Alice Gertrude

Alice Gertrude was a wooden steamship which operated on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound from 1898 to January 1907, when she was wrecked at Clallam Bay in Washington.
Career.
"Alice Gertrude" was a freight and passenger steamship built in 1898, either at Seattle, Washington, according to one source, or at Port Angeles. Washington, according to another source. The ship was built either by or for the brothers John Rex Thompson (1855–1926) and Fred Thompson ( ? – ? ), who were prominent citizens of early Port Angeles doing business as the Thompson Steamboat Company. The Thompsons ran steamboats to Neah Bay from Port Angeles, and "Alice Gertrude" was built for this route. The vessel was named for two cousins, Alice Thompson, the daughter of Fred Thompson, and Gertrude Thompson, the daughter of John Rex Thompson.
On January 8, 1902, Captain J. Rex Thompson sold his interest in the Thompson Steamboat Company, which included "Alice Gertrude" and five other steam vessels, to the La Conner Trading and Transportation Company. In 1903, the La Conner Trading and Transportation Company merged with the Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSN), and "Alice Gertrude" became part of the PSN fleet.
In 1904, "Alice Gertrude" and another PSN ship, "Rosalie", ran on alternate days, six days a week, from Pier 1 in Seattle, which was at the foot of Yesler Street, for Port Townsend, Washington, and the ports on the Strait of Juan de Fuca. "Rosalie"′s route ended at Clallam, Washington, with "Alice Gertrude" proceeding further to Neah Bay.
Wreck.
On January 11, 1907, under the command of Captain Charles Kalstrom (d. 1917), a well-known and popular captain, "Alice Gertrude" was wrecked while trying to enter Clallam Bay. Kalstrom, who had been on the route for 16 years, encountered a severe snowstorm at about 9:00 p.m. With visibility blocked, Kalstrom was putting the ship about, when at 10:15 p.m., the vessel struck ground on Clallam Reef. The passengers and crew remained on board until the morning, when, with the assistance of the steam tugs "Lorne" and "Wyadda", they were all taken off. The steamer "Rosalie" took the passengers back to Port Angeles. The financial loss was valued at $40,000.
"Alice Gertrude " broke up quickly and the only salvageable parts were the boiler and the engine, which were removed from the wreck by the steam cargo ship "Rapid Transit". These components belonged to the marine insurance underwriter, but PSN repurchased them and they were installed in the steam fishing vessel "Independent".


Gene Sprague


City of Muskegon

The City of Muskegon was a steel-hulled sidewheel package and passenger steamer, built in 1881 for service on the Great Lakes, which was wrecked early on Tuesday 28 October 1919 when it struck a pier at Muskegon, Michigan, at 0430 hrs., in a 60 mph gale, sinking in a period estimated between four and ten minutes. Nine crew and six passengers were killed. There are conflicting sources on the number on board, however. One account listed 37 passengers and a crew of 35.
Background.
There are conflicting accounts of the vessel's history.
The "City of Muskegon" was built in Detroit in 1881 by the Holland Steamship Company, and was originally named the "City of Holland" according to one period press account, which was incorrect.
Actually built as the "City of Milwaukee" by the Detroit Dry Dock Company at Wyandotte, Michigan, as Hull 44 and launched 12 February 1881, it was initially operated by Goodrich Transportation Company, Chicago, Illinois, with vessel official number 125906. It was then sold to the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway (later part of the Great Western Railway), on 1 May 1883, operating between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Grand Haven, Michigan. Sold in 1897, it plied between Holland, Michigan and Chicago for the Graham & Morton Line (Graham and Morton Transportation Company), and was renamed "Holland", also reported as "City of Holland".
She was 231 feet in length or 241 feet in length, with a gross tonnage of 1148 tons.
She was sold in 1917 to the Crosby Line, of Milwaukee, and reportedly rebuilt. Crosby Transportation Company took over for the railroad's cross-lake transportation.
The vessel was transferred to the Holland Steamship Company, Milwaukee, Crosby Transportation Company, manager, in 1918. Renamed "Muskegon" in 1919.
Accident.
The "City of Muskegon", being operated by the Crosby Line, under the command of Capt. Edward Miller, according to two sources, or Edwin Miller, according to another, departed Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on Monday evening, 27 October 1919, with 72 passengers and crew aboard. The weather was clear. It was caught in a “raging” northwester on Lake Michigan early in the morning. Rather than come about, Capt. Miller made for the port at Muskegon, but he said that the vessel struck the bar at the entrance to the harbor. “A wheel paddle jammed in the sand, checking headway, and the great combers threw the ship about and hurled her into the pier.” She struck the south pier of the Muskegon channel. “There she hung, momentarily, pounding into wreckage, and then slipping off into the deep channel, going down in 50 feet of water and blocking the harbor entrances.
“Fifty of the 72 passengers and crew guided to safety by a single flashlight in the hands of a coast guard, are known to have been saved. It was feared several were caught between decks. Survivors, most of whom escaped only in their night clothing, were being cared for by the Red Cross.”
Another source lists the number of passengers as only 37.
The survivors told of the bravery of Capt. Miller, his officers and crew, “who remained at their posts to the last.” “Capt. Miller, sensing disaster as the vessel was driven toward the pier, ordered all to leap for their lives, and the time-hallowed sea rule, ‘Women first,’ was followed. Only four women, one of whom was employed on the boat, were known tonight to have been lost.”
“Capt. Miller declared the undertow swung his ship after she struck the bar. ‘I told the cabin boys to waken the passengers and crew and ordered all over the rail.’ He said, ‘Those who moved quickly were saved. The ones who held back lost their lives.’”
The vessel was smashed to pieces. Within four minutes of striking, no portion of it remained above the waterline.
Coast Guardsman R. J. Kaknborsky was credited with saving many lives, directing the way to safety with a flashlight just before the vessel was pounded to pieces.


Artistic depictions of the partition of India

The partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many creative minds in India and Pakistan to create literary/cinematic depictions of this event. While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration, others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border. Even now, more than 60 years after the partition, works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition.
Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Khushwant Singh's "Train to Pakistan" (1956), several short stories such as "Toba Tek Singh" (1955) by Saadat Hassan Manto, Urdu poems such as "Subh-e-Azadi" (Freedom's Dawn, 1947) by Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Bhisham Sahni's "Tamas" (1974), Manohar Malgonkar's "A Bend in the Ganges" (1965), and Bapsi Sidhwa's "Ice-Candy Man" (1988), among others. Salman Rushdie's novel "Midnight's Children" (1980), which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, weaved its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight of 14 August 1947. "Freedom at Midnight" (1975) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. There is a paucity of films related to the independence and partition. Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence, partition and the aftermath include Nemai Ghosh's "Chinnamul" (1950), "Dharmputra" (1961), Ritwik Ghatak's "Meghe Dhaka Tara" (1960), "Komal Gandhar" (1961), "Subarnarekha" (1962); later films include "Garm Hava" (1973) and "Tamas" (1987). From the late 1990s onwards, more films on this theme were made, including several mainstream films, such as "Earth" (1998), "Train to Pakistan" (1998) (based on the aforementioned book), "Hey Ram" (2000), "" (2001), "Pinjar" (2003), "Partition" (2007) and "Madrasapattinam" (2010). The biopics "Gandhi" (1982), "Jinnah" (1998) and "Sardar" (1993) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay.
Some of the books and films are discussed here. However, the list is far from being exhaustive.
Fiction.
"Hoshyarpur to Lahore".
Entitled "Hoshyar Pur say Lahore tak" in Urdu, it is a true story based on a train journey from Indian city of Hoshiarpur to Lahore in Pakistan. It is written by a Police officer who traveled in this train.
"This is Not That Dawn (Jhoota Sach)".
Jhootha Sach is arguably the most outstanding piece of Hindi literature written about the Partition. Reviving life in Lahore as it was before 1947, the book opens on a nostalgic note, with vivid descriptions of the people that lived in the city's streets and lanes like Bhola Pandhe Ki Gali: Tara, who wanted an education above marriage; Puri, whose ideology and principles often came in the way of his impoverished circumstances; Asad, who was ready to sacrifice his love for the sake of communal harmony. Their lives—and those of other memorable characters—are forever altered as the carnage that ensues on the eve of Independence shatters the beauty and peace of the land, killing millions of Hindus and Muslims, and forcing others to leave their homes forever. Published in English translation for the first time, Yashpal's controversial novel is a politically charged, powerful tale of human suffering.
"Ali Pur Ka Aeeli".
Ali Pur Ka Aeeli in Urdu is an autobiography of Mumtaz Mufti that includes his narration on the account of bringing his family from Batala to Lahore on a truck.
"Khaak aur Khoon".
Khak aur Khoon is a historical novel by Naseem Hijazi that describes the sacrifices of Muslims of the sub-continent during the time of partition in 1947.
When a portion of the Muslims from the various regions of India were trying to get to Pakistan, some faced attacks from Hindu and Sikh groups, during their journeys, that involved snatching of money, and jewellery of their wives and daughters.
"The Broken Mirror".
"The Broken Mirror", a Hindi novel by Krishna Baldev Vaid, portrays the psychological and sociological transformations in a West Punjabi village in the phase leading up to the Partition, with emphasis on commensal taboos and hardened community boundaries.
"Half a Village (Aadha Gaon)".
"Half a Village", a Hindi novel by Rahi Masoom Reza, represents the experiences of subaltern Indian Muslims in village Gangauli, and their distinctive take on the vacuity of 'high politics'.
"The Weary Generations".
"The Weary Generations", an Urdu novel by Abdullah Hussein, tracks the prehistory of the partition through the experiences of the main character, Naeem, a veteran of the First World War who faces up to the futility and meaningless of the partition.
"Basti".
"Basti" by Intizar Hussain is an Urdu novel that focuses on the partition as memory, through the lens of protagonist Zakir, a historian who seeks to come to terms with this memory in the context of the happenings in 1971 in Pakistan leading up to the formation of Bangladesh.
"The Dark Dancer".
"The Dark Dancer" is a novel by Balachandra Rajan that portrays the experiences of an Indian educated abroad who returns home to face the horror of the Partition.
" A Bend in the Ganges".
"A Bend in the Ganges" is a novel by Manohar Malgonkar that features some of the graphic violence that occurred during the partition.
"Sunlight on a Broken Column".
"Sunlight on a Broken Column" is a novel by Attia Hosain which depicts the experiences of the protagonist, Laila, a young woman from a taluqdari family of Oudh, in the years leading up to the partition.
"Pinjar".
"Pinjar" is a Punjabi novel written by Amrita Pritam which is the story of a Hindu Girl who was kidnapped by a Muslim young man who married her. At the time of partition that girl again got chance to go to her family and re-unite which she refuses as she starts loving her husband. A film based on the novel was released in 2003 while the TV series adapted from the novel was broadcast on TVOne Pakistan in 2018.
"Bano".
Bano is an Urdu novel by Razia Butt which is the story of a Muslim family in Ludhyiana (located in undivided Punjab) and two lovers Hassan and Bano who got separated during partition. The heart breaking story of the partition of India further continues after the independence of Pakistan. Later, the novel was also adapted into a TV series which broadcast on Hum TV (Pakistan) in 2010.
Kingdom's End and Other Stories.
"Kingdom's End and Other Stories" (1987) is a collection of stories written by Saadat Hasan Manto, published by Penguin Books India ().
The majority of stories by this Urdu writer from Punjab revolve around the end of the Raj, Partition and communalism. His stories include "Thanda Gosht, Khol Do, Toba Tek Singh, Iss Manjdhar Mein, Mozalle, Babu Gopi Nath" etc. Some of his characters became legendary. An online translation of "Toba Tek Singh" is available.
"Raavi Paar and Other Stories".
"Raavi Paar and Other Stories" (2000) is a collection of stories by Sampooran Singh Gulzar that deal with the partition of India and Pakistan.
The book was published by HarperCollins Publishers India .
"Sacred Games".
While Vikram Chandra's 2006 novel "Sacred Games" is not about partition, it does contain a long and graphic chapter describing the main character's mother's flight as a young Sikh girl from what would become Pakistani Punjab, during which her beloved older sister was abducted.
"Train to Pakistan".
This saga by Khushwant Singh was first published in 1956. Singh's version of the Partition is a social one, providing human accounts in a diverse, detailed character base where each person has unique points of view, pointing out that everyone is equally at fault and that placing blame was irrelevant. Interwoven with this point are the subtle questions of morality which Singh asks through his characters, such as whether or not the bad needs to be recognized to promote the good, and what constitutes a good deed. It was adapted into a Hindi film by the same name by Pamela Rooks in 1998.
"Train to Pakistan" (1990). Grove Press; .
"Tamas".
Penned by Bhisham Sahni and the winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1975, "Tamas" depicted riots in a small Indian town. The novel was later adapted into a TV series by the same name for Doordarshan, and later a one-off four-hour feature film.
"Tamas" – Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.. .
"Midnight's Children".
Salman Rushdie wrote this famous surrealistic fiction full of satirical references to the event of partition and independence. The "midnight" alluded to in the title is the moment at which partition and independence became official. It was later adapted into a film by the same name by Deepa Mehta.
"Midnight's Children" (1980). New York: Knopf, 1981; .
"Purbo-Paschim".
"Purbo-Paschim" (East and the West) is an epic Bengali saga by Sunil Gangopadhyay. The narrative deals with a particular family that had to migrate from East Pakistan to West Bengal, and their fight against the tide. The story stretches from a pre-independence period to early 1980s and reflects the socio-economical changes that this region went through during this long period of time.
"A Fine Balance".
Written by Rohinton Mistry, the story is set in 1975. However, the Partition plays a dominant role in the narrative.
"A Fine Balance" (2001). Random House
"Ice-Candy Man".
Bapsi Sidhwa's 1989 novel "Ice-Candy Man", written in the backdrop of the riots in Lahore, was re-released in 1991 as "Cracking India". Later the story was made into a film, called "Earth" by Deepa Mehta.
"Interpreter of Maladies".
Jhumpa Lahiri was awarded the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for "Interpreter of Maladies", a collection of short stories some of which involved the aftermath of the partition.
Interpreter of Maladies (1999). Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin.
"Kitne Pakistan".
"Kitne Pakistan" (How Many Pakistan?) 2000 Hindi novel by Kamleshwar, noted 20th-century Hindi writer, a pioneer of the "Nayi Kahani" i ("New Story") movement of the 1950s, deals with historical context on the based on the rise of communalism, the violence and bloodshed in aftermath of partition of India in 1947 and examines the nature and futility of divisive politics and religion.
"Azadi".
Semi-autobiographical novel by Chaman Nahal.
Azadi (Freedom). New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, and Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1975; London, Deutsch, 1977 .
"The Shadow Lines".
"The Shadow Lines" is a novel by Amitav Ghosh. It is a non-linear narrative that covers several crucial periods in the history of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. It explored the themes of violence, memory, loss, and of the 'grand narratives' propagated by those in power, as opposed to the more individual and personal 'little narratives' seen through its central characters, Thamma, Tridib, and the unnamed narrator.
"Aangan".
"Aangan" is a Urdu-language award winning novel by Khadija Mastoor. Aangan means "Courtyard", thus as the name represents it deals with the events of life inside the house walls at the time of partition and depicts the stories of its characters "Chammi", "Aaliya", "Tehmina" and "Salma" from Aaliya's perspective. The novel was also adapted into a TV series with the same name by Hum TV (Pakistan).
Plays.
"Drawing the Line" is a 2013 play by Howard Brenton, centred on Cyril Radcliffe and his part in the partition of India in 1947. It premiered from 3 December 2013 to 11 January 2014, in a production directed by Howard Davies at London's Hampstead Theatre.
Feature films.
"Garam Hawa".
Directed by M. S. Sathyu, "Garam Hawa" (1973) was Balraj Sahni's last major role.
"Meghe Dhaka Tara" (The Cloud-Capped Star).
Directed by Ritwik Ghatak, "Meghe Dhaka Tara" (1960), never explicitly mentions the Partition, but takes place in a refugee camp in the outskirts of Calcutta, and concerns an impoverished genteel Hindu bhadralok family and the problems they face because of Partition.
"Komal Gandhar" (E Flat).
Directed by Ritwik Ghatak "Komal Gandhar" (1961), the protagonists suffer from the same anguish: the separation from their home, on the other side of the border.
"Dharmputra".
It was first Hindi film to depict the partition of India, and Hindu fundamentalism, "Dharmputra" (1961) directed by Yash Chopra, two years after he made his debut with "Dhool Ka Phool" (1959), steeped in Nehruvian secularism, wherein a Muslim brings up an 'illegitimate' Hindu child and featured classic song, "Tu Hindu banega na Musalman banega, insaan ki aulaad hai, insaan banega", the theme was reverse in this film as herein a Hindu family brings an illegitimate Muslim child, who grows up to become a Hindu fundamentalist. The film was critically acclaimed, and won the 9th National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi., however its release saw near riots at the theatre, discouraging other Hindi film directors from approaching the theme for another decade, although subtly.
"Earth".
Directed by Deepa Mehta, "Earth" (1998), an India/Canada co-production, is a thoughtful examination of a circle of friends and acquaintances affected by the Partition. A scoundrel uses communal violence as an excuse for retaliation against a romantic rival. The film is based on Bapsi Sidhwa's "Cracking India"; Sidhwa co-wrote the screenplay with Mehta. Contains brutal scenes of communal carnage.
"Hey Ram".
Kamal Haasan wrote, directed, and starred in "Hey Ram" (2000) film about the Partition and the assassination of Gandhi. The story follows the life of a south Indian Brahmin man caught up in the madness surrounding the direct action day in Calcutta and the subsequent events culminating in the assassination of Gandhi. It portrays the greatness of M.K. Gandhi in a telling way and also shows how even educated men acted mad out of grief and rage during the partition. The screenplay is done brilliantly touching many things that are common to the modern nations of India and Pakistan, starting from the Indus valley civilisation.
"Gadar: Ek Prem Katha".
Directed by Anil Sharma, "" (2001), is an Indian movie about the Partition; notable for shocking scenes of riot and massacre of Hindus and Sikhs being killed in the famous scene of train full of dead bodies of Hindu and Sikh people escaping from Pakistan. The train was marked by Pakistani mobs by writing "Ajadi Ka Tohfa," that translates as "Gift of Independence" on it. In the movie the trains that came from Pakistan had another sentence written on them, which translates as "Indians! learn cutting from us." It was a major hit.
"Khamosh Paani (Silent Waters)".
Directed by Sabiha Sumar, "Khamosh Pani" (Silent Waters) (2003), depicts the partition ironically and shows the situation of Jihadis in 1979 Pakistan.
"Pinjar".
"Pinjar" was a 2003 film, adapted from the novel by same name by Amrita Pritam, and had Urmila Matondkar in the role of the protagonist, "Puro".
"Partition".
Directed by Vic Sarin "Partition", is a Canada/UK/South Africa co-production. A retired Sikh military officer (played by Jimi Mistry) helps and falls in love with a Muslim teenaged girl (played by Kristin Kreuk).
"Tamas".
Based on author, Bhisham Sahni's acclaimed Hindi novel, "Tamas" (1987) depicted the makings of riots in a small Indian town, and its aftermath, first shown adapted into a TV series by Govind Nihalani for Doordarshan, and later shown as a one-off four-hour feature film.
"Gandhi".
Richard Attenborough's film on Gandhi's life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Gandhi's reaction.the movie won 8 Academy Awards
"Jinnah".
Jamil Dehlavi's film on Jinnah's life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Jinnah's reaction.
"The Sky Below".
A feature-length award-winning documentary by Sarah Singh which explores the history and current climate on both sides of the Indo-Pakistani divide (2007).
Advertisements.
The 2013 Google India advertisement "Reunion" (about the Partition of India) has had a strong impact in both India and Pakistan, leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries. It went viral and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013.


Thomas Cochran (judge)

Thomas Cochran (1777 – October 8, 1804) was a Nova Scotia lawyer and judge in Prince Edward Island and Upper Canada.
Cochran was born in Halifax, the son of Thomas Cochran, a merchant and member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for Liverpool, Nova Scotia and Jane Allen. Cochran was one of 8 children born to his father's second wife.
He studied at King's College, spent time in Quebec before headed to England to further his studies at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the English bar in 1801. In that same year, Cochran was appointed Chief Justice for Prince Edward Island.
In June 1802, he was named judge for the Court of King's Bench for Upper Canada and headed west from Prince Edward Island. Cochran was travelling aboard the schooner to attend a trial in the province when the ship sank in a winter storm on Lake Ontario in 1804. There were no survivors. He was replaced on the bench by Robert Thorpe.


Lee Eun-ju

Lee Eun-ju (December 22, 1980 – February 22, 2005) was a South Korean actress. She was the star of hit films including "Taegukgi" and "The Scarlet Letter". She died by suicide at age 24.
Life and career.
Born in Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, Lee studied piano for much of her youth, without giving much thought to becoming an actress. She moved to Seoul after graduating high school and was first noticed in the mid-1990s as a model for school uniforms. After finding work as a model, she began to be offered roles in various TV dramas, including "Start" and "KAIST". Her film debut came in 1999, when she played the younger sister in Park Chong-wan's award-winning feature "Rainbow Trout". Her first lead role came as the title character in acclaimed director Hong Sang-soo's "Virgin Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors" (2000), where she gave one of the most memorable performances in all of Hong's films. Following this, she teamed with actor Lee Byung-hun in the 2001 hit film "Bungee Jumping of Their Own", and also scored a hit opposite Cha Tae-hyun in the melodrama "Lovers' Concerto".
Lee's later career was marked by several turns in films that failed at the box-office, plus a key role in the record-breaking Korean War film "Taegukgi". In 2004 she appeared in the very popular Korean drama, "Phoenix", and later that year she starred in her last feature, Daniel H. Byun's "The Scarlet Letter" which screened as the Closing Film at the 2004 Pusan International Film Festival.
"I'm called a new generation star, but I don't want to be the kind of person who achieves instant fame and then is quickly forgotten. I want to learn step-by-step how to become a good actress, and gradually work my way up. A star achieves brilliance, but is soon forgotten; to become an actress takes more time." [Interview Excerpt: Kino, #60, February 2000]
Death and subsequent tributes.
On the night of February 22, 2005, only a few days after her graduation from Dankook University, Lee died by suicide at her apartment in Bundang, Seongnam, after slitting her wrists and hanging herself. She was 24 years old. The family blamed the suicide on severe bouts of depression and mental illness and said she had been suffering from insomnia due to the nude scenes she had done in "The Scarlet Letter".
She left a suicide note scrawled in blood, in which she wrote, "Mom, I am sorry and I love you." A separate note said, "I wanted to do too much. Even though I live, I'm not really alive. I don't want anyone to be disappointed. It's nice having money... I wanted to make money."
The news of her death prompted a massive outpouring of grief from fellow actors and filmmakers and fans. Lee Eun-ju was cremated and enshrined in a crypt at Goyang. Hundreds of her fellow actors and entertainers attended her funeral. Vocalist Bada sang "You Were Born to be Loved", and friends spoke in her memory.
Her friends and colleagues have held memorials for Lee every year since her death. The 2007 event was marked by a music CD released in her name, featuring remastered versions of her cover performance of "The Corrs"' "Only When I Sleep" from "The Scarlet Letter", as well as tribute performances by her friends in the entertainment industry.


Naveed Jamali

Naveed Jamali (born February 20, 1976) is an American commentator on national security and former FBI asset. He works for the U.S. Department of Defense as an intelligence officer in the United States Navy Reserve. He is the author of the non-fiction book "How to Catch a Russian Spy" (). He also cochairs the Swatting Mitigation Advisory Committee for the Seattle Police Department.
Biography.
Jamali was born to a French mother and a Pakistani father who met attending graduate school in New York. They later opened a store in Dobbs Ferry, New York, called Books & Research, Inc., which specialized in obtaining books and documents in the pre-Internet age. Starting in 1988, they cooperated with the FBI, which was interested in Soviet (and later Russian) intelligence agents who came into the store seeking hard-to-find U.S. government documents.
Jamali graduated from New York University (1999) with a degree in Political Science and Government. After 9/11, he reached out to the FBI to offer his services, as his parents were nearing retirement. He later became a double agent when a Russian GRU member named Oleg Kulikov attempted to recruit him. The ruse lasted from 2005 to 2009, during which time Kulikov paid Jamali for what he thought were classified documents. The operation ended with Jamali being "arrested" by the FBI in front of Kulikov, blowing Kulikov's cover as a diplomat in the United States.
Following the operation, Jamali was sworn in to the United States Navy Reserve as an Intelligence Officer. He is a contributor to MSNBC and a senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, an American think tank.
In 2015, Jamali and Ellis Henican co-wrote a book, "How to Catch a Russian Spy: The True Story of an American Civilian Turned Double Agent". 20th Century Fox purchased the film rights for the book; it was announced that Mark Heyman will write the screenplay with Marc Webb directing.
On November 27, 2018, Jamali announced a round for the Seattle City Council, representing District 7, after the incumbent, Sally Bagshaw, announced her retirement.
In 2019, Naveed joined Newsweek; first as a columnist, then as an editor-at-large. He has reported extensively on matters of National Security and Intelligence , and was part of the team that broke the Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi raid.


Miramshah airstrike

The Miramshah airstrike took place on Friday 12 September 2008 in Miramshah in North Waziristan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan. It was part of a series of attacks targeting presumed militants, and was carried out by a United States Air Force drone aircraft. It took advantage of the power vacuum in Pakistan, following the fall of Pervez Musharraf on 18 August 2008. The missiles hit two buildings – in one three women and two children were killed, and in the other seven Taliban militants died.
President George W. Bush had two months prior to this attack issued a classified order authorizing US raids against militants in Pakistan without prior approval from Islamabad.
Missile strikes have traditionally provoked an outpouring of public resentment that Musharraf's political opponents used to help drive him from power. Many of those opponents are now seated in the new government – giving it broader political support and fewer high-profile critics.
The attack came at the same time as American and international troops was fighting Taliban and al-Qaeda militants close by in neighboring Afghanistan. The upsurge in strikes alarmed Pakistani military and government officials, who said it seriously undermined their counter-insurgency operations. Pakistan had repeatedly stated, that it would not allow foreign forces onto its territory and that it would vigorously protect its sovereignty. It said that cross border raids were not the best way of fighting the "war against terror".


Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri

Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri (; ; born January 5, 1965) is a Saudi Arabian citizen alleged to be the mastermind of the bombing of USS "Cole" and other maritime terrorist attacks. He is alleged to have headed al-Qaeda operations in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf states prior to his capture in November 2002 by the CIA's Special Activities Division.
Al-Nashiri was captured in Dubai in 2002 and held for four years in secret CIA prisons known as "black sites" in Afghanistan, Thailand, Poland, Morocco, and Romania, before being transferred to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. While being interrogated, al-Nashiri was waterboarded, a technique since classified as torture. In 2005 the CIA destroyed the tapes of Nashiri's waterboarding. In another incident he was naked and hooded and threatened with a gun and a power drill to scare him into talking.
Al-Nashiri was granted victim status in 2010 by the Polish government and a Polish prosecutor began "investigating the possible abuse of power by Polish public officials with regard to a CIA black site" in 2008.
In December 2008, al-Nashiri was charged by the United States before a Guantanamo Military Commission. The charges were dropped in February 2009 and reinstated in 2011. As of 2011, al-Nashiri is on trial before a military tribunal in Guantanamo on charges of war crimes that carry the death penalty. As it is extremely unlikely he would be freed if found not guilty, his lawyers have called the proceeding a show trial.
In April 2019, a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated all orders issued by Air Force Colonel Vance Spath, the presiding military judge over al-Nashiri's case from November 2015, on the grounds that Spath had failed to properly disclose his ongoing employment negotiations with the Department of Justice to al-Nashiri.
Background.
Born in Saudi Arabia, al-Nashiri travelled to Afghanistan in the early 1990s to participate in attacks against the Russians in the region, at a time when the United States supported the mujahideen in such actions. In 1996, he travelled to Tajikistan and then Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where he first met Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden attempted to convince al-Nashiri to join al-Qaeda at this point, but he refused because he found the idea of swearing a loyalty oath to bin Laden to be distasteful. After al-Nashiri travelled to Yemen, he is alleged to have begun to consider committing terrorist actions against United States interests.
When he returned to Afghanistan in 1997, he again met bin Laden, but again declined to join in the terrorist group. Instead, he fought with the Taliban against the Afghan Northern Alliance. Still, he assisted in the smuggling of four anti-tank missiles into Saudi Arabia, and helped arrange for a terrorist to get a Yemeni passport. His cousin, Jihad Mohammad Ali al-Makki, was one of the suicide bombers in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya.
Allegedly joined al-Qaeda.
Finally, probably in 1998, al-Nashiri is alleged to have joined al-Qaeda, reporting directly to bin Laden. In late 1998, he conceived of a plot to attack a U.S. vessel using a boat full of explosives. Bin Laden personally approved of the plan, and provided money for it. First, al-Nashiri allegedly attempted to attack as a part of the 2000 millennium attack plots, but the boat he used was overloaded with explosives and began to sink.
The next attempt was the USS "Cole" bombing, which was successful. Seventeen U.S. sailors were killed, and many more were injured. This terrorist attack made al-Nashiri prominent within al-Qaeda, and he allegedly was made the chief of operations for the Arabian Peninsula. He organized the "Limburg" tanker bombing in 2002 of a French-flagged vessel off Yemen, and he may have planned other attacks as well.
Arrest.
In November 2002, al-Nashiri was captured in the United Arab Emirates. He is in American military custody in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, having previously been held at some secret locations. On September 29, 2004, he was sentenced to death "in absentia" in a Yemeni court for his role in the USS "Cole" bombing.
Before being transported to military custody at Guantanamo, al-Nashiri was held by the CIA at black sites in Thailand and Poland for an undisclosed amount of time. CIA officials disagreed on al-Nashiri's role in planning the "Cole" bombing. One CIA official said of al-Nashiri, "He was an idiot. He couldn't read or comprehend a comic book."
Interrogation.
Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri was interrogated numerous times. At a 2007 hearing in a military court, he attributed his confessions of involvement in the "USS Cole" bombing to torture, including waterboarding. The details of torture that Nashiri offered at the hearing were redacted from the transcript.
Through Freedom of Information Act requests, the American Civil Liberties Union was able to acquire less redacted versions of the transcripts from Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri's Combatant Status Review Tribunal, and those of three other captives.
In his opening statement, al-Nashiri listed seven false confessions he had been coerced to make while being waterboarded.
Al-Nashiri was tortured under the supervision of (then) current Director of the CIA Gina Haspel. A Navy Reserve doctor who interviewed him described him as "one of the most severely traumatized individuals I have ever seen". In August 2018, cables from the secret detention site overseen by Haspel, dating from November 2002 and likely authorized by if not written by her, were released because of a Freedom of Information lawsuit, and they describe the torture of Nashiri in detail, including slamming him against a wall, confining him to a small box, waterboarding him, and depriving him of sleep and clothing, as well as threatening to turn him over to others who would kill him and calling him “a little girl,” “a spoiled little rich Saudi,” and a “sissy.”
During the course of his tribunal, he claimed to have made additional confessions under the duress of torture. He was ostensibly the last of the al-Qaeda suspects to be videotaped, as he was waterboarded in Thailand by CIA officers who questioned him. Shortly after, when a prisoner died in CIA custody in Iraq, the government agents decided against videotaping such interrogations, as this provided criminal "evidence" if things went wrong. All the CIA tapes showing detainees being waterboarded were destroyed in 2005.
It was reported on August 22, 2009, that al-Nashiri was the subject of what is described as a mock execution during his torture by the CIA. A power drill and a handgun were used.
In May 2011, al-Nashiri's lawyers filed a case against Poland with the European Court of Human Rights. They said that Al-Nashiri was held and allegedly tortured in a secret CIA "black site" prison "north of Warsaw" (OSAW) from December 2002 to June 2003 with the collaboration or consent of the Polish government.
Order overruled.
On January 29, 2009, an order from US president Obama's administration to suspend all Guantanamo military commission hearings for 120 days was overruled by military judge Army Colonel James Pohl in al-Nashiri's case.
Charges dropped.
On February 5, 2009, al-Nashiri's charges were withdrawn without prejudice.
Charges re-instated.
 Since 2011, al-Nashiri has been at trial.
Death penalty.
The prosecution planned to request the death penalty for al-Nashiri.
The decision lies with the Convening authority, retired Admiral Bruce MacDonald.
In April 2011, the Department of Defense allowed Richard Kammen, a civilian lawyer with a background in defending suspects against death penalty cases, to join al-Nashiri's defense team.
Al-Nashiri became the first Guantanamo captive to face the death penalty.
Request to end the prosecution.
In a letter in July 2011, al-Nashiri's legal team said:
and
Questioning whether Al Nashiri will continue to be detained if he is acquitted.
On October 24, 2011, Lieutenant Commander Stephen Reyes filed a legal motion requesting that jurors in his case be informed that he may be detained in Guantanamo, even if he was acquitted of all charges.
Al-Nashiri's formal charges are scheduled to be announced at the Tribunal on November 9, 2011.
Legal scholar Robert M. Chesney, of "Lawfare", speculated al-Nashiri would be detained, if acquitted, for at least several more years.
Chesney argued that it would be just to continue to detain al-Nashiri, even if he were acquitted, because conviction requires a higher standard of evidence than a "habeas corpus" petition.
Defense motions filed in April 2012.
Presiding Officer James L. Pohl considered several motions during a pre-trial hearing on April 11, 2012.
He deferred rulings on many of them.
He did rule to unshackle al-Nashiri for meetings with his lawyers, who had argued that he was traumatized by being shackled for years in secret CIA prisons and that being shackled during meetings impairs his ability to work with his lawyers.
Jose Rodriguez's dispute over al Nashiri's role.
On May 8, 2012, Ali Soufan, al-Nashiri's original FBI interrogator, asked whether a recently published book by former CIA official Jose Rodriguez would undermine al-Nashiri's prosecution.
Soufan's original FBI interrogation used the time-tested, legal technique of rapport-building. He has argued that the information derived from the suspect using this technique was reliable, whereas the confessions derived through torture were not.
Rodriguez was in over-all charge of the CIA's extended interrogation program.
According to Soufan, Rodriquez's account of al Nashiri's role in the Cole bombing differed markedly from that of the prosecution. Rodriguez disputed that Al Nashiri had been the bombing's "mastermind", and agreed with a colleague who characterized him as "the dumbest terrorist I have ever met".
Mental health examination.
Presiding Officer James Pohl ruled on February 7, 2013, that an independent panel of mental health experts should examine Al Nashiri, and report on how the documented torture he was subjected to would affect his ability to assist in his own defense. Pohl called for the director of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center to nominate the members of examination team. He called for the team to report back by April 1, 2013. The team is supposed to be given full access to al Nashiri's medical files, including the top secret records from his times in CIA custody. The assessment was requested by the prosecution.
Al Nashiri's defense team objected to the assessment, based on their doubts that a team appointed by the Office of Military Commissions could be relied upon. They called for the team to rely on the advice of Vincent Iacopino for how to interview Al Nashiri, without causing additional damage. Iacopino, a renowned expert on torture, had testified before the Military Commission on February 5, 2013 about the possible effects of torture on Al Nashiri.
According to Richard Kammen, Nashiri's chief lawyer, psychiatric expert Sondra Crosby believes Nashiri is "one of the most damaged victims of torture" she has ever examined.
Military Commission.
In 2011, Vice Admiral Bruce E. MacDonald convened a Guantanamo military commission under the Military Commissions Act of 2009 to try al-Nashiri for the bombing of the USS Cole and the M/V Limburg and the attempted bombing of the USS The Sullivans (DDG-68). Al-Nashiri then sued Vice Admiral MacDonald in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington to block the commission and in May 2012, U.S. District Judge Robert Jensen Bryan rejected al-Nashiri's claim. That judgment was affirmed by United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judges M. Margaret McKeown, Arthur Alarcón, and Sandra Segal Ikuta in December 2013.
On February 18, 2014, al-Nashiri attempted to fire his counsel, Rick Kammen. Judge Pohl granted a recess until February 19, 2014, to allow Kammen to attempt to repair the relationship with his client. If the two are unable to overcome their differences, al-Nashiri would be permitted to fire Kammen under current military commission rules.
In August 2014, al-Nashiri's military trial judge dismissed the charges relating to the M/V Limburg bombing. The Government appealed to the United States Court of Military Commission Review and al-Nashiri then petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for a writ of mandamus disqualifying the military judges. In June 2015, Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson, joined by Judges Judith W. Rogers and Nina Pillard denied al-Nashiri's petition.
Al-Nashiri then sued President Barack Obama in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, seeking an injunction preventing proceedings in his military commission trial until his writ of habeas corpus had been resolved. In December 2014, U.S. District Judge Richard W. Roberts held the case in abeyance pending resolution of al-Nashiri's military commission trial and so denied as moot al-Nashiri's lawsuit against the President. Judge Roberts reasoned that the abstention doctrine announced in "Schlesinger v. Councilman" (1975), which required judicial review of an ongoing court-martial to wait until it is completed, also applied to al-Nashiri's military commission. In August 2016, D.C. Circuit Judge Thomas B. Griffith, joined by Judge David B. Sentelle, affirmed that judgment, over the dissent of Judge David S. Tatel.
On October 18, 2016, the new military judge, Air Force Colonel Vance Spath took a step that Stephen Vladeck, a law professor and national security expert described as "unprecedented". Spath had United States Marshals take Stephen Gill, into custody, to compel him to testify at a pre-trial hearing.
In October 2018, al-Nashiri petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for a writ of mandamus and prohibition, seeking a vacatur of all military commission orders issued by Colonel Spath. Al-Nashiri argued that "inter alia", Spath had failed to disclose his job application to the Department of Justice and the subsequent employment negotiations concerning an open position for an immigration judge in the Executive Office for Immigration Review, which created an appearance of bias, disqualifying Spath from presiding over al-Nashiri's military commission. Spath had retired on November 1, 2018, and was appointed by Attorney General Jeff Sessions as an immigration judge in October 2018. After oral arguments were held before a panel consisting of Judge Rogers, Tatel, and Griffith, the Court vacated all orders issued by Spath, concluding that "Spath’s job application to the Justice Department created a disqualifying appearance of partiality". In writing for a unanimous court, Tatel wrote:
European Court of Human Rights judgment.
On July 24, 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that Poland violated the European Convention on Human Rights when it cooperated with the U.S. by allowing the CIA to hold and torture al-Nashiri and Abu Zubaydah on its territory in 2002–2003. The court ordered the Polish government to pay each of the men 100,000 euros in damages. Additionally, the ECHR ordered the Polish government to disclose details of the men's detention and to seek diplomatic assurances from the United States that al-Nashiri will not be executed.
On the 31 May 2018, in the Case of Al Nashiri v. Romania (Application no. 33234/12) the Court claimed Romania was complicit in CIA rendition and had suffered various ECHR violations. It stated the following in its rulings;
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the convention, EUR 100,000 (one hundred thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
The court therefore found that Mr Al Nashiri had been within Romania's jurisdiction and that the country had been responsible for the violation of his rights under the convention. It also recommended that Romania conclude a full investigation into Mr Al Nashiri's case as quickly as possible and, if necessary, punish any officials responsible. The country should also seek assurances from the United States that Mr Al Nashiri will not suffer the death penalty.
On 31 May 2018, the ECHR ruled that Romania and Lithuania also violated the rights of Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri in 2003-2005 and in 2005-2006 respectively, and Lithuania and Romania were ordered to pay 100,000 euros in damages each to Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Nashiri.


Lothar Wolleh

Lothar Wolleh (January 20, 1930 – September 28, 1979) was a well-known German photographer.
Until the end of the sixties, Lothar Wolleh worked as a commercial photographer. He took portraits of international contemporary painters, sculptors and performance artists. Altogether, he photographed about 109 artists, including known personalities such as Georg Baselitz, Joseph Beuys, Dieter Roth, Jean Tinguely, René Magritte, Günther Uecker, Gerhard Richter, Edward Kienholz, Otto Piene, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Christo.
Life.
Lothar Wolleh was the first of four sons of the single worker Else Martha Wolleh born in Berlin-Wedding. He spent the war years in Berlin. The bombing of the Allies, especially the death of the uncle's family as well as his participation "in the last squad" in the final battle for Berlin in April and May 1945 have left deep psychological traces throughout his life. In the years from 1946 to 1947 he studied "concrete painting" in the elementary school class at the "Hochschule für angewandte Kunst" in Berlin-Weißensee.
From December 1947 to October 1949, he lived in “Boys Town” in Bad Vilbel, a camp run by the US Army for uprooted young Germans, based on the approach of Father Edward J. Flanagan. A few months after his return to Berlin in July 1950, he was arrested by the Soviet occupying forces and sentenced by a special court "OSO" (remote judgement from Moscow) to 15 years in a forced labor camp for alleged espionage and diversion under Articles 58.6 and 58.9 of the USSR. Until 1956 Wolleh was in the GULAG labor camp Vorkutlag in the USSR, where he did forced labor in a coal mine. Wolleh was able to return to Berlin in 1956, due to Konrad Adenauer's successful negotiations on the return of German prisoners of war. The torture after the arrest and the hard detention and working conditions in coal mining left behind physical damage and post-traumatic disorders. At the same time, the GULAG labor camp Vorkutlag established his first contact with photography and a mythical worship of light.
After his return from prison, from 1956 to 1957 Wolleh obtained an education in the Lette-Verein, a continuation school for photography, design and fashion in Berlin. He took part in a regular monthly recovery program of the World Council of Churches for war-disabled youth. This program made it possible for him to visit the Swedish island of Gotland in 1958, which was a motivation for his lifelong strong affinity towards Sweden, its culture, landscape and people.
From 1962 until his death he lived and worked in Düsseldorf as a freelance photographer. Initially, he worked primarily in advertising and later turned to his artistic work. In 1964 he married his wife Karin. His son Oliver was born in 1965, his daughter Anouchka in 1966. In 1979 Lothar Wolleh died after an asthma attack in London, after he had portrayed Henry Moore. His grave is on Gotland.
Work.
As a freelancer for the advertising agency TEAM, which also included Helmut Newton, Wolleh became one of the most famous and expensive fashion, advertising and portrait photographers in the Federal Republic of Germany. His clients included well-known companies such as the Deutsche Bundesbahn, Tchibo or Volkswagen. In 1965 he portrayed Chancellor Ludwig Erhard for the campaign for the general election.
In the years 1962 to 1965 Wolleh photographed the Second Vatican Council in Rome. With the help of Father Emil Schmitz SJ, Wolleh's first photo book "Das Konzil, II Vatikanisches Konzil" published in 1965 by the publisher Belser. In 1975 he photographed the Jubilee celebration, and published the photographic folios "Apostolorum Limina" (1975). This work, with its blurring, represents a radical evolution of Wolleh´s color photography, as suggested by the first book "Das Konzil, II Vatikanisches Konzil".
In 1969, Wolleh traveled for several months through the Soviet Union. The photographs taken on this journey found their way into the 1970 illustrated book USSR - The Soviet State and its People, which he published together with Heinrich Böll and Valentin Katajew with Belser publisher.
In the late 1960s, at the request of his friend the German painter Günther Uecker, Wolleh began to systematically portray more than one hundred international well known painters, sculptors, and Actionists. From the 1970s Wolleh hardly worked as a commercial photographer and devoted himself almost exclusively to his series of artist portraits, in which he first photographed the well-known artists of the Düsseldorf scene, including Heinz Mack, Otto Piene, Joseph Beuys and Gerhard Richter. Soon, however, his project expanded beyond the borders of the Rhineland to the whole of Europe, focusing on the Zero (art) group or the Nouveau Réalisme with its members like Niki de Saint Phalle and Jean Tinguely.
Out of this project several comprehensive photobook-projects evolved:
Several book and art portfolio projects remained unfinished, so a volume to Lucio Fontana, Jan Schoonhoven, The illustrated book "Men of Management", in which company founders and managers of the leading German companies were portrayed not to be released because of feared attacks by the Red Army faction. Further projects were the underwater book, which Beuys and Wolleh had planned together and created the 51 format-filling pictures for the book. The photographs were taken during the construction of the Beuys exhibition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1971.
Between 1977 and 1979 there were several stays in Poland. in the Wolleh until his death at the unfinished photo volumes The black Madonna of Czestochowa and Wawel Castle worked. During this time, numerous portraits of the Polish avant-garde emerged.[1]
Wolleh's photograph of René Magritte and his wife is said to have inspired Paul Simon to compose the ballad "Rene And Georgette Magritte With Their Dog After The War".
In his work, Lothar Wolleh pursued idiosyncratic creative principles that give his portraits an unmistakable signature. His works are precisely designed and staged through a clear, often strictly symmetrical image structure. The portrayed persons are usually placed as a whole figure on the vertical central axis in the upper half of the picture. Often the camera is on the ground or near the ground, so that it occupies almost the entire lower half of the picture, receives a base function and a clear horizon line divides the image area. Another characteristic is the black and white photography, in the context of a basically square format. In total, Lothar Wolleh portrayed 109 artists.
In 2007, the comprehensive retrospective "Lothar Wolleh – Eine Wiederentdeckung: Fotografien 1959 bis 1979 (Lothar Wolleh - A Rediscovery: Photographs 1959 to 1979)" was shown in Germany at Kunsthalle Bremen, Stadtmuseum Hofheim, Kunstmuseum Ahlen and the Deutschherrenhaus Koblenz.


Niagara (tug)

The Niagara was a large wooden tugboat that sank on June 4, 1904 on Lake Superior near the town of Duluth, Minnesota, Lake County, Minnesota after running aground near Knife River. On April 14, 1994 the wreck of the "Niagara" was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
History.
The "Niagara" (Official number 18714) was one of the large class of "outside" tugboats that were built for timber rafting on the Great Lakes. They were designed for the lumber industry which at the time was very large. She was built by the Detroit Dry Dock Company in 1872 as hull number #9.
She was long, her beam was wide and she had a depth of . The vessel measured 276.87 gross register tons and 183.05 net register tons. The "Niagara" is significant because of her work in the Great Lakes lumber industry.
In 1889 the "Niagara" was rebuilt and had a new engine and machinery installed. Her new engine was a 56-horsepower fore and aft compound steam engine that had bores of 24 inches and 44 inches by 36 inch stroke. The new engine was built by the Frontier Engine Works Company of Detroit, Michigan. Her new Scotch marine boiler -wide and -high, and it was built by Thomas McGregor of Detroit, Michigan.
Final voyage.
On the day of June 4, 1904 the "Niagara" was sailing from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan to Duluth, Minnesota to tow some construction equipment owned by Hugo & Tims from Duluth, Minnesota To Lake Huron. She was sailing in heavy weather when she ran aground on Knife Island. The crew of the "Niagara" claimed that the reason for their grounding was that their compass failed because it started detecting magnetic anomalies on the shoreline. Her captain ordered her engine to be reversed, but the strong winds and heavy seas drove her onto the rocks. Huge waves began to pound the "Niagara"; she began to break apart quickly. Distress calls that were being sent by the "Niagara" were heard in a village at the mouth of Knife River. The village's telegraph operator telegraphed the town of Two Harbors, Minnesota to request assistance. The steel tug "Edna G" was sent to rescue her crew. She quickly arrived to assist the "Niagara"'s crew. The "Edna G" rescued the eleven crewmen and two passengers that were aboard. The only person who sustained an injury was Mrs. A. Merritt who cut her hand on a piece of broken glass while she was escaping her cabin.
On June 16, 1904 the Duluth Evening News reported that the "Niagara" was quickly stripped of her boiler, engine, machinery, and iron and steel work, then the pieces were placed the machinery in the Whitney Brother's dock in Duluth, Minnesota.
Wreck of the "Niagara".
The wreck of the "Niagara" lies in four pieces on a rocky slope off Knife Island. The four sections of her hull include: her stem, her starboard side and keel, her port side and a detached section of her starboard side rail. There is no trace of her stern which means that either it was recovered during a salvage attempt, or it lies quite far away from the rest of the wreckage. There is also a small section of her deck is still attached to her port side. The "Niagara" is also a rare vessel because she is one of only two known rafting tugs in the Minnesota portion of Lake Superior, the other one being the "Bob Anderson" which was built in 1862.


Ryan Davies

Ryan Davies (22 January 1937 – 22 April 1977) was a versatile popular Welsh entertainer of the 1960s and 1970s.
Biography.
He was born in the Carmarthenshire village of Glanamman, and was educated in Bangor and at the Central School of Speech and Drama. His first professional appearance was in the National Eisteddfod of Wales in Aberavon in 1966. His talents were quickly recognised by BBC Wales. He made his name on Welsh language television shows such as the sitcom "Fo a Fe". The head of Light Entertainment, Meredydd Edwards, brought together Ryan and Ronnie Williams as a double act, and the pair had immediate success, first in their Welsh-language television show "Ryan a Ronnie". This also launched them onto the concert and cabaret circuit across Wales.
Ryan and Ronnie's show became so popular that it was moved to BBC1 and broadcast in English, winning them a much wider audience, and three series were shown between 1971 and 1973. Davies's speciality was dressing up as a "typical" Welsh housewife for a weekly sketch on the show known as "Our House", in which Ryan played "Mam" and Ronnie played Will, the father. Ryan and Ronnie were hugely popular in Wales. They were the first comedians ever to make TV series in Welsh and English, and were thought of fondly as the Welsh answer to Morecambe and Wise.
Davies had a simultaneous solo career as a singer, pianist and songwriter. His best-known compositions are: "Hen Geiliog y Gwynt", "Nadolig Pwy a Wyr" and "Blodwen a Meri". His album, "Ryan at the Rank", is now regarded as a classic. Davies starred as "2nd Voice" in the 1972 film "Under Milk Wood" with Richard Burton. One of Ryan's own songs, "Pan Fo'r Nos yn Hir", was performed at his funeral. It has been recorded by other performers, including Rhydian Roberts on his 2011 album "Welsh Songs: Caneuon Cymraeg", and the Whitland Male Voice Choir on their centenary album "A Hundred Years of Song". Other songs written by Ryan and sung with his partner Ronnie Williams in their television series have been covered by other artists, including "Ti a dy ddoniau" (Jodie Marie) and "Yn y bore" (Emyr Wyn Gibson & Steve Pablo Jones).
In 1975, the duo split, the official reason being Ronnie's ill-health, with Ryan continuing to appear extensively on television and making a traditional Christmas appearance in pantomime at the Swansea Grand Theatre. However, it was Ryan who, in 1977, died suddenly of an asthma attack while visiting friends in Buffalo, New York, USA.
Ryan married his childhood sweetheart Irene, and they had two children, Bethan and Arwyn; Arwyn has been an actor in the Welsh television serial "Pobol y Cwm" since 1993.


Martita Hunt

Martita Edith Hunt (30 January 190013 June 1969) was an Argentine-born British theatre and film actress. She had a dominant stage presence and played a wide range of powerful characters. She is best remembered for her performance as Miss Havisham in David Lean's "Great Expectations".
Biography.
Early life.
Hunt was born in Buenos Aires on 30 January 1900 to English parents Alfred and Marta (née Burnett) Hunt. She spent the first 20 years of her life in Argentina before she returned with her parents to the United Kingdom to attend Queenwood Ladies' College in Eastbourne and then to train as an actress.
Early theatrical career.
Hunt began her acting career in repertory theatre at Liverpool before moving to London. She first appeared there in the Stage Society's production of Ernst Toller's "The Machine Wreckers" at the Kingsway Theatre in May 1923. From 1923 to 1929, she appeared as the Principessa della Cercola in W. Somerset Maugham's "Our Betters" (Globe, 1924) and as Mrs. Linde in Ibsen's "A Doll's House" (Playhouse, 1925) in the West End, along with engagements at club theatres such as the Q Theatre and the Arts Theatre and a short 1926 Chekhov season at the small Barnes Theatre under Theodore Komisarjevsky (playing Charlotta Ivanovna, in "The Cherry Orchard" and Olga in "Three Sisters").
In September 1929, she joined the Old Vic company, then led by Harcourt Williams, and, during the following eight months played Béline in Molière's "The Imaginary Invalid", Queen Elizabeth in George Bernard Shaw's "The Dark Lady of the Sonnets", and Lavinia in Shaw's "Androcles and the Lion". However, her time there was more noted for a succession of Shakespearean roles: the Nurse in "Romeo and Juliet", Portia in "The Merchant of Venice", the Queen in "Richard II", Helena in "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Portia in "Julius Caesar"), including roles with John Gielgud (Rosalind in "As You Like It", Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth", and Gertrude in "Hamlet").
In Hunt's entry in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Donald Roy wrote:"With an arresting appearance and a dominant stage presence, she proved most effective as strong, tragic characters, her Gertrude in "Hamlet" being accounted by some critics the finest they had seen."
She then returned to the West End (briefly returning to the Old Vic to play Emilia in the 1938 "Othello"), notably playing Edith Gunter in Dodie Smith's "Autumn Crocus" (Lyric, 1931), the Countess of Rousillon in "All's Well That Ends Well" (Arts, 1932), Lady Strawholme in Ivor Novello's "Fresh Fields" (Criterion, 1933), Liz Frobisher in John Van Druten's "The Distaff Side" (Apollo, 1933), Barbara Dawe in Clemence Dane's "Moonlight Is Silver" (Queen's, 1934), Theodora in Elmer Rice's "Not for Children" (Fortune, 1935), Masha in Chekhov's "The Seagull" (New Theatre, 1936), the Mother in an English-language version of García Lorca's "Bodas de sangre" ("Marriage of Blood"; Savoy, 1939), Léonie in Jean Cocteau's "Les Parents Terribles" (Gate, 1940), Mrs Cheveley in Oscar Wilde's "An Ideal Husband" (Westminster, 1943), and Cornelia in John Webster's "The White Devil" (Duchess, 1947).
Early film career.
Hunt also appeared in many supporting roles in several popular British films such as "Good Morning, Boys" (1937), "Trouble Brewing" (1939), and "The Man in Grey" (1943). "The Wicked Lady" (1945) was an international success, but her next film role in David Lean's "Great Expectations" (1946) would be her most famous and most lauded. As Miss Havisham, she reprised her role from the 1939 stage adaptation by Alec Guinness which provided the inspiration and template for Lean's film. Her performance met with significant acclaim, and Roger Ebert later wrote in 1999 that she "dominate[d] the [film's] early scenes, playing Miss Havisham as a beak-nosed, shabby figure, bedecked in crumbling lace and linen, not undernourished despite her long exile."
Later career.
From this time on, she divided her time between British and American films as well as the stage. She won a Tony Award in 1949 for her Broadway début as Countess Aurelia in the English-speaking première of Giraudoux's "The Madwoman of Chaillot" (though she had relatively less impact on the production's 1952 tour). Her last stage role was as Angélique Boniface in "Hotel Paradiso", an adaptation from Feydeau, again with Guinness at the Winter Garden Theatre in May 1956.
Other films in which she appeared include: "Anna Karenina" (1948), "The Fan" (1949), "Anastasia" (1956), "Three Men in a Boat" (1956), "The Admirable Crichton" (1957), "The Brides of Dracula" (1960), "The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm" (1962), "Becket" (1964), "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" (1964) and "Bunny Lake Is Missing" (1965). She also appeared on TV as Lady Bastable in several adaptations of the Saki stories (1962)
Death.
Martita Hunt died of bronchial asthma at her home in Hampstead, London, aged 69, on 13 June 1969. Her estate was valued at £5,390. She never married. She was an aunt of actor Gareth Hunt.
She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 19 June and her ashes lie in the Ivor Novello Rose Bed.


Stephen Milligan

Stephen David Wyatt Milligan (12 May 1948 – 7 February 1994) was a British Conservative politician and journalist. He held a number of senior journalistic posts until his election to serve as Member of Parliament (MP) for Eastleigh in 1992. Milligan was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jonathan Aitken, Minister of State for Defence, and was regarded as a "rising star" of the Conservative Party.
Milligan was found dead in his house in Hammersmith, London, in February 1994, apparently self-strangled during an act of autoerotic asphyxiation.
Early life.
Milligan was born in Godalming, Surrey, on 12 May 1948, the son of David Milligan, a company secretary at House of Fraser, and Ruth Seymour, a ballet teacher. Educated at Bradfield College, and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics. At Oxford, he became president of both the Oxford Union and the Oxford University Conservative Association. He was a contemporary of journalist Libby Purves, whom he once partnered to a College Ball.
Career.
Journalism.
Milligan joined "The Economist" in 1970, and was industrial editor and chief EEC correspondent from 1972 to 1980. In 1976, he published a book, "The New Barons", on British trade unions in the 1970s. Still working for "The Economist", he took a position as presenter of "The World Tonight" on BBC Radio 4 from 1980 until 1983. He later became foreign editor and Washington correspondent at "The Sunday Times" from 1984 until 1987, before rejoining the BBC in 1988 as a European correspondent. "Sunday Times" editor Andrew Neil described Milligan: "He possessed an enquiring, original intelligence, a wide knowledge of foreign and domestic affairs and he was great fun to work with, his infectious laugh filling our editorial meetings, where he played a major role in defining the paper's policy positions".
Politics.
Milligan left the Conservative Party upon the formation of the Social Democratic Party in 1981. However, he rejoined the Conservatives and in 1990 was selected as the prospective parliamentary candidate for Eastleigh. He became secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Council in 1991 and was a member of the moderate Bow Group. At the 1992 general election, Milligan was elected as Member of Parliament for Eastleigh with a majority of 17,702. Seen as a 'rising star' in the party and noted for his Commons interventions on foreign policy, he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jonathan Aitken, Minister of State for Defence. His last contribution in Parliament was in a debate on the Energy Conservation Bill on 4 February 1994.
Death.
Milligan was found dead in his house at 64 Black Lion Lane, Hammersmith, London, by his secretary Vera Taggart on 7 February 1994. Milligan had failed to appear in the House of Commons as expected, and so Taggart went to look for him. Milligan's corpse was found naked except for a pair of stockings and suspenders, with an electrical flex tied around his neck, a black bin liner over his head and an orange in his mouth. The coroner concluded that he had died in the early hours of 7 February. The pathology report into Milligan's death discounted the possibility of murder, lending weight to the belief that he died accidentally as a result of autoerotic asphyxiation. No drugs or alcohol were found in his blood, and no substances were found to have contributed to his death.
Aftermath.
Milligan's death significantly contributed to ending John Major's "Back to Basics" policy initiative. In an interview after Milligan's death, Major said that "What I suppose does seem as though it is probable: he must have been pretty unhappy, pretty miserable". Major's characterization of Milligan was criticised by Milligan's cousin, Judge Tim Milligan, who wrote that "with respect to the Prime Minister, Stephen was neither miserable or unhappy. On the contrary, he was thoroughly fulfilled and happy in his work in Westminster and his Eastleigh constituency, which gave him the chance to be of service to others as he always wished."
Milligan left an estate worth £846,860, leaving £5,000 to Oxfam and £500 to St Peter's Church, Hammersmith. Milligan's death triggered a by-election for his Eastleigh seat, which was held on 8 June. The by-election was won by the Liberal Democrat candidate David Chidgey, who would hold the seat until the 2005 general election. The Conservative candidate, Stephen Allison, came third in the by-election.
Following Milligan's death, Hat Trick Productions, the producers of the BBC's satirical television programme "Have I Got News For You", sent black bin bags, oranges and black stockings to journalists to publicise a new series of the show. The BBC subsequently apologised to Milligan's parents for the incident.


List of suicides in Nazi Germany

This is a list of suicides in Nazi Germany. Many prominent Nazis, Nazi followers, and members of the armed forces died by suicide during the last days of World War II. Others killed themselves after being captured. Those who committed suicide includes 8 out of 41 NSDAP regional leaders who held office between 1926 and 1945, 7 out of 47 higher SS and police leaders, 53 out of 554 Army generals, 14 out of 98 Luftwaffe generals, 11 out of 53 admirals in the Kriegsmarine, and an unknown number of junior officials.
In many cases, Nazis died by suicide with their wife and children, a type of joint suicide. There are also notable cases of suicide attempts, such as that of Ludwig Beck.
Suicides occurred in Germany, except where noted otherwise.