Gender mainstreaming in mine action

Gender mainstreaming in mine action is the application of gender mainstreaming to mine action. It is increasingly being adopted by international and state mine action organizations.
General.
Gender mainstreaming in mine action is derived from the fact that women and men often have different roles and responsibilities within their communities or families and consequently different decision-making power, mobility patterns, information and control over resources. The different positions of men and women have an influence on their exposure to landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW), their ability to access medical and psychological services once they have been injured by mines, their chances of long term reintegration in society, and the likelihood of them to be included in risk education.
As a result, organizations employ gender mainstreaming in mine action by assessing the implications for women and men in all aspects of the mine action activities. Gender mainstreaming in mine action attempts to ensure women and men benefit equally from mine action and that gender inequality is not perpetuated which might impede the overall effectiveness of mine action programmes.
History.
Women's advancement instruments in national bureaucracies started in the mid-1970s. While the concept of gender mainstreaming appeared in the mid-1980s, it was formalised in the early 1990s. Gender mainstreaming in mine action was first mentioned in 1995 at the Beijing Platform for Action in the section on armed conflict, by stating that "women and children are particularly affected by the indiscriminate use of anti-personnel land-mines". Gender mainstreaming in mine action was part of a larger movement to end discrimination and mainstream gender in security sector reform. Before guidelines on how to integrate gender into mine action were standardised, several documents were published to highlight the importance of gender mainstreaming in that domain.
It later gained more support thanks to the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on "Women, Peace and Security" which emphasised "the need for all parties to ensure that mine clearance and mine awareness programmes take into account the special needs of women and girls". In 2005 the UN Gender Guidelines for Mine Action Programmes provided the first comprehensive description of how to mainstream gender in mine action, afterwards revised in 2010. This guide is a manual destined to be used by the UN mine action field-based personnel and headquarters' staff and other actors involved in the sector.
Convention and Normative Documents on Gender Mainstreaming in Mine Action.
The Convention on Cluster Munition (2008) underlines that "Each State Party with respect to cluster munition victims (…) shall (…) adequately provide age- and gender-sensitive assistance".
The Vientiane Action Plan 2010-2015 (2010), adopted at the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munition in Lao PDR also includes gender issues in several action points, such as on Clearance and destruction of cluster munition remnants and risk reduction activities. For instance, Action 14 writes that there should be "gender-sensitive participation of the community to the development of national clearance plans, planning and prioritisation of clearance activities and land release". Action 17 states that "mine risk education should be tailored to the needs of affected communities, gender sensitive and age appropriate". In addition to the previous two, Action 22 requires states to collect sex and age disaggregated data on victims, and Action 30 that victims should be fully included in the work of the convention in a gender and age sensitive way.
The Strategy of the United Nation on Mine Action 2013-2018 (2013) encourages "further efforts (…) dedicated to strengthening and mainstreaming gender perspectives in mine action planning, implementation and evaluation".
The Maputo Action Plan 2014-2019 (2014) was adopted during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction (APMBC 1997). In its introduction, it stresses that States Parties will implement the Maputo Action Plan in a cooperative, inclusive, age-appropriate and gender-sensitive manner. In the section on mine clearance, gender-sensitive mine risk education (paragraph 10), opportunities and social protection measures for all mine victims, regardless of their gender and age (paragraph 10) and gender sensitive awareness raising (paragraph 17) are mentioned. The section on International cooperation and assistance encourages State parties to articulate age- and gender-sensitive time-bound objectives and targets (paragraph 21) and to support programmes that provide accurate gender sensitive information and that promote gender mainstreaming (paragraph 22).
The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) were created in 2001 and are under constant revision. They provide procedures and concrete steps to follow all UN mine action operations. However, they are also the main guide for operators and national mine action programmes to establish their own National Mine Action Standards (NMAS). After the revision of IMAS in 2009, the dimension of gender was included in several of them, concerning land release and handover (IMAS 07.11); Mine Risk Education (IMAS 04.10 and IMAS 12.10); non-technical surveys (IMAS 08.10).
Examples of Gender Mainstreaming in Mine Action.
Since 2006 the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) has been conducting workshops on gender mainstreaming in mine action both in the field and in Geneva at the presence of representatives of mine action organisation, focused on explaining what gender mainstreaming is and helping countries implementing the UN guidelines.
The Swiss Campaign to Ban Landmines created the Gender and Mine Action Programme in 2006 to specifically focus on the implementation of gender mainstreaming in mine action.
The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) in 2013 reviewed the work of the Danish Demining Group (DDG) in Afghanistan, assessing positively the progress made in gender mainstreaming, in terms of the collection of disaggregated qualitative and quantitative data, in spite of some cultural limitations.
The Mine Action Programme of Afghanistan (MAPA) has developed a Gender Mainstreaming Strategy for the period 2014-2016 with the assistance of the Gender and Mine Action Programme (GMAP). In order to share the strategy, the Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan (MACCA) organised two gender mainstreaming workshops at the end of 2014 attended by 17 partner organisations in the context of a grant provided by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)
The Mine Advisory Group (MAG) – Lao PDR, through a funding from MAG and Irish Aid, conducted an assessment as part of gender mainstreaming on the priority actions to be carried out in integrating gender in mine action.
Strategies.
The UN Gender Guidelines for Mine Action Programmes explain how to integrate gender into four of the five pillars of mine action.
Mine clearance.
The UN Gender Guidelines state that men, women, boys and girls differ in their exposure to and knowledge of the mine contamination. The Guidelines write that mine-action operators should obtain information about the mine situation from both sexes in all age groups in order for information to be complete and accurate before demining. Having more accurate information before can reduce costs because less time and money are spent on demining uncontaminated areas. Its concrete recommendations are:
Mine-risk education (MRE).
The UN Gender Guidelines say that men, women, boys and girls differ in their behaviours and their response to mine-risk education. Its recommendations are:
Victim assistance.
For victim assistance, the guidelines explains that women and men have often different access to victim assistance due to cultural barriers and other obstacles. It states that mine action organisations should consider these barriers and their vulnerability to the economic, psychological and social implications of disability. The Guidelines' recommendations are:
Advocacy.
In terms of advocacy, the guidelines state that women and men have different sensibilities to messages and access to communication channels. Mine action organisations have to consider these peculiarities in planning advocacy activities. Its recommendations are:
Gender and Mine Action Programme (GMAP).
The Gender and Mine Action Programme (GMAP) is a programme of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) that strives for and contributes to increasing the effectiveness of mine action activities through the inclusion of a gender and diversity perspective in policy making, programming, and implementation. GMAP was created in December 2006 by the Swiss Campaign to Ban Landmines. Before its integration in the GICHD in March 2019, GMAP worked as an independent organization for more than 12 years, aiming to promote gender mainstreaming in mine action by trying to make mine action include the needs, priorities, and knowledge of women, girls, boys, men, and members of marginalized groups in communities at risk of landmines or other UXO. The goal of gender and diversity mainstreaming is to make mine action more inclusive, efficient and effective. The goal of the Programme is to research, provide training and consultation, create guidelines and strategies, create awareness, and publish material related to gender and diversity in mine action. They also support hiring more women in mine action including mine clearance. It was hosted in the offices of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) in Geneva, Switzerland for 9 years before its official integration in the GICHD. GMAP is part of a Gender and Diversity in Security Hub with other security organizations at the Maison de la Paix in Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), and Small Arms Survey (SAS).
Criticism.
Like many criticisms of the gender mainstreaming movement in general, gender mainstreaming in mine action has faced similar problems such as ineffective results, poor implementation, those using it to hinder progress, and being primarily western dominated. Asa Massleberg, for the Gender and Mine Action Programme, wrote that the common measurements of success in mine action, such as meters squared of land cleared of mines and number of people who received a service, are insufficient because they do not take into account the overall and long term impact of a community. She argues it can only be done by assessing all the processes and procedures in a project cycle which are adapted to the needs of women, girls, boy and men in a community. According to the Gender and Mine Action Programme, the effects of gender mainstreaming are still largely undocumented, not understood by those implementing it, and require further research. Trying to deal with other biases not included in gender mainstreaming, the Gender and Mine Action Programme has also expanded gender mainstreaming to include the term diversity. Gender and diversity mainstreaming includes other factors in the demographics of a community that may hinder or help the long term impact of mine action.


Albertus Swanepoel

Albertus Swanepoel (born 1959) is a South African milliner based in New York, whose hat designs have featured in the runway shows of designers such as Carolina Herrera, Alexander Wang, Narciso Rodriguez and Tommy Hilfiger. A BA Fine Arts graduate from the University of Pretoria, Swanepoel won the Coty Award as South Africa’s top designer before moving to the United States in 1989.
Biography.
Swanepoel launched a range of made-to-measure clothing under his Quartus Manna label in 1983 before starting a glove business in New York in 1992. While continuing with the glove business, he started evening millinery classes and pursued various freelance millinery jobs while making his own hats on the side. Among his freelance collaborations he worked with theatrical milliner Lynne Mackey, constructing hats for several Broadway shows, including "Kiss Me, Kate" and "Mamma Mia!".
In 2004 Swanepoel collaborated with Marc by Marc Jacobs for a Fall hat collection, and the following year worked with Proenza Schouler on hats for a Spring collection. In 2006 he started his own company, Albertus Swanepoel LLC, which sells namesake collections to selected USA retail stores and to several international markets. His designs have featured in publications such as Vogue, "Harper’s Bazaar", Time, Glamour, The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times.
Awards.
2008: Runner up in the Vogue/CFDA Fashion Fund Awards
2009: Nominated as Accessory Designer in CFDA/Swarovski Awards
2010: Accessory Designer Award: African Fashion week International
 Nominated as Accessory Designer in WGSN Awards
2014: University of Pretoria Alumni Laureate Award
 South African Style Award
References.
http://albertusswanepoel.com/#/life
http://www.safashionweek.co.za


Lunge mine

The Shitotsubakurai lunge mine was a suicidal anti-tank weapon developed and used by the Empire of Japan during the Second World War. It used a HEAT type charge. This weapon was used by the CQC units of the Imperial Japanese Army. The weapon itself was a conical hollow charge anti-tank mine, placed inside a metallic container and attached to the end of a wooden stick. The weapon was officially adopted by the Japanese Army in 1945; in that year it caused its first victims in the Pacific Theater, where it commonly saw action against American armour. Later that year, some Japanese Imperial Army manuals of the weapon were discovered by US troops.
Design.
The weapon itself was a conical hollow charge attached to one end of the weapon, which was a wooden stick used to hold the weapon during its transport and use. The mine had equally spaced three legs facing forwards, all around the conical explosive base of the weapon. The detonator of the weapon was situated at the end of the conical base. The handle was connected to the mine body with a length of tubing through which it could slide once the safety pin was removed and the copper shear wire broken by impact with the target, at which point the steel striker at its end would be driven into the detonator.
The conical mine body was long and in diameter at its base, weighing including the of crude TNT filling. The three metal legs welded to it were long, intended to ensure the proper stand-off distance for the shaped charge to achieve maximum penetration. The diameter handle was long and weighed , for an overall length of (including the three legs) and weight of .
Operation.
To use the mine, the soldier would remove the security pin, and then charge the enemy armour, just like in a bayonet charge, making the top of the mine collide with the objective. The weapon needed to be held by the center with the left hand and by the bottom with the other hand. When the legs of the mine hit the objective, the handle was pulled forward, cutting a pin and making the detonator move forward to the detonator charge. This would set off the mine, blowing up its user and, presumably, the targeted enemy armour.
Armour penetration.
The mine was capable of penetrating about of RHA at an angle of 90º, and up to at an angle of 60º. However, the mine would almost always impact at 90º because the impact angle with the objective would be decided by the weapon's user, and he would probably aim for a 90º armour plate.
Combat record.
The weapon was used by the Imperial Japanese Army during the later stages of the Second World War in the Pacific Theater against American armour, until the end of the war in 1945, the same year that the weapon was introduced into service. However, no report has been given which shows that it actually worked as a weapon.
The U.S. Intelligence reports in March 1945 that they met this weapon for the first time in Leyte island, The Philippines in 1944, and later in Manila as well. It also reports that "To date all attempts by the enemy to use the Lunge Mine against our tanks have met with failure" and rates it as "Perhaps the oddest of these antitank charges".
In Vietnam it seems to be an icon of the First Indochina War, specifically during the Battle of Hanoi, together with a Battalion Commander Nguyen Van Thieng who tried to use it; however, "the bombs failed to explode. In the end, he was shot and heroically sacrificed".


Rag joint

A rag joint refers to certain flexible joints (flexure bearings) found on automobiles and other machines. They are typically found on steering shafts that connect the steering wheel to the steering gear input shaft, usually at the steering gear end. They provide a small amount of flex for a steering shaft within a few degrees of the same plane as the steering gear input shaft. It also provides some damping of vibration coming from the steering system, providing some isolation for the steering wheel.
This type of joint has also been used on drive shafts. Farm tractors and lawn and garden equipment have often used them in this application, and even some higher-power applications, such as some 1960s race cars, featured them. In automobile and truck prop shaft designs, they have now mostly been replaced by constant-velocity joints or driveshafts with pairs of universal joints. Rear-wheel drive cars have commonly used a lengthwise propeller shaft with a rubber doughnut joint at the gearbox end (limited movement) and a universal joint at the rear axle (greater movement), or vice versa. This gives articulation where needed, but also stops some of the vibration being transmitted into the body.
The joint consists of one or more doughnut-shaped layers of flat rubber sheet with reinforcing cords vulcanized in them, similar to a tire. In fact, they are cut from used tires. This disc is bolted or riveted to flanges mounted on the ends of the shafts to connect the steering wheel shaft to the steering gear. The ragged cords can be seen on the edge of this piece of rubber, hence the term "rag joint". The bolt holes themselves are often reinforced by steel tubes moulded into the doughnut.
The origins of this form of universal joint are from early vehicles that used a disk of thick leather as a similar flexible joint. These were used into the 1920s. As rubber technology improved (particularly for its resistance to spilled mineral oils), it was possible to replace leather by longer-lasting materials. "Rag joints" were used on some American cars, including GM full size sedans, into the mid 90's.
An older vehicle with loose steering or "play in the steering wheel" is often found to have a worn rag joint. One can reach inside the cab and wiggle the steering wheel while watching the rag joint move without the input shaft moving. This condition may cause the vehicle to fail the vehicle inspection, indicating that the worn part needs replacement.


Harold Gourley

Harold John Frederick Gourley (1886–18 December 1956) was a British civil engineer.
Gourley was born in Liverpool in 1886. He was the holder of a Master of Engineering degree. On 5 October 1912 he gave a lecture to the Salford Technical and Engineering Association on reinforced concrete construction. He also submitted a paper for publication in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers investigating the flow of water over circular weirs.
During the First World War Gourley served as a commissioned officer in the Corps of Royal Engineers of the British Army. By 1917 he was a Second Lieutenant in the Territorial Force (the army's volunteer reserve) and was also an Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 1 December 1917. Gourley was made Second-in-Command of a field company and on 8 July 1918 was given the acting rank of Captain whilst he held this command Gourley was promoted to acting Major on 24 January 1919, by which point he was serving in the Welsh Division. He reverted to his permanent rank of Lieutenant on 31 March 1919 on ceasing to be employed (due to the end of the war). After the war he continued to be liable to recall to the army as he belonged to the Reserve of Officers until he reached the age limit on 14 November 1936.
On 22 April 1938 Gourley was appointed a land tax commissioner for the City of Westminster and its Liberties. Before 1935 he wrote a paper for "Engineering" entitled "Great works of the Roman invaders". In 1945 he conducted a general survey of the water resources of Gloucestershire for the county planning office. On 28 January 1949 he was a main speaker at a discussion on river flow surveys and records at Burlington House which was chaired by Sir Roger Hetherington and covered in "The Observatory". During this period he was described as a "well known consulting engineer".
On 21 September 1951 he was one of 35 people injured by the Weedon rail crash, the derailment of a passenger train on the West Coast Main Line near to Weedon Bec which killed 15 people. He was partially handicapped as a result and was awarded £47,720 damages by Mr Justice Pearce in the Queen's Bench Division in a judgment delivered on 1 April 1954, comprising £37,720 for loss of earnings, £9,000 for pain, suffering and loss of amenity, and £1,000 for out-of-pocket expenses. The damages awarded for loss of earnings were not subject to tax, but the amount awarded did not take account of the fact that the net earnings retained by Gourley - if he had not been injured - would have been reduced substantially by tax. An appeal against the damages was dismissed by the Court of Appeal, but the House of Lords reduced the damages for loss of earnings to £6,695, to take account of the hypothetical income tax and surtax that would have been due on the actual earnings, setting a legal precedent known as the Gourley principle that remains important in English law.
Gourley became president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in November 1956. He died just six weeks into his term on 18 December 1956, becoming the first elected president to die whilst in office (Thomas Telford, who was president-for-life, had previously died in office). As the ICE council was empowered to fill any vacancy except that of president a Special General Meeting was called. During this meeting Sir Frederick Arthur Whitaker was elected as president to take effect from February. Whitaker served the remainder of Gourley's term in addition to the full 1957-58 term. A portrait of Gourley hangs in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London.
References.


Carl Bechstein

Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Bechstein (1 June 18266 March 1900) was the maker of C. Bechstein pianos and the founder of C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik.
Biography.
Carl Bechstein was born on 1 June 1826 in Gotha, Germany. He studied and worked in France and England as a piano craftsman, before he became an individual piano maker. His first pianos were made for other companies. From 1844 to 1848 he worked in Dresden for a local piano maker, then moved to Berlin and worked at Klavierfabrik Perau in Behrenstraße 56. In 1849 he worked as a hired contractor for piano makers in Paris. Back in Berlin he worked again for Klavierfabrik Perau in 1852-53.
C. Bechstein piano factory.
The C. Bechstein piano factory was founded on 1 October 1853 by Carl Bechstein in Berlin, Germany.
Carl Bechstein set out to manufacture a piano able to withstand the great demands imposed on the instrument by the virtuosi of the time, such as Franz Liszt. In 1857, Hans von Bülow (Liszt's son-in-law) gave the first public performance on a Bechstein grand piano by performing Liszt's Piano Sonata in B minor in Berlin.
By 1870, with the endorsements by Franz Liszt and Hans von Bülow, Bechstein pianos became a staple at many concert halls, as well as in private mansions. By that time three pianomakers became established as the industry leaders across the world: Bechstein, Blüthner and Steinway & Sons.
A successful piano maker.
In 1880 the second piano factory was opened in Berlin, and the third factory was opened in 1897 in Berlin Kreuzberg. The years from the 1870s through 1914 brought Bechstein their most dramatic increase in sales.
In 1885 Bechstein first supplied a piano to Queen Victoria. A gilded art-case piano was first delivered to the Buckingham Palace, then several more Bechstein pianos were delivered to Windsor Castle and to other royal residences. By January 1886 they were among the piano manufacturers holding a Royal Warrant as a supplier to the Queen. Many other mansions and salons in London were following the royal example. Several British embassies across the world acquired Bechstein pianos to replace lesser instruments.
Also in 1885, Bechstein opened a branch in London, that eventually grew to become their largest showroom and dealership in Europe, and then, a few years later, opened showrooms in Paris, and in St. Petersburg. In London the company spent £100,000 to build Bechstein Hall. adjacent to its London showroom at 36-40 Wigmore Street. It opened on 31 May 1901. Between 1901 and 1914, C. Bechstein was the largest piano dealership in London.
At that time, Bechstein was the official piano maker for the Tsars of Russia, the royal families of Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Austria and Denmark, and other royalty and aristocracy. The list of royal clients of Bechstein may be found on the soundboard of vintage Bechstein pianos made before the Second World War. The list is part of the original Bechstein trademark logo, it can be seen under the strings in the center of a piano's soundboard.
Carl Bechstein died in Berlin on 6 March 1900 and was buried at the Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin. The Bechstein company continued operations under the management of his sons. Between 1900 and 1914 C. Bechstein was one of the leading piano makers in the world with 1100 craftsmen and workers, making five thousand pianos per year.
Further reading.
Hagen W. Lippe-Weißenfeld: "Das Klavier als Mittel politischer Distinktion im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung des Klavierbaus in London und Berlin an den Beispielen Broadwood und Bechstein. The piano as medium for political distinction in connection with the development of piano manufacturing in London and Berlin based on the examples of Broadwood and Bechstein". Dissertation Berlin 2006. Online-Version


Thomas Birch Florence

Thomas Birch Florence (January 26, 1812 – July 3, 1875) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Biography.
Thomas B. Florence born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned the hatter's trade and engaged in that business in 1833. He was engaged in the newspaper business. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1846 and 1848.
Florence was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-second and to the four succeeding Congresses. After leaving Congress edited and published the "Constitutional Union" in Washington, D.C., and subsequently became the proprietor of the "Sunday Gazette".
He was an unsuccessful candidate in his old district for election in 1868 and in 1874. He died in Washington, D.C. in 1875. He was originally buried in Monument Cemetery in Philadelphia which was closed in 1956 and his remains moved to Lawnview Memorial Park in Rockledge, Pennsylvania.


Taoran Qiao station

Taoran Qiao station () is a station under construction on Line 14 of the Beijing Subway.
History.
The station was supposed to open in 2015, along with the rest of Line 14 extension. Due to a delay with construction, the station could not be opened with the rest of the stations, so trains do not stop.
Station Layout.
This station will have an island platform.


Dan Armstrong

Dan Kent Armstrong (October 7, 1934 June 8, 2004) was an American guitarist, luthier, and session musician.
Biography.
Armstrong was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He started playing the guitar at age 11, and moved to New York in the early 1960s in order to work as a studio musician and guitar repairman. In 1965 he opened his own guitar repair shop, 'Dan Armstrong's Guitar Service', on West 48th Street. The building was razed in 1968 to make room for 30 Rockefeller Plaza, and Armstrong relocated his shop, renamed 'Dan Armstrong Guitars', to 500 Laguardia Place in Greenwich Village.
In 1968 the Ampeg Company of Linden, New Jersey hired Armstrong as a consultant to improve their Grammer line of guitars. He designed a new line of guitars and basses that were constructed of clear Plexiglas. These guitars had interchangeable pickups designed by Bill Lawrence who shared the Greenwich Village shop with Armstrong, and eventually took it over when Armstrong moved to London. The guitars had long sustain caused by the solid Plexiglas body, though that material made for a heavy guitar—around 10 lbs. There was a reissue, made in Japan, in 1998, where the reissue was compared to the 1968 original, as being identical. A second reissue of the Dan Armstrong guitar was launched in 2006.
Armstrong moved to London in the early 1970s where he developed a new line of electric instruments, amplifiers and effects boxes. The Dan Armstrong London instruments were made of solid Honduran mahogany with sliding low impedance pickups, available as a six string guitar, and short-scale and long-scale basses. Armstrong also marketed a line of tube guitar and bass amplifiers and effects boxes, the Blue Clipper, Yellow Humper, Red Ranger, Purple Peaker, Green Ringer and Orange Squeezer.
In 1977 Armstrong and his wife, Vicki O'Casey, moved back to the United States. A licensing and manufacturing agreement was reached with Musitronics to re-release the effects boxes. Armstrong also developed a line of pickups for Schecter Guitar Research, a new amplifier for Fender. The couple returned to England, where they lived in Ashford, Kent, in the late 1990s, but again moved back to America after several years. After suffering from emphysema for many years, Armstrong died from a combination stroke and heart attack in Los Angeles on June 8, 2004.
Armstrong effects boxes continue to be made under license from his son, Kent Armstrong, who is also a maker of guitar pickups.
Carly Simon.
Carly Simon had a personal relationship with Armstrong until around 1971. He is the subject of the song "Dan My Fling" from her 1971 debut album and has been reported by some to be the subject (or one of the subjects) of her 1972 song "You're So Vain". In 2010, in relation to a suggestion that David Geffen was the subject of "You're So Vain", Simon stated that when she released the song she had not yet met Geffen.


Hugo Sohmer

Hugo Sohmer (1845 in Dunningen, Kingdom of Württemberg - June 8, 1913 in Scarsdale, New York) was an American piano builder and manufacturer of German descent.
Life.
Hugo Sohmer (1845-1913) was born in Dunningen, a village near Rottweil, on the foothills of the Black Forest, Germany. His father was a physician and cared about a good education for his sons. So he was educated in literary and scientific subjects as well as music and the piano, and emigrated to New York City in 1863, where he apprenticed as a piano-builder in Schuetze & Ludolff's factory. He spent two years travelling in Europe continuing to study piano making, and returned to New York in 1870. In 1872 he founded Sohmer & Company in partnership with the Austrian piano builder Joseph Kuder (1831-1913). The company building in Queens built by Architects Berger & Baylies and finished in 1886 achieved the status of landmark in 2007. After his death he was succeeded by his son Harry J. Sohmer.
His younger brother William was a politician in New York city.


Arthur V. Peterson

Arthur Vincent (Pete) Peterson (October 31, 1912 – March 24, 2008) was a United States Army colonel who served as the Manhattan District's Chicago Area Engineer. In this capacity he was responsible for the Metallurgical Laboratory, which developed the first nuclear reactors. Plutonium bred in these reactors was used in the Fat Man atomic bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki. He traveled to Europe before D-Day to warn General Dwight D. Eisenhower about the dangers of the Germans using radioactive weapons.
After the war he was the chief of its Fissionable Materials Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1947 to 1953, when he left to become general manager of the new Atomic Energy Division of American Machine and Foundry, Over the following five years, he supervised the construction of 20 research reactors around the world. He left in 1958 to found his own consulting firm, AVP Associates.
Early life and education.
Arthur Vincent (Pete) Peterson was born in Morristown, New Jersey, on October 31, 1912, and grew up on Manhattan's East Side, where he attended Stuyvesant High School, from which he graduated in 1930. He entered New York University, from which he earned a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1934, and then Cornell University, from which he received a master's degree in civil engineering in 1937. He went to work as an engineer in New Jersey, but returned to Cornell in 1940, where he performed research for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.
Military career.
A reserve officer in the United States Army, Peterson was called up to active duty in July 1941, and was joined the 36th Combat Engineer Regiment at Plattsburgh Barracks, New York, where he married Marie-Louise Darrieulat, his college sweetheart, whose father taught at Cornell. The 36th Combat Engineer Regiment subsequently moved to Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
In 1942, Peterson was assigned to the Manhattan District. He became the Chicago Area Engineer in December 1942, with the rank of major. As such, he was responsible for the activities of the Metallurgical Laboratory, which developed nuclear reactors in order to produce plutonium for atomic bombs. He briefed officers from the European Theater of Operations United States Army (ETOUSA) on possible forms an attack with radioactive poisons might take, and what the effects and symptoms of them were, and gave them instruments and shown how to use them. They were enjoined to tell other officers in the theater to report unexplained fogging of film or illnesses with symptoms corresponding to the effects of radiation sickness.
Peterson was sent to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), where he briefed the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, Assistant Chief of Staff (G-2) (Intelligence), Major General John Whiteley, and his Assistant Chief of Staff (G-3) (Operations), Major General Harold R. Bull in April 1944. As a result, they formulated a contingency plan, known as Operation Peppermint, in case the Germans used radioactive weapons.
In October 1944, Peterson was given overall responsibility for the production of fissile material, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Plutonium bred in the Manhattan Project's reactors was used in the Fat Man atomic bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki. When the Manhattan Project was superseded by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) on January 1, 1947. Peterson became the chief of its Fissionable Materials Branch, a part of the Production Division, which was located in Washington, D.C.
Later life.
Peterson left the AEC in 1953 to become general manager of the new Atomic Energy Division of American Machine and Foundry, which was based in New York City. Over the following five years, he supervised the construction of 20 research reactors around the world. He left in 1958 to found his own consulting firm, AVP Associates.
Death.
Peterson died of natural causes at a retirement home in Seattle on March 24, 2008. He was survived by his sons Art and John. His wife died in 2004, and his daughter Medley in 2006. He was buried at Tahoma National Cemetery.


Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway

The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway is a causeway in Kuwait with an estimated construction value of approximately US$3 billion Under China's Belt and Road Initiative, the causeway is part of the first phase of the Silk City project. The causeway spans the Bay of Kuwait in two directions and comprises two projects: Main Link, which connects Kuwait City with northern Kuwait (including Subiya and Bubiyan Island); and Doha Link, which connects Kuwait City with Doha. It crosses two artificial islands (Bay Island North and Bay Island South) which were constructed for entertainment and tourism purposes. It is part of Kuwait Vision 2035.
The causeway is named after the late Sheikh Jaber Al-Sabah to commemorate his contribution to the development of Kuwait. It was one of the largest and most challenging transport infrastructure projects in Kuwait, as well as the entire Middle East region. The Main Link is the 4th longest road bridge in the world at 36.14 km. The overall causeway consists of two bridges. Both bridges have a combined length of 48.5 kilometers.
History.
Under China's Belt and Road Initiative, the causeway is part of the first phase of the Silk City project. Construction began on November 3, 2013 at a cost of approximately US$3 billion, the Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway belongs to a series of projects being pursued by Kuwait to develop and diversify its economy and reduce its reliance on oil and gas. This push to diversify is similar to those being pursued by Saudi Arabia and other countries in the region. The project is part of Kuwait Vision 2035, and is named after the 13th Emir of Kuwait to commemorate his leadership.
The overall aim of the project is to reduce the travel distance between Kuwait City and Silk City from 104 km to 36 km, which will cut the journey time from 90 minutes at present to less than 30 minutes. Building the causeway will provide a new strategic highway route that will help planned development work located to the north of Kuwait City, as it will connect Shuwaikh Port with the Subiya New Town Development (Silk City). And it will help to integrate the northern areas of the country with the more densely populated central and southern regions, while also helping lower traffic congestion in the surrounding roads.
Design.
The bridge's structural design is based on designs from the American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials. The prominent feature of the Main Link is the iconic pylon for the cable-stayed bridge that is inspired by the conventional sailboat, a traditional and historic theme of Kuwait. The pylon stands at approximately 151 meters, which is about the same height as that of the prominent Kuwait Towers.
Originally, the causeway project was conceived as one project (Main Link and Doha Link), but, in order to expedite the completion of the works, the project was tendered in two contracts: Main Link (36.14 km) and Doha link (12.4 km). The causeway project witnessed the participation and collaboration of major engineering, design, and contracting firms from around the world, including the USA, France, Hong Kong, South Korea, Germany, Italy, and Austria; of course in addition to the Dar offices in Beirut and Cairo. Major companies such as Hyundai Engineering and Construction, G.S. Engineering & Construction, Systra, AECOM, T.Y. Lin International, Tony Gee & Partners, Trevi, and Fugro, as well as suppliers like Hyundai Steel, Jenoptik, Swarco, and Solari also played major parts.
An essential aspect of the bridge, which was tackled at the commencement of the work, was the environmental risks involved, what with the bridge passing through existing natural habitats. From the outset of construction, there was a strong effort to minimise any interference or damage to the flora/ fauna and the sea environment as a whole, whether temporarily during construction or permanently. Green Tiger Shrimps that are famous residents of the Kuwait Bay were protected with the establishment of new vegetation habitats where artificial reefs were installed away from the bridge construction zones. This effort was very successful as the involved parties were able to see the new shrimp habitats taking place away from the bridge location, and shrimps were reproduced in abundant capacities.


Britton Chance Jr.

Britton Chance, Jr. (June 12, 1940 – October 12, 2012) was an American naval architect yacht designer who helped work on core design elements of craft that won the America's Cup.
Born in Philadelphia on June 12, 1940, he was the son of Dr. Britton Chance, the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania, who also had won a gold medal in sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Raised in Mantoloking, New Jersey, he frequently sailed in Barnegat Bay and developed an early interest in identifying how to design boats that would be able to travel faster than existing standard designs. Chance attended the University of Rochester and Columbia University, though he never earned a degree.
After working for naval architects Ted Hood and Raymond C. Hunt, he went into business for himself in 1962, establishing Chance & Co., which designed craft in a wide range of sizes from racing shells to America's Cup competitors.
Chance redesigned the yacht "Intrepid", winner of the 1967 America's Cup that then won the 1970 America's Cup. In the mid 1980s he was called upon by Dennis Conner to be part of his design team for the Sail America Foundation, and along with Bruce Nelson and David Pedrick brought three new designs to the team, the last of which, Stars & Stripes 87, won the cup back for America. The victory proved short lived, however, as a few months later the team from New Zealand put up a challenge for the America's Cup with the 90-foot yacht "KZ 1". Chance was again called upon to aid in the design of the defender, "Stars & Stripes" (US 1), a catamaran sailed by Dennis Conner to retain the cup in the 1988 defense.
A resident of Lyme, Connecticut, Chance died of a stroke at the age of 72 in Branford, Connecticut, on October 12, 2012.


Edmond Tapissier

Edmond Antoine Anne Tapissier (14 June 1861, Lyon – 27 April 1943, Treignac) was a French painter, illustrator, lithographer and tapestry designer.
Biography.
His father was a silk merchant. He first studied in Lyon under . He then went to Paris and enrolled at the Académie Colarossi, followed by the École des beaux-arts de Paris, where he studied with Alexandre Cabanel and Fernand Cormon. While there, in 1902, he married Jeanne Bonin (1880-1952), from Treignac.
In 1908, he exhibited at the Salon des artistes français and was awarded a bronze medal. He held a major exhibition at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in 1925.
He created numerous illustrations for children's books; notably "", famous for its pioneering use of dialogue balloons, but now racially offensive. It was published in 1908 under the pseudonym "Rose Candide". He also illustrated fables by Charles Perrault and produced caricatures for "Le Petit Journal" during World War I.
An avid traveller, he visited Russia, Italy, Greece, the Middle East and Turkey. He became an official painter for the Navy in 1918, and was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor in 1927.
In addition to his paintings and drawings, he created tapestry designs for The Beauvais Manufactory and the Manufacture des Gobelins, as well as decorating some churches and town halls.
A number of his works may be seen at the Château-Musée de Nemours.


Samuel Henry Drew

Samuel Henry Drew (17 November 1844 – 18 December 1901) was a New Zealand jeweller, watchmaker, and amateur naturalist.
Samuel Henry Drew was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England on 17 November 1844. His parents emigrated to Tasmania, Australia, where he grew up. He was sent to England to learn his father's trade of watchmaking. Shortly after his return to Tasmania, the family emigrated to Nelson, New Zealand. There, he married Catherine Alice Beatson, the daughter of the architect William Beatson, on 8 May 1872. He moved with his wife to Wanganui.
He was a significant collector of molluscs, birds, and beetles, and exchanged specimens with Julius von Haast. Andreas Reischek helped him classify his collections on occasions, which were displayed at his family house in Wanganui. When the visiting public put too much pressure on the family, Drew agreed to have his collection given away, and it formed the nucleus of the Wanganui Public Museum, which opened on 24 March 1895. Drew became honorary curator of the museum, but died of a heart attack on 18 December 1901, aged 57. He had health problems before his death.
The museum, which is still in public ownership, is now known as the Whanganui Regional Museum and is located in Drews Avenue, Whanganui.


Vasyl Yemetz

Vasyl' Kostovych Yemetz (; 15 December or 27 December 1891 – 6 January 1982) (2 August 1890 – 4 January 1982) (also went by Wassyl, Vassyl) was born in the village of Sharivka, 40 km from Kharkiv, Ukraine. Son of Kost' and Yevdokia (Kurakhovych). Married to Maria Hotra-Doroshenko. Virtuoso bandurist, founder and initial director of the Kobzar Choir in 1918 - the direct protégé of the Kiev Bandurist Capella and the Ukrainian Bandurist Chorus.
Biography.
Yemetz was born to a Cossack family. His father was interested in Ukrainian ethnography and his family was one of the first to have a phonograph (1899) with which they recorded and collected folk songs. It is from one of the local kobzari, Ivan Kucherenko, that Yemetz became drawn to the culture of the kobzari and learned to play the bandura in 1908.
His first performance as a bandurist took place in 1911, and became very controversial because of the text of the song he chose to sing.
He studied at the Kharkiv University (1911–13) but was forced to transfer in 1914 to Moscow University because of his political activities. In Moscow he became the first bandurist to perform solo in the Bolshoi Theatre in 1916. After this performance he was first hailed as a virtuoso in the Russian press.
In the summer of 1913 he was invited by Mykola Bohuslavsky to Yekaterinodar in the Kuban to teach bandura. He was instrumental is establishing the modern bandura playing tradition amongst the Kuban Cossacks.
After completing his studies at the Moscow University he received a teaching position in 1917 in Sosnytsia, Chernihiv province in Ukraine. There he was chosen as a delegate at the All-Ukr. National Congress held in Kiev in 1917.
In 1918 he moved to Kiev where he organized the first professional Bandurist Capella known as the Kobzar Choir. The first concert of the group taking place in the Bergone Theatre in Kyiv on November 3, 1918. The ensembles last concert was a Taras Shevchenko concert in March 1919.
In 1918-20 he served with the Ukrainian National Army.
Emigration in Europe.
In 1921 he moved to Berlin where he continued his studies at the Berlin Conservatory. In Berlin he published a number of articles about the kobzari, which included materials about his interactions with them. This led to the publication of his first book on the Kobzari.
In 1923 he moved to Prague, which had become a major Ukrainian emigre centre. Here he set up a school for the teaching of the bandura in Prague and Podebrady in 1923 which had over 60 students. A workshop for the manufacturing of instruments was established which made over 100 instruments. In 1926 the first collection of works for the bandura was published in Prague.
On the basis of the many bandura students Yemetz established a second Bandurist Capella in Prague and also a number of smaller bandura ensembles in the Ukrainian Gymnasium, the Ukrainian Free University, the Drahomanov Pedagogical Institute in Prague and the Forestry Institute in Podebrady.
Yemetz's highly publicized activities stimulated the re-establishment of the Kiev Bandurist Capella, the formation of the Poltava Bandurist Capella and the establishment of formal bandura classes in Kharkiv in 1926. The students of the Czech bandura schools established a culture of bandura playing in Western Ukraine and Poland when many students returned there after completing their studies.
Yemetz's brother-in-law Hryhory Kopan wrote to him inviting him back to Kiev to re-establish the Kiev Bandurist Capella in the early 1920s, however he declined to return.
In 1926 Yemetz continued touring Eastern Europe with solo recitals. In 1927, he first performed in France and Belgium. In early 1929 he toured Carpathian regions in Czechoslovakia and Romania, before returning to France and setting off for North America.
North America.
In 1929 Yemetz toured North America for the first time to great success recording his first record there in 1932.
In 1934 Yemetz returned to France. He returned to North America in 1937 touring all the major cities of Canada and the United States. He married and in 1941 became an American citizen.
Yemetz settles in Hollywood and starts work in 1945 on constructing a chromatic concert bandura. He develops a new repertoire for the instrument and tours the United States in 1946 with classical transcriptions played on the new chromatic concert bandura. This is the first time that works such as Beethoven's "Moonlight sonata" and Tchaikovsky's "Arabian dance" were performed on the bandura.
In 1952, he records an LP record, however it was not commercially released.
After 1956, he retired from performing and spent most of his time collecting materials and writing memoirs many of which remain unpublished. Much of his personal archives including music, photographs and concert programs were stored in a trunk he had left with a musicologist in Winnipeg. These were destroyed during the Great Winnipeg Flood.
He died in Hollywood January 4, 1982.
Publications.
He published over 40 articles on various aspects of the bandura.


Lincoln Fields station

Lincoln Fields is a station on Ottawa's transitway located at Carling Avenue and the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway. It is adjacent to the now-shuttered Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre. It is the main western hub of the transitway system and has a ticket sales and information office as well as a small convenience store. Many express services serving the eastern end of the city use this station as its western terminus, particularly when the next run of that bus starts in the west end. Like Hurdman station in the east, the transitway routes branch off in two directions: westward to Kanata and Stittsville, and southward to Barrhaven. The western branch of the transitway from this point is currently incomplete, forcing westbound routes to use existing streets such as Carling Avenue and the Queensway.
The station has two distinct platform areas. One platform area serves main transitway routes 74 and 75 to Baseline station and Barrhaven, as well as routes 61, 62 and 63 to Bayshore station, and Kanata, along with numerous Connexion and peak period routes to the western and southwestern suburbs. A second platform serves routes that either branch off to Carling Avenue, such as routes 51, 57 and 85 (eastbound only), or travel south on the Transitway (routes 58, 82 and 84). Elevated walkways connect the two platforms and provide street level access from Carling Avenue.
Shopper's bus route 301 (serving Richmond on Mondays), route 303 (serving Carp and Dunrobin on Wednesdays), and route 305 (serving Manotick, Kars, and North Gower on Fridays) travel via Carling Avenue to/from Carlingwood Mall (the terminus for routes 301, 303, and 305).
Connexion routes from Barrhaven, Bells Corners, Stittsville, and Kanata only allow passengers to get off at this station in the morning upon request, but skip it altogether in the afternoon with the exception of route 282 which provides service during the AM peak as well as during the PM peak. This includes route 283 that allows passengers to get off at this station upon request during the AM peak, but returns into full service during the PM peak towards Stittsville/Ottawa–Richmond.
On December 6, 2020, the local bus platform at Lincoln Fields Station moved to the north of its current location due to construction work for the future Stage 2 O-Train station.
Service.
The following routes serve Lincoln Fields station as of December 20, 2020:


Oskar Vierling

Oskar Walther Vierling (* January 24, 1904 in Straubing, † 1986) was a German physicist, inventor, entrepreneur and professor in high-frequency technology. Vierling was an important inventor and engineer of electronic and electro-acoustic instruments between the 1930s and 1950s.
Life.
Oskar Vierling attended school in Regensburg, and graduated with the Obersekundareife. In 1925 he graduated as an engineer at the Technische Hochschule Nürnberg in Nuremberg in Nuremberg, and later attending the Telegrafen technische Reichsamt in Berlin. Vierling then took a position at the Heinrich Hertz Institute. Fritz Sennheiser was his student and joined him in the founding of the high-frequency institute of the University of Hannover.
Vierling was married and had two sons. The children took over the kind of Vierling Group.
Career.
In 1929, Vierling along with Walther Nernst, created the Neo-Bechstein Electric Grand piano design, that divided the strings into groups of five, with their own electrostatic pickups. With amplification the strings were thinner and shorter. The Neo-Bechstein piano was eventually manufactured by the C. Bechstein piano factory company in 1932 after completion of development, but proved a commercial disappointment due to financial difficulties in the Bechstein company.
In 1932, Vierling worked with Benjamin Miessner to design and invent the Elektrochord piano, for the August Förster company. The Elektrochord was one of the first electric pianos, whereupon the vibrations of the struck string by the hammer, were electronically recorded and then amplified. The sound was controllable in that it was configurable to provide a range from a salon grand piano to a full concert grand piano.
In 1925, Vierling was promoted to Phd with a thesis titled, "The Electroacoustic Piano". In 1938, Vierling was promoted to a full professorship at the Technical University of Hannover, and founded an Institute for the study of high-frequency technology and electro-acoustics.
Wehrmacht.
In 1941, he was commissioned by the Wehrmacht to create the Vierling Group. For this high frequency and electroacoustic armament research, Vierling built the research laboratory Feuerstein Castle in Ebermannstadt, which was located centrally in Germany and disguised as a Franconian castle and hospital. While at the Feuerstein Castle, Vierling developed the first directional radio lines and tested and developed the control for the acoustically controlled G7es torpedo, "Torpedo Wren" () and later "Torpedo Vulture" (. Vierling worked with Erich Hüttenhain at the OKW/Chi, Werner Liebknecht who was Director of Engineering at Referat Wa Prüf 7 of the Waffenamt and Erich Fellgiebel Chief of Wehrmacht communications. Vierling worked with Hüttenhain, Liebknecht and Fellgiebel on the "Hazardo" machine. This machine was supposed to generate random sequence of teleprinter letters on a normal teleprinter tape. Such a key-hole tape could not be easily duplicated by also directly used for telex encryption or for deriving statistical letters or numerical sequences. Vierling also worked on the improvement of the encryption machine, Lorenz SZ 42. Vierling later worked on the testing of the acoustic ignition of mines, and collaborated in the invention of an anti-radar coating for submarines, with the code name "chimney sweep". In addition, Vierling and his team developed radios and electric calculators. Another area that Vierling and his team were working on, was ciphony. Of the six methods the lab developed during the period of World War II to achieve secure voice, none were found to be successful and Vierling failed to develop a secure voice system.
Vierling had an ambivalent relationship to Nazism. On the one hand he was a member of the Nazi party, on the other hand he worked largely independently and was negative in the party apparatus as he was not regularly present at party meetings.
After 1945.
During the post war period, Vierling made his intelligence technology, including Covert listening device, available for use to the Gehlen Organization, that enabled his group to survive. In July 1950, the group working on the "Hazardo" device, moved in secrecy to Kransberg Castle to continue work. In October 1950, the "Hazardo" produced the first keyhole strip. With the completion of the device, a separate four-person working group called Schlüsselmittelherstllung was formed to exploit the device.
Between 1949 and 1955 Vierling taught as a Professor of physics at the philosophical Theological College at the University of Bamberg.
The first test of the Deutsche Bundespost with transistors and later on microprocessor-based systems for mail delivery were based on Vierling work.


Kate Lechmere

Kate Elizabeth Lechmere (13 October 1887 – February 1976) was a British painter who with Wyndham Lewis was the co-founder of the Rebel Art Centre in 1914. As far as is known, none of Lechmere's paintings have survived. She served as a nurse in England during the First World War and had a three-year relationship with the poet and critic T.E. Hulme before he was killed. After the war she became a successful milliner.
Early life.
Lechmere was born in Fownhope, Herefordshire. Her father was Arthur Lechmere, a farmer, and her mother was Alice Lechmere. Kate had two brothers, Arthur and Herbert. The family lived at Bowens, Highland Place, Fownhope, at the time of the 1891 British census and were wealthy enough to employ a nurse and a cook who both lived in. Kate Lechmere was educated at Clifton College. She studied at the Atelier La Palette, Paris, and later under Walter Sickert at the Westminster School of Art. She was close to Lawrence Atkinson with whom she had studied the piano in Normandy.
Meets Wyndham Lewis.
Lechmere wrote that she first met Wyndham Lewis in 1912, though according to Paul O'Keeffe it was late 1910 or early 1911. They went to dinner during which Lewis barely spoke, which was not unusual, Rebecca West had the same treatment. Afterwards, Lewis revealed that he had received troubling news. His lover Olive Johnson (19 or 20 years old) had become pregnant by him. By December 1912, Lewis and Lechmere were romantically involved and he wrote to her "I have as many kisses as the envelope will hold. The rest I keep in my mouth for you." He called her "Jacques" because she was reading Jean Jacques Rousseau when they met and she called him "Golliwog" because of his long black hair.
One of the things that Lewis liked about Lechmere was her smile and her laugh, smiles being notably missing from most of Lewis's works in the early 1910s. Lechmere was the model for his "Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair" and "The Laughing Woman", both 1912. In a 1914 interview he commented on the slightly grotesque face of the former, "Although the forms of the figure and head perhaps look rather unlikely to you, they are more or less accurate, as representation. It was done from life".
The Rebel Art Centre.
About January 1914, Lechmere wrote to Wyndham Lewis from France suggesting that they set up a "modern art Studio in London, run on much the same lines as those in Paris". After Lewis and Roger Fry fell out in 1914, Lewis with Lechmere and her money founded the Rebel Art Centre at 38 Great Ormond Street in opposition to Fry's Omega Workshops. Lechmere paid the first three months' rent for the centre, paid to have the interior walls moved in order to create the right sized spaces for studios, and even bought a new suit for Lewis. She lived in a small flat at the top of the building.
Lechmere also lent Lewis £100 to produce the first edition of "BLAST". Lewis suggested that she take 50 copies to sell but they had to be returned to the publishers when none sold. She was asked by Lewis to complete a drawing for the first edition of "BLAST" but due to the difficult atmosphere at the time she could not do so. As compensation she was "blessed" in its pages. She did not sign the Vorticist manifesto.
The Centre attracted plenty of press attention, including a visit from the "Evening Standard" for which Lechmere posed pretending to finish one of her paintings. When the story appeared it ran with the caption "Artists a disappointment in real life". In fact, she did very little painting at this time as she found the Vorticist aesthetic too abstract and lacking a human dimension.
T. E. Hulme.
Lechmere met the imposing critic and poet T. E. Hulme (1883–1917) when Lewis brought him to the Rebel Art Centre. Some accounts suggest that Lewis had timed the visit to ensure that Lechmere was out and would not meet Hulme, but she returned unexpectedly early from lunch. In a description that could have been of Lewis, Jacob Epstein, who was otherwise full of praise for Hulme, described him as "large and somewhat abrupt in manner. He had the reputation of being a bully and arrogant because of this abruptness." Hulme "excluded women for the most part from his evenings, as he said the sex element interfered with intellectual talk – a confession of his own weakness."
Hulme was a clear rival to Lewis for Lechmere's affections. In addition, he was not deferential like some in Lewis's circle, and praised Jacob Epstein and David Bomberg above Lewis's own work. Lewis saw Hulme as Epstein's man, and lectured Lechmere that "Hulme was Epstein and Epstein was Hulme". Lewis and Hulme had originally been friends, and Lewis had invited him to write an essay on Epstein for the first issue of "BLAST", but now relations soured. A paranoid and insecure Lewis was afraid that he would lose Lechmere and her financial support, and be replaced at the Centre by Hulme or Epstein. He was right about the first two only. There was no conspiracy to replace him. He took to pacing up and down and calling Lechmere a "bloody bitch", which she chose to ignore.
After a quarrel between Lewis and Lechmere, Lewis pronounced his intention to kill Hulme, and Lechmere followed Lewis through the streets of London begging, "Please don't kill him, please don't". When Lewis eventually found Hulme at Ethel Kibblewhite's salon at 67 Frith Street, he burst into the room with the words "What are you doing to me?" A fight ensued and Lewis managed to get Hulme by the throat, but Hulme, who was the more powerful man, got the better of Lewis and after the struggle moved outside, hung him upside down on the railings of nearby Soho Square.
The Rebel Art Centre was not a commercial success. It attracted only two poor quality students and received only the most minor commissions. It closed in June 1914 when Lechmere declined to pay the next quarter's rent. She was forced to resort to solicitors' letters to try to get her £100 back from Lewis.
After the Vorticists.
By 1915, Lechmere had distanced herself from the Vorticists and she does not appear in William Roberts' painting "The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel, Spring 1915" (completed 1961–2), unlike the other female painters important in the Vorticist movement, Jessica Dismorr and Helen Saunders, both of whom signed the manifesto in "BLAST". Lechmere later dismissively described Dismorr and Saunders, who were both Lewis's lovers, as "little lap dogs who wanted to be Lewis's slaves and do everything for him".
First World War.
During the First World War, Lechmere became a nurse in the Voluntary Aid Detachment. She was stationed for several years at Macclesfield, near Hulme's relatives where he could visit her. By then they were engaged. They met when they could, often in hotels there or in London. After he was posted to the front, Hulme wrote her explicit erotic letters which he urged her to reciprocate, which she did. They signed off their letters as "K.D.", a reference to the brass knuckleduster made for Hulme by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, one of a number of similar small items Gaudier-Brzeska made for his friends. The fact that Hulme always carried it was later used to portray him as a man with a high potential for violence but the item was actually a sex toy that Lechmere and Hulme used in their love making. According to Lechmere, the holes in the knuckleduster had sexual and other symbolism for Hulme.
Hulme wrote to Lechmere, "The man I relieved was killed by a shell, but I don't think that's at all likely to happen to me." In 1917 he was killed by a shell. Lechmere never married.
Ethel Kibblewhite.
Throughout the period of her relationship with Hulme, Lechmere was aware of his simultaneous relationship with Ethel Kibblewhite, which had begun in 1911. Kibblewhite hosted an important artistic and literary salon at her home in Frith Street, London, where Hulme had the use of a room as a study. Hulme spent the summers with Kibblewhite and her children (she was separated from her husband) as a family, even though he had said that he could not marry her, even if she divorced, for religious reasons. Hulme was careful to keep the two women apart, and Kibblewhite was not aware of Lechmere.
Post-war.
After the war, Lechmere became a milliner, trading as Rigolo and with a workshop in Knightsbridge. She made a dress for Vanessa Bell, and hats under commission for several theatre productions.
By the 1950s, Lechmere was retired and living at 29 Oakley Gardens, Chelsea, where she took in lodgers. She was consulted as a "living witness" to Vorticism, and her obituary in "The Times" concluded: "To those students of the Modern Movement who sought her out, she was a charming and interested friend. That lively intelligence which was her passport in the man's world of pre-war London was still very much in evidence in her final years."


ORP Kujawiak (L72)

ORP "Kujawiak was a British Type II destroyer escort, originally ordered as HMS" Oakley.
"Kujawiak" was built by Vickers-Armstrongs at the company's High Walker yard on the River Tyne. Her keel was laid down on 22 November 1939 and she was launched on 30 October 1940 as HMS "Oakley" but on completion in June 1941 she was renamed and commissioned into the Polish Navy.
"Kujawiak" was sunk on 16 June 1942 after running into a German MT 14 minefield near Malta while participating in Operation Harpoon. 13 Polish sailors died and 20 were wounded.
Design.
The ship was ordered under the 1939 War Emergency Programme as HMS "Oakley" on 4 September 1939 from Vickers-Armstrongs High Walker Yard on the Tyne who laid her down on 22 November 1939 with the yard number of J4145. Her engines were to be constructed by Parsons. She was launched on 30 October 1940 under her British name but on 3 April 1941 it was decided to transfer her together with to the Polish Navy. On her completion on 17 June 1941 she was commissioned as ORP "Kujawiak".
War service.
1941.
On 18 June "Kujawiak" came under attack by German aircraft whilst on passage from Tyne to Scapa Flow to work-up for operational service with ships of Home Fleet. Fire from the aircraft hit the 4-inch ready-use ammunition which exploded causing one fatal casualty. After completing her work-up on 25 July she joined the 15th Destroyer Flotilla based at Plymouth for local convoy escort and patrol duties.
Later that year on 23 October "Kujawiak" deployed with fellow Polish destroyer for escort of inward Convoy SL89 during final stage of passage in Irish Sea from Freetown into Liverpool. On 22 December she sailed from Scapa Flow as part of Force J to carry out landings on the Lofoten Islands as part of Operation Claymore. Two days later on 27 December the destroyer sustained slight damage from a near miss during air attacks.
1942.
In early June 1942 "Kujawiak" was nominated for loan service with the Home Fleet as part of the escort for the planned relief convoy to Malta (Operation Harpoon). On 6 June she joined military Convoy WS19S in the Northwest Approaches as part of Ocean Escort for passage to Gibraltar. She joined Force X at Gibraltar on 12 June whose task was to escort the Harpoon convoy through the Sicilian Narrows to Malta. On 14 June the convoy came under heavy and sustained air attacks during which the cruiser was damaged. The following day the air attacks continued and "Kujawiak" was in action with Italian warships attempting to intercept and attack the convoy.
Near midnight on 16 June, while entering Grand Harbor, Malta "Kujawiak" sustained major structural damage forward after detonating a mine while going to the aid of after she had struck a mine. "Kujawiak" sank before a successful tow could be achieved.
Discovery of wreck.
On 22 September 2014 a Polish expedition discovered the location of the wreck of "Kujawiak". Further dives were made in 2015 and 2017 with the latter recovering the ship's bell which has been passed to the Maritime Museum of Malta for conservation and display. The Maltese government has declared the wreck site a war grave and prohibited unauthorised diving
References.


Johannes Zumpe

Johannes (Johann Christoph) Zumpe (pronounced "zumpy"; 14 June 1726 in Fürth, Free Imperial City of Nuremberg, modern Germany – buried 5 December 1790 in London, UK) was a leading maker of early English square pianos, a form of rectangular piano with a compass of about five octaves. The pianos sounded like mellow harpsichords, and had a damper stop in the left cheek of the case. Zumpe is known as the creator of English square pianos.
Biography.
Of German/Saxon origin, Zumpe trained with the Gottfried Silbermann. He was one of the “twelve Apostles”, German makers of keyboard instruments who fled to London at the time of the Seven Years' War. He worked briefly for Burkat Shudi, before setting up his own shop “at the sign of the Golden Guittar” in Princes Street, Hanover Square, in 1761.
Johnannes Zumpe was born in June 1726, and he later arrived in London in early 1750s. Having found it difficult to arrive anywhere before being born!
From 1769 until 24 September 1778, Zumpe was in partnership with Gabriel Buntebart. Meincke Meyer joined Zumpe in 1778. The business was taken over in 1783 by Frederick Schoene, who advertised his piano-making firm as "Successors to Johannes Zumpe".
Zumpe married Elizabeth Beeston on 3 December 1760. His will, dated 1784, gives his address a Queen Charlotte Row in the parish of St Mary-le-Bow.
Pianos.
The pianos in Zumpe's style were built from about 1760 to 1800. In Zumpe's day they played a role not unlike the upright piano of today: they were more compact and affordable than the full-size wing-shaped instrument. As such, they played an important role in the spread of the piano among musicians, particularly amateurs. By the time the last Zumpe pianos were made, the piano had essentially displaced the harpsichord from its formerly predominant position.
Johann Christian Bach performed on a Zumpe instrument, and possibly acted as a sales agent for Zumpe pianos. Although most famous for his square pianos, other Zumpe instruments survive, including full-sized pianos, harpsichords, an English guitar of 1762, and a mandora of 1764.
Action.
The action of these small instruments is known as the "English single" and is unusually simple (for instance, it is far simpler than the original piano action as invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori.) It consists of a small "sticker" simply pushing up on a hammer, while a rod passing through the hitch pin plank lifted up a damper lever hinged from a rail attached to the spine. The action is illustrated below.
Action parts:


Matt Moulthrop


Zena Abbott

Zena Elva Mary Abbott (née Andrews, 21 April 1922 – 6 November 1993) was a New Zealand weaver.
Early life and introduction to weaving.
Abbott was born in Auckland in 1922. Growing up in Depression-era New Zealand, Abbott left school at the age of thirteen to become a dressmaker, and was subsequently drafted into essential work during World War Two. During the 1950s, she travelled around New Zealand, living in a caravan and working as a sewing machine instructor.
Abbott first studied weaving with German-born weaver Ilse von Randow at the Auckland City Art Gallery in 1952. Abbott acquired her own loom and began experimenting with unspun wool and natural dyes and fibres.
Career as a weaver.
In 1959, her work was shown in the Auckland City Art Gallery in "An Exhibition of New Zealand Craft Work", alongside artists such as Doreen Blumhardt, Barry Brickell, Len Castle, Helen Mason, Patricia Charlotte Perrin and Mirek Smíšek.
In her work Abbott used natural and artificial dyes, and materials ranging from art silk and flax fibre to alkathene piping and burglar alarm tape. From the late 1950s Abbott became interested in 'extending the traditional boundaries of weaving into three-dimensional constructions'. In 1986 her work was featured in Elizabeth Eastmond and Merimeri Penfold's book "Women and the arts in New Zealand - Forty Works: 1936-86": the work the authors chose to reproduce was "Scrolls" (1980), a large sculptural piece made up of a triptych of wall hangings and two large woven scrolls placed on the floor, which viewers were encouraged to unroll to reveal the woven text 'From thorny plants the hidden fibre', which referenced the sisal derived from cactus plants which was one of her favourite materials.
In 1958 Abbott opened a professional handweaving studio in Blockhouse Bay, Auckland. From the studio she ran a small-scale commercial operation, teaching and employing several women and selling her work through craft shops and galleries throughout New Zealand. Abbott exported her work to Australia, and exhibited in Australia, England, Canada and the United States.
In 1968, Abbott was one of the founding members of Brown's Mill Market, New Zealand’s first craft co-operative, located in an old flour mill in Durham Lane, Auckland.
Ian Spalding wrote:
By her work with the Handweavers Guild and the New Zealand chapter of the World Crafts Council, by her generous sharing of techniques and by her continuing help and encouragement Zena Abbott has been an inspiration to hundreds of weavers and has made an inestimable contribution to the development of the craft in N.Z.


2 Avenue Southwest station

2 Avenue SW is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction is expected to begin in 2022 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment 2A. The station is located in the high density urban community of Eau Claire, immediately north of downtown Calgary.
The station will be underground, integrated into the future Eau Clare Market redevelopment site. Similar to Calgary's Central Library, the redeveloped market will have a tunnel portal on the north end of the building where the line will exit the station and enter an S-curved elevated guideway over Prince's Island Park.
This station will provide access to Chinatown, as well the Bow River Pathway, Princes Island Park, the Peace Bridge, the Chinese Cultural Centre and numerous office, residential, and commercial towers.


Frederick Vogel

Friedrich Vogel (May 8, 1823 – October 23, 1892), more commonly known by the Americanized version of his name as Frederick Vogel, Sr., was an American tanner and businessman from Milwaukee, Wisconsin who spent a single one-year term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Together with his cousin Guido Pfister, he founded the Pfister & Vogel tannery.
Background.
Vogel was born in Kirchheim unter Teck in the Kingdom of Württemberg on May 8, 1823, son of Johann Michael Vogel, a tanner. He received an academic education, and went into the family trade.
In 1848, Vogel's cousin, Jacob F. Schoellkopf, asked him to leave Württemberg and join him in the United States. He lived for a while in Buffalo, New York and eventually Vogel, bankrolled by Schoellkopf, settled in Milwaukee and opened a tannery in collaboration with his other cousin, Guido Pfister, who kept a leather goods store. With Pfister's help, he built a small tannery which sold its leather through Pfister's Buffalo Leather Company. In 1853 Vogel and Pfister went into partnership. During the early 1850s, Vogel also established tanneries in Chicago and Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Jacob F. Schoellkopf's oldest son, Henry Schoellkopf, learned the leather trade and later worked with Vogel's partner, Guido Pfister, in Wisconsin. Soon thereafter, Henry Schoellkopf married Vogel's daughter, Emily Vogel in 1875. Prior to Henry's early death in 1880, Henry partnered with Vogel and Guido Pfister and opened a tannery in northeast Wisconsin that eventually "became the largest in the world prior to World War I."
Public office.
He had served two terms as a member of the Milwaukee Common Council as a Republican, the first in 1856, before being elected to the Assembly from the 8th Milwaukee County district (the 8th and 11th Wards of the City of Milwaukee) in 1873. He was elected as an independent candidate, winning 817 votes to 552 for John Fellenz, the Reform Party candidate (Republican incumbent Galen Seaman was not a candidate); but chose to identify himself as a Liberal Republican when the Assembly convened for 1874, divided between 41 regular Republicans and 59 identified in the "Wisconsin Blue Book" as "'Opposition,' of all kinds". He was assigned to the standing committee on insurance, banks and banking; and to the joint committee on penal and charitable institutions. He did not run for re-election, and was succeeded by Republican Bernard Schlichting.
After the Assembly.
Vogel concentrated on the leather company (known after 1876 as Pfister & Vogel Leather Co.), eventually building it into the largest leather goods maker in the world. Vogel was the firm's expert on bark tanning, serving as vice-president and general manager. He died on October 23, 1892 aboard a transatlantic steamer during the return leg of a vacation in Europe; he had been ill for some time. The Vogel share of the company passed into the hands of his sons Frederick Jr. and August H. Vogel.
Personal life.
On March 13, 1850, Vogel married Mrs. August Dresshel; they became the parents of seven children, of whom three daughters and two sons were living as of 1922.


Bar chain


Pershing Square, Manhattan

Pershing Square is a public square in Manhattan, New York City, located where Park Avenue and 42nd Street intersect in front of Grand Central Terminal. The main roadway of Park Avenue crosses over 42nd Street on the Park Avenue Viaduct, also known as the Pershing Square Viaduct. Two service roads, one northbound and one southbound, connect 42nd Street with the main roadway of Park Avenue, at 40th Street.
Pershing Square was named after John J. Pershing in 1919. The name was originally supposed to apply to the block bounded by Park Avenue, Lexington Avenue, 41st Street, and 42nd Street. Three buildings were ultimately developed on the block in the 1920s: the Pershing Square Building, 110 East 42nd Street, and the Chanin Building. Subsequently, the name applied to the service roads of the Park Avenue Viaduct. A tourist information center under the viaduct, at Pershing Square, was built in 1939; it was later reconfigured to be a store and then a restaurant. The service roads between 42nd and 41st Streets were converted into a pedestrian public plaza in 2018.
Development.
The square is named after General John J. Pershing, and was originally intended to be an open plaza in Pershing's honor occupying the entire block between 41st Street, Park Avenue, 42nd Street, and Lexington Avenue. Until 1885, Steuben Street—named for Revolutionary War general Baron von Steuben—ran diagonally across the block. The Grand Union Hotel was built on the northwestern corner of the block in 1883. The eastern part of the block contained the Manhattan Storage Warehouse, which was built in 1882. The hotel was condemned via eminent domain in 1914, and it was subsequently demolished to make way for the construction of the New York City Subway's Grand Central–42nd Street station, which ran diagonally below the site.
Shortly after the opening of the Park Avenue Viaduct in 1919, the area at the bottom of the viaduct was renamed for Pershing. The former Grand Union Hotel space was proposed for use as an open plaza with a three-story memorial called "Victory Hall". The idea of a victory hall was opposed by Fiorello H. La Guardia, president of the New York City Board of Aldermen. The Transit Commission attempted to sell the building site in May 1920 for $2.8 million (equal to $ million in ), but no one placed a bid.
In July 1920, a realty consortium headed by investor Henry Mandel bought the Grand Union site. Mandel gave the Bowery Savings Bank the center part of the Pershing Square block, which would be developed into an office building at 110 East 42nd Street, completed in 1923. The western part of the site became the Pershing Square Building, also completed in 1923. The eastern part, which contained the storage warehouse, was redeveloped into the Chanin Building, which opened in 1929. The "Pershing Square" name subsequently applied to the service roads of the Park Avenue Viaduct between 40th and 42nd streets.
Viaduct space and closure to traffic.
The space under the viaduct between 41st and 42nd streets was originally used as a trolley barn. In 1938, the city announced that it would build a tourist information center within that space in advance of the 1939 New York World's Fair. The city subsequently built a steel and glass-brick structure under the center arch of the viaduct. The structure, located at 90 East 42nd Street, opened in December 1939 and was initially used to provide tourist information. During World War II, the space was used by United Service Organizations, and after the war, became an outpost of the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau. The building had become an unemployment office by the 1980s.
In 1989, the Grand Central Partnership proposed to turn the space under the viaduct, at the time a discount store, into a restaurant. Pershing Square would also be closed to traffic between 41st and 42nd streets. At the time, the space was occupied by discount retailer North Pole Stores, which relocated elsewhere in March 1992. The Grand Central Partnership decided to go forward with the restaurant-conversion project in 1993. However, the project had experienced difficulties because Manhattan Community Board 5 was opposed to the partnership's plan to close the adjacent block of Park Avenue, and the city had requested that the project undergo a lengthy zoning procedure called the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. The community board opposed the closure because, between Seventh Avenue and Second Avenue, the only opportunity for eastbound traffic on 42nd Street to make a right turn was at Park Avenue.
In 1995, the city and the Grand Central Partnership unveiled plans to restore the space at a cost of $2 million, then lease it as a restaurant. The Pershing Square Cafe signed a lease at the space in 1997. The owner of the renovated space, Michael O'Keeffe, placed so much attention to the renovation of the space that the project's costs increased to $5 million, and the cafe's opening date was pushed back by several months. The details in the cafe included slot-headed screws, the only ones available when the viaduct was built; chairs and electric cords imported from Paris, and a hand-rubbed paint scheme. The entrance of the cafe was placed at 42nd Street, while the kitchen was located near the 41st Street section of the viaduct. The service roads between 41st and 42nd streets remained open to traffic until 2018 when they were converted into a pedestrian public plaza.
References.
Notes
Sources


Low smoke zero halogen

Low smoke zero halogen or low smoke free of halogen (LSZH or LSOH or LS0H or LSFH or OHLS or ZHFR) is a material classification typically used for cable jacketing in the wire and cable industry. LSZH cable jacketing is composed of thermoplastic or thermoset compounds that emit limited smoke and no halogen when exposed to high sources of heat.
Description.
The first commercial thermoplastic LSZH material for cable jacketing was invented by Richard Skipper in 1979 and patented by Raychem Corporation. This invention resolved the challenge of incorporating sufficient inorganic filler, aluminium trihydrate (ALTH), into an appropriate thermoplastic matrix to suppress the fire and allow a char to be formed, which reduced emission of poisonous carbon gases and also smoke and carbon particles, whilst maintaining electrical insulation properties and physical properties required by the end application. The preferred inorganic filler to achieve flame retardation continues to be aluminium trihydrate (ALTH). In the event of a fire this material undergoes an endothermic chemical reaction
that absorbs heat energy and releases steam when the compound reaches a certain temperature. It is critical that the decomposition of the polymer(s) used to carry the filler happens at approximately the same temperature. The steam disrupts combustion of the evolved gases and helps form a char layer that protects the remaining material and traps particulates. The high level of filler required (≈ 60%) also replaces the base polymer reducing the total amount of fuel available for combustion.
Low smoke zero halogen cable considerably reduces the amount of toxic and corrosive gas emitted during combustion. When burned, a low-smoke zero halogen cable emits a less optically dense smoke that releases at a lower rate. During a fire, a low-smoke cable is desirable because it reduces the amount and density of the smoke, which makes exiting a space easier for occupants as well as increases the safety of firefighting operations.
This type of material is typically used in poorly ventilated areas such as aircraft, rail carriages, tanks, subsea and offshore installations, submarines or ships. It is also used extensively in the rail industry, wherever high voltage or track signal wires must be run into and through tunnel systems. The nuclear industry is another area where LSZH cables have been and will be used in the future. Major cable manufacturers have been producing LSZH cables for nuclear facilities since the early 1990s. Construction of new nuclear plants will almost certainly involve extensive use of LSZH cable. This will reduce the chance of toxic gases accumulating in those areas where personnel are working and the lack of corrosive gases where there are computer controlled systems will reduce the possibility of wires being damaged by fire resulting in a short circuit fault.
Since the 1970s, the wire and cable industry has been using low-smoke, low-halogen materials in a number of applications. The introduction of a thermoplastic LSZH extended its use to accessories such as heat shrink tubing, labelling and fixtures. The objective was to create a wire and cable jacketing system that was not only flame retardant but also did not generate dense, obscuring smoke and less toxic or corrosive gases. In the military field its introduction was accelerated after 1982 following the dense black smoke emitted from HMS Sheffield after being hit by an Exocet missile in the Falklands war. Several fires, such as the King's Cross fire in London that killed 31 people in London's underground in 1987, increased the awareness of the contribution that wire and cable jacketing makes in a fire. As a result, there has been an increased use of LSZH cables. With an increase in the amount of cable found in residential, commercial and industrial applications in recent years, there is a greater fuel load in the event of a fire and LSZH systems have a major role to play in protecting the public.
Several standards describe the processes used for measuring smoke output during combustion. For military applications Def Stan 02–711 in the UK and ASTM E662 in the US which are both based on an ASTM STP No. 422 pages 166–204, 1967 modified by AMTE, Portsmouth in the UK and superseded by E662 in the US. During these tests a specified material sample is standardised and then exposed to a radiant heat source; the optical density of the smoke given off is photometrically measured. There are various means of measuring optical density: peak smoke release rate, total smoke released, and smoke density at various points and durations during the test. Results must be below a certain value and the material must pass the burn test in order for the material to be labelled as low smoke.
These tests are conducted under laboratory conditions and cannot claim to replicate the range of conditions expected in a real fire scenario. However they do provide a measure by which the potential smoke emission of materials can be assessed and dangerous materials identified before proceeding to further testing of preferred materials, if deemed necessary.


Addison Transit Center

Addison Transit Center is a bus-only station located along Quorum Drive and Addison Road in Addison, Texas (USA). The station opened in 1999. This transit center will become a rail station on the Silver Line when that line is completed in 2023.
The bus routes within the transit center serves Addison Circle Park as well as The Galleria of Dallas and Valley View Center.


Goingback Chiltoskey

Goingback Chiltoskey (April 20, 1907 – November 12, 2000), also written Goingback Chiltoskie, was an American Cherokee woodcarver and model maker, "one of the most celebrated Cherokee woodcarvers of the Craft Revival era."
Early life.
James Goingback Chiltoskie was born in the Piney Grove community of the Qualla Boundary in 1907, the son of Will and Charlotte Hornbuckle Chiltoskie. ("Chiltoskie" was their preferred Anglicization of the Cherokee name "Tsiladoosgi"; Goingback changed his surname to the "Chiltoskey" spelling in the 1950s). He was a member of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. After a difficult boarding school experience, Chiltoskey attended school in Greenville, South Carolina, and studied carpentry at the Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansas in 1929. He also studied jewelry making at the Santa Fe Indian School in the 1930s.
Career.
Chiltoskey taught woodworking at Cherokee High School from 1935 to 1940. During World War II he created wooden models at Fort Belvoir, Virginia for the United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory, and after the war he taught woodworking to veterans. He also made models for motion pictures and for architects.
Chiltoskey was a member of the Southern Highland Craft Guild from 1948. He was a founder of the Qualla Arts and Crafts Manual cooperative. He was also a blowgun champion. He taught his niece Amanda Crowe some of his woodcarving techniques, and she became a sculptor too.
Personal life.
Goingback Chiltoskey married Mary Ellen Ulmer, a white woman and fellow teacher at the Cherokee School, in 1956. Mary Ulmer Chiltoskey spoke Cherokee, taught Cherokee language classes, and wrote several books on Cherokee culture with her husband. Goingback Chiltoskey died in 2000, aged 93 years, exactly a month after Mary died.
Field recordings, interviews, and other documentation of Goingback Chiltoskey and Mary Ulmer Chiltoskey are located in the Southern Highland Handicraft Guild Collection and the Ron Robinson Collection in the Southern Folklife Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Works by Chiltoskey are in the North Carolina Museum of Art and the National Museum of the American Indian.


Caroline Reboux

 Caroline Reboux (1837–1927) was a well-known Parisian milliner and French fashion designer.
Reboux made an art form out of high fashion hats which were re-emerging in France to supplant the bonnet in the mid-19th century. She promoted the hat as an essential accessory for women's fashion.
Queen of the milliners.
Reboux, the "Queen of the Milliners." made a name for herself in millinery in the later part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century in Europe and the United States. She employed as many as 150 workwomen at any one time. She is also closely associated with the origins of haute couture and her hat designs ranked at the same level as that custom fashion.
Reboux opened a shop at 9, Avenue Matignon, Paris, in 1865 where she worked throughout her life. Retaining this shop as her base, she opened other stores in Paris and London. Her most famous address of the late 19th century and early 20th century was located at 23 Rue de la Paix. She assisted others that she trained to open shops in New York and Chicago. She was known for over fifty years as the queen of creative fashion hats. Her designs were as much sought after as those of Charles Frederick Worth, considered the father of haute couture.
Reboux was the first person in fashion design to add a veil to a woman's hat. She also started the vogue of colored veils. Reboux made many fashionable hats for the theater.
Reboux is often mistakenly credited as the "inventor" of the cloche hat, although millinery historians would agree that French milliner Lucy Hamar must share in that credit, as both she and Reboux introduced this style sometime around the year 1914. Reboux is also given credit for designing the iconic, unstructured, felt cloche "helmet" hat which first appeared in the 1920s. Reboux would create the hat by placing a length of felt on a customer's head and then cutting and folding it to shape. She was always one of the leading exponents of the form.
Reboux also did innovative unique models up-dating past modes such as the large-brimmed straws known as Gainsborough hats, and the turban-like toques in the manner of Mme Vigée-Lebrun's sitters.
Reboux worked with most of the major fashion designers of Europe and provided women hats for their design collections. A notable business practice of Reboux was to divide half the profits of her business among the head cashier, the forewoman, the directress of the workroom, and the head manager. Reboux was appointed to represent Parisian commerce at the Paris World's Fair of 1900. During Reboux's life she maintained a great friendship with the fashion designer Madeleine Vionnet. The Caroline Reboux business finally closed its doors in 1956. More than 300 creations by Reboux are preserved at the Musée de la Mode et du Textile in Paris.
Famous clients.
Marlene Dietrich was a faithful customer of Reboux, from whom she bought her trademark berets. The exhibition of Marlene Dietrich "Birth of a Myth" was held at the fashion museum Musée Galliera (Paris) in 2003 exhibing fashions of Reboux. There are today headdresses signed "Caroline Reboux" in the vitrines devoted to Marlene Dietrich at the Deutsche Kinemathek film museum of Berlin. Many famous designers of fashion of the 20th century were trained by Reboux.
Reboux creations from the 1860s attracted the attention of Princess Pauline von Metternich and the Empress Eugénie. Elsa Triolet was also a regular store customer on Avenue Matignon, sometimes accompanied by Louis Aragon.
The famous American milliner Lilly Daché trained under Reboux for five years, and Rose Valois, an equally successful milliners' in its own right, was set up in 1927 by Reboux's former employee, Madame Fernand Cleuet, along with Vera Leigh, and a third employee.
After death.
Wallis Warfield Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, wore a blue Mainbocher outfit
and a halo hat by Reboux for her wedding to the former King of England, Edward VIII at the Château Candé, Monts, June 3, 1937.
Reboux's business continued leadership under Mme. Lucienne after her death in 1927. The shop was well known for making the head-fitting felt cloche the status symbol of fashion for many years. The shop was famous for making hats that were noted for profile brims, dipping low on one side, forward-tilt tricorns, open-crown lamé turbans, and flower bandeaus.
Reboux in fiction.
The name 'Reboux' is mentioned in "Thérèse Desqueyroux", a novel written by François Mauriac and published in 1927: « Anna de la Trave was wearing an overcoat of light grey cloth and a felt hat without ribbon or trimming of any sort ('though,' said Madame de la Trave, 'it costs more like that than the hats we used to have with all those feathers and aigrettes. But, of course, it's the very finest quality felt from Lailhala's — a Reboux model.') »
References.
Bibliography.
1993), pp. 1–48


Crowley Lake

Crowley Lake is a reservoir on the upper Owens River in southern Mono County, California, in the United States. Crowley Lake is south of Mammoth Lakes.
The lake was created in 1941 by the building of the Long Valley Dam by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP), as storage for the Los Angeles Aqueduct and for flood control. The dam is high and impounds . For more on the history of the lake, see Owens Lake.
It is known for its trout fishing. Between 6,000 and 10,000 anglers hit the lake on opening day. Crowley Lake Fish Camp, run in cooperation with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, is the only way to access the lake, and visitors can rent boats, book camping sites, and buy supplies at the Fish Camp.
The lake is named after Father John J. Crowley, "the desert Padre", who was a key figure in Owens Valley history and a local hero. When it became obvious that the city of Los Angeles's appropriation of the water supply had made agriculture impossible in the Owens Valley, many of the residents of the Valley lost all hope. Father Crowley traveled the Valley, convincing many of them that it could become a tourist destination. Father Crowley was killed in 1940 in an automobile accident.
Columns.
Upon completion of the reservoir in 1941, strange columnar formations, some of which reached heights of , were spotted along the reservoir's eastern shore. Some described them as stone cylinders connected by fortified stone arches that had been completely covered and obscured for millions of years but which had been gradually unmasked by the incessant pummeling of the lake's powerful waves, whose constant pounding had eroded the more malleable rock at the base of the cliffs encasing these pillars.
Formation.
The pillars were simply regarded as oddities until 2015 when geologists realized that they were the result of frigid water from melting snow seeping down into volcanic ash (the result of a catastrophic eruption more than 760,000 years prior), creating tiny holes in the hot ash, the byproduct being boiling water and steam, which then rose up and out of these same holes. Samples of the resulting "evenly spaced convection cells similar to heat pipes" (a quote from a study at UC Berkeley) were analyzed using X-rays and electron microscopes. Researchers found that minute crevices in these "convection pipes" were bonded in place by minerals that were able to resist the erosion of the lake's waves. Researchers have counted nearly 5,000 of these pillars, which appear in groups and vary widely in shape, size, and color over an area of , with some of the columns standing as erect as towering pylons and sporting ringed apertures approximately a foot apart. Others are warped or leaning at various angles, and others are half-submerged and, some say, resemble the petrified remains of dinosaur vertebrae.