Fred G Hughes

Fred G. Hughes (August 16, 1915October 7, 1996) was an American FBI agent, president and chairman of the board of The Joplin Globe, philanthropist, and one of the founders of Missouri Southern State University. He was a resident of Joplin, Missouri and was married to the former Rebekah Harris Blair.
Early life.
Hughes was raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan and graduated in 1939 with A.B and J.D. degrees from the University of Missouri. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and was selected as one of the Mystical Seven, a senior men's honorary.
In 1942, he married Rebekah Harris Blair and had two daughters, Sarah Elizabeth Hughes and Mary Jane Hughes.
FBI Agent.
Hughes practiced law in Joplin for a short period prior to World War II. During the war, he served for five years with the Federal Bureau of Investigation at offices in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Maryland, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. At the time of his resignation from the Bureau in 1946, he was the senior agent in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
The Joplin Globe.
Returning to Joplin, Missouri following his service in the FBI, he became associated with The Joplin Globe newspaper. Over a forty-year period, Hughes served in various management positions at the paper. At the time of his retirement in 1985, he was president and chairman of the board.
Hughes guided the paper through the period when newspaper production advanced from stereotyping and the hot metal process to the use of computers and photocomposition. He was a member of the board and served as president of the Inland Daily Press Association in Chicago, Illinois.
In 1976, Hughes entered into negotiations with James H. Ottoway Sr. of Campbell Hall, New York, which resulted in the sale of The Joplin Globe in November of that year to Ottoway Newspapers, Inc., a division of Dow Jones & Company.
KOAM-TV.
Hughes was a member of the board and secretary-treasurer of Mid-Continent Telecasting, Inc., which founded the television station KOAM-TV, the first television station in the Joplin, Missouri / Pittsburg, Kansas market. At the time of the sale of the Globe, Hughes and H. Lang Rogers purchased the Globe’s interest in the station.
WMBH-AM.
Hughes and Clay Cowgill Blair Sr. owned and operated WMBH (1560 AM) with the Joplin Globe Publishing Company. WMBH was a pioneer radio station in the Southwest Missouri market.
Community.
In Joplin, Hughes was president of the Rotary Club, the YMCA, and the Chamber of Commerce. In 1980, he was honored as the Outstanding Citizen of the Year by the Chamber. At the state level, he was president of the Missouri Good Roads Association, the Missouri Expenditures Survey, a member of the board of the Missouri Chamber of Commerce and vice-chairman of the Missouri State Reorganization Committee (Little Hoover Commission).
Hughes was a board member of the First National Bank and Trust Company.
He was a member of the board of the Mizzou Alumni Association and chairman of the publications committee which supervised the publication of the Mizzou Alumni magazine. He held memberships in the university’s Jefferson Club and Law Society. In 1984, he was named a recipient of the Faculty-Alumni Award by the Missouri Alumni Association.
Missouri Southern State University and Fred G. Hughes Stadium.
One of Mr. Hughes’ primary interests was the foundation of Missouri Southern State University, then named Missouri Southern State College. Hughes and Dr. Leon Billingsly worked with Missouri Governor Warren E. Hearnes (a Democrat) and a small group of Joplin business leaders (mostly Republicans) which, early on, advocated and worked to establish a four-year college in the Joplin area. Hughes served as the first chairman of the board of regents and board of trustees of the college from 1964 to 1986.
Dr. Billingsly, the first president at Missouri Southern State College, and the board of regents and trustees honored Hughes by naming the football facility after him. The first game at Fred G. Hughes Stadium was played on September 6, 1975, and the Missouri Southern Lions defeated Emporia State 20-13. The facility was formally dedicated two weeks later on September 20, 1975, and the Southern Lions were again victorious, beating the University of Missouri-Rolla 26-6.
The Fred Hughes Collection at the George A. Spiva Library documents the history of Missouri Southern State University between 1964 and 1983. In addition to his papers, Mr. Hughes donated his personal library which included many books related to the American Civil War.
Philanthropy.
The Fred G. and Rebekah B. Hughes community trusts continue to support higher education at Missouri Southern State University, the University of Missouri School of Journalism, the Joplin Public Library, the First Presbyterian Church, and other Joplin non-profit organizations.


Ybarra v. Illinois

"Ybarra v. Illinois" was a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that a warrant can not be used to search an unnamed individual unless the warrant mentions that unnamed parties are involved or exigent circumstances are shown to exist.
Background.
On March 1, 1976, an agent of the Illinois Bureau of Investigation, working in Aurora, requested a search warrant to search the Aurora Tap Tavern and its bartender for evidence of heroin trafficking, after an informant, "on the weekend" of February 28-29, observed 15 to 25 packets of tinfoil on the person of a bartender only known as "Greg," along with seeing the packets on him and in a drawer behind the bar when he went there on at least 10 other occasions. The informant then claimed that he had used heroin in the past and that foil was a common packaging method for heroin. The informant also claimed that from February 28 to February 29, he had a conversation with the bartender and that the bartender told him that he would have heroin for sale on March 1. The Aurora Police Department had previous dealings with this informant, whom they considered to be reliable. The judge signed the search warrant, authorizing "the following person or place: . . . [T]he Aurora Tap Tavern. . . . Also the person of 'Greg,' the bartender, a male white with blondish hair appx. 25 years." The warrant authorized the police to search for "evidence of the offense of possession of a controlled substance," to wit, "[h]eroin, contraband, other controlled substances, money, instrumentalities and narcotics, paraphernalia used in the manufacture, processing and distribution of controlled substances."
In the late afternoon of that day, 7-8 officers proceeded to the tavern. Upon entering the property, the officers announced to all present that they were going to conduct a "cursory search for weapons." One of the officers, Jerome Johnson, conducted a pat-down on all of the 13 customers while the rest of the force focused on extensively searching the property. Later, Johnson came to Ventura Ybarra, the latter standing by a pinball machine. During the first pat-down, the officer felt an object that was described as "a cigarette pack with objects in it." Johnson did not bother to remove it, instead moving on to other patrons. Eventually, Johnson came back to Ybarra and searched him a second time. This time, he removed the cigarette packet from Ybarra's pants' pocket. When Johnson opened the package, he found six packets of foil containing a brown powder that was later identified as heroin.
Trial and Appeals.
At the arraignment, Ybarra was indicted by a grand jury on the charge of unlawful possession of a controlled substance. Ybarra then filed a motion to suppress against the packets of heroin seized from his person. During the hearing on the motion, the prosecution argued that the search was justified by Section 108-9 of the Illinois Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, par. 108-9), which reads, "In the execution of the warrant the person executing the same may reasonably detain the search any person in the place at the time: (a) To protect himself from attack, or (b) To prevent the disposal or concealment of any instruments, articles or things particularly described in the warrant."
The trial court denied the motion, and Ybarra was convicted of heroin possession in a bench trial. He appealed to the Illinois Appellate Court-Second District, which upheld the conviction.
Opinion of the Court.
In a 6-3 majority opinion, the Supreme Court ruled that the search of Ybarra was unconstitutional against the Fourth Amendment, along with the Fourteenth Amendment, therefore, his conviction should be overturned. Justice Potter Stewart authored the opinion, arguing that "Terry v. Ohio" does not apply in the circumstances surrounding the case because the search warrant was only for the tavern property and the bartender, not their customers. This meant that there was no probable cause to justify the search and arrest of Ybarra.
Burger's dissent.
Justice Warren E. Burger filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices William Rehnquist and Harry A. Blackmun, arguing that the Court has violated the rationale of Terry by limiting the scope of to "a particularized and individualized suspicion" that a person is armed and dangerous and that although, the warrant narrowed the search to the bartender, the search was valid because the tavern's patrons had a reputation for involvement in the narcotics trade, which made the possibility that they are armed reasonable. Furthermore, he stated that the officer's conduct was by-the-books, by not seizing the cigarette package first and making sure that none of the patrons were armed, and going back to Ybarra and confiscating the package. Finally, he argued that the Court was slowing the police down from suppressing the flow of narcotics into their communities.
Rehnquist's dissent.
Justice William Rehnquist wrote his dissent, stating that the Court's reasoning was faulty, and claimed that since one or more of the tavern's customers could potentially be involved in the narcotics trade, the situation can escalate to dangerous levels due to the possibility of firearms. This, he reasoned, justified the search. Furthermore, he argued that Johnson's testimony during the pre-trial hearing that he had "felt objects" in the cigarette box created reasonable suspicion that heroin was in the container, which, he claimed, was within the boundaries of Terry v. Ohio. Finally, he ended by exclaiming that the search, in this case, was incidental, thus not being subject to the warrant requirement and that the search warrant was authorized by a neutral and detached magistrate, and that the officers conducted their duty pursuant to the warrant in an appropriate fashion.


Amnesty International New Zealand

Amnesty International New Zealand is a part of the Amnesty International network, an international nonprofit organisation working to end human rights abuses. It is one of over 70 nationally organised sections or national offices of the global Amnesty movement.
The first New Zealand Amnesty group was founded in 1965, and the organisation was incorporated in 1966. Since being founded, the organisation has worked to free prisoners of conscience, fight human rights violations around the world, and promote human rights in New Zealand through lobbying and education. It works to achieve human rights for everyone as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international standards for human rights. It now has 9,000 members.
Amnesty International New Zealand acts primarily with a focus on rights within the Asia-Pacific region, and is a consulting member of the Council for International Development and part of the Human Rights Network of Aotearoa New Zealand.
Structure.
Amnesty International New Zealand is financially independent from all governments and corporations, funded entirely by individual supporters. The International Movement is made up of 70 “sections” or national offices with 8.5 million fee-paying members. Its Secretariat is based in London although it has many offices around the world. In Asia-Pacific, it has offices in Hong Kong, Bangkok and Colombo.
It is led at the New Zealand national level by the Governance Team; members are elected by members at the Annual General Meeting and help set out policy and strategic goals that guide operations.
Its current chair is Ros Noonan with Heather Hayden its deputy. The immediate past chair, Tiumalu Peter Fa'afiu, was the first Chair of Pacific descent for any Section in the international movement's 52-year history. In August 2019, Peter was appointed Global Director on Amnesty’s International Board making him only the third New Zealander to sit on the IB and the first of Polynesian descent.
The New Zealand office is located in Auckland, and run by Executive Director / CEO, Meg de Ronde. The office comprises a campaigning team, fundraising team, and general operations team, with both paid and volunteer staff.
Campaigns.
Current priority campaigns include Crisis Response, Stop Torture, Refugees Crisis, and Individuals at Risk. Amnesty International New Zealand also works to end human rights violations in the Asia-Pacific region and promote human rights awareness in New Zealand.
Crisis Response.
Amnesty International Aotearoa New Zealand works to respond to global crises as they occur. Its current campaigns are to end human rights abuses in Israel and Gaza, Syria, Egypt and Central African Republic.
Stop Torture.
Amnesty International is working worldwide for governments to end the practice of torture. It is actively lobbying the governments of Mexico, Nigeria and the Philippines to ban torture.
Individuals at Risk.
When individuals suffer grave human rights abuses, Amnesty International New Zealand takes action for their support. Recent successes include the release of Meriam Ibrahim, condemned to death in Sudan for apostasy; Nasrin Sotoudeh, an imprisoned Iranian human rights lawyer; and a reduced sentence for Dr Tun Aung, an imprisoned community leader in Myanmar.
Refugees and Asylum Seekers.
Amnesty International campaigns to ensure the rights of refugees and asylum seekers are protected by working to prevent human rights violations that cause people to flee their homes. At the same time, it opposes the forcible return of any individual to a country where he or she faces serious human rights violations.
One such case is of former Islamic Salvation Front member Ahmed Zaoui, who was seeking asylum in New Zealand. Amnesty International didn't take a position on whether Ahmed Zaoui is guilty of the charges laid against him, but argued that he had not received fair criminal trials in Algeria, Belgium, or France, and that Switzerland's rejection of his refugee claim and subsequent deportation to Burkina Faso was improper. Zaoui was bailed in 2004 and the New Zealand government withdrew objections to his refugee status in 2007.
Asia-Pacific.
With no official Amnesty presence in the Pacific, Amnesty International New Zealand has a unique responsibility to protect human rights in the region. It campaigns to end violence against women in countries like Papua New Guinea with extremely high rates of sexual and gender-based violence, and works to protect freedom of expression in countries like Fiji.
Other Campaigns.
Amnesty International strongly supports the creation of a United Nations treaty to control small arms. Amnesty International New Zealand gathered over 12,000 faces in a photo-petition it handed in to the New Zealand Government. Minister for Disarmament Phil Goff declared New Zealand's strong support for such a treaty after receiving the petition.
New Zealand is the first nation in negotiations for a free trade agreement with China. As a result of this, and New Zealand's proximity to the nation, Amnesty International New Zealand is trying to highlight human rights in the People's Republic of China. The organisation is particularly concerned about freedom of speech issues, and censorship of the internet by the government and companies such as Google and Yahoo.
The Darfur conflict in Sudan is one of Amnesty International's top priorities, as a result of the large-scale human rights abuses occurring. AIANZ has called for the introduction of a United Nations peacekeeping force to prevent conflict and stop further unnecessary suffering.
Amnesty International also supports the implementation of the New Zealand Government's Action Plan for Human Rights.
Following years of campaigning, the New Zealand government in September 2018 announced an increase of 500 more refugees to its refugee quota.
International Board.
In August 2019, Peter Fa'afiu was elected to the International Board of the Global Movement. He is the third New Zealander and is the first Pacific Islander on the International Board.


Karel Treybal

Karel Treybal (2 February 1885 – 2 October 1941) was a prominent Czech chess player of the early twentieth century.
Treybal was born in Kotopeky, a village to the southwest of Prague in central Bohemia. He trained as a lawyer and became chairman of the district court in Velvary, a small town on the opposite side of Prague. Although he played chess as an amateur, Treybal was a master who participated in several major international chess tournaments. He was a younger brother of František Treybal who was also a prominent Czech chess player.
In 1905 he tied for third/fourth in the first Czech Championships in Prague (Oldřich Duras won). In 1907 he tied for second/fourth in Brno (second CZE-ch; František Treybal won). In 1908, he won in Prague (B tournament). In 1909 he took second, behind Duras, in Prague (third Cze-ch). In 1921 he tied for first/third with Karel Hromádka and Ladislav Prokeš in Brno (seventh CZE-ch).
He played for Czechoslovakia in three Chess Olympiads.
He won team silver medal at Folkestone 1933.
Treybal's greatest international success was sixth place alongside Aron Nimzowitsch in the 1923 Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) tournament. His performance featured a win against subsequent World Champion Alexander Alekhine.
Treybal died during the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. On 30 May 1941 he was arrested, imprisoned and later charged with concealing weapons for use by resistance forces and the illegal possession of a pistol. It is not known whether these charges had any foundation. He was condemned to death and executed on 2 October. He was buried in Prague.
In 1945, a tribute to Treybal appearing in the Czech chess magazine "Šach" stated that Treybal had been executed without trial and had "never occupied himself with politics". Prokeš, following Treybal's death, published a monograph on him in 1946.


2009 Lake Ohrid boat accident

On 5 September 2009, the "Ilinden" sightseeing boat with a group of 57 foreign tourists on board, of which 55 were Bulgarian, sank in Lake Ohrid, southwestern Republic of Macedonia. Fifteen people died. The sinking of the "Ilinden" was the deadliest boat accident in the history of the Republic of Macedonia.
Lake Ohrid is the deepest lake in the Balkans, with maximum depth of . The "Ilinden" boat was taking tourists to the Saint Naum Monastery. The boat, built in 1924, had a maximum capacity of 45 passengers. It sank within four minutes, some from the shore, in shallow waters. The boat is said to have sunk around 11:00 AM local time, in the vicinity of the Elešec camping site. Two other boats, the "Alexandria" and the "Kristina", were nearby and were able to assist the passengers of the "Ilinden". Most of the tourists on board were senior citizens, many of whom were unable to swim. Victims were from Pirdop, Zlatitsa, Chelopech and particularly Anton.
The Republic of Macedonia's top officials visited the place of the accident. Prime Minister of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov ordered that a Bulgarian government aeroplane bring the surviving Bulgarians back home. Another aeroplane, a Bulgarian Air Force C-27J Spartan, transported the corpses of Bulgarian victims. The Minister of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of Macedonia Mile Janakievski offered his resignation over the accident due to moral reasons, which was not accepted by Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski.
6 September was declared a national day of mourning in the Republic of Macedonia. Similarly, 7 September was declared a national day of mourning in Bulgaria and all official events related to the celebration of the Bulgarian unification on 6 September were cancelled. A minute of silence was observed before Macedonia and Bulgaria's 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers later on 5 September and against Scotland and Montenegro.
A nongovernmental organization, the Bulgarian Cultural Club – Skopje proposed to Mayor Aleksandar Petreski of Ohrid the erection of a monument commemorating both the victims of the accident and those whose help saved many lives.
In November 2020, a monument in Ohrid to the Bulgarian tourists that died on the ship Ilinden was vandalized and destroyed. On the 28th of November, the mayor of Ohrid, Konstantin Georgieski announced that the plaque had been replaced.


Machhi Singh case

The Machhi Singh case was a series of family disputes that escalated into violence in Punjab, India. In all, 17 people from various families were killed in the violence. The deaths led to a criminal case—"Machhi Singh And Others vs State Of Punjab"—which resulted in legal precedent being set on when the death penalty should be applied in Indian courts.
History.
On the night of 12 August 1977, a series of attacks took place in and around five villages in Punjab, India. The attacks were organized and perpetrated by Machhi Singh, a local man who was in a feud with another man, Amar Singh, and his sister Piaro Bai. The victims of the attacks were all part of Amar and Piaro's family, while the perpetrators were all affiliated with Machhi Singh. In all, 17 people were killed, after which Machhi Singh and some of his close relations were arrested.
Following the arrest of Machhi Singh, he and several other men who had participated in the attacks were put on trial for murder and for breaching law and order. Arrests continued, and in all 11 of Singh's affiliates (many of whom were close relatives) were put on trial for various crimes. 5 sessions of cases were held, all with Machhi Singh named as the primary defendant. By the end of the first round of legal proceedings in 1980, 9 men had been sentenced to life in prison, while Machhi Singh and three others were sentenced to death.
Upon being sentenced to death, the convicts made a total of fourteen appeals before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. These appeals were rejected by the court, and thus the death penalty sentences were upheld. Undeterred, Singh and the three other men asked for special leave to have their requests for an appeal heard before the Indian Supreme Court. This was accepted, and the court began the appeal process for "Machhi Singh And Others vs State Of Punjab" in 1983. The court's verdict was that the death penalty sentence should not be overturned as, though the crimes had been committed to settle a dispute, said crimes had been violent, destructive, and egregious enough to warrant the death penalty. In making this verdict, this established the legal test that the death penalty should be reserved for the "rarest of rare" cases in which the manner of commission or the motive behind the crime were unusually cruel.
In the aftermath of the case, the "rarest of rare" legal precedent created by the case became the standard guideline for Indian courts entertaining the issuing of the death penalty.


John Mulvany

John Mulvany (c. 1839 – 1906) was an Irish born American artist best known as an artist of the American West who painted the first large (11ftx21ft) image of General Custer’s defeat by the Oglala Sioux Indians at Little Big Horn in 1876. Mulvany’s painting "Custer’s Last Rally", was finished in 1881. In Ireland, he is known for "The Battle of Aughrim", painted in 1885 and exhibited in Dublin in 2010.
Mulvany also recorded the American Civil War on canvas as well as maintaining a career as a portrait painter throughout his life.
Early life and training.
Mulvany was born in Diralagh, County Meath, Ireland c. 1839 to tenant farmers, Francis Lee and Thomas Mulvany. When he immigrated to New York City in 1851 at the age of 12, he was old enough to have witnessed and grasped the horrors of the Irish Famine. He worked as a tow boy on the Erie Canal and came to the attention of Professor Juan Wandersford at the National Academy of Design in New York City. In 1859 Mulvany enrolled in classes there. before he went to Washington, D.C. to work for Mathew Brady by 1863.
Mulvany never served in the army but may have worked as a sketch artist for a Chicago newspaper. Mulvany’s later Civil War paintings were praised for their realism - paintings such as "Sheridan’s Ride at Winchester", 1896 "McPherson and Revenge", 1889, "Battle of Shiloh" and "The Death of General Mulligan".
Munich training.
After the Civil War, Mulvany worked for Samuel B. Fassett, a leading photographer in Chicago. He submitted paintings to exhibitions in New York, Chicago and Philadelphia. Mulvany found a patron in St. Louis, Samuel B. Coale, who provided terms for him to study in Europe where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. studying with Alexander von Wagner, De Kaiser and Carl Theodor von Piloty, then with Jean-Léon Gérôme in Paris. He also spent time in Antwerp studying Rembrandts.
He was a classmate of Walter Shirlaw and Frank Duveneck. Mulvany won a medal for his efforts, and returned to Chicago in the fall of 1871 just before the devastating fire.
Career beginnings.
Over the next five years Mulvany worked in Eldon, Iowa; St Louis, Missouri; Denver, Colorado; and Louisville, Kentucky, painting portraits and western genre pictures. In 1876 he exhibited "Preliminary Trial of a Horsethief" in New York City. The painting, reportedly sold for $5000, won him national recognition and a reputation as a Western painter. Other western-themed works include "Lynch Law – Comrade’s Appeal" 1877, "Scouts of the Yellowstone", 1877 and "Back to the Wigwam" 1881.
The painting of "Preliminary Trial of a Horsethief" was painted near Oskaloosa, Iowa. The Magistrate in this trial, seated in the center of the picture, is John F. Cartwright (1827–1893), my Second Great Grandfather. The "Des Moines Register" published this picture in their Sunday edition in about 1954.
Submitted by Harvey C. Mayhill.
"Custer's Last Rally".
In 1876 when news of General George Custer’s fatal defeat by the Sioux Indians at the Battle of the Little Big Horn reached the East, Mulvany immediately recognized the significance of this event and headed west to Montana to capture it on canvas. Over the next four years, he made two trips to the battle site and set up a studio in Cincinnati, Salida, Denver and then in Kansas City., Mulvany’s large masterpiece, the 11ftx20ft "Custer’s Last Rally", 1881, began its seventeen-year coast-to-coast tour of the country before H. J. Heinz took over ownership in 1898.
"Aughrim".
Around 1882, Mulvany secured a commission from the Irish Club of Chicago to paint the Battle of Aughrim – a tragic loss for the Irish in 1691. John began preliminary sketches in Ireland in 1882 and finished the piece in 1885. This painting was presumed lost until it was offered for sale on eBay in 2010 by a dealer who thought it represented an American battle scene, purchased by an Irish art gallery, exhibited in Dublin and subsequently sold.
Politics.
Mulvany was a lifelong member of the Irish secret society, Clan na Gael, whose aim was Irish independence. He narrowly escaped imprisonment by the authorities while researching uniforms for his "Aughrim" painting at the Tower of London just days before it was bombed in the Fenian dynamite campaign in 1885. His involvement in internecine fighting within the Chicago branch in 1886 cost him the Aughrim commission and after his friend, Dr. Patrick Henry Cronin, was murdered in 1889 over financial irregularities with this same branch, Mulvany left Chicago for the west. He married Mrs. Ellen Welch in 1890. and was divorced two years later in CO. He also had a romantic involvement with Lucy Deere, whom he met c. 1880 and contacted before his death in 1906.
Mulvany painted in Oregon, San Francisco, Colorado and Kansas City before he finally headed East in 1896. Over his lifetime, he set up studios in 21 different cities, sketching, painting and moving on; often leaving finished works and at least one debt behind.
Brooklyn, New York years.
In 1897, at the age of 58, Mulvany finally settled in the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn, New York, where he remained the rest of his life. with a studio at 133 Greenpoint Ave. He continued his artistic career painting six known major works, as well as a duplicate of "Custer’s Last Rally", seeking exhibition opportunities, painting portraits, and even sketching up until two weeks before his death.
Mulvany died by drowning in early May 1906; the press declared it a suicide. He was 66 years old, suffering from throat cancer, a fatal disease at the time, vertigo and possible effects of alcoholism. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York.
Mulvany’s contributions are several. He not only influenced William Merritt Chase and Frederic Remington, he also brought an international perspective to American Western Art. In addition, his life reflects a broader Irish immigrant experience than typically recorded. Other noteworthy paintings include "Love's Mirror" and "The Old Professor". Much of his work is unlocated.


Robert Volpe

Robert Volpe (December 13, 1942 – November 28, 2006), was a painter and New York City police officer and detective, specializing in art theft.
Born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, Volpe studied art at the High School of Art and Design, Parsons School for Design and the Art Students League of New York. His art career began with paintings of tugboats during his teenage years, and later, in the 1970s, his abstract work sold for as much as $1500. After a stint in the army, he joined the New York City police force and initially worked undercover on organized crime cases, including narcotics work related to the French Connection. After making several art crime arrests, in 1971 he was appointed the sole member of the New York City Police Department's bureau for art crime, the only bureau of its kind in the nation.
His work was varied, including art theft, vandalism, and forgeries, and he took as many as 40–50 calls per day from around the world. In 1981, he recovered an 1858 candelabrum once owned by the king of Egypt only 11 days after being notified of the theft by British authorities. Over his desk hung a congratulatory photograph from the foreign minister of Italy for recovering two ivories worth $1.5 million stolen from a museum in Pesaro. After Volpe's retirement in 1983, art crimes began to be handled by the burglary division.
Volpe and his family moved to Eltingville, Staten Island, in the early 1970s. He died in 2006, survived by his wife, three siblings, and three children. One of his sons, Justin Volpe, served as a New York City police officer until being convicted of assaulting Abner Louima.


Hans Litten

Hans Achim Litten (19 June 1903 – 5 February 1938) was a German lawyer who represented opponents of the Nazis at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the Weimar Republic.
During one , Litten subpoenaed Adolf Hitler to appear as a witness, and cross-examined him for three hours. Hitler was so rattled by the experience that, years later, he would not allow Litten's name to be mentioned in his presence. In retaliation, Litten was arrested on the night of the Reichstag fire along with other progressive lawyers and leftists. Litten spent the rest of his life in one German concentration camp or another, enduring torture and many interrogations. After five years and a move to Dachau, where his treatment worsened and he was cut off from all outside communication, he committed suicide.
A number of memorials to him exist in Germany, but Litten was largely ignored for decades because his politics did not fit comfortably in either the west or the communist postwar propaganda. Not until 2011 was Litten finally portrayed in the mass media, when the BBC broadcast "The Man Who Crossed Hitler", a television film set in Berlin in summer 1931.
Biographical details.
The early years.
Litten was born the eldest of three sons in a wealthy family in Halle. His parents were Irmgard (née Wüst) and Friedrich Litten (Fritz). Fritz was born and raised Jewish, but converted to Lutheranism in order to further his career as a law professor. He was a nationalist conservative, and served in the army in World War I, earning the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd Class. He opposed the postwar Weimar Republic. A distinguished jurist and professor of Roman and civil law, he was dean of Königsberg's law school, later becoming rector of that institution. He was also privy counsel ("Geheimer Justizrat") and adviser to the Prussian government. Irmgard was from an established Lutheran family in Swabia, the daughter of Albert Wüst, a professor at the University of Halle-Wittenberg. The family left Halle in 1906 and moved to Königsberg in Prussia.
Litten himself was baptized a Christian - his godfather was Franz von Liszt. Nonetheless, as a youngster he learned Hebrew, choosing it as one of the subjects for his "Abitur" examinations. From his mother, Litten acquired an interest in humanitarian ideas and art, and gained a strong sense of justice for the threatened, persecuted and disenfranchised. While his father was away at war, Litten once took food from the kitchen to give to a beggar, addressing him as "sir". Litten's relationship with his father was strained, and his initial interest in Judaism was out of rebellion; he felt his father's conversion was opportunistic. Litten became interested in a German-Jewish youth group with socialist-revolutionary ideas, joining with a school friend, Max Fürst. Nonetheless, at times, he considered himself a Christian. In Dachau he was registered as a Jew, and had to wear the yellow star on his clothing.
Litten sought out political debate in his youth. He was shaped by important political and social events of the era, such as World War I, the anti-war demonstration in Berlin on 1 May 1916, when Litten was not quite 13, the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and the arrest and murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg by Freikorps soldiers in January 1919. There is an anecdote from Litten's school years, when he was asked in the classroom if they should hang a picture of Paul von Hindenburg, victor of the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg. Litten stated, "I've always been in favour of hanging him."
Litten was pressed into studying law by his father. He was not interested in it, writing in his journal, "When the ox in paradise was bored, he invented jurisprudence." He wanted to study art history, but nonetheless, he approached his law studies in Berlin and Munich with intensity, inspired by the events of the day. The Kapp Putsch, the 1924 court case against Adolf Hitler and other events convinced Litten that Germany was approaching a very dangerous period. His perception that right-wing radicals were receiving more lenient treatment in court than their opponents led to his decision to become a lawyer.
Litten passed his examinations in 1927 with excellent grades and was offered a lucrative job in the Reich Ministry of Justice, as well as a good position in a flourishing law firm. He declined both choosing instead to open a law office in 1928 with Dr. Ludwig Barbasch, a friend who was close to the Communist Party.
Politically Litten was on the left, though independent. He valued his independence and once said, "two people would be one too many for my party." Culturally, Litten was conservative, enjoying classical music and poetry such as that of Rainer Maria Rilke, whose work he could recite. He was an internationalist and was able to read English, Italian, and Sanskrit and enjoyed the music of the Middle East. He had a photographic memory and was considered to have a brilliant intellect.
Cross-examination of Hitler.
In May 1931, Litten summoned Adolf Hitler to testify in the , a court case involving two workers stabbed by four SA men. Litten cross examined Hitler for three hours, finding many points of contradiction and proving that Hitler had exhorted the SA to embark on a systematic campaign of violence against the Nazis' enemies. This was crucial because Hitler was meanwhile trying to pose as a conventional politician to middle class voters and maintained that the Nazi Party was "strictly legal". Though a judge halted Litten's questioning, thus saving Hitler from further damning exposure, newspapers at the time reported on the trial in detail and Hitler was investigated for perjury that summer. He survived the investigation intact, but was rattled by the experience.
The Nazis seize power.
By 1932, the Nazi party was in ascendancy. Litten's mother and friends were urging him to leave Germany, but he stayed. He said, "The millions of workers can't leave here, so I must stay too". Hitler's hatred for Litten was not forgotten and in the early hours of 28 February 1933, the night of the Reichstag fire, he was roused from his bed, arrested and taken into protective custody. Litten's colleagues Ludwig Barbasch and Professor were also arrested.
Litten was first sent – without trial – to Spandau Prison. From there, he was moved from camp to camp, despite efforts by his mother to free him, along with jurists and prominent people from in and outside Germany, such as Clifford Allen and the "European Conference for Rights and Freedom", which had members from several countries. Litten was sent to Sonnenburg concentration camp, Brandenburg-Görden Prison, where he was tortured, along with anarchist Erich Mühsam. In February 1934, he was moved to the "Moorlager", Esterwegen concentration camp in Emsland and a few months later, he was sent to Lichtenburg.
The treatment Litten suffered was later described to his mother by an eyewitness. Very early on, he was beaten so badly that the Nazis refused to let even his fellow prisoners see him. He was tortured and forced into hard labor. He attempted suicide in 1933 in an attempt to avoid endangering his former clients, but he was revived by the Nazis so that they could interrogate him further. Litten's suicide attempt came at Spandau Prison, after he buckled under torture administered to extract information about the Felsenecke trial (see below). After revealing some information, he was immediately accused in the press as an accomplice to the murder of an SA man. Litten then wrote a letter to the Gestapo, saying that evidence gained in such a manner was not true and that he recanted. Knowing what awaited him, he then attempted to take his life.
Litten's mother wrote about his ordeal, recounting how injuries sustained by him early on left his health permanently damaged. One eye and one leg were injured, never recovering; his jawbone fractured; inner ear damaged; and many teeth knocked out. She also related how, despite her access to many important people in Germany at that time, including Reichswehrminister Werner von Blomberg, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, Reichsbischof Ludwig Müller, Minister of Justice Franz Gürtner and even then-State Secretary Roland Freisler, she was unable to secure her son's release.
Despite his injuries and suffering, Litten strove to maintain his spirits. At one point, in 1934, his situation improved a little bit when he was moved to Lichtenburg. Initially, it was the same, with more beatings, but then he was allowed to work in the book bindery and the library. On occasion, he was able to listen to music on the radio on Sundays. He was well liked and respected by his fellow prisoners for his knowledge, inner strength and courage. One prisoner wrote about a party (allowed by the SS) at which a number of SS men were in attendance. Unafraid of their presence, Litten recited the lyrics of a song that had meant a lot to him in his youth, "Thoughts are free" (in German, "Die Gedanken sind frei"). The prisoner said that apparently the SS men did not grasp the significance of the words.
Dachau and death.
In summer 1937, Litten was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp for a month, before finally being sent to Dachau. He arrived on 16 October 1937 and was put in the Jewish barracks. The Jewish prisoners were isolated from others because Jews in other countries were then spreading the grim news about Dachau. Litten's last letter to his family, written in November 1937, spoke of the situation, adding that the Jewish prisoners were soon to be denied mail privileges until further notice. All letters from Jewish prisoners at Dachau ceased at this time.
In the face of their depressing situation, the Jews at Dachau made efforts to have culture and discussion in their lives, to keep their spirits up. Litten would recite Rilke for hours and he impressed the other prisoners with his knowledge on many subjects. Underneath, however, Litten was losing hope. On 5 February 1938, after five years of interrogation and torture and a failed escape attempt, Litten was found by several friends from his barracks, hanging in the lavatory, a suicide.
The day before his suicide, one of Litten's friends, Alfred Dreifuß, found a noose under Litten's pillow. He showed it to the blockälteste, who said it wasn't the first that had been found in Litten's possession. At the time, Litten was under interrogation in the "bunker" (see photo). When he came back, he was clearly in a suicidal frame of mind, repeating several times that he "must speak with Heinz Eschen", a prisoner who had just died. He also had recently told his friends that he'd had enough of being imprisoned. Another of Litten's Dachau friends, Alfred Grünebaum, said later that Litten was in constant fear of more brutal interrogations and that Litten had given up on ever being free. On the evening of 4 February 1938, it was clear what Litten had in mind, but no one kept watch. In the middle of the night, his bed was discovered empty and his friends found him hanging in the lavatory. Litten wrote a few parting words and that he had decided to take his life.
Highlights of Litten's legal work.
During one of his first trials, Litten caused a sensation, setting the stage for his future as a "labor lawyer". He represented workers who were sentenced in March 1921 to a long term at hard labor in a "Zuchthaus" for organized resistance against a police raid of a mass uprising in the central German industrial region a year earlier. The police raid was ordered by the Prussian Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing. Litten was able to get some of the workers recognized as political actors, making them eligible under the amnesty law of August 1920.
Through his law partner, Barbasch, Litten got involved with the "Rote Hilfe", a solidarity organization founded by Wilhelm Pieck and Clara Zetkin that supported worker's families in dire need during the turbulent early years of the Weimar Republic. In addition, the "Rote Hilfe" arranged legal support and legal defense for workers who were under indictment for their political activities or views. By mid 1929, the "Rote Hilfe" had helped nearly 16,000 arrested workers with legal defense and supported the legal rights of another 27,000 cases.
1929: May Day Trial.
In 1929, Litten defended participants in the 1929 May Day rally in Berlin, known as Blutmai ("Bloody May 1929"). Annual rallies on 1 May had been taking place in Berlin since 1889. In 1929, however, the rally turned bloody when the city banned all demonstrations and the Berlin police intervened with excessive force. Confrontations between demonstrators and police erupted and the police began firing live ammunition into crowds and buildings, killing 33 and injuring hundreds, including many bystanders. The workers were charged with severe breach of the peace and with sedition.
In preparation for a defense, Litten founded a committee with Alfred Döblin, Heinrich Mann and Carl von Ossietzky to investigate the event. Litten himself had been at the demonstration and observed the actions of the police. When he went to one man's aid and began writing down the names of victims and eyewitnesses, he was himself beaten by a policeman, even though he had identified himself as a lawyer. Litten filed an indictment against Berlin Police President, , charging him with 33 counts of incitement to commit murder. In his legal notice, he stated:
Litten's approach was to focus on the legality of the police use of lethal force. Rather than prosecute individual police officers, Litten sought to hold the President responsible and he accused Zörgiebel of ordering the police to use truncheons and live ammunition against the demonstrators. If the police action was illegal under the criminal code, the resulting deaths were murders and anything done by the demonstrators was "self-defense in the full legal sense". He argued that Zörgiebel had ordered the police to use lethal force for political, rather than law enforcement reasons. As proof, he produced a 2 May 1929 article from the "Berliner Tageblatt", where Zörgiebel had written a defense of his actions that showed its political basis. According to Prussian law, police could use "necessary measures" to maintain public peace and security or prevent a public danger; in other words, it was to be police work and not the result of political conditions.
The indictment of Zörgiebel was rejected by the Public Prosecutors and Litten appealed to a higher court. Zörgiebel turned around and pressed charges against a Leftist who had slapped his ear. Litten then appeared for this worker's defense, arguing that the worker had acted out of justifiable anger about Zörgiebel's 33 murders. The justice rejected Litten's request to produce evidence on the grounds that the 33-count murder indictment against Zörgiebel could be accepted as fact without dropping the culpability of the worker who had hit Zörgiebel on the ear.
The objective in Litten's many lawsuits for the victims of police violence was not to litigate individual incidents, but rather to warn about the growing repression in Weimar Republic. He also worked to put paramilitary violence on display, in the hopes it would awaken the German people to the threat facing them. He saw the methods of the police as approaching those of civil war and as being illegal and worked to prove that in court and to prosecute the responsible parties, even if they were in the highest political circles. He wasn't interested in creating Left Wing martyrs, rather he sought acquittal or an appropriate sentence, which caused him multiple conflicts with the Rote Hilfe and the Communist Party of Germany.
1931: Tanzpalast Eden Trial.
On November 22, 1930, an SA Rollkommando attacked a popular dance hall frequented predominantly by left-wing workers. The victims were members of a migrant workers' association that was holding a meeting at the Tanzpalast Eden ("Eden Dance Palace") in Berlin. Three people were killed and 20 injured in an attack that was planned in advance. The subsequent police investigation was plodding and slow.
Litten used four of the injured to represent the plaintiff, seeking to prove three cases of attempted manslaughter, breach of the peace and assault. In addition to pursuing criminal convictions of the offenders, Litten wanted to show that the Nazis intentionally used terror as a tactic to destroy the democratic structures of the Weimar Republic. Hitler was summoned to appear as a witness in court to that end.
Shortly before, in September 1930, Hitler had appeared in Leipzig as a witness at the "Ulm Reichswehr Trial" against two officers charged with conspiracy to commit treason for having had membership in the Nazi Party, at that time, forbidden to Reichswehr personnel. Hitler had insisted that his party operated legally, that the phrase "National Revolution" was to be interpreted only "politically", and that his Party was a friend, not an enemy of the Reichswehr. Under oath, Hitler had described the SA as an organization of "intellectual enlightenment" and explained his statement that "heads will roll" as a comment about "intellectual revolution".
The court called Hitler to appear on the witness stand on 8 May 1931. Litten set out to show that the SA "Sturm 33" ("Storm 33") was a "rollkommando" (a small, mobile paramilitary unit, generally murderous) and that its attack of the Eden and the resulting murders were undertaken with the knowledge of the party leadership. This would mean that the Nazi Party was not, in fact, a legal and democratic organization and would undermine Hitler's efforts to be seen as a serious politician and statesman.
Hitler never forgot the Eden trial, and held a personal antipathy towards Litten. Years later, Litten's name still could not be mentioned in Hitler's presence. Roland Freisler quoted Franz Gürtner as saying, "No one will be able to do anything for Litten. Hitler turned red with rage from just hearing Litten's name, once bellowing at Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, 'Anyone who advocates for Litten lands in the concentration camp, even you.'"
Excerpts from the trial.
Litten: (…) Did you know that in the circles of the SA there is talk of a special "rollkommando"?
Hitler: I haven't heard anything about a "rollkommando". (…)
Litten: You said that there will be no violent acts on the part of the National Socialist Party. Didn't Goebbels create the slogan, "one must pound the adversary to a pulp?"
Hitler: This is to be understood as "one must dispatch and destroy opposing organizations". (…)
(The presiding judge read a question formulated by Litten): Did Hitler, as he named Goebbels "Reichsleiter" (Leader for the empire) of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, know of the passage from his book, where Goebbels declares that fear of the coup d'état cannot be permitted, that parliament should be blown up and the government hunted to hell and where the call to revolution was made again, letter-spaced?
Hitler: I can no longer testify under oath, if I knew Goebbels' book at the time. The theme (…) is absolutely of no account to the Party, as the booklet doesn't bear the Party emblem and is also not officially sanctioned by the Party. (…)
Litten: Must it not be measured against Goebbels' example, to awaken the notion in the Party, that the legality scheme is not far away, if you neither reprimanded nor shut out a man like Goebbels, rather straightaway made him head of Reich Propaganda?
Hitler: The entire Party stands on legal ground and Goebbels (…) likewise. (…) He is in Berlin and can be called here any time.
Litten: Has Herr Goebbels prohibited the further dissemination of his work?
Hitler: I don't know.
[In the afternoon, Litten returned to this subject.]
Litten: Is it correct that Goebbels' revolutionary journal, "The Commitment to Illegality" "[Das Bekenntnis zur Illegalität]", has now been taken over by the Party and has reached a circulation of 120,000? (…) I have concluded that the journal is sanctioned by the Party. (…)
Presiding judge: Herr Hitler, in point of fact, you testified this morning, that Goebbels' work is not official Party [material].
Hitler: And it isn't, either. A publication is an official Party [organ] when it bears the emblem of the Party.
Hitler (shouting, red-faced): How dare you say, Herr Attorney, that is an invitation to illegality? That is a statement without proof!
Litten: How is it possible that the Party publishing house takes over a journal that stands in stark contrast to the Party line?
Presiding judge: That doesn't have anything to do with this trial.
1932: Felseneck Trial.
The Felseneck Trial was Litten's last major fight against the Nazi Party. On trial were five Nazis and 19 residents of the Felseneck arbor colony, where many left-wing workers, including Communists and Social Democrats, were living. In January 1932, there was a brawl involving about 150 storm troopers and colony residents. The troopers surrounded the colony and attacked with stones and firearms. Two people were killed, Ernst Schwartz, a member of the Berlin SA and Fritz Klemke, a Communist; several others, including two police officers, were injured. The resulting trial had numerous defendants and hundreds of witnesses.
Litten's meticulousness began to annoy both the presiding judge and the prosecutors, who began to conspire to get Litten removed from the trial. Although there were no legal grounds, the court expelled Hans Litten both as counsel and ancillary counsel for the plaintiff because he had "unfurled unrestrained partisan propaganda in the trial" and "made the courtroom a hotbed of political passions". This decision was set aside by the court of appeals, whereupon the presiding judge and an official from the criminal division declared the trial to be biased and the trial was unable to proceed.
Shortly after that, Litten was again removed from a high court, having been accused of influencing a witness. This time, the action was sustained by the "Kammergericht" (Supreme Court) and the court commented further during an investigation of the defense, that the main trial was generally inadmissible. This caused an uproar in the community of Berlin lawyers, including those who were not well-disposed toward Litten. A meeting of Berlin attorneys demanded a change to the law in order to prevent such a curtailment of the fundamental rights of defense attorneys.
Litten was excoriated in the Nazi press as the "Red Death Defender" and readers were urged to "Put a stop to his dirty work". It was no longer possible for Litten to go out in public without a bodyguard.
Legacy.
Aside from several memorials in Germany, after the war Litten remained unknown for decades because neither western nor communist governments found him suitable for their cold war propaganda. For the west, Litten had been too involved with communists and for communists, Litten's rejection of Stalinism made him a pariah.
When East and West Germany were reunited, the lawyers association of Berlin chose to call itself the Hans Litten Bar Association. Every two years, a lawyer is given the "Hans Litten Prize" by the German and European Democratic Lawyers Association. The Israeli lawyer, Leah Tsemel, and Michael Ratner, an American lawyer and the president of the Center for Constitutional Rights, have both received the award. There is a memorial plaque for Litten located on the former "Neue Friedrichstraße", renamed in Litten's honor in 1951. The federal and Berlin bar associations ("Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer" and "Rechtsanwaltskammer Berlin") have their headquarters at the Hans Litten Haus, also on Littenstraße (see photo).
In 2008, the first in-depth biography of Litten in English was written. Author Benjamin Carter Hett, a historian and former lawyer, came across Litten while working on another book. Commenting on the relevance of Litten's life today and the treatment he suffered while imprisoned, Hett said:
In 2011 Litten's story was filmed by the BBC. "The Man Who Crossed Hitler" was written by Mark Hayhurst and directed by Justin Hardy. The role of Hans Litten was played by Ed Stoppard. Hayhurst has also written a play on Litten's life, entitled "Taken At Midnight", which premiered at Chichester Festival Theatre in September 2014 and transferred to Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London in January 2015.
Hans Litten is played by German actor Trystan Putter in Season 3 of the TV show Babylon Berlin.


Charles Nuzum

Charles "Charlie" A. Nuzum (1923 – 2 August 2008) was in the FBI and in charge of an investigation involving the Watergate scandal. Nuzum was chief of the FBI's bankruptcy, antitrust and wiretapping unit at the time of the break-in at the Watergate office.
Early life.
Charles Nuzum was born in Bourbon County, Kansas in 1923. When Nuzum was a child, his family moved to St. Petersburg, Florida. When World War II started Nuzum was attending St. Petersburg Junior College, later serving as a pilot flying a B-24 in the Army Air forces. Charles won some awards including Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal and the Purple Heart award. In 1948 he graduated from the University of Michigan and later joined the FBI in 1954. Nuzum moved to Washington in the early 1960s. Nuzum had a wife, Joy L. Nuzum and two children, Charles Nuzum Jr. and Denise Perrino.
Involvement with Watergate.
At the time of the Watergate scandal, Mr. Nuzum was chief of the FBI's bankruptcy, antitrust, and wiretapping unit. Nuzum lead the investigation into the Watergate burglary. The investigation revealed that the White House was connected to the burglary, and the burglary to an ever so expanding set of other numerous crimes, taken under to punish the so-called political enemies of Nixon's administration. Nuzum would inform his superiors, which also included Robert Gebhardt, the FBI's assistant director of the investigative division. Robert Gebhardt then would send the reports to the FBI's associate director, Mark Felt. Felt then passed the information on to L. Patrick Gray, the FBI’s acting director. Many of the key memos from this period contain the name and initials of Charles Nuzum.
Retirement.
In 1975, Charles Nuzum retired. Shortly after retiring, Nuzum returned to Florida and became employed by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation, as a state beverage division chief. At the time of his retirement in 1983, he was president of the National Conference of State Liquor Administrators. Nuzum was also a valued member of the "Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI."
Death.
In 2008, Nuzum suffered an accidental fall. He was hospitalized at Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, where he died on August 2.


USS Puritan (ID-2222)

USS "Puritan", a civilian transport built by Craig Shipbuilding Company in Toledo, Ohio, was launched in 1901, and lengthened by in 1908. The ship sailed on the Great Lakes in passenger service, was purchased by the U.S. Navy at the end of the war, and returned to passenger service after the war. The ship sank in 1933 near Isle Royale in Lake Superior, and its wreck is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Civilian service prior to World War I.
She mainly operated on Lake Michigan in passenger service between Chicago, Holland, and Benton Harbor.
USS "Puritan".
"Puritan" was purchased by the U.S. Navy during World War I in April 1918 and commissioned on 20 November 1918. Although she was suitable for coastal transport in the English Channel, she may have never left the Great Lakes in naval service. "Puritan" was decommissioned in 1919 and sold to a firm in Chicago.
Civilian service after World War I.
She went back into passenger service from Chicago to other ports on the Great Lakes from 1920 to 1929. At the start of the Great Depression, she was laid up.
"George M. Cox".
"Puritan" was purchased in the 1930s by George Cox, who was an entrepreneur from New Orleans, and refitted in an elegant manner. In 1933 the ship was renamed "George M. Cox." On her first cruise with a contingent of special guests, she struck the shoals near the Rock of Ages Light in fog on 27 May 1933. The 127 passengers and crew were rescued and spent the night in the crowded lighthouse and on the surrounding rocks. The ship was not salvageable and remained on the rocks until it was broken up in an October storm. It sank near the wrecks of and . The wreck sits in of water and is a popular dive site. Approximately 65 dives were made to "George M. Cox" in 2009 out of 1,062 dives made to wrecks in the Isle Royale National Park.
National Register of Historic Places.
The wreck of "George M. Cox" was named to the National Register of Historic Places on 14 June 1984, No. 84001749. It is discussed along with other nearby wrecks in "Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park", TR.


Mark Smeaton

Mark Smeaton ( – 17 May 1536) was a musician at the court of Henry VIII of England, in the household of Queen Anne Boleyn. Smeaton, the Queen's brother George Boleyn (Viscount Rochford), Henry Norris, Francis Weston and William Brereton were executed for alleged treason and adultery with Queen Anne.
Background.
Mark Smeaton's exact date of birth is unknown, however, it is believed he was around 23 years old when he died in 1536. While there are few specifics about Smeaton's life, legend states that he was the son of a carpenter and a seamstress. His surname is thought to be of Flemish-French Flemish origin, as 'Smeaton' could be a derivation of either de Smet or de Smedt.
Known for his talents as a singer, Smeaton was a handsome musician and dancer in Henry VIII's court who later transferred into the court of Queen Anne. In addition to his singing ability, he also played the lute, viol, virginals and the organ. Smeaton originally joined the choir of Cardinal Wolsey. After Wolsey's fall from grace, Smeaton was transferred from the Cardinal's service to Henry's Chapel Royal, where his musical ability came to the notice of the Queen, known to be a patron of the arts. Then established as a court musician, he was named a Groom of the Privy Chamber in 1532.
Because his origins were considered to be of a lowly social standing, he was never part of the Queen's intimate circle of companions, which included her favourite ladies-in-waiting and courtiers. Anne herself once reprimanded him for assuming she would speak to him in the same way she would speak to an aristocrat. A poem by the courtier Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder made reference to his apparent social-climbing.
Arrest.
His unhappiness was said to have caught Queen Anne's attention one day in her chamber at Winchester, when she sent for him to play the virginals. As Anne later confessed, "[On] Saturday before May Day… I found him standing in the round window in my chamber of presence. And I asked him why he was so sad, and he answered and said it was no matter." Smeaton's reply was non-committal. Anne replied, "You may not look to have me speak to you as I should do to a nobleman, because you are an inferior person." Knowing the truth of her words, Smeaton miserably replied, "No, no, Madam. A look sufficeth, thus fare you well." Fatefully, this conversation with the Queen was quickly reported to Thomas Cromwell, one of the King's advisors, who was looking for evidence of Anne committing treason and adultery. It is generally accepted that Anne was accused of adultery to free her husband, Henry VIII, to marry a new wife, Jane Seymour, to whom he became betrothed the day after her execution. On Cromwell's orders, Smeaton was arrested on 30 April 1536. Cromwell took Smeaton to his house in Stepney and, according to the Spanish Chronicle, is said to have tortured him with a knotted cord around his eyes. Anne is not thought to have noticed his disappearance nor had she been informed of his arrest.
At 6 pm on 1 May, Smeaton was sent to the Tower of London. Before his arrest, Smeaton was known to spend lavishly on horses and liveries. This was seen as suspicious, as Smeaton earned only £100 a year; the implication being that he had received money from the Queen in exchange for "services" as her lover. While at the Tower, Smeaton confessed to being the Queen's lover. The confession did not align with the facts: Smeaton stated he was with the Queen on 13 May 1535 at Greenwich. However, it is recorded that she was not at Greenwich on that date but at Richmond. It is believed that when being pressured to confess, Smeaton also supplied the names of members of the Queen's circle and all were subsequently arrested. Those arrested for alleged adultery with Anne as a result of Smeaton's confession were Sir Francis Weston, Henry Norris, William Brereton, and her brother, George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford. All but Smeaton maintained their innocence, but none of them was tortured as Smeaton was. Out of all those arrested for adultery, Smeaton's arrest caused the greatest scandal, because those who knew of the charges were shocked that the Queen would have an affair with a person of such low degree.
A slightly different version of the events surrounding Smeaton's guilty plea is told by the nineteenth century English historical writer and poet, Agnes Strickland. Strickland maintained that Smeaton was lured into signing the incriminating deposition by the subtlety of Sir William Fitzwilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton. As Fitzwilliam tried to make Smeaton feel dishonourable enough to confess, he noticed Smeaton's terror and said, "Subscribe, Mark, and you will see what will come of it". Whether Smeaton was tortured or coaxed into guilt, "it was generally said that he had his life promised him, but it was not fit to let him live to tell tales."
Trial and execution.
The evidence against Mark Smeaton rested on his expenditure and the one reported conversation. His trial took place at Westminster Hall, but it was generally believed there was no question of his guilt. After being found guilty, Smeaton was condemned to death on 12 May 1536, as were the four other men accused of being the Queen's lovers. Queen Anne was condemned to death three days later. It was alleged by one of Anne's ladies-in-waiting, thought to be Elizabeth Browne, Countess of Worcester, that the Queen "admitted some of her court to come into her chamber at undue hours". On news that Smeaton was now clapped in irons, Queen Anne replied dismissively, "he was a person of mean birth and the others were all gentlemen". It is said that when she heard Smeaton had failed to withdraw his "confession" in fully explicit terms, the Queen expressed anger.
As he was being led to his execution, Smeaton stumbled back from the bloody scaffold. Collecting himself, he said despairingly, "Masters, I pray you all pray for me, for I have deserved the death". Smeaton's form of execution was beheading, rather than the brutal quartering usually assigned to commoners; the reason is thought to have been due to his co-operation with Anne's enemies.
Smeaton's body was buried in a common grave with one of the other accused adulterers, William Brereton. Years after Smeaton's death, Queen Mary convinced herself that her sister, Elizabeth, whom she considered a rival for her throne, was illegitimate and actually the product of the alleged affair between Smeaton and Anne. Mary repeated on more than one occasion that she thought Elizabeth had the "face and countenance" of Smeaton. However, Elizabeth's resemblance to Henry was so obvious that Mary had little luck in convincing anyone else, and the accusation that Smeaton was Elizabeth's father died with Mary.
A poem about the five executed men, allegedly written by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder, contains the following verse dedicated to Mark Smeaton:
<poem>
</poem>
In popular media.
Smeaton was portrayed by Gary Bond in the 1969 costume dramatic film "Anne of the Thousand Days". In it, Smeaton is depicted as being tortured by Cromwell's henchmen. In 1971, Michael Osborne portrayed Smeaton in the second episode of "The Six Wives of Henry VIII". One scene shows the knotted rope being twisted onto his eyes.
The character of Mark Smeaton appeared in the second season of Showtime's "The Tudors" and was portrayed by David Alpay. In the series, he is depicted as having a sexual relationship with Anne's brother, George Boleyn. It is believed that Smeaton being portrayed as homosexual may have been based on the theories of Retha Warnicke, who argued that Smeaton and George Boleyn had been sexually intimate.
Smeaton is fleshed out as a character in the novels "Wolf Hall" and "Bring Up the Bodies" by Hilary Mantel, and the TV miniseries adaptation "Wolf Hall", in which he is portrayed by Max Fowler. Told from Cromwell's point of view, the story shows Smeaton intimidated and manipulated into a confession rather than being tortured. He and the other four accused of adultery with Queen Anne are executed as the culmination of a careful vendetta against them by Cromwell, in revenge for their production of a mocking dramatisation of the downfall of Cardinal Wolsey shortly after his death.
Smeaton appears in Gaetano Donizetti's opera "Anna Bolena", in which the character is a trouser role assigned to a contralto.
Jack Benny portrayed Smeaton in an extended fantasy sequence in "The Jack Benny Program" television show (S:7 E:6) entitled "Jack locked in the Tower of London" which originally aired 2 December 1956.


Odd Man (comics)

The Odd Man is a fictional comic book hero created by Steve Ditko. The character was intended to first appear in "Shade, the Changing Man" #9 but instead first appeared in "Detective Comics" #487 in December 1979.
Fictional character biography.
Clayton "Clay" Stoner is a private detective (height: 5'11", weight: 160 lbs) living in River City. He has blue eyes and blond hair which changes to black hair when he acts as a vigilante wearing mismatched clothing under the name the Odd Man. He uses his wits and an elaborate series of gadgets to disorient and confuse his opponents. These include a weighted extended tie, a spray he developed which melts certain plastics, gloves that emit powder or smoke when he claps his hands together, and a slippery oil spray. He also has the ability to make his enemies black out, presumably through the use of one of his sprays or concoctions.
Origin.
"He came from nowhere, garbed in a confused costume that would make a carnival clown blush with embarassment [sic]. His weapons were absurd -- impossible! But somehow he became the terror of criminals, and everyone began to wonder ... who is the Odd Man?" (from "The Odd Man" by Steve Ditko. Published in "Detective Comics" #487.)
Publication history.
The Odd Man was introduced in an eponymous story that had him pitted against the supposed reincarnation of the first Nile Queen and her Pharaoh consort.


Manuel Sorola

Manuel Sorola (Dec. 4, 1880, near San Antonio - Nov. 19, 1957, Los Angeles) He was the first Hispanic agent with the FBI; hired in 1916. He joined the El Paso office as a special agent in 1922 and served in field offices in Brownsville, Phoenix, New Orleans and Los Angeles. Placed on limited duty in 1938, he continued to serve in the Los Angeles field office as a liaison to local law enforcement agencies until his retirement on January 31, 1949. He died in Los Angeles, California and is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City.


Linda Dahlberg

Linda Lee Dahlberg is an American public health researcher and the Senior Advisor to the director in the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP). The DVP is part of the Centers for Disease Control's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. She formerly served as the DVP's associate director for science. She received her Ph.D. in sociology from Indiana University Bloomington in 1995 with a dissertation entitled "Pathways of change: The transition to adulthood in nineteenth century Indianapolis, 1860-1880". She has published multiple studies on the subject of gun violence in the United States.


The Heart of Christmas

The Heart of Christmas is a 2011 American Christian drama feature film directed by Gary Wheeler. It stars Candace Cameron Bure, Erin Bethea, Jeanne Neilson, Eric Jay Beck, George Newbern, and Matthew West. Based on a true story, the film involves a woman’s encounter with a family caring for a child with acute leukemia and how it transforms her faith and her attitude about her own family.
Plot.
Megan Walsh is a successful businesswoman who does not seem to have enough time for her husband and two children. While taking her children trick-or-treating during Halloween, she encounters a confusing situation in which many families are decorating for Christmas (which is nearly two months away). Their explanation is that they are trying to provide one last Christmas for Dax Locke, a toddler in their neighborhood who is dying of a rare form of leukemia. Curious, Megan reads Dax's mother Julie's blog and learns about the Lockes' journey. Inspired, Megan examines her own life and priorities.
Reception.
The film does not appear to have received reviews by any major professional film critics. Rotten Tomatoes has no rating for the movie. Metacritic does not even have a listing of the film. Scott Rolfe at The Dove Foundation website assigns the film 5 stars out of 5, although this may reflect its acceptability for the foundation's wholesomeness for family viewing. The film rates 7.1/10 at the Internet Movie Database, based on 865 user ratings, as of February 6, 2019. The website for Gospel Music Channel, which promoted the broadcast of the film, collected 211 ratings for the film, averaging 4.8/10.
Release.
The film was released in the US on November 7, 2011. It received a worldwide TV premiere on December 7, 2012 on Gospel Music Channel (GMC).


Gilbert Harding

Gilbert Charles Harding (5 June 1907 – 16 November 1960) was a British journalist and radio and television personality. His many careers included schoolmaster, journalist, policeman, disc jockey, actor, interviewer and television presenter. He also appeared in several films, sometimes in character parts but usually as himself – for example in "Expresso Bongo" (1959).
Harding had a sizeable role alongside John Mills in the 1952 film "The Gentle Gunman", and narrated the introduction to the film "Pacific Destiny" (1956). He also made a couple of comedy records in the 1950s.
Early life.
Harding was born in Hereford where his parents were employed as "master" and "matron" of the city's workhouse. His father, also called Gilbert Harding, died in 1911 aged 30 following an appendicitis operation, and so his mother placed their son into the care of the Royal Orphanage of Wolverhampton.
Harding's education continued at Queens' College, Cambridge, after which he took jobs teaching English in Canada and France. He returned to Britain and worked as a policeman in Bradford, before taking a position as "The Times" correspondent in Cyprus. In 1936 he again returned to Britain and began a long-term career with the BBC.
BBC career.
He was a regular on BBC Radio's Twenty Questions and was voted Personality of the Year in the National Radio Awards of 1953-4. Harding regularly appeared on the BBC television panel game "What's My Line?" as a panellist, having been the presenter of the very first episode in 1951.
Harding was notorious for his irascibility and was at one time characterised in the tabloid press as "the rudest man in Britain". His fame sprang from an inability to suffer fools gladly, and many 1950s TV viewers watched "What's My Line?" less for the quiz elements than for the chance of a live Harding outburst. An incident on an early broadcast started this trend when Harding became annoyed with a contestant, and told him that he was getting bored with him. Harding's rudeness off-screen was also commented upon; at a wedding reception at which a guest remarked that the bride and groom would make an ideal couple, Harding replied "You should know, you've slept with both of them". He became increasingly unable to move anywhere in public without being accosted by adoring viewers. On one occasion he asked a mother with two children if "your children are crippled", because they had stayed seated on a railway bench.
In 1960 he was reduced to tears on an edition of the "Face to Face" series, after being questioned by the host John Freeman. As the focus of the interview moved on to the subject of death, Freeman asked Harding if he had ever been in the presence of a dead person. At this point, in replying in the affirmative, Harding's voice began to break and his eyes watered. Freeman later said he had not anticipated the effect this would have; Harding had witnessed his mother's death in 1954. Freeman appeared to be unaware that Harding was referring to his mother, for later in the interview he asserted that Harding's mother was still alive. Harding contradicted him, and Freeman moved quickly on. This version of events has been contradicted by the producer, Hugh Burnett.
Freeman publicly expressed regret about this line of questioning; its emphasis on Harding's "closeness" to his mother has since been seen by at least one commentator as a tactless attempt to expose his homosexuality, though the viewing public did not become aware of it, and he was seen as merely a lonely bachelor. Harding kept his sexuality secret because male homosexual behaviour was a criminal offence in the UK. Harding also admitted in the programme that his bad manners and temper were "indefensible". "[I'm] profoundly lonely", he stated, later adding, "I would very much like to be dead."
Death.
Harding died a few weeks after the "Face to Face" programme was broadcast, collapsing outside Broadcasting House as he was about to climb into a taxi. The cause was an asthma attack. He was 53 years old.
He was buried in St. Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green, west London.
Media.
Behind Harding's gruff exterior there was a lonely and complex man who constantly donated to charity, visited the sick and helped many in need. But such details, in conflict with the public image, became public only after his death. In 1979, radio presenter Owen Spencer-Thomas on BBC Radio London's "Gilbert Harding" described him as "enigmatic ... bad-tempered and rude, yet his friends counted him as one of the kindest, and most generous."
The "Face to Face" interview was rebroadcast on BBC Four on 18 October 2005, following a repeated episode of "What's My Line?". It was also broadcast in part on the BBC Four series 'Talk at the BBC'. A three-hour programme, "The Rudest Man in Britain", was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2014 and has been repeated several times. This included interviews with people who knew and worked with Harding, and explored his life, personality, sexuality and influence in a non-judgemental way. It included the "Face to Face" interview in full, as well as episodes of programmes in which Harding was either Chairman or panel member. It ended with Stephen Wyatt's play "Dr Brighton and Mr Harding".


TSS Wahine

TSS "Wahine" (meaning "woman" in Maori) (1913–1951) was a 4,436 grt Union Steamship Company inter-island passenger ferry that ran between Lyttelton and Wellington, New Zealand. She served as a minelayer in World War I and as a troopship in World War II.
On 19 December 1942 the "Wahine" rammed and sank the mine sweeping trawler "South Sea" inside Wellington Harbour. There was no loss of life.
At 05:40 a.m. on 15 August 1951 the "Wahine" ran hard aground on the Masela Island Reef off Cape Palsu in the Arafura Sea, being held as far aft as the engine room. In response to a distress call, all aboard were rescued by the Standard Vacuum Oil's tanker "Stanvac Karachi". Salvage attempts were unsuccessful and the vessel was abandoned as a total loss.


Sidney Lanier Bridge

The Sidney Lanier Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge that spans the Brunswick River in Brunswick, Georgia, carrying four lanes of U.S. Route 17. The current bridge was built as a replacement to the original vertical-lift bridge, which was twice struck by ships. It is currently the longest-spanning bridge in Georgia and is tall. It was named for poet Sidney Lanier. Each year (usually in February), there is the "Bridge Run" sponsored by Southeast Georgia Health System when the south side of the bridge is closed to traffic and people register to run (or walk) the bridge.
The bridge hosts the WX4BWK amateur radio repeater on the top of one of its pillars.
History.
The original Sidney Lanier Bridge was opened June 22, 1956, and was built by Sverdrup & Parcel, the same firm that designed the I-35W Mississippi River bridge which collapsed in 2007. On November 7, 1972 the ship "African Neptune" struck the bridge, causing parts of the bridge to collapse and causing several cars to fall into the water. Ten deaths were caused by the accident. On May 3, 1987 the bridge was again struck by a ship, this time by the Polish freighter "Ziemia Bialostocka".
Scenes from the original version of "The Longest Yard" were filmed on the first Sidney Lanier Bridge. The raising of the lift span was used by Burt Reynolds' character to escape the police.
Comparison with two other bridges.
The proximity and rivalry between Charleston, South Carolina, Savannah and Brunswick often led to comparisons between the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, the Talmadge Memorial Bridge, and the Sidney Lanier Bridge. Completed in 2005, the clearance under the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge is actually only one foot higher than that of both the Talmadge Memorial Bridge and the Sidney Lanier Bridge. Unlike the Talmadge Memorial Bridge and the Sidney Lanier Bridge, however, the Ravenel Bridge has eight travel lanes; the Talmadge and the Sidney both have just four lanes. The Ravenel also features a dedicated bike/pedestrian lane.
Superlatives.
Until the 2003 completion of the Sidney Lanier Bridge, the Dames Point Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida was the only bridge in the United States to feature the harp stay arrangement.


The Pause (novel)

The Pause is a 2015 novel by Australian author John Larkin. It looks deep at the devastating impact of teenage suicide, and how it affects the people around them. It is a personal narrative of its main character Declan O’Malley, describing his life following an attempted suicide after his love interest Lisa is forced to move to Honk-Kong by her abusive mother.
The book won the 2015 Queensland Literary Award.
Synopsis.
The book is a first-person reflective narrative of the main character Declan O’Malley who commits suicide after his girlfriend Lisa is forcefully relocated to Honk-Kong after their relationship is discovered by her mother referred to as the Kraken. He commits suicide via jumping onto the way of an oncoming train but is forced to observe an alternate reality where he survived his suicide attempt and recovered from depression.
Reception.
The book received a positive response with a 4.1 rating on Goodreads and 2015 Queensland Literary Award.
References.
2. "The Pause." "Goodreads". N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.


Great fire of Brisbane

The Great fire of Brisbane was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of Brisbane in the Colony of Queensland (now a state of Australia) on 1 December 1864.
For two and a half hours the fire burned out of control in large parts of Brisbane's central business district with entire blocks being destroyed, mainly in Queen, Albert, George, and Elizabeth Streets. It consumed 50 houses, 2 banks, 3 hotels, 4 draperies, and many other businesses as well as a "considerable amount of small houses". Considering the extent of the fire, casualties were very few; there was no loss of life, and four people were taken to hospital with injuries.
Background.
Two fires occurred in Brisbane in the same year before the Great Fire of Brisbane, the first occurred on 11 April 1864 in Queen Street where 14 buildings were burnt out. The second occurred only a few months before the Great Fire of Brisbane. The fire broke out around 1:00 am on 5 September 1864, the Volunteer Fire Brigade was quick to respond and extinguished the blaze within an hour. A total of fourteen buildings were destroyed in this fire.
These fires were able to spread easily due to the abundance of buildings made from timber, and the limited supply of water to subdue the fires.
After the April fire, an unknown Brisbane resident urged the Brisbane city council to invest in a proper fire brigade, however this warning was apparently ignored.
The Blaze.
The fire started in the cellar underneath Stewart and Hemmant's drapery on the corner of Queen Street and Albert Street at around 7:40pm. News was conveyed to the police station, where the fire bell rang in alarm, and soon the entire available force was assembled and quickly despatched to the fires location. The doors of the building were broken in, but by this time the interior was 'one vast sheet of flame', with none of its contents salvageable.
A crowd of hundreds gathered at the fiery scene, amongst whom was the Governor George Bowen, accompanied by Captain Carnegie. The Stewart and Hemmant's store could not be saved, so the volunteers-among whom the members of the Fire Brigade No. 1, and their Superintendent, Mr. R. Macdonnel, directed their attention to salvaging property in the nearest buildings, which included Gaujard's tobacco divan, and the businesses further up along Queen street. Amongst the volunteers were the Police Magistrate, and nearly the whole of the unpaid Justices, and the Bishops Tufnell and Quinn, who were also assisted by a large number of clergymen. A great deal of valuable stock of tobacco and cigars was saved, with soldiers guarding the property.
Further up, a number of men headed by Mr. Cutbush got onto the roofs of two small shops, and attempted to pull the structures down. However, due to the heavy use of wood in the city's architecture, the fire progressed rapidly. Two of the men had been caught by the fire on the roof of Williams' Oyster Salon, and stayed on the burning building until it collapsed and they fell into the flames beneath, where they were quickly rescued although Mr. Cutbush was severely injured in the fall.
At 8:30pm the fire slowed to a temporary lull due to some of the brick and stone buildings in the fires path, and another attempt was made to save the more valuable properties further up the street. Volunteers began demolishing the Café De Paris, however the extreme heat forced them to retreat. By 9:00pm, the north-westerly wind began spreading the fire down Albert Street and onto Elizabeth Street, however the damage along there was less severe as the buildings were spaced further apart, but in the laneway connected to Albert street running parallel to Queen Street was home to a large number of poor people with small wooden houses, all of which were destroyed.
The volunteers emptied the Union Bank's vault of books, securities, and bullion before it too burnt down, while the valuables in Palmer's drapery, Lade's saddlery, and Messrs were saved. Meanwhile, on the opposite side of Queen Street, storekeepers used wet blankets to effectively halt the spread of fire coming over in that direction. By 11:30pm, the last building along Queen street was destroyed, the Bank of New South Wales, and the flames were halted in George street where the house of Mr. Pillow was demolished, thereby saving the stone building, the Registrar-Generals Office. The new building under construction on the corner of George and Queen streets was also saved, as the contractor had removed all wood from the site. Altogether 50 houses, and many businesses were destroyed, alongside a large number of 'small houses' in the laneways off Albert street. Within just a few hours the main centre of the city had been turned to ruin, with the total cost of the fire valued at £60,000 pounds.
Aftermath.
Following the fire, the rebuilding used more stone and brick.
However, it was not until 1881 that a Brisbane Fire Brigade Board was established. Its first commander, John Edward Hinton, was appointed in 1882, but it was not until 1889 that the first full-time fireman was appointed.


Lassair


Aubrey Lewis (athlete)

Aubrey Lewis (c. 1935 – December 10, 2001) was an American football player and track athlete who was the first African American to be captain of a Notre Dame Fighting Irish athletic team and a member of the first Federal Bureau of Investigation agent training program to include black people.
Early life and education.
Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Lewis grew up in nearby Montclair and attended Montclair High School, from which he graduated in 1954. When he first tried out for the Mounties football team, a doctor performing a physical detected a rapid heart rate. Lewis, who had had a heart murmur since childhood told the doctor "Oh, I ran here all the way from my house", and received approval to play. During his high school career at Montclair, Lewis played basketball and won two state football championships with the football team, scoring 49 touchdowns and running for nearly 4,500 rushing yards during his career. Lewis led Montclair to its second consecutive Group IV team championship and set state records in three different track and field events at the New Jersey Interscholastic Athletic Association's track and field championships in 1953, winning at both 100 meters (in 9.8 seconds) and 220 meters (with a time of 21 seconds) and won the discus event with a record throw of .
College athletics.
Lewis chose the University of Notre Dame from a list of 200 schools that had offered him scholarships and played halfback for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. He was chosen by the Chicago Bears in the tenth round of the 1958 NFL Draft, the 113th pick overall, but an ankle injury prevented him from playing professionally. He won the NCAA's Division I championship in the 400 meter intermediate hurdles in 1956 but failed to make the United States team that would be competing at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, after he stumbled over the last hurdle in his heat at the Olympic trials in Los Angeles. He went on to be elected as captain of the track team for the 1957–58 season, making him the first black athlete at the school to be chosen as a team captain.
In 1961, while he was working as the head coach at Paterson Central High School, Lewis was chosen as player-coach of a team representing Newark in the Metropolitan Indoor Football League, which planned to play seven-on-seven games indoors during the winter.
Professional career.
In 1962, he was chosen to participate as a member of the first Federal Bureau of Investigation agent training program to include black people in its 14-week-long training program held at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. In a September 1962 article in "Ebony" magazine, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the expanded recruiting effort as justified "based on his feeling that Negroes 'need more heroes' to encourage their youngsters."
Lewis left the FBI in 1967 to take a position with Woolworth's, working with the firm in various roles, and was chosen as a senior vice president before his retirement in 1995. He was appointed to serve on both the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority and the New Jersey Highway Authority. Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman appointed Lewis in 1997 to serve as a commissioner of the bi-state Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a position he filled until 1999.
Death.
Lewis died at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center on December 10, 2001, at the age of 66. He was survived by his wife, Ann, as well as by two daughters and three sons.