Teghut Mine

Teghut Mine is a closed copper and molybdenum open-pit mine in Armenia's northern province of Lori in the village of Teghut with deposits valued at US$15.5 billion (in 2010). In December 2014, Vallex Group launched production operations at the mine, which is a US$380 million project. In February 2018 Vallex Group published a statement announcing suspension of all operations and laying off nearly all staff.
The mine was expected become comparable in size to the Kajaran Mine in southern Armenia.
Available deposits and value.
The Teghut forest lies atop ore deposits containing an estimated 1.6 million tons of copper and about 100,000 tons of molybdenum. In 2010, with the price of copper at US$7,500 per ton and molybdenum at US$35,000 per ton, this amounts to about US$12 billion in copper and US$3.5 billion in molybdenum. Therefore, the total value of the mine's deposits was about $15.5 billion in 2010.
Mine financing and ownership.
Vallex, which is run and at least partly owned by Russian-Armenian businessman Valeri Mejlumyan, claims to have already invested almost $340 million in Teghut. It has borrowed the bulk of that money from VTB, a leading Russian bank.
In 2013, the company also attracted $62 million in funding from a Danish pension fund which was due to be partly or fully channeled into purchases of metallurgical equipment from another Danish company, FLSmidth. In 2017, the Danish state credit agency decided to withdraw export credit guarantees to mine operators, accusing its private owner of failing to comply with environmental standards.
Notable incidents, statements and events.
Assessments before opening.
Pre-project reports indicated that open-pit mining at Teghut will lead to the destruction of 357 hectares of rich forest, including 128,000 trees. Environmentalists claimed that ore crushing and enrichment will also pollute a local river and underground waters.
2014 - Statements by the mine operator.
Vallex claimed to have created about 1,300 new jobs and pledged to build new schools and upgrade infrastructure in nearby villages.
The company said that it planned to manufacture $182 million worth of non-ferrous ore concentrates there in 2015.
2017 August - Mine operator acknowledges environmental pollution.
At public hearings, Vallex Deputy Director General Sahak Karapetyan didn't reject the fact of environmental pollution and promised to find a solution.
2017 October - Funding withdrawal due to environmental issues.
After a series of warnings, the Danish state agency EKF decided to withdraw export credit guarantees to mine operators, accusing its private owner of failing to comply with agreed environmental standards.
2017 December - Discontent of community residents.
Community residents formally demanded that the Ministry of Nature Protection cancels the mine expansion project.
2018 January - Leak into river.
By the end of January 2018 reports were published that the mine's tailings dam had cracks, and that unprocessed mine waste leaked into Shnogh River, making it become visibly polluted. However minister for nature protection maintains there measurements could not determine any river pollution.
2018 February - Vallex Group declared suspension of all operations.
The mine operator issued a statement declaring it will suspend all operations and lay off all workers except for few responsible for preservation of existing infrastructure.


British MPs sponsored by mining unions

This article is about the sponsorship of British Members of Parliament by mining trade unions.
The article covers MPs sponsored by the National Union of Mineworkers, its predecessor the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, and the local trade unions which preceded it.
A small number of MPs were sponsored by other trade unions related to the mining industry, such as the Cumberland Iron Ore Miners' and Kindred Trades' Association, the North Wales Quarrymen's Union, and the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers, and are covered in the articles on those unions. Other miners and people related to the mining industry were elected without being sponsored by a trade union, and are not listed here.
History.
John Normansell, leader of the South Yorkshire Miners' Association, presented a paper at the 1869 Trades Union Congress, on "the best means to secure the direct representation of labour in the Commons". This led to the formation of the Labour Representation League, but miners did not initially join the organisation.
At the 1874 United Kingdom general election, four miners stood for Parliament, with two winning seats, the first working class members of Parliament in the UK. Alexander Macdonald in Stafford stood as "Secretary of the Miners' Association of Scotland and President of the Miners' National Association", and Thomas Burt in Morpeth stood as a "Radical Labour" candidate. However, both worked with the Liberal Party in Parliament, and they were the first members of what became known as the Liberal-Labour group. Their seats were held at the 1880 United Kingdom general election, and from 1884 the Miners' National Union founded local political associations in areas where there were many miners. The Reform Act 1885 enfranchised many miners in rural areas for the first time, and this allowed six miners to win election. In 1886, the local political association formed the Labour Electoral Association, and when the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB) was founded in 1889, its affiliated unions continued to support liberal candidates through the association.
Keir Hardie, of the Ayrshire Miners' Union, first won a seat as an independent at the 1892 United Kingdom general election, and this spurred him to form the Independent Labour Party and, in 1900, the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The MFGB initially believed that the committee would not be successful and remained apart, but from 1902 it raised a centralised Labour Political Fund of one shilling per member, to stand working coal miners or officials as Parliamentary candidates, and then to support successful Members of Parliament, as they were otherwise unpaid. Candidates were free to stand under the label of any political party, or as independents, although in practice affiliations were agreed with the local union. At the 1906 United Kingdom general election, this led to the election of eleven out of sixteen MFGB candidates.
In 1906, the MFGB narrowly voted against affiliating to the LRC. By 1908, the LRC had become the Labour Party, and a second vote was held, this time resulting in a clear majority for affiliation. Some existing MPs were reluctant to transfer, so it was agreed that they would not have to join the Labour Party group in Parliament until the next general election. This was held in January 1910, and resulted in fifteen mining trade union MPs, approximately a third of the total size of the party. However, a few mining MPs refused to take the Labour whip, and remained part of the Liberal-Labour group until 1918.
Miners were uniquely well placed to win seats in Parliament; by 1918, they constituted more than 30% of the total electorate of forty constituencies, and unlike many other unions, the MFGB focused on standing members in these seats, where it had the strongest membership. After 1918, Labour won the majority of seats in the coalfields. In Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Durham, the county unions increased political levies, to employ political organisers and election agents, and also support more union members in local elections. While the miners' union MPs suffered in the 1931 United Kingdom general election, alongside the party as a whole, things soon rebounded. The MFGB remained the largest union in the country until 1937, and also had sponsored the most Labour Party candidates, had the largest number of members affiliated to the Labour Party, and typically had the largest political fund of any union. This ensured that it remained influential and able to get its members selected in many promising constituencies.
The choice of candidates remained in the hands of the county unions affiliated to the MFGB. Half of the MFGB's political fund was retained by its affiliates, enabling them to conduct additional political activity, such as campaigning for other Labour candidates. The South Wales Miners' Federation instead used the funds to sponsor additional candidates, so that by 1931 it stood 10 candidates, despite the MFGB only directly providing enough funding for five. This election saw the peak of MFGB influence, with half of all the Labour MPs elected being sponsored by the union.
The mining MPs were not compelled to vote in the interests of the union, and were sometimes in conflict with it, but there was generally a close relationship. The MFGB got the MPs to propose legislation which it favoured, organise access to the government, and to ask questions and obtain information from government ministers.
The MFGB reformed as the more centralised National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in 1945, the affiliated unions becoming areas of the NUM. The number of coal miners, and with it the membership of the NUM, steadily declined, and with it the number of safe mining constituencies, and the number of sponsored candidates, which reached a low of 13 in 1987. While the selection of candidates remained a matter for the areas, they were required to be members of the NUM, and have worked in the mines or for the union for at least five years. By the 1970s, the union was tending to select younger candidates. However, unlike many other unions, it did not sponsor existing MPs from outside the industry, and as a result, by the late 1980s, none of its MPs held leading roles in the Labour Party.
Lib-Lab candidates.
1874 general election.
Macdonald was elected by taking second place in a two-seat constituency.
1880 general election.
Macdonald was elected by taking second place in a two-seat constituency
1885 general election.
Abraham stood as an independent Liberal-Labour candidate.


Tutupan coal mine

The Tutupan Coal Mine is a coal mine located in South Kalimantan. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 3 billion tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. The mine has an annual production capacity of 41 million tonnes of coal.


Solnechny mine

The Solnechny mine is a large copper mine located in the center of Russia in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Solnechny represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.92 billion tonnes of ore grading 1.17% copper.


Livengood gold deposit

The Livengood gold deposit is an advanced gold exploration project located northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska.
Placer gold was discovered in Livengood Creek in 1914. The hardrock Livengood gold deposit was located by drilling by AngloGold Ashanti (U.S.A.) Exploration Inc. in 2003 and 2004. Livengood was acquired from AngloGold Ashanti in 2006 by the current project owner International Tower Hill Mines (ITHM). In 2016 ITHM reported proven and probable reserves of 391.66 million tonnes of ore at a grade of 0.71 g/t of gold for 8.97 million ounces.


Wenco International Mining Systems

Wenco International Mining Systems, Ltd. (Wenco) is a Canadian technology company that develops, manufactures, and distributes computer systems to manage and control surface mining equipment. It is a provider of fleet management and machine guidance technology to the mining sector. The company's computer systems include software and hardware that record data related to mining equipment activity, location, time, production, and maintenance. This information also displays to machine operators and other mining personnel. Its systems run at open-pit sites operated by large mining conglomerates De Beers Group of Companies, Syncrude, KCGM, the United States Steel Corporation, Canadian Natural Resources Limited, and others.
Founded in 1983, Wenco maintains its head office in the Metro Vancouver city of Richmond, British Columbia. It also operates satellite sales and support offices in the United States, Chile, South Africa, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Russia, India, and Australia. Since 2009, the company has operated as a subsidiary of Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd., a division of Hitachi Group of Companies.
Products.
Wenco's systems rely on a combination of GNSS technology, wireless infrastructure, and computer hardware and software to track mining equipment activity, location, time, and production information. These systems connect mobile computers on field equipment such as excavators, bulldozers, and haul trucks with office computers and an SQL-compliant database. Mines use these systems for a range of purposes, including pit reporting, ore blend control, material tracking, production efficiency, and overall pit management. Wenco also shares its system data with common third-party mining technology systems through its public API.
Ongoing development.
Since 2013, Wenco has pursued development and testing of an autonomous haulage system in conjunction with Hitachi Construction Machinery. A commercially viable autonomous truck is anticipated for delivery in 2018–2019.


Pembrokeshire Coalfield

The Pembrokeshire Coalfield in West Wales is one of the smallest British coalfields, but continuously worked from the 14th to 20th centuries. The main coalfield extends across south Pembrokeshire from Saundersfoot on Carmarthen Bay westwards to Broad Haven on St Brides Bay. A small detached portion of the field is centred on Newgale on St Brides Bay.
The coalfield is in effect the westernmost extension of the South Wales Coalfield though it is separated from the main body of that field by Carmarthen Bay.
Seams.
Coal seams within the Pembrokeshire Coalfield are traditionally referred to as veins. The following sequence is recognised in the west of the district:
The Stonepit and Quarry Veins are collectively referred to as the Sibbernock Veins. The sequence from the Three Quarter to the Foot Vein constitutes the Newgale, Simpson and Eweston Coals.
In contrast in the centre and east of the district, there are fewer veins in what is a more compressed sequence:
History.
Coal mining in Pembrokeshire dates back at least to the early 14th century. The coal was used locally or exported by sea from local ports. It was generally high-quality anthracite, but seams were mostly thin, with the best coal only available at some depth. In 1603 George Owen of Henllys described a typical colliery as employing 16 people working from 6am to 6pm. In the 1700s collieries were employing men, women and boys for a few pence a day, rising to a shilling (for men) by 1806. By the 19th century coal mining had become an important local industry with many farmers operating mines or carting as a supplement to their income. By 1865 the coalfield was employing nearly 1,000 people. Decline began in the 19th century, with many collieries closing after 1900, but others retained a strong link between mining and agriculture. Some collieries continued into the 20th century until the industry was nationalised in 1947, when the last colliery, at Kilgetty, closed.


St Day

St Day () is a civil parish and village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated between the village of Chacewater and the town of Redruth. The electoral ward St Day and Lanner had a population at the 2011 census of 4,473.
St Day is located in a former mining area (which included Poldice, Tolcarne, Todpool, Creegbrawse and Crofthandy) and accrued considerable wealth from mining. The parish is at the heart of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape, a World Heritage Site that includes St Agnes, Chapel Porth and Porthtowan.
Industrial history.
St Day was a centre for the richest and perhaps most famous copper mining district in the world from the 16th century to the 1830s. The population, wealth and activity in St Day declined steadily from about 1870 onwards, today the population is smaller than in 1841. It is now essentially a residential village.
The Wheal Gorland mine is the type locality for the minerals: chenevixite, clinoclase, cornwallite, kernowite, and liroconite.
The population of St Day was 1,821 at the census 2011
Social.
St Day Feast occurs during the summer within the village, it consists in part, two formal street dances similar to that in Helston. The children`s dance involves the children of St Day and Carharrack Primary School.
A St Day mine site has been used for short-oval stock car racing for many years. Stock car drivers from Cornwall have won 11 World Championships.
Parish church.
The parish was originally a chapelry of Gwennap but became independent in 1835. In the 13th century there was a chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity and even earlier there had been a chapel dedicated to St Day which was a great centre of pilgrimage. The saint commemorated here is probably the Breton Saint Dei.
The "Sans Day Carol" or "St. Day Carol" is one of the many Cornish Christmas carols written in the 19th century. This carol and its melody were first transcribed from the singing of Thomas Beard who lived in this parish.


Maiskoye diamond mine

The Maiskoye mine is one of the largest diamond mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in the Sakha Republic. The mine has estimated reserves of 13.3 million carats of diamonds and an annual production capacity of 0.8 million carats.


Mick McGahey

Michael McGahey (29 May 1925 – 30 January 1999) was a Scottish miners' leader and lifelong Communist, with a distinctive gravelly voice. He described himself as "a product of my class and my movement".
Early life.
His father, John McGahey, worked in the mines at Shotts, North Lanarkshire when Mick was born. John was a founder member of the Communist Party of Great Britain and took an active part in the 1926 General Strike. Perhaps because of this, the family moved to Cambuslang in search of work, and it was here that Mick went to school.
Mick started work at age 14 at the Gateside Colliery, and continued to work as a miner for the next 25 years. He followed his father into the Communist Party and the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), remaining a member of both the Communist Party, until its dissolution in 1990, and the NUM, all his life. He was an implacable defender of both and supported the 1956 invasion of Hungary, seeing the then Soviet Union as a beacon of hope for humanity.
Trade unionist and communist.
He became chairman of the local branch of his union when he was only eighteen and thereafter progressed through its echelons, though never quite reaching the national presidency. He was elected to the Scottish Executive of the NUM in 1958, becoming president of the Scottish area in 1967. He was regarded as a highly competent operator but his strongly militant line was opposed by others in the Union. He was defeated in the 1971 elections for National President by Joe Gormley.
McGahey was, however, elected National Vice-President of the NUM in 1972. He made similar progress in the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), being elected to its Executive in 1971. He remained a member until the CPGB dissolved in 1991 and then joined its successor in Scotland, the Communist Party of Scotland. He was reportedly the subject of phone tapping by the UK security service MI5 whose transcribers found him difficult to understand because of his accent and the effects of alcohol consumption.
He came to the attention of the public during the miners strikes of 1972 and 1974. He later claimed these were purely industrial disputes, made political by the then Prime Minister, Edward Heath. Nevertheless, he took a characteristically militant line, opposing some of the tactics of Gormley, accusing him of ""ballotisis" and swearing he would not be "constitutionalised"" out of a national strike. Gormley, it was later claimed, postponed his own retirement until 1981, by which time McGahey was over 55, too old by union rules to stand for President.
He played a smaller role (mostly on Scottish affairs) during the 1984–1985 miners' strike, as he was nearing retirement. He opposed the holding of a national ballot and favoured letting regions make their own decisions on whether to strike. He saw the appointment of Ian MacGregor as chair of the National Coal Board as a "declaration of war". James Cowan, then deputy chairman of the NCB, claims that McGahey warned him to retire in 1983 and protect his health, as he feared that a "bloody" strike was inevitable with the appointment of Ian MacGregor and that there would be conflict between different regions in the NUM.
Surveillance by MI5 on McGahey during the 1984–85 strike found that he was "extremely angry and embarrassed" about Scargill's links with the Libyan regime, but that he was "happy to take part, with Scargill and other NUM leaders, in contacts with Soviet representatives".
After the strike, McGahey became more critical of Arthur Scargill and argued against the growing concentration of power within the NUM in the national leadership at the expense of regional areas. He expressed regret on the use of violent picketing in Nottinghamshire and the divisions that this caused amongst mineworkers, saying:
McGahey continuously insisted that the NUM find a way to reconcile with the Union of Democratic Mineworkers (a Midlands-based breakaway from the NUM). Scargill referred to this insistence as a "tragedy that people from the far north should pontificate about what we should be doing to win back members for the NUM."
Comments after the death of Ian MacGregor.
On the death of Ian MacGregor (chair of the National Coal Board during the 1984-5 strike), McGahey said, "It's no loss to people of my ilk. MacGregor was a vicious, anti-trades unionist, anti-working class person, recruited by the Tory government quite deliberately for the purpose of destroying trade unionism in the mining industry. I will not suffer any grief, not will I in any way cry over the loss of Ian MacGregor."
Memorials.
He married Catherine Young in 1954 with whom he had two daughters and a son.
A heavy smoker for most of his life, McGahey suffered in later years from chronic emphysema and pneumoconiosis.
A significant memorial, in the form of mine workings, stands to him at the east end of Cambuslang Main Street and there have been calls in the Scottish Parliament for a more national memorial.
On 28 April 2006, in Bonnyrigg, ex-UNISON general secretary Rodney Bickerstaffe unveiled a memorial to mark the 10th Anniversary of McGahey's address to the Midlothian TUC Worker's Memorial Day event in George V Park. McGahey's son was present.
Bickerstaffe described McGahey as a "working class hero" who never lost touch with his roots and socialist values. He listed some of McGahey's sayings which were just as relevant today. "We are a movement not a monument", he quoted as a reminder of the need to continue to move and to fight on, and finished by saying "We know the reasons why Michael never became NUM President, but whether he had stayed as a steward or a delegate he would still have had a major impact on the movement".


Experimental Mine, U.S. Bureau of Mines

Experimental Mine, U.S. Bureau of Mines is a landmark located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Bruceton, Pennsylvania. In 1910, the newly created U.S. Bureau of Mines leased a 38-acre tract of land from the Pittsburgh Coal Company and opened the Experimental Mine.
One of the early findings in the Experimental Mine demonstrated that coal dust by itself was capable of propagating an explosion even in the absence of any methane gas. This demonstration was contrary to the old belief widely held at the time that coal dust could not explode without gas. This view had led to the very dangerous and widespread practice of using loose coal dust in mines to pack explosives in boreholes, which had cost many thousands of lives. These early experiments clearly proved that such a practice was too hazardous to continue.
Current facilities.
By 1999 the complex made the transition to lab and office space as part of the National Energy Technology Laboratory network throughout the United States. The complex is home to three major agencies including the Federal Energy Technology Center (U.S. Department of Energy), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control), and the Mine Safety & Health Administration (U.S. Department of Labor). Over one thousand government and contractor employees worked at the site by 2000.


Harry Payne (rugby union)

Harry Thomas Payne (10 December 1907 – 22 December 2000) was a Welsh international rugby union prop who played club rugby for Swansea and was capped for Wales on one occasion. A hard forward player Payne was described as 'tough-as-teak' and was still playing for veteran teams at the age of 84.
Rugby career.
Payne was born in Llangyfelach and at the age of 14 had left school to join his father in the coal industry, tending the pit ponies. Payne initially had a trial for local soccer team Swansea A.F.C. but switched sports to rugby union playing for both Mynyddbach and Morriston before joining first class side Swansea in 1931. On 28 September 1935, Payne was chosen to play for the Swansea team to face the touring New Zealand team. When Swansea beat the All Blacks, they became the first club team to do so and also the first team to beat all three major Southern Hemisphere teams.
Later in 1935, Payne was selected to face the same touring New Zealand team for Wales along with teammates Don Tarr, Haydn Tanner and Claude Davey. This was Payne's one and only cap for his country, but it was a memorable game for Wales as they won 13–12, with fourteen men for the last ten minutes after Tarr was stretchered off with a broken neck. Although being selected as a reserve player on several occasions, Payne never played for Wales again.
During the 1938/39 season Payne was chosen to captain Swansea, but with the outbreak of war, Payne joined the Royal Marines. While in the marines he played rugby for both the marines and the Royal Navy and played in two wartime international for Wales against England. He saw action as a soldier in North Africa, Sicily and Italy, and was awarded six battle medals. On returning to Wales during peacetime he returned to working in the mines.
His later career included playing for veteran teams; and in 1989 at the age of 82, he turned out for a match against Bordeaux. His rugby career was finally halted after he broke his ankle while playing for Swansea Veterans RFC, in a match in the Netherlands in 1992.
International matches played.
Wales


Karasugskoye mine

The Karasugskoye mine is a large iron mine located in eastern Russia in Siberia. Karasugskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 270 million tonnes of ore grading 25.8% iron metal.


Khangalassky coal mine

The Khangalassky Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Sakha Republic. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 3.45 billion tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. The mine has an annual production capacity of 8 million tonnes of coal.


William F. Englebright

William Fellows Englebright (November 23, 1855 – February 10, 1915) was a U.S. Representative from California and father of Representative Harry Lane Englebright.
Born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Englebright moved with his parents to Vallejo, California. He attended private and public schools and first began serving the United States as a joiner's apprentice at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. After he completed his studies in engineering he established himself in Nevada City, California as a mining engineer where he also served as a member of the Nevada City Board of Education.
Englebright was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James N. Gillett. In Congress he served on the House Irrigation of Arid Lands committee, the House Mines and Mining committee, and the House Naval Affairs committee.
He was reelected to the Sixtieth and Sixty-first Congresses and served from November 6, 1906 until his defeat in the 1910 election, leaving office on March 3, 1911. After his political career, he resumed his occupation as a mining engineer. Englebright died in Oakland, California on February 10, 1915 and was interred at Pine Grove Cemetery in Nevada City, California.


Kanyika mine

The Kanyika mine extracts niobium ore from a large deposit located in northern Malawi in the Northern Region. Kanyika represents one of the largest niobium mineral resource in Malawi having estimated resources of 60 million tonnes of ore grading 0.29% niobium metal.


Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company

The Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company (CMIC) (, "Shirkat-e Mi'dâni-ye vâ Sân'ti-ye Cadermilu") was established in June 1992 in Tehran, Iran.
CMIC is the main iron ore concentrate producer by direct reduction in the Middle East, with 7 million ton per year; it produces up to 1,000,000 ton/year of crushed iron ore for blast furnaces and export.
With a market capitalization of $2 billion in 2007, CMIC is one of the largest companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.
CMIC has been awarded ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 certification.


Golden Fleece Tunnel (California)

The Golden Fleece Tunnel, is a [[gold mining]jdjdjdnortheast of the former mining town [[Westville, California]], north to the Foresthill Divide Road. It has a tunnel and was operated successfully by the [[Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (New York)]]. The mine is no longer in operation. Other nearby mines are the Hogsback Tunnel and the Union Tunnel.
Other Golden Fleece mines include:
References.
[[Category:Gold mines in California]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Placer County, California]]
[[Category:Underground mines in the United States]]


Wallarah 2 Coal Project

The Wallarah 2 Coal Project (or W2CP) is a proposal by the Korea Resources Corporation or KORES (owned by the South Korean government and other Korean and Japanese mining companies that comprise the "Wyong Areas Coal Joint Venture") to construct a longwall mine near Wyong, New South Wales, Australia. The mine is now being considered by the NSW Department of Planning. It was previously rejected by the Keneally Government shortly before the 2011 State election.
Proposal.
The exploration areas within which the mining proposal is situated were awarded to the "Wyong Areas Coal Joint Venture" by the NSW State Government in 1995 following a competitive tender. Extensive exploration drilling, geological surveys, environmental investigations, stakeholder consultations and other works costing approximately $80 million were undertaken by the proponents. The proposed mine would have an annual coal production of 4 to 5 million tonnes of export quality thermal coal per year, over 42 years.
The associated coal loader, coal stockpile and rail link would be at least 3 kilometres away from one of the largest urban growth areas on the Central Coast, including the proposed Warnervale town centre.
Opposition and rejection of previous proposal.
The proposal was delayed by numerous studies, including an independent review headed by former NSW Liberal leader Kerry Chikarovski, and widespread opposition on the Central Coast with opponents suggesting the project could impact voting at subsequent elections.
The Australian Coal Alliance was formed to oppose the project and has maintained an active public relations campaign against the proposal. It blamed the NSW Labor Party and its supporters to failing to stop the mine.
Former state Labor MP for Wyong David Harris said he was opposed to the mine, adding he was "concerned about the noise and dust impacts on the community and for the future of the Wyong Employment Zone at Warnervale". However, members of the Australian Coal Alliance criticised him for accepting a position as Parliamentary Secretary claiming the position suggested loyalty to the NSW Government, rather than to their campaign.
Before the 2011 State election, the NSW Opposition promised to stop the mine proposal. On the final day of the Keneally Government (the day before the issue of the writs), Minister Tony Kelly announced that the Government had made a decision that the proposal would not go ahead. David Harris attempted to "claim victory" for the proposal rejection but was defeated at the State election.


Ruoutevare mine

The Ruoutevare Iron Deposit is one of the largest known unexploited iron ore deposits in Sweden. Located in Kvikkjokk in Norrbotten County, Lapland, the deposit was discovered in the early 1970s by the Geological Survey of Sweden and found to have between 116 and 123 million tonnes of iron ore. In 2008 Beowulf Mining announced a maiden JORC compliant resource estimate for Ruoutevare with an inferred mineral resource estimate of 140 million tonnes of iron ore at a grade of 39.1%, with 5.7% titanium and 0.2% Vanadium.
An independent conceptual study in 2010 by the Raw Materials Group confirmed the deposit could be commercially exploited, mining 10 million tonnes of ore per year. Subsequent ground magnetic studies have revealed the possibility of significant increases to the quantity of iron ore at Ruoutevare, with the resource possibly containing up to 250 million tonnes of iron ore at grades of approximately 40%.


Wasseypur

Wasseypur is a neighbourhood in the city of Dhanbad in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in the state of Jharkhand in India. Wasseypur was once in Bengal, then in Bihar and is now in Jharkhand. Surrounded by coal rich regions of Dhanbad the area has been strife with mafia activity.
History.
The names of rival dons Sabir Alam and Fahim Khan, lords of two mafia are associated with Wasseypur. Though out on bail after spending eight years in jail, Sabir Alam rarely stays at home due to the threat to his life. Fahim Khan, who is still alive and in the Ghaghidih Central Jail currently,is son of Shafiq Khan,who had a rivalry with Suraj Deo Singh.
Location.
Wasseypur is located at .
Wasseypur is about 165 km from state capital Ranchi.
Waseypur was combined with other urban units to form Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2006. Wasseypur is part of Ward No. 17 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.
the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines in the lowest rung of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The entire area shown in the map is under Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, except Belgaria which is under Baliapur (community development block). The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The DMC area shown in the map is around the core area of Dhanbad city. Another major area of DMC is shown in the map of the southern portion of the district. A small stretch of DMC, extending up to Katras is shown in the map of the western portion. The region is fully urbanised. Jharia (community development block) has been merged into DMC. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Sijua Area, Kusunda Area and Bastacola Area.
In popular culture.
The area is central to the plot of the Bollywood two-part crime film "Gangs of Wasseypur" (2012). and "Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2."


Ranobe mine

The Ranobe mine is one of the largest titanium mines in Madagascar. The mine is located in Melaky. The mine has reserves amounting to 959 million tonnes of ore grading 5.8% titanium.


Clifford Williams (politician)

Albert Clifford Williams, BEM (28 June 1905 – 1987) was a Welsh Labour Party politician and miner. He went to a primary school in Blaina, Monmouthshire but started work in the mines at the age of 14. Williams became a National Union of Mineworkers official in 1934. In 1952 he became a Justice of the Peace and he was a member of hospital boards for thirty years. He was also Chairman of Usk River Board for ten years.
Williams was awarded the British Empire Medal in 1957. A Monmouthshire County Councillor, he became a County Alderman in 1964 and served until 1974 when Aldermen were abolished. In April 1965 he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the safe Labour seat of Abertillery in a by-election after the death of sitting MP Llywelyn Williams. He was re-elected to the House of Commons at the 1966 general election but stood down in 1970.
After the end of his Parliamentary career, Williams served on the Sports Council for Wales (now Sport Wales) from 1972 to 1975. He also became a member of the Welsh National Water Development Authority.


Mickey Haslin

Michael Joseph "Mickey" Haslin (October 25, 1909 – March 7, 2002), born Michael Joseph Hazlinsky, was a Jewish-Austrian American professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons, six of which were spent in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Philadelphia Phillies (1933–36), Boston Bees (1936), and New York Giants (1937–38). Over his career in the majors, Haslin batted a combined .272 with 265 hits, 33 doubles, eight triples, nine home runs, and 109 runs batted in (RBIs) in 318 games played. He played shortstop, second base, and third base, defensively. Haslin also played in the semi-pros, and minor leagues before breaking into the majors.
In the minors, he played with the St. Catharines Brewers (1930), Stroudsburg Poconos (1932), Kansas City Blues (1937), Jersey City Giants (1938), San Diego Padres (1939–1941), Toronto Maple Leafs (1942), and Indianapolis Indians (1943). Haslin compiled a career minor league batting average of .311 with 881 hits, 155 doubles, 30 triples, and 43 home runs in 776 games played. He batted and threw right-handed. During his playing career, Haslin stood at and weighed . After retirement from baseball, he served in the United States Army during World War II.
Early and personal life.
Mickey Haslin was born Michael Joseph Hazlinsky on October 25, 1909 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to George and Helen Julia (née Kmetzová) Hazlinsky, both of Austria Hungary. George Hazlinsky worked in the Pennsylvania coal mines. Mickey Haslin had eight siblings; brothers George, Joseph, and John; and sisters Mary, Elizabeth, Anna, Susan, and Margaret. Mickey Haslin attended high school for just one year. From an early age, Haslin worked in the coal mines of his home-town. Haslin had a fear of insects, and snakes, which caused many teammates to use them against him when playing a practical joke during his baseball career.
Baseball career.
In 1930, Haslin signed with the minor league St. Catharines Brewers of the Class-C Ontario League. With the Brewers, he batted .295 with 57 hits, five doubles, three triples, and three home runs in 50 games played. Defensively, he was used as a shortstop. Haslin spent the next season playing semi-professional baseball. He joined the Class-D Stroudsburg Poconos in 1932, a team that featured future Major League Baseball (MLB) player Goody Rosen. Stroudsburg were members of the Interstate League that season. In 26 games that year, Haslin batted .417 with 48 hits, 13 doubles, four triples, and seven home runs. In the field, he played second base, and shortstop.
At the start of the 1933 season, Haslin signed with the minor league Knoxville Smokies to play third base. However, he never made an appearance with that team. Instead, Haslin signed as a second baseman with a semi-professional baseball team, which represented Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Patsy O'Rourke, a scout for the Philadelphia Phillies, was in Stroudsburg visiting his wife who had been injured in an automobile accident. O'Rourke went to a semi-pro game which featured Haslin's team. His talent impressed O'Rourke, so he offered Haslin a major league contract with the Phillies on the spot. He made his MLB debut on September 7, against the St. Louis Cardinals. In that game, Haslin got his first major league hit, a double. He also walked once, and played the second base position. Haslin's first major league run batted in (RBI) came on September 14, in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. Over 26 games that season with the Phillies, he batted .236 with three runs scored, 21 hits, two doubles, nine RBIs, and one stolen base. Haslin played all of his 26 games at second base, committing six errors, and converting 12 assists in 137 total chances.
Haslin was used as the Philadelphia Phillies' starting shortstop at the beginning of the 1934 season after Dick Bartell, the Phillies every-day shortstop, suffered an injury. Haslin's first hit of the season came on April 12, against the Brooklyn Dodgers. He hit his first career major league home run on June 10, against the New York Giants. He finished the season with a .265 batting average, 28 runs scored, 44 hits, eight doubles, two triples, one home run, 11 RBIs, and one stolen base in 72 games played that year. Defensively, he was used as a utility infielder, playing 26 games at third base, 21 games at second base, and six games at shortstop.
In 1935, Haslin won the starting shortstop job for the Philadelphia Phillies over veteran Blondy Ryan. On April 18, during the top of the tenth inning in a game against the Brooklyn Dodgers, Haslin batted in the game-winning run to give the Phillies a 10–to–9 win. Haslin participated in the first-ever MLB night game that season, driving in the Phillies only run against the Cincinnati Reds in a 2–to–1 loss. During the season, it was reported that Haslin carried around a lump of coal as a good-luck charm, and a reminder of how far he has come from his days of mining in his home-town of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. In late-August, it was discovered that Haslin had appendicitis, causing him to miss time after recovering from emergency surgery to remove his vermiform appendix at Sacred Heart Hospital in Allentown, Pennsylvania. On the season, he batted .265 with 53 runs scored, 108 hits, 17 doubles, three triples, three home runs, 52 RBIs, and five stolen bases in 110 games played. In the field, Haslin played 87 games at shortstop, 11 games at third base, and nine games at second base.
Haslin joined the Philadelphia Phillies for spring training in Florida during the start of the 1936 season. After playing 16 games with the Phillies during the regular season, Haslin was traded to the Boston Bees in exchange for Pinky Whitney. He batted .344 with six runs scored, 22 hits, one doubles, one triple, and six RBIs in 16 games played with the Phillies, while playing 12 games at second base, and five games at third defensively. After his trade, the Bees manager, Bill McKechnie, suspended Haslin after he refused to report to the team until his demand of a higher salary was met. On May 15, he agreed to new contract terms and reported to the Boston club. On July 4, in a game against the New York Giants, Haslin hit two home runs. With Boston, he batted .279 with 14 runs scored, 29 hits, one doubles, two triples, two home runs, 11 RBIs in 36 games played. In the field, he played 17 games at third base, and seven games at second base.
During the off-season before the 1937 season, the Boston Bees traded Haslin to the New York Giants in exchange for Eddie Mayo. At the start of the 1937 season, Haslin was competing against Lou Chiozza, and Tommy Thevenow for the starting third baseman job. With the Giants that season, he batted .190 with eight runs scored, eight hits, one double, and five RBIs in 27 games played. He played nine games at shortstop, four games at second base, and four games at third base, defensively. In July, the Giants sent Haslin to the minor leagues. Major league scouts Bill Essick of the Cleveland Indians, and Eddie Herr of the New York Yankees watched Haslin make his debut in the minors that year with the Kansas City Blues to decide if he would be a good fit for their organizations. In 40 games in the minors that year, he batted .299 with 43 hits, eight doubles, three triples, and two home runs. In the field, Haslin played 28 games at shortstop.
Haslin began the 1938 season with the New York Giants. On May 23, Haslin was at-bat during the sixth inning of a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates when he hit a pitch from Pirates' starter Mace Brown, which went directly back to Brown and struck him in the ribs. After the Giants received Alex Kampouris in a trade from the Cincinnati Reds in June, Haslin was sent-down to the minor league Jersey City Giants of the Double-A International League. In the minors, he batted .310 with 122 hits, 17 doubles, seven triples, and five home runs in 101 games played. Defensively, he played all of his 101 games at second base. In September that year, Haslin was called up to play with the Giants for the remainder of the season. On September 22, Haslin hit two home runs in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. The final game of Haslin's major league career would come on October 2, in a game against the Boston Bees. On the season with New York, Haslin batted .324 with 33 hits, three doubles, three home runs, and 15 RBIs in 31 games played. He played 15 games at third base, and 13 games at second base that year.
On December 7, 1938, Haslin was traded by the New York Giants to the minor league San Diego Padres of the Double-A Pacific Coast League in exchange for Manny Salvo. The trade was originally intended to have two players go to the Padres, but San Diego's president Spider Baum agreed to take Haslin after he hear from baseball executives around the majors that he would "be lucky to land [him]". However, Haslin's tenure with the Padres started out rough after he failed to report to spring training until his demand of a higher salary was met. On March 18, Haslin joined the Padres, signing a contract worth US$600 a month, a third less than his original asking price of the US$900 a month. It was not the last of Haslin's issues that year, because after a game on May 10, he got into an argument with San Diego manager Cedric Durst over a matter Durst called "unimportant" and Haslin left the team's stadium. After the ordeal, Durst suspended Haslin and fined him US$100. During a game on June 25, against the Oakland Oaks, Haslin hit two home runs and drove in all the Padres runs leading them to a 5–to–2 victory. With the Padres that season, Haslin batted .345 with 185 hits, 29 doubles, five triples, and 11 home runs in 151 games played. In the field, he played all of his games at third base.
At the start of the 1940 season, Haslin refused a contract with the San Diego Padres, and held-out for what he hoped would be a better offer. On March 12, Padres president Charles Mel Lott called Haslin at his home in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to alert him that the San Diego would only wait ten more days for him to sign a contract for the 1940 season, or else they would release him. On March 25, two-days past Lott's ten-day window for Haslin to sign, he returned to San Diego to meet with Padres executives. Haslin reportedly asked Lott for a trade in that meeting. He also threatened to retire from baseball if he did not receive a higher salary. He reported to spring training on March 26, but was still unsigned. Haslin eventually signed with San Diego and played with them for the entire season. On the season, he batted .321 with 198 hits, 43 doubles, two triples, and nine home runs in 164 games played. Haslin played all of his games at third base. He was fourth in the Pacific Coast League in doubles that season.
Haslin reported to the San Diego Padres during spring training on March 3, 1940 . He was selected to play in the Pacific Coast League All-Star Game as a utility player that season. On the season, he batted .301 with 65 runs scored, 138 hits, 27 doubles, three triples, five home runs, 75 RBIs, and 10 stolen bases in 125 games played. In the field, he played exclusively at third base. At the start of the 1942 season, Haslin filed to report to spring training with the Padres, again seeking a higher salary. San Diego president Charles Mel Lott then traded Haslin to the Double-A Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League in exchange for John Hill. With Toronto that year, Haslin played just two games, getting one hit in five at-bats. He had to sit out the majority of the season with a leg injury, which he had surgery for during the off-season.
In February 1943, Haslin was traded from the Toronto Maple Leafs to the Double-A Indianapolis Indians of the American Association. With the Indians that season, he batted .239 with 32 runs scored, 89 hits, 13 doubles, three triples, one home run, and 50 RBIs. He played second, and third base, defensively. After the season, Haslin was purchased by the Double-A Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association, but never made an appearance.
Later life.
After his baseball career, Haslin served in World War II as a Private in the United States Army. Haslin died on March 7, 2002 at the age of 92 in his home-town of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He was buried at Saint Mary's Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre.


Jack Littlepage

John Dickinson "Jack" Littlepage (September 14, 1894 - July 8, 1948) was an American mining engineer. He was born in Gresham, Oregon on September 14, 1894. Littlepage was employed in the USSR from 1928 to 1937, becoming Deputy Commissar of the USSR's Gold Trust in the 1930s. He is one of the recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.
Biography.
Alexander P. Serebrovsky (1884-1938), "one of the mainstays of the [Soviet] regime", was charged by Joseph Stalin with reforming the Soviet gold industry. Stalin had read several books about the 1849 California Gold Rush, including works by Bret Harte and Blaise Cendrars' book "Sutter's Gold", later turned into an American film. In 1927, the 45-year-old Serebrovsky travelled to Alaska posing as a simple "Professor of Mines" (he was in fact a professor at the Moscow Mining Institute as well as a key functionary of the regime); his plan was to duplicate American mining techniques in the USSR.
At one of the first mines he visited, Serebrovsky met Jack Littlepage, then age 33, who was a successful mining engineer. Littlepage initially dismissed Serebrovsky's offer of work in the USSR stating that he "did not like Bolsheviks" as they "seem to have the habit of shooting people, especially engineers." However Serebrovsky persevered and persuaded Littlepage to emigrate to the USSR with his family.
Littlepage arrived on 1 May 1928 with his wife and two young daughters. In a Soviet propaganda leaflet, Littlepage was said to have been "drawn to the Soviet Union by the grand scale of our construction work, the ideas of great Stalin, the chance to unfold his talents freely.", with the financial incentive left unstated. Littlepage soon learned Russian, was renamed Ivan Eduardovich and with unflagging drive "set about verifying calculations, designs, estimates, plans of work."
In the following six years, the USSR's gold production outstripped the United States' and was poised to exceed the British Empire's. Unlike many US citizens who emigrated to the USSR at the time, Littlepage was not forced to take up Soviet citizenship nor did the Soviet regime confiscate his US passport as it did in the case of many such emigrees. However he was required to ignore the use of slave labour in the Soviet gold mines. In the midst of the Soviet repressions, Littlepage carried on his work as Deputy Commissar, advising Serebrovsky on the deployment of Alaskan-style prospecting parties in the virgin Soviet gold fields.
The December 1934 assassination of Stalin's right-hand man Sergei Kirov served as one of the triggers for the Great Purge of the Soviet Communist Party. Littlepage noted that the assassination when occurred "the country had just begun to settle down to a fairly comfortable routine after the painful years which followed the Second Communist Revolution." Just a few months prior "in the summer of 1934, the Government had announced... that the federal police... would no longer have the power of arrest people... for five years without open trial. Now the Government announced the old powers were restored to the police, and the latter began to exercise them with the greatest vigor."
Littlepage's success earned him the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and a Soviet-built Ford Model A the latter being regarded as one of the most precious gifts of the time in the USSR. Littlepage was to return to the US several times to recruit more engineers into the Soviet gold mine industry: at the time of the Great Depression there was never a shortage of willing candidates. Many of the thousands of US workers who emigrated to the USSR at the time in search of work subsequently became victims of the Terror.
In 1936, Serebrovsky's Russian-language book "On the Gold Front" was published; however his book was "withdrawn from circulation very shortly after it appeared because some of the men mentioned in it were later discovered to be conspirators." Serebrovsky was eventually "unmasked", according to Stalin's own report, as a "vicious enemy of the people" who had delivered no less than 50m gold bars to Leon Trotsky. Dubbed the "Soviet Rockefeller" for his work on the Caucasian oil fields, Serebrovsky was executed and Littlepage was tainted by his connection to Serebrovsky; Littlepage found himself starved of work. Petrified Russian employees refused to come anywhere near him, a friend of an executed "enemy of the people" and a foreigner at a time when foreigners were deeply distrusted by the paranoia which dominated Soviet policy.
Remarkably, Littlepage was one of the few immigrants from the US allowed to leave the USSR during the Terror: those who remained captive were killed or persecuted. Littlepage left the USSR shortly after an interview at the US embassy in Moscow on 22 September 1937 in which he asserted his opinion that Soviet industry Commissar Georgy Pyatakov had organized "wrecking" in various gold mines.
In a series of articles for "The Saturday Evening Post" Littlepage described a continuing "Far Eastern gold rush" and the "intrepid men and women" prospecting the wastes of Eastern Siberia. Even when responding to questions from the US War Department, Littlepage did not mention the legions of slaves deployed to extract the gold in lethal conditions in the frozen wastelands of the Gulag in north-eastern Siberia. Littlepage authored a book on his experience: "In Search of Soviet Gold" jointly with foreign correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post and The Christian Science Monitor Mr Demaree Bess (Jan 1, 1938), .


Xingye Alloy Materials

Xingye Alloy Materials Group Limited () was formerly known as Huan Yue Interactive Holdings Limited, and Xingye Copper International Group Limited, one of the leading high precision copper producer in China. It mainly involves in producing high precision copper plates and strips, tin phosphorus bronze plates and strips, brass plates and strips, lead frame strips and nickel silver plates and strips. Its products are sold under the “Three Rings” brand, which has been awarded recognition as a “China Top Brand”. It is established in 1998 and headquartered in Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China.
It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2007 with the price of HK$1.7 per share.
Its board approved the name change of the company in Sep 2016 from Xingye Copper International Group Limited to Huan Yue Interactive Holdings Limited.
In June 2020, the board has further approved the company name change to Xingye Alloy Materials Group Limited.
Recent Developments.
In 2016, Xingye Copper acquired Internet and Mobile Gaming products development company Funnytime Limited and its subsidiaries for roughly HK$186 million. Subsequently, in order to better reflect its activities in various industries and sectors, the company considered changing its English name from “Xingye Copper International Group Limited” to “Huan Yue Interactive Holdings Limited” and its name in Chinese from “興業銅業國際集團有限公司” to “歡悅互娛控股有限公司”.
In June 2020, the company name was changed to Xingye Alloy Materials Group Limited, and with its chinese name from “歡悅互娛控股有限公司” to "“興業合金材料集團有限公司”.


Morenci mine

The Morenci Mine is a large copper mine located near Morenci, Arizona, United States. Morenci represents one of the largest copper reserves in the United States and in the world, having estimated reserves of 3.2 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.16% copper. It is located in Greenlee County, just outside the communities of Morenci and Clifton. Freeport-McMoRan is the principal owner and, since 2016, Sumitomo Group has owned a 13% interest in the mine.
In 2016, copper production at Morenci was 848 million pounds. In 2017, copper production at Morenci was 737 million pounds. 3,300 people were employed there.


Krasnodonvugillya

VAT "Krasnodonvugillya" (meaning: Krasnodon Coal, , ) is a coal-mining company located in the northern part of the Donetsk coal basin within Krasnodon district of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine.
History.
Krasnodonvugillya started as a group of Sorokino coal mines having yielded the first 110 ktonnes of coking coal in 1914. In 1935, the trust “Sorokino coal” was established. The trust united 25 coal mines. In 1936, the trust was renamed into “Krasnodon Coal”. In 1940, the company mined 2.44 Mtonnes of coking coal with the length of excavations reached 30 km. During its 93 years history (1914–2007), the company mined about 370 Mtonnes of coal.
Krasnodonvugillya was established in accordance with the Order No. 289 of Ministry of Fuel and Energy from June 8, 2004. In autumn 2004 the State Property Fund of Ukraine sold a 60% stake in "Krasnodonugol" to Avdiivka Coke Plant. In May 2005, OJSC "AKHZ" bought from the State Property Fund 39.91% of shares of Krasnodonvugillya.
Since 2006 the Public Joint Stock Company "Krasnodonugol" is a part of the Metinvest Group, which manages the mining and steel business jointly owned by SCM Group and Smart Group.
Activity.
The main activity of Krasnodonvugillya is the extraction and enrichment of coking coal. The company also provides engineering and surveying works for exploration, construction and exploitation of mineral deposits, and performs other works.
Krasnodonvugillya draws from recoverable coal deposits of Krasnodon geological-industrial raion in Luhansk region, with coal bedding angles from 0 to 60 degrees at the depth of 400–1200 meters. The average depth of mining works is 711 meters, average thickness of a seam is 1.72 meters.


Streltsovsk mine

The Streltsovsk mine is a large open pit mine located in the southern part of Russia in Zabaykalsky Krai. Streltsovsk represents one of the largest uranium reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 64.1 million tonnes of ore grading 0.2% uranium.
The caldera was the result of a peralkaline rhyolite magma eruption within a subalkaline granite.


John Wilson (Mid Durham MP)

John Wilson (1837 – 24 March 1915) was an English coal miner, trade unionist, and a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for more than 25 years.
Early life.
Born at Greatham, near Hartlepool, his mother Hannah died when he was four. After his father, Christopher (b. 1807 at Greatham), died of cholera when Wilson was ten, he worked in the mines, spent four years as a merchant seaman, and return to Durham as a miner in 1860. Married in 1832 to Margaret ("née" Firth), the couple emigrated to the United States in 1864, where Wilson worked the mines in Pennsylvania and Illinois. They returned to Durham in 1867; the first two of their five children had been born in America.
Wilson was one of the founders in 1869 of the Durham Miners' Association (DMA), which led to him being denied employment, but in 1878 he became a full-time union organiser, rising to become the DMA's general secretary in 1896.
Political career.
The Reform Act 1867 had extended the vote to working-class men in urban areas, allowing the election in 1874 of Thomas Burt and Alexander Macdonald as Liberal–Labour Members of Parliament (MPs).
The Representation of the People Act 1884 extended the same qualifications to the county constituencies, enfranchising many miners for the first time. Wilson was elected at the 1885 general election as Liberal–Labour MP for the new Houghton-le-Spring constituency, but lost his seat when the Liberal Party split at the 1886 general election over Irish Home Rule.
He returned to House of Commons in 1890, at a by-election for the Mid Durham constituency following the death of William Crawford, a Liberal-Labour MP who was also Secretary of the Durham Miners' Association.
In Parliament, Wilson impressed as an effective speaker. However, he followed a different political path to many of his mining colleagues. The Liberal–Labour movement had consisted of local electoral pacts between trades unions and the Liberal Party, whereby trade union-sponsored MPs (who received no salary) were politically allied to the Liberal Party, but the movement declined after 1885. The formation in 1893 of the socialist Independent Labour Party was followed in 1900 by the Labour Representation Committee, which in 1906 changed its name to the Labour Party. The Labour movement no longer depended on the Liberal Party, and the alliance was formally broken when the MPs sponsored by the Miners' Federation of Great Britain joined the Labour Party before the January 1910 general election.
However, some MPs, including Wilson did not join the Labour Party. A primitive methodist, he was a Liberal by conviction rather than by convenience, an admirer of Gladstone who believed in free trade when much of the rest of the Labour movement was following a socialist path.


Leonard Lewisohn (philanthropist)

Leonard Lewisohn (October 10, 1847 – March 5, 1902) was an American merchant and philanthropist.
Biography.
He was born in Hamburg, Germany, to Jewish parents, Julie and Samuel Lewisohn. In 1863, Samuel, a prominent Hamburg merchant, sent Leonard and his brother, Julius Lewisohn, to the United States, as his firm's representatives; about three years later they were joined by their younger brother, Adolph Lewisohn, and they formed the firm of Lewisohn Brothers in January 1866. As early as 1868, the firm turned its attention to the metal trade, becoming prominent dealers in lead during that year. He married Rosalie Jacobs on June 29, 1870, in Manhattan. They had the following children: Jesse Lewisohn (1871–1918), Julia Lewisohn (1872–1927), Samuel Lewisohn (1875–1898), Lillie Lewisohn (1876–1976), Florence (Florine) Lewisohn (1878–1903), Walter Pickett Lewisohn (1880–1938), Frederick Lewisohn (1881-1959), Alice Lewisohn (1883–1972), Aaron Oscar Lewisohn (1884–1917), and Irene Lewisohn (1886–1944).
He was president of the United Metals Selling Company. Lewisohn was prominent in philanthropy. He contributed to the Alliance colony in New Jersey, founded in 1882, and to almost every philanthropic institution in New York, regardless of creed. He likewise acted as treasurer of the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society in New York City, to which institution he gave his counsel and large sums of money. He was one of the largest contributors to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and to the Montefiore Sanatorium for consumptives.
He died on March 5, 1902, and left an estate worth $12 million (equivalent to $ million in ).


Silver mining in Arizona

Silver mining in Arizona was a powerful stimulus for exploration and prospecting in early Arizona. Cumulative silver production through 1981 totaled 490 million troy ounces (15 million kg). However, only about 10% of Arizona's silver production came from silver mining. More than 80% of the state's silver was a byproduct of copper mining; other silver came as a byproduct of lead, zinc, and gold mining.
The Spanish and Mexican eras.
Silver ore was first discovered in west-central Arizona in 1583 by Spanish explorer Antonio de Espejo, but no mining resulted. Again in 1598, Juan de Oñate led another expedition searching for Espejo’s silver; many claims were staked, but the expeditioners returned to Santa Fe without mining any silver, and the deposits remained unexploited. Espejo’s silver discovery is thought to be at the site of present-day Jerome, which later became a major copper-mining district.
Father Eusebio Kino, in charge of the Spanish missions in southern Arizona from 1687 to 1711, noted a number of “minas” in the mountains bordering the Santa Cruz valley (present Santa Cruz County, Arizona), but the Spanish word “mina” can mean either a mine or an unexploited mineral deposit. A noted silver discovery in 1736 at Planchas de Plata, Sonora, just south of the present Arizona/Sonora border drew attention to the silver potential of the area. Later Spanish documents record mining in the 1770s in Quijotoa, Arabic, and Arivaca, in southernmost Arizona. Mining was held back because Arizona was the northern fringe of the Spanish frontier, and plagued by guerilla war with the Apaches.
Start of American mining in Arizona.
When southern Arizona became a United States possession by virtue of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, American prospectors and investment started mining silver deposits previously known to the Spanish and Mexicans in present Santa Cruz and Pima counties. The Santa Rita mine in the Santa Rita Mountains and the Heintzelman mine in the Cerro Colorado Mountains both started in 1856, the Mowry mine in the Patagonia Mountains started in 1857, and the Salero mine in 1858.
American prospecting and silver mining in the Santa Rita Mountains on the east side of the Santa Cruz Valley led to conflicts with the Apaches, known as the Apache Wars. One Apache raid killed all but one employee of the Santa Rita mine.
Arizona silver belt.
Silver was discovered at Globe in 1873, and within three years numerous other silver mines were operating near Globe, Pinal, and McMillenville, in Gila and Pinal counties.
A soldier named Sullivan discovered native silver while building a military road in central Arizona. Sullivan returned to the area after he left the army, but could not relocate the outcrop. However, Sullivan told his story to rancher named Mason, who with four others found Sullivan’s lost silver lode north of present-day Superior, and started the Silver King Mine in 1875. The Silver King mine operated from 1875 to 1889, and again 1918 to 1928, producing 6.2 million troy ounces (190 metric tons) of silver.
The success of the Silver King drew other prospectors, who discovered the Silver Queen mine nearby. The Silver Queen shut down around 1893. Investors bought the property in 1910, renamed the Silver Queen the Magma mine, and started mining the rich copper ores that the silver miners had ignored. The Magma copper mine became one of the most productive copper mines in Arizona, and through 1964, produced more than 25 million troy ounces (780 metric tons) of silver as a byproduct of copper mining.
Miners exhausted the best silver ores in the area by the mid-1880s, most of the mines closed, and most of the towns were deserted. But attention turned to copper veins, and the former “Arizona silver belt” became the rich Globe-Miami and Superior copper districts.
Bradshaw Mountains.
The first big silver strike in the Bradshaw Mountains was at Tiger, Arizona, Yavapai County, in 1871. The Peck mine at Alexandra was discovered in 1875. That same year silver was discovered at Tip Top.
Bisbee (Warren district).
In 1876, a soldier and an army scout staked mining claims over silver mineralization at Bisbee. Bisbee later produced more silver than any other district in Arizona, 102 million troy ounces, but mostly as a byproduct to copper mining. Bisbee is historically the 10th-largest silver producing district in the US.
Tombstone district.
Silver was discovered in the Cochise County mountains as early as 1858, but ongoing conflict with the native Indians prevented development. In 1858, Frederick Brunckow, a Prussian-born mining engineer, built a cabin near the San Pedro River after finding a small silver deposit nearby. He hired three other white men and about a dozen Mexican miners. In September 1860, two of the white men were robbed and murdered at the cabin and Brunckow was found dead in the mine with a rock drill through him. The German cook blamed the Mexican workers for the murders. The cabin was the site of 22 murders during the frontier days.
After briefly serving as a scout for the United States Army during 1877, Ed Schieffelin began prospecting for silver in the hills east of the San Pedro River. He used Brunckow's San Pedro mine as a base for operations to prospect among the rocky outcroppings northeast of the cabin. The area was only about from the hostile Chiricahua Apache Indians led by Cochise, Geronimo and Victorio. The soldiers at the fort told him, "The only stone you will find out there will be your own tombstone". He decided to stay put and explore the hills east full-time.
After many months, Schieffelin finally located loose silver ore that had been eroded from the nearby hills into a dry wash. It took him several more months to find the source. When he located the vein, he estimated the vein to be fifty feet long and twelve inches wide. The vein of silver ore was above the San Pedro River Valley, on a waterless plateau called Goose Flats. He filed the claim under the name "Tombstone" in remembrance of the soldiers' jests.
With only 30 cents in his pocket, Schieffelin searched for his brother Al, who he had not seen in four years, and finally found him at the McCracken Mine in north-eastern Arizona. He persuaded Al to show his three remaining ore samples to the recently arrived assayer, Richard Gird, who had a reputation as an expert. Gird told Ed that the best of the three samples was a high-quality ore that assayed at $2,000 a ton. Ed, Al Schieffelin and Richard Gird formed a handshake partnership on the spot. Gird offered his expertise, connections, and a grubstake. Their three-way deal, which was never put down on paper, realized the three men millions of dollars of wealth.
News of the mines spread and interest from the Eastern United States grew. As that interest increased, so did the capitol investment into the mines around what would become Tombstone. Many mines were located and developed, including (but not limited to) the Goodenough, Contention, Toughnut and Grand Central.
As the mining industry grew, Tombstone spawned six nearby sister towns that took up the chore of stamping and processing the ore. Charleston, Millville, Emery City, Fairbank, Grand Central Mill and Contention were all on the San Pedro River to take advantage of the water needed to run the mills. All are ghost towns today.
The mines operated successfully and in late March 1881 water was found in the Sulphuret shaft at 520 ft below the surface. Other mines in the area encountered water within a year.
At first, the water was looked upon as a Godsend. The mines could pump it to the surface, store it in tanks and use it in the recovery process of the ores. This would eliminate the transportation costs of hauling the ore to the mills located on the San Pedro River, 6 to 8 miles away (depending on which mine was transporting ore to their mill). Transportation costs were about $4.00 to $5.00 per ton with an average of 14 tons per trip. Cornish pumps were installed and the deepening of the mines continued. As the mines deepened, controlling the water became more cumbersome. Pumps add increased costs to the company and if the ore is not of sufficient quality, the cost to operate overwhelms the value of the product. One by one, the mines were forced to shut down or declare bankruptcy as they ran out of usable ore. By the end of 1893, all silver production in Tombstone was halted and the mines abandoned.
In 1900 E. B. Gage, Frank Murphy, and William Staunton consolidated their various mining properties into a single entity, the Tombstone Consolidated Mines Company. They started efforts to drain the mines, laid a rail spur into town, and re-commenced mining. By using modern technology (for 1901), they installed high efficiency water pumps that pumped 4,000,000 gallons of water per day in a 24-hour period, with a capacity of 7,000,000 if needed. It took six years to bring the water under control to the 1,000 ft level of the "Boom" shaft. Immediately, mining commenced in sections below the water table as the shaft was deepened. All levels were operating on May 31, 1909 when the inevitable happened. A tank car of contaminated fuel oil was fed into the boilers and snuffed the fires.
Without the steam to operate the system, the pumps failed and the water rose. Not willing to give in, the company fought the good fight and charged on. They fought the water for almost a year and even added additional horsepower with more boilers coming online. On May 1, 1910 the boilers failed after being pushed to their limits. Still the company charged on. They continued to fight the water and by December 1910, finally won the battle, bringing the water back to the 1000 ft level. But the damage had already been done. Low ore values, lost production and the expense of many millions of dollars to fight the water drove the company into bankruptcy. On January 18, 1911 the company closed the mine. On August 9, 1911 the Tombstone Consolidated Mines Company, LTD., was declared bankrupt. They had won the battle, but lost the war. Phelps-Dodge Corporation bought the claims for $500,000 at a Sheriff's auction. They were the only bidders.
During World War I the camp was revived, not as a silver producer but as the nation's foremost supplier of manganese, a strategic metal. In 1917 the district's work force was larger than at any time in its history.
During the silver boom, it is generally agreed that Tombstone was the most prolific silver producer of any mining district in Arizona that was mined primarily for silver. The district produced 32 million troy ounces (1,000 metric tons) of silver. There are widely varying estimates of the value of gold and silver mined during the course of Tombstone's history. In 1883, writer Patrick Hamilton estimated that during the first four years of activity the mines produced about USD $25,000,000 (approximately $ today). Other estimates include USD $40 to USD $85 million (about $ to $ today).
Pearce district.
A rancher discovered the silver lode of the Commonwealth mine in Cochise County in 1892. At its peak the adjacent town of Pearce had 1,900 inhabitants; it is now virtually a ghost town with few residents and only one or two small shops. The district produced 12 million ounces (370 metric tons) of silver.
After the silver boom.
Silver mining declined after the demonetization of silver in 1893, yet the boom in copper mining was soon producing more silver as a byproduct than had been produced during the bonanza silver days.
In 2006, all the silver produced in Arizona came as a byproduct of copper mining. Renewed mining is planned for the Tombstone district.
As of Nov. 2017, the Goodenough Mine is open again for tours down to the 100' level. It is a hardrock mine, connected underground to the Toughnut and Girard mines, which may also be opened for tours in 2018.


Grimethorpe Colliery Band

The Grimethorpe Colliery Band is a brass band, based in Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, England. It was formed in 1917, as a leisure activity for the workers at the colliery, by members of the disbanded Cudworth Colliery Band. It achieved worldwide fame after appearing in the film "Brassed Off", and, along with the Black Dyke Mills Band, the band became the first to perform at the Proms.
History.
The year after the band's formation saw it enter its first competition at Belle Vue in Manchester. Its first radio broadcast was in 1932 and from 1941 to 1951 was on UK national radio every month.
George Thompson was musical director from the early 1950s until 1972 during which time the band won the British Open Contest for the first time. Thompson was followed by Elgar Howarth as Professional Conductor and Musical Director. 1974 saw the band, along with Black Dyke Mills Band, become the first to perform at the Proms.
The band continued through the industrial troubles of the 1980s and the closure of Grimethorpe Colliery on 13 October 1992. The band gained first place with 99 out of 100 on 17 October 1992 in the National Brass Band Championship at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
Following the closure of the Grimethorpe Colliery in 1993, the Band was sponsored by RJB Mining (later UK Coal plc) and then by Powerfuel.
Premieres.
The Grimethorpe Colliery Band has premiered some of the most important brass music of the 20th century, including Sir Harrison Birtwistle's "Grimethorpe Aria", written for the band, and Hans Werner Henze's "Ragtimes and Habaneras" as well as several pieces by Sir Malcolm Arnold.
Rock and pop.
The band has appeared on rock and pop records, notably "When an Old Cricketer Leaves the Crease", on Roy Harper's 1975 "HQ" album, and Peter Skellern's 1978 and 1979 albums "Skellern" (including the hit single "Love Is the Sweetest Thing") and "Astaire". In 1976, the band assisted comedian Max Bygraves in recording a song specially commissioned by the National Coal Board called "Do It The Safety Way", in order to promote safety procedures in coalmines.
One former member of the band, trombonist Andy Cato, went on to co-found electronic music duo Groove Armada.
In films.
International fame came with the film "Brassed Off", the plot of which was based on Grimethorpe's struggles against pit closures, and whose soundtrack was recorded by the band. The band also performed Ron Goodwin's film score for the 1976 Disney film "Escape from the Dark" (also called "The Littlest Horse Thieves"), with the composer conducting. They also recorded some of the Beautiful South's hits in the 1996 and the tracks were given as extra tracks on the cd single issues
Other events.
The band represented England at the European Brass Band Championship in Norway in May 2008 and came second behind the Cory Band, both on 194 points. In June 2008 Grimethorpe gained its second successive victory at the English National Brass Band Championships, thus qualifying to represent England once again at the European Championships in Ostende, Belgium, in 2009. The band gained further worldwide attention with its rendition of the Olympic Hymn during the 2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in the Olympic Stadium, accompanied by the London Symphony Orchestra.


Sentinel mine

The Sentinel mine is a large copper mine located in north-west Zambia in North-Western Province.
The mine is owned and operated by Canadian-based First Quantum Minerals, which purchased the rights to the project in 2010, Construction began in June 2012, and the first product was extracted in August 2015, though full scale production did not begin until November 2016. The mine cost about $2.3 billion to build, and employs about 1,800 people.
Sentinel mine has a single reserve of copper ore, measuring an estimated 1.03 billion tons of ore with a copper content of 0.51%, or about 5.2 million tons of pure copper. It is expected to yield about 300,000 tons of copper concentrate annually over a 15-year productive lifespan.


Robinson Mine

The Robinson Mine is a porphyry copper deposit located at Ruth, White Pine County, Nevada, in the Egan Range, west of Ely. The mine comprises three large open pits: Liberty, Tripp-Veteran and Ruth. The ore is extracted using conventional surface methods, and is then processed into a copper-gold concentrate, and a molybdenum concentrate in a concentrating plant. Since 2012 the mine has been owned and operated by Polish copper miner KGHM Polska Miedź S.A.
Large-scale copper mining began in the district in 1907 and, with some hiatuses and several changes of ownership, continues in 2019. Production from 1908 to 1978 was more than 4 billion pounds (1.5 million tonnes) of copper and of gold, and 2018 annual production of 106 million pounds (48,000 tonnes) of copper and of gold. Published ore reserves at Robinson as of end of 2017 were of copper. Current plans are for the mine to operate until 2022 before closure and reclamation.
History and current operations.
Around 1868, prospector Thomas Robinson discovered gold and silver, along with widespread, low-grade copper, in what became the Robinson Mining District. From around 1892 to 1907, several gold mines were opened, but none were successful. Around 1907, interest turned towards copper.
Under Daniel C. Jackling, in 1905 Nevada Consolidated Copper Corporation (Nevada Con) began copper mining in the Veteran Mine. "The resulting mine was an impressive open-pit and satellite cave."
During World War I and until the Great Depression, Nevada Con employed some 1000 - 1200 men in their mines. Mining ended around 1949. Future production would come from open-pit mining.
In late 1906, the Guggenheim interests acquired control of Nevada Con, as a part of their rapidly growing copper-mining business. In 1932, Nevada Con became a wholly owned subsidiary of Kennecott Copper, another Guggenheim-controlled company.
In September 1978, Kennecott closed its Nevada mines, and in 1983 the McGill smelter was also closed. Recorded production from 1908 to 1978 was more than 4 billion pounds of copper and 2.7 million ounces of gold.
Magma Copper bought Robinson in 1991 and began work on reopening the mine in 1994. In 1996, BHP acquired Magma, and operated Robinson from 1996 to 1999. Magma/BHP invested around $480 million in the mine and plant. The mine was closed in 1999 due to low copper prices. Quadra Mining bought Robinson in 2004, and reopened the mine later that year. Since 2005, production has averaged about 125 million pounds of copper per year. In 2010, Robinson produced 109 million pounds of copper and 73,000 ounces of gold. In 2012, Quadra was acquired by KGHM Polska Miedź S.A., a large Polish copper producer. As of December 2017, the Robinson Mine had 605 employees.
Geology.
Paleozoic limestones, shales and sandstones were intruded in the Cretaceous by a quartz monzonite porphyry. This intrusion metamorphosed the surrounding sediments creating a tactite zone in the altered limestone up to 150 meters away, producing porphyry ores with traces of gold. Chalcopyrite is the primary ore mineral, which may be altered to chalcocite.


Teufelsteich

The Teufelsteich was one of the oldest reservoirs in the Harz Mountains of central Germany.
It was built in 1697 near Harzgerode and Quedlinburg (in the present state of Saxony-Anhalt) for mining purposes. In 1837/38 it was raised to support silver mining.
The Teufelsteich was first linked to the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System in 1903/04. The "Kochsgraben" was extended for the last time and it now ended in the catchment area of the Teufelsteich, the "Siebengrund" bottom. This extension was called the Siebengründer Graben; at the same time the section to Neudorf was drained dry. The Teufelsteich was now supplied with water from the Lude stream and the Rödelbachgraben along with the nearby mining ponds of the Fürstenteich and the "Silberhütter Pochwerksteich.
In 1947 the pond was used for the first time to supply drinking water. In 1985 the embankment had to be completely replaced. To do this a new dam was built 30 m below the old one and the old dam removed.
The new, higher dam consists of a shale body with a clay core in the centre. The retaining capacity of the new dam is around 203,000 m³ greater. The reservoir now has new facilities such as a spillway, a bottom outlet, a glory hole spillway ("Entnahmeturm") with service jetty, a valve house and a pump station.
The impounded stream is the "Teufelsgrundbach".


Bonne Terre Mine

Bonne Terre Mine, also known as the St. Joseph Lead Mine at Bonne Terre, is a historic lead mine located at Bonne Terre, St. Francois County, Missouri. It was built starting in 1864 by the St. Joe Lead Company, and is located below the city of Bonne Terre. The mine closed in 1962.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.


Huber Breaker

Blue Coal's Huber Breaker was a landmark located in the borough of Ashley, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, USA. The breaker was built in 1939 to replace the Maxwell Breaker which was located at the colliery. Run-of-mine coal arriving at the breaker was washed and cleaned to remove impurities, principally slate. It was crushed and screened to specific sizes desired by customers. Considered an ultra-modern plant when constructed, it used Menzies Cones to separate coal from waste. The breaker was operated by the Blue Coal Corporation, a subsidiary of the Glen Alden Coal Company. It processed 7,000 tons of Anthracite coal per day. The final product was sprayed with a blue dye and sold as “Blue Coal.” Railcars were loaded underneath the breaker and shipped to markets. The long decline of the anthracite industry after World War II caused Blue Coal to declare bankruptcy and cease operations in 1976.
Fate of the Huber Breaker.
The Huber Breaker Preservation Society lost its bid to purchase the breaker and 8 acres of land for $25,000 in a final attempt to save the landmark. A Philadelphia salvage dealer named Paselo Logistics LLC. bid $1.28 million for the breaker and 26.58 acres of land in August 2013 and the U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved the sale. The demolition of the breaker started January 24, 2014. In September 2005, Scranton based Kanton Realty estimated the 900 tons of steel in the breaker had a scrap value of $85,000.
Demolition started on the breaker's outbuildings in the week of January 24, 2014. According to the new owner's attorney, Jonathan Comitz, the main breaker building would not be demolished until spring 2014.
The Huber Breaker's main building was demolished on April 24, 2014. The last structure of the colliery, the powerhouse, was demolished in August 2014. The issue of whether asbestos was properly handled during demolition is still generating controversy among Ashley residents, Ashley Borough, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.


Ren Runhou

Ren Runhou (October 1957 – September 30, 2014) was a Chinese business executive and politician from Shanxi Province. He was the chief executive of Lu'an Group, a state-owned coal production company based in Shanxi, for over ten years beginning in June 2000. He became the Vice Governor of Shanxi in January 2011.
He was investigated by the Communist Party of China's internal disciplinary body in 2014, joining many officials from Shanxi who were dismissed from their posts amid corruption investigations. He died from cancer in September before a verdict had been reached on his case.
Life.
Ren Runhou was born and raised in Dai County, Shanxi, he earned an MBA degree from Tianjin University and D.E. degree from China University of Mining and Technology.
Ren got involved in politics in November 1979 and joined the Communist Party of China in October 1986.
Beginning in 1979, he served in several posts in Shanxi Xishan Mining Bureau (), including worker, secretary, engineer, and mine manager.
In September 1998 he became the vice-president of Shanxi Institute of Energy, a position he held until June 2000, when he was transferred to Changzhi as the president of Lu'an Group ().
In January 2011 he was appointed as the vice-governor of Shanxi.
On August 29, 2014, Ren Runhou was being investigated by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China for "serious violations of laws and regulations". Ren succumbed to cancer in September 2014, before a verdict had been reached on his case, but the investigation into his misconduct continued. On April 13, 2015, the CCDI announced the results of the investigation into Ren. The agency said that Ren took and gave bribes, took cash gifts, and embezzled public funds. The CCDI then posthumously expelled Ren from the Communist Party of China.


Coal Company Zarechnaya

Coal company Zarechnaya is a Russian coal company. It is a subsidiary of MPO Kuzbass, owned by Victor Nusenkis. The company is headquartered in Polysaevo, Kemerovo region. Managing director of the company is Vitaly Kharitonov.
History.
Zarechnaya was restructured into a holding in 2008. It includes 6 coal mines (3 operating mines and 3 under construction), a washing plant and a number of supporting enterprises.
The production stock of the company's mines is 2.2 billion tons. Coal companies of the holding produce thermal coal and metallurgical coal, washing plant processes thermal coal. In 2011 the group extracted more than 9.2 million tons of coal, which is 800 thousand tons more than the previous year. In 2012, it is planning to extend its coal production up to 10.8 million tons in 2012.
Subsidiaries.
Mine Zarechnaya.
Mine Zarechnaya (ex- North-Polysaevskaya) is the largest enterprise of the group. It was the first hydraulic mine in the USSR. The mine was put into service in August 1953 with an estimated capacity of 150 thousand tons of coal a year. In late 1990s due to lack of funds for modernization, the mine was scheduled to be closed. In 1998 it was bought by Victor Nusenkis. Today its annual coal production exceeds 5 million tons. Total coal reserves are 299.8 million tons of thermal coal.
In 2011 mine Zarechnaya produced 4.6 million tons of coal. First time ever two teams in Zarechnaya exceeded the two-million production level.
Within first 9 months of 2012 mine Zarechnaya has output 3.86 million tons of coal. The drift miners of the mine have got 12 km of shafts prepared.
Coal washing plant Sputnik.
Coal washing plant Sputnik was built and put into operation in 2003 with the full cycle of enrichment and a closed water supply. Modern equipment of Sputnik allows to process almost all coal extracted in mine Zarechnaya. The plant was originally built with a production capacity of 2.4 million tons of coal a year. After the modernization in 2008, which was held without cessation of the enrichment process, the efficiency of the complex reached 5 million tons of coal a year. In 2011 the production capacity was increased up to 6 million tons. The plant processes the coal of the mines Zarechnaya and Oktyabrskaya as well as of the third parties.
Mine Oktyabrskaya.
Mine Oktyabrskaya (ex-Polysaevskaya-2) was put into operation in 1956 with estimated capacity of 1.2 million tons per year. In 2010 Oktyabrskaya was purchased by Coal Company Zarechnaya. The reserves account to 158.5 million tons of thermal coal. At the moment the modernization of purification and tunneling equipment is in progress. It is planned to increase the volume of coal production output gradually since 2012, reaching the production capacity of 4 million tons of coal by 2014.
In 2011 mine site Oktyabrsky produced 2.5 million tons of coal.
Within 9 months of 2012 mine site Oktyabrsky has produced 1.913 million tons of coal, which exceeds the results of the same period of last year by 160 thousand tons. The drift miners have prepared 8087 m of shafts, having exceeded the previous year's results by 587 m.
Mine Aleksiyevskaya.
Mine Aleksievskaya (ex-Leninskoye mine), put into operation in 1964, was purchased by Zarechnayain 2007. Mine reconstruction allowed it to avoid being shut down and became the reason for coal production increase. The production capacity of the mine is 619.7 million tons of flame coal. Coal production doubled in 2011 and reached the level of 2 million tons. Having got the license for prospection and mining on the mine-site Blagodatny of Egozovo-Krasnoyarsky coal field, Alexievskaya increased its production stock by 110 million tons of coal. According to the plan, the volume of production will reach 2.3 million tons in 2012, and by 2015 it will have grown up to 5 million tons. A new washing plant will be built in 2018.
Within 9 months of 2012 mine Aleksievskaya has produced 1.480 mln. tons of coal. The drift-miners have prepared a record length of shafts - 9808 m, which is 145% as much as within the same period last year.
Mine Karagaylinskoye.
The mine was purchased in 2006 and now is under construction, that takes place on subsoil area, once belonged to company Mine Karagaylinskaya, closed as a result of total coal industry restructuring in 1990s. Total reserves are 110.7 million tons of coking coal. Construction project of the mine implies the start of the mining in 2012 with output of 500 thousand tons, with a gradual growth to estimated capacity of 2 million tons in 2015. The construction plan also implies building a washing plan for coking coal.
In August 2011 the open-pit coal production started on the mine site Karagaylinskoye. By the end of the year 102.2 thousand tons of coal had been extracted.
The output level in 2012 has reached 195 thousand tons of coal. The underground mine is being under construction now, and the drift miners have prepared 3695 m of mines. The first longwall-face in scheduled for production at the end of 2013.
Mine Sibirskaya.
Mine Sibirskaya was purchased in 2010. It is situated on the coal deposit of the ex-mine Kuznetskaya. Total reserves amount is 445 million tons of thermal coal. At the moment construction and engineering works are in progress. After that the process of baring, preparing of the field and construction of technologic complex on the surface, the washing plant and other units will be carried out. The coal production is scheduled to start in 2013 with a stepwise production capacity growth up to 5 million tons a year since 2017.
Mine Seraphimovskaya.
The license for prospection and mining on the mine site Seraphimovsky, Ushakovsky deposit, was purchased in 2009. Licensed reserves are 163 million tons. Deposit exploration and production stock examining are in progress.
Mine Serafimovskaya will produce metallurgical coal (grades G, GZh, GZhO under Russian classification). During the geological survey, which started in February 2010, the quality and characteristics of coal, seam gas content and hydro geological conditions of the site were examined. At the moment the survey results are being considered for preparing technical and economical assessment. Based on the technical assessment Kuzbassgiproshakht Company will start preparing the mine project. According to the plan, an advanced coal processing plant will be also built on Seraphimovsky site for producing synthetic motor fuel from coal. There are no such plants in Russia at the moment.
When the project is completed in 2013, the construction will start. Mine’s infrastructure implies the construction of a washing plant, railway station Seraphimovskaya and local railway tracks. The mining is planned to start in 2016 with an output of 3 million tons with a stepwise increase up to 8 million tons in 2020.
Gramoteino Central Electrical Shops.
Gramoteino Central Electrical Shops were established in 1976. In 2004 they were purchased by Mine Zarechnaya. Gramoteino Central Electrical Shops produce hardware, arched steel timbers, monorail and switch elements, provide complete overhaul of electric motors. In response to increasing demand of the Coal company’s mines, the manufacture was widened and the production line broadened.
Georesurs Research Institute.
Georesurs was purchased in 2007. The enterprise provides a complex of geological survey and mining operations, efficient solving of subsoil research issues and coal banks degassing. On the base of Georesurs, a mine geophysics research group was organized, which allows monitoring geological conditions of mining for efficient maintenance of mining process.
Technoparkinvest-Kuzbass.
Technoparkinvest-Kuzbass was established in 2008 for participation in forming new hi-tech production in partnership with Techno park of Kuzbass. The main fields of innovation activity are:
Baltic Coal Terminal.
Baltic Coal Terminal is a coal terminal in Ventspils, Latvia. In 2009 a start-up facility was set in operation with the capacity of 6 million tons a year. It’s equipped with up-to-date machinery, meeting all requirements of ecological security. That allows to load ships with the full load weight up to 150,000 tons and provides a complex of services that improve the quality of the coal such as displacement, refinement and magnetic separation. After setting in operation the second terminal, the processing capacity will exceed 10 million tons a year.


Eagle Mine (Colorado)

The Eagle Mine is an abandoned mine near the abandoned town of Gilman and about one mile south east of Minturn in the U.S. state of Colorado.
The mining began in the 1880s, initially for gold and silver but predominately zinc during later stages of its operation. The mine closed in 1984 and became an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund site.
After the closure of the mine and the abandonment of Gilman, a area, which included 8 million tons of mine waste, were designated a Superfund site by the EPA and placed on the National Priorities List in 1986. The mine had been owned by the New Jersey Zinc Company, in its later years a subsidiary of Gulf+Western. Viacom International was identified by the EPA as the successor in interest to the mine. According to the EPA, the mining operations left large amounts of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soil, and led to large fish kills in the Eagle River and threatened drinking water in the town of Minturn downstream on the Eagle River. The clean-up plan, implemented beginning in 1988 included plugging and flooding the Eagle Mine, collecting and treating mine and ground water in a new treatment plant, as well as removing, treating and capping the mine waste products. A report by the EPA in 2000 concluded that clean-up operations had substantially reduced public health risks and improved the water quality in the Eagle River. The State of Colorado also has pursued separate parallel efforts at cleanup and has reached agreements with Viacom regarding treatment of the site.


Coal seams of the South Yorkshire Coalfield

The coal seams worked in the South Yorkshire Coalfield lie mainly in the middle coal measures within what is now formally referred to as the Pennine Coal Measures Group. These are a series of mudstones, shales, sandstones, and coal seams laid down towards the end of the Carboniferous period between about 320 and 300 million years ago. The total depth of the strata is about .
The list of coal seams that follows starts at the shallowest seam and proceeds downwards with the outcrops occurring progressively further west until the deepest coal seam, the Silkstone Seam which outcropped at the western edge of the coalfield.
The thicknesses and depths of each seam are not given as they vary across the coalfield.