in the line of duty within the Soviet Union. It was wryly called the "Frozen Meat Medal" or the "Order of the Frozen Flesh" ().
Criteria.
"Wehrmacht" personnel qualified for the Eastern Medal after a minimum of 14 days in active combat; 30 air combat sorties; 60 days continuous of service in a combat zone; being wounded or suffering a "frozen limb", severe enough to warrant the issue of a Wound Badge, and it could be awarded posthumously.
On 20 January 1943, official qualification for the Eastern Medal was extended to include both male and female combatant and non-combatant personnel in the "Wehrmacht". Also, foreign members of "Wehrmacht units"; personnel killed or missing in action and civilians working under "Wehrmacht" control, including those involved in construction and road building. Geographic limits were placed on the award of east of Ukraine and "Ostland" or in the Finland area, east of the original 1940 Russo/Finnish border. The Eastern Medal was officially decommissioned by the "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" () ("OKW") on 4 September 1944.
Appearance.
The Eastern Medal was designed by "SS-Unterscharführer" Ernst Krauit. Measuring in diameter, of (generally) zinc construction, the medal was given a gun-metal coloured coating. The concave obverse side features a national socialist eagle grasping a swastika with laurel behind. The reverse features the text in capital letters: "WINTERSCHLACHT IM OSTEN 1941/42" ("Winter Battle in the East 1941-42") featuring a crossed sword and branch below the text. A helmet and stick grenade below the medal loop as well as outer ring were finished in a polished silver effect. The medal measures approximately 44mm by 36mm.
The Service ribbon featured a central white-black-white (white for snow, black for the fallen soldiers) stripe with red (for blood) either side. The medal and ribbon were presented in a paper packet with the name of the medal on the front and the maker name on the reverse. Like the Iron Cross 2nd Class (EK II) 1939–45, the Eastern Medal's ribbon was worn either from the second buttonhole of the uniform tunic or on a ribbon bar. Where the two ribbons were worn together in the buttonhole, the EK II appeared in front of the Eastern Medal. Over three million medals were issued and many more manufactured.
While wear of Nazi era awards was initially banned in 1945, the Eastern Medal was among those re-authorised for wear by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957. With Nazi symbols now forbidden, the award was re-designed by removing the swastika, the eagle on the obverse now standing on a laurel branch.


Operation Granby order of battle

This is the Operation Granby order of battle. Operation Granby was the name given to the British Armed Forces deployment to the Middle East after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 and subsequent operations during the 1991 Gulf War.
British Army.
Supporting units
Royal Air Force.
RAF Regiment.
Members of 4001 Flt RAF Regiment became NBC team attached to 4th Armoured Division during Desert Shield / Desert Storm and Desert Sabre
1 Squadron RAF Regiment were flown into Al Qaysumah to reinforce the base from RAF Germany. Equipped with Scorpion and Spartan armoured vehicles, they reinforced Muharraq and crossed into Iraq with 1(BR) Armoured Division as the reconnaissance screen for the Division, ending the war astride the Kuwait-Basra highway.
20 Squadron RAF Regiment deployed to Cyprus August 1990. One flight deployed to Muharraq late August 1990, second flight joined first in the middle of October 1990, relieved by 66 Squadron in November 1990, returned to UK after setting up airbase defence of Muharraq.
26 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Laarbruch Commander Sqn Ldr Dipper. Deployed 28 November 1990 to 14 February 1991. Used to defend the airfield before Patriot was even conceived. In aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the squadron deployed to Saudi Arabia and detachments saw service at Dharan, Muharraq, and Tabuk during the war. Successfully deployed all equipment within 10 days of arrival.
34 Squadron RAF Regiment deployed to Bahrain and Dahrhan in August 1990
In aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the squadron deployed to Saudi Arabia, and detachments saw service at Dharan, Muharraq, and Tabuk during the war.
58 Squadron RAF Regiment deployed from RAF Catterick in January 1991 to Bahrain to allow 1 Squadron RAF Regiment to deploy to the front. With only three days notice, those three days included all kitting and ANTHRAX jabs


Island Number Ten Union order of battle

The following Union Army and Union Navy units and commanders fought in the Battle of Island Number Ten during the American Civil War.
Army of the Mississippi.
Major General John Pope
Union Navy Western Flotilla.
Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote
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Domnall na Madhmann Mac Suibhne

Domnall na Madhmann Mac Suibhne, Gallowglass, ancestor of the Mac Suibhne of north Connacht, Maghery Connacht, Clanricarde and Thomond, .
Mac Suibhne was a son of Eoin mac Ewan Connachtach Mac Suibhne, who was in turn a great-grandson of Murrough Mear, grandson of Murrough Mac Suibhne, who died in 1267. Domnall had brother Mulmurry and Dunsleve, from whom descendant the septs of MacSweeney Banagh and MacSweeney of Ormond.
His nickname, "na Madhmann", translates as "of the defeats". Marsden presumes it to refer to defeats inflicted and not suffered (p. 40). He is associated with Rath Glas in County Galway
Domnall had three known sons; Murrough Mor, Ewen and Donough. Murrough Mor's sons, Murrough Og and Rory, were the ancestors of the Mac Suibhne of north Connacht and Clanricarde, respectively. Ewen' son, Aodh, also settled in Clanricarde. Donough's sons were Aodh and Conor. Aodh settled in Maghair Connanct (the plains of Connacht) in the service of the O'Conor Don, while Conor settled in Thomond, serving the O'Brien.


3rd Foot Guards (German Empire)

The 3rd Foot Guards were an infantry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed in 1860. As part of the Guards Corps it fought in the Second Schleswig War, the Austro-Prussian war, the Franco-Prussian war and World War I. The regiment was disbanded in 1919 with the Infantry Regiment 9 Potsdam bearing its tradition.


Max Lambky


Hope For The Warriors

Hope For The Warriors is a national nonprofit organization in the United States that provides assistance to combat wounded service members, their families, and families of those killed in action. The organization focuses on those involved in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom and their families. Hope For The Warriors recently received a Four-Star Rating from Charity Navigator and was highlighted by George W. Bush in the Warrior Open.
About.
Hope For The Warriors was co-founded in 2006 by Robin Kelleher and Shannon Maxwell. They decided to found an advocacy group after Maxwell's husband, Tim Maxwell, was wounded in Iraq and suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Hope For The Warriors provides aid to veterans in multiple forms, including building or refurbishing homes and providing professional development. It raises awareness of returning veterans by hosting Run For The Warriors in different areas of the United States, and by hosting athletes in Team Hope For The Warriors, who run or handcycle in the Marine Corps Marathon and the New York City Marathon or compete in triathlons, in order to raise money for the non-profit organization. Hope For The Warriors was a charity partner for both the 2011 Marine Corps Marathon and the 2011 New York City Marathon.
Hope For The Warriors was mentioned on Salon.com in an article called "How to give back this Thanksgiving". The article cites Hope For The Warriors as a worthy military charity to donate to based on its Charity Navigator rating.
Notable Board Members.
The Hope For The Warriors website lists all of the nonprofit's board of directors. Some of its most notable board members include Jack Marin, Capt. Dan Moran, General Charles Krulak, General Richard Cody, Charlie Summers, and Gary Sinise.


James E. Bailey (Medal of Honor)

James E. Bailey was a United States Army Sergeant during the Indian Wars who received the Medal of Honor on April 12, 1875 for service during the winter of 1872–73.
Medal of Honor citation.
Citation:
Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with Apaches.


Union order of battle at the Battle of Raymond

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Raymond of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Union Forces.
XVII Corps.
MG James B. McPherson


Swedish Volunteer Battalion

The Swedish Volunteer Battalion (, SFB) or the Hanko Battalion was a Swedish military unit consisting of volunteers, which participated in the siege of the Soviet naval fleet in the Battle of Hanko during the Continuation War of Finland.


Wauhatchie Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Wauhatchie of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the casualty returns and the reports.
Hooker's Command.
MG Joseph Hooker
XI Corps.
MG Oliver O. Howard


25th Landwehr Division (German Empire)

The 25th Landwehr Division ("25. Landwehr-Division") was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


Hampton Roads order of battle

The following forces and commanders fought at the Battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia, March 8–9, 1862.
Union.
US Army (stationed at Fort Monroe)
US Navy
Confederate.
CS Navy


Tateoka Doshun

 was an intermediate-ranking Iga ninja during the Sengoku period. He is also known as Igasaki Doshun or .
In 1558, during the siege of Sawayama, Tateoka Doshun and his 48 men (including four Koga ninja) entered the Sawayama Castle by the use of "bakemono-jutsu" (ghost technique) of making paper lanterns displaying the enemy's badge. Dressed as a samurai and carrying the lanterns, they walked in unchallenged, then set fire to the castle, allowing Rokkaku Yoshikata to make a successful assault. The same technique was also used by Matsudaira clan during the siege of Kaminogō Castle in 1562. There is a popular rumour concerning the death of Tateoka Doshun that Tokugawa Ieyasu had Doshun assassinated by Hattori Hanzō during the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute for giving information to the Toyotomi clan.