Fusako Shigenobu

 is a Japanese communist and the former leader and founder of the now disbanded Japanese Red Army (JRA).
Early life.
Shigenobu was born on 28 September 1945 in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo. Her father had been a teacher at a terakoya or temple school (寺子屋 "terakoya") open for poor village children in the Kyushu region after World War I, but had later become a major in the Imperial Japanese Army dispatched to Manchukuo.
After high school, Shingenobu went to work for the Kikkoman corporation and took night courses at Meiji University. She eventually received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Economy and in History. She joined the student movement that was protesting the increase of tuition fees, and this led her to activism in the leftist student movement Zengakuren, of which she became a leading member.
JRA movement.
In February 1971, she and Tsuyoshi Okudaira went to the Middle East to create international branches of the Japanese Red Army. Upon arrival, she soon split with the Red Army Faction in Japan due to both geographical and ideological distance, as well as a personal conflict with the new leader, Tsuneo Mori. The Red Army went on to link up with the Maoist Revolutionary Left Wing of the Japanese Communist Party to form the United Red Army. Upon hearing about the internal purge the United Red Army carried out in the winter of 1971–1972, Shigenobu recalls her shock and sorrow. She and Okudaira wrote "My Love, My Revolution" (わが愛わが革命) as a response.
Shigenobu remained in the Middle East for more than 30 years. Her move was part of International Revolutionary Solidarity, with the idea that revolutionary movements should cooperate and eventually lead to a global socialist revolution. Her destination was Lebanon, and her aim was to support the Palestinian cause. She originally joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) as a volunteer, but eventually the JRA became an independent group. She mentions in several of her books "The mission's purpose was to consolidate the international revolutionary alliance against the imperialists of the world."
Shigenobu was listed as a wanted person by the INTERPOL in 1974 after the French embassy hostage-taking in the Hague in which she was believed to be involved.
Arrest.
Although internationally wanted Shigenobu evaded capture until when the then 55 year old Shingenobu was captured by police in outside a hotel in Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture after entering Japan illegally through Kansai International Airport using a forged passport that she obtained by impersonating another person some time between 1997 and 2000. Shigenobu was using the alias, "Okudaira of" which the arresting officers greeted in order to gain her attention when they approached her. The same day she was transported to Tokyo to be interrogated by the Metropolitan Police Department although it was reported that she refused to answer any of her interrogators questions.
Since 1991, she established the "People's Revolutionary Party" for the purpose of "Armed revolution" in Japan and the masked organization "The 21st Century of Hope" in charge of its public activity department.
It is also said that she used it as a foothold to plan cooperation with the Japanese Socialist Party.
After that, she was hiding in an apartment in Nishinari Ward, Osaka for a while.
In 2000, Osaka Prefecture Security Guard Public Safety Section 3 was inspecting the supporters of the Japanese Red Army and began to investigate the person who was in contact with a woman similar to Shigenobu.
Shigenobu was characterized by nevus, but she had hidden her nevus on her face with makeup.
However, her fingerprints were collected from the coffee cup used by the woman similar to Shigenobu.
Her way of smoking was similar to Shigenobu and she drank at a certain place.
The third security department found that it matched Shigenobu's fingerprint.
In addition, the Tokaido Shinkansen was used for her transfer from Osaka to the Metropolitan Police Department in Tokyo, and a private room of the "green car" was used to prevent escape.
She was taken in for questioning from a hotel in Takatsuki, near Osaka, in November of that year. Japanese citizens were startled to see a handcuffed middle-aged woman emerge from a train arriving in Tokyo. When Shigenobu spotted the waiting cameras, she raised her hands and gave the thumbs-up, shouting at reporters: "I'll fight on!"
She was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 8 March 2006, and received a final verdict from the Japanese Supreme Court in 2010 with the same terms. The prosecution charged her on three counts, the use of forged passport, aiding another member in the JRA in obtaining a forged passport, and attempted manslaughter by planning and commanding the 1974 occupation and hostage taking at the French embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands. Shigenobu pleaded guilty to the first two charges, but not guilty to the charge linking her to the 1974 embassy hostage taking. Among the witnesses that appeared in her court for the defense was Leila Khaled, known for the 1969 hijacking of TWA Flight 840, and currently a member of the Palestinian National Council. In his final verdict, the judge stated that there was no conclusive evidence of her involvement in the armed occupation of the embassy that resulted in the injury of two policemen, or in the intention of attempted manslaughter, but sentenced her for possibly conspiring with members of her group to occupy the embassy.
Hague Trial.
Prosecution.
Shigenobu was arrested for involvement in French embassy hostage-taking that took place in The Hague,Netherlands, to recapture (Yoshiaki Yamada) of the Japanese Red Army arrested by the French authorities on 13 September 1974.
Shigenobu was prosecuted for conspiracy joint conviction for illegal arrest and imprisonment, and attempted murder.
Prosecutors said the Japanese Red Army issued a crime statement the day after the execution and requested Palestinian Liberation People's Front (PFLP) from other Japanese Red Army publications to coordinate with the country that accepts arms procurement and released fellows.
Based on evidence from former members who said that Shigenobu remarked for lack of preparation at the meeting after the incident, accused him of leading the crime as a mastermind in the French embassy hostage-taking and sentenced her to life imprisonment.
In response to this, the defense side said, "At the time of the French embassy hostage-taking, the Japanese Red Army did not have an organizational structure and was not in a position to be instructed by Shigenobu because it was a PFLP operation and she was in Libya and has an alibi".
The Tokyo District Court found on 23 February 2006, "Defense Shigenobu played an important role in asking PFLP to coordinate arms procurement and countries accepting freed fellows."
"The details, time, and place of the conspiracy are not clear, but the defendant is conspiring with the criminal through a cooperating organization in the Arab countries, and it cannot be established as an alibi."
The sentence was "Selfish offense that absolutely regards one's principles and claims and does not care about the dangers to many lives and bodies, and no serious remorse is seen".
But on the other hand, "Haruo Wako, the executing offender has decided on the important matters of the crime, and it cannot be asserted that the defendant had a core position but took the lead in the crime".
Then rejected the life imprisonment sentenced by the prosecution and sentenced to 20 years in prison.
Shigenobu's daughter Mei Shigenobu and chief attorney Kyoko Otani filed an appeal on the same day as the sentencing.
Imprisonment.
In the appeals court, both the defense and the prosecution received terrorist "Carlos" prison sentences in France in the 1970s and 1980s, as in Shigenobu, causing terrorist attacks in many countries around the world, slaughtering a large number of civilians.
Obtained a testimony about the command system of the French embassy hostage-taking and the history of the provision of arms, and submitted it to the court.
On 20 December 2007, the Tokyo High Court upheld the first-instance decision and dismissed the appeal.
Shigenobu filed an appeal, but on 15 July 2010, the decision was made to reject it and the sentence was confirmed.
Shigenobu filed an objection to the decision to reject the appeal, but on 4 August 2010, the Supreme Court No. 2 Small Court (Yukio Takeuchi, Chief Justice) decided to reject the decision, and the first and second trial sentences with 20 years in prison were finalized.
Shigenobu later served.
However, due to the inclusion of three years of detention for 810 days into prison, it was actually 17 years and Shigenobu's planned source was 2027.
After dissolution.
In 2001, Fusako Shigenobu announced the dissolution of the Japanese Red Army, which had been virtually collapsed as an organization from prison.
At a press conference before the sentencing in February 2006, her lawyers read a haiku she had composed:
In December 2008, she was diagnosed with both colon cancer and intestinal cancer and has had three operations to remove them. As of 2014 Shigenobu was detained in Hachioji Medical Prison having undergone 3 medical operations in relation to her cancer.
In June 2009, she said for the first time in response to the interview of Sankei Shimbun "I was conceited to change the world" about past activities.
On the other hand, she said,
I ran into armed struggle when the movement was stalled.
Although student activism was thriving in the world, there were places where I returned to my hometown and continued to activity.
We may have had different results if we went back home and continued to the activity.
Personal life.
On March 1, 1973 in Beirut, Lebanon Fusako Shigenobu gave birth to her first and only daughter, Mei Shigenobu. The identity of the father remains a secret to the public with it being reported that he was a militant for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Fusako Shigenobu has since written a book about her relationship with her daughter.


45th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

45th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War. The regiment trained at Camp Meigs in Readville, Massachusetts before traveling to North Carolina, where they fought in the Battle of Kinston in December 1862, and in skirmishes in and around New Bern, North Carolina in the spring of 1863. They suffered heavy casualties in battle and due to fever. In June they returned to Boston, where they patrolled the streets to quell any draft riots, and were discharged on July 21. They were commanded by Colonel Charles R. Codman (1829-1918).


Richard Dixon (USCG)

Richard Dixon was the coxswain of a 44-foot Motor Lifeboat, on the July 4th weekend of 1980, when his skill and daring enabled him to rescue stricken pleasure boat crew off Tillamook Bay, Oregon.
During the first incident a 58-foot yacht was in distress in the aftermath of hurricane Celia, and needed to seek sheltered waters, but wave conditions seemed likely to batter it apart if it tried to use the narrow entrance between two stone jetties to enter Tillamook Bay's harbor. Dixon and the coxswain of another motor lifeboat maneuvered beside the yacht, to absorb some of the wave energy as it entered harbor.
In the second incident two pleasure boat occupants had fallen overboard and were within fifty feet of being dashed upon the harbor's breakwater.
In spite of the danger of maneuvering so close to the crashing waves, in such high sea conditions, Dixon was able to rescue the pleasure boaters.
Dixon received Coast Guard Medals for both rescues.
USCGC "Richard Dixon".
In 2010 when the Coast Guard decided that all the new Sentinel class cutters would be named after Coast Guard personnel who had been recognized for their heroism Dixon was one of those to be honored.
The thirteenth cutter in the class was named USCGC "Richard Dixon".
She was the first Sentinel class cutter to be homeported in Puerto Rico.


Technician fourth grade

Technician Fourth Grade (abbreviated as T/4, TEC4 or TEC-4) was one of three United States Army technician ranks established on January 8, 1942, during World War II. Those who held this rank were often addressed as Sergeant. Technicians possessed specialized skills that were rewarded with a higher pay grade. These skills could be directly related to combat, such as those skills possessed by a tank driver or combat engineer, or skills possessed by those in support functions such as cooks or mechanics. They were non-commissioned officers, as were sergeants but had no command authority. Initially, they shared the same insignia as sergeant, but on September 4, 1942, the three technician ranks were distinguished by a block "T" imprinted below the standard chevrons. Unofficial insignia using a technical specialty symbol instead of the T was used in some units.


United States Army Warrant Officer Career College

The United States Army's Warrant Officer Career College (USAWOCC), located at Fort Rucker, Alabama, functions as Training and Doctrine Command's executive agent for all warrant officer training and education in the U.S. Army. The Warrant Officer Career College is part of the Combined Arms Center, headquartered at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
The Warrant Officer Career College develops and administers active and reserve component warrant officer courses to include the Warrant Officer Candidate School, Warrant Officer Basic Course, Warrant Officer Advanced Course, Warrant Officer Staff Course, and the Warrant Officer Senior Staff Course.


General (Germany)

General () is the highest rank of the German Army and German Air Force. As a four-star rank it is the equivalent to the rank of admiral in the German Navy.
The rank is rated OF-9 in NATO. It is grade B8 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence.
Rank insignia.
On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there are four golden pips (stars) in golden oak leaves.
Early history.
By the 16th century, with the rise of standing armies, the German states had begun to appoint generals from the nobility to lead armies in battle.
A standard rank system was developed during the Thirty Years War, with the highest rank of "General" usually reserved for the ruling sovereign (e.g. the Kaiser or Elector) and the actual field commander holding the rank of "Generalleutnant". "Feldmarschall" was a lower rank at that time, as was "Generalwachtmeister".
By the 17th and 18th centuries, the rank of general was present in all the militaries of the German states, and saw its greatest usage by the militaries of Bavaria and Prussia. It was these two militaries that created the concept of the “general staff”, which was often manned entirely by members of the nobility. To be a general often implied membership in the noble class.
19th century.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the ranks of German generals were established in four grades, beginning with "Generalmajor", followed by "Generalleutnant", "General" and "Generalfeldmarschall". The standard uniforms and insignia, used for over a century, also developed during this period. The title of "General" (three stars) included the officer's branch of service, leading to the titles of "General der Infanterie" ("general of the infantry"), "General der Kavallerie" ("general of the cavalry") and "General der Artillerie" ("general of the artillery").
In 1854, Prussia introduced the rank of "Generaloberst" (supreme general, usually (mis)translated colonel-general) so that officers could be promoted further than "General" without becoming a "Generalfeldmarschall", as this rank was usually bestowed only for extraordinary achievements during wartime service. Later, another special grade known as "Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls" (supreme general in the rank of a field marshal) was first used in Bavaria to denote supreme generals who were given the authority of field marshals without the actual rank.
During the German Empire, the insignia of German generals was established as a heavy golden shoulder board with up to four pips (stars) denoting seniority as a general. The rank of "Generalfeldmarschall" displayed a crossed set of marshal's batons on the shoulder board. German generals also began wearing golden ornaments ("Arabeske") on their collars, in contrast to the collar bars ("Doppellitzen") worn by elite units, or the plain colored collars of the rest of the German military forces.
The grade of "supreme general in the rank of a field marshal" ("Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls") was introduced in the Prussian/Imperial army in 1871. It was bestowed on senior generals usually holding the appointment of an army inspector and therefore army commanders designate in the case of hostilities. The shoulder board rank was crossed batons with three pips. The rank of supreme general proper (with three pips only) was created in 1901. In the Prussian army, the rank of field marshal could be awarded only to active officers in wartime if they had won a battle or stormed a fortress. In times of peace, the rank was awarded as an honorary rank to friendly princes and as Charakter (honorary) to generals of merit when they retired — "general with the honorary rank of field marshal" ("General mit dem Charakter eines Generalfeldmarschall") - which was cancelled in 1911. At the same time, the rank insignia for supreme general with the rank of field marshal was changed to four pips without batons.
World War II.
The German rank of "General" saw its widest usage during World War II. Due to the massive expansion of the German armed forces ("Wehrmacht"), a new “wave” of generals was promoted in the 1930s that would lead Germany into war.
"Generalfeldmarschall".
In 1936, Hitler revived the rank of field marshal.
"Generaloberst".
The rank of "Generaloberst", usually translated as "colonel general", but perhaps better as "supreme general". A "Generaloberst" was usually an army commander.
General of the branch.
In WW2 the German three-star rank "General of the branch" (de: "General der Waffengattung", or short "General") was formally linked to the branch of the army "Heer", or air force Luftwaffe, in which the officer served, and (nominally) commanded: in addition to the long established "General der Kavallerie", "General der Artillerie" and "General der Infanterie", the Wehrmacht also had "General der Panzertruppen" (armoured troops), "General der Gebirgstruppen" (mountain troops), "General der Pioniere" (engineers), "General der Fallschirmtruppen" (parachute troops), "General der Flieger" (aviators), "General der Flakartillerie" (anti-aircraft), "General der Nachrichtentruppen" (communications troops) and "General der Luftnachrichtentruppen" (air communications troops). A "General of the branch" was usually a corps commander.
"Generalleutnant".
The German "Generalleutnant" was usually a senior division commander.
"Generalmajor".
The German "Generalmajor" was usually a junior division commander.
The staff corps of the "Wehrmacht", medical, veterinary, judicial and chaplain, used special designations for their general officers, with "Generalarzt", "Generalveterinär", "Generalrichter" and "Feldbischof" being the equivalent of "Generalmajor"; "Generalstabsarzt", "Generalstabsveterinär" and "Generalstabsrichter" the equivalent of "Generalleutnant"; and (the unique) "Generaloberstabsarzt", "Generaloberstabsveterinär" and "Generaloberstabsrichter" the equivalent of "General".
With the formation of the Luftwaffe, air force generals began to use the same general ranks as the German army. The shoulder insignia was identical to that used by the army, with the addition of special collar patches worn by Luftwaffe general officers. The supreme rank of "Reichsmarschall" (Reich Marshal) was created in 1940 for Hermann Göring.
Waffen-SS.
In 1941, the "Waffen-SS" began using general ranks in addition to standard SS ranks. An "Oberst-Gruppenführer" of the "Waffen-SS", for example, would be titled "Oberst-Gruppenführer und Generaloberst der Waffen-SS". The "Ordnungspolizei" (Orpo) also used similar police ranks. The "Waffen-SS" had no field marshals, but the rank of "Reichsführer-SS" held by Heinrich Himmler was considered to be the equivalent of a field marshal ("Generalfeldmarschall") during the war years.
The senior colonel rank of "SS-Oberführer" has sometimes been considered to be a brigadier general equivalent; however, this is incorrect. The rank (in particular among the "Waffen-SS") was not considered equivalent to a general officer, was not entitled to the grey lampasses and lapel facings of a general, and wore the shoulderboards of an army full-colonel or "Oberst".
Modern usage.
After World War II, the West German "Bundeswehr" and the East German "Nationale Volksarmee" adopted the rank systems of their respective military blocs.
In the "Bundeswehr", the rank of "Brigadegeneral" was inserted below the rank of "Generalmajor". While the rank titles of "Generalmajor", "Generalleutnant" and "General" were retained, each of those titles now denotes a higher rank than before (e.g. the "Generalleutnant" is now a three-star general).
Prior to the reunification of Germany, general officer rank designations in the German Democratic Republic were based on the Soviet model. "Generalmajor" was still the lowest general officer grade, followed by "Generalleutnant", "Generaloberst" (now three stars instead of four) and "Armeegeneral". In 1982, the GDR government established the rank of "Marschall der DDR", although no one was ever promoted to this rank.


Vice-Admiral of the West

The historical title Vice-Admiral of the West is sometimes applied to holders of the crown appointment Vice-Admiral of the Coast of counties in the South West of England.
The duties of a Vice-Admiral of the coast were to control the shipping (especially piracy) around a maritime county's coast and organise defense on land and at sea. He also acted as a local judge to deal with maritime matters.
It is not entirely clear if the role of Vice-Admiral of the West was in fact separate or additional to the role either Vice-Admiral of the Coast of Cornwall or Vice-Admiral of the Coast of Devon. Appointees to both these posts seem to have been described in writings after their deaths as Vice-Admiral of the West despite appearing appointed to their counties in contemporary papers.
The following are said to have been Vice-Admirals of the West:


Louis Cukela

Louis Cukela (May 1, 1888 – March 19, 1956) was a Croatian American United States Marine numbered among the nineteen two-time recipients of the Medal of Honor. Cukela was awarded the Medal by both the US Army and the US Navy for the same action during the Battle of Soissons in World War I. He was also awarded decorations from France, Italy, and Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Famous for his broken English, best exemplified by his unforgettable saying, "If I want[ed] to send a goddamned fool, I'd go myself" (when a messenger came back with a stupid garbled reply).
Biography.
Louis Cukela was born on May 1, 1888, in the Dalmatian city of Split (or Šibenik), today's Croatia (at the time Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austro-Hungarian Empire) to George and Johana (Bubrich) Cukela. His mother died in 1900. He was educated in the grade schools of Split, then attended the Merchant Academy and later, the Royal Gymnasium, both for two year courses. In 1913, Cukela emigrated to the United States and he and his brother settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota; his father and three sisters remained in Austria-Hungary.
On September 21, 1914, he enlisted in the United States Army. He was serving as a corporal in Company H, 13th Infantry Regiment when he was honorably discharged on June 12, 1916.
World War I.
Seven months later, on January 31, 1917, with World War I raging in Europe and prior to the United States entry into the war, Cukela enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He became a member of the 66th Company, 1st Battalion, Fifth Marine Regiment.
He was deployed to France in 1918 and fought in all the engagements in which the 5th Marines participated, from Belleau Wood to the Meuse River Crossing. Along the way he earned a commission as a second lieutenant, as well as the Medal of Honor and four Silver Star citations. From the French, there was the Légion d'honneur, the Médaille militaire (the first award of this prestigious decoration to a Marine officer) and the Croix de guerre 1914–18 with two palms and one silver star. Italy decorated him with the Croce al Merito di Guerra, while Yugoslavia weighed in with the Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia.
He was awarded the Medal of Honor by both the Army and the Navy (in the "Tiffany Cross" pattern) for the same action on the morning of July 18, 1918, near Villiers-Cotterets, France, during the Soissons engagement. The 66th Company, 5th Marines, in which Cukela was then a gunnery sergeant, was advancing through the Forest de Retz when it was held up by an enemy strong point. Despite the warnings of his men, the gunnery sergeant crawled out from the flank and advanced alone towards the German lines. Getting beyond the strong point despite heavy fire, "Gunny" Cukela captured one gun by bayoneting its crew. Picking up their hand grenades, he then demolished the remaining portion of the strong point from the shelter of a nearby gun pit. He took four prisoners and captured two undamaged machine guns.
Cukela was wounded in action twice but since there is no record of either wound at the Navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, he was never awarded the Purple Heart. The first wound was suffered at Jaulny, France, on September 16, 1918, during the St. Mihiel engagement. Cukela was wounded again during the fighting in the Champagne sector. Neither wound was serious.
In addition to the two Medals of Honor, Cukela was awarded the Silver Star by the Army; the Médaille militaire (he was the first Marine officer ever to receive this medal), the Légion d'honneur in the rank of Chevalier, the Croix de guerre with two palms, another Croix de guerre with Silver Star, all by France; the Croce al Merito di Guerra by Italy; and Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia. He also received three Second Division citations.
Cukela received a field appointment to the rank of second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve on September 26, 1918, and was selected for a commission in the regular Marine Corps on March 31, 1919. Promoted to first lieutenant on July 17, 1919, he was advanced to the rank of captain on September 15, 1921. His promotion to major was effected on the day of his retirement, June 30, 1940.
After World War I.
After the war, Cukela served at overseas bases in Haiti, Santo Domingo, the Philippines, and Tientsin, China, and at domestic stations in Quantico, Virginia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Norfolk, Virginia; Hampton Roads, Virginia; Mare Island, California; Washington, D.C.; Nashville, Indiana, and Fort Knox, Kentucky.
Cukela served as a second lieutenant of United States Marine Corps stationed at Maissade, Republic of Haiti in the times of the Second Caco War of 1919–1920. By 1919, Haitian Charlemagne Péralte had organized more than a thousand armed guerrillas (called cacos), to militarily oppose the United States Marine occupation. The marines responded to the resistance with a counterinsurgency campaign that razed villages, killed thousands of Haitians, and destroyed the livelihoods of even more. Cukela was the one of the US military personnel questioned by a US Senate committee for the atrocities he committed and abuse of power. Cukela executed a group of prisoners in the middle of a Marine camp there. For this atrocity he was not court martialed rather transferred to another camp
. General Barnett, Marine Corps Commandant in 1920 set up a board headed by Colonel John H. Russell, Jr. to decide which wartime temporary officers would be retired, demoted, or discharged. Educated men of good family were preferred over formerly enlisted men with little formal education. As a consequence of those criteria Cukela was demoted from first lieutenant to second lieutenant despite his wartime heroism. However, by 1927 he was a captain of the 75th Company of Marines serving in Tientsin, China.
From June 1933 to January 1934, Cukela served as a company commander with the Civilian Conservation Corps. His last years in the Marine Corps were spent at Norfolk, where he served as the post quartermaster. Retired as a major on June 30, 1940, he was recalled to active duty on July 30, of the same year.
Retirement and death.
During World War II the major served at Norfolk and Philadelphia. He finally returned to the inactive retired list on May 17, 1946. Cukela served a few days less than 32 years of active duty in the army and Marines.
On March 19, 1956, Cukela died at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Following services at St. Jane Frances de Chantel Church, Bethesda, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Cukela was profiled in the August 2018 issue of "Naval History" magazine.
Decorations.
Major Cukela had the following decorations and medals:
Medal of Honor citations.
Navy citation:
For extraordinary heroism while serving with the 66th Company, 5th Regiment, during action in Forest de Retz, near Viller-Cottertes, France, July 18, 1918. Sgt. Cukela advanced alone against an enemy strong point that was holding up his line. Disregarding the warnings of his comrades, he crawled out from the flank in the face of heavy fire and worked his way to the rear of the enemy position. Rushing a machine-gun emplacement, he killed or drove off the crew with his bayonet, bombed out the remaining part of the strong point with German hand grenades, and captured two machineguns and four men.
Army citation:
When his company, advancing through a wood, met with strong resistance from an enemy strong point, Sgt. Cukela crawled out from the flank and made his way toward the German lines in the face of heavy fire, disregarding the warnings of his comrades. He succeeded in getting behind the enemy position and rushed a machinegun emplacement, killing or driving off the crew with his bayonet. With German hand grenades he then bombed out the remaining portion of the strong point, capturing 4 men and 2 damaged machineguns.
Personal life.
Cukela was married to Minnie Myrtle Strayer of Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, on December 22, 1923, in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Cukela died on August 10, 1956, just months after Major Cukela. At the time of his death, Major Cukela was also survived by a sister, Mrs. Zorka Cukela Dvoracek, of Šibenik, Croatia.


Battle of Chusto-Talasah

The Battle of Chusto-Talasah, also known as Bird Creek, Caving Banks, and High Shoal, was fought December 9, 1861, in what is now Tulsa County, Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) during the American Civil War. It was the second of three battles in the Trail of Blood on Ice campaign for the control of Indian Territory during the American Civil War.
A series of battles were fought in December in bad weather between the Confederate Cherokee and Choctaw Indians and the Union Creek and Seminole Indians (led by the Muscogee Creek chief Opothleyahola) who supported the Federal government. Following Opothleyahola and his Union force’s defeat at Round Mountain, he retreated northeastward in search of safety. On December 9, 1861, the force was at "Chusto-Talasah" (Caving Banks) on the Horseshoe Bend of Bird Creek when Col. Douglas H. Cooper’s 1,300 Confederates attacked about 2:00 p.m. Chief Opothleyahola knew Cooper was coming and had placed his troops in a strong position in heavy timber at Horseshoe Bend.
For almost four hours, Cooper attacked and attempted to outflank the Federals, finally driving them across Bird Creek just before dark. Cooper camped there overnight but did not pursue the Federals because he was short of ammunition. The Confederates claimed victory, although some sources credit Opothleyahola's forces with driving off the attackers. In any event, Chief Opothleyahola and his band moved on in search of security elsewhere. Their loss was estimated by Cooper as 500 (some accounts suggest 412). Confederate casualties were 15 killed and 37 wounded.
Regardless of whether the Confederates had gained a minor tactical victory here, they would win a resounding one later in the month at Chustenahlah.
The Chusto-Talasah battle site is on privately owned land near 86th Street North and Delaware Avenue, 5 miles northwest of modern Tulsa. A granite marker on the east side of Sperry, Oklahoma places the battlesite 9 miles N.E.S.E. of that point.
Order of battle.
"Cooper's Brigade" - Col. Douglas H. Cooper
"Creek and Seminole Indians" - Chief Opothleyahola


Seven Days Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Seven Days Battles (from June 25 to July 1, 1862) of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle, the casualty returns and the reports. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Army of Northern Virginia.
Gen Robert E. Lee
Jackson's Command.
MG Thomas J. Jackson
Magruder's Command.
MG John B. Magruder


4th U-boat Flotilla

The 4th U-boat Flotilla (German "4. Unterseebootsflottille") was formed in May 1941 in Stettin under the command of "Kapitänleutnant" Werner Jacobsen. Nearly 300 boats received their basic training at the flotilla. The flotilla was disbanded in May 1945.


Monocacy Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Monocacy of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately.
Abbreviations used.
VIII Corps (detachment).
MG Lewis Wallace


Atlanta campaign Confederate order of battle, second phase

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Atlanta campaign of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign.
This order of battle covers the period of July 17 – September 8, 1864. The period from May 1 – July 17, 1864 is listed separately.
Army of Tennessee.
Gen John B. Hood
Hardee's Corps.
LTG William J. Hardee
Lee's Corps.
MG Carter L. Stevenson

MG Benjamin F. Cheatham

LTG Stephen D. Lee
Stewart's Corps.
LTG Alexander P. Stewart (w July 28)

MG Benjamin F. Cheatham
Cavalry Corps.
MG Joseph Wheeler
Strengths.
The following table shows total strengths of each of the major formations at several stages throughout the campaign.


Second Winchester Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Winchester. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Confederate army.
Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
LTG Richard S. Ewell


49th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 49th Infantry Division was a military formation of the German "Heer" (Army) which served during the later years of the Second World War.
History.
On 1 February 1944, the 191st Reserve Division was reorganised in the Boulogne-sur-Mer area of "Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich" (Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France). After formation the division was used for coastal defence between Boulogne-sur-Mer and Étaples. In mid-August 1944 the division was relocated to Paris and eventually back into the Low Countries, and was smashed at the Battle of Mons (near the Albert Canal) by the 21st Army Group. The divisional commander, Lt Gen Siegfried Macholz, tried to reorganise his shattered units at Hasselt, but managed to assemble only 1,5000 men – mostly support troops who had no anti-tank guns and only piece of artillery: a Soviet 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19). Only one regimental headquarters – the 148th Grenadiers – could be located. Soon (on or about 4 September) Macholz (who had commanded the division since its formation) was replaced by Lt Gen Erich Baessler.
The division was briefly withdrawn from the line and, on 19 October 1944, absorbed the 31st and 57th Fortress Machine Gun Battalions, the 302nd and 505th Infantry Regiments (from HQ Oberkommando der Wehrmacht), the 1423rd Fortress Infantry Battalion, a grenadier replacement and training battalion, and the I, VI, XI, and XVIII Landwehr Fortress Battalions.
The division was soon back in action north of Aachen, but was withdrawn after the city fell and was disbanded shortly afterwards (on 23 November 1944). The survivors of the division were sent to the 246th Volksgrenadier Division, while the divisional staff was sent to Metz and used to form the Staff of VII Panzer Corps.
Organisation.
The organisation of the division was as follows:
Commanders.
Commanders of the division were:


4th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 4th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served in both First and Second World Wars. During both world wars, it was part of the 2nd Infantry Division.
History.
As the Second Boer War ended in 1902 the army was restructured, and a 2nd Infantry division was established permanently as part of the 1st Army Corps, comprising the 3rd and 4th Infantry Brigades.
First World War.
The brigade served with the 2nd Infantry Division and was among the first British units to be sent overseas, shortly after the war began, as part of the British Expeditionary Force. At this time it was designated as 4th (Guards) Brigade as it commanded four battalions of Foot Guards. It served on the Western Front in 1914 and 1915 before being transferred to the Guards Division and redesignated as 1st Guards Brigade on 20 August 1915.
While with the 2nd Division, it took part in the Battle of Mons (23 and 24 August 1914), the First Battle of the Marne (6 – 9 September), the First Battle of the Aisne (13 – 20 September), the First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 30 November), and the Battle of Festubert (15 – 20 May 1915).
The brigade was not reformed during the war, instead it was replaced in 2nd Division by the 19th Infantry Brigade.
First World War composition.
The following units formed the brigade:
Second World War.
A regular army formation, this brigade served in France in 1940 as part of the BEF, evacuated to England on 31 May 1940. It remained in the United Kingdom until April 1942 when, with the rest of the 2nd Infantry Division, it was shipped to India to fight in the Burma Campaign until the end of the war in 1945. During the war, three members of the brigade won the Victoria Cross, all members of the 2nd Royal Norfolks, all posthumously. They were George Gristock, John Niel Randle and George Arthur Knowland.
Second World War composition.
The following units served with 4th Infantry Brigade:
Second World War battles.
The brigade took part in the following actions:
Commanders.
Commanders of the brigade included:


General der Pioniere

General der Pioniere (en: "General of the engineers") was a General of the branch rank of the German Army in Nazi Germany. Until the end of World War II in 1945, this particular general officer rank was on three-star level (OF-8), equivalent to a US Lieutenant general. The rank was introduced in 1938.
The " General of the branch " ranks of the "Heer" were in 1945:
The rank was equivalent to the General of the branch ranks of the Deutsche Luftwaffe (en: German Air Force):
The rank was also equivalent to the German three-star ranks:


Plumas Rangers

The Plumas Rangers, Sixth Division, First Brigade were a militia group in California, United States, founded November 24, 1855 under the seal of Judge W.T. Ward. Officers were elected at a meeting at the Saloon of Flournoy & Company in Elizabethtown on Saturday December 1, 1855.
The Rangers participated in no action other than parades and drills until conflict arose between white settlers and Pit River Indians in the Honey Lake region in 1857. With food in short supply, the local Indians harvested three acres of potatoes belonging to local rancher William Morehead. The resulting conflict became known as the Potato War. The Plumas Rangers marched to the aid of the settlers, but found the conflict already quelled by United States Army troops under Captain William Weatherlow and Chief Winnemucca and the Paiutes, who assisted in tracking the Pit River Indians involved.
The group remained in being until at least 1861. The exact date on which the militia was dissolved is not known.


Johannes S. Anderson

Johannes Seigfried Anderson (July 20, 1887 – April 15, 1950) was a Finnish-born U.S. Army soldier during World War I, and a Medal of Honor recipient.
Biography.
Little is known of Anderson's early life, other than that he was born in Finland July 20, 1887, and entered the US Army in Chicago, Illinois June 19, 1916. On October 8, 1918, while fighting near Consenvoye, France, while his unit was pinned down by heavy Austro-Hungarian machine gun fire, First Sergeant Anderson volunteered to leave his unit in an attempt at flanking the enemy machine gun emplacement. He made his advance under heavy fire, over open ground, reaching the emplacement and killing the machine gun crew. He silenced the machine gun, captured it, and returned with twenty-three prisoners of war.
He died April 15, 1950 and is buried in Acacia Park Cemetery and Mausoleum Chicago, Illinois.
Medal of Honor Citation.
Citation:
While his company was being held up by intense artillery and machinegun fire, 1st Sgt. Anderson, without aid, voluntarily left the company and worked his way to the rear of the nest that was offering the most stubborn resistance. His advance was made through an open area and under constant hostile fire, but the mission was successfully accomplished, and he not only silenced the gun and captured it, but also brought back with him 23 prisoners.


Kernstown I Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the First Battle of Kernstown of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
Valley District, Department of Northern Virginia.
MG Thomas J. Jackson


The Proud and Damned

The Proud and Damned, also known as The Proud and the Damned, Proud and Damned, and Proud, Damned and Dead, is a 1972 American-Colombian co-production western film directed by Ferde Grofé Jr. that was shot in Colombia. Some sources quote the title as "The Proud and "the" Damned", which is not the original name. The actual title, "The Proud and Damned", is clearly displayed in the title text of the original film version in the opening of the movie. Some images erroneously use the title "The Proud and the Damned".
Plot.
In 1870, ex-Confederate mercenaries and American Civil War veterans Sgt. Will Hansen (Chuck Connors), Ike (Aron Kincaid), Hank (Henry Caps), Jeb (Smokey Robards), and Billy (Peter Ford) have just emigrated from their home state of Texas to Colombia in South America. After their arrival, they are ambushed by Colombian soldiers who force them to come meet General Martinez, the evil, cold-hearted dictator of their country. Martinez sends them to San Carlos, a town where rebel forces are preparing to start a civil war against Martinez's army. The Texans are instructed to live among the rebels, and report back to Martinez what they know within the next couple of days. Martinez warns them that they'll be severely punished if they fail him.
The next day, while on their way to San Carlos, Will's gang runs into a gypsy family who are on their way to the same town. Will escorts them to the town and takes an interest in the daughter, Mila. They all ride into San Carlos, meet the governor, and rent a cabin outside of town. Will and Mila sneak out to spend the night together. Mila's father is angry when he finds out and cuts off her ear. Will shoots Mila's father.
Will and his men are detained over the killing and find themselves unable to report back to Martinez. Will and Mila are banished from the town because the townspeople are angry over Will killing Mila's father. Will and Mila are captured by Martinez, who hangs Will for disobeying his orders. Mila rides back to town to get Will's friends, who give him a funeral, and vow to avenge his murder. They join the rebels in a battle with Martinez's army and drive them back. They later ambush Martinez and the rest of his surviving soldiers in a canyon, joined by the rebel army's captain. They manage to kill Martinez, but all are gunned down by his soldiers except for Billy, who was unconscious after falling from his horse. The film ends with Billy riding off into the sunset.
Production.
With a working title of "The Proud, Damned and Dead", the production was filmed in 1969 in Villa de Leyva, Colombia. The film was unusual for a Ferde Grofe production in that it was his first feature film production outside of the Philippines (not including the American International Pictures pictures High School Hellcats and Hot Rod Gang from which he had his name removed from their credits), and secondly that there was no pre-sale - the production was a huge financial gamble for him. George Montgomery is credited as a co-producer by virtue putting up $125,000 for Chuck Connors pay. Grofe was concerned about what he had heard of Connors' on-set reputation and insisted that Connors payment be placed in escrow and payment only made upon satisfactory completion of the film. In addition to the film's main stars, three smaller roles were filled by actors who would later appear in The Day of the Wolves: Andres Marquis, Smokey Roberds and Henry Capps.
Aftermath.
Grofe was unable to distribute the film through his usual industry channels, and it would take another three years to sell the film to the Texan entity that eventually distributed the film. George Montgomery threatened to sue Grofe for the return of his funds once it became clear that there was no immediate film sale.


Ike Franklin Andrews

Ike Franklin Andrews (September 2, 1925 – May 10, 2010) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina's Fourth Congressional District between 1973 and 1985, when he was defeated for reelection by Republican Bill Cobey.
Biography.
Born in Bonlee, North Carolina, Andrews attended local public schools and the Fork Union Military Academy. After his graduation in 1942, he served in the United States Army during World War II as a field artillery forward observer, between 1943 and 1945. During his military service, he attained the rank of Master Sergeant, received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart.
After the war, Andrews studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, earning his bachelor's degree in 1950 and a law degree in 1952. He practiced law in Pittsboro, North Carolina, and was elected to the North Carolina State Senate in 1959. Andrews was later elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1961, 1967, 1969, and 1971. In 1972, Andrews was elected to his first of six terms in the U.S. House. A Democrat, he served from January 3, 1973 to January 3, 1985 before being defeated for re-election in 1984. North Carolina House Speaker Joe Hackney was at one time his son-in-law, and also served as his 1974 campaign manager.


Velites

Velites (singular: ) were a class of infantry in the Roman army of the mid-Republic from 211 to 107 BC. "Velites" were light infantry and skirmishers who were armed with a number of darts (), each with a 30-inch wooden shaft the diameter of a finger, with a 10-inch (25 cm) narrow metal point, to fling at the enemy. They also carried short thrusting swords, or "gladii", for use in melee. They rarely wore armour as they were the youngest and poorest soldiers in the legion and could not afford much equipment. They did carry small wooden shields called "parma" for protection, and wore headdresses made from wolf skins so their brave deeds could be recognized. The "velites" were placed at the front partly for tactical reasons, and also so that they had the opportunity to secure glory for themselves in single combat.
"Velites" did not form their own units; a number of them were attached to each "maniple" of "hastati", "principes" and "triarii". They were typically used as a screening force, driving off enemy skirmishers and disrupting enemy formations with javelin throws before retiring behind the lines to allow the heavier-armed "hastati" to attack. They were normally the ones who engaged war elephants and chariots if they were present on the field, such as in the Battle of Zama, in 202 BC. Their high mobility and ranged weaponry made them much more effective against these enemies than heavy infantry. An early Roman legion contained approximately 1,000 "velites". "Velites" were eventually disbanded after the Marian reforms. Lucilius suggests that "rorarii" and "velites" were interchangeable, with "velites" gradually superseding "rorarii". Another theory is that the "leves"' equipment was upgraded until they were at the same level as the "rorarii", and they both collectively became known as the "velites".
Equipment.
"Velites" were the youngest and usually the poorest (being fifth class citizens, with property worth 400–2,500 "denarii") soldiers in the legion, and could rarely afford much equipment. They were armed with "veretum", light javelins, each with a 90 cm (3 ft) wooden shaft the diameter of a finger, with a 10-inch (25 cm) narrow metal point, and tips designed to bend on impact to prevent them being thrown back, similar to the heavier "pila" of other legionaries. Livy says that they each carried seven javelins, however Roman satirist Lucilius says that they carried five, suggesting that the amount may have changed. The "hastati" and "principes" carried "gladii", relatively short thrusting swords 74 centimetres (29 inches) in length, as their main weapons, and the "velites" carried them as backup weapons. They fought in a very loose, staggered formation like most irregular troops, and carried small round shields called "parma", 90 cm (3 feet) in diameter.
The "velites" were placed at the front of the "maniples", so that the "velites" had the chance to prove themselves and win glory by seeking out single combat with an enemy. This is also why they wore highly identifiable wolfskin headdresses.
Organization.
In the legion, the "velites" were attached to each maniple of "hastati", "principes" and "triarii". They usually formed up at the front of the legion before battle to harass the enemy with javelin throws and to prevent the enemy doing the same before retiring behind the lines to allow the heavier infantry to attack. After they had fallen back, they would move up behind the attacking troops and throw darts at the enemy. They also sometimes carried wounded back to the rear, however usually a corps of "deportates" did this. In a pitched battle, the "velites" would form up at the front of the legion and cover the advance of the hastati, who were armed with swords. If the "hastati" failed to break the enemy, they would fall back and let the "principes", similarly equipped though more experienced infantry, take over. If the "principes" failed, they would retire behind the "triarii", well trained, heavily armoured, spear armed legionaries and let them attack.
The number of "triarii" was fixed at 600 per legion, there were usually 1,200 "hastati" and 1,200 "principes" per legion, with the rest being light infantry like the "velites". In the standard legion around the time of the Second Punic War (218 -201 BC) there were 10 "maniples" of "hastati", each having 120 "hastati", with 40 "velites" attached. The "maniples" were further split into centuries, of 60 "hastati" and 20 "velites", with the centurion of the "hastati" century commanding the "velites" as well.
After the Romans were ambushed at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, which remains the largest ambush in military history by men involved, in 217 BC, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus introduced a military step known as the "agmen". It was a variable formation, with one or more columns, separated by cohorts, with their allies in between the cohorts. The front of the columns were the "extraordinarii", along with some of the "velites". Following this formation was a rear-guard of the "ablecti", and the rest of the "velites". The baggage trail was guarded by the cavalry. Both the front and the flanks contained a number of "speculatores" (scouts), to provide warning of an enemy army's approach. When enemies were nearby, the baggage train would be dispersed between the "maniples". If the columns were forced to retreat, the "velites" and the "extraordinarii" that were in the front guarded the retreat of the others; this contrasts with their usual method of retreat, in which the cavalry, the "velites", and the "triarii" stayed behind and covered the retreat.
When the Romans set up a temporary "castra", two "maniples" (without their "velites") were selected to pitch the tents of the headquarters and officers, and details were made for fatigue duty, to get wood and water, and to give food and water to the animals accompanying them. The rest of the men, excepting "velites" and officers, set up the tents of the soldiers. During this time the "velites" would guard the outside of the wall and the wall itself, while the rest of the troops would guard the interior. The watch, which was composed of eight men led by a decurion, ran from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, and was divided into four shifts, each of three hours.
History.
"Velites" were descended from an earlier class of light infantry, "leves", dating from the Camillan legion of the 5th century BC, who had a very similar role to the "velites". They were also the poorer and younger soldiers in the legion, though the "rorarii" and "accensi" classes were considerably poorer and were eventually disbanded, having insufficient equipment to be effective soldiers. Leves were likewise armed with a number of javelins, but carried a spear rather than a sword. Like the "velites", "leves" did not have their own units, but were attached to units of "hastati".
Lucilius, however, suggests that "rorarii" and "velites" were interchangeable, with "velites" gradually superseding "rorarii". Another theory is that the "leves"' equipment was upgraded until they were at the same level as the "rorarii", and they both collectively became known as the "velites".
"Velites" were first used, and created, at the siege of Capua in 211 BC, and were made up of citizens who would normally be too poor to join the "hastati" but were called up due a shortage of manpower. They were trained to ride on horseback with the "equites" and jump down at a given signal to fling javelins at the enemy. After the siege, they were adopted into the legions as a force of irregular light infantry for ambushing and harassing the enemy with javelins before the battle began in earnest.
The "velites" were used against the Carthaginian elephants in the Battle of Zama. After their usual javelin throw, the "velites" took cover behind the "maniples", and then launched a sortie, quickly coming out from behind the troops and attacking the elephants, before retreating again.
With the military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC, designed to combat a shortage of manpower due to wars against Jugurtha, the different classes of units were disbanded entirely. The wealth and age requirements were scrapped. Now soldiers would join as a career, rather than as service to the city, and would all be equipped as heavy infantry with the same, state purchased equipment.
The Imperial Guard of Napoleon were named after the Roman "velites".


Second Deep Bottom Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Deep Bottom from August 14 to 20, 1864 of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately
Army of Northern Virginia.
Gen Robert E. Lee


Fort Hindman Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Arkansas Post (1863) (otherwise known as Battle of Fort Hindman) of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization and return of casualties during the battle.
Army of the Mississippi.
MG John A. McClernand
XIII Corps.
BG George W. Morgan<br>
XV Corps.
MG William T. Sherman
Naval forces.
Rear Admiral David D. Porter
Fifty transport ships were used as well as the following:


McDowell Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of McDowell of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Jackson's Command.
MG Thomas J. Jackson
Valley District.
MG Thomas J. Jackson
Army of the Northwest.
BG Edward "Allegheny" Johnson (w)


179th (2/4th London) Brigade

The 179th (2/4th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East. Raised by Colonel, later Brigadier-General, Ned Baird.
Formation.
All battalions of the London Regiment as follows:
In June 1918 three battalions (2/14th, 2/15th and 2/16th) were replaced by


Angela McShan

Angela McShan was a highly regarded Coast Guardsman in the United States Coast Guard. In 1999 McShan was the first African-American to be appointed an instructor at the Chief Petty Officers' Academy. In 2000 McShan was the Coast Guard's first African-American woman to be promoted to Master Chief Petty Officer.
McShan enlisted in the Coast Guard in July 1979. For her first fourteen years in the Coast Guard she served as a storekeeper. In her final six years McShan served as a yeoman, a civil rights counselor, and finally, an instructor.
McShan's promotion to Master Chief Petty Officer came two months before she succumbed to cancer.
Legacy.
In 2002 the Coast Guard created the YNCM Angela McShan Inspirational Leadership Award in her name.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all 58 cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. In 2014 the Coast Guard announced that the 35th cutter would be named the USCGC "Angela McShan".
The "Angela McShan" was commissioned in Cape May, New Jersey, in October, 2019, at a major Coast Guard base where she had served part of her Coast Guard career.


204th Infantry Division (German Empire)

The 204th Infantry Division (204. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. It fought on the Western Front from its formation in 1916 to the end of the war.


List of UNIT personnel

UNIT stands for United Nations Intelligence Taskforce, a fictional entity in "Doctor Who".
UNIT first appeared in the Second Doctor serial "The Invasion", (1968), although Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart had appeared earlier in "The Web of Fear" (1968) as a colonel.
UNIT went on to feature in many Third Doctor stories, as the Doctor is shown being exiled to Earth in "Spearhead from Space" (1970), and becomes UNIT's Scientific Advisor following the Auton attack. The Doctor would maintain this post in subsequent incarnations. UNIT is a large organisation and many personnel have featured in "Doctor Who" over the years. Some lead, supporting and recurring characters have worked for or have been affiliated with the organisation. The most notable personnel include The Brigadier, Sergeant Benton, Mike Yates, Petronella Osgood, Kate Stewart, and Martha Jones.
B.
Brigadier Winifred Bambera.
Brigadier Winifred Bambera, played by Angela Bruce, appeared in the Seventh Doctor serial "Battlefield" (1989) as UNIT's commanding officer. She works alongside the Seventh Doctor, Ace and Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in defeating the extra-dimensional forces of Morgaine and Mordred in Carbury. She is in command during the mid-1990s and is tasked with transporting a nuclear missile across Britain. Bambera is shown able to fight with weapons and in hand-to-hand combat. She takes a no-nonsense, by-the-book approach to command that warrants the respect of those under her. Major Husak and Sergeant Zbrigniev reports directly to her. She uses the word "shame" as an expletive.
Bambera appears briefly twice in the Virgin New Adventures novels, in "Head Games" (1995) and "The Dying Days". It is revealed that she has married Ancelyn, the Arthurian knight from "Battlefield", and that the couple have twins. She is mentioned as having served as a Colonel under Brigadier Crichton in the novelisation of "Downtime" (1996). Her later life is seen in the Prelude to "Transit" (where she holds the rank of General) and the short story "Excalibur of Mars" in the Bernice Summerfield anthology "Present Danger" (2010).
In the IDW comic "The Forgotten" (2008–09), the Ninth Doctor uses the name "Brigadier Bambera" as an alias when visiting World War I.
She reunites with the Seventh Doctor and Ace in the Big Finish Productions "Lost Stories" audio "Animal" (2011).
Corporal Bell.
Corporal Bell, played by Fernanda Marlowe, is one of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart's administrative support staff. She appeared in the Third Doctor serials "The Mind of Evil" (1971) and "The Claws of Axos" (1971). In the "Virgin Missing Adventures" novel "The Eye of the Giant" (1996) by Christopher Bulis, her first name is given as Carol.
D.
The Doctor.
UNIT's principal scientific advisor since his third incarnation was exiled to Earth (having periodically collaborated with UNIT during his second incarnation) the Doctor has maintained a loose affiliation with UNIT in all his subsequent bodies. The Doctor departed from UNIT's full-time employ during his fourth incarnation, leaving a space-time telegraph (and, later, the TARDIS's telephone number) with which he could be summoned in emergencies. He retains his credentials, still bearing his third incarnation's portrait; and, initially, UNIT personnel Surgeon-Lieutenant Harry Sullivan and Sarah Jane Smith as his companions. Despite the looseness of his UNIT affiliation and his frequent disagreements with the organisation, the Doctor continues to consider UNIT's scientific advisor to be his job, even into his eleventh incarnation; when advising UNIT leader Kate Stewart in "The Day of the Doctor" (2013), the Eleventh Doctor insists to a sceptical Clara Oswald, "I work for them. … This is my job."
Despite enjoying UNIT's confidence and admiration, the Doctor's extraordinary abilities and independence concern UNIT to the point that the Black Archive is designed to be impenetrable by his TARDIS, although it remains vulnerable to his subterfuge.
G.
Jo Grant.
Jo Grant is a civilian employee of UNIT who was assigned as assistant to the Scientific Advisor, the Third Doctor. The character appears from the serial "Terror of the Autons" in 1971. According to the novelisation, he holds the rank of Corporal. until "The Green Death" in 1973. She maintained communication with her former UNIT colleagues, as discussed in "Invasion of the Dinosaurs" (1974), but was not seen again until 2010 when she met her old successor, Sarah Jane Smith, and the Doctor's eleventh incarnation in the "Death of the Doctor" serial of the spin-off series "The Sarah Jane Adventures". It is shown at that time that UNIT still knows how to reach her thirty-seven years later, and invited her to their Snowdon base for the purported funeral of the Doctor.
H.
Private Carl Harris.
Private Carl Harris played by Clive Standen codename "Greyhound 15", appeared in 3 episodes of "Doctor Who" fourth series. His first appearance in "The Sontaran Stratagem" and "The Poison Sky" (2008). He leads the UNIT operation into the ATMOS facility and teams up with Private Gray to secure the basement of the factory where they stumble across a cloning tank (complete with embryonic clone) and the Sontaran leader General Staal. Staal is impressed with Harris's courage, and declares him an "above average soldier" before disparaging Harris's heightist jokes against him and brainwashing Harris to act as a double agent for the Sontarans. He sets about capturing Martha Jones and assisting Commander Skorr with her cloning and then commandeering the TARDIS. Still hypnotised, he and Gray later reported to Skorr to fight alongside the Sontarans but are casually gunned down.
He returned in the episode "Turn Left" (2008), leading a UNIT operation in a parallel universe and announcing the Tenth Doctor's death during the events of the attempted Racnoss invasion, the events of which occurred previous to the Sontaran invasion.
On Page 129 of the reference book "The Time Traveller's Almanac", Harris's first name is given as Carl.
Captain Hawkins.
Captain Hawkins, played by Paul Darrow, fights against the Silurians before being killed by the Young Silurian when he comes to Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart's rescue in the Third Doctor serial "Doctor Who and the Silurians" (1970). According to the Doctor Who: Missing Adventures novel "The Scales of Injustice" (1996) by Gary Russell, his first name is Sam.
J.
Jac.
Jac, played by Jaye Griffiths, is a UNIT operative, who appears in "The Magician's Apprentice" and "The Zygon Invasion". She is seemingly killed when tricked into a Zygon lair by a duplicate of Clara Oswald.
Dr. Martha Jones.
After her adventures with the Doctor, Martha Jones codename "Greyhound 6", becomes a medical doctor, and subsequently a Medical Officer for UNIT (revealed during an appearance on the spin-off series "Torchwood"). She contacts the Doctor so he could help UNIT in the episode "The Sontaran Stratagem" (2008). She becomes trusted enough in UNIT to be given the Osterhagen Key, part of a mechanism for a program to destroy Earth, as shown in "Journey's End" (2008). Martha resigns following the events of "Journey's End".
L.
Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart.
Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart (later Sir Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart) is a founder of UNIT and the original commander of UNIT's British contingent. During the Doctor's exile on Earth, he hires the Doctor as his Scientific Advisor. He was the father of Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, another UNIT commander. As "Doctor Who" show-runner Steven Moffat noted, "Out of all the people the Doctor has met, in all of space and time, Nicholas Courtney's Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart was the only one who was ever his boss."
M.
Colonel Mace.
Colonel Mace is the commanding officer of a large contingent of UNIT, appearing in "The Sontaran Stratagem" / "The Poison Sky" (2008). He originally seems to view the Doctor as a superior officer, saluting him and taking his orders; however, the two clash and Mace begins to be irritated by the Doctor's manner and repeated casual dismissals of him and UNIT, while simultaneously irritating the Doctor through his overtly militaristic manner and insistence on a combat solution to the situation brought on by the Sontarans (Although both agree that the presence of 'Sir Alistair' would be of great assistance at this time).
Despite repeatedly being told UNIT could not face the Sontarans, he organises the troops for an assault on a Sontaran position, telling the Doctor he is not listening any more, and rallies the troops with a speech about how they would show "every passing alien with an axe to grind" to not mock them and see "what the human race is capable of". He even manages to impress the Doctor by having the "Valiant" clear away the poison gas surrounding the factory. He then successfully leads the recapture of the area, managing to personally kill the Sontaran second-in-command, Commander Skorr.
Although Colonel Mace's first name was never mentioned on screen, the letter initial of A can be seen on the I.D. Card displayed on his uniform. On Page 129 of the reference book "The Time Traveller's Almanac", it says that the A stands for Alan.
In the "Torchwood" serial "" (2009), John Frobisher and Colonel Oduya discuss Mace's posting in Vancouver. There is also a reference to Colonel Mace's posting in Vancouver in the Eleventh Doctor novel "The Forgotten Army" (2010).
Captain Erisa Magambo.
Captain Erisa Magambo is the UNIT officer in Donna Noble's parallel universe, working with Rose Tyler to restore the correct universe in the 2008 episode "Turn Left". Her UNIT team helps construct a time machine from the TARDIS to send Donna back into the past.
Magambo returns in the 2009 episode "Planet of the Dead", this time on a non-parallel Earth, as a senior officer of a UNIT patrol. She leads a team of UNIT soldiers and Doctor Malcolm Taylor who were investigating a wormhole which was, unbeknownst to them, created by the deadly Swarm. Taylor and Magambo aid the Doctor's attempt to return to planet Earth from San Helios from the Earth side of the wormhole; however, when the Doctor refuses to give full details of the impending Swarm, she considers shutting the wormhole down to save the planet. Malcolm refuses to shut the wormhole without the Doctor coming back through and resists even under the threat of Magambo shooting him. Yet the Doctor was able to come back through with the aid of the modified 200 Bus and Magambo leads her troops in destroying the three Swarm aliens that come through the wormhole before its closure. After thanking the Doctor and bringing his TARDIS back to him (apparently it had been found in the gardens of Buckingham Palace), she comments on having to clear up the mess, to which the Doctor refused to help in the paperwork.
O.
Sergeant Osgood.
Sergeant Osgood, played by Alec Linstead, serves in Devil's End as UNIT's Technical Adviser, during the Master's interference there, as seen in the Third Doctor story "The Dæmons" (1971). He fights against Azal and Bok. He has the unenviable task of trying to build a device designed by the Doctor to be used against Azal. According to the Doctor Who: Missing Adventures novel "The Eye of the Giant" (1996) by Christopher Bulis, his first name is Tom. There has been no indication in aired canon whether he is related to Petronella Osgood (see below), although showrunner Steven Moffat has indicated in an interview that he did intend her to be Tom Osgood's daughter but deliberately left it ambiguous.
Petronella Osgood.
Petronella Osgood, played by Ingrid Oliver, is a UNIT scientist and assistant to Kate Stewart in "The Day of the Doctor" (2013). She wears a long, knitted scarf of many colours, reminiscent of the Fourth Doctor's scarf, and suffers from a respiratory ailment for which she uses an inhaler when over-excited. She was once impersonated by a Zygon. In the episode "Death in Heaven" (2014), she wears a bow tie reminiscent of the Eleventh Doctor and Converse reminiscent of the Tenth Doctor. She is shown to be eager to please the Doctor and admires him. The Twelfth Doctor hints that he might consider making her a companion, but she is disintegrated by Missy in "Death in Heaven". Osgood displayed a great deal of self-control as she near-calmly tried persuading Missy to spare her with logical explanations.
Despite her apparent death, Osgood returned alongside the Zygons again in the two-part story "The Zygon Invasion" / "The Zygon Inversion", this time wearing a question mark shirt, reminiscent of the Sixth Doctor. It is revealed in that she and her Zygon duplicate from the Day of the Doctor, who constantly refer to each other as sisters, orchestrated the peace treaty between humans and Zygons and the death of one of the pair caused a breakdown in the treaty. Once the crisis is resolved in "The Zygon Inversion", Osgood gains a new "sister" in another Zygon named Bonnie who assumes her form to renew the treaty. Throughout the two-parter, the surviving Osgood adamantly refused to confirm whether she was human or Zygon.
P.
Captain Marian Price.
Captain Marian Price first appeared in the background in "The Sontaran Stratagem" (2008) and was introduced fully in "The Poison Sky" (2008). She is in charge of monitoring systems and reports on how the planet was coping under the Sontaran gas, and controls the launching of UNIT-coordinated nuclear weaponry. After the Doctor clears the atmosphere with an atmospheric converter, she kisses Colonel Mace in excitement, only to remember herself afterward and awkwardly turns away. Like Colonel Mace she salutes the Doctor upon meeting him. Her collar dogs indicate that she is a member of the Royal Engineers.
S.
General Sanchez.
Lieutenant General Sanchez, played by Michael Brandon, is the American officer commanding UNIT's Manhattan base in "The Stolen Earth" (2008). His authority includes oversight of Project Indigo, and he directs Martha Jones to use the Sontaran-based technology to find the Doctor. He also entrusts her with one of five Osterhagen Keys for use in case that search failed. Following Martha's escape it is heavily implied that he is exterminated by the Daleks. His right-sleeve shoulder patch shows that he formerly served in a combat theatre with the 82nd Airborne Division.
Years later, a photograph of the late LTG Sanchez with Dr Jones hangs on a bulletin board in UNIT's Black Archive in the Tower of London during the tenure of Kate [Lethbridge]-Stewart as Chief Scientific Officer.
Dr. Elizabeth Shaw.
Originally drafted as Scientific Advisor, Dr. Elizabeth Shaw accepts the position of Assistant when the Third Doctor took the job of Scientific Advisor.
Sarah Jane Smith.
Sarah Jane Smith is an investigative journalist who becomes a UNIT associate by way of her companion relationship with the Third, Fourth, Tenth and Eleventh Doctors. She first gains access to UNIT in the serial "The Time Warrior" (1973–74) by posing as her aunt and foster mother, the famous virologist Dr. Lavinia Smith—a guise through which the Third Doctor immediately sees, as he had read papers which Lavinia published when Sarah Jane was but a young child. Sarah Jane maintains contact with, and receives support from, senior UNIT personnel well after leaving their employ.
Kate Stewart.
Like Professor Arthur Candy and Luna University, Kate Stewart or Kate Lethbridge-Stewart (her birth name is mentioned by the Doctor in "The Power of Three", 2012, and he addresses her as such in "The Day of the Doctor", 2013, and credited as such in "Death in Heaven", 2014, and is called "Tiger" by her father) originated in spin-off media. Kate is introduced in the home-video release, "Downtime" (1995), in which she is the estranged daughter of retired Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart and single mother of the young Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart; the family reunited at the end of that story. She is the main protagonist in the sequel, "Dæmos Rising" (2004). Kate first appears on "Doctor Who" in the 2012 Eleventh Doctor story "The Power of Three" as UNIT's Head of Scientific Research, since having dropped Lethbridge upon joining UNIT so as to avoid the appearance of nepotism and to be judged on her own merits. Nevertheless, her father is said to have mentored her, and taught her that "science leads"—a motto he had attributed to the Doctor. She describes herself as Chief Scientific Officer of UNIT and uses the radio call-sign "Greyhound Leader", originally used by her father, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, and Lockwood.
Kate is portrayed by Beverley Cressman in "Downtime", "Dæmos Rising" and the forthcoming "Anomaly", and by Jemma Redgrave in "The Power of Three", "The Day of the Doctor" "Death in Heaven", "The Magician's Apprentice" and "The Zygon Invasion"/"The Zygon Inversion". Both actresses also portrayed an alien disguising itself as Kate.
Dr. Harry Sullivan.
Dr. Harry Sullivan, a Surgeon-Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, is a medical officer in UNIT at the time of the Doctor's third regeneration and his companion for several adventures.
T.
Corporal Tracy.
Corporal Tracy, played by Geoffrey Cheshire, fights against the Cybermen in the Second Doctor serial "The Invasion" (1968). According to the Doctor Who: Missing Adventures novel "The Scales of Injustice" (1996) by Gary Russell, his first name is Jack.
Y.
Captain Mike Yates.
Captain Mike Yates was Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart's assistant for several adventures during the Third Doctor's tenure with UNIT.


Mercs for Money

Mercs for Money is a fictional superhero mercenary team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Publication history.
Mercs for Money first appeared in "Deadpool" #1 (December 2015) and were created by Gerry Duggan. Eight months after the events of the "Secret Wars" storyline as seen during the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" event, Deadpool establishes a new team of Heroes for Hire. The roster consists of Solo, Madcap, , Slapstick, Foolkiller, Terror and Stingray. Matt Murdock and Luke Cage are shown planning legal action against Deadpool. After the lawsuit goes through, Deadpool renames his Heroes for Hire group into Deadpool's "Mercs for Money."
Fictional team biography.
Deadpool's Mercs for Money.
This group of mercenaries gathered together by Deadpool was originally named Heroes for Hire. Deadpool was inspired to create a franchise around his identity after Solo impersonated him and piggybacked on the merc's success to take jobs at Deadpool's pay rate. Solo's impersonation helped Deadpool become more popular, thus benefiting both mercs.
After turning Solo into his first employee, Deadpool began to recruit other vigilantes who would initially wear costumes identical to his like Foolkiller, Madcap, Masacre, Slapstick, Stingray and Terror. Deadpool's team was legally forced to change their name after receiving a cease an desist letter from Luke Cage and Matt Murdock. They chose "Mercs for Money" as the replacement name. What the other members don't know is that Stingray is secretly working for Captain America to keep him updated on the more deranged members of the Mercs for Money. Around this time, the Mercs for Money began to use color-coded costumes to distinguish each other from an independent Deadpool impersonator who was ruining the real one's reputation. It turned out that the evil Deadpool impersonator was Mercs for Money member Madcap. Once they got rid of Madcap, the Mercs for Money began using their own personal uniforms.
During the "Civil War II" storyline, the members of the Mercs for Money have been displeased when expecting Deadpool to give them their paychecks. While trying to start their own business, the Mercs for Money members discover that they were being skimmed by Deadpool. Upon retrieving a safety deposit from Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey and setting their contracts on fire, the Mercs for Money and Deadpool went their separate ways.
Domino's Mercs for Money.
A second incarnation of Mercs for Money appears in the 2016 "Marvel NOW!" After Deadpool's failed attempt at saving Negasonic Teenage Warhead (who he and the Mercs for Money had previously obtained for Umbral Dynamics), Domino shows up to where Deadpool is and reveals to him that she has assembled a new Mercs for Money team consisting of herself, Gorilla-Man, Machine Man, and a reenlisted Masacre. Domino told Deadpool that they showed up to help him and states that she is the one calling the shots for the Mercs for Money. Following the defeat of the Presence, Negasonic Teenage Warhead and Hit-Monkey join the Mercs for Money.


Military ranks of Sudan

The Military ranks of Sudan are the military insignia used by the Sudanese Armed Forces.
Commissioned officers.
The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army, navy and air force respectively.
Enlisted.
The rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army, navy and air force respectively.


Charles Walter David Jr.

Charles Walter David Jr. (June 20, 1917 - March 29, 1943), who served as a Steward's Mate in the United States Coast Guard, died of pneumonia after rescuing other sailors from the frigid North Atlantic.
He was assigned to the USCGC "Comanche" during World War II, which was assigned to escort a convoy that included the , a troop transport, when it was torpedoed by a U-boat off Greenland.
David volunteered to dive into the frigid waters to rescue exhausted crew and passengers from the "Dorchester". David also rescued several other "Comanche" crew members, who grew exhausted.
Tragically, David came down with pneumonia after the exertion of the rescue, dying a few days later. He was posthumously awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.
David's widow Kathleen and young son Neil received the award on his behalf.
USCGC "Charles David Jr".
In 2010 when the Coast Guard decided that all the new Sentinel class cutters would be named after Coast Guard personnel who had been recognized for their heroism, David was one of those to be honored.
The seventh cutter in the class is named . She is the first Sentinel class cutter to be homeported in Key West, Florida.