The Biodesign Institute

The Biodesign Institute is a major research center known for nature-inspired solutions to global health, sustainability, and security challenges located on the Tempe campus of Arizona State University. The institute is organized into a growing number of collaborative research centers and laboratories staffed by scientists in diverse disciplines. It is currently led by Executive Director Dr. Joshua LaBaer, a personalized diagnostics researcher.
Overview.
The Biodesign Institute performs biomedical and health research and develops solutions for environmental sustainability. The institute has more than 1300 faculty, staff and students, which include one Nobel Prize winner and National Academy member. The institute has attracted more than $760 million in extramural funding from competitive grant awards, filed 860 invention disclosures, nearly 200 patents, and 35 spinouts.
The Biodesign Institute is located on the Tempe campus of Arizona State University, a comprehensive multi-campus metropolitan university that is the largest in the U.S. by enrollment. The labs are housed in multiple buildings covering nearly 540,000 sqft.
COVID-19 response.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute took a lead role and established a clinical testing laboratory, and processed nearly 500,000 tests. The Institute has developed a saliva based testing and got emergency approval from FDA. The Institute was named one of the Governor’s Celebration of Innovation’s Innovators of the Year for their work on saliva-based COVID-19 tests. The institute received a $6M state contract to develop a rapid 20-minute saliva testing.
Centers within the institute.
ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center.
The center is headed by Prof. Jeffrey Kordower. The center is pursuing new battleground tactics in the war against Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery.
The center is headed by Prof. Petra Fromme. The center is focused on developing new revolutionary techniques that reveal the structure and dynamics of biomolecules towards new visionary discoveries in medicine and energy conversion.
Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society.
The center is headed by Prof. Stephanie Forrest. The center is focused on translating insights between computer science and biology, with a focus on understanding and mitigating malicious behavior in complex systems.
Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors.
The center is headed by Prof. Joshua LaBaer. The center is focused on enabling tools for biomedical and environmental health research, develop wireless personal sensors for mobile health solutions, and explore fundamental phenomena of nature at the single molecule level for next-generation detection technologies.
Biodesign Center for Bioenergetics.
The center is headed by Prof. Sidney M. Hecht. The center is focuses on improved diagnosis and treatment for diseases caused by mitochondrial defects. The majority of these diseases are degenerative and affect children and young adults. Characteristics include suboptimal heart and muscle function, speech problems and developmental delays. Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ataxias, diabetes and cancer.
Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology.
The center is headed by Prof. Bruce Rittmann. The center is focuses on environmental biotechnology by producing fundamental and applied scientific concepts, technologies, and field-leading people. Taken together, they improve a broad range of human-generated and natural environments, inform the human-environment relationship, and promote a more sustainable future.
Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering.
The center is headed by Prof. Rolf Halden. The center is focuses on safeguarding human health and critical ecosystems by detecting, minimizing, and ultimately eliminating harmful chemical and biological agents through the design and implementation of cost-effective engineering, industry engagement and public policy.
Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics.
The center is headed by Prof. Ferran Garcia Pichel. The center is focused developing an integrated understanding of microbiomes. Our goal is to establish general functional principles that can explain and predict the behavior of microbial communities for a variety of applications.
Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes.
The center is headed by Prof. Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown. The center fundamental knowledge to develop microbe-based health interventions and diagnostics for better human health. Using fundamental microbiomes knowledge, we create methods to identify and track gut microbes and their products and develop microbial interventions for better human health.
Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy.
The center is headed by Prof. Grant McFadden. The center focuses on understanding how microbial pathogens cause disease and the cellular and systemic mechanisms used by animal and human hosts to respond immunologically to pathogens and vaccines.
Biodesign Center for Innovations in Medicine.
The center is headed by Prof. Stephen Albert Johnston. The center focuses on to developing technologies that could transform health care. Our developmental process involves five steps. We first perform an extensive physical economic analysis of a potential intervention. Second, we analyze the logical, versus biological, opportunities. Third, we review the history of science in the area to identify flaws in analysis. Fourth, we determine if we have an inventive idea that would transform the area. Finally, we define a critical experiment to determine if our invention is viable. This is a teachable process that we impart to students and others. In addition, we require all our inventions to create products that everyone in the world could afford.
Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution.
The center is headed by Prof. Michael Lynch. The center focuses on the specific mechanisms that govern evolutionary change, starting with the building blocks of cells. Our goal is to decipher the general rules by which evolution proceeds in different lineages of organisms using experimental laboratory results and a mathematical framework. In essence, we are aiming to establish an entirely new field called evolutionary cell biology.
Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics.
The center is headed by Prof. Hao Yan. The center is designing biomimetic materials at the molecular level to develop a versatile biomimetic toolbox. Our immediate goal is to engineer an array of intelligent materials spanning scales from angstrom to macro. We are laying the foundation for a new field of research informally referred to as “angstrom technology.” The power of information-coded angstrom technology, a transformative extension of nanotechnology, lies in the potential to mimic nature’s way of controlling molecular interactions with angstrom spatial resolution.
Pathfinder Center.
The center is headed by the Noble prize winner Prof. Leland Hartwell. The center is focused on preparing educators and learners for the future by helping them find motivation and direction where education, health, technology, and sustainability meet.
Biodesign Center for Single Molecule Biophysics.
The center is headed by Prof. Stuart Lindsay. The center is focused on the confluence of molecular medicine and nanotechnology. Nanotechnology allows researchers to study the physical processes on which life is based using the simplest model systems – those that exist on the level of a single molecule or several molecules, but also to unravel fundamental biological processes on the cellular and tissue level. Doing so allows for a better understanding of gene regulation, molecular and cellular signaling, molecular transport in cells and tissue, and will lead to improved biosensors and other new technologies.
Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing.
The center is headed by Prof. Tim Long. The center is focused on integrating the concepts of green chemistry and sustainable engineering practices across the continuum of materials innovation to provide the products we need for a sustainable life. Efforts will utilize additive manufacturing processes and focus on multiphase systems. The center will embrace a “molecules to manufacturing” paradigm to catalyze innovation and an entrepreneurial spirit.
Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics.
The center is headed by Prof. Joshua LaBaer. The center is focused on driving the discovery and development of biomarkers for the early detection of diseases. With better disease detection and earlier treatment, we strive to have a profound impact on decreasing mortality caused by various diseases including cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Leadership.
Joshua LaBaer.
Joshua LaBaer, a physician-scientist specializing in personalized diagnostics, was appointed interim executive director of the Biodesign Institute in January 2016. He became permanent executive director in March 2017.
Raymond DuBois.
Raymond DuBois, a physician-scientist with expertise in translational cancer research, was appointed executive director of the Biodesign Institute on December 1, 2012.
Alan Nelson.
Alan Nelson, an entrepreneur and a developer of a number of medical devices, was the executive director of the Biodesign Institute from March 2009 to July 2011.
George Poste.
The institute was formerly led by George Poste, a scientist and policy maker with four decades of experience spanning academia, industry and government. Dr. Poste's experience in fostering scientific collaboration has shaped the institute's organization and has facilitated recruitment of international-caliber scientists to the institute.
Charles Arntzen.
Charles Arntzen served as the founding director of the Biodesign Institute until May 2003, and as co-director of the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology of that Institute until 2007.
Landscape.
Designed by Ten Eyck Landscape Architects as a "green gateway" to the research facility set within the desert the landscape of the Biodesign Institute uses harvested stormwater and condensate to function as a riparian area. The 4-acre site aims "to create an environment that is about healing and sustaining life". TELA achieved this by replacing the prevalent asphalt with "permeable, vibrant, shade-giving regional gardens with plants used for healing purposes", using recycled water to feed these gardens, and most importantly "connecting people in an urban setting...with the natural beauty of our long ago altered Sonoran Desert". Beyond the gardens, the site features bike lanes, pedestrian malls, seatwalls, and bioswales that all function to bring people into contact with each other and nature. Upon completion, the project won an ASLA Honor Award in the General Design Category in 2009.


Helen Friedman

Helen Friedman, Ph. D is a clinical psychologist, therapist, and radio show host in St. Louis, Missouri. She is an associate clinical (adjunct) professor at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine, a past president of the St. Louis Psychological Association, and on the advisory board of the Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health. In full-time private practice, she works in the general areas of anxiety, depression, grief, sexual and relationship issues. Specialties include sexual trauma, sexual compulsivity, dissociative disorders, and gender identity. Her award-winning radio show, "PsychTalk," was featured on KDHX and ran for over seven years. Her work and commentary has been featured in USA Today, the New York Times, the Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, the New York Post, Psychology Today, Cosmopolitan, New Woman, Mademoiselle, Redbook, Salon.com, among others.


Steve Dille

Stephen Everett Dille (March 16, 1945 – March 25, 2020) was a Minnesota politician and a member of the Minnesota Senate representing District 18, which includes portions of Carver, McLeod, Meeker, Stearns and Wright counties just west of the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
Background.
Dille was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1945. He graduated from Litchfield High School in 1963, and later obtained a B.S. from the University of Minnesota and, in 1969, a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Degree from the University of Minnesota's College of Veterinary Medicine. He was a civilian veterinary advisory in Vietnam for three and a half years during the Vietnam War.
Dille was an experienced rodeo cowboy, and was state champion calf roper, steer wrestler, and bull rider. In high school he won the Minnesota All Around Cowboy title twice and placed fourth in the nation in steer wrestling.
Dille lived in Dassel, Minnesota with his wife Pamela, who works as a media specialist at Dassel Elementary. They have four children and nine grandchildren. Dille died on March 25, 2020, in Dassel, Minnesota.
Service in the Minnesota House and Senate.
Dille served as a township supervisor in Dassel from 1977 to 1984, and as a Meeker County commissioner from 1985 to 1987. He was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives from the old District 21A in 1986 and was re-elected in 1988 and 1990.
In 1992, Dille was elected to the Minnesota Senate from the old District 20, which later became the current District 18 after the 2002 redistricting. He was re-elected in 1996, 2000, 2002 and 2006.
Dille was a member of the senate's Agriculture & Veterans, Capital Investment, Environment & Natural Resources, and Finance committees. He also served on the Finance subcommittees for the Agriculture and Veterans Budget and Policy Division, for the Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Budget Division, and for the Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Budget Division-Energy Subdivision.
On November 17, 2009, Dille announced that he would not seek election to a sixth term in the Senate.


Lake Como

Lake Como ( , ; , "Cómm" or "Cùmm" ), also known as Lario (; after the ), is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of , making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over deep, it is the fifth deepest lake in Europe, and the deepest outside Norway; the bottom of the lake is more than below sea level.
Lake Como has been a popular retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times, and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems. It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo, Villa Serbelloni, and Villa Carlotta. Many famous people have had and have homes on the shores of Lake Como.
One of its particularities is its characteristic "Y" shape, which forms the so-called "Larian Triangle", with the little town of Canzo as its capital.
In 2014, "The Huffington Post" called it the most beautiful lake in the world for its microclimate and environment with prestigious villas and villages.
Etymology.
The lake's name in Latin is "Larius", Italianised as "Lario", but this name is rarely used; it is usually called "Lago di Como" (literally "lake of Como"). In guidebooks the lake may be variously referred to as Lake Como, Lake of Como, or Como Lake. Its name comes from the city of Como, known to the Romans as "Comum".
Geography.
The lake is shaped much like an inverted letter "Y". The northern branch begins at the town of Colico, while the towns of Como and Lecco sit at the ends of the southwestern and southeastern branches respectively. The small towns of Bellagio, Menaggio and Varenna are situated at the intersection of the three branches of the lake: a triangular boat service operates between them.
Lake Como is fed primarily by the Adda, which enters the lake near Colico and flows out at Lecco. This geological conformation makes the southwestern branch a dead end, and so Como, unlike Lecco, is often flooded.
The mountainous pre-alpine territory between the two southern arms of the lake (between Como, Bellagio, and Lecco) is known as the Larian Triangle, or "Triangolo lariano". The source of the river Lambro is here. At the centre of the triangle, the town of Canzo is the seat of the " del Triangolo lariano", an association of the 31 municipalities that represent the 71,000 inhabitants of the area.
Climate.
Lake Como weather is humid subtropical ("Cfa" in the Köppen climate classification). In the winter, the lake helps to maintain a higher temperature in the surrounding region. Average daily temperatures range from about in January to in July, according to historical weather data from Como. Water temperatures can reach an average of during the month of July. Snowfall is erratic and primarily affects the higher elevations. Rainfall is heaviest in May and lowest during the winter months.
Tourism.
As a tourist destination, Lake Como is popular for its landscapes, wildlife, and spas. It is a venue for sailing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing. In 1818 Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote to Thomas Love Peacock: "This lake exceeds anything I ever beheld in beauty, with the exception of the arbutus islands of Killarney. It is long and narrow, and has the appearance of a mighty river winding among the mountains and the forests".
In the area surrounding Lake Como there are several farms which produce goods such as honey, olive oil, cheese, milk, eggs and salamis. Visitors can find lists of these farms and typically visit the farm itself in person to make their purchases.
In 2018, the Italian luxury label Dolce and Gabbana held a fashion event on Lake Como.
Lakeside villas.
The lake is well known for the attractive villas that have been built there since Roman times, when Pliny the Younger built the "Comedia" and the "Tragedia" resorts. Many villas on the lake shores have admirable gardens that benefit from the mild climate induced by the stabilizing presence of of lake water and can sustain many subtropical and Mediterranean plants.
Villa Carlotta was built for the Milanese Marquis Giorgio Clerici in 1690 and occupies a site of over at Tremezzo, facing the Bellagio peninsula. An Italian garden (with steps, fountains, and sculptures) was laid out at the same time. The villa was later sold to powerful banker and Napoleonic politician Giovanni Battista Sommariva. Stendhal was his guest in 1818, and his visit is recalled at the start of "La Chartreuse de Parme". In 1843 it was purchased by Princess Marianne of Nassau as a wedding present for her daughter Carlotta, after whom the villa is now named. The latter, together with her husband Georg II of Saxen-Meiningen, laid out the woodland landscape park in Romantic style. The villa today includes a museum of agricultural implements as well as important works of sculpture by Sommariva's friend Antonio Canova and by Luigi Acquisti.
Villa d'Este, in Cernobbio, was built in 1568 by Cardinal Tolomeo Gallio, a native of the town. In 1816–1817 the villa was home to Caroline of Brunswick, estranged wife of the Prince of Wales and shortly to become Queen Consort of King George IV of the United Kingdom. The landscaped gardens in the English style are a product of this period. Later in the century it was turned into a luxury hotel. Today the Villa d'Este is known for attracting celebrity guests.
Villa del Balbianello, famous for its elaborate terraced gardens, lies on a promontory of the western shore of the lake near Isola Comacina. Built in 1787 on the site of a Franciscan monastery, it was the final home of the explorer Guido Monzino and today houses a museum devoted to his work.
Villa Melzi d'Eril in Bellagio was built in neo-classical style by architect Giocondo Albertolli in 1808–1810 as the summer residence of Duke Francesco Melzi d'Eril, who was vice-president of the Napoleonic Italian Republic. The park includes an orangery, a private chapel, fine statues, and a Japanese garden, and is planted, as often on lake Como, with huge rhododendrons. 19th-century guests at the Villa included Stendhal and Franz Liszt.
Villa Serbelloni, also in Bellagio, hosts the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center, a international conference center set up and managed by the Rockefeller Foundation since 1959, which also operates a "scholar-in-residence" program for scholars from around the world. This is believed to have been the site of Pliny the Younger's villa "Tragedia". Its well-known park was created at the end of the 18th century by Alessandro Serbelloni.
Many famous people have or have had homes on the shores of Lake Como, such as Matthew Bellamy, John Kerry, Madonna, George Clooney, Gianni Versace, Ronaldinho, Sylvester Stallone, Julian Lennon, Richard Branson, Ben Spies, Pierina Legnani, Lionel Messi and José Mourinho.
Ferries.
The Lake Como ferry service is a highly developed public transport system linking the many small towns around the Lake. A motorized service began in 1826 when a steamship with sails, the "Lario", was launched by the newly established "Società privilegiata per l'impresa dei battelli a vapore nel Regno Lombardo Veneto". Since 1952 the system has been run under the auspices of a government organization called first the "Gestione Commissariale Governativa" and subsequently the "Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi", which is also responsible for services on Lake Maggiore and Lake Garda.
Today there are three main services:
Sacro Monte di Ossuccio.
The Sacro Monte di Ossuccio ("Holy Mount of Ossuccio") is a sanctuary located on a hillside slope between olive groves and woods along the western edge of Lake Como facing Isola Comacina. Fifteen Baroque inspired chapels, built between 1635 and 1710, and dedicated to the Mysteries of the Rosary are dotted along the way that leads to the Monastery. This building is the last in the chain and is dedicated to the Coronation of the Virgin.
In 2003, the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, including that of Ossuccio, were added by UNESCO to the World Heritage List.
Depictions in popular culture.
Lake Como was used as filming location for movies such as "The Pleasure Garden" (1925), "Bobby Deerfield" (1977), "A Month by the Lake" (1995), "" (2002), "Ocean's Twelve" (2004), "Casino Royale" (2006), "Imagine You & Me" (2016), and "Murder Mystery" (2019), as well as music videos such as Gwen Stefani's "Cool", John Legend's "All of Me" and Gorillaz's "Désolé".
In television, it was also used as a set for the "Chuck" episode "Chuck Versus the Honeymooners". In the second episode of series 21 of the British television series "Top Gear", Richard Hammond races around the perimeter of the lake in an Alfa Romeo 4C while Jeremy Clarkson uses a Gibbs Quadski. In the daytime drama "The Bold and the Beautiful", Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery) tossed long-time rival Sally Spectra (Darlene Conley) into Lake Como after Sally tries to prevent Stephanie from getting to her own wedding. It was also the setting for a scene in the second episode of the fifth season of "The Blacklist" titled "Greyson Blaise".
Sports.
Lake Como is the setting of the annual Classic cycling race, the Giro di Lombardia "(Tour of Lombardy)".


Ramsay Health Care UK

Ramsay Health Care UK is a healthcare company based in the United Kingdom. It was founded by Australian businessman Paul Ramsay, who established its parent company: Ramsay Health Care, in Sydney, Australia, in 1964 and has grown to become a global hospital group operating 151 hospitals and day surgery facilities across Australia, the United Kingdom, France, Indonesia and Malaysia.
In 2007, Capio was acquired by Ramsay Health Care. It was the first purchase abroad for the company and beat a number of other rivals. At the time, Capio was the fourth largest private hospitals operator in the UK.
In 2017 turnover fell 4.8% compared to 2016, down to £208 million, and this was blamed on "NHS demand management strategies". The company is more dependent on NHS work, largely through the Choose and Book system, than other private healthcare providers in the UK. In June 2018 it wrote down the value of some of its sites because NHS demand management strategies were having a significant negative impact on volume of business, but in 2019 it announced that NHS referrals had increased by 7.4% and it had benefited from an increase in NHS tariff prices.
Facilities.
The UK network includes 36 private facilities offer a range of treatments from hip replacements to knee replacement surgery and cosmetic surgery to weight loss surgery. It provides a number of Independent sector treatment centres for the English NHS.
It runs the following facilities:
In 2015 Ramsay Health Care UK partnered with GenesisCare to build new treatment facilities at Rivers Hospital, Sawbridgeworth, and Springfield Hospital, Chelmsford, where the facilities relocated their chemotherapy services to. GenesisCare also provided their radiotherapy services from the centres alongside Ramsay.
Quality.
In July 2014, nineteen patients, two of whom suffered serious ill effects, were given overdoses of an antibiotic administered into their eyes during surgery at Mount Stuart Hospital. Ramsay said the error was the result “of both process failure and human error”.
Oaklands Hospital in Salford was rated inadequate by the Care Quality Commission in March 2017. They reported that "There was a culture of fear within theatres, which resulted in staff not challenging unsafe behaviours..."
In 2018, Ramsay Health Care UK was the first hospital group to launch Speak Up for Safety™ a "staff accountability programme" across 33 of its hospitals to "strengthen its reporting culture and help safeguard patients."


Plaque-forming unit

A plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume. It is a proxy measurement rather than a measurement of the absolute quantity of particles: viral particles that are defective or which fail to infect their target cell will not produce a plaque and thus will not be counted.
For example, a solution of tick-borne encephalitis virus with a concentration of 1,000 PFU/μL indicates that 1 μL of the solution contains enough virus particles to produce 1000 infectious plaques in a cell mono-layer, but no inference can be made about the relationship of PFU to number of virus particles. The concept of plaque-forming units of virus is equivalent to the concept of colony-forming units of bacteria.
References.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/plaque-forming-unit


John Prescott Hedley

John Prescott Hedley (1876–1957) FRCS, FRCP, FRCOG was a British surgeon and foundation fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.


Michael Phillips (psychiatrist)

Michael Phillips (Chinese name as 费立鹏) is a prominent Canadian psychiatrist known for his work in mental illness and suicide prevention. He resides in Shanghai, China.


Danielle Martin

Danielle Martin is a Canadian physician, health care administrator and an associate professor at the University of Toronto.
Career.
Dr. Martin completed her bachelor's degree in science from McGill University and her M.D. at the University of Western Ontario. She also holds a master's degree in public policy from the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto. Currently, she is the vice president, medical affairs and health system solutions at Women's College Hospital (WCH), and the founder of the WCH Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (WIHV). She is also a family physician in the Family Practice Health Centre at WCH, an associate professor in the Departments of Family and Community Medicine and Health Policy, Management and Evaluation and School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Toronto. In 2016, she was awarded the CIHR-IHSPR Article of the Year Award for her work on the Estimated cost of universal public coverage of prescription drugs in Canada.
She has debated in favour of Canada's national health care system. On September 13, 2017 she spoke in support of Senator Bernie Sanders Medicare For All bill, which would seek to introduce a single-payer system of health care in the U.S. On March 13, 2014 she appeared at a US Senate Committee investigation on health care systems, specifically regarding issues such as single-payer and multi-payer systems and wait times. After her appearance at this US Senate Committee hearing, she was invited to be a candidate at various levels of Canadian government (municipal, provincial and federal) by various political parties.
In 2006, she started the organization Canadian Doctors for Medicare. She won the Canadian Medical Association award for young leaders. In 2013, the "Toronto Star" called her one of 13 people to watch.
Dr. Martin has also made several appearances on CBC Television's "" as part of its Checkup Panel segment.
Dr. Martin is the author of the book "Better Now: Six Big Ideas to Improve Health Care for All Canadians", Penguin Canada, 2017.


American Academy of Physician Assistants

The American Academy of PAs (AAPA) is the national professional society for PAs in the United States. It represents approximately 148,500 certified PAs (physician assistants) across all medical and surgical specialties in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, all U.S. territories and within the uniformed services.
AAPA advocates and educates on behalf of the profession and the patients PAs serve. It works to ensure the professional growth, personal excellence and recognition of PAs and to enhance PAs’ ability to improve the quality, accessibility and cost-effectiveness of patient-centered healthcare.
History.
The American Association of PAs (later to become the American Academy of PAs) was established and incorporated in the state of North Carolina in 1968. The membership consisted of the first students and graduates (in 1967) of the Duke University PA program, the first such program.
In 1973, the organization had 300 members and established joint national headquarters in Washington, D.C. with the Association of PA Programs (APAP), which is now the PA Education Association (PAEA). The headquarters moved to Arlington, Va. in the late 1970s and then to Alexandria, Va. in 1988.
Members.
PAs who are graduates of PA educational programs accredited by the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the PA (ARC-PA) or one of its predecessor agencies are eligible for fellow membership in AAPA. Other membership categories include:
Leadership.
Volunteer leaders (elected and appointed) and paid staff serve the profession from the national office headquarters in Alexandria, Va. and other U.S. locations.
Divisions.
There are two additional divisions of AAPA.


School-Based Health Alliance

The School-Based Health Alliance is a membership organization that promotes and supports school-based health centers in the United States.
About.
The School-Based Health Alliance was founded in 1995. The School-Based Health Alliance advocates for national policies, programs, and funding to expand and strengthen centers, while also supporting the movement with training and technical assistance
School-based health centers are generally located in schools or on school grounds. They work cooperatively within the school to become an integral part of the school and provide a comprehensive range of services that meet the specific physical and behavioral health needs of the young people in the community. They employ a multidisciplinary team of providers to care for the students: physicians, dentists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, dental hygienist, social workers, alcohol and drug counselors, and other health professionals. Clinical services are usually provided through a qualified health provider such as a hospital, health department, or medical practice.
They normally require parents to sign written consents for their children to receive the full scope of services provided and have an advisory board consisting of community representatives, parents, youth, and family organizations, to provide planning and oversight.


Medial pulvinar nucleus

Medial pulvinar nucleus ("nucleus pulvinaris medialis") is one of four traditionally anatomically distinguished nuclei of the pulvinar of the thalamus. The other three nuclei of the pulvinar are called lateral, inferior and anterior pulvinar nuclei.
Clinical significance.
Lesions of the medial pulvinar nucleus can result in neglect syndromes and attentional deficits.


Karl Hoffmann (naturalist)

Karl Hoffmann (7 December 1823 – 11 May 1859) was a German physician and naturalist.
Hoffmann was born in Stettin and studied at Berlin University. In 1853 he travelled to Costa Rica with Alexander von Frantzius to collect natural history specimens. With his wife, Emilia Hoffmann, he settled in San José, where he operated a consultation clinic and small pharmacy from his home. In order to supplement his income, he sold wine and liquor. He served as a doctor in the Costa Rican army during the invasion of William Walker in 1856. He died of typhoid in Puntarenas.
Hoffmann is commemorated in the names of a number of animals, including Hoffmann's two-toed sloth ("Choloepus hoffmanni" ), Hoffmann's woodpecker ("Melanerpes hoffmannii" ), the sulphur-winged parakeet ("Pyrrhura hoffmanni" ), Hoffmann's antthrush ("Formicarius hoffmanni" ), Hoffmann's earth snake ("Geophis hoffmanni" ), and a millipede "Chondrodesmus hoffmanni" (Peters, 1864).


Josef Kyrle

Josef Kyrle (8 December 1880 – 30 March 1926) was an Austrian pathologist and dermatologist who was a native of Schärding.
He studied medicine at the University of Graz, and afterwards was an assistant to Anton Weichselbaum (1845–1920) at the clinic of pathological anatomy at the University of Vienna. In 1907 he was an assistant to Ernst Finger (1856–1939) at the dermatology clinic in Vienna, and in 1918 he became an associate professor.
Kyrle specialized in microscopic and histological research of skin disorders. His name is associated with Kyrle disease, being also known as "hyperkeratosis penetrans". In 1916 Kyrle referred to this condition as "hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis in cutem penetrans". It is characterized by keratotic plugs that develop in hair follicles and eccrine ducts, penetrating the epidermis and extending into the dermis. This disorder is often associated with diabetes mellitus and kidney failure.
He performed investigations on the use of Jauregg's malaria therapy for treatment of syphilis in its early stages, and with Dr. Weichselbaum, he performed important studies involving the origin and development of the islets of Langerhans in the fetus.


Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya

Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya (Dev Sanskriti, or simply "DSVV") is an Indian university located at Shantikunj near Haridwar city in state of Uttarakhand.
Established in 2002 by the act of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly it is a fully residential university. Run by Shri Vedmata Gayatri Trust, Shantikunj, Haridwar (headquarters of All World Gayatri Pariwar), it provides various degree, diploma and certificate courses in areas like clinical psychology, Yogic science, alternative therapy, Indian culture, tourism, rural management, theology, spiritual counseling etc. It also provides courses through distance learning mode.
Brahmavarchas Shodh Sansthan.
Brahmavarchas Shodh Sansthan, or Brahmavarchas Research Institute (in English) is situated on the bank of the Ganges, about half a kilometer from Shantikunj, Haridwar, in India. Equipped with a state of the art laboratory, a library and a botanical garden containing rare ayurvedic herbs, the institute is working on unique projects such as Yagyopathy, Ayurveda and Vedic mantras
Sharma established the Institute as a center for inter communion of science and spirituality, where interrelation between these two aspects is studied. The prime aim of setting up this Institute is to establish the ancient Indian Yogic Philosophy as the science and art of living.
The Institute is dedicated to the integration of modern and ancient Indian sciences in a practical way motivated by the goal of health and happiness for all. Innovative scientific research aimed at grassroots applications is being carried out in the ancient sciences in collaboration with the relevant modern sciences. Major areas of research include Ayurveda and Yagyopathy, total psychology, the science of Vedic mantras and its therapeutic applications, the philosophy and science of yoga, Sadhana, mantra and tantra and the science of spirituality.
The Institute houses well-equipped laboratories of hematology, biochemistry, neurophysiology, cardiology, phytochemistry, psychometry, Yagyopathy etc. Apart from its own team of doctors, engineers, scientists and philosophers, the center has live interaction with the hospital, ayurvedic pharmacy and yoga laboratories of Shantikunj, some of the hospitals and universities in and around Haridwar. Distinguished researchers, professors and other experts also visit the center regularly.
The Institute has been conducting scientific experiments to investigate the effects of Ayurveda and herbal medicine, yog sadhana, yajna, gayatri-sadhana and panch karma, on different bodily and mental functions. The subjects (experimental and the control groups) are the trainees of the sadhana programmes/camps of spiritual refinement and personality development organized regularly at Shantikunj.


Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy

The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy (CCGP) is a non-profit organization which has established a voluntary professional certification program for pharmacists. Pharmacists must pass a written examination to become certified and must re-certify every five years. Candidates are expected to be knowledgeable about principles of geriatric pharmacotherapy and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the elderly.
A pharmacist who is certified in geriatric pharmacy practice is designated as a "Certified Geriatric Pharmacist," and may use the acronym "CGP" as a suffix to their personal name.
CCGP was founded in 1997 by the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists and R. Tim Webster, and it is based in Alexandria, Virginia. As of 2007, CCGP has certified pharmacists in Australia, Canada, Panama, Puerto Rico, Sweden, Singapore, United States and Japan.
As of 2018, CCGP merged with the Board of Pharmacy Specialties and CGP credential is now changed to board certified geriatric pharmacist (BCGP).


Morrill Wyman

Morrill Wyman (July 25, 1812 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts – January 30, 1903 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American physician and social reformer. Best known today for his work on hay fever, he was one of the most respected doctors of his time, a social reformer, Harvard overseer, hospital president, and author in his long lifetime.
Wyman was the son of Dr. Rufus Wyman, first director of the McLean Asylum, and Elizabeth Morrill. He and his brother Jeffries Wyman (later first curator of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard) graduated from Harvard in 1833 and received medical degrees in 1837. Soon thereafter he set up a medical practice in Cambridge which he continued for over 50 years.
Another brother, Edward Wyman (1818 - 1899), was a prominent merchant and the captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.
Medical Work.
Early in his career Wyman became interested in ventilation, and became an expert on the ventilation of sickrooms and public buildings. A paper on the subject won an award from the Massachusetts Medical Society, and he published a book on the subject in 1846. He also devised a method and device for removing excess fluid from the chest cavity (1850). During the Civil War he served on a Sanitary Committee that inspected army medical facilities, being considered too old and too busy of a doctor to send to the front lines. After the Civil War Wyman became interested in hay fever, which he and members of his family suffered from, and he conducted experiments that convinced him that ragweed was a cause of what he called "Autumnal Cattarh"; gathering data from correspondents, he published the first pollen maps of the United States so that sufferers could plan vacations in low pollen areas.
In 1850, Wyman performed the first recorded thoracentesis, later described by Henry Ingersoll Bowditch after performing the procedure on one of Bowditch's patients the same year.
Wyman lectured on medical subjects for many years, both at a private medical school which he and his brother Jeffries conducted in Boston and at Harvard, where he served as interim professor of anatomy 1853-1856. He took a special interest in the Harvard Medical School during his terms as a Harvard overseer (1875–1887).
Corporal Punishment.
The whipping of a 16-year-old girl named Josephine Foster in a Cambridge school in 1866 gave Wyman a new cause. Convinced that it was harmful to use corporal punishment on young women and girls, Wyman led a petition drive, spoke and wrote on the subject, and ultimately served terms on the Cambridge School Board. He soon allied with others such as Bostonian John P. Ordway who wished to ban corporal punishment in the public schools for both sexes. Wyman testified at a hearing in 1868 on a bill to abolish all corporal punishment in public schools in Massachusetts - a bill which passed the lower house of the General Court, but failed in the Senate. (Corporal punishment in public schools was ultimately prohibited by law in Massachusetts in 1972.) His efforts did not lead to a long-standing ban on corporal punishment in Cambridge schools, but increased public awareness of it, and new reporting requirements probably reduced it considerably.
Other Accomplishments.
Morrill Wyman also served as president of "Cambridge Hospital" (now Mount Auburn Hospital) during the construction of its first building; a building at the hospital now bears his name. After formally closing his practice in 1892 (although he continued to see devoted patients for many years after that), Wyman wrote an article and later a book on the life of Daniel Treadwell, inventor and Harvard professor, who had been a friend of Wyman's. During his long career as a physician, he treated many prominent patients, including Theodore Roosevelt, Charles Eliot, and Louis Agassiz. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Personal life.
Wyman married Elizabeth Aspinwall Pulsifer, the orphan daughter of a ship's captain, and they had four children. He was greatly saddened by the death of his brother Jeffries in 1872. His son Morrill Wyman Jr. wrote a short book on the lives of his father and grandfather; it was published privately not long before his own death in 1913.


Lambda (anatomy)

The occipital angle is rounded and corresponds with the point of meeting of the sagittal and the lambdoid suture—a point which is termed the lambda (after the Greek letter of the same name whose lowercase form resembles the junction formed by the sutures); in the fetus this part of the skull is membranous, and is called the posterior fontanelle.


Calvin Stiller

Calvin Ralph Stiller, OC, OOnt, MD, FRCP(C), FCAHS, DSc(hon), LLD(hon), (born February 12, 1941), is a highly esteemed Canadian physician, scientist, and entrepreneur. Although retired from a long and distinguished career as a member of the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at Western University in London, Ontario, Stiller's impact on the Canadian health care system remains profound. His work in the area of organ transplantation and immunology, especially, was path-breaking in Canada and elsewhere, as was his creation of and support for various streams of top-level medical research, innovation, investment, and market application.
Early Life and Education
Stiller hails from the tiny prairie town of Naicam, Saskatchewan. He was the third of five children born to the Rev’d Hilmer Stiller, a minister ordained by the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada, and his wife Mildred (née Parsons). Stiller spent his childhood years in Naicam, the kind of town that Wallace Stegner would write about later evocatively in his celebrated prairie memoir, "Wolf Willow". Stiller's lifelong love of horses – of which the Ontario farm where he resides today is a reflection – began here. Later, the family would move to Tisdale, and then finally in 1947 to the much larger Saskatoon. Here, Stiller would complete his schooling, which included graduating from Bedford Road Collegiate, followed by two years of undergraduate pre-medical studies in Arts and Science at the University of Saskatchewan. At the age of 20 in 1961, Stiller entered the medical faculty at the U of S, just as the then Premier of Saskatchewan, Tommy Douglas, was leading the controversial campaign to bring about a comprehensive, national system of health care in Canada. Always interested in science and medicine, Stiller had aspired from an early age to be a physician, in large part because of the inspiring example of a local doctor, Abe Dick, who had given outstanding care to his father who suffered from severe complications in kidney function owing to Bright's Disease. ‘I want to be him’, he told his mother at the age of 12 referencing Dr. Dick, ‘and I never varied’.1
 As well as hoping to achieve the high bar of attending medical school, during his childhood and youth Stiller demonstrated a pronounced entrepreneurial bent, which would come to fruition many years later. When they were growing up, the Rev’d Stiller had encouraged his children to think always about how to serve others, and there were three professions especially that readily exemplified the virtue: minister, teacher, and doctor. This paternal ideal from a man whom he ‘loved dearly’ left an indelible mark on the young Stiller.2 But in the meantime, in order to save money, and already ‘being a little entrepreneur at heart’, as he recalls, Stiller set up a milk bar at school (the first such initiative to provide food in the local school system), delivered newspapers along the longest route in Saskatoon, co-owned and serviced pen vending machines distributed throughout the city, and, later, opened Skateland Roller Rink, which offered a venue for teenagers to burn off energy during the North American roller-skating craze of the late 1950s.3
Career
 Following the completion of his MD degree in 1965, Stiller set off to pursue five years of post-graduate fellowship studies at what was then called the University of Western Ontario in London, Ont., followed by a year spent at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. During these years of advanced training under leaders in the field such as Dr. Ramsay Gunton and Dr. John Dossetor, Stiller developed a specialization in what was an obvious natural interest in kidney disease, as well as in the related areas of transplantation – a growing field – immunology, and infection. Returning to Western in 1971, and having gained by then his fellowship designation of FRCP(C), he embarked on a long tenure at University Hospital, London. Beginning in 1972, he was appointed Chief of Nephrology and Transplantation, and later, Director of Immunology at the John P. Robarts Institute.
 From those early years in the 1970s through to the first decade of the twenty-first century, Stiller would set a hectic pace for himself of work, research, advocacy and medical-based entrepreneurship. His name can be found on some 265 peer-reviewed scientific papers, which is an astonishing level of published research for a physician who, along the way, had married the former Angie Apolinario, had a family of six children, a full case-load of patients, and held numerous administrative responsibilities. Additionally, Stiller had found the time to be an early adopter of computerized patient records, as well as to co-create a telephone-based medical service, which he would take public. This service became the first form of Telemedicine offered by the Government of Ontario.4 These foundational years of his career, especially the pioneering days of organ transplantation, were very exciting, he says, but also hard-going emotionally because a large number of transplant recipients died. Still, ‘some of my best memories’, he recalls, ‘are of driving home at two in the morning from the ICU after a family had agreed to donate a loved one’s organs, and knowing that someone facing imminent death was being prepped for the OR’.5 A deep and abiding commitment to the eventual widespread success of organ transplantation led to Stiller's establishing the Multi-Organ Transplant Service and the Canadian Centre for Transplantation in London, over which he acted as chief from 1984 until 1996. Organ rejection was (and remains) a major challenge in the field and Stiller's key involvement as principal investigator in the early 1980s in the clinical trials and market development of the drug Cyclosporine for use as a first-line therapy for transplant rejection stands as a towering achievement in revolutionizing the success rate of organ transplants worldwide. In 1990, he published the book, "Lifegifts: The Real Story of Organ Transplantation", in which he, along with his brother, the Rev’d Brian Stiller, recounts this remarkable history.6 In a similar way, Stiller's leading role amongst a team of researchers had proved in 1984 that human Type I Diabetes was an autoimmune disorder and therefore amenable to a regime of immunosuppressant or immunomodulant treatment. It was a singular breakthrough that was much-praised by the medical community, as well as by many others, including the late Professor Michael Bliss, the renowned University of Toronto medical historian and biographer of the Nobel prize-winning co-discoverer of insulin, Sir Frederick Banting.7
 At the same time that Stiller was carrying out his multi-faceted hospital and laboratory work, he was helping also to enlarge steadily the capacity for advanced medical research and development in Canada. The list in this regard is long. Of especial importance is the Canadian Medical Discoveries Fund, which he founded, the largest venture capital fund in Canadian medical history, which since its inception has raised and managed over half a billion dollars in assets. In addition, Stiller's participation on medical-related boards and foundations is equally extensive. For example, he served as founder and chair of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, as well as the chair of Genome Canada. Along with Dr. John Evans, a former president of the University of Toronto, and Ken Knox, Stiller catalyzed the founding of the Medical and Related Science (MaRS) Discovery District in downtown Toronto, and then served as its director. Launched in 2000, and created to bring publicly funded medical and related sciences research to Canadian and global markets, as of today, the MaRS ‘ecosystem’ has created tens of thousands of jobs and raised in excess of one billion dollars in capital investments.8 To Stiller, MaRS is one of the chief ways of pushing the results of Canadian science to be an end-product, ready for market export. That's happening already, but he's confident that even more of it is in store. ‘It will occur in all its glory and potential’, he says, ‘You can take this to the bank’.9 Meanwhile, around the same time, Stiller was invited by the then Premier of Ontario, Mike Harris, to chair the Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund, which, together with the Ontario Innovation Trust, would provide over $1.2-billion in R&D support during the following decade to Ontario universities in a unique alliance with research-intensive businesses.
Awards and Distinctions
‘If you want to see the monuments to Cal Stiller’, observes Dr. Henry Friesen, professor emeritus of medicine at the University of Manitoba, a former president of the Medical Research Council of Canada, and himself a giant of Canadian medicine, ‘it’s like they said about Sir Christopher Wren, ‘look all around – they’re everywhere’.10 Stiller's outsized and highly influential imprint on Canadian medicine, medical research, and health care has been recognized through a passel of awards ranging from business-based, to medical, to university, to signal honours bestowed upon him by both the Province of Ontario and the country. For example, he was named Ontario Entrepreneur of the Year in 1996. In 1999, Western University established the Novartis/Calvin Stiller Chair in Xenotransplantation. The next year, he was named a Member of the Order of Ontario, to go along with having been made a member of the Order of Canada a few years earlier (he has since been raised to the level of Officer). In 2002, the namesake Stiller Centre for Technology Commercialization was opened in London. He has been given honourary degrees by a number of Canadian universities, as well as included by his alma mater, the University of Saskatchewan, in its '100 Graduates of Influence’, an all-time list celebrated to mark the university's centenary in 2007.
Finally, a few years later in 2010, Stiller was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. Back in 1994, at the suggestion of his son, Tim, during a visit to the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Stiller had begun to think about creating a medical hall of fame for Canada in order to honour the great achievements of national luminaries in the field such as Banting, Charles Best, Emily Stowe, Wilder Penfield, and many others. Soon thereafter, and with the help of J. Allyn Taylor, a leading banker and the Chancellor of Western University, the CMHF in London came into being, the only one of its kind in the world. Stiller's own election to it later, at the hands of an autonomous committee, would move him deeply. In 2010 also, he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (one of only ten allowed), and won the highly prestigious Canada Gairdner Wightman Award, the preeminent medical prize in the country, in recognition of a lifetime's work in organ transplantation and the immunology of Type I Diabetes. In 2011, Stiller was named to give the annual Killam Address. In so doing, he recalled the Canadian Olympic team-inspired title: ‘Can we “Own the Podium” in Science and Technology?’. Clearly, the long ago words of his minister-father enjoining him ‘to serve’ have been the lodestar of Calvin Stiller's life. He is, as the "Globe and Mail" called him upon his retirement in 2010, a true Canadian ‘nation builder’.11 A nation of -- Stiller hopes in echoing the words of Canada's former Governor General, David Johnston -- ‘keener minds and kinder hearts’.12
Selected External Sites and Further Reading
https://gairdner.org/award_winners/calvin-stiller/
https://cahs-acss.ca/distinguished fellows/
http://www.usask.ca/100/alumni/calvin_stiller.php
http://killamlaureates.ca/doc/2011KillamLecture.pdf
http://youtube.com/watch?v=rftpYJ5ecfk
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1693714?seq=1
Stiller, Calvin. Lifegifts: The Real Story of Organ Transplantation (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990).
References.
 1. Interview with the subject, April 24, 2020.
 2. Ibid.
 3. "The Globe and Mail", December 28, 2010.
 4. "The Canadian Sportsman", April 29, 2010.
 5. Ibid.
 6. Calvin Stiller, "Lifegifts: The Real Story of Organ Transplantation" (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990).
 7. Michael Bliss, "The Discovery of Insulin" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982); "Banting: a Biography" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984).
 8. Alex Philipiddis, ‘Incubators Blossom along with their Startups’, "Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News" (June 15, 2014), 34 (12). See, also, http://marsdd.com
 9. "The Canadian Sportsman", op cit.
 10. "The Globe and Mail", op cit.
 11. Ibid.
 12. http://www.canada.com (January 6, 2013).


Pseudomamma


Rehabilitation assistant

Rehabilitation Assistants (RAs), also referred to as occupational therapist assistants (OTAs) and physiotherapist assistants (PTAs) are members of the health care team who work under the supervision of an occupational therapist or a physiotherapist to improve a client's or patient's quality of life.
Scope of Practice.
In British Columbia, Canada rehabilitation assistants are not allowed to assess clients but can modify treatment plans set by the physiotherapist and/or occupational therapist.
Education.
Preferred education in Canada is the completion of a 2-year full-time diploma from an accredited rehabilitation assistant program.


McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine

McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine is a medical research institute which is a partnership between the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
History.
In 1992, the McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development was established through a gift from William G. McGowan, founder and chairman of MCI Communications. McGowan experienced a heart attack in 1986, resulting in his receiving a heart transplant in 1987, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. In 1990, William and Sue Gin McGowan donated $1 million to fund a center devoted to the studying artificial organ replacement. The McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development was established in 1992.
The McGowan Institute was formed in 2001 by consolidating the artificial organ and medical device research of the faculty affiliated with the McGowan Center with research related to tissue engineering and cell-based therapies. McGowan Institute works on tissue and organ insufficiency through tissue engineering, cell-based therapies, and medical devices and artificial organs, with an emphasis on translating the research findings of McGowan Institute affiliated faculty into clinical use.
Current Program.
The McGowan Institute works to address tissue and organ insufficiency through tissue engineering, cell-based therapies, and medical devices, and artificial organs, with an emphasis on translating the research findings of McGowan Institute affiliated faculty into clinical use. McGowan Institute is:
References.
Attribution:
This article incorporates material from the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine web page entitled About Us..


Radiologic sign

A radiologic sign is an objective indication of some medical fact (that is, a medical sign) that is detected by a physician during radiologic examination with medical imaging (for example, via an X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, or sonographic scan).


Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007

The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 (c 28) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The Act allows for the implementation of many provisions outlined in the Government white paper "Strong and Prosperous Communities" including changes to local government in England. One provision is that civil parishes may now be established in the London boroughs.
The Bill for this Act.
The Bill for this Act had its third reading in the House of Commons on 22 May 2007 and in the House of Lords on 22 October 2007. It received Royal Assent on 30 October.
Provisions.
Part 1 Structural and boundary change in England.
This Part came into force on 1 November 2007, subject to certain savings.
Part 17 Final provisions.
Section 245 - Commencement.
Orders made under this section:
Impact in Wales.
Schedule 17 of the Act amends Schedule 5 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 therefore giving the National Assembly for Wales legislative competence in the sphere of local government. These powers will allow the Assembly to pass Assembly Measures that can change the structure, boundaries and composition of local councils in Wales.


Proximal femoral focal deficiency

Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD), also known as Congenital Femoral Deficiency (CFD), is a rare, non-hereditary birth defect that affects the pelvis, particularly the hip bone, and the proximal femur. The disorder may affect one side or both, with the hip being deformed and the leg shortened.
It is commonly linked with the absence or shortening of a leg bone (fibular hemimelia) and the absence of a kneecap. Other linked birth defects include the dislocation or instability of the joint between the femur and the kneecap, a shortened tibia or fibula, and foot deformities.
Causes.
The cause of PFFD is uncertain. Two hypotheses have been advanced. The theory of sclerotome subtraction posits injury to neural crest cells that are the precursors to sensory nerves at the level of L4 and L5. Histologic studies of a fetus with unilateral PFFD have prompted an alternative hypothesis that PFFD is caused by a defect in maturation of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) at the growth plate. In either hypothesis, the agent causing the injury is usually not known. Thalidomide is known to cause PFFD when the mother is exposed to it in the fifth or sixth week of pregnancy, and it is speculated that exposure to other toxins during pregnancy may also be a cause. Other etiologies that have been suggested, but not proven, include anoxia, ischemia, radiation, infection, hormones, and mechanical force. PFFD occurs sporadically, and does not appear to be hereditary.
Diagnosis.
Classifications.
There are typically four classes (or "types") of PFFD, ranging from class A to class D, as detailed by Aitken.
Types of PFFD
Type A — The femur bone is slightly shorter on the proximal end (near the hip), and the femoral head (the ball of the thigh bone that goes into the hip socket) may not be solid enough to be seen on X-rays at birth, but later hardens (ossifies). This deformity is sometimes called congenital short femur, because the child’s anatomy from hip to knee is contiguous and similar to their peers except for the one shortened bone. In some cases, children with type A deformities will also have an externally rotated femur, which could lead to bowing of the legs (genu varum).
Type B — The femur bone is shorter on the proximal end (near the hip) and the defect affects both the femoral head (the ball) and the femoral shaft (the long part of the bone). This defect is more severe than type A deformities because it will not heal spontaneously and, at skeletal maturity, the proximal femur (lower part near the knee) will not connect with the femoral head.
Type C — The entire top half of the femur bone is absent, including the trochanters (the part of the bone in which muscles are attached to the upper thigh), and the femoral head. In type C deformities, the proximal femur is not connected to the hip in any way. In fact, many children with type C deformities also have acetabular dysplasia, a condition in which the acetabulum (hip socket) is shallow, abnormally shaped, and oriented outward.
Type D — This is the most severe form of proximal femoral focal deficiency, in which most of the femur bone is absent and only a small irregular piece of bone above the distal femoral epiphysis (the end of the femur bone at the knee) is present. In the pelvis, no acetabulum (hip socket) is present; instead the pelvic wall is flat on the affected side.
Treatment.
Depending on the severity of the deformities, the treatment may include the amputation of the foot or part of the leg, lengthening of the femur, extension prosthesis, or custom shoe lifts. Amputation usually requires the use of prosthesis. Another alternative is a rotationplasty procedure, also known as Van Ness surgery. In this situation the foot and ankle are surgically removed, then attached to the femur. This creates a functional "knee joint". This allows the patient to be fit with a below knee prosthesis vs a traditional above knee prosthesis.
In less severe cases, the use of an Ilizarov apparatus can be successful in conjunction with hip and knee surgeries (depending on the status of the femoral head/kneecap) to extend the femur length to normal ranges. This method of treatment can be problematic in that the Ilizarov might need to be applied both during early childhood (to keep the femur from being extremely short at the onset of growth) and after puberty (to match leg lengths after growth has ended). The clear benefit of this approach, however, is that no prosthetics are needed and at the conclusion of surgical procedures the patient will not be biologically or anatomically different from a person born without PFFD.
In some cases the patient may not request treatment and instead elect to use a wheelchair or other aids to assist mobility.


Friedrich Gustav von Bramann

Friedrich Gustav von Bramann (September 25, 1854 – April 21, 1913) was a German surgeon born in Wilhelmsberg near Darkehmen, East Prussia.
He studied medicine at the University of Königsberg and joined the Corps Hansea. He became assistant surgeon to Ernst von Bergmann at the Charité in Berlin. In 1889 he declined the call to the University of Greifswald and became a senior lecturer at the Charité. In 1890 he was appointed professor (Ordinarius) of surgery at the University of Halle an der Saale, succeeding Richard von Volkmann
In 1887-88 he was attending surgeon to the Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm in San Remo. When Friedrich almost choked on a larynx cancer he encouraged Bramann to perform a tracheostomy. Bramann, known for his icy composure, did so and thus enabled the Prince to ascend to the throne in March 1888. When Friedrich died just three months later, the autopsy Bramann's emergency measure, disregarding the former assessment of Morell Mackenzie and Rudolf Virchow.
Bramann was known for his use of minimally invasive surgical practices and his pioneer work in neurosurgery. With neurologist Gabriel Anton, he researched suboccipital puncture and the "Balkenstich method" for treatment of hydrocephalus. The "Balkenstich method" was first introduced in 1908 by Bramann and Anton, and is a procedure in which the corpus callosum (a tract of white matter connecting the brain's two halves) is pierced for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid.
Bramann despised academic poly-writing and published only some dozens articles and papers.
He was knighted in 1891 and received high decorations for treating German princes and Turkish dignitaries.


Claude Bertrand (neurosurgeon)

Claude Bertrand, (March 28, 1917 – August 7, 2014) was a Canadian neurosurgeon.
Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1934 and a Doctor of Medicine from Université de Montréal in 1940. Elected a Rhodes Scholar in 1940, he went to Oxford in 1946, to work under Professor LeGros Clarke and Professor Graham Weddell.
In 1971, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada "for his research work and his contribution to the advancement of neurosurgery".
He died on August 7, 2014. He was 97 years old.


Gaspar Casal

Gaspar Roque Francisco Narciso Casal Julian (31 December 1681–10 August 1759) was a Catalan physician remembered for describing the Casal collar in pellagra.
Casal was born in Girona Catalonia, Spain to Federico Casal y Dajón and Magdalena Julian. He grew up in Utrillas and is thought to have apprenticed at Atienza with Juan Manuel Rodriguez de Lima, an apothecary to Pope Innocent XI. In He began to practice medicine in Oviedo from 1720 to 1751, at which time he moved to Madrid as King Ferdinand's physician. He became a friend of Fr. Benito Feyjóo y Montenegro and Fr. Martin Sarmiento who encouraged his studies. He described pellagra in a book published in 1762, calling it "mal de la rose" due to the red rash seen on the hands and feet of sufferers. His “Historia affectionum quarundam regionis hujus familiarum” described scabies and treatment using sulfur ointment. He wrote on the natural history of Asturias which was published posthumously in 1762.
He married Maria Ruiz and had two sons. After her death he married Maria Álvarez Rodríguez Arango and had two more children.


Optometry and Vision Science

Optometry and Vision Science is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of the American Academy of Optometry. The journal was established in 1924 as the American Journal of Optometry. It was renamed the American Journal of Optometry and Archives of the American Academy of Optometry in 1941, then to the American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics in 1974, before obtaining its current title in 1989. The editor-in-chief is Michael D. Twa of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, the Science Citation Index, and Current Contents/Clinical Medicine. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.895.
Garland W. Clay Award.
This award is given to the authors of the article published by the journal that has been most widely cited in the world of scientific literature in the preceding five years. Winners have included:


Association of Academic Physiatrists

The Association of Academic Physiatrists (AAP) is an organization of faculty, researchers, and others interested in supporting the advancement of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) academics. The Association currently has over 2,100 members. The AAP has an official journal, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, holds an Annual Meeting, and leads various programs and activities to support and enhance academic physiatry.
About Us.
The Association of Academic Physiatrists (AAP) was founded in 1967 to serve as the national organization of physiatrists who are affiliated with medical schools. The AAP is a member organization of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC).
The objectives of the Association are to promote the advancement of teaching and research in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation within an academic environment. The organization acts as a sounding board and forum for the exchange of ideas and information relative to all phases of the art and science of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. It promotes the distribution of information to future young physicians who will be practicing this art and science for the benefit of the public health and welfare. The organization also becomes involved in the exchange of information from other areas of medicine, both in basic science and in clinical areas of teaching and research.
The AAP holds an Annual Meeting that features the latest and greatest topics pertinent to research, education, clinical care and the administration of physiatry. This five-day conference also features scientific poster presentations, committee and council meetings, networking events and much more.
The mission of the AAP is carried out between meetings by working committees. The most active committees focus on academic affairs, education and research. Other committees address bylaws, membership, programs, nominations and financial matters. The members of the AAP shape its policies and programs through a board of trustees. The AAP officers maintain liaisons with a number of related scientific societies, government agencies and academic institutions. The AAP also sponsors several councils to stimulate, promote and coordinate the unique concerns of special interest groups within the organization. Current councils include PM&R chairs, residency program and fellowship directors, researchers, residency coordinators, residents and fellows, and residency program coordinators.
Membership.
The benefits of membership in the AAP are important for both the new and mature academic physiatrist. Among the many services are:
Membership Criteria
The Association Bylaws require that a prospective member be a physician qualified to practice medicine in the USA and Canada. Provision for a nonphysician to belong to the AAP is found in the affiliate member category. An academic physiatrist from a non-North American country can qualify as an international member. Associate, resident, affiliate, and international members enjoy all the benefits of membership except voting and holding office.
Diplomate Members - A Diplomate member must be a physician qualified to practice medicine in the United States or Canada. He/she must hold an academic faculty appointment as a physiatrist in a US or Canadian medical school or be a full-time teaching physiatrist in a non-university-affiliated residency program. He/she must have a primary certificate of PM&R and be a Diplomate of the ABPMR or declared equally qualified by his/her country's specialty examining board (such as the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada).
Associate Members - An Associate member is a physician qualified to practice medicine in the United States or Canada and is actively engaged in the practice of PM&R. An Associate member may be actively engaged in the training of physicians and/or students in PM&R. Physiatrists without faculty appointments and non-physiatrists who are certified in a subspecialty field by the ABPMR, but who have academic pursuits and/or interests in PM&R, may also qualify for Associate membership. Associate members enjoy all the privileges of membership except voting and holding office.
Affiliate Members - An Academic Affiliate member is a nonphysician health care professional with an academic appointment in a division or department of PM&R in a North American Medical School. An Administrative Affiliate member is a nonphysician health care professional involved either in the administration of a PM&R division/department, residency training program or research program, or in the immediate supervision of the previously described individual. Affiliate members enjoy all the privileges of membership except voting and holding office.
International Members - An International member is a physician legally qualified to practice medicine in his/her country of residence, with training and experience comparable to Diplomates of the ABPMR. An International member must also be actively engaged in the practice of PM&R as well as in physiatric research and/or the training of physicians/students in the specialty of physiatry. Sponsorship by a PM&R Chair is required. International members enjoy all of the privileges of membership except voting and holding office.
Emeritus Members - Emeritus membership is for a physician permanently retired from the practice of medicine.
In-Training Members - An In-Training member is a physician actively engaged in a training program leading to admissibility to the certifying examination of the ABPMR (or his/her country's equivalent examining board), or for a student in a North American medical school or osteopathic medical school.
Education.
The AAP holds an Annual Meeting each year. The meeting offers an educational program with PM&R-specific workshops that offer continuing medical education (CME) as well as a job fair and exhibit hall.
The AAP facilitates the exchange of ideas and information regarding the teaching of the art and science of PM&R through promoting the dissemination of:
Program for Academic Leadership
The Association of Academic Physiatrists, under the leadership of William Bockenek, MD, CPE, also sponsors the Program for Academic Leadership (PAL), a three-year program to develop academic leadership skills in junior PM&R faculty. The goal of PAL is to provide a basic administrative framework and skill set to promising physiatric academic faculty to enhance their leadership abilities within a Department, Medical School, and the field of PM&R at large. The number of participants is limited to provide maximum interaction with course instructors. This program requires candidates to attend the PAL course during each of three consecutive AAP Annual Meetings. Over the three years, the content covers department administration, teaching and education, and research.
Research.
The AAP promotes PM&R research by sponsoring the following programs:
Rehabilitation Research Experience For Medical Students(RREMS) Externship Program
The Association of Academic Physiatrists (AAP) and the Foundation for PM&R have sponsor a summer externship for select medical students. Rehabilitation Research Experience for Medical Students (RREMS) is offered to allow first year medical students to experience the rewards of scholarly research within the specialty of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation through an eight-week experience at a host site.
Rehabilitation Medicine Scientist Training Program (RMSTP)
Another program, The Rehabilitation Medicine Scientist Training Program (RMSTP), provides research training, mentorship and career development support for those physiatrists committed to developing productive careers in academic medicine and research. The ultimate aim of the RMSTP is to increase the number of rigorously trained, extramurally competitive and scientifically productive faculty members in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) departments, who can contribute to the continued development of physiatric research specifically and rehabilitation science in general.
Publications.
The American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation is the official scholarly, peer-reviewed journal of the Association of Academic Physiatrists (AAP).
The AAP Magazine began in 1982 as a tool to provide academic physiatrists with information regarding the availability of clinical and research fellowships and research grants and contracts for projects relating directly or indirectly to Rehabilitation Medicine. In 1983, the AAP Board of Trustees authorized up to 4 editions of the Newsletter per year. Over the years, the information has expanded to include all material relevant to the field of PM&R to accomplish the AAP's mission of providing a forum to inform and stimulate discussion regarding relevant issues pertaining to academic physiatry and the AAP itself.
The Association of Academic Physiatrists (AAP) released the first issue of the AAP E-Brief in May 2010. This weekly e-newsletter provides members the latest news in the AAP, AJPM&R and PM&R highlights in a timely and convenient electronic format.
Physiatry in Motion is the quarterly newsletter created by the AAP's Resident/Fellow Council (RFC) that features important topics on PM&R education, career development and practice.


Groove for sigmoid sinus

Groove for Sigmoid Sinus is a groove in the posterior cranial fossa.


Rawlins Dring

Rawlins Dring (fl. 1688), was an English physician.
Dring, son of Samuel Dring, born at Bruton, Somersetshire, was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became first scholar and a fellow in 1682. He proceeded B.A. 27 June 1679, M.A. 24 May 1682. Then entering on the physic line, he practised at Sherborne, Dorset.
He was the author of "Dissertatio Epistolica ad amplissimum virum & clarissimum pyrophilum J. N. Armigerum conscripta; in qua Crystallizationem Salium in unicam et propriam, uti dicunt, figuram, esse admodum incertam, aut accidentalem ex Observationibus etiam suis, contra Medicos & Chymicos hodiernos evincitur", 16mo, Amsterdam, 1688. According to Wood, "the reason why 'tis said in the title that it was printed at Amsterdam is because the College of Physicians refused to license it, having several things therein written against Dr. Martin Lister".


Ben K. Green

Ben K. Green (1912–1974) was an author who wrote about horses and the post-World War I American West. His books consist of anecdotes drawn from his own experiences in the Southwestern United States.
He was born in Cumby, Texas and raised in Weatherford, Texas. Before he was twenty years old he had successfully earned a living trading horses and mules and raising cattle and sheep. The common trading practice"cheat or be cheated"is reflected in his stories, told using the language and humor of the area and not excluding himself from either outcome.
It is often said that he studied at Cornell University and in England but Cornell University has no record of this, and he did not ever become a certified or licensed doctor of veterinary medicine according to records from the Texas State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. He was persuaded to settle in Fort Stockton, Texas and practiced in the entire Trans-Pecos Region. A large part of his work involved identifying plants which grew in that alkali soil and contained substances poisonous to horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs (lechuguilla, yellow-weed, pinguey, locoweed).


Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences

The Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), also known as the Busitema University Medical School (BUMS) and the Busitema University School of Medicine (BUSM), is the school of medicine of Busitema University, one of Uganda's public universities. The medical school is one of the newer medical schools in the country, having been part of university since 2013. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Location.
The school's campus is on the premises of the Mbale Regional Referral Hospital on Pallisa Road in the central business district of the city of Mbale, in Uganda's Eastern Region. The campus is approximately , by road, north-east of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the school are 1°04'55.0"N, 34°10'35.0"E (Latitude:1.081944; Longitude:34.176389).
Overview.
The school constitutes the Faculty of Health Sciences at Busitema University. The faculty is headed by Dean Paul Waako, who is deputized by a deputy dean. The teaching disciplines of the medical school are integrated with the regional referral hospital. The hospital's consultants, registrars, and interns collaborate in teaching the university's medical and nursing students.
Undergraduate Programmes.
The following undergraduate programmes are offered:
The degree is awarded after three years of pre-clinical instruction and examination in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, and pharmacology, followed by two years of clinical instruction and examination in general surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics & gynecology, psychiatry, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, anesthesiology, urology, and public health.
The degree is awarded after four years of instruction and examination.
Postgraduate Programmes.
The following postgraduate programmes are offered:
Planned programmes.
, the following academic programmes were being planned.


Mfezi (ambulance)

The Mfezi is an armoured ambulance used by the South African Military Health Service. The name "Mfezi" is a Zulu word that means cobra. The snake is the emblem of the South African Operational Medical Orderly who operate and use these vehicles, therefore armoured ambulances are named for snakes in South African military service.
History.
The Mfezi replaced the Rinkhals armoured ambulance at the end of the Angolan Bush War although it is believed that one Mfezi Ambulance was operationally tested in Angola during the closing stages of the Bush War.
Design.
The Mfezi is a armoured vehicle capable of withstanding 3 × TM-57 landmines/ TNT under any wheel and two TM-57/ TNT under the hull. The sides are armoured to withstand up to 7.62×51mm small arms fire.
The Mfezi is operated by two medical orderlies and has the capacity to hold four patients lying down and four sitting. The configuration of the inside of the vehicle can be changed as needed according to the situation, although this requires a workshop intervention.


Pancreas divisum

Pancreatic divisum is a congenital anomaly in the anatomy of the ducts of the pancreas in which a single pancreatic duct is not formed, but rather remains as two distinct dorsal and ventral ducts. Most individuals with pancreas divisum remain without symptoms or complications. A minority of people with pancreatic divisum may develop episodes of abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting due to acute or chronic pancreatitis. The presence of pancreas divisum is usually identified with cross sectional diagnostic imaging, such as MRI or computed tomography (CT) imaging. In some cases, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed, revealing the diagnosis of pancreas divisum. If no symptoms or complications are present, then treatment is not necessary. However, if there is recurrent pancreatitis, then a sphincterotomy of the minor papilla may be indicated.
Causes.
The human embryo begins life with two ducts in the pancreas, the ventral duct and the dorsal duct. Normally, the two ducts will fuse together to form one main pancreatic duct; this occurs in more than 90% of embryos. In approximately 10% of embryos the ventral and dorsal ducts fail to fuse together, resulting in pancreas divisum. In utero, the majority of the pancreas is drained by the dorsal duct which opens up into the minor duodenal papilla. The ventral duct drains the minority of the pancreas and opens into the major duodenal papilla. In adults however, this situation is reversed whereby 70% of the pancreas is drained by the ventral duct. Therefore in pancreas divisum, where fusion of the ducts does not occur, the major drainage of the pancreas is done by the dorsal duct which opens up into the minor papilla.
Diagnosis.
The most common and accurate way of diagnosing an individual with this anomaly is by MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography) or ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography). This test can demonstrate the presence of two separately draining ducts within the pancreas. Other tests can assist doctors with diagnosis, such as a CT scan and an MRI.
Treatment.
Pancreas divisum in individuals with no symptoms does not require treatment. For cases with mild and infrequent attacks, management may involve a low-fat diet, medications to reduce pain and gastrointestinal reactions, and pancreatic enzyme supplementation.
A surgeon may attempt a sphincterotomy by cutting the minor papilla to enlarge the opening and allow pancreatic enzymes to flow normally. During surgery, a stent may be inserted into the duct to ensure that the duct will not close causing a blockage. This surgery can cause pancreatitis in patients, or in rare cases, kidney failure and death. Endoscopic approaches (ERCP) are sometimes used for symptomatic pancreas divisum, which offers the benefit of a less invasive approach compared with surgery. No large-scale clinical studies comparing surgical and endoscopic approaches are available.
Occurrence.
Studies involving autopsy and imaging series indicate that between 6% and 10% of the population have pancreas divisum, but it is asymptomatic in the majority (>95%) of cases. In those who develop symptoms, the symptoms seen in pancreas divisum and pancreatitis with typical anatomy are the same: abdominal pain is common, typically of sudden onset and located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.


Nurul Islam (physician)

Nurul Islam (April 1, 1928 – January 24, 2013) was a Bangladeshi physician and educator. In 1987, he was selected as the National Professor of Bangladesh. He founded and served as the vice-chancellor of University of Science and Technology Chittagong. He was a Founding Fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences since 1973. He served as the personal physician of Bangladeshi President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Early life and education.
Islam was born on April 1, 1928, in Mohammadpur village, Chandanaish Upazila, Chittagong to Syedur Rahman and Gulmeher Begum. Rahman was a school teacher. Islam was the youngest of eight siblings. He passed SSC from Gachbaria Nityananda Gourachandra Model Govt secondary School and ISc from Calcutta Islamia Science College in 1943 and 1945 respectively. He then earned his bachelor's in medicine from Calcutta Medical College in 1951. He completed MRCP in 1954 and TDD (Diploma in Tuberculosis Diseases) in 1955 from University of Wales.
Career.
Islam joined Mitford Hospital and then Dhaka Medical College as an associate professor in 1958, and Chittagong Medical College as a professor in 1962. With Nuffield scholarship, he worked as visiting professor in London during 1963–1964. He was the founder and director of the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine Research (IPGMR) which is later renamed to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) for 24 years.
He served as the Founding Dean of Faculty of Postgraduate Medicine at the University of Dhaka.
In May 1989, Islam established the Institute of Applied Health and Science (IAHS) which was later renamed University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC).
Social activism.
Islam founded Islamic Medical Mission, Janasheba Foundation and ADHUNIK, an anti-tobacco organization recognized by the World Health Organization. He formulated "The Bangladesh National Drug Policy 1982". He served as the Chairman of Bangladesh First National AIDS Committee and National Drug Administration Committee.
Personal life.
Islam was married to Anwara Islam from December 26, 1962, until her death in December 2012. She was a professor at Dhaka Education Extension Center. They had two daughters, Nur-E-Jannat Ayesha Dina, a BUET and IBA graduate serving as the Deputy Program Director of USTC Business Faculty, and Neena Islam, an MBBS, BCS (Health), FCPS and MBA, serving as an Associate Professor in the Family Medicine Department in USTC. Their son, Ahmed Iftekharul Islam, is serving as the Vice President of the board of trustees of the Janasheba Foundation.
Islam died on January 24, 2013, at the LabAid Hospital in Dhaka. He was buried in the USTC campus.
Awards.
A partial list of Islam's awards:
Books.
Islam wrote total 27 books and over 100 articles in international medical journals.


Eric Frank Scowen

Sir Eric Frank Scowen (22 April 1910 – 23 November 2001) was an English physician and professor of medicine.
Biography.
After education at the City of London School he entered in 1926 St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, qualifying MRCP in 1931 and graduating MB BS (Lond.) in 1932. At St Bartholomew's Hospital he was a house physician under Francis Richard Fraser. Scowen graduated MD (Lond.) in 1935. He was briefly chief assistant at the Royal Brompton Hospital. In 1936 at St Bartholomew's Hospital Scowen was appointed an assistant physician and also assistant director of the medical unit. In 1937 Scowen was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship and studied endocrinology with Philip Edward Smith at Columbia University in Manhattan and with James Howard Means and Fuller Albright at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. In 1938 Scowen returned to St Bartholomew's Hospital as a reader in medicine. During WWII he lived in the centre of London and worked at St Bartholomew's Hospital, helping to organise the Hospital's fire-fighting and air-raid protection. There he was appointed in 1945 an assistant physician, in 1955 a director of the medical professorial unit, and in 1961 a professor of medicine, retiring in 1975. He graduated DSc in 1962.
In 1977 he became chair of the council of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund and continued there for many years, promoting the establishment of a number of Chairs of Medical Oncology outside London. He was a founder of King’s College London's Centre of Medical Law and Ethics and was made a Fellow of King’s College London.