Hugo Street

Hugo Street (1901–?) was an English trade unionist.
Born in Church Gresley in Derbyshire, Street worked at the Warsop Main Colliery from an early age. He joined the Nottinghamshire Miners' Association in 1916 and became branch secretary in 1927. In this role, he persuaded other members and management not to form a branch of George Alfred Spencer's rival Nottinghamshire and District Miners' Industrial Union.
Despite working in Nottinghamshire, Street lived in Shirebrook in Derbyshire, and was active in the Labour Party there. He served on Shirebrook Parish Council and later Derbyshire County Council, also serving as president of Shirebrook Trades Council.
In 1941, Street was elected to the council of the Derbyshire Miners' Association (DMA). He became president of the union in 1943, surprisingly defeating sitting president Samuel Sales. In 1947, he moved to become treasurer of the reconstituted Derbyshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers, serving until his retirement in 1966.


South Wales Coalfield

The South Wales Coalfield () extends across Pembrokeshire, Carmarthenshire, Swansea, Neath Port Talbot, Bridgend, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent and Torfaen. It is rich in coal deposits, especially in the South Wales Valleys.
Description.
It comprises a fully exposed synclinorium with a varying thickness of coal measures (Upper Carboniferous/Pennsylvanian) with thick, workable seams in the lower parts and generally thinner and sparser seams in the upper parts, together with a development of sandstones (Pennant Sandstone). These sandstones have been much used in building construction (including the characteristic terraces of former miners' houses) and give rise to bleak uplands rising 300–600 metres above sea level between the steep-sided valleys in which most deep mines were developed.
The coal generally increases in grade or "rank" from east to west, with bituminous coals in the east, and anthracite in the west, mostly to the north and west of Neath. The Rhondda Valley was particularly known for steam coals which fuelled steamships of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
History.
Industrial and transport expansion.
Ways along the valley floors provided the main routes for exporting coal south to ports and docks such as Newport Docks, Cardiff Docks and Barry Docks.
Early mining activity was mainly by levels or adits driven into coal seams from outcrops in the valley sides. Development of the coalfield proceeded very actively from about 1850, when deep mining became significant in the previously entirely rural Rhondda Valley. Coal was moved from mines on tramways to canals such as the Swansea Canal and Glamorganshire Canal. These were supplemented, and then superseded, by numerous competing railways which fed the docks at Swansea, Cardiff, Newport, Llanelli and Barry.
Later colliery shafts were sunk as deep as in order to reach the thicker, better quality seams.
Iron ore was also extracted from the coal measures, principally from the north crop area (including Merthyr Tydfil and Blaenavon). The availability of coal and nearby limestone (as a flux) gave rise to a substantial local iron and steel industry which was perpetuated in the 20th century by the location of modern steelworks at Ebbw Vale, Newport and Cardiff and Port Talbot. These used imported iron ore.
Decline.
Coal fuelling of Royal Navy ships was increasingly challenged from 1904 when strategists including Admiral "Jacky" Fisher and, later, Winston Churchill successfully argued for oil-firing of the steam engines in new ships. Oil, having higher energy density than coal, allowed larger and faster warships, and being easily piped, was easier to supply to ships at sea.
By the start of World War I, both the Queen Elizabeth-class and the Revenge-class battleships were partly oil-fired: oil was used mainly for both quick-start steaming, and sprayed on burning coal to extend their range. A number of cruiser and destroyer classes produced since 1904 also used oil. However by the time of the Battle of Jutland in May/June 1916 still only a sixth of the Grand Fleet was oil-fired. Further, that summer the British suffered a number of losses of oil tankers, and had to instruct oil-fired ships to restrict their fuel consumption and hence speed. When the United States entered the war in April 1917, the British instructed the United States Navy to send only coal-fired ships to assist them. To assist the Royal Navy, from the outset of the war the Government and railway companies ran what were termed "Jellicoe Specials", high-speed coal carrying freight trains that ran from South Wales to north-east Scotland, and then by ship to Scapa Flow. Initially running to Dingwall, they then were also shipped to Scrabster through Thurso. However, inadequate capacity in port and rail facilities at these locations meant that from January 1915, all naval ordnance (other than ammunition) and medical supplies were sent by rail to Aberdeen, and from mid-1915 Grangemouth. By the end of WWI, the Royal Navy had 33 dreadnoughts and 9 battle cruisers, with 10 and 2 respectively entirely oil fuelled.
However, after WWI, the move to oil-firing was quickly extended to other areas, including the railways, which was a key strategic factor in the economic hardship which struck the coalfield after the war. Coal workings were over-expanded in the late nineteenth century, and the Welsh coal owners had failed to invest in mechanisation. By the inter-war period the South Wales Coalfield had the lowest productivity, highest costs and smallest profits in Britain. Hardship continued through the 1926 general strike, the great depression of the 1930s, World War II and thereafter. The 1937 novel "The Citadel" and the 1939 novel "How Green Was My Valley" (later filmed, with a wildly inaccurate "colliery village") describe such hardship, as do the poems of Idris Davies the miner, teacher and poet of Rhymney.
New collieries, particularly in the western part of the coalfield where anthracite is found, were developed into the 1960s by the National Coal Board (for instance, Cynheidre Colliery No 1 shaft, at deep was sunk in 1954/6). Following the general collapse of the UK coal industry, most pits closed during the 1980s, with factors such as exhaustion of reserves and geological complexity adding to their problems. The last deep mine, at Tower Colliery on the north crop, ceased mining in January 2008. However, a few small licensed mines continue to work seams, mostly from outcrop, on the hillsides. Although some areas of the coalfield are effectively worked out, considerable reserves remain. However, the geological difficulties, which resulted in the closure of (for instance) Nantgarw colliery, make the cost of significant further extraction high. The coalfield experienced a late-stage development when opencast mining was commenced on a large scale, mostly on the gently-dipping north crop. In addition, old tips were reclaimed for their small coal content, which could be burned in power stations such as nearby Aberthaw. Most of the old sites have been filled and landscaped, but new operations continue.
Following the Aberfan disaster of 1966, when a coal-tip slurry flow buried a school, mine-waste tips, which had been piled precariously on hilltops in many cases, were extensively regraded and reclaimed. This work continues. Landslipping of the steep valley slopes, and subsidence caused by the coal extraction, have also posed problems.
Minor revival.
A subsidiary of Western Coal (which mainly operates in the British Columbia and West Virginia coalfields), Energybuild plc, worked a drift mine near the old Tower Colliery, the Aberpergwm Colliery, until production was suspended in July 2015. The mine produced high quality anthracite, and was sold primarily to Aberthaw power station and Port Talbot Steelworks and into the wholesale and retail sized coal markets. Energybuild also operates the Nant y Mynydd opencast coal site nearby.
Sociology and demography of the South Wales Coalfield.
Population change.
As the mines and other industries rapidly expanded throughout the coalfield, nearby towns also expanded to meet the demand for labour. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the development of ironworks saw the population of Merthyr Tydfil, in the northern part of the coalfield, increase from 7,700 in 1801 to 49,794 in 1861, making it the largest town in Wales. As Cardiff and other ports in South Wales grew to meet the demands for exporting iron, steel and coal in the later part of the nineteenth century, valleys that had previously been sparsely inhabited suddenly increased in population. The Rhondda valley grew from less than a thousand people in 1851 to more than 150,000 in 1911.
Between 1881 and 1911, Glamorgan became the most industrialised part of Wales and saw inward migration of more than 330,000 people from elsewhere in Wales, neighbouring parts of England and further afield.
The coal mines were employing 250,000 men by 1921, but this was the peak and in subsequent decades the overseas market began to shrink. By 1930, employment in the mines was half of that in 1920 as mechanisation increased leading to a net loss of 314,000 people between 1921 and 1935.
Accidents and safety.
The South Wales Coalfield was notorious for the number of fatal accidents in the 19th century.
Risca Black Vein accidents.
The Risca Black Vein colliery had many fatal accidents to the extent that it became known as the "death pit".
The two biggest accidents at the Black Vein pit were in 1860, when 146 died, and in 1880 when 119 lives were lost.
Prince of Wales disaster.
The Prince of Wales colliery in Abercarn exploded in 1878 causing 268 deaths.
Llanerch Colliery disaster.
The Llanerch Colliery in Abersychan exploded in 1890 causing 176 deaths.
Albion Colliery disaster.
The Albion Colliery in Cilfynydd exploded in 1894 causing 276 deaths.
In the 20th century there were numerous further fatal accidents.
Universal Colliery disaster.
The Universal Colliery in Senghenydd had Britain's worst mining accident when it exploded in 1913 killing 431.
Aberfan disaster.
In 1966, 116 children and 28 adults were killed in Aberfan when a coal spoil tip collapsed onto them.
Gleision Colliery.
On 15 September 2011, seven miners were working a narrow seam at the Gleision Colliery drift mine in the Tawe Valley, near Swansea, when a sudden ingress of water filled the passage in which they were working. Three miners were immediately able to escape to the surface. Despite extensive efforts to rescue the remaining miners, on 16 September South Wales Police confirmed that all four had died.
Miners' health.
Coal mining in the South Wales Coalfield was a dangerous occupation with lifelong health implications.
Between 1849 and 1853, miners over the age of 25 in the Merthyr Tydfil district were found to have a life expectancy of around 20 years, lower than in other mining areas of England and Wales.
In the 1930s, mine owners became concerned about the adverse health effects of coal dust and the amount it was costing them to compensate miners working at the coalface. Pneumoconiosis proved to be a particular problem for miners in South Wales, accounting for almost 90% of the total cases for the whole of the UK in both 1939 and 1945, and with more than 25% of the South Wales mining labour force affected between 1959 and 1963.
Women's roles.
Women in South Wales were often not economically active in the second half of the nineteenth century due to the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 which prohibited women from working underground. It has been suggested that this explains the lower marriage age and higher fertility of women in the coalfield.


Albert Ernest Thomas

Albert Ernest Thomas (10 March 1872 – 25 May 1923) was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1901 to 1905, representing the seat of Dundas.
Thomas was born in Camborne, Cornwall, England, to Charlotte Augusta (née Dunstan) and Joseph Thomas. He attended the Camborne School of Mines, and afterward worked as a mining engineer in Cornwall, Wales, and South Africa. Thomas came to Western Australia in 1896, and subsequently managed mines in Norseman and Coolgardie. He entered parliament at the 1901 state election, winning the seat of Dundas, and was re-elected at the 1904 election. At the early 1905 election, however, he was defeated by a Labor candidate, Charles Hudson. Thomas recontested Dundas at the 1908 election, but again lost to Hudson. He returned to Cornwall in 1910, and died there in 1923, aged 51.


Kotselvaara mine

The Kotselvaara mine is a large copper mine located in the north-west of Russia in Murmansk Oblast. Kotselvaara represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 996.4 million tonnes of ore grading 0.46% copper.


Hidee Gold Mine

The Hidee Gold Mine is a former gold mine in Gilpin County, Colorado, United States. It is one of the tourist attractions in and near the town as a result of the efforts of the local residents, and the Hidee Gold Mine company which worked to recreate the history of mining near Black Hawk, Colorado. There are tours of the mine, which explain the methods that were used both in the past as well as the present. Also during these tours, tourists are given a feel of being a miner, by including a stop at a gold ore vein where tourists use a single-jack (one-handed) hammer and chisel (provided) to chip a gold ore sample loose, which they are allowed to keep as a souvenir. It has also been open since 1988.


C. F. Courtney

Charles Frederick Courtney ( – c. 25 September 1941) was an English metallurgist, manager of the Sulphide Corporation, a mining and chemical manufacturing company in Australia.
History.
Courtney was trained as a civil engineer in England, and was employed with the Fairbairn Engineering Co. (perhaps William Fairbairn & Sons)
He had also worked as engineer for the Manchester Corporation
He worked on the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company's works in Tharsis, Spain, for 14 years.
He was brought out from England to replace Randolph Adams as manager of Ashcroft's process at the Central Mine, Broken Hill, only recently taken over by the Sulphide Corporation. He arrived in Adelaide aboard "Orizba" in April 1897, and at Broken Hill in company with the Melbourne chairman J. S. Reid on 23 April. Adams had been at the Central Mine for 5 years under three different owners, and was returning to the US.
The new facility at Cockle Creek, near Newcastle, had just been brought into operation under Ashcroft's direction.
Ashcroft's process for reducing zinc ore by electrolysis was abandoned as uneconomical, and around the same time an unrelated process, magnetic separation, was introduced to improve ore yield. The company became a major producer of sulphuric acid and superphosphate.
Courtney became general manager for Australia of the Sulphide Corporation Ltd. in 1903, resident in Melbourne, with a home "Granlahan" on Toorak Road, South Yarra; James Hebbard was his successor. In September 1922 Courtney left Melbourne to take up the position of the corporation's managing director in England.
He resigned in 1940 due to ill-health and died the following year.
Family.
Courtney married Marion Dorothy Tattersfield (15 July 1852 – 1 September 1932); their son Guy Courtney married Elsie May Poole on 24 June 1913.


Naomi Mine explosion

The Naomi Mine explosion occurred on December 1, 1907, in the Naomi Mine, approximately from Fayette City, Pennsylvania. The incident resulted in the deaths of at least 35 miners and left no survivors.
Naomi Mine.
The Naomi Mine was situated east of the Monongahela River. The mine was built to exploit the Pittsburgh coal seam, which was positioned at a depth of below the surface of the mine. Coal was hauled out of the mine with carts that were equipped with electric motors.
From 1870 (the earliest year records were kept) to December 1, 1907 (the day the mine closed), a total of 63 men were killed in the Naomi Mine.
Events and aftermath.
The explosion happened at about 7:15 on the night of Sunday, December 1, 1907. Inadequate ventilation allowed pockets of explosive gas to accumulate in the interior of the mine. The gas was most likely ignited by an open light or electric arc, both of which would have been present at the time.
Several miners who lost their jobs in the closing of the Naomi Mine would soon find work in the Darr Mine located in nearby Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. On December 19, 1907, many of these displaced miners would be killed in the Darr Mine Disaster, the deadliest coal mining disaster in Pennsylvania history.


Upper Harz Ditches

The Upper Harz Ditches (, ) are hillside ditches, running roughly parallel to the contour lines, that were laid out in the Upper Harz in Germany from the 16th to the 19th centuries to supply water power to the silver mines there. They are an important component of the Upper Harz Water Regale, a historical water system that is now a cultural monument.
Design.
The ditches consist of a trench and an embankment ("Grabenbrust") next to it, made of spoil piled up when the ditch was excavated. The embankments are frequently protected from erosion by a dry stone wall. In most cases, they also act as inspection paths for the ditch keepers ("Grabenwärter") and, today, as public footpaths. The ditches are only inclined at about 1–2 ‰ (i.e. about 1 to 2 millimetres per metre). As a result, they run almost parallel to the contour lines of the terrain.
As protection against seepage the embankment and bed of the ditch are usually sealed with grass sods or clay. At inlets, where the ditch crosses forest streams, there are so-called "Fehlschläge", small weirs, by which the water flow in the ditch can be regulated. When water levels are high these have to be opened, i.e. the boards controlling the flow must be removed.
The hydraulic capacity of most ditches is between 100 and 200 litres per second; on the Rehberg Ditch it is up to 600 l/s and on the Dyke Ditch up to 1000 l/s.
List of the Upper Harz ditches.
The ditches are listed in an order which is based on the system by Preussag, who named the ditches in an order based on the power stations that could be supplied by them. At present only those working ditches still operated by the "Harzwasserwerke" are shown.


David Anderson (British politician)

David Anderson (born 2 December 1953) is a British politician who served as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland from 2016 to 2017. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Blaydon from 2005 to 2017.
Early life.
Anderson was born in Sunderland. He was educated at Maltby Grammar School, Durham Technical College, Doncaster Technical College and Durham University. He worked as a miner from 1969 until 1989 at Eppleton Colliery near Hetton-le-Hole, then as a care worker until he entered Parliament. During his time as a care worker, he was also an activist in the public sector trade union UNISON and served as its president from 2003 until 2004.
Parliamentary career.
Anderson was first elected at the 2005 general election, after the sitting Labour MP for Blaydon John David McWilliam stood down.
In Parliament, Anderson was a member of the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee from 2005 onward, having long been interested in the peace process in Northern Ireland, and was also a member of the House of Commons Procedure Committee for a year. In 2006 he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Education and Skills Minister Bill Rammell.
Anderson chairs the Labour Friends of Iraq group, a body dedicated to supporting ordinary Iraqis as they attempt to rebuild their lives. In a 2008 interview with SOMA Digest Anderson urged the implementation of article 140 of the Iraqi constitution regarding the normalisation process of Kirkuk and other formerly Arabised towns. He also called for solving the Kurdish issue in Turkey in a democratic way.
Anderson was nominated as the Parliamentary Champion for Education and Sport by the anti-racist group Show Racism The Red Card. He has been active in the campaign to overturn a House of Lords ruling that would have had a devastating impact on people suffering from asbestosis, pleural mesothelioma and peritoneal mesothelioma, all crippling diseases caused by exposure to asbestos.
Although Labour lost the 2010 general election, Anderson's majority in the Blaydon constituency rose from 5,335 in 2005 to 9,117, on a turnout of 44,913 (66.2%).
He was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015, calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.
He was appointed on 27 June 2016 as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland by Jeremy Corbyn, following resignations. On 1 July he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland, replacing Ian Murray who had resigned five days earlier. With the snap general election in June 2017, Anderson decided not to seek re-election. Labour retained his seat at the election.
Personal life.
He married Eva Anderson in 1973.


Mountain Province Diamonds

Mountain Province Diamonds Inc. is major (49%) partner with De Beers in the Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project in the Northwest Territories. Gahcho Kué is the world's largest and richest new diamond mine, with an estimated reserve of 80 million carats. The agreement between Mountain Province Diamonds and De Beers is one where both companies share the operating costs of the mine and each independently markets their share of the diamonds from the project.
In January 2017 Mountain Province announced it had completed its first sale of diamonds originating from mining operations at its Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project in the Northwest Territories. Approximately 49,420 carats were sold for proceeds of US$6.27 million, representing an average sale price of approximately US$127 per carat.


William Davis (miner)

William Davis, (June 3, 1887 – June 11, 1925), was a coal miner from Cape Breton Island. He was born in Gloucestershire, England and died in New Waterford, Nova Scotia. His name is well-remembered in Nova Scotia due to the annual observance of William Davis Miners' Memorial Day in recognition of Davis and also of all miners killed in the province's coal mines.
Davis was a coal miner from a young age. His father worked in the mines at Springhill, Nova Scotia, and his older brother, then fourteen years old, was killed in the 1891 explosion there. Davis began working for the Dominion Coal Company Limited (DOMCO) in 1905 at various collieries in the Sydney coalfield in Cape Breton, eventually graduating to become a pumpman and a roadmaker, lastly at the No. 12 Colliery in New Waterford. He married in 1907 and, by 1925, was raising a family of nine children. His wife, Myrtle, was carrying a tenth child due in September.
The DOMCO mines were subsumed by the British Empire Steel Corporation (BESCO) in 1920, and BESCO management soon began a targeted campaign to break the union, organized as District 26, United Mine Workers of America. There were many small strikes in the Sydney coalfield between 1920 and 1925, but the longest, in 1925, lasted from March to August. When the latest contract expired on January 15, 1925, BESCO refused to deal with the union and on March 2 cut off credit at the company stores. The union went on strike four days later, with 12,000 miners manning the picket lines, leaving a small workforce to maintain the mines and keep them from flooding. Despite the economic hardship which saw families come to the brink of starvation by June, the miners' resolve was strong. When BESCO refused arbitration, the union adopted a policy of 100 per cent picketing. This included shutting down operations at the pumping station and power plant at Waterford Lake, which would prevent the company from resuming operations in that district. On June 10, BESCO tasked its company police force to return to Waterford Lake with thirty company workers and continue its plan to restart the water and electricity to its facilities and to the parts of town that had the benefit of running water and power. The following morning on June 11, the company police began a patrol pattern of intimidation which led to small clashes throughout town, culminating in a protest by 700 to 3,000 striking miners who marched on the Waterford Lake in an attempt to persuade the company workers to support the strike. The company police were staring down the miners at 11:00 AM when the police charged the crowd, firing over 300 shots and injuring many. One police officer shot deliberately at Davis, piercing his heart and killing him within minutes. The company police force then retreated as the miners swarmed the facility. The coal miners also began attacking company stores and other coal company properties in the Sydney coalfield, resulting in the deployment of the provincial police force and almost 2,000 soldiers from the Canadian Army - the second-largest military deployment for an internal conflict in Canadian history after the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. BESCO eventually accepted government intervention and agreed to settle the strike. BESCO gave up its attempts to break District 26 U.M.W.A., which by then had grown to become one of the most militant labour organizations on the continent. The company was eventually taken over and merged into a larger conglomerate in 1930 called the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (DOSCO), but Industrial Cape Breton remained a hotbed of labour activism
Davis's funeral was held on June 14 with 5,000 mourners in attendance, the largest ever held for a funeral in New Waterford. BESCO police officer Joseph MacLeod appeared at a preliminary hearing in Sydney on a charge of murder, relating to Davis' shooting death. However, the Crown prosecutor dropped charges and agreed with the defence that the identity of the shooter was unknown and that MacLeod should not be singled out of the many police officers involved that day. However, it was known that Davis was shot by BESCO police officer Harry Muldoon. The day after William Davis was shot, Harry Muldoon and his family were relocated to Boston, Massachusetts for their own personal safety, to begin a new life.
Subsequent meetings of District 26 U.M.W.A. supported establishing a fund for the Davis family and their mother, as well as designating every June 11 as an "idle day" in his memory. The first Davis Day, on June 11, 1926 saw many Cape Breton miners refuse to work, parading instead to the union hall in New Waterford and then to a local church for a memorial service. Davis Day spread throughout District 26 in the ensuing years and became universally observed by miners throughout Nova Scotia, although it did not become a paid holiday until 1969. Davis' widow, Myrtle (MacPherson) Davis, and his family received a monthly sum from the U.M.W.A. fund, with which she was able to purchase a headstone for her husband's grave; she died in 1955 and is buried with him.
In addition to Davis Day, New Waterford has "Davis Square" which was established in 1985 and the "Davis Wilderness Trail" established in 1996. The latter follows the route taken by the miners on June 11, 1925 to the Waterford Lake pumping station and power plant.


Elkon mine

The Elkon mine is a large open pit mine in the eastern part of Russia in Sakha Republic. Elkon represents one of the largest uranium reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 219.2 million tonnes of ore grading 0.15% uranium.


Robert Brewster Stanton

Robert Brewster Stanton (5 August 1846, Woodville, Mississippi – 23 February 1922, New Canaan, Connecticut) was a United States civil and mining engineer. He was chief engineer of an expedition investigating the Grand Canyon for a possible railroad line in 1889-90, and investigated many mining properties.
Biography.
Stanton was educated at Miami University, where he received an A.B. in 1871 and an A.M. in 1878. He received an honorary A.M. from the University of Wooster in 1885.
Railroad work.
Stanton was resident engineer of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad from 1874–80, and as chief engineer for the Georgetown, Breckenridge, and Leadville Railroad, Stanton supervised the construction of the Georgetown Loop Railroad in the Colorado Rockies from 1881 to 1883. Beginning in 1884, he started a private practice as a consulting civil and mining engineer. Stanton's projects involving railroads included chief engineer for a photographic survey through the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River for the Denver, Colorado Canyon and Pacific Railroad Company in 1889-90. Stanton also did special work on the British Columbia landslides for the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1896, examination and appraisal of the value of railroads in the states of Michigan, Kansas and Washington in 1906 and 1910, location of railroad line from Chicago to Saint Louis in 1902, and from Butte, Montana, to Boise, Idaho, 1905.
Mining work.
Stanton engaged in mining operations and explorations at various times from 1884 through World War I, throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the West Indies and the Dutch East Indies. He was engineer and general manager for the Flint Idaho Mining Company 1886-88. He filled the same role at the Hocumac Mining Company 1893-94. He did special work in copper and nickel mines in Canada in 1892 and 1903. He explored and examined gold mines in the Island of Sumatra 1904. He examined and reported on Cananea, Mexico, copper mines in 1906; gold mines in California in 1893, 1903 and 1907.
Stanton also worked in Utah and Arizona in Glen Canyon during 1898-1901 where he worked for the Hoskininni Mining Company. The company, funded in part by Julius F. Stone, was a complete failure. Stanton also did engineering work at manganese mines in Washington in 1910; gold mines in Nova Scotia in 1913 and iron and manganese mines in Cuba from 1909-14.


Gypsum Cave Mine (Nevada)

The Gypsum Cave Mine is a gypsum-anhydrite and uranium mine located in the city of Clark in the Intermontane Plateaus of Nevada, 12 miles east of North Las Vegas, Nevada.
The Gypsum Cave Mine is also located a mile away from the Gypsum Cave which is a limestone cave.
Description.
The Gypsum Cave Mine is located in the city of Clark in the Intermontane Plateaus of Nevada. Its primary products are gypsum and anhydrite, and its tertiary product is uranium. It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The excavation of its primary products is considered viable, but it's not the case for its uranium.


Shakanai mine

The Shakanai mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in Japan. The mine is located in northern Japan in Akita Prefecture. The mine has reserves amounting to 30 million tonnes of ore grading 0.9% lead, 3.3% zinc, 0.34 million oz of gold and 73.9 million oz of silver.


Jeffrey City, Wyoming

Jeffrey City is a census-designated place (CDP) and former uranium mining boomtown located in Fremont County, in the central part of the U.S. state of Wyoming. The town is known in Wyoming and the American West as symbol of a boomtown that went "bust" very quickly, as the mine was shut down in 1982 and over 95% of the inhabitants left the town within three years. The population was 58 at the 2010 census, far lower than its onetime population of several thousand people.
History.
Jeffrey City began in 1931 as "Home on the Range", the homestead of a Nebraska couple named the Petersons, who relocated because Mr. Peterson was sick after having been gassed in World War I. Mrs. Beulah Peterson (later Walker) opened two gasoline pumps when the highway came through, and began cooking for those who stopped. The post office at Split Rock, away, closed in 1943, and Mrs. Peterson took up the task of handling the ranchers' mail. She canceled the letters with "Home on the Range". She retired her post office cancellation stamp in 1957 when Home on the Range became Jeffrey City. Her family members are currently restoring the old Home on the Range post office site.
Home on the Range became Jeffrey City when those who came to mine uranium sought to honor Dr. C. W. Jeffrey, a wealthy doctor from Rawlins, Wyoming, who initially financed the costs for prospector and businessman Bob Adams to start the Western Nuclear Corporation mining firm and open a uranium mine near the area in 1957, during the Cold War and the height of uranium demand.
Thousands of people looking for high-paying mining jobs streamed into Jeffrey City, and Western Nuclear designed and financed a company town for the workers and their families. At the height of the boom town optimism, an extremely large high school was built that included an Olympic-sized swimming pool. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the uranium market collapsed and the mine was forced to close. As was typical of many boom towns, Jeffrey City was singularly dependent on the local mine, and after it closed there was no reason for residents to remain. What was once a thriving local community with shops, schools, library, sheriff, youth hostel, churches, medical clinics and more, became a ghost town as 95% of the residents left the town by 1986. Today, few institutions remain: the First (Southern) Baptist Church (which is still doing well thanks to the area ranchers who attend), a restaurant and bar called the Split Rock Café that caters to the few local residents and those passing through on the highway, and Monk King Bird Pottery, a pottery studio. The Green Mountain Motel provides perhaps the only lodging along the route between Rawlins and Riverton.
Geography and climate.
Jeffrey City is located in southeastern Fremont County along U.S. Route 287, northwest of Rawlins and Interstate 80, and southeast of Lander, the Fremont County seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Jeffrey City CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.56%, is water. The community is in the valley of the Sweetwater River, an east-flowing tributary of the North Platte River.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 106 people, 45 households, and 32 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 112 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.11% White or 104 people, 0.94% or one Indigenous American, and 0.94% or one person from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of the population, or two people.
There were 45 households, out of which 15.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 2.2% or one household had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.61.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 14.2% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 41.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 152.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,857, and the median income for a family was $42,679. Males had a median income of $65,156 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,061. There were no families and 8.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.
Education.
Public education in the community of Jeffrey City is provided by Fremont County School District #1. In 2013 the school served kindergarten through 4th grade, and had two students. Prior to 1997 Jeffrey City had its own school district.


Patrick Bartley

Patrick Bartley (24 March 1909 – 25 June 1956) was a British coal miner, civil servant and politician. He served as Labour Party Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street from 1950 until his early death.
Mining career.
Bartley was born in Washington, then in County Durham. He went to St Joseph's Elementary School in the town, leaving at the age of 14 to become a coalminer. He spent his spare time studying, and in 1930 he was accepted for a two-year course at the Catholic Workers' College, which was attached to the University of Oxford.
Politics.
From 1933 Bartley was Branch Secretary of the Mineworkers' union at his pit. He also became active in politics in the Labour Party, and in 1934 was elected to Washington Urban District Council. In 1937 he was elected instead to Durham County Council, on which he served for 12 years. He also acted as agent to Jack Lawson, the Labour Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street.
Civil service.
In 1942, Bartley left the coal face to become Assistant Labour Director at the Northern "B" Region of the Ministry of Fuel and Power. When the coal mines were nationalised in 1947, he became Conciliation Officer for the National Coal Board Northern Division.
Election to Parliament.
After Jack Lawson received a peerage in 1949, Bartley was selected to follow him as Labour candidate for Chester-le-Street. At the 1950 general election he was elected with a majority even bigger than Lawson's, 24,969. He used his position in Parliament to support nationalisation of the mines, arguing that it had produced a greater sense of communal responsibility than ever before. He also criticised discrimination against Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland.
During the 1951 general election campaign, Bartley was forced to go into hospital due to ill health; his campaign was conducted by volunteers. This proved no disadvantage as his majority of 24,879 was one of the highest in the country. In May 1952, Bartley's championing of the case of a constituent denied compassionate leave from the army to see his dying father was so forceful that the Prime Minister Winston Churchill had to step in to defend the Minister involved.
Death.
Bartley also took up the issue of agricultural land in his constituency which had been lost to mining subsidence, and he continued to raise detailed issues about the mining industry. However, his health continued to be poor and he was again admitted to hospital in June 1956. Three days after his discharge, he died suddenly.


Silberteich

The Silberteich is a man-made reservoir, of a type called a "Kunstteich", and lies on the upper reaches of the Brunnenbach stream between Braunlage and Sankt Andreasberg in the Harz Mountains of Germany. It was built as part of the historic Upper Harz Water Regale.
Description.
The pond is about 300 metres long with an earth dam about 8 m high. Material for the construction of the dam came from a quarry on the west bank immediately next to the embankment. Today the reservoir is located in the middle of the Harz National Park and is managed by the park authorities. A path runs along the eastern shore, in places along the water's edge. Otherwise paths have been kept some distance away in order to create a quiet zone for flora and fauna.
History.
The reservoir was laid out in 1755, but even during its construction the height of the embankments was raised twice. It was designed was based on that of the 'new type' ("neuer Bauart") of Upper Harz Pond with a watertight seal of grass sods. The surrounding embankments were initially too steep and had to be remodelled several times; apparently when the embankments were raised in height, their feet were not increased accordingly. The Silberteich was probably built to supply the ore mines to the southwest with water power. This was the "Hoffnungsbergbau" ("Mine of Hope") which was heavily financed by the mining authorities but which had to be finally closes around 1780 due to a lack of profitability. The Silberteich then found a new use supplying power to the Braunlage Blue Glass Factory ("Braunlager Blaufarbenwerk"), which was built on the site of the present-day "Waldmühle". Originally the reservoir was called the "Andreasberger Teich" or "Brunnenbacher Teich", where "Teich" means 'pond'. Its present name (which means 'Silver Pond') was chosen quite recently to make it more attractive as a tourist destination.
When walking along the footpath that grazes the eastern shore, the experienced eye will notice that this path is an old 'leat' ("Hanggraben") that follows the contours of the hill. This was probably dug to be able to divert water past the reservoir during times of flooding.
Surrounding area.
The Sankt Andreasberg trail ("Sankt Andreasberger Fußstieg"), which used to be the shortest route between Braunlage and Sankt Andreasberg, runs along the dam crest. Meanwhile, the direct path from the forest pub of "Rinderstall" on the Oder up to the Silberteich has been largely destroyed by the National Park authorities, so that the journey today requires a detour of more than double the length.
1760 dam burst.
From 1–5 February 1760 there was heavy rainfall in the Harz, apparently accompanied by a rapid thaw. During the night of 4/5 February water poured over the recently built dam. The dam broke along a length of 30 metres and floodwaters poured into the Brunnenbach valley. The waters built up in front of the Brunnenbach Mill, forming a barrier of trees and branches they had brought down with them. The swollen waters looked for a new way out and swept the mill away.. The reason for this accident, which took places just five years after the reservoir was completed, was that the spillway was too small and had become choked with ice floes. Following its rebuilding in 1763, the Silberteich was also known until about 1900 as the "Neue Teich" ('New Pond').


Pittsburg-Weir Coalfield

The Pittsburg-Weir Coalfield, also known as Weir-Pittsburg Coalfield and Cherokee Coalfield, is a coalfield located in Cherokee and Crawford counties in the southeast corner of Kansas.
The first underground shaft mine was built in the region in 1874 near Scammon. Prior to that, there was scattered small-scale drift mining and surface mining of coal, but the construction of the first shaft mine ushered in an era which eventually led to as many as 290 significant mines and numerous other small ("dinky") mines in the two counties. The most active period of mining in the region was 1890-1910, and most of the coal camps were dismantled by the 1930s or 1940s. Mechanized strip mining overtook underground mining in output in 1931, and that combined with competition from eastern coal led to a demise in importance of underground mining in the region.
Santa Fe Mining Company.
A major mining disaster took place November 9, 1888 in shaft 2 of the Santa Fe Mining Company mine near Frontenac, Kansas when 150 miners lost their lives in an explosion.
Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company.
One of the oldest continuously running coal companies in the United States was the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company, founded in Pittsburg, Kansas in 1885. It lasted under that name even after its move to Denver, Colorado when the Kansas mines closed, until September 2007, when Chevron which owned the company, merged it with its Molycorp Inc. coal mining division to form Chevron Mining, thus ending the Pittsburg corporate name.
The name Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company was purchased from Chevron in 2008 and refounded in Midway Kansas. Today P&M owns mines in Oklahoma, Texas, Kentucky and Ohio.


Burnbank

Burnbank is an area in the town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It was formerly a separate mining village before being absorbed into the town.
Location and governance.
Burnbank, previously an independent settlement, then part of Hamilton Burgh (in the historic County of Lanarkshire) and then Hamilton District (in the historic Strathclyde Region) is now a district of Hamilton within the South Lanarkshire Unitary Council. Today Burnbank is surrounded by other suburban neighbourhoods, bordered by Hillhouse and Udston to the south, the western part of Hamilton to the east, Whitehill to the north and the town of Blantyre to the west, with the Park Burn denoting the boundary.
Burnbank is named after a tributary of the River Clyde - the Wellschaw Burn (also known as the Shawburn) which flows through the eastern areas of the district. This has been culverted for most of its passage through modern Burnbank. In historic times this stream's confluence with the Clyde lay within the district but now lies in neighbouring Whitehill. The area around the burn was still open country in some regards as late as the 1901 Census which records a Romany family "living in a field near Shawburn, Burnbank.
Burnbank was a division (later ward) of the Hamilton Constituency in the House of Commons between 1918 and 1997. It then became part of the short-lived Hamilton North and Bellshill Constituency between 1997 and 2005. Since 2005 it has been part of Rutherglen and Hamilton West.
Burnbank was part of the Hamilton North and Bellshill Constituency for the Scottish Parliament but is now part of Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse.
History.
It was predominantly rural, with a number of plantations (Whistleberry Plantation and Backmuir Plantation being most prominent) to feed the lace industry in Burnbank and Hamilton which had been sponsored since before 1778 by the then Duchess of Hamilton Elizabeth Campbell, 1st Baroness Hamilton of Hameldon.
With the Industrial Revolution Burnbank lost its rural identity becoming a mining village.
The population of Burnbank had grown so great by the 1870s that a committee of citizens decided to apply for the erection of a Burgh of Burnbank. At the same time residents of Burnbank's western neighbour Blantyre reacted by petitioning for the erection of a Burgh of Blantyre. Both cases came before the Sheriff Court sitting at Glasgow. The Sheriff gave extra time for the petitioners for both causes to familiarise themselves with the arguments of their opponents and to respond in turn. The Provost and Burgesses of the existing Burgh of Hamilton, alarmed at the prospect of one (or possibly both) petitions being successful and thus creating a heavily industrialised, modern and vibrant western rival in turn petitioned the Parliament of the United Kingdom giving rise to the Burgh of Hamilton Act 1878. By this Act Burnbank was absorbed into Hamilton - ending its own burghal aspirations.
Industry.
Prior to the nineteenth century agriculture and lace making were important local industries.
Burnbank was home to a number of coalmines or pits. Miners' cottages or "pit rows" were erected by mine owners to house their employees. Many of these were built by local builder Sir Robert McAlpine, 1st Baronet early in his career and the foundation of his later wealth.
The Udston mining disaster occurred in Hamilton, Scotland on Saturday, 28 May 1887 when 73 miners died in a firedamp explosion at Udston Colliery. Caused, it is thought, by unauthorised shot firing the explosion is said to be Scotland's second worst coal mining disaster.
Keir Hardie, then Secretary of the Scottish Miners' Federation, denounced the deaths as murder a few days later.
In August 1918 a fire at Albany Buildings (an apartment block owned by the mining company John Watson Ltd) burned to the ground causing £10,000 of damage and leaving 24 families homeless.
In September 1919 strike action in the Lanarkshire coal fields led to the closure of the Greenfield Colliery.
In May 1932 300 men at John Watson's Earnock Colliery in Burnbank were thrown out of work because of "bad trace."
In January 1935 Greenfield Colliery, Burnbank, became the last pit in Hamilton to shut permanently. Earnock Colliery also in Burnbank but out-with Hamilton's boundaries continued working.
During the Second World War Burnbank suffered at least one attack by the Luftwaffe when a bomb was dropped on tenements (known locally as Sing-Sing) near the railway works on the Whitehill Road.
In addition to mining a number of other medium-sized industrial concerns have operated within Burnbank including the Stevenson Carpet Factory, Burnbank, at which Jock Stein had his first job in 1935. This is recorded in the Hamilton Advertiser as opening a new factory worth £85,000 in 1958. MEA also operated a factory in the area for many years.
A railway wagon cleaning works is located near Whitehill Road.
Immigration.
Since the 19th century immigrants from many parts of the world have settled in Burnbank.
Immigration from other parts of Scotland during the period of the Highland Clearances occurred.
The most significant to date numerically were undoubtedly the Irish immigrants who arrived between the mid 19th century and the mid 20th century mainly to work in the coal-fields and heavy industry.
Immigration to Burnbank from Italy was mainly from the Lucca and Frosinone in the Abruzzi. Some of the Italian Scots in Burnbank owned ice-cream parlours (which later became fish and chip shops) and operated ice-cream carts (later vans) to such an extent that the local term for an ice-cream seller became "tally" (derived from Italian) as in "tally van".
Immigration to Burnbank from Poland and the Baltic states first came to prominence between the world wars (linked to the mining industry) and was sustained by individuals escaping from the Nazi and USSR occupation of those countries. Further immigration from Poland (and Central Europe generally) has taken place following the collapse of the Iron Curtain.
Immigration from the former territories of British India has occurred in the final decades of the 20th century with immigrants from these countries following in the footsteps of the Italians by entering the catering industry.
Transport.
Burnbank was formerly the site of a railway station (originally called Greenfield Station) of the Glasgow, Bothwell, Hamilton and Coatbridge Railway (later the London and North Eastern Railway's Hamilton Branch situated on Glasgow Road. The station was opened 1 April 1878 as Greenfield, and was closed during the First World War on 1 January 1917. It was re-opened after the war on 2 June 1919 and finally closed on 15 September 1952. The track bed remained until the 1980s but has since been landscaped.
The line ran from the North British Railway's Hamilton Station to Shettleston and Whifflet and, although passenger and general freight services were provided, was primarily intended to take coal from Hamilton, Burnbank and Blantyre to the ironworks at Parkhead Forge and Coatbridge. Sir Robert McAlpine (see notable people below) was the principal builder throughout the line and designed the station and signal boxes at Burnbank.
Today, trains run through the area on the Argyle Line. The nearest railway station today is Hamilton West.
Trams were operated in Burnbank by the Hamilton, Motherwell and Wishaw Tramways Company in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
A number of bus routes were operated by Chieftain Buses from their depot on High Blantyre Road, Burnbank. Following the takeover of Chieftain by Central SMT (itself a subsidiary of the London Midland and Scottish Railway) the depot continued in use until 1962. The routes served continued under Central SMT and its successors including the current operator First Glasgow (No.2) Ltd who have opened a new depot on the borders of Burnbank and Blantyre.
Religion.
Burnbank has historically been a predominantly (and is today at least nominally) a largely Christian area with the main denominations represented being Church of Scotland which has two parishes in the area and Roman Catholic which has one. The Church of Scotland Gilmour and Whitehill parish is recognised by the Church as one of the most economically deprived in Scotland. This parish's Church, has a square tower which was supposed to have a spire on top this was not built however as the ground being undermined by the coal pits in the area it was feared that the weight would cause collapse both to the mine and to the tower itself.
The Church of Scotland's Burnbank parish also has its own Parish Church.
The Roman Catholic parish of St Cuthberts was founded in 1893 and was originally part of the Archdiocese of Glasgow before passing to the Diocese of Motherwell when that diocese was erected in 1947. The current church building dates from 1909. According to the diocesan authorities It has a congregation of some 3,000 souls. In the decades after the second world war visiting Polish priests provided services to the Polish immigrant community.
Community services.
The former Victorian Police Station (dating from in 1894) was for many years divided between the Public Library and local authourity housing offices. It is now part of the Burnbank Centre complex and houses the local Library.
Education.
Burnbank is home to two present day primary schools - St Cuthberts Roman Catholic Primary and Glenlee Primary (which is non-denominational). In addition a Comprehensive Secondary School, St John Ogilvie Roman Catholic High School is located within Burnbank on Farm Road although it has a much broader catchment area.
A previous primary school, Dykehead Primary School at Udston, Burnbank, was closed in the 1930s following pit closures.
A previous non-denominational secondary - Greenfield School was located in the area until the mid-1970s when it became an annexe to John Ogilvie RC High School. This site has now been re-developed as housing.
Amenities.
Burnbank has a number of retail outlets including a small Co-operative grocery which is the remnant of a much larger department store that belonged to the Burnbank Co-operative Society. There is also a post-office, butchers, newsagents, bakery and a number of public houses. The last Bank to have a branch in the area was the Clydesdale- this was closed in the early years of the 21st century and the building is now one of a number of betting shops in the area.
Previously in addition to the Co-operative there was a large fancy goods store serving the community. At various times there have been florists, and haberdasheries in the area.
There was a cinema in Burnbank called the Plaza which later became a Bingo Hall before demolition.
The centre of Burnbank was re-developed in the mid-1970s with one half of the centre being pedestrianised.
The largest area of Burnbank is Udston, built on former colliery land, in the 1950s. It consists of a large number of streets, roads and crescents.
Notable people.
Sir Harry Lauder worked in various pits in the Hamilton area including Burnbank before launching his stage career.
Robert ("Concrete Bob") McAlpine was the founder of the major British construction firm now known as Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd. His initial builder's business was based in Burnbank. In addition to the construction of the Glasgow Bothwell Hamilton and Coatbridge Railway which runs through Burnbank he later gained fame for the Mallaig Extension Railway famous for the concrete structures built along the line, the most notable of which is Glenfinnan Viaduct.
Jock Stein CBE was a football player with Albion Rovers FC, Llanelli Town FC and Celtic FC before becoming a legendary football manager who managed Dunfermline Athletic FC, Hibernian FC and Celtic FC. With the latter he twice reached the final of the European Cup, winning against Inter Milan in Lisbon in 1967 and losing against Feyenoord Rotterdam to a goal in the last three minutes of extra time at the San Siro in Milan was born in Burnbank. He twice managed the Scotland national team in 1965 and again between 1978 and 1985.
Jim Bett - was a football player with Airdrieonians FC, K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen (twice), Glasgow Rangers FC, Aberdeen FC, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, Heart of Midlothian FC and Dundee United FC. He gained 26 international caps for Scotland.
Willie Savage - footballing long time servant of Queen of the South F.C. in the club's days in Scotland's top division.
Walter McGowan MBE - 1960s World Flyweight Boxing Champion, was also born in Burnbank, and used the old Glenlee House as a training base.
The Reverend Scott J Brown CBE - Chaplain of the Fleet, Royal Navy. Both his parents, Margaret and Jim Brown, were born in Burnbank.
Garry Lee McCallum Founder of the history website Historic Hamilton was brought up in Burnbank.
References.
www.Historic-Hamilton.co.uk


Korea General Zinc Industry Group

Korea General Zinc Industry Group () is a North Korean mining and industrial group headquartered in Pyongyang. The group produces zinc, lead, base bullion, lead concentrates, zinc concentrates, cadmium, arsenic, zinc residues and copper concentrate for export and domestic use. The group imports some industrial and mining accessories, including industrial chemical reagents and animal feed.


Lester Allan Pelton

Lester Allan Pelton (September 5, 1829 – March 14, 1908) was an American inventor who contributed significantly to the development of hydroelectricity and hydropower in the American Old West as well as world-wide. In the late 1870s, he invented the "Pelton water wheel", at that time the most efficient design of the impulse water turbine. Recognized as one of the fathers of hydroelectric power, he was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal during his lifetime and is an inductee of the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Early life.
Lester A. Pelton was born in a log-cabin in rural Vermilion Twp., Erie County, Ohio. His grandfather, Captain Josiah Pelton, who lost most of his assets as a sea-captain during the War-of-1812 era, shortly later brought his family to Ohio. Lester's father was Allen Pelton, and his mother was Fanny Cuddeback, from another local early pioneer family. As a youngster, Lester worked on his family's farm and probably attended the nearby "Cuddeback" grade-school.
In 1850, young Pelton, along with several other local males, emigrated from Ohio to participate in the California gold rush. He was not successful as a gold-miner, but he fished the Sacramento River and sold his catch locally; and he worked in wood-milling and carpentry. In 1860, after the gold strikes in the nearby Sierra Nevada he relocated to Camptonville—near the Yuba River and the California Mother Lode country—where he made his living as a millwright and carpenter. Pelton spent much of his time reading and observing mining activity; his work and studies gained him critical knowledge of mining equipment and processes and related engineering principles.
Inventing the Pelton wheel.
Pelton's ideas for improving the turbine water wheel came from his studies of mining equipment and operations in California's gold rush country. Summary descriptions of the local technology observed by Pelton, and of the science by which his turbine water wheel extracts kinetic energy from a coursing mountain stream follow...
Steam-heat powered much of local mining activities but required a lot of wood for fuel; nearby forests were routinely decimated. Turbine water wheels also were used to supply power, but these were inefficient in converting the kinetic energy of mountain streams to horsepower. D.P. Stern reports: "According to a 1939 article by W. F. Durand of Stanford University in Mechanical Engineering, Pelton's invention started from an accidental observation some time in the 1870s. Pelton was watching a spinning water turbine when the key holding its wheel onto its shaft slipped, causing it to become misaligned. Instead of the jet hitting the cups in their middle, the slippage made it hit near the edge; rather than the water flow being stopped, it was now deflected into a half-circle, coming out again with reversed direction. Surprisingly, the turbine now moved faster. That was Pelton's great discovery. In other turbines the jet hit the middle of the cup and the splash of the impacting water wasted energy."
Experimenting and modelling, Pelton improved upon the efficiency of the Knight wheel (developed earlier by the Knight Foundry at nearby Sutter Creek). The Knight wheel received the streamflow jet slightly off-center and at an angle into a "single" turbine cup. Alternatively, the Pelton wheel—by deploying a "split double" cup (in effect two cups side-by-side), then splitting the impinging water-jet directly onto the common vane of the double cup—captured a stream's kinetic energy more efficiently. There were two prime results of Pelton's design: it consolidated the introduction of a new physical science into the ancient human quest to develop hydropower, i.e., the science of the "impulse" turbine as opposed to the "reaction" turbine; and it revolutionized the use of turbines adapted for high head (i.e., elevation energy) sites. Before Pelton, almost all water turbines were reaction machines powered by water pressure, or head, while Pelton's wheel was powered by the kinetic energy of a high velocity water-jet which could be conveniently developed from a small mountain stream.
Building the Pelton wheel.
In the late 1870s Pelton modeled, tested and manufactured his first turbine wheel, dubbed the "Pelton Runner"—later referring to the impulse blades only—at the Miners Foundry in Nevada City, California.
In 1878, at the Mayflower Mine in Nevada City, he installed the first operational Pelton wheel. At that time the Knight Foundry wheel was being sold as the industry standard, but in a head-to-head competition staged in 1883 at the Idaho Mine in nearby Grass Valley, Pelton's design proved much more efficient.
The Pelton design provided 90 percent efficiency (of converting streamflow kinetic energy to horsepower) while the next best competitor achieved less than 77 percent—at a time when most extant water wheels typically rated less than 40 percent.
The Pelton wheel also provided sustained power during (typical) lowflow conditions in a mountain stream. In 1887 a miner attached Pelton's wheel to a dynamo and produced the first hydroelectric power in the Sierra Nevada.
In 1895, the largest installation of Pelton's wheel during his lifetime was accomplished at the North Star Mine Powerhouse, Grass Valley, California, by the engineer Arthur De Wint Foote, who designed and installed an over-sized wheel of 30 feet diameter; it performed successfully, greatly increasing the hydropower delivered by the Pelton runners to produce compressed air for mining operations.
Pelton patented his wheel as well as his novel design of the double cup runner, and in 1888 formed the Pelton Water Wheel Company in San Francisco to supply the growing demand for hydropower and hydroelectricity throughout the West and world-wide. 'Pelton' is a trademark name for the products of that company, but the term is widely used generically for similar impulse turbines.
Death, legacy and awards.
Pelton died in California at the age of seventy-eight and is interred at his family cemetery site in Vermilion, Ohio. His "Pelton Runner" design is still used to produce hydroelectric power in the United States and around the world, as shown here. Later designs such as the Turgo turbine, first patented in 1919, and the Banki turbine were inspired by the Pelton wheel.
In 1895, The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded Lester Pelton the Elliott Cresson Medal, since renamed the Benjamin Franklin Medal, for Pelton's accomplishments of invention in technology. In 2006, he was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Alexandra, Virginia, formerly in Akron, Ohio.
There are memorials and monuments celebrating Pelton and the "Pelton Runner" mounted in Camptonvlle, California, in the Miners Foundry in Nevada City, California, and at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington D.C., California Resort at Disneyland in Anaheim, among other sites.
In 1958, the actor William Hudson was cast as Pelton in the episode "Wheel of Fortune" on the syndicated television anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews. The episode focuses on Pelton's development of the principles of hydraulic mining.


Guillermo Hyslop

Guillermo Campbell Hyslop (17 July 1905, Parral, Chihuahua – 1 August 1993, El Paso, Texas)
Children and youth.
Born in Parral, Chihuahua on July 17, 1905, son of James E. Hyslop and Maria Beckmann, Guillermo came from an influential family, well known in Mexico. Guillermo spent his childhood in the city of Parral, Chihuahua , where he lived with two brothers and four sisters. At the age of 15 years Guillermo moved to El Paso, Texas, where he completed his high school studies.
Family.
Guillermo married María Aún, a lady of Syrian descent, from a conservative and influential family of Chihuahua. Guillermo and María had four children, Margarita, Elizabeth, Guillermo and Santiago.
Death.
On 1 August 1993 Guillermo Hyslop suffered a cardiac arrest.


Caluya

', officially the ' (; ; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Making it 6th most populous municipality in the province of Antique.
Semirara Island has an area of , and is home to the Panian Mine, a vast open-pit coal mine in operation since 1999, and the Unong Mine (in production from 1984 to 2000).
History.
The Island of Caluya was once called "Polo Pandan" by Moro pirates searching for commercial ships as target victims. These pirates with their pillager vintas called "Salipsipan" utilized the place for haven and rest after divesting ships of valuable belongings. In fear of the pirates, only few fishermen dared to fish in the area. The Moro pirates called the place Polo Pandan because the entire coastal area was covered by pandan screw pines.
Several years later, fishermen from other islands, who were catching turtles for Chinese traders using their fish gears called "Panalog", accidentally landed in Polo Pandan in search of drinking water. They were surprised to see footprints of humans in the sand but no houses could be seen. They found a potable spring coming from the roots of a Dankalan Tree. They brought the good news to other fishermen and settled by the shore near that spring. They made huts ("Barong-barong") for their families and continued with their fishing activities. Eventually, the Moro pirates landed at the other side of the island. The settlers feared for the safety of their families, so they transferred their huts to the hilltop and called the place "Minoro or Barabanwa."
One day, while all the male settlers were out looking for food and fishing, the Moro pirates surfaced and an amazon named Merin gathered all women to defend their settlement. The Moro leader, upon seeing the amazons, ordered his men to retreat for according to him, the women were weak or maluya in vernacular. Thus the name "Polo Pandan" was changed to "maluya" in honor of famous hero Merin. The island soon became "Caluya."
Spanish settlement.
The Spanish settlement in Caluya was established around 1850. Spanish friars came to the island to propagate their colonization of the archipelago. The settlement was called Barangay and the first "Cabeza de Barangay" was Balbino Alojado (later changed his surname to Ysug) succeeded by Luciano Boctot and then by Surato Bunga-Bunga. All other Cabezas de Barangay was not recorded.
Later on, the "Cabeza de Barangay" became "Capitan de Barangay". The first Capitan de Barangay was Lozaro Decena succeeded by Luciano Tabangay and then by Mariano Escultor.
In the year 1893, believed to be in the month of May, the Barangay was changed to "Pueblo" or town by the Spanish Government, hence the founding of the Municipality of Caluya.
American regime.
The American Government started in 1901. Caluya was run by the people from Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro and became its town. The first officials were appointed by Americans but later, the officials were elected by the people. The head of the local government was the Town President or "Presidente del Pueblo". Appointed President from 1901 to 1910 was Feliciano Erodias. Next was Valentin Escultor in 1911. Then they held the first election in 1913 and the first elected President was Moises Lucena. In 1916, the President was Elias Tameta; 1919, Luis Erodias; 1922, Agustin Madarcos; 1925, Pedro Janairo; and 1928, Ruperto Tabinas.
In 1934, the head of the town was changed to a town Mayor. The 1st town Mayor was Claro Erodias who served up to 1938. Ruperto Tabinas was the town Mayor when the World War II broke out.
Japanese occupation.
In 1943, the Japanese landed in Caluya by means of motorboat and spread their propaganda about the government. No battle had been fought for there were no soldiers in the island. The Japanese commandeered pigs, carabaos, cows, chickens and other foods for consumption.
The only battle fought was in Semirara. It was between the five Japanese battle ships and the U.S. Air force. War ships were sunk and an airplane from the Allied Force was drowned. About 200 Japanese marines fled to Capiz Island led by Commander Tanaka. There was no known Mayor at that time.
Post-liberation period.
In, 1945, Mr. Joven Janairo was appointed Mayor, and in the 1948 election, he was elected to the position. He was succeeded by Romulo Lumawig in 1953 but was re-elected in 1958. Romulo Lumawig was re-elected in 1964 and Oscar Lim was elected in 1972. Soon, Martial law was proclaimed by President Ferdinand Marcos.
In 1987, Douglas Egina was appointed as OIC-Mayor. Then in 1988, Oscar Lim was re-elected And in the year 1992, when election was again conducted, the first woman Mayor Nikita L. Frangue was elected and succeeded by her husband Domingo G. Frangue,Jr. who served from July 1, 2001 up to June 30, 2007. Reynante J. Lim,Sr. was the Municipal Mayor from July 1, 2007 until his death on February 28, 2010. Diosdado L. Egina acted as Mayor from March 1, 2010 to June 30, 2010. Genevive G. Lim-Reyes is the present Municipal Mayor of Caluya.
Geography.
Caluya is located at .
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the has a land area of constituting of the total area of Antique.
List of islands in Caluya by land area:
Semirara Island Sibay Island Caluya Island Sibolo Island
Sibato Island .
Barangays.
Caluya is politically subdivided into 18 barangays.
Demographics.
In the , had a population of . The population density was .


Moab uranium mill tailings pile

The Moab uranium mill tailings pile is a uranium mill waste pond situated alongside the Colorado River, currently under the control of the U.S. Department of Energy. Locals refer to it as the "Moab Tailings Pile".
In 1952 U.S. geologist Charles Steen found the largest uranium deposit in the United States near Moab, Utah. The uranium was processed by the Uranium Reduction Company and the waste slurry was stored in an unlined pond adjacent to the river. The Uranium Reduction Company was sold in 1962 and renamed the Atlas Uranium Mill.
After the mill was closed in 1984 the pond was capped. There was also a pile of mine tailings that was over tall at its highest point. It is believed that pollutants from the waste tailings are leaching into the river, inferred from the lethal effect on fish, primarily from high concentrations of ammonia. The site was transferred to the United States Department of Energy for remediation under Title 1 of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act in 2001. In August 2005 the Department of Energy announced that 11.9 million short tons (10.8 million tonnes) of radioactive tailings would be moved, mostly by rail, and buried in a lined hole. The proposed holding site is public land at Crescent Junction, Utah, about from the Colorado River. In February 2006 a final Environmental Impact Statement met with United States Environmental Protection Agency approval. The cost of the relocation was originally estimated to be $300 million, but 2008 Department of Energy estimates are in excess of $720 million.
The contract for the first transfer of the tailings has been awarded and the first relocation is expected to occur in late 2008. A series of works to extract and evaporate the water and ammonia from the pile before it reaches the Colorado River has been completed.
DOE plan for re-location.
The current Department of Energy plan to move the tailings is contracted out to Portage-North Wind LLC who has begun hauling the tailings from the current Atlas Uranium Mill site to the tiny town of Crescent Junction, Utah by railroad. This plan is based on the most current funding schedule which will provide for a complete removal by 2028.
A series of amendments to the Defense Authorization Act, sponsored by Rep. Jim Matheson are attempting to move the completion date to 2019. If these become law, the rate of removal would be doubled.
According to the current plan, huge "dirty" trucks pull 40-ton containers filled with tailings to a structure that will be located between the talings and Potash Road. Once in the structure the containers would be covered by lids. A radiological survey verifies that they have no radioactive material on the outside, and the containers will then be hauled by "clean" trucks up to a railroad line to be placed on rail cars for the transportation to the disposal site near Crescent Junction. Dirty trucks will never travel to the clean side of the lidding structure, and clean trucks will never be on the dirty side.
Once at Crescent Junction the process will be reversed, with the exception that the tailings will be dumped out of end gates rather than from the top to minimize dust as well as prevent contamination to the outside containers. A knife-edge seal will be employed to ensure no materials dribble out of the end gates during the transfer.
Six clean trucks will make 22 to 23 loops per day, on a 21.2-minute cycle, between the lidding area and the rail line. About 136 containers will be transported daily with a four-day-per-week schedule.
An overpass is to be built across Potash Road so haul trucks will never encounter highway traffic.
Rail shipments began in April 2009. The clean trucks were replaced by the rail line, with the containers still needed to be lidded as before. On March 3, 2010, the Department of Energy announced it had shipped one million tons of tailings.
As of September 2019, 10 million tons of tailing (62%) have been removed. A well field is located between the tailing pile and the river, which extracts and purifies groundwater before it enters the Colorado river. As of February 2014 of ammonia and of uranium have been extracted from the wells. During low water periods, fresh water is injected into the wells. On July 29, 2014 the 7 millionth ton of tailing was placed in the disposal cell.
Disposal site.
The tailings and other contaminated material are being buried near Crescent Junction, Utah, northeast of the junction of Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 191, about 30 miles from the tailing pile. Excavation occurs in phases, two of which are complete as of July 2014. Each phase is about and is excavated to about . The contaminated material is first covered by a minimum layer of interim fill, then by a radon barrier composed of weathered mancos shale, a layer of sandy gravel as an infiltration and biointrusion layer, and of a frost protection layer composed of both soil and weathered shale. The cell is then topped with of rock. Cover material is sourced locally and from Fremont Junction, Utah.
When finished, the cell will be about long and wide. It is estimated to be about above ground and will be fenced. Currently the DOE owns of land and has another in a 20-year withdrawal for the disposal cell, buffer space, support area, and access road.


Wangjialing coal mine flood

The Wangjialing coal mine flood was an incident that began on Sunday, March 28, 2010, when underground water flooded parts of the Wangjialing coal mine in the Shanxi province of People's Republic of China. A total of 261 people were in the mine when workers first broke through an abandoned shaft that was filled with water. Over 100 managed to escape, but 153 workers were trapped in nine different platforms of the mine.
Television reports spoke of the survivors attaching themselves by belts to the wall of the mine as waters rushed in. They hung there for three days until a mine cart drifted by and they got in. Most workers are safe with a few dozen still trapped as of 5 April, if the official numbers are correct; families claim the actual number is higher.
The mine belongs to state-owned Huajin Coking Coal Co. Ltd. At the time, workers were building the mine's infrastructure to allow it to produce 6 million tons of coal per year at full production.
Location.
Wangjialing (王家嶺/王家岭) is in Shanxi province's south-west.
More specifically, it sits on Mount Longmen.
The mine is located between the town of Fancun (樊村镇) southeast of the mountain) and Xiahua Township (下化乡; northwest of the mountain) in Hejin City and Xipo (西坡镇; northeast of the mountain) in Xiangning County. Hejin and Xiangning are both in Shanxi province but belong to different prefecture-level cities: Hejin is in Yuncheng while Xiangning belongs to Linfen.
The mine is located near bridges that span the Yellow River between Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces.
Rescue efforts.
More than 3,000 rescue workers are working to pump out the water, equivalent in volume to 55 Olympic swimming pools. Rescuers are facing black, murky water and a high concentration of toxic gas.
After a week of being trapped, 9 workers were rescued during the early morning hours of April 5, and sent to a hospital in Hejin. In the same day, a total of 115 trapped workers had been rescued and were quickly sent to hospitals; 26 of them were in a poor state of health. According to survivors, some ate paper and chewed on coal for hunger relief.
Until April 9 morning (local time), 23 victims have been confirmed dead. It is said that the remaining 15 trapped people had been located, but there are difficulties in approaching them.
Rescuers said on April 8 that the chance of surviving for 14 workers in those 15 was "nearly zero" for they were quite near the point where the underground flood began to pour into the tunnel. However, the search for them is still ongoing.


Law, South Lanarkshire

Law is a village situated between Carluke and Wishaw in South Lanarkshire, Scotland with a population of around 2,800. The village lies on the border of North Lanarkshire.
Law is a former mining village, now mainly a low density residential area. For a village so small, Law has a wide range of services, which include Law Community Centre, Scotmid, Post Office, The Auld Store village bar, Boots Pharmacy, Dario's Takeaway, a Barbers, Law Bowling Club, the Room and Kitchen (coffee shop) and various other services, the majority of which can be found on Station Road, the village's main street.
Law Parish Church can be found on Station Road. The church is part of the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) and seeks to provide spiritual and pastoral care to anyone in the parish, church member or not, who requires it. A variety of organisations take place in the church for people of all ages including a very large and well run Boys' Brigade and Girls' Brigade.
Law Primary School has about 300 pupils and with older pupils going on to attend Carluke High School away.
Irvine's Coaches was a bus company based in the village that ran services throughout Lanarkshire and surrounding areas, but have now creased trading.
The West Coast Main Line runs through the Village but the station was closed down several years ago. However, there has been much speculation that it may be reopened in future, due to the proposed building of many new homes on the old site of Law Hospital. If re-opened, cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh could be accessible from Law by train.
Law Hospital, on the outskirts of Law Village, closed in 2001, with all patients being sent to Wishaw General Hospital, located in the Craigneuk area of Wishaw. There was an ambulance station on the site of the hospital but since 2001, the Scottish Ambulance Service opened a new one next door to Davie Buildbase on Wildman Road, which is the entrance road to the village from Wishaw.
Law Community AFC.
Law Community AFC, formed in 2011, is the village's local amateur football team. Their home games are played at Law Football Parks. The team are currently in the Premier Division. Their Home Kit is Red and away kit is Blue. Their sponsors are local businesses Tandoori Palace, Scotmid, TCH Law and Caledonian Bar.
Honours - Strathclyde Evangelical Churches League Division 3 Winners - 2013/14
Strathclyde Evangelical Churches League Division 2 Athol Cup Winners - 2014/15
Strathclyde Evangelical Churches League Division 1 Athol Cup Winners - 2015/16


James Clair Flood

James Clair Flood (October 25, 1826 – February 21, 1889) was an American businessman who made a fortune thanks to the Comstock Lode in Nevada. His mining operations are recounted to this day as an outstanding example of what may be done with a rich ore body and a genius for stock manipulation. Flood piled up millions as one of the famed "Bonanza Kings" and is considered to have been one of the 100 wealthiest Americans, leaving an enormous fortune. He is famous for two mansions, the James C. Flood Mansion at 1000 California St. in San Francisco, and Linden Towers located in Menlo Park, torn down in 1936.
Biography.
James Clair Flood was born on October 25, 1826 in Staten Island, New York to Irish immigrant parents. He had an eighth grade education, and was then apprenticed to a New York carriage maker.
In 1849 he sailed for San Francisco and the Gold Rush. After some success in the mines, he returned east to marry Mary Emma Leary of County Wexford, Ireland. They were back in San Francisco by 1854. Flood had two children, Jennie who never married, and James L. born in 1857. James L. had a son, James Flood born in 1900, and a daughter, Mary Emma Flood (Mrs. Theodore) Stebbins born in 1908, by his second wife. As a tribute to his father, James L. built the Flood Building on San Francisco's Market Street, which in 2003 was still owned by the Flood family.
Beginning of a fortune.
In 1857 James Flood opened a saloon with partner William S. O'Brien on Washington street in San Francisco. In 1858 they sold the saloon and went into business as stockbrokers. After the discovery of silver in Nevada in 1859, the partners began investing in mining stocks. The following year, Flood and O'Brien formed a partnership with fellow Irishmen James Graham Fair, a mine superintendent, and John William Mackay, a mining engineer. None of the four had impressed themselves on others than their immediate circle of friends and acquaintances until some time in the seventies they joined forces in operating the Consolidated Virginia and the California claims in the Comstock Lode.
Mackay and Fair had the mining knowledge and Flood and O'Brien raised the money. The purchase price of the claims, later to become a fabulous source of wealth, was about $100,000. The original stock issue was 10,700 shares, selling for between $4 and $5 a share.
Stock gambling fever.
The new firm gained control of the 'Consolidated Virginia Mining Company' stock in 1873, and it was in this mine that the greatest silver bonanza in history was discovered in 1873. The ore body was more than 1,200 feet deep, which yielded in March of that year as much as $632 per ton. A little while after uncovering the "big bonanza" the price of the stock went skyward. Flood is traditionally credited with having directed the subsequent proceedings so far as stock market operations were concerned.
San Francisco and the entire mining world were hurtled into a fever of excitement by proof of early reports of richness of the mining claims. The first stock issue was converted into two issues of 108,000 shares each, and by the middle of 1875 the speculative value of the two mines were close to $1,000,000,000. Shares went as high as $710.
It was said that in the first six months of 1875 the output of the mines averaged $1,500,000 monthly.
Seats on the San Francisco Stock and Exchange Board jumped to $25,000 each as a result of the excitement. Varied interests sought to obtain stock control of the rich properties and there came the inevitable crash in which many went to financial doom.
The "Bonanza Kings" profited, however, and late in 1875 Flood and O'Brien sought to become leaders in finance. After producing $133,471,000, the Consolidated Virginia and California mines could not be operated profitably, but in the language of the street, the owners had "caught them coming and going."
Bank of Nevada.
The Bonanza firm was said to be held together by Flood, though he was the most unpopular of the partners with the public, and was regarded by some as a stock manipulator. The advent of Flood and O'Brien, operating independently of Fair and Mackay, into the financial field met fierce resistance from William Sharon and William C. Ralston of the Bank of California. As a result of a battle between the two groups, the Bank of California failed and Flood and O'Brien started the Nevada Bank.
From that time on finance more than mining engaged Flood's time, and much of his wealth went into real estate. Dissension and an ill-fated attempt to corner the world wheat market in 1887 cost the firm millions. William Alvord, President of the Bank of California, in 1887 warned James C. Flood of signs of irregularities at the Nevada Bank, enabling Flood to avert the collapse of the Nevada Bank following the speculation of its cashier in the wheat market.


Government Engineering College, Bilaspur

Government Engineering College, Bilaspur (GEC Bilaspur) is a Public engineering college located in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. Established in 1964, it is affiliated to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai. It is one of three Government Engineering College in Chhattisgarh along with Government Engineering College Raipur and Government Engineering College, Jagdalpur.
About the College.
It was established 1964, it was earlier affiliated to Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. The first academic session started on July, 1964 and the first batch passed out in the year 1969. In 2005, College became affiliated to newly formed Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai.
Government Engineering College Bilaspur, is a provider of University level technical education and research in Chhattisgarh state. The institute is affiliated to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University (CSVTU), Bhilai and approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Delhi. Since its inception in 1964, college is a dynamic, fast growing educational institution. College provides a safe and supportive environment to foster the academic development and welfare of students. Imbibed with the message of “Yogah Karmasu Kaushalam”, the institute is offering a flexible and real world based approach in education.
Location.
This college is located on Korba road amidst the peaceful Koni village occupying an area of 179 acres of land.


Moodiesburn

Moodiesburn is a village in Scotland, located north-east of Glasgow, in the North Lanarkshire council area. It is situated on the north side of the A80 road and between the M73 and M80 motorways which converge nearby. Moodiesburn does not directly adjoin any other settlements, though the villages of Chryston and Muirhead are located a short distance to the west (the boundary being the Bothlin Burn), with Stepps beyond, and outer parts of Cumbernauld lie to the east; however, the town centres are about apart.
Once a thriving community, the town's economic standing greatly declined in the latter half of the 20th century, following the Auchengeich mining disaster and the disintegration of local employment.
History.
The etymology of the name is probably from the common Scottish surname Moody. Several old documents show Moodiesburn with various spellings including maps by Richardson, Forrest, and William Roy. Moodiesburn (or Mudiesburn) was formerly part of the parish of Cadder. The New Statistical Accounts recorded 30 families and 143 people in 1836. In 1846 there were reported to be 35 houses with 220 people living in them. Towards the end of the 19th century the population fell to as low as 150. The village was developed in the 20th century with employment in coal mining and around psychiatric institution Stoneyetts Hospital. In the 1930s, wooden houses were constructed on the estate of Gartferry House.
Auchengeich mining disaster.
In September 1959, 47 men lost their lives in a coal mine near the village of Moodiesburn when a faulty fan purifying the air in the colliery went on fire due to an electrical fault. The men were in bogies travelling to the coal face to start work, and due to the intense smoke they were abandoned just a few hundred yards from safety. The mine was eventually flooded to put out the fire; there was only one survivor from the crews. The mining accident was one of the worst within the UK in the 20th century, widowing 41 women and leaving 76 children without a father.
The First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond unveiled a memorial on 18 September 2009 at Moodiesburn. Its centrepiece, a bronze statue of a miner, was stolen within weeks but replaced the following year after a fundraising drive. Norman Buchan wrote a song, "Auchengeich", about the disaster, recorded by Dick Gaughan and The Easy Club.
Aftermath and economic decline.
Local mining declined in the years following the disaster. Stoneyetts ceased operation in 1992, followed by Scottish Power and Reekie Plant Hire sites closing in the latter half of the decade. A 1999 article in "The Observer" lamented Moodiesburn's lack of local employment, as well as the increasing disaffection of its younger residents:
Auchengeich sewage works and the Moodiesburn House Hotel – previously the Bedlay Dowager House – were closed in 2003 and 2008, respectively. Two career options remain in the area: landscaping product supplier Charcon Scotland (part of Aggregate Industries), and food processing company Devro.
Landmarks.
Bedlay Cemetery is the local cemetery for Moodiesburn. The nearby Bedlay Castle has stood since the late 16th century.
The village includes a community centre and library, a miners' welfare club (the Auchengeich Miners Welfare), a multi-denominational school (Glenmanor Primary, affiliated to Chryston High School), a denominational school (St Michael's Primary, affiliated to St. Maurice's High School in Cumbernauld), a Church of Scotland parish church, a Roman Catholic church, and an independent evangelical church called New Beginnings. There is also the Silver Larch public house, a Knights of Saint Columba social club and a coffee shop called The Coffee House.
Although the oldest buildings and the original hamlet stood at the junction of Cumbernauld Road (A80) and Stoneyetts Road, its centre moved about north during the mid-20th century with the construction of a small development of timber-panelled homes (Hillhead Avenue etc) and then expanded from there across the subsequent decades. The community's 1950s council housing (Bridgeburn Drive, Langdale Road, Glenmanor Avenue etc) is known as "Old Moodiesburn" – though a substantial number of those homes are now privately owned. A batch of houses with updated facilities were constructed in the 1960s, and dubbed the "electric scheme" by locals. Modern homes have since been developed in this part of Moodiesburn, including by Taylor Woodrow (1989), Persimmon (1997) and Lovell (2016). The opposite, north-eastern end by Devro headquarters, is composed mostly of private residences by Christian Salvesen (1970), Tay/Wimpey (1992), Bellway (1995) and Persimmon (2006 and 2018). Miller Homes are set to build on the former Stoneyetts Hospital site as of 2019.
A small estate of new council builds was erected in the midst of the Salvesen area in 2013.


Aluminum Corporation of China Limited

Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (, known as Chalco), is a Chinese company listed in Hong Kong and in New York. A multinational aluminium company, its headquarters are in Beijing, People's Republic of China. It is the world's second-largest alumina producer and third-largest primary aluminium producer (and the largest producer in China).
Chinalco is principally engaged in the extraction of aluminium oxide, electrolysis of virgin aluminium and the processing and production of aluminium as well as traded trading and engineering and technical services.
Its primary listing is on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and it is a constituent of the SSE 180 index. It has secondary listings on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.
The major shareholder of the company was Aluminum Corporation of China known as Chinalco (), a state owned enterprise.
Organization.
The company has a number of distinct business segments including (1) alumina refining, (2) primary aluminum smelting, and (3) energy. The alumina refining segment consists of mining and purchasing bauxite, refining bauxite into alumina, and production and sales of alumina chemicals and metal gallium. The aluminum smelting segment smelts alumina to produce primary aluminum and also produces carbon products, aluminum alloy products, and other aluminum products. Finally the energy segment produces coal, generates electricity from coal, develops wind and solar power, manufactures new energy equipment, and integrates coal electricity generation with aluminum operations.
Until 2013, it was also engaged in aluminum fabrication but has since sold this business line.
History.
Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco) is a state-backed holding company established to be the primary aluminium producer in the People's Republic of China in 2001. It is the parent company of Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco) which is listed on the New York, Hong Kong and Shanghai stock exchanges.
Effective from 10 June 2008, Chalco was added to the Hang Seng Index Constituent Stock (blue chip).
Chinalco is investing $3 billion to begin open-cast mining operations, within three to four years, in Morococha District, Peru. The company plans to extract copper ore from Mount Toromocho.
Chinalco holds a 9% stake in the Anglo-Australian mining company Rio Tinto. Rio Tinto controls large Iron ore reserves in Australia. On June 5, Rio Tinto broke a deal for Chinalco to purchase a larger stake in the company, with support by rival Anglo-Australian mining company BHP Billiton. Rio Tinto is expected to pay a US$195 million breaking fee according to the contract signed earlier by the two parties.
In 2010, Chinalco reported a net profit of ¥778.01 million, a dramatic rise when compared with the company's ¥4.62 billion losses from the previous year. The company credits increased prices and effective cost control strategies with the financial turnaround.
During July 2011, Chinalco signed a long-term agreement with Mongolian miner Tavan Tolgoi to import more than 15 million tons of coking coal annually to meet increased domestic demand.
Operations.
Engineering and technical services.
A subsidiary is China Aluminum International Engineering (Chalieco) which consists of businesses in engineering design and consultancy, engineering and construction contracting and equipment manufacturing. As a contractor it is the 124th largest construction firm in the world as ranked by Engineering News-Record in 2013. Chalieco was publicly listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2012.
Aluminum fabrication.
Through its aluminum fabrication unit, which was sold in 2013, Chinalco sold casting products, slab band products, foils, squeezing products, forging products, powder products, die-casting products, remelted aluminum ingots, and gallium metal and gallium oxide. These products are used in construction, electricity, packaging, transportation, nondurable consumer goods, hard board material, wire and cable, ceramics, refractory material, laundry, petrochemical, and aerospace industries.
Peru.
As of 2013, Morococha was the site of a planned open pit copper mine to be operated by Aluminum Corporation of China Limited. A new town for the 5,000 residents of Morococha has been built about 6 miles away, but some residents were reported to be resisting relocation. The mine is projected to produce about 250,000 tons of copper a year for about 35 years.
In April 2017, owing to Peru's increasing importance as a copper supplier to China, Chinalco announced an investment of $1.3 billion to expand copper production after failing to reach its output target last year. The expansion is projected to add 70,000 tonnes a year to the project.
Chinalco has invested $1.3 billion in its Toromocho mine in 2018, which it acquired in 2007. The project came online in 2013 and is, besides copper, primarily producing silver and molybdenum. The investment constitutes an increase of 45 percent by 2020, with the value of production from this move expected to exceed $2 billion.
Joint Venture with Rio Tinto.
In 2011, China Aluminum Corporation and Rio Tinto, the world's second largest mining company, created a joint venture in order to explore deposits in China. According to Rio Tinto chief executive Tom Albanese, the joint venture was meant to be “an important milestone in the expanding relationship between Rio Tinto and China.” Chinalco was the majority stakeholder of the project, holding 51% of shares, while Rio Tinto held 49%.
On January 18, 2017, it was reported that the two corporations had terminated the joint venture, and had begun to liquidate the joint venture company, Chinalco Rio Tinto Exploration Co.