Thomas K. Gibson

Thomas Kennedy Gibson (December 4, 1811 – January 3, 1900) was an American farmer, miner and storekeeper from Benton, Wisconsin, who served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Senate in the 1st Wisconsin Legislature in 1848.
Background.
Gibson was born December 4, 1811, near Nashville, Tennessee, son of James Gibson and Diannah (Beck) Sitton. At the age of three, he moved with his family to Missouri. In the spring of 1833 he left for Dubuque (at that time in unorganized territory) and worked as a miner until the fall of 1834, when he went back to Missouri, bought cattle which he drove back to Dubuque and sold, then resumed work in the mines until 1836, when he returned to Missouri and ran a store for a while (interspersed with occasional horseback trips to St. Louis) until fall of 1837, when he moved to Benton. He worked as a miner in Benton for many years.
Public office.
Prior to the 1847 separation of Lafayette County, Gibson was elected a county commissioner (equivalent to a county supervisor) for Iowa County, Wisconsin Territory in September 1845. He was a member of the five-man Board of Arbitrators created in 1847 to settle disputes over land claims in the New Diggings area.
In 1848, upon Wisconsin's admission to the Union, Gibson was elected as a Democrat to represent Lafayette County in the new Senate. He was assigned to the standing committees on the militia, on agriculture and manufactures, and on engrossed bills. He did not seek re-election.
Later years.
In 1849 he opened a store in Benton, which he would operate for the next ten years. In 1857, newly elected President James Buchanan appointed him postmaster of Benton. In 1859, Gibson sold the store and moved to Hastings, Minnesota, and farmed there. On June 17, 1860, he married Margaret or Margarette T. Murphy, a native of Lafayette County and the sister of his successor in the senate, Dennis Murphy. They stayed on the farm in Hastings until their 1865 return to Benton, where they also farmed. By 1881, Gibson owned about 500 acres of land, as well as real estate in Benton itself; and the couple had six children.
He died January 3, 1900, in Benton, and was buried at the United Methodist Church Cemetery.


United Verde Extension


McLaughlin Mine


Gilfach Ddu

Gilfach Ddu (also known as the Dinorwic Slate Quarry Workshops) are a series of well preserved Grade I listed industrial buildings built to serve the Dinorwic slate quarry near the Llanberis in Caernarfonshire, North Wales. The workshops are a complex of repair and maintenance buildings, that were built in 1870 to build and maintain the machinery used in the quarry. The complex includes saw sheds, patternmaking shops, a foundry with copula, blacksmiths shops, fitting shops, stores, engine sheds, a canteen, the chief engineers house, a hand operated crane and two waterwheels which provided the site with its power. Since 1972 the buildings have housed the National Slate Museum.
History.
Quarrying started at Dinorwic around 1700, under the ownership of the Assheton-Smith family. In 1787 however, the area was leased to a group of English industrialists, who established the current Dinorwic quarry, building the first incline of the quarry in 1790.
Transporting slate from Dinorwic was initially highly cumbersome, involving carting it down a steep road to the nearby Llyn Padarn before shipping it downriver to the sea. Proper development was prevented by the tax increases caused by the outbreak of war between England and France in 1792. In the 1830s, an extensive narrow-gauge tramway system was built within the quarry. The horse-worked gauge Dinorwic Railway was built in 1824, connecting the quarry to the coast at Port Dinorwic. This was replaced in 1843 by the gauge Padarn Railway running along the shore of Llyn Padarn and on to Port Dinorwic. In 1848, steam locomotives were introduced on the railway.
Between 1869 and 1870, the workshops were built at the north end of the Padarn Railway. They were constructed on land reclaimed from the lake using waste slate from the quarry. That same year, steam locomotives were introduced within the quarry when an order was placed with the Hunslet Engine Company. They produced "Dinorwic" (works number 51 of 1870), which is a clear precursor to the Alice class locomotives that became the mainstay of the quarry fleet.
The original waterwheel that powered the complex was built by the Caernarfon firm of De Winton in 1870, and remained in use until 1926, when it was replaced by a Pelton wheel turbine. Both waterwheels are still in place at the site. By 1890, the quarry was the second most productive slate quarry in the world, after the nearby Penrhyn quarry. The site remained in use until 1969, when the quarry and workshops were shut down.
National Slate Museum.
At the auction of the quarry in December 1969, the workshops were purchased by Carnarvonshire County Council to house the North Wales Quarrying Museum. This opened on 26 May 1972. It is now named the National Slate Museum of Wales.
Architecture.
The complex is built around a quadrangular yard, derived more from agricultural than industrial practice, and is unusual as it was built to be decorative as well as practical. This is likely because it was built to make an impression on any of the owners’ guests. Gwyn described it as:
...a remarkably strident assertion of patrician power... with a clock over the entrance, a tower at the corners, each with a pyramidal slate roof crowned by a cupola, with a hipped central gatehouse with a smaller cupola.
Much of the architecture is of the classical style, though also possessing Gothic decorative elements, particularly for the cast-iron windows that were purpose built for the foundry. The styling is therefore both distinctive and unique. The De Winton waterwheel, which has recently been restored by the National Museum of Wales, is the second largest in Britain at .


Vasilievskoye mine

The Vasilievskoye mine is a large iron mine located in central Ukraine in the Poltava Oblast. Vasilievskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Ukraine and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.4 billion tonnes of ore grading 31% iron metal.


Mike Caputo

Michael Caputo (born September 18, 1957) is a Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate, representing the 13th District since 2020. Caputo was the only new Democratic senator elected in the 2020 Senate elections.
Prior his election to the Senate, Caputo represented the 50th District in the West Virginia House of Delegates for 24 years and was most recently serving as Minority Whip. Caputo also served as majority whip for eight years until the Republicans took the majority in 2014.
He was born and raised in Rivesville, West Virginia and attended Rivesville Elementary School and Rivesville High School. He is a career coal miner and a member of the United Mine Workers of America.
Elections.
2020: After nearly 25 years in the House, Caputo decided to run for the seat held by the retiring Minority Leader Roman Prezioso. A retired coal miner and former district vice president for the United Mine Workers of America, Caputo ran unopposed in the Democratic primary. Caputo faced retired teacher and Republican nominee Rebecca Polis in the November general election. Caputo beat Polis by a comfortable 56-44% margin.
Controversy.
Caputo was criminally charged for an incident where he allegedly kicked open a door to the House chamber which struck an assistant doorkeeper during the final week of the 2019 legislative session.
According to a criminal complaint filed by Capitol Police in Kanawha County Magistrate Court, Caputo – after being angered by an anti-Muslim display placed outside the House Chamber in March – pushed or kicked the door to the chamber open, hitting an assistant doorkeeper. Witnesses saw Caputo hit the doorkeeper with the door, who sought medical attention afterward. Caputo also allegedly injured a delegate on his way to his seat.
Caputo apologized in a floor speech the next day for kicking the door and was removed from all committee assignments by House leadership as punishment. Efforts by some House Republicans to remove Caputo from office or censure Caputo failed, and charges were eventually dismissed by the Kanawha County Circuit Court citing Caputo's legislative immunity.


Blantyre, South Lanarkshire

Blantyre ( or ; ) is a town and civil parish in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, with a population of 16,900. It is bounded by the River Clyde to the north, the Rotten Calder to the west, the Park Burn to the east (denoting the boundary with the larger adjoining town of Hamilton) and the Rotten Burn to the south.
Blantyre was the birthplace of David Livingstone, the 19th-century explorer and missionary, and because of Livingstone's work, the second-largest city in Malawi is named after it.
History.
The name is probably originally Cumbric "blaen tir" "top of the land" which has been Gaelicised. The town consists of a number of small hamlets which have largely become connected into a single urban area, with housing in a variety of styles and ages reflecting the changing use and availability of land over the decades.
"High Blantyre" is the area to the east and south of Burnbrae Road which continues to High Blantyre Cross at the north. It is thought to be the area of earliest settlement, with a Bronze Age village near Auchintibber south of Blantyre Parish Church (High Blantyre). Also in this area is Greenhall Park, where the Calder (Cawther) flows north through a valley to eventually join the Clyde near Newton. A new residential development, Greenhall Village, was built at the western side of High Blantyre in the 2010s. There was previously a large mining community in this area clustered around several pits including Auchinraith and Larkfield which still exist as distinct communities within the town; weaving was another local occupation. A railway station (on the Hamilton and Strathaven Railway) was in use from the 1860s to the 1950s, located to the west of the church. High Blantyre Primary School was established in 1875, continuing through various reconstructions to its current buildings dating from 2005.
At the western end of the main thoroughfare, Glasgow Road (A724) which runs east–west, is the "Priory Bridge" neighbourhood (named after the original bridge over the Calder towards Cambuslang, which itself was named after the now-ruined Blantyre Priory to the north of the town which was home to monks from around 1235). It borders the older and larger "Coatshill" housing estate which has its own schools and community facilities. On the other side of the main road from Coatshill is the similar neighbourhood of "Wheatlands" (parts of which were built by the Scottish Special Housing Association), while further east is the modern centre of the town, built up from the 19th century mining communities at "Stonefield" and "Low Blantyre" featuring the local secondary school Calderside Academy, Stonefield public park, Blantyre Leisure Centre, several churches and the "Clydeview Shopping Centre" (which has featured a large Asda supermarket since its opening in 1980). Glasgow Road continues south-east via the A725 bypass, the "Springwells" neighbourhood and the town boundary, leading on to Burnbank (specifically the area once known as "Greenfield").
Further north of the town centre is "The Village", the oldest industrially developed part of Blantyre which was previously a mill settlement on the River Clyde. Near to the town's train station, it is the only part which is north of the railway lines. Next to the David Livingstone Centre, at the end of Station Road, is an iron suspension footbridge which crosses the Clyde giving pedestrian access to Bothwell.
Mine disaster.
On 22 October 1877, Blantyre was the site of the Blantyre mining disaster, where 207 miners (men and boys) were killed when a coal mine exploded due to methane gas. A monument to the disaster, of which the youngest victim was a boy of 11, is at High Blantyre cross. The site of the mine now lies under the East Kilbride expressway.
Sport.
Football.
Blantyre presently has a football club competing in Scottish Junior Football Association competitions, Blantyre Victoria. Known as the Vics, they won the Scottish Junior Cup (the highest achievement in junior football) in 1950, 1970 and 1982; their home ground is called Castle Park. There is another football club in the town, Blantyre Celtic. The original club went out of existence in the early 1990s; however, in 2010 they reformed as an amateur team.
Speedway.
The town of Blantyre has long had links with speedway racing. In the pioneer days a group of riders who appeared at White City in Glasgow were known as "The Blantyre Crowd". They operated their own track at Airbles Road in Motherwell in 1930 and this was known as Paragon Speedway. The Blantyre Crowd also operated a more professional version on the same site in 1932. Speedway was staged at the Greyhound Stadium as the home of the Glasgow Tigers in the late 1970s/early 1980s before the new road forced a move to Craighead Park which closed down at the end of the 1986 season.
Skateboarding.
Recently, Blantyre Skate Park has received a lot of business as the youth company Radworx has been operating within it as well as some other skate parks. The skate park contains a spine section as well as an halfpipe, alongside a counterpart. There is a mini-bowl and a credible street section which contains two fun boxes as well as a 5-set.
Redlees Park.
During World War II, an Anti-aircraft battery and associated camp for military personnel known as the 'Whins' or 'Blantyreferme' was set up on open land off the Blantyre Farm Road between Newton and Blantyre; the camp was used as emergency accommodation after the conflict, but the huts were later demolished. However, some of the AA battery buildings survived into the 21st century (albeit heavily vandalissed in some cases) and were incorporated – along with a former clay quarry nearby – into the landscape of "Redlees Urban Park" developed by the local council.
Institutions.
Blantyre contains many amenities, including:
Youth.
In August 1983, a pressure group was formed in Blantyre called Blantyre Youth Council, which set up a youth enquiry service for young people and a Claimants Union. The Youth Enquiry Service Base was in the Elizabeth Scott Centre (now Terminal One). In 1984, Strathclyde Regional Council created Blantyre Youth Development Team (BYC agreed to disband and support this provided it was youth-led); the BYDT gained charity status in 1997 and created the "Terminal One" youth centre. It provides many services to the local young people, and is funded by South Lanarkshire Council, the Scottish Arts Council and the Blantyre/North Hamilton Social Inclusion Partnership.
David Livingstone.
Blantyre's most famous son is the 19th-century missionary and explorer David Livingstone. He is acknowledged as the first European to see the "Mosi-oa-Tunya" (Tokaleya and Tonga: "the Smoke that Thunders") which he named in English Victoria Falls after then British sovereign Queen Victoria.
His birthplace and childhood home is now a museum at the end of Station Road, Low Blantyre on the banks of the River Clyde. The Centre includes a museum dating from 1929 (now run by the National Trust for Scotland), a playpark, a cafe, a shop, an African Garden and several workshop studios. An adventure assault course also existed there before a young man died in 1995. A pedestrian footbridge over the River Clyde adjacent to the museum (its third incarnation) links the area to the town of Bothwell.
Mandala (the largest city and commercial centre of Malawi, one of the territories Livingstone explored) is more commonly named Blantyre in recognition of the link created by Livingstone during the colonial era.


Claude Bloch

Claude Bloch (18 March 1923 – 29 December 1971) was a French theoretical nuclear physicist. He authored over 60 published articles and made significant impact on the fields of quantum field theory, nuclear physics, and the many-body problem.
Bloch was born on 18 March 1923 in Paris, France. He was admitted to the École Polytechnique in 1942 and graduated first in his class. He entered the Corps des Mines in 1946. He studied at the Bohr Institute in Copenhagen from 1948-1951 where he worked on the problems in the non-local theory of quantum fields. He worked at the California Institute of Technology in 1952-1953 where he worked on the statistical theory of the nucleus. Upon returning to France in 1953, he joined the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), where he stayed until his death in 1971. While at the CEA, he directed the theoretical physics department at Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette.


Kalatongke mine

The Kalatongke mine is a large open pit mine located in the northern part of China in Inner Mongolia. Kalatongke represents one of the largest platinum reserves in China having estimated reserves of 55.7 million oz of platinum. The mine produces around 64,000 oz of platinum/year.


Daltonganj Coalfield

Daltonganj Coalfield is located in Palamu district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Overview.
There are three coalfields in the valley of the North Koel River: Auranga, Hutar and Daltonganj.
The Auranga Coalfield, spread across 240 km2, has coal of inferior quality, which is used mainly in cement kilns and brick kilns. The majority of coal in the Hutar Coalfield, spread across 200 km2, is of inferior quality. The coal available near Rajhara from the Daltonganj coalfield, spread over 51 km,sup>2, is of semi-anthracite type. Elsewhere, it is non-coking coal of inferior variety.
Reserves.
Total geological reserves of non-coking coal is 2997.11 million tonnes in Auranga Coalfield, 249.82 million tonnes in Hutar coalfield and 143.96 million tonnes in Daltonganj coalfield.


La Camocha, Asturias coal mine

La Camocha is a former coal mine which is seven kilometers south of Gijon, Asturias, Spain. It was operated by Minas la Camocha SA, which is affiliated with González y Díez SA.
The former mining railway that once linked the coal mine of La Camocha to Veriña has been replaced by La Camocha Greenway, a trail for hikers and cyclists.
The trade union movement "Comisiones Obreras" (CC.OO.) was born in the La Camocha mine.


William Henry Bay

William Henry Bay is a waterway in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located near Haines in the Alexander Archipelago. The only commercial copper deposit in Southeast Alaska situated north of Prince of Wales Island was located in the bay. Significant gold and strategic mineral anomalies were found at William Henry Bay during surveys in 2011.
Geography.
The bay is situated northwest of Juneau on the western portion of the Lynn Canal. It is about long and about 4 cables in width.
 Beardslee River flows down a few cascades into its head. About to the north-west from William Henry Bay is Endicott River, coming in from the west through a narrow, deep gorge in the mountains.
History.
After Alaska was purchased by the US Government in 1867, the first effort to identify the timber trade route from Lynn Canal to Haines via William Henry Bay was made in 1869 by Navy Commander Richard Worsam Meade. Meade adopted the name from the Hudson Bay traders. This was followed up by Navy Commander, Lester A. Beardslee who came to the bay in 1880 and purchased corded firewood. Detailed hydrographic surveys and marine charts were prepared. Farmers came to the bay area, and grew strawberries and rutabagas. Though telecommunication cables of the Alaska Communications System existed here till the late 1950s, they are not reflected in the latest maps of the bay area.
After copper claims were discovered about south-southwest of the head of the bay, the Alaska Endicott Mining and Milling Company was established and began copper mining. In 1921, gold tracer mining was also initiated. During this period, the copper mining operations were not profitable and as a result, the mines were closed and the gold tracer studies were also discontinued. At the initiative of the US Government, in the 1950s, many prospectors tried to locate uranium in the area – what became known as the "uranium rush". This was based on the airborne surveys, which revealed radiation about northwest of the bay at an elevation of about . Noranda Exploration, Inc. and Nippon Mining commenced core drilling operations in the 1950s, but failed to establish a viable source worthy of economic development. Efforts made in 1985 by Dale Henkins, who had nine continuous federal claims named the "Lucky Six uranium prospect", proved to be non-profitable. During 2011, prospecting for gold and strategic mineral anomalies were pursued by Alaska state geologists, and findings of gold and strategic mineral anomalies (including rare earth elements) were reported in William Henry Bay.


Vale Fertilizantes

Vale Fertilizantes is a Brazilian fertilizer company, was founded in 2010 after the purchase of Fosfertil by the giant Vale. The company made a profit of 114,000,000 reais in the first quarter of 2011.
The Mosaic Company completed the acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes in 2018


Threlkeld Quarry and Mining Museum

The Threlkeld Quarry and Mining Museum is located in Threlkeld east of Keswick, in the heart of the Lake District in Cumbria. It is suited for families, school classes and enthusiasts. It includes a quarry with a unique collection of historic machinery, such as locomotives and cranes, an underground tour of a realistic mine, a comprehensive geological and mining museum and mineral panning.
Quarry.
Threlkeld Quarry originally opened in 1870 to supply railway ballast to the Penrith-Keswick line. Later, the stone was used by the Manchester Corporation Water Works for their Thirlmere scheme, for railway ballast for the Crewe-Carlisle line, for roadstone, kerbing and for facing buildings with dressed stone. The granite quarry finally closed in 1982 and is now the site for the Threlkeld Quarry & Mining Museum which is run by a group of staff and volunteers.
The extensive quarry site has ample space for the display of the unique collection of vintage excavators and old quarry machinery.
Railway.
The track of the gauge quarry railway has been relaid and provides a ride into the inner quarry for visitors to view the quarry faces in safety. Several locomotives are in regular use and others are on display in the Top Shed.
"Sir Tom".
The steam locomotive 'Sir Tom' was built by W.G. Bagnall of Stafford in 1926 and named after Sir Tom Callender of British Insulated Callender's Cables (BICC). This 0-4-0 saddle tank narrow gauge locomotive worked at BICC in Kent until 1968. After being idle for thirty three years, it arrived at Threlkeld in 2001, and since then has been completely overhauled. Sir Tom was rebuilt and is driven by Ian Hartland. The locomotive completed the first full season of work at Threlkeld Quarry and Mining Museum in 2010. Sir Tom is mainly used to haul passenger trains from the middle quarry into the inner quarry.
Hunslet.
The 0-4-0 Hunslet diesel locomotive with 50 hp was built in 1945 and used by the National Coal Board in the South Yorkshire area. It was retrieved from the underground prior to a colliery closing. I has been modified at the Threlkeld Quarry and Mining Museum to make it more suitable for passenger trains and is regularly used.
Ruston.
The Ruston 48 DL diesel locomotive from 1947 was used by the Royal Navy Armaments Depot in Broughton Nook, near
Cockermouth. It was acquired, when the depot closed in 1994, and was regauged from to and fitted with air braking so it can operate passenger trains and it is in regular use.
Underground mine.
The museum now has a new underground mine which has been developed with the help and collaboration with the Cumbria Amenity Trust Mining History Society and some volunteers. A guided tour through a reconstructed lead and copper mine is one of the highlights of the museum (dependent on weather and staff availability. To be confirmed by phone). Mineral panning is optionally available.
Museum.
The museum has been in operation for more than ten years, and the site continues to expand through the dedication of the staff and volunteers. The museum is open 7 days a week from Easter to October.
Mining Room.
The Mining Room exhibits artefacts, plans and photographs of explorations of many mines in the Lake District, which exploited ores of copper, iron, lead, zinc, tungsten, graphite, barites and fluorite. A representative display of local minerals can be seen, and there is a section on lighting, drilling and explosives.
The Quarry Room.
The Quarry Room explains the relationship between the geology of the Lake District and the quarrying of local limestone, sandstone, granite and slate. Samples of rocks from all the important local formations are fixed to a large table map. Photographs and rock samples from more than fifty old and more recent quarries are displayed to illustrate the special features of each.


Korba Coalfield

Korba Coalfield is located in Korba district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh in the basin of the Hasdeo River, a tributary of the Mahanadi.
The coalfield.
Korba Coalfield is located between latitudes 220 15’ N and 220 30’ N and longitudes 820 15’ E and 82055 ’ E. Korba Coalfield covers an area of about . According to Geological Survey of India, total reserves (including proved, indicated and inferred reserves) of non-coking coal (as on 1.1.2004) in Korba Coalfield was 10,074.77 million tonnes, out of which 7,732.87 was up to a depth of 300 m and 2,341.90 million tonnes was at a depth of 300–600 m.
Coal mined at Korba coalfield generally has the following characteristics – moisture: 4.5–7.4 per cent, volatile matter: 27.9–39.2 per cent, fixed carbon: 34.1–47.7 per cent, ash content: 11.2–31.6 per cent.
Operations.
Though coal has been mined in Korba coalfields since 1941, large scale production could be initiated only on completion of the Champa-Korba rail link in 1955. Open cast mining activities in the Korba Coalfield are now being carried out. Korba Coalfield accounts for a major portion of coal mined by South Eastern Coalfields Limited. The 2010 production of SECL was 101.15 tonnes, out of which 73.35 tonnes came from Korba Coalfield.
Sub-areas of Korba Coalfield are: Korba, Surakachhar, Rajgamar, Manikpur, Dhelwadih, Kushumunda and Gevra. The major working coalmines are: Surakachhar, Banki, Balgi, Rajgamar, Pavan, Manikpur, Dhewadih, Singhali, Bagdeva, Kusumunda, Laxman, Gevra and Dipka.
Gevra Open Cast Mine.
Gevra mine is an open cast mine complex at the town of Gevra that has been described as the largest open cast mine in India and Asia, as well as the world's second-largest. As of 2011 it has a capacity of 35 million tonnes per annum. It was opened in 1981. During 1999–2000, it produced over 18 million tonnes of coal and removed 12 million m3of overburden. In 2000, Gevra mine had a plan to expand from 12 million tonnes per annum to 25 million tonnes per annum. Actual production was raised from 18 million tonnes to 26 million tonnes annually in 3½ years. SECL reported that on 18 March 2007, Gevra Open Cast Mine produced 100,000 tonnes of coal, the highest quantity of coal ever produced by any mine or coalfield in India on a single day. Expansion of capacity of Gevra mine from 35 million tonnes annually to 43.75 million tonnes annually has been awaiting environmental clearance since 2009.
Dipka Open Cast Mine.
Dipka Open Cast Mine has an annual capacity of 25 million tonnes.
Kusmunda Open Cast Mine.
Kusmunda Open Cast Mine has an annual capacity of 10 million tonnes.
Pollution.
In a paper on "Assessment of impact of Coal and Minerals Related Industrial Activities in Korba Industrial Belt Through Spectroscopic Technique" by Rajesh Kumar, Gurdeep Singh and Asim Kumar Pal, the authors highlighted, "Korba Coalfield has been identified as one of the hot spots and the worst polluted area in India. There is widespread concern of air pollution due to emission of particulates from various mining and allied activities."
The main sources of pollution in the Korba area are coal-based power plants, smelter and open cast mines at Gevra, Dipka and Kusmunda. Large scale transportation of coal raises a pollution problem. Amongst steps taken or underway to check pollution in the area are: widening and repairs of roads in Gevra, Dipka and Kusmunda mines and procurement of Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Stations at Gevra and Dipka mines.
Coal washeries.
There is a pronounced degree of contamination in the coal from open cast mines. Such coal often has ash content averaging 40 per cent. Moreover, with multiple sources of supply, the quality is inconsistent. Even 6–8 per cent reduction in ash improves coal quality significantly. Coal preparation, or washing as it is commonly referred to, is both economical and environmentally beneficial. Coal washeries are being established in Korba Coalfields. ACB (India) had set up a washery at Dipka in 1999, gradually upgrading capacity from 1 million tonnes per annum to 12 million tonnes per annum. The KJSL Coal Washery at Dhatura in Pali tehsil has an annual capacity of 2 million tonnes.
Power plants.
There are several coal-based thermal power stations in the area consuming coal from Korba Coalfield. Korba Super Thermal Power Plant of NTPC has installed capacity of 2,600 MW. It gets coal from Gevra and Kusmunda mines.
Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited has three power stations in the area: Korba East Thermal Power Station has installed capacity of 440 MW, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Thermal Power Station (Korba East) 500 MW, and Hasdeo Thermal Power Station (Korba West) 840 MW. The captive power plant of Balco (BCPP) has an installed capacity of 270 MW. It is coming up with a 1,200 MW power expansion project.


Barbil

Barbil is a city and a municipality in the Kendujhar district (also known as Iron City) of the state of Odisha, India. The region around Barbil has one of the largest deposit of iron ore and manganese ore in the world. It is a major source of revenue generation for both the Central and the State governments.
Geography.
Barbil is located at . It has an average elevation of . Barbil is fully surrounded by hills.
Demographics.
According to the 2011 India census, Barbil had a population of 66,540. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Barbil has an average literacy rate of 72.18%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. An additional 50,000 people come to Barbil for work.
Languages.
Odia is the official language of Barbil.
Industry.
Barbil is an industrialized town with a number of steel plants, iron ore pellet plants, ore crushers, and mines. The area is very rich in iron and manganese ore. The latest demand is for iron ore fines. The iron ore is consumed domestically and is also exported to other countries such as China. Barbil also has steel manufacturing, iron ore pellet manufacturing, and liquid oxygen production.
Transport.
Barbil railway station under Chakradharpur division is on a byline in the Tatanagar–Bilaspur section of the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line connecting the mainline at Rajkharshavan station which is about 100 km from Barbil. Barbil is connected to Howrah, Bhubaneshwar, Puri, and Tatanagar by train. Jan Shatabdi Express runs from Howrah to Barbil and one passenger train from Tatanagar to Barbil.
Barbil is also connected to Bhubaneshwar & Puri by a daily-running Intercity Express train. Barbil-Chakradharpur Intercity Express (Daily) via Dongoaposi, Jhinkpani Chaibasa at Chakradharpur one can extend the journey to Rourkela or even Sambalpur Vizag Chennai Alleppy, etc. towards the south and Bilaspur Nagpur Mumbai towards West and also via Keonjhar Kendujhar. Jajpur Road, Cuttack Bhubaneshwar for connecting trains. (Puri-Barbil).
Barbil is also connected to Kolkata, Kendujhar, and Bhubaneshwar by road.
Prior to January 2008, there was air service from Barbil. However, international and local flights can be connected via Netaji Subhas Airport (Dum Dum, Kolkata), and also from Biju Patnaik Airport Bhubaneshwar. The Airstrip at Barbil (Tonto) can be used for private and Chartered flights.
Barbil has multiple hotels, including Padma Inn, Hotel Prateek, Hotel Smita, Lucky India, Aadhar Hotel, Hotel Karrow, Hotel Indrapuri, and The World Pinaca.
Social activities.
Bikash Mahal is the pavilion where all the social, cultural, and national day events are organized.
There are many organizations in Barbil, like Barbil Haalchal, 'Native Voice', Prayaas, Niladri, Sambad Sahitya Ghara, Seva Group, Marwadi Yuva Manch, Sahitya Sansada, Gurudwara Singh Sabha Barbil, BVP, N.D.C.C and YBCC who carry out different social events in the town.
Health.
The air of Barbil is laden with dust due to mining activities and passage of mineral-laden trucks in the night through the town as no bypass roads for heavy vehicles are being constructed by the government.
In 2016, there was an outbreak of Dengue fever.


Bill Hudson (British Army officer)

Colonel Duane Tyrell "Bill" Hudson, (11 August 1910 – 1 November 1995) was a British Special Operations Executive officer who worked as a liaison officer with the Yugoslav Partisans and Chetniks in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
Early life.
Duane Tyrell Hudson was born on 11 August 1910 in Bromley, Kent, of South African parents. He attended St. Andrew's College in Grahamstown, South Africa, then the Royal School of Mines of the Imperial College London. He was a noted athlete, excelling in boxing, rugby, swimming, riding, skiing, and wrestling. Hudson was described as a "handsome, swashbuckling man" who was said to have been one of the inspirations for James Bond.
Having worked as a mining engineer in South Africa, in 1935 Hudson travelled to Yugoslavia where he was involved in mining and did some prospecting. The following year he married a White Russian ballerina, Ada Proskurnikova, living in Yugoslavia. She refused to live near the mine Hudson managed, and they soon divorced. By 1938, Hudson had become fluent in the Serbo-Croatian language. Hudson's mining activities included work as a consultant mining engineer in Belgrade, and as manager of an antimony mine in Zajača in the Mačva region, where he was working when World War II broke out.
World War II.
In the autumn of 1939, Hudson was recruited into Section D of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), the section responsible for conducting political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war, and was based in Zagreb. During this period, one of Hudsons' SIS colleagues was murdered, and pro-German Croats planted a bomb beneath his office which nearly killed him. He established a sabotage organisation to attack Axis ships in Yugoslav Adriatic ports using limpet mines. Section D was absorbed into the new Special Operations Executive in mid-1940, and SOE headquarters for special operations in the Balkans was established in Cairo. In February 1941, Hudson personally sank an Italian ship. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Hudson was extracted from the country.
Montenegro.
On 13 September, Hudson and a small group of Yugoslav military personnel left Cairo by air for Malta on the first leg of a new SOE mission, codenamed "Bullseye". Three days later, they boarded the British submarine HMS "Triumph", which landed the party on the coast of the Italian-occupied territory of Montenegro near Petrovac on the evening of 20 September. They were accompanied as far as the shore by Captain Julian Amery. Having left Cairo with little notice, they were forced to supplement their equipment from the submarine's stores. The party consisted of Hudson (using the "nom de guerre" "Marko"), former Royal Yugoslav Army Major Zaharije Ostojić, and two former members of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force, Major Mirko Lalatović and Sergeant Veljko Dragićević, who was a radio operator. Both Lalatović and Ostojić were Montenegrins. The original intent had been for the party to consist only of Yugoslavs, and Hudson had only been ordered to accompany them 12 hours before they departed. Hudson's instructions were rather vague; he was expected to "contact, investigate, and report on all groups offering resistance to the enemy, regardless of race, creed or political persuasion". In addition, he was ordered to "discover who is fighting the enemy" and to "coordinate all elements of the resistance". The British did not know much about what was happening inside Yugoslavia in the summer of 1941 other than what they had learned from Ultra intelligence, which showed that German and Italian commanders in Yugoslavia were radioing messages back to Berlin and Rome complaining about attacks from "terrorists" and "bandits", which proved that was some sort of resistance was going on.
The party was picked up by guerilla units near the coast, and by 26 September they were with a band of communist-led rebels led by Arso Jovanović and Milovan Đilas, one of many communist-led groups in Montenegro. These groups, along with nationalist-led Chetnik groups, were the scattered remnants of the forces that had rebelled against the Italians in July. The Italians had deployed Albanian irregulars to put down the rebellion in Montenegro, and the atrocities committed by the Albanians had generated a local backlash against the Communists who were blamed for recklessly starting an uprising that had no hope of success. The revolt had been suppressed within six weeks, and divisions had begun to appear between those rebels led by communists and those led by the Chetniks. Clashes had begun to occur, and Hudson assessed that the communist-led groups were stronger. Initially based at the village of Radovče, about north of the Italian headquarters at Podgorica, Hudson radioed Malta recommending that assistance be provided to the communist-led rebels in Montenegro. Hudson reported that the "Montenegrin Freedom Force" had about 5, 000 men under arms, and that the Communist Partisans were better disciplined and more committed to fighting than the Chetniks.
On 10 September, the British in Malta picked up a radio message indicating that a Colonel Mihailović was leading a guerilla force located in western Serbia. Unbeknownst to Hudson, the Yugoslav members of his party were already aware of this, and they had been ordered by the Yugoslav government-in-exile to travel to Mihailović's headquarters as soon as possible. On 9 October Hudson was made aware of Mihailović's existence by his British contacts, and he was also ordered to journey to western Serbia, as Mihailović did not have radio codes to encrypt his messages. Hudson and Ostojić departed for Serbia around 13 October, accompanied by Jovanović, Đilas and another senior Partisan, Mitar Bakić. The leaders of the Montenegrin Partisans needed to visit their own supreme headquarters in Užice in western Serbia to receive directions on how to handle relations with the nationalists. The party left its two radios behind with Lalatović and Dragićević, although one had already burnt out and the other was heavy and obsolete. Hudson apparently had not been trained in the operation of the radios.
Serbia.
At Tito's headquarters.
Hudson, Ostojić and the Partisan leaders travelled through Partisan-held liberated territory in Montenegro and the Sandžak to the valley of the West Morava river valley in the German-occupied territory of Serbia, during which Hudson further developed a favourable opinion of the Partisan organisation. The party arrived at Užice, the centre of the so-called Užice Republic around 25 October. Hudson met Josip Broz Tito, who was introduced to him by his pseudonym "Tito". He offered Tito the necessary technical information to communicate with SOE Cairo, if Tito could provide a radio. He advocated that Tito take up his offer, if only so that Tito could make his own case for material support. He told Tito that he also intended to visit Mihailović. Tito received Hudson cordially, but was noncommittal. At this point, relations between Tito and Mihailović were finely poised but the likelihood of ongoing cooperation was low. Tito did not share information about Partisan dispositions with Hudson, and Hudson emphasised that British interests were best served by a unified Yugoslav resistance. Tito, for his part, indicated to Hudson that he wanted to avoid conflict with Mihailović, but considered that all former Yugoslav officers had been compromised by its disastrous showing during the invasion. Tito told Hudson that if Mihailović would not cooperate with him, he expected that the Chetnik leader would not interfere with Partisan operations against the Germans. Hudson witnessed the Partisans fighting the Germans around Krupanj, then returned to Užice. In the meantime, Ostojić had visited Mihailović and returned with a message from the Chetnik leader that Hudson should travel on to Mihailović's headquarters as soon as possible. Having left his wireless sets behind in Montenegro, Hudson had no contact with SOE Cairo during his stay in Užice.
At Mihailović's headquarters.
Hudson left Užice on or around 25 October, and arrived at Mihailović's headquarters at the village of Brajići on the foothills of Ravna Gora on that day. Immediately upon his arrival, Hudson was upbraided by Mihailović for having been with the "communist rabble", and when Hudson advised the Chetnik leader that he would be visiting Tito from time to time, Mihailović threatened to break of relations with the British if that occurred. Less than two days after Hudson's arrival at Ravna Gora, Tito and Mihailović met to make one last effort at forming a joint command, but despite Tito's request that Hudson be present during the negotiations, Mihailović insisted it was not necessary. Despite a provisional agreement, the two leaders were at cross-purposes; Tito would not place himself or his forces under Mihailović's control, and would not conform with Mihailović's urging that he cease attacks on the Germans. By this time, Mihailović knew from Ostojić that he had official recognition from the Yugoslav government-in-exile, who had also promised British recognition and support. The situation in western Serbia was one of incipient civil war. Despite some jointly-held towns and joint operations by Partisans and Chetniks, an atmosphere of creeping distrust predominated between the two camps. Hudson himself still had no access to a wireless. Lalatović and Dragičević had arrived in Užice after Hudson's departure, but Lalatović had travelled on to Ravna Gora without Dragičević and the remaining working transmitter because Dragičević refused to accompany him. Dragičević joined the Partisans and became an important Partisan wireless operator.
Hudson was able to use Mihailović's radio, but from 2 November, Mihailović, confident of British support, began instigating clashes with Partisan bands, which Hudson was powerless to prevent. After the air delivery of some funds for Mihailović, Hudson sent a message to Cairo recommending that British support to Mihailović be conditional upon his co-operation with the Partisans. When the British government accepted Hudson's recommendation, Mihailović considered Hudson's actions to be sabotage, and their working relationship broke down. Tito, for his part, was unaware of Hudson's initial attempts to mediate, and that the airdrop of funds was undertaken against his advice. This meant that Tito also distrusted Hudson. In mid to late November, Hudson managed to get involved in three meetings between Chetniks and Partisans aimed at establishing a truce and a joint operational headquarters. The Partisans maintained that they would do so, but would not accept Mihailović assuming overall command. The Yugoslav government-in-exile even put pressure on Mihailović to work with the Partisans.
The Failure of the Mission.
Hudson's attempts to persuade the Partisans and Chetniks to work together to fight against the enemy completely failed and soon the two groups were fighting each other. For months, Hudson found himself on his own, living a hardscrabble existence, evading the German and Italian forces who were occupying Yugoslavia, and fruitlessly attempting to end the civil war between the Partisans and the Chetniks.
Poland.
In the last months of World War II, Hudson headed a SOE mission in Poland that was meant to liaison with the Home Army. Hudson's work was cut short when he was arrested by the NKVD, and he was imprisoned for a short time in the Lubyanka. Afterwards, he was returned to Britain.
Missing funds.
One of Hudson's tasks was to distribute British funds in order to pay for anti-Nazi fighters. He was given more than £80,000 in sovereigns and diamonds, worth over £1.75m in today's currency, which he partially buried in peasant villages. He later confessed that after the war, parts of the treasure were buried, with the aim of retrieving it on his own account when the war ended.
Afterwards, while he was working for the army in Romania, documents show that Hudson recruited Stephen Zollner, a Hungarian Jew buying timber for the British government around eastern Europe, to retrieve the treasure. Zollner managed to acquire three parts of the buried treasure, and sent them to Hudson in a diplomatic bag. The Yugoslav authorities caught him, however, and Zollner confessed everything.
Later life.
Hudson later moved to South Africa, where he died on 1 November 1995.
The swimming complex at St. Andrew's College was named in his honour when, upon his death, he left the school a considerable amount of money for new pool facilities.
On his death, the D.T Hudson Trust was created as a charitable trust. Amongst other activities, the trust sponsors schools in South Africa and takes a view to uniting the churches of the region in this pursuit.
In popular culture.
Hudson spoke six foreign languages and had a reputation as a ladies' man. According to "The Sunday Times", Ian Fleming used Hudson as a model for his character James Bond, although it has also been suggested that the character was modelled on his brother, Peter Fleming.


Selgdarsky mine

The Selgdarsky mine is a large mine located in the Sakha Republic. Selgdarsky represents one of the largest phosphates reserve in Russia having estimated reserves of 3 billion tonnes of ore grading 35.5% P2O5.


Xiaojiawan coal mine disaster

The Xiaojiawan coal mine disaster was a mining accident which happened on 29 August 2012 at the Xiaojiawan coal mine (), located in Panzhihua in Sichuan Province, China. It was the deadliest mine accident since the 2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion. As a result of a gas explosion in the Xiaojiawan coal mine, at least 45 miners were killed and 1 was still missing as of September 2. 51 were sent to hospital with seven in critical condition. It was reported that 16 miners died from carbon monoxide poisoning, while three others died in hospital.
At the moment of explosion there were 154 miners working at the mine. The shaft of the mine has been severely destroyed. As of 30 August 2012, more than 300 rescuers have taken part in the rescue operation. Rescue operations are complicated due to high temperatures reaching .
The Xiaojiawan coal mine is an integrated coal mine with an annual output of 90,000 metric tons of coal. Its trial run started in March 2011. In December 2011, it gained a safety license. The mine is owned by Zhengjin Industry and Trade Co. Ltd. Three owners of the mine were detained for investigation.


Fenoarivo mine

The Fenoarivo mine is a large iron mine located in central Madagascar in Haute Matsiatra, near Fenoarivo, Ambalavao.
Fenoarivo represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Madagascar and in the world having estimated reserves of 100 million tonnes of ore grading 40% iron metal.


Thompson Creek mine

The Thompson Creek mine is one of the largest molybdenum mines in the United States. The mine is located in northern United States in Idaho. The Thompson Creek mine has reserves amounting to 205 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.06% molybdenum thus resulting 123,000 tonnes of molybdenum.


Udon North mine

The Udon North Mine is a large potash mine in northern Thailand in Udon Thani Province. The project is approximately 15-20 kilometres southeast of the city of Udon Thani. The project area, including Udon South Mine, covers five sub-districts including Non Sung, Nong Phai, and Nong Khon Kwang of Mueang Udon Thani District together with Huai Sam Phat and Na Muang Sub-districts of Prachaksinlapakhom District. Northeast Thailand is believed to contain the world's third-largest—after Canada and Russia—unexploited potash reserves.
Operations.
Mining operations occupy an area of about 26,446 rai or 42.3 km2 which consists of the processing plant area of 1,250 rai (2 km2) and an underground mine. The mine is an underground room and pillar mine projected to reach depths of 350–380 metres.
Udon North and South represent one of the largest potash reserves in Thailand, having estimated reserves of 665 million tonnes of ore grading 16 percent potassium chloride extracted from sylvite ore. With a construction budget of more than 30 billion baht, the project is slated to have a maximum capacity of two million tonnes of potash a year.
Local opposition.
 mining had not begun at at least some sites due to local opposition. Concerns include questions about the disposal of mine tailings, a waste rock by-product and projected land subsidance. New mining legislation in the form of a minerals act to be enacted 29 October 2017, has increased fears among activists that its intent is to dampen public participation in mining decisions while expediting mining projects.


F. B. Hinsley

Frederick Baden Hinsley (1900–1988) left school at the age of 13 and worked in Desford Colliery near Leicester. Encouraged by his mother, he studied at night school and was eventually admitted to study engineering at Birmingham University in 1920. On graduation, he worked in the mining industry, initially in Staffordshire before returning to academia. He worked at Cardiff University and then founded the School of Mining Engineering at the University of Nottingham. He stayed at Nottingham until retirement and remained actively involved as emeritus professor there. His specific area of expertise was mine ventilation (including historical aspects ) and for which his expertise was much in demand around the world.
Hinsley became a founding fellow of the Fellowship of Engineering (now the Royal Academy of Engineering) in 1976.
The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining awarded him the Sir Andrew Bryan award in 1982/3 for outstanding and sustained contribution to the Institute.


Louis Boucher

Louis Boucher was a Canadian-born prospector, miner, explorer, and guide in the Grand Canyon, Arizona in the late 19th to early 20th century.
Life.
Louis Boucher was an American prospector who sought fortune in the Western US during the mid-1800s. Along with many others, Boucher left Canada during the gold rush. During his journey from the West to the Cariboo and Fraser areas of Canada, Boucher became familiar with the use of mules for transportation and gear-hauling. After a failed stint of gold prospecting in Cariboo, Boucher turned his attention to the southwest, seeking silver. Boucher eventually worked his way to the area now known as Arizona around 1889, and found work as a Grand Canyon guide for Hance Ranch, where he provided mule rides for canyon visitors.
In 1891, Boucher decided to stake his own claim in the Grand Canyon, settling near Dripping Springs Basin, which provided a natural spring of fresh water to the canyon. Boucher built a camp for himself and a corral for his mules and sheep. Living in such an isolated area earned Boucher the nickname, "The Hermit." At one point during his occupation near Dripping Springs, Boucher assisted in the search and attempted rescue of two lost men in the canyon. He used the tools he knew best as a miner — explosives. Boucher reasoned that setting off dynamite explosions would attract the men toward the search party. However, this was not to be — the lost men had drowned in the Colorado River and their bodies were eventually found.
There was a small, yet sustainable copper mine beside Boucher's camp (now known as Hermit's Rest,) which enabled Boucher to support himself. Boucher later carved the Silver Bell Trail (in homage to Calamity Jane's signature silver bell), which stretched from Dripping Springs to Columbus Point and Boucher Canyon.
Boucher later developed his camp in other ways. He planted an orchard with 75 pomegranate, fig, and orange trees, supported by an irrigation system he created himself. He also built a number of cabins along his property for tourists to stay in.
In 1912, Louis Boucher left his home to seek work in a coal mine in Moreland, Utah, and never returned to his camp by Dripping Springs. (Moreland was abandoned due to unprofitable coal production in 1938.)


Jinduicheng Molybdenum

Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group Mining Corporation () is a Chinese company which is engaged in molybdenum production, sales and manufacturing. This company provides molybdenum charging materials, including roasted molybdenum concrete powder and ferromolybdenum; molybdenum metal products, including molybdenum powder, molybdenum slabs, molybdenum rods and molybdenum wires, among others, as well as molybdenum chemical products, including ammonium molybdate, molybdenum disulfide and molybdenum oxide, among others.
This company is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.


Baoguosi mine

The Baoguosi mine is a large iron mine located in northern China in the Inner Mongolia. Baoguosi represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in China and in the world having estimated reserves of 107.9 million tonnes of ore grading 33.7% iron metal.


Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire

Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire occurred on a sizeable scale from the 1830s to the 1960s in present day eastern parts of North Yorkshire but has been recorded as far back as Roman times in mostly a small-scale and intended for local use. This Cleveland is not to be confused with a smaller area covered by the county of Cleveland from 1974-96.
Around the year 1850, large seams of ironstone were discovered in the Cleveland Hills, later also in and around Rosedale and Eskdale. Mining of these seams accelerated an industry around the River Tees's south eastern banks and around the River Tyne, where many new ironworks were built. Settlements around the Tees and Tyne, especially the Cleveland town of Middlesbrough (on the Tees) as iron and steel processing centres. These received large amounts of ironstone, first by ship and later by railway. The industry experienced a meteoric rise, in the space of twenty years (by 1870), ironstone from the Cleveland part of Yorkshire was supplying 38% of the steel and iron requirements of Britain.
Ironstone workings in Yorkshire's Cleveland declined from the 1930s onwards, imported iron ore was able to be shipped in vast quantities to the quaysides at Middlesbrough and on the Tyne. The last commercially operated ironstone mine was near Skelton-in-Cleveland, the North Skelton Mine, closed in January 1964. Restoration programmes have remediated some mine sites and they have been opened to public access, mine water has polluted some watercourses in the area.
History.
The list covers all the ironstone mines in the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, and as such, extends into parts of North Yorkshire that were not traditionally designated as being in Cleveland. The list only covers areas of productive ironstone mining, and so does not include test areas (ie Goldsborough on the North Yorkshire coast where drilling was undertaken for three years from 1912). Ironstone production helped fuel the industrial revolution with smelters and ironworks in Middlesbrough accounting for 33% of iron and steel production in Britain in 1865. By 1870, Britain was supplying about half of all the iron and steel across the world; 38% of that, was made from iron mined in the Cleveland Hills and North Yorkshire. The table below shows the combined production of ironstone from the "Cleveland Hills" between 1857 and 1880.
Evidence of iron working in the area dates back as far as the Roman times, with an ironworks at Levisham working iron believed to have been sourced from Rosedale. The iron from the Cleveland seams is known to have been worked in Eskdale prior to 1750. A farm at Danby was marked on mapping as "Furnace Farm" and had evidence of scoria heaps (slag). Other slag heaps have been found in Glaisdale (that pre-date the Victorian ironworks) and Fryup Dale too. Other workings south of Goathland, known as the "Killing Pits", also show evidence of having been worked in the post-Medieval period, but before the 19th century industrial extraction of ironstone in the area.
Nodules of ironstone were quarried from the beaches and cliffs between Staithes and Kettleness since the 1830s, but this was at the mercy of the weather and the tides as the ironstone was transported by sea. Most of the ironstone collected on the Yorkshire Coast was shipped to ironworks in, and around, the Newcastle area, using sea and river transport for a large part of its journey. When large-scale mining was introduced, most of the mining areas were connected to the railway network either by their own lines or via a narrow gauge railway which connected to main railway network. A small number used direct sea transportation, but in the end, they closed down or converted to railway operation. The growth of the railway system in North Yorkshire actually led to the discovery of ironstone in the area, when the Whitby and Pickering Railway reached Grosmont in 1835, with shipping of ironstone from Grosmont, via the railway, then ship from Whitby harbour, in 1836.
Quarrying and mining on the Yorkshire coast for alum was commonplace, but this industry was dying out in the latter half of the 19th century when it was discovered that alum could be sourced from colliery waste. The boom in the ironstone industry meant that some communities had a new occupational lifeline. The discovery of the Eston ironstone by Henry Bolckow and John Vaughn in 1850, accelerated the industrialisation of the area as the ironstone outcropped quite close to the surface and could be recovered more easily than on the coast, which was dependent on the tides, and from the mines further south, which had to go to greater depths to recover the stone. In August 1850, the find of stone was proved, and by December of the same year, the first shipment of ironstone, , was taken over a newly built tramway from Eston into Middlesbrough. The Rosedale mines developed in the 1860s, and were connected via a railway that ran across the moors, and down a steep incline near Ingleby Greenhow, which then joined with the main railway network at what would become railway station. The ore at Rosedale was roasted with coal (calcined) to remove impurities and lessen the overall weight of the ore, so that the transportation costs were cheaper, as the companies had to pay the landowners per tonne of ore transported over the railway.
Production across the region as whole peaked in 1883, when of ore was processed. After that, the tonnages declined steadily. In 1936, the contribution to UK steel production from the north east was 27.3%, but by this time, much of the ore was being imported. Apart from a dip in 1922, the smelters on Teesside first started using a greater proportion of imported ore over that which was mined locally, in 1936.
Production of ironstone in the area declined as opencast and quarried ironstone from domestic UK locations became prevalent due to it being cheaper to quarry than mining. For example, the ironstone workings in Northamptonshire were all surface operations, therefore it could be mechanised easier without the need for timber props, nor the time and labour required to install the timbers. This meant that by the interwar years, Northamptonshire iron ore was five shillings per tonne cheaper to transport than Cleveland ore. Additionally, the global recession in the early 1920s led to a drop in the price of iron. Closures were further exacerbated by imported iron ore. The last industrial operation of mining ore in the area was at North Skelton, which closed in January 1964.
Occurrence.
Apportioning strict geography to the area is different according to various sources; most agree, however, that the Cleveland Hills (or the Cleveland District) is tied in with the occurrence of the ironstone in whatever seam and thus extends from the Tees at Middlesbrough in the north, to the Vale of Pickering in the south. The North Sea coast provides the eastern limit, while the Scugdale Valley down through Felixkirk to Thirsk is seen as the western border.
Mining of ironstone can be grouped into three distinct localities; Cleveland mines which worked the main Cleveland seam, the Rosedale mines, which worked the Dogger seam and those grouped around Grosmont and the Esk Valley which worked the Avicula and Pecten seams. The exceptions to this rule are those on the coast south of Boulby (particularly Port Mulgrave) which worked the Dogger seam, and several localities that worked the Two-Foot Seam. Those mining concerns in the eastern part of Cleveland, entered around Brotton and Loftus, worked the ironstone band where it dipped in a depression, and so were the ones most likely to need shaft and deep mining experience. North Skelton was the deepest at , followed by Kilton at , and Lingdale at .
Both the Avicula and Pecten seams were named after a type of fossil found in the stone, avicula cygnipes, (swan), and pecten, (scallop) respectively. However, some stone was quarried/mined even further south than the Murk Esk valley; at Kirby Knowle, near Thirsk, workings in the Dogger Seam were explored in the 19th century, where the ironstone is known to be thick. It was estimated that the occurrence of ironstone underneath Cleveland and North Yorkshire extended for . The various seams had different names in places, sometimes on account of their geology, others due to a confusion of which seam was being mined; the Avicula seam was also known as the "Low Seam" due to its position, the Pecten seam was sometimes called the "Shelly Seam" due to the abundance of shells within it.
Recovery of ironstone varied with location; most of the early mines centred around Grosmont used a system known as the double-stall. Others used the longwall method, whereas most mines and drifts winning stone from the Main Seam, used the pillar and bord way of mining.
Mines.

Iron and steelworks.
Some of the mines roasted their iron ore, which enriched the final product before leaving the mine area, this being most notable at Rosedale where the former kilns are part of the heritage of the area and are listed as a scheduled monument. An ironworks was built at Skinningrove, which produced pig iron from ore mined at Loftus, just across Kilton Beck. Whilst Loftus Mine closed in 1958, the plant is still operational, producing steel profiles with raw steel railed in from primary smelters located in Lincolnshire.
Many of the companies that were working the ironstone, also had limestone and coal ventures in other parts of the north-east region, this allowed for the iron and steelworks to proliferate on the south bank of the River Tees. This, combined with the ability to ship pig iron from the docks at a cheap rate led to the ironstone and pig iron industry on south Teesside being the most prolific in output for England and Scotland. Other major iron and steel centres in Northamptonshire, Shropshire and Staffordshire had overland transport costs.
Aftermath.
Several becks on the coast have been affected by pollution. As the mines closed down, so the pumps were turned off and this stopped the contaminated water being pumped away. Kilton Beck has been badly affected by this, with tales of how locals could fish in the beck, but it spent a good part of the second half of the 20th century heavily poisoned and was described as being "ochre" in colour. It has since been remediated by a system of oxidating the ferrous content in the water. In the North York Moors National Park, remediation ponds have been created at Six Howe and Clitherbeck, which have helped to reduce the iron pollution in local watercourses.
Progressive closure of the mines also led to mass unemployment; Skinningrove was a very small fishing village, fairly isolated from the rest of Cleveland when the ironstone boom arrived. After closure of the mines, unemployment levels surged. The miners' livelihoods were also affected by the slump in the early 1930s; one author noted that those who took part in the Jarrow March, were struck by an unemployment rate of 70%, in the East Cleveland ironstone communities, this was nearer 90%.
The closure of the ironstone mines also left a legacy of subsidence, which unlike the coal industry, had no official framework for compensation or remediation. The spoil tip at Kilton remains, and in 1990, was the subject of a public inquiry into whether the tip should be reclaimed. However, the inspector found that it "...was now a uniquely recognisable industrial archaeological relic in East Cleveland...[and] its retention far outweighed the benefits of its removal."
In 2017, a four-year project was started to preserve the remains and provide better access to the historic sites at Rosedale and Warren Moor. The project was allocated £3.8 million, and would also involve the protection of wildlife habitats on previous ironstone workings. Bridges on the original section of the Whitby to Pickering Railway between beck Hole and Grosmont, were renovated in 2020, with new boards by the site of Esk Valley Mine. This was done as part of the Land of Iron project.
In 1983, the Cleveland Ironstone Mining Museum was opened near to the Skinningrove Steelworks in a former ironstone drift mine. The museum also offers the opportunity for people to tour the drift part of the mine.
A monument to those who worked in the ironstone industry was unveiled in Skelton in April 2019. The sculpture is of three miners and is titled "The Spirit of East Cleveland".
Listed buildings.
The mine buildings on the surface of Skelton Park pit are the most numerous of those which are listed with Historic England. These include the fanhouse, the main engine house, the powerhouse, the provender house, the secondary winding engine and the workshops. Other listed structures at other locations include:


Herbert Parkin

Herbert Edward Parkin (born 1908) was a British trade unionist and politician.
Born in Waingroves in Derbyshire, Parkin left school aged fourteen to work at the Hartshay Colliery. This pit closed in 1931, but he found work at New Langley Colliery. There, he opposed the introduction of subcontracting, known as the "butty" system, and as a result became active in the Derbyshire Miners' Association (DMA).
In 1937, Parkin was elected as checkweighman at New Langley, and also to the local branch committee of the DMA. From 1941, he was the pit's delegate to the DMA council. He also became active in the Labour Party and was elected to Heanor Urban District Council in 1946. In 1948, he became president of his local DMA branch, and from 1951, he was vice-chair of Heanor UDC.
Parkin was elected as vice-president of the reconstituted Derbyshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers in 1951. The following year, the post of president became open, and he won the election, serving until 1966, when he took over as the union's general secretary, serving until his retirement in 1973.


Gorishne mine

The Gorishne mine is a large iron mine located in central Ukraine in the Poltava Oblast. Gorishne represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Ukraine and in the world having estimated reserves of 3.7 billion tonnes of ore grading 30% iron metal.


Sumdum mine

The Sumdum mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in United States. The mine is located in north-western United States in Alaska. The mine has reserves amounting to 24 million tonnes of ore grading 0.37% zinc and 79.1 million oz of silver.
Geology.
The country rock in the proximity of the mine is a black graphitic slate, though the schist belt lies a short distance to the east. This slate is usually wrinkled, rich in carbonaceous matter, and scattered throughout are stringers and films of calcite, often carrying particles of pyrite. The mineral deposits are well-defined quartz-filled fissures, striking approximately parallel with the northwest trend of the country rock. They extend for a few hundred feet in a horizontal direction and have been mined to a depth of several hundred feet below their surface outcrops. Two such ledges, which have been largely developed, are known as the Sumdum Chief and the Bald Eagle. The former ledge varies from a surface width of to a narrow vein filling at a depth of . The Bald Eagle ledge, on the other hand, increases from a surface width of to at a depth of . In the latter ledge, the vein changes from a free-milling ore near the surface to a low-grade ore at in depth. Within the quartz bodies, the gold is not uniformly distributed, but is segregated here and there, forming rich pockets, which seem to represent enrichments where the main ledges are intersected by smaller quartz veins. The ore is essentially free gold and gold-bearing pyrite, with small amounts of galena and sphalerite. Quartz and calcite are the gangue minerals, and films of graphite occur between the fillings and the black-slate country.
Geography.
A tunnel in length undercuts the Bald Eagle vein below the surface outcrop and encounters the Sumdum Chief at a depth of . From this working tunnel to the surface, most of the ledge material has been extracted by overhand stoping, and the slopes have been supported by square sets of timber. Below the tunnel level an attempt was made to mine the ore by underhand stoping.
Mill.
The mill contained 10 stamps with 4 large Frue vanners, and when running at full capacity, 10 tons of rock were milled per day at a cost of US$0.50 per ton. An pipe in length brought the water from a flume, the lower end of which is above the power plant, and with the aid of two Pelton wheels, 170 horsepower were generated. From the mill, a wagon road, together with a short tramway, lead to the wharf, and over this, the concentrates were hauled, and the conveying wagons returned with freight for the mine.
History.
The total cost of production was estimated at US$2.50 per ton. During the autumn of 1903, the last of the developed ore was being mined and a diamond drill was in search of other bodies. This evidently failed to reveal anything of importance, operations ceased, and a portion of the mining plant was removed.


Kaunisvaara mine

The Kaunisvaara mine was a large iron mine located in northern Sweden in the village of Kaunisvaara in Norrbotten County. Kaunisvaara represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Sweden and in the world having estimated reserves of 872 million tonnes of ore grading 32.7% iron metal.
History.
Ore production began late 2012, with annual iron ore production planned to reaching 12 million tonnes later, according to the owner, mining company Northland Resources. Reserves are estimated at 176 million tonnes. The mine and mining company went bankrupt in October 2014 because of low iron ore prices and high debts.
Transport.
To transport the ore there was a proposal to build a broad-gauge railway connecting the mine to the Finnish rail network. When Northland got permission to use the existing iron ore harbour in Narvik, the plans changed. The current system involves transporting the iron ore by truck to Svappavaara, and then along the Malmbanan to Narvik (in Norway) to be exported by ship. In 2012, they got permission to run 90 ton trucks between the mine and the loading facility in Svappavaara. The weight limit was set as the bridge over Tärendö River can't handle more (even if a system was set up to make certain only one truck at a time used the bridge). The trucks are specially-built Scania R-series road-trains.


HD Mining International

HD Mining International is a mining company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is involved in the Murray River Project, a longwall coal mine in Peace River Country near Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia.
HD Mining was registered as BC enterprise in 2011 and based out of Vancouver. HD is owned by Chinese-based Huiyong Holdings Group's Huiyong Holdings BC, Canadian Dehua Lvliang Limited and a third undisclosed shareholder.
Most of current HD workforce are temporary foreign workers from China, mostly working in the Murray River mine, which has led to a controversy over hiring overseas workers instead of Canadian workers. HD Mining has indicated that TFW were hired to assess the site and that future employment for mining operations will shift to Canadians.
Organization.
Very little is publicly known of the corporate structure of HD Mining nor the partners of the firm. HD Mining's current headed by Chair Penggui Yan Other known personnel include Jody Shimkus, Vice-President and former associate minister of mines of British Columbia and Ye Qing, corporate consultant.


Robert S. Kelley

"For a list of other people named Robert Kelley see Robert Kelley (disambiguation)"<br>
Robert S. Kelley was a pro-slavery advocate during the Kansas-Missouri border war, a state senator in Kansas during the government formed under the Lecompton Constitution, and served as the fifth U.S. marshal of the Montana Territory.
Biography.
Kelley was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, January 11, 1831. At the age of ten years he was sent to Newport, New Hampshire, to attend a preparatory school before entering Dartmouth College. Disliking the rigid discipline enforced at the preparatory school, he ran away. He had no money nor acquaintance in New Hampshire, but managed to reach Lowell, Massachusetts, where he went to work on the "Advertiser". Knowing that if discovered by his parents he would be obliged to return to the preparatory school, he did not communicate with them for a period of five years, during which time he remained steadily at his post at the "Advertiser", learning all the details of the printing business. When he learned that his family had moved to Missouri, he joined them there in 1848, and for four years was employed as salesman in a mercantile house.
In 1852 Kelley started a Democratic newspaper at Liberty, Missouri, called the "Democratic Platform", and continued its publication until the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, when he discontinued the "Platform" and established a pro-slavery paper in Atchison, Kansas, called the "Squatter Sovereign". Dr. J. H. Stringfellow joined Kelley in this venture as partner and associate editor. This was in 1855, during the intense excitement attending the settlement of Kansas and Nebraska. The paper was the leading organ of the Democratic party in Kansas, and was strongly pro-Southern and pro-slavery. Concerning his experience at the time, Kelley said: "There was no such thing as concession at the time. We were all extremists, whether advocating or opposing slavery. During my editorial life I was in constant strife with political opponents."
Confederate service.
Kelley was elected a member of the State Senate under the Lecompton Constitution for the counties of Atchison and Doniphan. On the defeat of the Lecompton Constitution by Congress, Kelley sold out his interest in the "Squatter Sovereign" and moved to Doniphan County, Kansas, where he married Miss Mary L. Foreman, and where his first child (Mrs. Kate Napton) was born. He next engaged in merchandising in Kansas City, and was thus employed when the Civil War broke out. The first company of Union soldiers that entered the city took possession of his store and carried off all his goods. Soon after he joined the Missouri State Guards as a private, and served under General Sterling Price. After the Battle of Pea Ridge he was promoted to a captaincy. The colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major of the regiment were killed in battle, and by right of seniority he commanded the regiment for a long time. On returning from a campaign in Mississippi, the regiment was reorganized, and Kelley was assigned to the recruiting service, after which his connection with the Confederate army terminated.
U.S. marshal.
During the war Kelley's property was confiscated by the government, and he never made any effort to recover it. After leaving the Confederate service he, with his family, emigrated to Montana and arrived in Alder Gulch in 1863. From Alder Gulch he went to Helena, and for some time mined in Grizzly Gulch. In 1866 he went to Bear Gulch, where he remained a short time, after which he moved to Deer Lodge, where he and his family finally settled. For several years after he moved to Deer Lodge he engaged in mercantile pursuits in partnership with Mr. J. S. Pemberton, in which business he continued for about five years. He then became engaged extensively in mining operations. He took on placer mining grounds at Pioneer City and in Squaw Gulch, about 1872, and was engaged in working these placers until the last few years of his life, when he was disposed of the principal part of his interests. He was one of the original incorporators of the Rock Creek Ditch Co., organized in an early day, and still at the time of his death had an interest in that company. He was at the time of his death largely interested in the Southern Cross and other mining claims in the neighborhood of Cable, Montana.
In 1885 Kelley was appointed by President Grover Cleveland the 5th United States Marshal for Montana, and served in that office with official integrity until the day President Benjamin Harrison was inaugurated, when he resigned, believing that the party in power should have control of all the Federal patronage and be held responsible for it.
Children.
When Robert Kelley died, he left his wife and seven children. Four of his children were married, Mrs. Kate Napton, wife of the District Court Clerk; Mrs. Nannie Joslyn, wife of Hon. C.D. Joslyn, manager of the E. L. Bonner store at Deer Lodge; Robert Lee Kelley and Mrs. Georgia Hoss, wife of Lon R. Hoss of Spokane Falls. The three other children were young - Florence, Howard and Lamar.
Death.
Hon. Robert S. Kelley died in Deer Lodge, Montana on September 19, 1890 of heart disease.


Newarthill

Newarthill is a village in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, situated roughly three miles north-east of the town of Motherwell. It has a population of around 6,200. Most local amenities are shared with the adjacent villages of Carfin, Holytown and New Stevenston which have a combined population of around 20,000 across the four localities.
History.
Situated on rich tracts of coal and other minerals, the original settlement of Newarthill occurred in the early to mid-nineteenth century. Originally thought to have been named after the larger and more northerly Harthill, it has recently been discovered that historical mentions of Newarthill actually pre-date Harthill. One quoted, but unproven, derivation is the Gaelic Nuadh-Ard, meaning New Hill, with a tautological "hill" added in the English translation.
Geography.
The town of Newarthill is roughly bounded by the Legbrannock Burn to the north, the railway line connecting Carfin and Cleland to the south, the junction of the B7066 with Biggar Road to the east and the A723 to the west. Situated on the northern side of the Clyde Valley, the town rises highest in the north east and slopes downward to the west. The higher land was the centre of initial settlement and holds most of the town's oldest and most significant buildings. Several modern housing estates have appeared on the outskirts and greenbelt areas of the village, rendering it less distinct from the surrounding conurbation.
There is no town centre as such, with residents chiefly relying on the amenities provided by neighbouring places such as Motherwell, Hamilton, Wishaw, Airdrie and Glasgow. It is generally considered to consist of two schemes, the older, formerly coal-heated east and the more recent, gas-powered west. This perception has altered in light of large new housing estates encircling the village.
Amenities.
The local schools are Newarthill Primary, St Teresa's Primary, Keir Hardie Memorial Primary and Brannock High School. The local authority-funded community centre, also on High Street, offers a range of activities from nursery care to computing classes. The library on Kirkhall Road offers a modern range of books and other media despite the distinctly 1970s exterior. Sports facilities are few and far between, with the existing pitches within school grounds long since closed to the general public.
The local police station previously lay near the centre of the village, however has been converted to houses. Whilst fire brigade and hospital facilities have to be sought outwith Newarthill. The nearest hospitals are Wishaw General and Monklands Infirmary in Airdrie. There are two main places of worship, St. Teresa's Chapel and Newarthill Parish Church, with the nearest mosque in New Stevenston.
Travel and transport facilities.
Newarthill is situated in close proximity to the M8, offering road connections to Glasgow, Edinburgh, between and beyond. The B7066 is the major connecting route to Carfin and Motherwell, while those heading west on minor roads will generally do so through Holytown, Mossend and beyond. These roads are well served by regular bus services by companies including First Glasgow 254 and united 1 These services generally operate until 5pm. Service is limited on Sundays. There are several local taxi companies with varying levels of service.
The closest railway stations, depending on your position in Newarthill, are to be found at and (rather confusingly, Carfin Station is geographically within Newarthill and Holytown Station is within the adjacent village of New Stevenston) which are served by regularly timetabled trains operated by Abellio ScotRail, connecting Glasgow and Edinburgh. There is a two-hourly service on Sundays. The nearest mainline station, connecting to services on the East Coast Main Line and West Coast Main Line travelling towards cities such as London, is .
Sports and Leisure.
Newarthill Bowling Club exists just off High Street and adjacent to Newarthill Primary School, however it remains a members-only facility. On Mosshall Street, there are several football pitches and an amateur boxing club.
Newarthill has few leisure facilities of note, excepting the facilities within Brannock High School and at Mosshall Street (where the boxing club is located). The village is, however, situated very close to several large sports facilities in the surrounding area, with Dalziel Park (sports fields and golf club), Colville Park Golf Club and Ravenscraig Sports Centre. The residents of Newarthill make use largely of the Aquatec Leisure Centre which is located on the outskirts of nearby Motherwell Town Centre. The facilities available here include a family friendly swimming pool and a well equipped gym.
The Torrance Park golf course and leisure facility between Newarthill and Newhouse was completed in 2019, forming part of a wider residential development off the main road to Holytown and nominally linked to that village in documentation, but sharing a postcode with Newarthill and being counted alongside it in some statistics.
There is also a local amateur football team, Newarthill Athletic AFC, who were founded in 2015. They follow a long list of teams from the area.
Public houses and takeaways.
Newarthill, like several surrounding villages, boasts its fair share of public houses and licensed establishments. These are concentrated in the High Street area and have consistently closed and reopened at the mercy of the drinking public. Currently these include Bar Mango, the Cottage Inn, Newarthill Bowling Club, The Club (formerly Newarthill Working Men's Club), The Oranger, and the Hibernian Social Club.
There is a similar volume of fast food takeaways of the more traditional variety - there are Indian and fish and chip restaurants, but no multinational brands. The Bakers Oven, a small cafe, has a small sit-in area, 'Taste' (a Coffee and Sandwich bar) was situated on the High Street but recently closed and the premises have been converted to an extension for the next door veterinary surgery.
There used to be a local Post Office and Spar store, but it was demolished after a fire burned it down on Christmas Day 2009. A Nisa Local convenience store (opened Nov 2010) has been built on the Spar site, which does have a post office, and is one of only a few small food stores in the village. The main tourist accommodation, the Silverburn Hotel was recently damaged in a fire and having been foreclosed for over a year, has recently been demolished.
The Chanda Cottage has been voted as best takeaway, notably for its Spicy Chips Cheese and Donner for £5.50


Ocna Sibiului mine

The Ocna Sibiului mine is a large salt mine located in central Romania, in Sibiu County, close to Ocna Sibiului. The mine represents one of the largest salt reserves in Romania, having estimated reserves of 61 billion tonnes of NaCl.


Blackhall Colliery

Blackhall Colliery is a village on the North Sea coast of County Durham, in England. It is situated on the A1086 between Horden and Hartlepool. To the south of the Blackhall Colliery's Catholic church is Blackhall Rocks.
Built around the once extensive mining industry, Blackhall's colliery closed in 1981. Daniel Hall was one of the founding fathers of the colliery and invested heavily in the establishment of the mining infrastructure in the area. It is believed but unconfirmed that the name Black-Hall was established as a result of Daniels alias 'Black' due to his association with the mining of coal and his surname Hall. In 1991 a local campaign to erect a statue of Mr Hall was unsuccessful due to a lack of available funding from the local Authority. There is now an industrial estate built over part of the old colliery buildings, the colliery itself was pulled down in the 1980s. Blackhall Colliery is on the edge of Castle Eden Dene, and Castle Eden Dene Mouth.
Over the past couple of decades, there have been many changes. Following the closure of the colliery, the once busy village has economically gone downhill. As time has passed since the closure, other industries have now begun to emerge to once again create employment in the region.
With both Blackhall Colliery and Blackhall Rocks being on the main road to Peterlee and Hartlepool. This has meant that these villages have become commuter villages, supplying workers for the now busy and expanding call centres in the nearby towns of Hartlepool and Peterlee.
Blackhall beach.
Blackhall beach made a notable appearance in the 1971 film "Get Carter"; in the climactic scenes the main character is involved in a chase across a coal-strewn beach. The film shows the beach black with coal spoilings, dumped there by mine's conveyor system. Since the mine closed, £10 million has been spent removing the conveyor and its massive concrete tower and cleaning tons of coal waste from the beach, which is now pristine.
Blackhall beach, along with the village itself, was used for the setting of the 2019 book "Tainted Water" by Dan Farrell.
Neighbouring beaches of Blackhall Colliery is a narrow strip of Peterlee then Horden beach (North) and Crimdon beach (South), both are within 30 minutes of walking distance each way from the beach. The continuation of the improving regenerative beach can be seen via the coastline.


Terligkhaiskoye mine

The Terligkhaiskoye mine is one of the largest mercury mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Siberia. The mine has estimated reserves of 0.83 million tonnes of ore grading 0.2% mercury.


Porth y Nant


Pando mine

The Pando mine is one of the largest gold mines in Bolivia and in the world. The mine is located in the southern part of Bolivia in Potosí Department. The mine has estimated reserves of 5.3 million oz of gold.


Maryland Mining Company

The Maryland Mining Company is a historic coal mining, iron producer and railroad company that operated in Allegany County, Maryland.
The company was based in Eckhart Mines, Maryland; the location in Braddock Run was among the first bituminous coal mines developed in the Georges Creek Valley.
History.
This region saw significant industrialization, with the first pig iron to be smelted at Mount Savage, Maryland to the northwest by the Maryland and New York Coal and Iron Company. Coal mining began in Eckhart Mines after "The Big Vein" was opened in 1820. The coal was originally transported by flatboats placed together on the headwaters of the North Branch Potomac River. As part of its operations, the company built the Potomac Wharf Branch rail line from Wills Creek, west of Cumberland, between 1846 and 1850, as an extension to its Eckhart Branch Railroad.
The Cumberland Coal & Iron Company, chartered in 1850, purchased the Maryland Mining Company's mines and railroad in April 1852, including the village of Eckhart.
With the arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in Cumberland, Maryland in 1842, local interests began lobbying for the construction of branch lines leading to the coal mines at Eckhart Mines, and the iron furnaces at Mount Savage, Maryland. The B&O didn't want to invest into branches for political as well as financial reasons. Eventually the Maryland & New York Coal & Iron Co. chartered and built its own Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad with the purpose of connecting with, and hopefully later selling out to, the B&O near the Cumberland Narrows.
The line to the Mt. Savage works was finished and operating in December 1844, while Maryland Mining's Eckhart branch entered service in May 1846. Throughout the following years, the Mt. Savage operation fell on hard times, and the Eckhart coal business has always been the more prosperous of the two. The C&P later became the initial stretch of B&O's main line to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, first via trackage rights and following 1903 by way of lease. Eckhart Jct. was established just west of the Narrows, Mt. Savage Jct. a few miles to the north.
Timeline of the railroad.
1845 - Mount Savage Coal & Iron Company (later Maryland & New York Coal and Iron Company) completes the Mount Savage Railroad, from Mt. Savage furnaces to Cumberland, with branches.
1846 - Maryland Mining Company completes the Eckhart Railroad, from Eckhart Mines, Maryland to Wills Creek (Eckhart Junction).
1850 - Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad (C&P) is chartered.
1850 - Eckhart Railroad completes the Potomac Wharf Branch into Cumberland.
1853 - Georges Creek Coal & Iron Company builds the Georges Creek Railroad between Lonaconing, Maryland and Piedmont, West Virginia.
1863 - C&P acquires the Georges Creek Railroad after purchasing the Mt. Savage Railroad.
1870 - C&P absorbs Eckhart Railroad.
1876 - The Maryland and American Coal Companies start building the George's Creek and Cumberland Railroad (GC&C).
1879 - The Pennsylvania railroad in Maryland company completes its line between the Pennsylvania State Line and Cumberland.
1888 - Pennsylvania railroad in Maryland and the Georges Creek and Cumberland Railroad were merged into the Georges Creek and Cumberland Railroad.
1907 - Western Maryland Railroad assumes control of the GC&C as part of the George Gould empire (merged into WM in 1917).
1939 - GC&C abandoned west of Eckhart Junction.
1944 - WM acquires C&P.
1953 - C&P formally merges with WM.
1982 - State Line Branch abandoned.
These railroads were built by the iron and coal companies in the early 1840s, in anticipation of connecting with the B&O Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, both then under construction to Cumberland. Some of these standard gauge mine roads owned and operated their own equipment, while others were operated with early B&O motive power and rolling stock. By 1870, all of the lines were absorbed into the Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad, which was itself absorbed into the Western Maryland system.


Greenrigg

Greenrigg is a small village that lies in the west of West Lothian, Scotland.
Greenrigg is within walking distance to shops in the bordering village of Harthill and is quick drive away from Whitburn. The village has a school, Greenrigg Primary School, and a convenience store located in the centre on Stanley Road, a short distance from the site of the previous store, which burned down in 2006 as a result of a fireworks accident.
Greenrigg was once a thriving mining village and produced large amounts of coal. The remains of the mine can be seen in the form of a large mound of debris from the mine excavations or "bing" as they are called locally. The bing is now largely covered with wild flowers and grass, and serves as a barrier between the village's football pitch and the nearby M8 motorway.
Adjacent to the east of Greenrigg lies Polkemmet Country Park, opened in 1981, which has a driving range and 9-hole golf course, and is also home to the Scottish Owl Centre, which features the largest collection of owls in the world.
Iain J. Grant, the Canadian broadcaster, now with CFRB radio in Toronto, grew up in Greenrigg in the early 1970s before emigrating to Canada.
Buildings and Amenities.
Greenrigg Convenience store
Greenrigg Primary School and Community Centre.
Children's play area with swings.
Football park
Gibshill Football park and facilities (Home of Harthill Royal F.C.)
Bus stop, main road, east and west bound connecting West Lothian and North Lanarkshire destinations.


Steve Kemp (trade unionist)

Steve Kemp (born 1961) is a British trade unionist.
Kemp grew up in South Hiendley in West Yorkshire, and worked briefly as a butcher before becoming a coal miner at South Kirkby Colliery. He became active in the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), and participated in the miners' strike of 1984 to 1985.
In 1988, the South Kirkby mine closed, and Kemp moved to work at the Stillingfleet Mine, near Selby. A supporter of Arthur Scargill, he became treasurer, and then secretary of his union branch. He stood for the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC) in 1996 and for several years afterwards, but was never elected. He also attempted to become the Labour candidate in the 1996 Hemsworth by-election, but was barred from standing by a panel of NEC members.
Kemp was elected as Secretary of the NUM in 2002, proposing to strengthen the union's links with the Labour Party. He stood down in 2007, and joined the political department of the GMB Union.


East Kutai coal mine

The East Kutai Coal Mine is a coal mine located in the East Kutai Regency. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 2.73 billion tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. The mine has an annual production capacity of 30 million tonnes of coal.


Haib mine

The Haib mine is a large copper mine located in the south of Namibia in the ǁKaras Region. Haib represents one of the largest copper reserve in Namibia and in the world, having estimated reserves of 2 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.37% copper.


Henry Lorimer

Henry Dubs Lorimer (1879 – 8 February 1933) was a British Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons to 1922 to 1924.
He was elected at the 1922 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for South Derbyshire. He faced strong opposition at the 1923 election and a week before polling day "The Times" newspaper reported that his defeat "would not be a surprise", but was re-elected with a majority of 1,983 votes (5.8% of the total).
He was appointed as a vice-chairman of the grand council of the Primrose League in May 1924, and although he not stand again at the 1924 general election, he helped unionist and Conservative candidates to prepare for the election, travelling the country to address conferences on behalf of the Primrose League. In May 1926 he addressed junior member of the Primrose League, praising the junior branches' work of "teaching the young their duty to the Empire, in its widest sense".
Lorimer was also a Justice of the Peace (JP), and in 1928 he was chairman of the Mashaba Rhodesian Asbestos Company, Limited, which owned asbestos mines in Mashaba, Southern Rhodesia.
He died suddenly, at a nursing home in London on 8 February 1933, aged 54, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.


Shuichang mine

The Shuichang mine is a large iron mine located in northern China in the Inner Mongolia. Shuichang represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in China and in the world having estimated reserves of 100 million tonnes of ore grading 35% iron metal.