Mary Miller (Colorado businesswoman)

Mary E. Miller (1843–1921) settled in the Territory of Colorado in 1863 with her husband, Lafayette Miller. After her husband died, she founded the town of Lafayette, Colorado, named for her husband. Miller was called the "Mother of Lafayette. She was the first woman bank president in the United States, a philanthropist and an astute businesswoman.
In 2002, she was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame, having noted: "Her financial acumen and business leadership helped Lafayette flourish and increased respect for women in business."
Early life.
Mary Elizabeth Foote, nicknamed "Molly", was born in Geneseo, New York on August 3, 1843. Her parents were John B. Foote from Massachusetts and Sarah "Sallie" Cole, who was from New York. Her father was a hotelier and a successful miner during the California Gold Rush. Both of her parents were Episcopalians and she became interested in Christian temperance as a child.
Mary grew up in Hastings, Michigan and Independence, Iowa She married Lafayette Miller, who preferred the nickname "Lafe," on December 24, 1862 in Quasqueton of Buchanan County, Iowa. Lafayette was born on March 18, 1840, one of eleven children born to Mary Ann Able and John Miller, a physician. He grew up in Buchanan County and graduated from Western College in Toledo, Iowa. After their marriage, Lafayette and Mary left Iowa to take advantage of the Homestead Act that promised 160 acres of unoccupied public land. The Millers joined a 50-wagon caravan on June 1, 1863 and traveled to Colorado in three or six covered wagons to Colorado. With them, they brought the region's first threshing machine and had twelve yoke of oxen. They traveled along the Smoky Hill Trail from Missouri to the Territory of Colorado. A couple of times they came under attack by Arapaho and Cheyenne. The Colorado War began within two months of their arrival in Colorado.
Colorado pioneer.
Early years.
In September 1863, they settled along the St. Vrain Creek in Burlington (now Longmont) and lived in a log cabin. In 1865, the Millers moved to land patented by Mary Miller's brother, James B. Foote along Rock Creek in the area around the present-day Rock Creek Farm, near the intersection of Highway 287 and Dillon Road south of the present-day town of Lafayette. Together they purchased the Rock Creek House (later called the Miller Tavern) from Thomas J. Lindsey in 1865. Lindsey acquired the tavern from "Dr. Dow" and built a hotel next to Rock Creek House in 1863. They also established a cattle ranch, farm, and orchard. The Miller Tavern, which Mary Miller described as a "road house" (a drinking establishment) in a November 29, 1912 interview in the Boulder County Miner, was located on the Cherokee Trail along the Denver-Cheyenne route of Ben Holladay's Overland Mail and Express Company, which later became Wells Fargo Mail's stagecoach line. Wells Fargo historians state that the Rock Creek House was never an official stop on the Overland or Wells Fargo stage line, but the stage coach may have stopped from time to time to offload passengers. According to Boulder County Commissioners' minutes of the July 3, 1866 meeting, Lafayette Miller and Thomas Lindsey were granted a saloon license for Rock Creek House, which required a $500 bond and a $50 annual renewal fee. The three entrepreneurs and saloon owners — Lafayette, Mary, and James B. Foote — also sold butter and eggs in Black Hawk.
The Rock Creek House served long distance travelers and freighters, and those traveling from Fort Collins to Denver for shopping excursions. Modern narratives state that when he was the Commanding General of the U.S. Army, Ulysses S. Grant stopped at Rock Creek House. In a 1912 interview, Mary Miller stated that in 1868 Ulysses S. Grant instead stopped at White Rock stage station 8 miles north of Rock Creek House in order to "drink from the old well." In 1867 or 1869, she fed a 100-person troupe with the John Robinson Circus. She fed hot biscuits, canned vegetables, and milk to the first circus performers to visit Colorado.
In March 1868, the Millers purchased 160 acres along Coal Creek, two miles north of Rock Creek House, for $500 from Denver coal speculators Francis P. Heatley and Edward Chase. This land would eventually become the town of Lafayette and was adjacent to 240 acres patented by Mary Miller's brothers, James B. and Samuel G. Foote, and her father, John B. Foote. Mary eventually acquired most of the 640 acres in Section 2, Township 1 South, Range 69 West. The farm was called Willow Glen Farm. The Willow Glen School was established in 1875 in the Coal Creek area and the Miller children attended the school from that time onward. Lafayette was one of the people that established the school.
In 1868, Wells Fargo abandoned its stage stop at Church Ranch five miles south of Rock Creek house, and in 1869 sold its Denver to Cheyenne route, which was acquired by John Hughes. The construction of the Colorado Central Railroad meant that regional stagecoach service became less frequent. With the writing on the wall, in 1871 Millers and James B. Foote sold the Miller Tavern to Abner C. Goodhue. They resided to Erie for a short time, then moved to Boulder. In 1875, Wells Fargo stopped the rest of its stagecoach service. In the mid-1870s, Lafayette was an owner of two butcher shops and a liquor distributorship. He opened a butcher shop in Boulder on 14th Street with his brother-in-law, James B. Foote, and he built a retail store and opened another in Erie. The Millers owned a house in Boulder on Water Street, now Canyon Street. The men were town trustees there and Mary served on the school board. Mary may have run the farm and ranch while Lafayette ran the butcher shops, because the Miller children attended the Willow Glen School near their farm during this period.
After her husband died in 1878, Miller ran the ranch with her six children. She had more than 100 head of cattle and horses and some pigs. She grew wheat, hay, corn, and oats on the land. She also produced raspberries, gooseberries, currents and grapes.
Coal mining.
A vast coal vein was found in an area that included the Miller ranch in the mid-1870s. Having retained the mineral rights, she leased coal rights to coal prospector John H. Simpson, a British engineer from Cumberland who opened the Simpson Mine in 1888. She received 12.5 cents per ton in royalties for the lump coal that was mined on her property, and became wealthy from the mine's earnings. In January 1895, when a severe cold weather snap hit the Eastern Plains of Colorado, she secured from the Simpson Mine and shipped 175 railroad cars filled with donated coal.
Town of Lafayette.
Boulder County Clerk and Recorder records show that on February 3, 1888, Mary Miller filed the first plat for the original 37-acre town of Lafayette, having subdivided part of her land into 144 commercial and residential lots. In 1889, Mary Miller replatted the town of Lafayette and created 353 lots on 89 acres. From 1888 to 1904, Mary Miller sold 190 Lafayette lots, 50 of them to women for as little as $1. Boulder County property records show Old Town lots, 50 feet by 140 feet, sold to men at an average price of about $90. The purchase price for lots sold to women averaged about $48. Deeds for the lots prohibited selling or giving away "spiritous, vinous or malt liquors," which remained in effect until the early 1980s. The first houses were built in July 1888 in what is now called Old Town, located between Baseline Road and Emma Street and east of Public Road. The town was incorporated on November 9, 1889, and her son Thomas became its first mayor. She built a house in Lafayette and operated a school in her house on East Cleveland Street until she founded the town's first school. She established more neighborhoods in the town after subdividing more of her land.
Using coal royalties and land sales proceeds, Mary Miller founded Lafayette Bank and Trust Company, also known as the Miller Bank, in 1900. It was the second bank she’d help form in the town, the first being the Farmers’ & Miners’ State Bank, which opened in 1892 and closed in 1894. Mary Miller’s partners in the Farmers’ & Miners’ State Bank were S.T. Hooper, C.C. Brown and G.C. Seaman. She established the Lafayette Bank and Trust Company with three of her sons — Charles, Thomas, and James — and was its president for many years. Although modern narratives state that Mary Miller was the first bank president "in the world," the story originates in a Dec. 13, 1902 article in the Lafayette News which states that she was "the only woman in the United States known to be the president of a bank." When miners went on strike, she deferred their mortgage payments and bought groceries for their miner's families. In 1914, the bank closed after giving a $90,000 loan to the United Mine Workers, which was not repaid. In addition to losing the bank, she also lost her life savings.
In 1905-06, Mary Miller helped finance and manage a new flour mill, the Lafayette-Louisville Milling & Grain Company. Her partners for the new venture included son, James P. Miller, George Bermont, W.A. Burke, William Padfield, John Lipsey, Dr. Horace R. Burns, P.M. Peltier, J.O. Van Debergh and Denver businessman E.L. Milner who was the general manager of the mill. The mill was located on a Burlington railroad spur built for the mill in the 800 block of E. Baseline Road, about 200 feet west of today’s Lafayette Feed and Grain elevator. W.F. Wehman sold his grist mill to Lafayette-Louisville Milling & Grain Company in June 1905, about nine months before the new mill opened. The Milling & Grain Company flour mill produced its premium brand Silver Tip Flour and operated primarily on electricity provided by the Interurban Power Plant, one of the nation's first distributed power systems built on land that Mary Miller owned at today's Waneka Lake. Mary Miller sponsored a contest to name the premium brand flour in September 1905. The prize was 300 pounds of flour. Company ledgers show that Silver Tip Flour sold for about 12 cents per pound in 1906 and 1907. The Lafayette-Louisville Milling & Grain Company mill closed in the 1920s and burned down in 1935.
Over the years, she paid for the construction of churches and established the first school. She also helped organize local clubs and organizations, like the Order of the Eastern Star. She ran for senator and state treasurer for the Prohibition Party in 1900. She became president of School District #43, which later became the Broomfield School District.
Personal life.
During their marriage, the Millers had six children. On May 28, 1878, her husband died at age 38 and obituaries attributed his death to "Bright's Disease of the kidneys coupled with derangement of the liver" (derangement being a respectful term used at the time to describe cirrhosis of the liver due to overconsumption of alcohol). After Lafayette's death, Mary ran the ranch. In 1887, her eleven-year-old son, Frank, died due to an illness. Her daughter Amelia died when she was twelve years old. She then had four sons, George, James, Thomas, and Charles. James attended University of Colorado and became an attorney and vice president of the bank. George established Lafayette Supply Company and was a farmer. Thomas became Lafayette's mayor and died in 1902 in a mining accident.
Miller died on November 14, 1921. Rebecca Schwendler, chairwoman of the Lafayette Historic Preservation Board states, "It was remarkable what she did at a time when women didn't have very much of a voice... She had a business side and a soft side." She is buried at Columbia Cemetery in Boulder, Colorado.


Dushkaja mine

The Dushkaja mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Kosovo. The mine is located in Glogovac in Pristina district. The mine has reserves amounting to 6.35 million tonnes of ore grading 1.29% nickel, 0.05% copper, 24.29% iron, 44.09% silica and 9.33% magnesite thus resulting 82,000 tonnes of nickel, 3,175 tonnes of copper, 1,542,400 tonnes of iron, 2,800,000 tonnes of silica and 592,500 tonnes of magnesite.


Pocahontas Coalfield

Pocahontas Coalfield, which is also known as the Flat Top-Pocahontas Coalfield, is located in Mercer County/McDowell County, West Virginia and Tazewell County, Virginia. The earliest mining of coal in the coalfield was in Pocahontas, Virginia in 1883 at Pocahontas Mine No. 1, now on the National Register of Historic Places.
 The coal seams—Pocahontas No. 3, No. 4, No. 6, and No. 11—are some of the best coal to be found in the world, and are rated at 15,000 Btu/lb (35 MJ/kg).
This operation, replete with beehive coke ovens, eventually spawned the Pocahontas Fuel Company, which operated mines in Virginia at Boissevain and Amonate, and in West Virginia at Jenkinjones, Bishop, and Itmann.
History.
Later Pocahontas Fuel Company (formerly Pocahontas Consolidated) was absorbed into Consolidation Coal Company, which still mines coal at Amonate.
The mines at Pocahontas were able to ship coal when the Norfolk & Western Railway bought the New River Railroad and extended a branch line there. As this railroad was extended westward through Mercer and McDowell Counties the coalfield expanded with it. By the mid-1880s the Bramwell area was booming with mines at Coopers and Freeman.
Coal mines continued to open through the 1890s as the Norfolk & Western Railroad laid track along Elkhorn Creek and eventually reached Welch. Some of these coal mines/coal camps included Maybeury, Elkhorn, Upland, and Keystone.
The coals of the Pocahontas coalfield developed a good reputation, and by 1903, U.S. Steel had set up a subsidiary named U.S. Coal and Coke to mine coal in central McDowell County. The operations centered around Gary, with numbered coal mines/camps surrounding the central coal town of Gary like coal town suburbs. Wilcoe was Gary No. 1, Ream was Gary No. 6, Elbert was Gary No.8, and Venus was Gary No. 10 and Thorpe was No.11. At first the coal was baked in beehive coke ovens at the mine site and shipped to the steel mills as coke (much as U.S. Steel had done in the Connellsville coalfield in Pennsylvania). After 1918 the coal was shipped by rail to the massive coke works at Clairton. The captive mines of U.S. Steel in the Gary area continued to thrive until the 1980s, when they were closed and Gary began an economic decline.
The Pocahontas Coalfield continued to thrive through two world wars. The United Mine Workers union gained a foothold in the coalfield after the 1930s. African-Americans from the south flooded the coalfield in search of a better way of life, and to this day McDowell County has the highest percentage of African-American population of any West Virginia county. Immigrants from Poland, Hungary, Italy, and Greece settled in the coal camps and contributed to the remarkable ethnic diversity of the area. Echoes of this diversity are still evident today.
In the mid–20th century mines thrived at Capels, Caretta, Coalwood, and Berwind. On January 10, 1940, the Bartley No. 1 Mine explosion killed 91 miners, and subsequently, Havaco No. 9 mine explosion on January 15, 1956 claimed the lives of 15 coal miners.
Extraction of the low-volatile coal continued unabated through the energy boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since 1990 this coalfield has been on the decline and outmigration has robbed the area of 75% of its population. (In 1950 McDowell County had a population of approximately 100,000 people, which was reduced to about 22,000 people in the 2010 census.) Yet today there are a few medium to small surface and deep mines still operating.
Coal camps.
Some of the names of the coal camps, also called coal towns, associated with the Pocahontas Coalfield are:
References.
https://usminedisasters.miningquiz.com/Mine_Disasters/search_Coal_county.asp?COUNTY=McDowell+County%2C+WV


Alex Moffat (trade unionist)

Alexander B. Moffat (1904 – 6 September 1967) was a Scottish trade unionist and communist activist who was President of the Scottish Trades Union Congress and the Scottish Mineworkers Union.
Early life.
Born into a Plymouth Brethren family in Lumphinnans in Fife, Moffat left school at the age of fourteen to work at the local coal mine. His family had a long association with the trade union movement; his grandfather, David Moffat, had been the secretary of the Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association, until victimisation by employers forced him to move his family to Lumphinnans to find work. Moffat was elected as pit delegate after only four years at the mine, the youngest ever pit delegate in Scotland.
1920s and 1930s.
He worked with his brothers, David and Abe Moffat, in support of the national miners' strike of 1926. He was imprisoned for two months for a speech he made during the strike, and was thereafter blacklisted by local mines. He married Alice Brady, who he had met through the Young Communist League. She died during the birth of what would have been their first child, in 1928.
Thereafter, Moffat devoted much of his time to the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and in 1928 was elected to Fife County Council, replacing fellow party member Bruce Wallace. That year, he was also elected as a checkweighman, alongside his brother Abe, but the two were removed from their positions amid a dispute about their role in a dispute over payment systems. In 1928, he was also elected as Vice-President of the Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan Miners Association, and organised the Fife Miners' Gala, although the union was soon dissolved and Moffat instead became vice-president of the communist-led United Mineworkers of Scotland, and Fife organiser for the CPGB. He stood in Rutherglen at the 1929 general election, gaining 842 votes, and was not elected.
David and Alex Moffat, born seven years apart, were more than just brothers. They were brothers-in-arms, and usually biographies tend to combine them. Being born in Lumphinnans one of several pit towns dominated at the time by the Communist Party and even called "Little Moscow" by some they were almost destined to be mine unionists and communists. Their family had a long tradition of involvement in mining trade unionism; their grandfather had been a pioneer of the trade union in the Lothians in the 1860s, but was forced to move to Fife due to victimisation.
Working in the pits for 16 years, Abe Moffat was victimised perennially. He actively supported miners' strike actions. After joining the Communist Party in 1922, he helped publish the `Buzzer', a newsletter for militant miners at Glencraig Colliery, Lochgelly. He joined the party and was elected as a Communist councillor to Ballingry Parish Council.
World War II and after.
During World War II, Moffat served as a sergeant in the Royal Corps of Signals, remaining a councillor but attending meetings during periods of leave. After the war, he became active in the National Union of Scottish Mine Workers, of which his brother Abe was president. He resigned from the CPGB following the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, but later rejoined the party. Of that resignation, he said "I have been a close friend of the Soviet Union for more than thirty years and have no desire to become anti-Soviet now. I am, however, opposed to the prospect of a third world war, and will oppose actions or incidents that are likely to lead to this, whether from the East or the West."
He and his brother, Abe Moffat, were central to the miners' struggle for economic rights. "The name Moffat was to become legend throughout the Fife, then Scottish, and ultimately the British mining industry. The Moffat brothers were reported to be in the thick of every struggle to defend and improve the conditions of the miners and their families."
In 1953, he was the organizer of the Scottish Miners Gala Day in Edinburgh, sponsored by the National Union of Mineworkers. The festival, among other things, protested government labour policy. It included the presence of the Scottish Miners Youth contingent, a rally and procession, a pipe band and competitions. This was the subject of a film directed by P. James Dickson that is in the Scottish archives.
In 1959 he and John Wood testified concerning the 18 September, Auchengeich Colliery Disaster, Lanarkshire that had a death toll of 47.
In 1957, Moffat was elected as vice-president of the union. He was the mineworkers' representative on the general council of the Scottish Trades Union Congress, and served as its president in 1959. He was the CPGB's candidate for the presidency of the National Union of Mineworkers in 1960, and led the voting until the final round, when he was narrowly beaten by Sidney Ford. He succeeded Abe as president of the Scottish Mine Workers in 1961, beating future Member of Parliament Alex Eadie in the election. He died, still in office, six years later.


William Weir (trade unionist)

William Weir (June 1868 – December 1926) was a British trade unionist.
Born in Mickley Square, Northumberland, Weir studied at Prudhoe Colliery School and then worked at West Wylam Colliery from the age of twelve. He soon became active in the Northumberland Miners' Association, and was elected branch president in 1905, then to the county executive in 1912. In 1914, he became President of the union, serving until 1926.
Weir was a Primitive Methodist. He was also elected to Prudhoe parish council, then its successor urban district council, and later to Gosforth UDC, initially as a Lib-Lab, then later for the Labour Party. He was also an alderman on Northumberland County Council, and stood unsuccessfully in the 1918 general election in Hexham.


Guardian (sculpture)

The Guardian is a tall statue overlooking Parc Arael Griffin, the landscaped former Six Bells Colliery site, in the South Wales mining town of Abertillery, Blaenau Gwent. It was designed and created by artist Sebastien Boyesen.
Background.
On 28 June 1960, an underground explosion at the then Six Bells Colliery killed 45 miners. Caused by an ignition of firedamp, coal-dust in the air ignited and the explosion spread almost throughout a district of the mine, killing 45 out of the 48 men who worked there.
The sculpture commemorates those events and is dedicated to all mining communities wherever they may be.
Construction and Moiré effect.
Costing in excess of £200,000, "Guardian" is made from over 20,000 horizontal strips of a special thick COR-TEN weathering steel, which allows a protective rust patina to form on its surface. Each strip is separated from but connected to the next so that, from a distance, "The Guardian" appears almost transparent. Close up and from the appropriate angle, the gaps between the strips disappear to give the appearance of a solid sculpture with full definition of all of its features. This style of construction creates a Moiré effect where the steel sections appear to move or shimmer in the light. The statue itself is tall, weighs around eight tonnes and stands on a sandstone plinth tall. It has been compared to Sir Antony Gormley's "Angel of the North".
Unveiling.
Exactly fifty years after the explosion, 28 June 2010, the statue was unveiled at a commemorative service led by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams. Around four hundred relatives were among 7,500 people from across the world attending the service. The names, ages and home town of each of the 45 victims appear on steel plates surrounding the plinth. In November 2011, Prince Charles visited the statue and the nearby visitor centre.


Coalburn

Coalburn is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK.
History.
The opencast mine that opened in the village in the late 1980s became the biggest mine in Europe by the early 1990s.
In 2010 the population was 1267.
Education.
Coalburn Primary is a primary school in Coalburn. Their affiliated high school Lesmahagow High School is in the neighbouring town of Lesmahagow.


Piers McDonald

Piers McDonald, OC (born August 4, 1955) is a Yukon politician and businessman.
Born in Kingston, Ontario, McDonald, originally a miner by profession, is a long-time MLA, Cabinet minister, and Premier of Yukon. He was leader of the Yukon New Democratic Party from 1995-2000.
Post-politics, McDonald became a businessman and community developer. He is a founding member, and currently Chair, of Northern Vision Development, which has focused on residential and property revitalization, commercial real estate, and hospitality services in Yukon. He was also the chancellor of Yukon University from 2016-2020.
Political career.
25th Legislative Assembly.
McDonald was elected in the rural riding of Mayo as part of the New Democrat caucus in the 1982 election. Taking more than half the vote, he defeated incumbent Progressive Conservative MLA Swede Hanson. McDonald had been an underground miner, labour leader, and Vice-President of the Yukon Federation of Labour before his entry into territorial politics.
The New Democrats, under the leadership of Tony Penikett, formed the Official Opposition in the 25th Legislative Assembly. McDonald acted as critic for Rural Development, Labour, Occupational Health and Safety, and Workers' Compensation.
26th Legislative Assembly.
In the 1985 election, Tony Penikett led the New Democrats to a narrow minority government. McDonald was sworn in as a member of the Yukon Executive Council as Minister of Education, Minister of Community and Transportation Services, and Minister of the Yukon Housing Corporation. During that time, McDonald oversaw a significant agenda for his portfolios, ushering in the creation of the Yukon College and the establishment of the Yukon Arts Centre and the Whitehorse Public Library.
Other initiatives of his included: the Native Teacher Education Program; the opening and paving of the South Klondike Highway, which provided tidewater access for Yukon mines; the transfer of private-sector municipal airports and the Alaska Highway to the Yukon Government; and the establishment of the first home ownership programs and homesteader policies in the territory.
27th Legislative Assembly.
McDonald was re-elected in Mayo in the 1989 election, which saw the New Democrats attain majority status in the legislative assembly. He was once again sworn into Cabinet, this time as Government House Leader, Minister of Education, Minister of Government Services, Minister of Economic Development, Mines and Small Business, Minister of the Public Service Commission, and Minister of the Workers’ Compensation Health and Safety Board.
During the 27th Legislative Assembly, McDonald oversaw the creation of the Yukon's first "Education Act", as well as a new "Workers’ Compensation Health and Safety Act". He oversaw the signing of an oil and gas accord with the Government of the Northwest Territories and an economic development agreement with the Government of Canada. Within the public school system, he also established policies on busing, computers, special needs education, and experiential learning. Yukon's only French First Language school, École Emilie Tremblay, was opened under his mandate.
28th Legislative Assembly.
In the 1992 election, McDonald ran for election in the newly created Whitehorse riding of McIntyre-Takhini. His riding of Mayo had been amalgamated with the neighbouring riding of Tatchun. He was elected to McIntyre-Takhini that election, but the Penikett government was narrowly defeated by a minority Yukon Party government led by John Ostashek and propped up by three independent MLAs. Penikett subsequently resigned as Leader of the Yukon New Democratic Party and McDonald succeeded him as Leader. He assumed the critic portfolios of Finance and Economic Development and served as Leader of the Official Opposition.
29th Legislative Assembly.
McDonald defeated the government of John Ostashek in the election of September 30, 1996, his government elected with a large level of support in rural Yukon. McDonald's party captured 11/17 seats, then the largest majority in Yukon history, and McDonald was once again re-elected in McIntyre-Takhini. He became Premier of the Yukon, then referred to as ‘Government Leader’, and assumed the responsibilities of Minister of Finance and Minister of the Executive Council.
During his premiership, McDonald's government oversaw significant restructuring of the Yukon's governance. The Umbrella Final Agreement, jointly established through the mandates of Penikett and Ostashek, began to usher in final land claims negotiations for many Yukon First Nations. With the federal government, a devolution accord on the Transfer of Lands and Resource Management to the Yukon was negotiated (ultimately implemented in 2003). McDonald also emphasized intergovernmental and circumpolar relations, established new territorial parks and community schools, and created new government strategies for restorative justice, protected areas, trade and investment, forestry, and energy.
While his government left a $60 million budget surplus and earned a good reputation for promoting social programs and protecting the environment, the Yukon had suffered from a decline in the territory's economy due to a fall in world metal prices and the closure of several mines. This became a major campaign issue in the 2000 general election, along with a resulting mass exodus of nearly one-in-ten people from the Yukon.
Ultimately, these economic hardships fueled the rise of the Pat Duncan Liberals and in the 2000 general election, McDonald's NDP government was defeated and McDonald himself lost his own seat of McIntyre-Takhini. NDP support had largely held in rural Yukon, but it was the Liberals' sweep of the territory's Whitehorse ridings that ensured the NDP's defeat. McDonald resigned as party leader on April 27, 2000.
Post political activities.
Since leaving territorial politics, McDonald has developed a career as a businessman and management consultant. He became one of the founding members of Northern Vision Development in 2004 and served as its Chief Executive Officer until 2009. Northern Vision Development is one of the Yukon's most extensive commercial and real estate investors and has focused on project management, property revitalization, commercial real estate, and hospitality services in the Yukon. McDonald continues to serve as Chair of its Board of Directors. He was named the Whitehorse Chamber of Commerce's Businessperson of the Year in 2007.
Shortly after his exit from politics, McDonald was appointed the Volunteer President of the 2007 Canada Winter Games Host Society for the upcoming Whitehorse event - the first held north of the 60th pararell. McDonald focused on using the Games to promote a vision of pan-northernism and collaboration and he successfully oversaw the modernization of much of Whitehorse's sports infrastructure. McDonald continues to serve on the Canada Games Council as its Vice-President. He was named the Yukon Commissioner's Volunteer of the Year in 2007 in recognition for his volunteerism and leadership of the Canada Winter Games.
In September 2008, McDonald was appointed to the Board of Directors of Northwestel, the communications company providing service to the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. He also served as Chair of the Yukon Energy Corporation's Board of Directors and Governance from 2009-2014.
Following the tenth anniversary of the creation of Nunavut, McDonald led a review of the Government of Nunavut. The ‘’Government of Nunavut Report Card’’ compiled and analysed the opinions of 2,100 Nunavummiut and produced 93 recommendations on how the Government of Nunavut could improve its services and operations. Focus included land claims, decentralization of government, housing, education, and economic development.
In September 2016, McDonald was appointed as Chancellor of Yukon University. He was succeeded by Jemena James Allen, on October 6th, 2020.
Honours.
In 2008, in recognition for McDonald’s volunteerism and pan-northern focus in leading the 2007 Canada Winter Games, as well as his ongoing role in Northern economic development and a lifetime of service to the Yukon, McDonald was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. He is one of only four Yukoners to be appointed Officer of the Order.
In June 2011, Queen's University presented McDonald with an Honorary Doctorate of Laws, in recognition of McDonald's work in education, aboriginal land claims and devolution during his political career in Yukon. He is also credited for spearheading construction of Yukon College's Whitehorse campus, the Yukon Arts Centre, the South Klondike Highway, and schools in Dawson City, Old Crow and Watson Lake.
Electoral record.
2000 general election.
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 991
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
1996 general election.
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 900
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
1992 general election.
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 733
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
1989 general election.
! align left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 337
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
1985 general election.
! align left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 453
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
1982 general election.
! align left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 440
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –


W. H. Patterson

William Hammond Patterson (14 February 1847–16 July 1896), known as W. H. Patterson, was a British trade unionist.
Born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne to a Primitive Methodist family, Patterson's father worked in quarrying, and he was sent to work at the quarry in Jesmond when only eleven years old. Within a year, he moved to Heworth Colliery, and began his career in coal mining.
In 1865, a trade union lodge was established at Heworth, and Patterson was appointed as its secretary. He was a delegate to the 1869 meeting which founded the Durham Miners' Association, and served on its first executive, being elected as its agent for south-west Durham in 1870. He was elected as financial secretary in 1872, and his expertise in this role, along with his service as vice president from 1878, led him to be elected as general secretary on William Crawford's death in 1890. However, his time leading the union was troubled, as it attempted to take its own course during the UK miners' strike, 1892-1893. He died in 1896, still in post.


Chaganam Rajupalem

Chaganam Rajupalem is a village panchayath located in the Sydapuram Mandal, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh state, India.
Demographics.
The local language of the village is Telugu. The total population is 2,987. Males are 1,517 and females are 1,470, living in 728 houses. The total area of Chaganam is 30.24 square kilometers.


Towneley Colliery

Towneley Colliery or Towneley Desmesne was a coal mine on the Burnley Coalfield in Burnley, Lancashire, England. Sunk in the late 1860s, it was linked to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Burnley to Todmorden line which became known as the Copy Pit route and, by tramway, to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
Towneley Colliery was sunk next to Brooks and Pickup's fireclay works less than a half mile from Towneley railway station which served Towneley Hall. Brooks and Pickup began coal production from the main shaft, the Alice Pit in late February 1869. For 75 years coal was extracted from the Arley, Dandy, King and Yard mines. The colliery had sidings on either side of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Burnley to Todmorden line, the Copy Pit route. A half-mile long tramway linking it to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal had four tunnels. Boggart Brig Pit beside the A671 Todmorden Road was linked by a tramroad and was also linked underground. The pit was also linked underground to Bank Hall Colliery a half mile distant.
In 1923 the colliery was owned by Brooks & Brooks Collieries and employed 770 men working the colliery which included the Towneley Drift. In 1933 the Towneley Coal & Fireclay Company employed 672 men, 480 of them underground. The colliery produced fireclay as well as coal used for household and manufacturing use, coking and for producing gas.
The colliery was nationalised in 1947 after which the National Coal Board worked the Yard, Dandy and Lower Mountain mines. Its satellite pits, Dyneley Knoll (), Boggart Brig () and Park Pits () closed in 1947 and were abandoned in 1949. The colliery closed on 6 March 1949. Its shafts were used for pumping until 1971 when Bank Hall Colliery closed. Little remains of the colliery, a residential development occupies a small part of the site and the rest comprises steep, mossy hillocks and woodland. A small replica brick kiln was built on a hillock to commemorate the colliery's brickworks.


Steve Holliday

Steven John Holliday FREng, born 26 October 1956, is a British businessman and engineer. He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of National Grid plc from 2007 to 2016.
Early life.
Born in Exeter, Holliday is the son of Michael J. Holliday and Jean I. Holliday (née Day). Holliday attended Okehampton College, then studied at the University of Nottingham, and gained a bachelor's degree in Mining Engineering in 1978.
Holliday was elected in 2010, as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Career.
Holliday joined Exxon in 1978, where he worked for 19 years until 1997, gaining experience in all aspects of the oil and gas industry. Holliday was made operations manager of the Fawley Refinery near Southampton in the UK when he was 30 years old.
In 1998, when British Borneo merged with Hardy Oil and Gas, Holliday became the international director.
Holliday joined the National Grid Group as the board director responsible for the UK and Europe, in March 2001. Following the merger of National Grid Group plc and Lattice Group plc in October 2002, he took responsibility for the Group's electricity and gas transmission businesses.
In 2003, Holliday was promoted from group director (responsible for Worldwide Transmission Operations) to group director responsible for the UK Gas Distribution and Business Services. Holliday was also appointed the chief executive of Transco.
Holliday became chief executive officer (CEO) of National Grid plc in January 2007.
In 2009, Holliday's total compensation for the role of CEO was £2.2 million, consisting of a £929,000 annual salary, and a £1,277,000 bonus.
In 2013, Holliday was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Strathclyde for his contributions to the power and energy sector.
Holliday viewed the concept of baseload as "outdated", as microgrids would become the primary means of production, and large powerplants relegated to supply the remainder.
In November 2015, National Grid announced that Holliday would step down as CEO in March 2016, and that John Pettigrew, the UK executive director who joined National Grid 25 years ago, would succeed Holliday.
Holliday left National Grid in July 2016.
In March 2017, Greg Clark MP, the UK Secretary of State for Energy, established an independent Inquiry into the conduct of a 2012 decommissioning services procurement process undertaken by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and the reasons why the contract subsequently awarded to Cavendish Fluor Partnership in 2014 "proved unsustainable". Holliday was asked to lead the Inquiry. Clark asked the Inquiry to take a ‘cradle to grave’ approach beginning with the NDA’s procurement and ending with the contract termination, to review the conduct of the NDA and of government departments and to "make any recommendations it sees fit". Interim findings were published in October 2017.
Directorships.
In 2004, Holliday joined the board of the Marks and Spencer Group as a non-executive director.
Who's Who entry.
In 2009, Holliday achieved an entry in Who's Who, as follows:
"Chief Executive National Grid since 2007, b. Exeter 26th October 1956, son of Michael and Jean Holliday m. Kate Patterson; three d. Educ: University of Nottingham (BSc Mining Engineering 78). Esso/Exxon, 1978–1997; Ops. Manager, Fawley Refinery, Esso UK, 1988–92; Supply & Transportation Divl Dir, Esso UK 1992–94; Regl Vice-President, Gas, Exxon Co. International 1994–97; Bd Dir, British Borneo Oil & Gas, 1997–2000; National Grid Bd Dir responsible for Transmission, 2001–03; Gp Dir responsible for UK Gas Distribution and Business Services, 2003–07; Non-exec Dir Marks & Spencer, 2004-->; Recreations: sports, Rugby, skiing, arts."
Personal life.
Holliday married Katharine Patterson in 1996 in Enfield. They have three children, and live in West London.


Unkurtash mine

The Unkurtash mine is one of the largest gold mines in the Kyrgyzstan and in the world. The mine is located in the west of the country in the Jalal-Abad Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 3 million oz of gold. In 2012 Highland Gold announced that they had been awarded mining permits in these prospects. They aim to further increase their current resource base in hopes of developing a large scale open-pit operation.


New River Coalfield

The New River Coalfield is located in northeastern Raleigh County and southern Fayette County, West Virginia. Commercial mining of coal began in the 1870s and thrived into the 20th century. The coal in this field is a low volatile coal, and the seams of coal that have been mined include Sewell, Fire Creek, and Beckley. This is very high quality bituminous coal rated at approximately . The New River coalfield is named after the north flowing New River. Over 60 coal towns were once located there, supported by independent commercial districts at Beckley, Oak Hill, Mount Hope, and Fayetteville. By the 21st century many coal camps had partially or completely returned to nature. These company towns were located along Dunloup (Loup) Creek, Laurel Creek, White Oak Creek, lower Piney Creek, and, of course, the New River. The mainline of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ran right through the center of this coalfield, with spurs branching off in many directions, and rail yards were maintained at Quinnimont, Raleigh, and Thurmond, WV. The Virginian Railway's main line also passed through the western side of the field as well. Companies such as the New River Company, New River & Pocahontas Consolidated Coal Co., and Mary Frances Coal Co. were the largest operators in the New River Coalfield, but there were many smaller ones as well. These companies recruited native born whites, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and African-Americans from the South to work in their coal mines and railroads. The mines began to close down after World War II and today there are very few active coal mines in the field. The New River Gorge is now the domain of the National Park Service and they have done what their budget allows to preserve the coal heritage of the area.


Yeristovskoye mine

The Yeristovskoye mine is a large iron mine located in central Ukraine in the Poltava Oblast. Yeristovskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Ukraine and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.19 billion tonnes of ore grading 32% iron metal.


Siberian Coal Energy Company

Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) is Russia's largest coal company and one of the largest heat and power generators. It is one of the world’s largest coal energy companies and a top-5 global coal supplier.
The company was founded in 2001, it is headquartered in Moscow. The full official name is Joint-Stock Company Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK JSC). The head of the company is CEO Stepan Solzhenitsyn, son of novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
It is the world's fourth largest coal supplier by international sales (after Glencore, BHP Biliton, and Anglo American) and the fifth largest company by coal reserves.
History.
SUEK was based on the idea to consolidate disparate coal enterprises throughout Russian regions into a large industrial holding in the early 2000s.
The assets that formed SUEK were distressed – the production capacity was less than 30 million tons per year, the enterprises employed 70,000 miners yet productivity was low, and virtually none of its output was exported. Amid the collapse of mining businesses and widespread miners strikes due to unpaid wages and poor working conditions, the average equipment depreciation was 90%.
During the early years of the business, SUEK’s assets were modernized, debts were repaid, wages and taxes were paid, and a vast modernization program was launched with new equipment and machinery for all its units. The old mines and worn-out equipment were transformed into modern enterprises, several enrichment factories and modules were put into operation, incorporating the latest processing technologies that allowed SUEK to produce highly enriched coal with low impurity levels.
SUEK built modern coal bulk terminals and upgraded seaports, and built Russia’s first coal mine methane processing station to generate power within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Russia’s first smart mining management control center was built to run all SUEK’s operations, monitoring the location and well-being of miners working underground.
After the consolidation of electric power assets, the Siberian Generating Company (SGC) was created as a part of SUEK, and then spun it out as a separate company. It became one of the leading heating power energy holdings in the country and the fourth largest heat producer in the world. In 2018, SUEK took over SGC making SUEK as one of the world's largest coal energy companies.
In the last 15 years, SUEK has invested US$10 billion in coal production and power generation.
SUEK's assets produce nearly 110 million tons of coal annually and the company employs over 70,000 people.
Owners and management.
The main beneficiary of the company is Russian entrepreneur Andrey Melnichenko, who owns 92.2% of SUEK.
The CEO (General Director) from 2004 to 2020 was , who owns 7.8% of SUEK.
Since May 2020, SUEK’s new CEO is Stepan Solzhenitsyn (who was CEO of SUEK’s energy division SGC), a former McKinsey Senior Partner in energy, and a son of novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
Chairman of the Board of Directors - Samir Brikho.
Operations.
SUEK operates 27 open-pit and underground mines and 27 power plants in Siberia and in the Russian Far East, which produce about 24% of coal in Russia and generate 6% of Russia's electricity.
SUEK's assets produce over 100 million tons of coal annually, with assured coal reserves of 7.6 billion tons.
Its coal, power generation and logistics enterprises in 12 Russian regions employ over 70,000 people.
SUEK produces high-calorific coal with low sulphur and nitrogen content. According to The Financial Times, SUEK is Russia's largest producer of higher-quality thermal coal. As reported, according to the International Energy Agency's Clean Coal Centre, "SUEK, Russia's main exporter of higher-quality thermal coal, has invested in modern high-capacity washing plants and has ash control technologies at all its coal ports". According to Bloomberg, SUEK is Russia's largest producer of higher quality thermal coal which focusses on "high-quality and less-emitting coal".
SUEK uses automation and digitalization in coal mining. As The Financial Times reported, SUEK "is rolling out big-data tools and automation across its 26 mines in Kemerovo and elsewhere in Siberia. In some mining operations, it is even experimenting with completely replacing workers with machines" and that it "has piloted Russia’s first fully automated longwall in Polysaevo."
SUEK supplies high-calorific value coal to 48 countries on 5 continents through its own sales and distribution network, including the Asia Pacific where coal plays a key role in energy access and new HELE (high efficiency, low emission) coal-fired power plants are being built to reduce their environmental impact.
Sustainability.
According to S&P Global Ratings, "while the coal sector faces increasingly immediate environmental and social risks, SUEK's mining segment outperforms peers on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions", noting that "the company is generally in line with peers for its most material factors of safety and communities, but we note strong performance in workforce and diversity. Its governance structure compares positively to local standards and well with international standards. According to ESG Ranking of Russian companies 2021 by RAEX, SUEK ranks 11th out of 110 companies.
According to Bettercoal and IEA, SUEK produces coal sustainably with the best environmental technologies in coal mining including dust suppression and air filtering, methane capturing for energy generation, a closed water cycle with wastewater treatment, and land re-cultivation projects. As part of Bettercoal Code compliance audit in 2018, SUEK demonstrated best practice environmental performance in effective water and energy management, reducing hazardous waste and re-cultivation programmes.
According to the company, SUEK’s subsidiary SGC produces more sustainable energy in Russia by co-generation of electricity and heat which reduces the coal combusted and the environmental impact by 25% for the same output. SGC operates modern combined heat and power plants (CHPP) which reduce fuel use and emissions per unit of energy produced, with 96% for heat and 38% for electricity produced in the combined cycle. According to the company, co-generation reduces 10 times more CO2 emissions already today than from the use of all Russia’s renewables currently planned (including wind and solar), while it is 5-10 times more cost-effective in cutting CO2 emissions than are renewables (with 45% of electricity and 95% of heat in Siberia generated from coal).
Performance Indicators.
Performance indicators for years, coal production amounted to:


Raasay

Raasay () or the Isle of Raasay is an island between the Isle of Skye and the mainland of Scotland. It is separated from Skye by the Sound of Raasay and from Applecross by the Inner Sound. It is most famous for being the birthplace of Gaelic poet Sorley MacLean, an important figure in the Scottish Renaissance.
Traditionally the home of Clan MacSween, the island was ruled by the MacLeods from the 15th to the 19th century. Subsequently, a series of private landlords held title to the island, which is now largely in public ownership. Raasay House, which was visited by James Boswell and Samuel Johnson in 1773, is now a hotel, restaurant, bar and outdoor activity centre. Raasay means "Isle of the Roe Deer" and is home to an endemic subspecies of bank vole. The current Chief of the Island is Roderick John Macleod of Raasay.
Geology and geography.
About north to south and east to west (at its widest), Raasay's terrain is varied. The highest point, at , is Dùn Caan – an unusual, flat-topped peak. The island of Rona lies just off the north coast and the tidal islets of Eilean Fladday and Eilean Tigh are to the northwest. Other smaller surrounding islands are Eilean Aird nan Gobhar, Eilean an Inbhire, Holoman Island, Manish Island, Fraoch Eilean, Glas Eilean, Griana-sgeir and Eilean an Fhraoich. The main village of Inverarish is near the southwest coast.
Geologically interesting, the island is visited by many students engaged in mapping projects. The south is mainly Torridonian sandstone and shale; the north is grey-banded Archaean Lewisian gneiss and granulite. There are also smaller outcrops of Jurassic shales and sandstones occasionally interspersed with limestone. The related ironstone beds contain low grade oolitic siderite and chamosite ores which were worked commercially in the early 20th century. Remaining reserves are estimated at 10 million tonnes. The seas to the east and west are very deep, large troughs having been created by the Skye icecap in the Pleistocene.
Economy and culture.
The primary employment is in tourism, working for the ferry company, crofting and fishing, or commuting to work on Skye. A twenty-five-minute ride by the car and passenger ferry connects the island with Sconser on Skye. There is a primary school, but older students go to Portree High School by the ferry and bus.
Sites of interest include the remains of a broch, the ruins of Brochel Castle, inscribed stones, abandoned crofting communities, and many walking paths.
There is a shop/post office located in Inverarish. Accommodation is available in the old manor of Raasay House, and at various B&Bs. There are significant numbers of incomers and holiday homes especially in the south of the island. This has helped to arrest the population decline from over 900 in 1803 to 194 in 2001. Some inhabitants belong to the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, which strictly observes the Sabbath. On Sundays there are no public services, the playground is closed and, until 2004, the ferry did not run.
In early 2007 the Raasay Community Association signed a contract with a number of building contractors to construct a community centre, which hosted its first céilidh on 29 May 2010. In 2008 construction began on a new £12 million ferry terminal at Churchton Bay, which was officially opened on 17 August 2010. Following the community buyout of Raasay House a £3.5 million refurbishment was undertaken, leading to the temporary closure of the outdoor centre. However, in the early hours of 18 January 2009 the building was severely damaged by fire. Restoration work commenced in August 2010 but was suspended in November when the main contractor, ROK, went into administration. Work restarted with a new contractor, Mansell, in late 2011. Raasay House was officially handed over to the community in March 2013 and in addition to the 4 star accommodation it provides it is also now an outdoor activity centre with a restaurant, bar and cafe.
In September 2017 the Isle of Raasay distillery opened after the conversion of Borodale House. One source described this as transforming the "derelict Gothic hotel ... into a modern whisky distillery, visitor centre and accommodation. The company's Single malt Scotch was described by one source as the island's "first legal single malt" whiskey. It released 7,500 bottles of the spirit in 2020, the first year that Raasay Single Malt became available.
Flora and fauna.
Raasay is home to the Raasay vole ("Clethrionomys glareolus erica"), a subspecies of bank vole, which is darker and heavier than the mainland variety and found nowhere else in the world. It is possibly a survivor of a Scandinavian race. Murray (1973) states that a single specimen of a pine marten, otherwise missing from the Hebrides, was found on the island in 1971. No other records for this species exist. Raasay is one of only four of the Inner Hebrides where mountain hares breed. Raasay is regularly visited by white-tailed sea eagles and golden eagles and there are populations of otter, red deer and European rabbit (which were introduced by the island's proprietor in the 19th century). Stoat and weasel are found in small numbers as are water shrew. It also supports a rich variety of plants, including red broomrape, dark red helleborine, mountain avens and numerous other saxifrages, orchids, alpines and ferns. The carline thistle ("Carlina vulgaris") was apparently extant in the 1970s, but a recent survey found no evidence of its continued existence. There are several stands of mixed woodland.
History.
The spread of Scots culture from Dalriada north of Ardnamurchan is poorly understood and little is recorded of Raasay's early Christian period. The placename "Kilmaluag" suggests the presence of St Moluag in the late sixth century.
Following Viking expeditions to the islands they called the "Suðreyjar" in the eighth century, Raasay became part of the Norse Kingdom of the Isles and for much of the period religious observance came under the jurisdiction of the Bishopric of the Isles. The Hebrides were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth, after which time control of the islands north of Ardnamurchan was in the hands of the Earls of Ross. In addition to the name "Raasay" itself, placenames such as Arnish (eagle headland), Suidhisnis (seething headland) and Eyre (beach or sand spit) are a legacy of the Norse presence.
15th to 17th century.
Tradition has it that Clan MacSween originally held title to Raasay but there is no written record of this. It is known that the island was ruled by the MacLeods from 1518 when Gillecallum, younger son of the MacLeod Chief of Lewis was granted title. Martin Martin visited towards the end of the 17th century and noted:
it has some wood on all the quarters of it, the whole is fitter for pasturage than cultivation, the ground being generally very unequal, but very well watered with rivulets and springs. There is a spring running down the face of a high rock on the east side of the isle; it petrifies into a white substance, of which very fine lime is made, and there is a great quantity of it. There is a quarry of good stone on the same side of the isle; there is abundance of caves on the west side, which serve to lodge several families, who for their convenience in grazing, fishing, &c., resort thither in the summer. On the west side, particularly near to the village Clachan, the shore abounds with smooth stones of different sizes, variegated all over. The same cattle, fowl, and fish are produced here that are found in the isle of Skye. There is a law observed by the natives that all their fishing lines must be of equal length, for the longest is always supposed to have best access to the fish, which would prove a disadvantage to such as might have shorter ones.
There are some forts in this isle, the highest is in the south end; it is a natural strength, and in form like the crown of a hat; it is called Dun-Cann, which the natives will needs have to be from one Canne, cousin to the king of Denmark. The other lies on the side, is an artificial fort, three stories high, and is called Castle Vreokle.
Brochel Castle, as it is more commonly known, was built by the MacSweens in the 15th century on the north-east coast of Raasay. Latterly, it became a base for the MacLeod of Lewis's pirating activities prior to Calum Garbh's investiture there. The castle was inhabited until the death by drowning of the Chief Iain Garbh in 1671 and is now a ruin sitting atop a pinnacle. In the meantime the Macleods moved their seat to Raasay House at the south end of the island.
18th century.
Although Protestant, the MacLeods of Raasay supported Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745. After the defeat at the Battle of Culloden, the Prince spent 2 days hiding from the British troops on Raasay and as a consequence of the island's support for the Jacobite cause the original Raasay House and many dwellings were burnt down by government troops. In conversation with Malcolm MacLeod of Raasay during his short stay on the island the Prince confided that although his life on the run was hard, he would rather live that way for ten years than be captured as he feared assassination. He seemed less aware of the risks his supporters ran. The atrocities perpetrated in the aftermath of Culloden were a shock to him. Of Cumberland he said: "Surely that man who calls himself a duke and pretends to be so great a general cannot be guilty of such cruelties. I cannot believe it."
In 1773 James Boswell and Samuel Johnson arrived on the island during their Hebridean tour. They visited Raasay House and Johnson wrote:
Our reception exceeded our expectations. We found nothing but civility, elegance, and plenty. After the usual refreshments, and the usual conversation, the evening came upon us. The carpet was then rolled off the floor; the musician was called, and the whole company was invited to dance, nor did ever fairies trip with greater alacrity. The general air of festivity, which predominated in this place, so far remote from all those regions which the mind has been used to contemplate as the mansions of pleasure, struck the imagination with a delightful surprise, analogous to that which is felt at an unexpected emersion from darkness into light.
When it was time to sup, the dance ceased, and six and thirty persons sat down to two tables in the same room. After supper the ladies sung Erse songs, to which I listened as an English audience to an Italian opera, delighted with the sound of words which I did not understand.
Boswell went exploring and described the island as follows:
Having resolved to explore the island of Rasay, which could be done only on foot, I last night obtained my fellow-traveller’s permission to leave him for a day, he being unable to take so hardy a walk. Old Mr Malcolm M’Cleod, who had obligingly promised to accompany me, was at my bedside between five and six. I sprang up immediately, and he and I, attended by two other gentlemen, traversed the country during the whole of this day. Though we had passed over not less than four-and-twenty miles of very rugged ground, and had a Highland dance on the top of Dùn Can, the highest mountain in the island, we returned in the evening not at all fatigued, and piqued ourselves at not being outdone at the nightly ball by our less active friends, who had remained at home.
My survey of Rasay did not furnish much which can interest my readers; I shall therefore put into as short a compass as I can, the observations upon it, which I find registered in my journal. It is about fifteen English miles long, and four broad. On the south side is the laird’s family seat, situated on a pleasing low spot. The old tower of three stories, mentioned by Martin, was taken down soon after 1746, and a modern house supplies its place. There are very good grass-fields and corn-lands about it, well dressed. I observed, however, hardly any inclosures, except a good garden plentifully stocked with vegetables, and strawberries, raspberries, currants, &c.
19th and 20th centuries.
In 1843 the last laird, John Macleod, was deep in debt and chose to emigrate to Tasmania having sold Raasay for 35,000 guineas to George Rainy. After the failure of the potato harvests in the 1840s, the new owner decided to convert as much arable land as possible to sheep farming. This required the removal of the islanders, and his solution was to ban marriage. Several townships were cleared including Hallaig and Screapadal. Two boatloads of emigrants left for Portland in Australia in 1854 as a result, and another 165 left for the same destination in 1865. The estate was then sold to Edward Wood, and conflicts between the laird and the islanders grew as he decided to turn the island over to sporting purposes. On 20 September 1862 the steamship "Irishman" ran aground on "Skernataid Rock" between Raasay and Scalpay. A vessel "Spindrift" is also recorded as having become jammed under the ferry pier at the sound end of the island and broken in two by the rising tide at an unspecified date.
Near Oskaig, there is a row of six houses which are known as Manitoba. Locals believe that this was a gathering place for people about to embark on emigrating to Canada in the late 19th century.
William Baird and Company signed a deed to purchase the estate of the Island of Raasay on 28 December 1910. The sale completed on 15 May 1911.
In May 1921, a group of crofters from Rona landed on Raasay and attempted to re-occupy their ancestral land. These so-called "Raasay Raiders" were arrested, tried and given prison sentences, but public support for them was strong and they were eventually freed and allowed to remain on Raasay.
The island was purchased by the government in 1922 after the mine closed. In 1949 The Forestry Commission was granted land bringing much-needed employment, and in 1956 The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board delivered mains electricity to the island. In the 1960s Raasay House and various other properties were purchased by John Green, a doctor residing Sussex who visited the island only once and whose lack of interest in it earned him the sobriquet "Dr No". Having purchased the property for £8,000 he sold it to the Highlands and Islands Development Board in 1979 for £135,000.
Around this time, Manchester-born Alan Evans (who lived in Loanhead and worked for Ferranti, but owned several small properties around Raasay) set up Isle of Raasay Enterprises, a private initiative intended to encourage local enterprise such as the production of tourist postcards. Little progress was made before his death in 1967 but he is remembered by the Allan Evans Memorial Hostel (closed 2014) at Creachan, a remote cottage he had bequeathed to the SYHA.
The Iron Mine.
Nicholson reported an early bloomery on the island. The next record of ironstone on Raasay was by HB Woodward in 1893. Stead investigated the outcrop in 1909 and the subsequent analysis by Tatlock convinced Baird's to buy the island the following year (with completion in 1912).
Baird's original plan was for a railway from the outcrop site down to just south of Suisnish point with the erection of five kilns. Objections led to the plan being revised for two kilns further south, where the current pier is. This pier was a public pier with landing charges regulated by government order. By the outbreak of war Baird's had completed the pier (constructed by Robert McAlpine & Sons), kilns, railway and "other works".
To house the workforce Baird's planned the village of Inverarish Houses, today known as Inverarish Terrace. The village consists of two facing rows of houses, each row being two terraces of 16 houses each. Between the terraces is a broad open area. Numbers 1–32 are the western row, 33–64 the eastern. The lower, southern terraces were built first (1–16 and 33–48) between 1912 and 1913. The first terraces were stone built and by 1914–15 were about half occupied. By the time of the 1915–16 valuation some of numbers 1–16 were unoccupied, just over half of numbers 33–48 were occupied and the newly built brick terrace of numbers 17–32 were also vacant. The unoccupied houses were caused by many of the labour force being called to the colours.
With the introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1916 the Ministry of Munitions became concerned about the availability of foreign iron ore. Baird's were one company amongst others which opened up domestic mines in order to supply the war effort. In May 1916 Baird's signed an agreement to run the mine on behalf of the Ministry, although there was a minor skirmish over the amount of processing to be done on the island. The first prisoners were on the island by June and were housed in the upper part of the village, numbers 17–32 and the now completed 49–64. This northern part of the village was converted into a prisoner-of-war camp by the simple expedient of building a barbed wire fence around it and erecting sentry boxes and arc lamps at the corners.
Population.
In 2001 Raasay had the lowest percentage of children of any populated Scottish island, and the island's population fell by over 16% since that time to the date of the 2011 census. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. With 36% in the 2001 census there was still a relatively high density of Gaelic speakers (down from over 75% in 1901 and 1921).
Culture and the arts.
Piping tradition.
John MacKay, born on Raasay in 1767, was supported by the MacLeod Chief as the foremost island piper of his day and an inheritor of the MacCrimmon tradition. His son Angus published a collection of pibroch music in staff notation and was the first Piper to the Sovereign.
Sorley MacLean.
The poet Sorley MacLean was born in Osgaig, a small crofting community on the west coast of the island; perhaps his most famous poem is about "Hallaig", an abandoned community on the east coast. MacLean's writings often combine an ancient traditional awareness, with a modernist political outlook, in which Raasay, and the areas adjacent to it are frequently referenced. But while MacLean's work dwells on the brutality of war, of the Highland Clearances and modern exploitation, he also writes about nature. Thus, although the Clearances leave an empty landscape populated only by the ghosts of those evicted or forced to emigrate, "Time, the deer, is in the Wood of Hallaig".
Calum's Road.
The two miles (3 km) of road between Brochel Castle and Arnish were built using hand-tools by Calum MacLeod BEM over ten years. Only when complete was the road surfaced by the local council; by then Calum and his wife were the last inhabitants of Arnish. "Calum's Road" has been commemorated in music both by Capercaillie on their 1988 album "The Blood is Strong" and by Runrig in "Wall of China" from the album The Stamping Ground, as well as in a book by Roger Hutchinson. The BBC Radio 4 drama "Calum's Road", based on Hutchinson's book and dramatised by Colin MacDonald, was first broadcast on 5 October 2013 starring Ian McDiarmid as Calum MacLeod.
Harrison Birtwistle.
The composer Sir Harrison Birtwistle lived on Raasay from 1975 to 1983. His "Duets for Storab", takes its name from Storab, a Viking prince who was shipwrecked and sought refuge on Raasay. Birtwistle's string quartet, "The Tree of Strings", written in 2007, takes its title from a poem by Sorley MacLean.


Panhandle Coalfield

The Panhandle Coalfield is a coalfield located in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia counties of Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel. Mining is primarily in the Pittsburgh coal seam, sometimes called the No. 8 seam, which is of a steam rather than metallurgical nature in this region. Currently CONSOL Energy maintains two large mines in this field - Shoemaker (one of the last large mines in America to use rail haulage in the mine) and McElroy. Also, the first new mine in Ohio County in forty years was being developed on Short Creek by Alliance Coal Co. in 2009.
Most coal miners in this coalfield have lived in commercial towns such as Weirton, Wheeling, Benwood, and Moundsville. However, there were a few "coal camp" coal towns, such as Triadelphia, Cliftonville, and Windsor Heights.
The Panhandle Coalfield was once served by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad but currently ships most or all of its coal by barge on the Ohio River.
This field could probably be considered to extend into the western parts of Greene County, Pennsylvania and Washington County, Pennsylvania. It could also be grouped with the Pittsburgh No. 8 Coalfield across the river in Ohio.


Ak-Sugskoye mine

The Ak-Sugskoye mine is a large copper mine located in the south of Russia in Tuva. Ak-Sugskoye represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 326 million tonnes of ore grading 6.86% copper, 1.78 million oz of gold and 13.6 million oz of silver.


Dumitru Potok mine

The Dumitru Potok mine is a large copper mine located in the east of Serbia in Bor District. Dumitru Potok represents one of the largest copper reserve in Serbia and in the world having estimated reserves of 790 million tonnes of ore grading 0.2% copper.


Wendron

Wendron (; historically St. Wendron) is a village and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, to the north of Helston. The parish population at the 2011 census was 2,743. The electoral ward of Wendron had a 2011 population of 4,936.
History.
The parish of Wendron was part of the Hundred of Kerrier and was originally bounded by the parishes of Illogan, Gwennap, Stithians, Constantine, Mawgan-in-Meneage, Gunwalloe, Sithney and Crowan. Until the mid 19th-century the parish of Wendron included the town of Helston and what are now the parishes of Carnmenellis and Pencoys. The parish of Carnmenellis was created in 1846; Helston in 1848; and Pencoys in 1881.
Before 1284 Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, gave the church of Wendron, with its chapels, to Rewley Abbey near Oxford. Before this it had belonged to the Earl's, Manor of Helston, which included the whole parish. The church is cruciform but was enlarged in the 15th-century and is a grade I listed building. The church contains the brass of Warin Penhalluryk, rector of St Just, vicar of Wendron and Stithians, d. 1535. The holy well of St Wendrona is at Trelill and nearby was her chapel, which was licensed in 1427, at about the same date as the well. At Degibna, on Loe Pool, was a chapel dedicated to St Degamanus. At Bodilly was a chapel of St Henry the Hermit (died 1120, feast day on 16 January). The Revd G. H. Doble served for almost twenty years as the vicar of Wendron (1925–1945).
Arthur Langdon (1896) recorded the existence of seven stone crosses in the parish, including two at Merther Uny. The other crosses were in the churchyard, and at Boderwennack, Bodilly, Manhay-vean and Trenethick. There is also an early cross-slab in the church.
At Merther Uny was a quasi-parochial chapel of St Uny with its own cemetery. The farm called Marooney was recorded as Mertharuny in 1751 and Metheruny in 1756. In a circular garden still known as "the churchyard" in which human bones have been dug up are the remains of a small chapel. Nearby is "a magnificent Celtic cross of an enriched and most original design". This chapel is on the site of a very ancient church in honour of St Euny. After the Reformation it was allowed to decay. Arthur Langdon (1896) records two crosses at Merther Uny (one "illustrated below right").
Arthur Langdon (1896) gave the following account of the Merther Uny crosses: "The cross stands "in situ" on the Merther Uny estate, on Polglaze Hill, by the left-hand side of the road from St. Wendron to Constantine. Formerly there was a road leading down to Merther Uny old churchyard, the entrance to which was close to the cross; but all traces of this road have now disappeared. A tradition is still believed in the neighbourhood that a man lies buried beneath the cross. The monolith is known locally as 'Meruny Cross'."--"The cross occupies its original site, near the south side of the entrance to the old churchyard, and stands on a base ... The cross has some very curious ornament, and in many points resembles that at Roche ..."
There were Wesleyan Methodist chapels at Edgcumbe, Menhay, Penmarth, Porkellis, Burrows, Coverack Bridges, Degibna, Gweek and Crelly. There were Bible Christian chapels at Boskenwyn Downs and Carnkie; Wesleyan Methodist Free chapels at Trewenack and Four Lanes; and a Baptist chapel in Lower Town, now part of Helston. The Long Stone on Prospidnick Hill is just to the east.
The villages of Wendron Churchtown, Coverack Bridges, Lower Town, Trewennack, Gweek, Edgecumb, Menhay and Four Lanes were in the historic parish.
Mining.
The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site is partly in Wendron parish. The earliest recorded record of mining is from 1326, where there was a mechanical tin smelter in the village of Penmarth. By the early 18th-century there were underground mines and in the 19th-century Wendron was an important tin-mining area. Severe unemployment was caused when mining declined and in 1878 the landowner, Lord Robartes, tried to help the unemployed by bringing uncultivated land into production.
In 1883 there were just four mines working in the parish, but only one making a profit. Mengern Mine employed eighteen underground, around twelve on the surface dressing floors, and sold on average three tons of tin per month. New Trumpet was recently started and despite a lack of wealthy investors was expected to be successful. It was reported in March 1883 that the mine was producing excellent copper-ore and tin is expected below the copper, in the eastern part of the old Trumpet Consol sett. East Lovell was in debt to the tune of £5,100 and there was a proposal to sell the pumping engine and stamps, which were valued at £500. The fourth mine, The Lovell was drained by a water wheel in the Ninnis Valley with was said to be economical.


Andrew Bryan (engineer)

Sir Andrew Meikle Bryan (1 March 1893 – 26 June 1988) was a Scottish mining engineer and academic.
Life.
Andrew Bryan was born on 1 March 1893, the son of John Bryan, of Hamilton, Lanarkshire, and was educated at Greenfields School and at the former Hamilton Academy and is listed as a notable former pupil of the school in the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association Magazine, February 1950, feature on Hamilton Academy in the article series 'Famous Scottish Schools'.
Career.
After school, Bryan began work in a local colliery and studied at evening classes. In 1912 he won a scholarship to the University of Glasgow and following an interruption for service in World War I he graduated with a BSc Mining in 1919, subsequently being awarded a DSc and in 1952 an Honorary LLD, both also from Glasgow. In 1919 he also gained his First Class Certificate of Competence in mine management.
From 1920 to 1932 he was a Junior and later Senior Inspector of Mines in the Mines Inspectorate Northern Division working in the Newcastle and Durham areas of the Division., In 1932 Bryan was appointed to the James S. Dixon Chair of Mining, in the University of Glasgow and the Royal Technical College (renamed in 1956 the Royal College of Science and Technology and in 1964 becoming the University of Strathclyde). This Chair had been endowed in 1907 by another former pupil of Hamilton Academy, James Stedman Dixon. Andrew Bryan was to hold this professorship until 1940, in which year he was appointed General Manager of the Shotts Iron Co. Ltd. in Lanarkshire, Scotland (and despite its name this was now primarily a coal mining company), becoming a Director in 1942 and the company's Managing Director in 1944.
During the Second World War Bryan was appointed Deputy Director of Mining Supplies for Britain from 1939 to 1940 and Group Production Director, Scottish Region (Ministry of Fuel and Power)in 1943.
In 1947 Bryan returned to the Mines Inspectorate as Chief Inspector of Mines in the Ministry of Fuel and Power, a post he held until 1951.
In 1951 he was appointed as a member of the National Coal Board where he was involved in the recruitment, training and development of staff, giving talks to schools and colleges and at the industry's summer schools. He retired from the Board in 1957 but continued as a consultant to the Board on health and safety and staffing matters and generally as a mining consultant.
In 1945 Bryan was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and in March 1950 knighthood was conferred on him by HM King George VI at Buckingham Palace.
Professional activity.
Bryan was a member of various professional bodies during his career, serving as a council member and in positions of responsibility with most of them:
The successor to a number of these bodies, the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining administers the award of the Sir Andrew Bryan Medal "‘'For sustained and outstanding contributions to the Institute and its activities.""
Sir Andrew Meikle Bryan died on 26 June 1988.
Family.
Bryan married Henrietta Paterson Begg in 1922.
Publications.
Andrew Bryan wrote numerous technical articles in mining journals, official reports as part of his work as a Mines Inspector, but also more historical publications, including a book "The Evolution of Health and Safety in Mines" (1976) and articles such as:


T. Lindsay Galloway

Thomas Lindsay Galloway MA, FRSE. FGS, AMInst, MInstME (1854 – 22 September 1921) was the youngest son of William Galloway (1799–1854) shawl manufacturer and coal master of Paisley, Scotland and Margaret Lindsay (1818–1902). He was a civil and mining engineer and coal master of Argyll Colliery, Campbeltown, Kintyre, and like his brothers, Sir William Galloway and Robert Lindsay Galloway, he was also the author of several papers, lectures, designs and books.
Life.
Thomas was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He was educated at Glasgow University where he studied under Lord Kelvin and was selected by him to travel to the sea off of Brazil to carry out the 'piano wire method' of deep sea soundings. The measuring equipment used by him is kept in the 'Kelvin Room' of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
On his return from Brazil he concentrated on his studies of mining becoming a Mining Manager of East Scotland on 10 July 1876, a member of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers 2 Sept 1876, aged 31, at the Argyll Colliery, Campbeltown, Kintyre.
He was also elected a Fellow of the Kintyre Archaeological Society in 1876, an interest he later shared with his wife, and a founder member and elected Vice Chairman at the inaugural meeting of the Kintyre Scientific Association on 24 October 1890.
While in Kintyre he became deeply involved, being the chief engineer for the Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway which served his Argyll Colliery.
He died 22 September 1921 at Kilchrist, Campbeltown, Kintyre. His obituary was placed in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, The Geological Society of 1922
Literary Career and Inventions.
In 1878 T. Lindsay Galloway wrote 'On the Present Condition of Mining in Some of the Principal Coal Producing Districts of the Continent'
The same year he presented a paper, together with C.Z. Bunning, entitled 'A Description of an Instrument for Levelling Underground' to the North of England Institute of Mining & Mechanical Engineers (NEIMME).
His mining surveys of 1881 are kept by the NEIMME
In 1902 he read a paper entitled 'The Campbeltown Colliery and Light Railway' to the Glasgow Association of Students of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and his notes are referred to by the 'Transactions of the Institute of Mining Engineers' Vol. 45
In 1903 he read before the Glasgow University Engineering Society papers describing various methods of supplying power to mines, and indicating why different methods have found suitable spheres of application. Then in 1905 he instructed the Institute of Mining Engineers that he had recently had erected an electric plant at Campbeltown colliery.
His Papers on 'Experiments with two electrically driven pumps' were discussed by the Institute of Mining Engineers, Kilmarnock 8 August 1908
In 1918 T. Lindsay Galloway read a paper to the Institute of Mining Engineers entitled 'A method of determining the magnetic meridian as a basis for mining surveys'. He had also invented a portable mining magnetometer, to assist in surveys. This is again described in Vol. 23 of 'The Mining Magazine' of 1920, the 'Engineering and Mining Journal' Vol. 106 of 1918, and 'Nature' Vol. 101 1918
In a paper of 1919 he drew attention to the advantage of using a theodolite and this was repeated in 'Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers' Vol. 60 of 1920
He wrote several papers which were referred to in 'The Mining Engineer' Vols. 60-61 of 1921
Family.
Thomas Lindsay Galloway married Margaret Maria Christina MacNab, daughter of Duncan MacNab and Margaret McCullock of Kintyre, and widow of Cyril Leslie Johnson, in Paddington, London 1902. She had a son by her previous marriage.


La Colorada mine

The La Colorada mine is a large silver mine located in the west of Mexico in Sonora. La Colorada represents one of the largest silver reserve in Mexico and in the world having estimated reserves of 64.1 million oz of silver.


Zhongjin Gold

Zhongjin Gold is a Chinese mining corporation mainly focusing on non-ferrous metals, such as gold, copper, and platinum. They are China's largest gold producer. The corporation is based in Beijing, and holds mines in across China. They recently acquired two large gold production companies in Shandong, after winning a bidding war against Shandong Gold. The company's largest single gold mine in the Dazhuohan mine, producing 500,000 metric tonnes concentrate a year. They are currently traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange as "Company 600489", and are listed on Forbes "Asian Fab 50" list. As they are generally considered China's most powerful gold corporation, they often do business with many foreign companies and entities.
Key Company Officials.
Chairman- Xin Song
Directors- Xin Song, Congsheng Liu, Bing Liu, Haiqing Du
General Manager- Jinding Wang
Secretary of the Board- Yueqing Li
Deputy General Managers- Nailin Zhang, Ruixiang Wang, Weihua Qu
External links.
1. Company Website
2. Google Finance Page
3. Reuters Finance Page
4. Zhongjin, Shandong Gold compete for two gold companies
5. Asian Fab 50 Entry on Forbes


Phu Kham mine

The Phu Kham mine is a large copper mine in the south of Laos in Xaisomboun Province. Phu Kham is one of the largest copper reserves in the world, having estimated reserves of 450 million tonnes of ore grading 0.54% copper, 3.46 million oz of gold, and 30.2 million oz of silver.


Dinsha Patel

Dinsha Jhaverbhai Patel (born 25 May 1937) is an Indian National Congress politician who was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India.
He represented the Kheda constituency of Gujarat and is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was the Union Cabinet Minister, Mines. He was the Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines (Independent Charge) from 19 Jan 2011 to 27 Sep 2012. He was also a Minister of State in the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Independent Charge) from May 2009 to 18 Jan 2011 and was a Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas from 2006 to 2009. On 28 October 2012 he was given the responsibilities of Union Cabinet Minister, Mines.
Contesting against Modi.
Patel was chosen by the Indian National Congress to contest against Narendra Modi on the Maninagar constituency in the 2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.
His selection was based on his clean image and his Patel community background. He was selected after congress could not find any suitable candidate to oppose Narendra Modi. He was also being projected as the future Chief Minister of Gujarat. He lost the elections by more than 86, 000 votes.
In the previous elections he lost the assembly elections in the Nadiad constituency against Pankaj Desai, however he has won the Parliament elections since 1975 from Nadiad.


Synnyr mine

The Synnyr mine is a large potash mine located in eastern Russia in Sakha Republic. Synnyr represents one of the largest potash reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 500 million tonnes of ore grading 19% potassium chloride metal.


Agnico Eagle Mines Limited

Agnico Eagle Mines Limited is a Canadian-based gold producer with operations in Canada, Finland and Mexico and exploration and development activities extending to the United States. Agnico Eagle has full exposure to higher gold prices consistent with its policy of no-forward gold sales. As of 2017, it has paid a cash dividend every year since 1983.
History.
In 1953, five struggling mining companies joined together to become Cobalt Consolidated Mining, which would last until 1957, when the company changed its name to Agnico Mines. "Agnico" is derived from the periodic table of elements using the symbols for silver (Ag), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co).
In 1963, visionary Paul Penna became the president of Agnico Mines, and he eventually oversaw the merger of Agnico Mines with Eagle Mines Ltd, a successful gold exploration company, enabling the development of Eagle's Joutel mining complex. The newly formed company became Agnico Eagle Mines Limited.
In 1974, the Joutel mine went into production and would eventually produce approximately 1.1 million ounces of gold until its closure in 1993. During this period, Agnico Eagle also acquired the property and assets of Dumagami Mines Limited in north-western Quebec, which had recently gone into production a year earlier in 1988. The Dumagami mine would eventually be renamed the LaRonde mine, which is now considered the flagship mining operation for Agnico Eagle, and one of the largest gold deposits in Canada. With LaRonde producing steadily, Agnico Eagle acquired more assets over the following years.
In 1993, they completed the purchase of the Goldex mine, becoming the 100% owner of the largest unexploited gold deposit in Quebec. This was followed by the purchase of the Lapa gold deposit in 2000, Riddarhyttan Resources AB (the 100% owner of the Suurikuusikko gold deposit in northern Finland, which would become the Kittilä mine) in 2005, the Pinos Altos project in Mexico in 2006, and the purchase of Cumberland Resources in 2007, giving Agnico Eagle 100% control of the Meadowbank gold project in Nunavut, Canada.
As a result of these purchases, the following years would see Agnico Eagle grow from a single-operation gold producer (LaRonde) to a much larger company consisting of 6 mines in total, with Goldex going into production in 2008, Kittila, Lapa and Pinos Altos in 2009, and Meadowbank in 2010.
In 2010, Agnico Eagle completed the purchase of the Meliadine property, located southeast of Meadowbank near Rankin Inlet, Nunavut. In 2011, the company also announced a $70 million (CAD) investment in Rubicon Minerals, representing a 9.2% ownership stake and access to the Phoenix gold project located in the heart of Red Lake, Ontario.
In 2016, Agnico Eagle was ranked as the 14th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights in Arctic resource extraction.
In 2018, CEO Sean Boyd received "The Northern Miner"'s "Mining Person of the Year Award" at the annual Pacific Mine Forum (PMF).
Operations.
LaRonde gold mine.
The LaRonde mine, formerly Dumagami Mine, is the deepest gold mine in North America; mines gold, zinc, copper and silver ores; and is located alongside Trans-Canada Highway, between Cadillac, Quebec (now amalgamated into Rouyn-Noranda) and Val-d'Or, in the Abitibi-Temiscamingue region of northwestern Quebec, Canada, with approximately 8400 employees. The mine was renamed to the LaRonde Mine by company founder Paul Penna, to honour its first project manager, mining engineer Donald J. "Don" LaRonde (c. 1931-1986). LaRonde's Penna shaft (aka shaft #3) is believed to be the deepest single lift shaft in the Western Hemisphere, descending more than three kilometres below the surface, and is estimated to have the longest potential mine of Agnico Eagle's six operating mines, estimated to be approximately 35 years once completed, from 1988 to 2023.
Goldex.
Employing 213 people, with an estimated mine life of 10 years (2008-2018); Goldex is an underground mine located just outside Val-d'Or, Quebec, Canada. Goldex is unique because of its partnership with the Quebec government in the restoration of the nearby abandoned Manitou mine tailings site. Through an innovative approach, the tailings from the Goldex mine are sent through a 25 km long pipeline to the Manitou site where they neutralize the acidic waters in the area, the result of years of poorly confined tailings generated between 1942 and 1979 by the mining companies operating the Manitou project at the time. Not only do the Goldex tailings neutralize and help rehabilitate the site, the system eliminates the need for a tailings pond at the Goldex site itself.
Lapa.
Lapa, located about 11 km away from the LaRonde mine (see above), in the Rivière-Héva municipality of the Abitibi region in Quebec, Canada, is one of Agnico Eagle's smaller operations employing 192 people, with a 6-year mine life expectancy (2009-2015). The main headframe that is used at the Lapa mine was constructed almost entirely from a pre-existing headframe at LaRonde. The original headframe was dismantled, sand blasted and painted before it was installed at Lapa. Although Lapa may be a smaller operation in comparison to our other mines, it is one of Agnico Eagle's highest-grade mines, with reserve grades twice as rich as the company average.
Kittilä.
In the Lapland region of Northern Finland, Agnico Eagle's Kittila operation has a life expectancy of 23 years (2009 – 2032). With 375 employees, this open pit and underground mine is one of the largest known gold deposits in all of Europe, containing almost 4.9 million ounces of gold in reserves. Aggressive exploration is also currently underway; with the Kittilä mine serving notice that gold-mining is again a booming industry in northern Finland.
Pinos Altos.
Agnico Eagle's largest employer, with 972 employees, is the Pinos Altos mine located in the state of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. Pinos Altos began operation in 2009 and is expected to continue until 2026, resulting in an estimated 17 years of production. The open-pit and underground mining operation is in the mountainous Sierra Madre gold and silver belt of northern Mexico.
La India.
La India is an open pit mine is located approximately 200 km east of Hermosillo in Sonora, Mexico. It began production in February 2014 and has a mine life expectancy of 6 years.
Meadowbank.
Meadowbank is an open-pit mine in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut with an 8-year life expectancy (2010 – 2017). Meadowbank is one of Agnico Eagle's most recent mine to begin operation, and has about 650 employees. In 2010 the first gold brick was poured at Meadowbank, which was also the first ever gold brick to be poured in the history of Nunavut. Meadowbank is also Agnico Eagle's largest producer, estimated to produce 430,000 ounces of gold in 2014.
Exploration.
The 2011 exploration program is expected to include more than 410 km of planned drilling to expand resources and convert our large gold resource to reserves.
Major programs are planned at the following locations:
Meliadine – 90,000 meters of diamond drilling, an underground bulk sample, new permanent accommodations at the exploration camp, permitting infrastructure upgrades.
Kittilä – 56,200 meters of exploration and conversion drilling, and construction of an exploration ramp to accelerate the definition of resources and facilitate additional exploration at depth.
Goldex – 58,200 meters of diamond drilling will principally target resource expansion for the D zone. Pending the results of a planned mining study in 2011, a reserve conversion program will also be considered.
LaRonde/Bousquet/Ellison – 42,050 meters of drilling, which includes a follow-up exploration program for Ellison.
Pinos Altos – 33,800 meters of drilling including minesite (reserve conversion) and regional (resource expansion) drilling, and an underground exploration program and scoping study for the Cubiro zone.
Meadowbank – 32,000 meters of conversion and exploration drilling targeting extensions of the Vault deposit and underground potential beneath Goose South.
Gilt Edge – In 2018, a former gold mine in South Dakota was acquired in an exploration-environmental partnership with the EPA.
In December 2016 Agnico invested CA$4.5 million into Canadian junior mining company Cartier Resources to conduct exploration on the Chimo, Benoist, Wilson, Fenton and Cadillac Extension projects in Quebec.


Aurangabad coalfield

The Aurangabad is a large coal field located in the east of India in Bihar. Aurangabad represents one of the largest coal reserve in India having estimated reserves of 3 billion tonnes of coal.


Rush Creek mining district

The best known and most prolific zinc mining region of north Arkansas for many years was the Rush Creek mining district of Marion County. Its history began when John Wolfer—an early prospector along the Buffalo River—discovered a large deposit of zinc on the creek in southern Marion County. George Chase purchased Wolfer's claim and established the Morning Star Mining Company, which eventually became one of the largest producers of zinc in Arkansas. One day a miner at the Morning Star Mine extracted a single mass of pure smithsonite (zinc carbonate) weighing 12,750 pounds.
The miners originally thought that they were mining silver. They soon discovered that the "silver" that they were mining was not actually silver; it was zinc. Two to five thousand people lived in Rush Creek during the boom period, during World War I.
Individual mines of the Rush District included:
Rush was a true influence to North Arkansas and the Buffalo River Valley.


Ray Middleton (footballer)

Ray Middleton (6 September 1919 – 1977) was an English football goalkeeper and manager, and brother of Matt Middleton.
Born in Boldon Colliery Middleton began his career at North Shields where he attracted the attentions of Chesterfield who signed him for £50. He established himself as first choice keeper but saw his career interrupted by World War II, remaining in the area to work as a miner during the conflict. Highly rated as a player despite not playing top-flight football, he appeared four times for England B and, unusually given their Second Division status, played alongside clubmate Stanley Milburn in one fixture. Off the pitch Middleton ran a grocer shop in Old Whittington and became involved in local Labour Party politics, even becoming the only active Football League player to serve as a Justice of the Peace.
The Spireites' relegation in 1951 saw him leave the club to move to top-flight Derby County, where he made 115 appearances. Released by the club in 1954 he moved to non-league Boston United as a player-manager, even leading the club to a famous 6–2 win over Derby in the FA Cup.
He attracted the attention of Hartlepool United who appointed him as their manager in 1957. He began promisingly with a 2–1 win over Accrington Stanley although his record proved mediocre and after a 5–1 defeat at Doncaster Rovers in October 1959 he left the club.
Middleton returned to Boston, initially for a spell as manager before taking up the post of secretary. He held this position until his death in 1977.