Krishna Mohan Pathi

Dr. Krishna Mohan Pathi (born 6 September, 1939) is an Indian orthopedic surgeon from Odisha, India, who is known for his work in Odisha's tribal areas. He treats the poor for free of cost. He is the founder of Bharadwaj Gurukul Ashram, a charitable organization that helps the poor and needy with medical treatment for the last three decades, as of 2021. On January 26, 2021, the Government of India conferred him India's fourth-highest civilian award the Padma Shri.
He was born on September 6, 1939 (Krishna Janmashtami), in Sukunda village near Berhampur in Ganjam district of the Indian state of Odisha.
He holds an MBBS from S.C.B. Medical College and Hospital. Later, he did his MS from England. As a Commonwealth Medical Fellow, he went to England in 1972 and worked at Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, Liverpool and Birmingham.
Later, Pathi returned to India and worked in Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla and Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur. When he was retired, he returned to his home village and started serving the poor for free. For over 30 years, he has been conducting bone marrow tests of the underprivileged. He has established a charitable organization called Bharadwaj Gurukul Ashram.


Sophia Yin

Sophia Yin (February 5, 1966 – September 28, 2014 in Davis, California) was a veterinarian, applied animal behaviorist, author and lecturer. She was a pioneer in the use of positive reinforcement for training dogs, and was widely recognized as an expert in the training of pets.
Education and career.
Yin graduated from University of California, Davis (UC Davis) in 1993 with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). After graduation, she worked in private practice, where she realized that more pets were euthanized due to behavioral problems than medical issues. This inspired Yin to return to university to study animal behavior, and in 2001, she returned to UC Davis to obtain her Master's in Animal Science under the supervision of Dr. Edward Price, completing her thesis on vocal communication in dogs. After obtaining her master's degree, Yin remained at UC Davis for five years, lecturing and supervising student research projects.
From 2007–2008, Yin was president of the American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior. She also served on the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) Handling Guidelines Committee. She lectured around the world to veterinarians and animal professionals, teaching seminars and workshops on animal behavior and low stress handling for dogs and cats.
Her behavior modification programs are based on the science of learning. She focused on the use of desensitization combined with classical and operant conditioning. Her approach stressed the combination of positive reinforcement, negative punishment (reward desired behaviors, remove rewards for unwanted behaviors) as well as the need to observe animals closely and be aware of how the trainer's body language and movement affect the animal's response.
Yin invented "Treat & Train", a remote controlled, reward based training system based on positive reinforcement.
Writing and media.
Yin's first book was "The Small Animal Veterinary Nerdbook", which she initially compiled while an undergraduate. The first edition of the "Nerdbook", published in 2000, sold 4,500 copies. After the third edition had been published, it sold move than 40,000 copies.
In 1999, Yin began writing a column for the "San Francisco Chronicle", which appeared every two weeks. Yin appeared on the Animal Planet television shows "Dogs 101" and "Weird, True & Freaky" in 2008.
Yin created many YouTube videos to help pet owners with handle their animals' behavioral problems, and to promote stress-free handling techniques to veterinary professionals. She also produced educational booklets and posters to educate veterinary staff, dog trainers, other pet professionals and pet owners on how to interact in positive ways with their dogs and cats. In 2010, Yin was included in Bark Magazine's "100 Best and Brightest in the World of Dogs", which praised her ability to impart knowledge to fellow professionals and members of the public.
Other books authored by Yin include "Low Stress Handling, Restraint and Behavior Modification of Dogs & Cats", and "How to Behave So Your Dog Behaves and Perfect Puppy in 7 Days". Her DVDs include "Creating a Pet-Friendly Hospital, Animal Shelter or Petcare Business"; "Towel Wrap Techniques for Handling Cats with Skill and Ease"; and "Creating the Perfect Puppy". Yin also had her own publishing company, Cattle Dog Publishing.
Death.
Yin died September 28, 2014, of suicide at her Davis home. She was 48.


Internal medicine

Internal medicine or general internal medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations. Internists are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for hospitalized and ambulatory patients and may play a major role in teaching and research. Internal medicine and family medicine are often confused as equivalent in the Commonwealth nations (see below).
Because internal medicine patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Internists often have subspecialty interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems.
Internal medicine is also a specialty within clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.
Etymology and historical development.
The etymology of the term "internal medicine" in English is rooted in the German term "Innere Medizin" from the 19th century. Internal medicine was initially characterized by determination of the underlying "internal" or pathological causes of symptoms and syndromes by use of laboratory investigations in addition to bedside clinical assessment of patients. In contrast, physicians in previous generations, such as the 17th-century physician Thomas Sydenham, who is known as the father of English medicine or "the English Hippocrates", had developed nosology (the study of diseases) via the clinical approach of diagnosis and management, by careful bedside study of the natural history of diseases and their treatment. Sydenham eschewed dissection of corpses and scrutiny of the internal workings of the body, for considering the internal mechanisms and causes of symptoms. It was thus subsequent to the 17th century that there was a rise in anatomical pathology and laboratory studies, with Giovanni Battista Morgagni, an Italian anatomist of the 18th century, being considered the father of anatomical pathology. Laboratory investigations became increasingly significant, with contribution of doctors including German physician and bacteriologist Robert Koch in the 19th century. The 19th century saw the rise of internal medicine that combined the clinical approach with use of investigations. Many early-20th-century American physicians studied medicine in Germany and brought this medical field to the United States. Thus, the name "internal medicine" was adopted in imitation of the existing German term.
Historically, some of the oldest traces of internal medicine can be traced from Ancient India and Ancient China. Earliest texts about internal medicine are the Ayurvedic anthologies of Charaka.
Role of internal medicine physicians.
Internal medicine specialists, also known as general internal medicine specialists or general medicine physicians in Commonwealth countries, are specialist physicians trained to manage particularly complex or multisystem disease conditions that single-organ-disease specialists may not be trained to deal with. They may be asked to tackle undifferentiated presentations that cannot be easily fitted within the expertise of a single-organ specialty, such as dyspnea, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, confusion or change in conscious state. They may manage serious acute illnesses that affect multiple organ systems at the same time in a single patient, and they may manage multiple chronic diseases or "comorbidities" that a single patient may have.
General internal medicine specialists do not provide necessarily less expertise than single-organ specialists, rather, they are trained for a specific role of caring for patients with multiple simultaneous problems or complex comorbidities.
Perhaps because it is complex to explain treatment of diseases that are not localised to a single-organ, there has been confusion about the meaning of internal medicine and the role of an "internist". Internists are qualified physicians with postgraduate training in internal medicine and should not be confused with "interns", who are doctors in their first year of residency training (officially the term intern is no longer in use). Although internists may act as primary care physicians, they are not "family physicians", "family practitioners", or "general practitioners", or "GPs", whose training is not solely concentrated on adults and may include surgery, obstetrics, and pediatrics. The American College of Physicians defines internists as "physicians who specialize in the prevention, detection and treatment of illnesses in adults".
Education and training of internists.
The training and career pathways for internists vary considerably across the world.
Many programs require previous undergraduate education prior to medical school admission. This "pre-medical" education is typically four or five years in length. Graduate medical education programs vary in length by country. Medical education programs are tertiary-level courses, undertaken at a medical school attached to a university. In the United States, medical school consists of four years. Hence, gaining a basic medical education may typically take eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university.
Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before the licensure, or "registration", is granted, typically one or two years. This period may be referred to as "internship", "conditional registration", or "foundation programme". Then, doctors may finally follow specialty training in internal medicine if they wish, typically being selected to training programs through competition. In North America, this period of postgraduate training is referred to as residency training, followed by an optional fellowship if the internist decides to train in a subspecialty.
In the United States and in most countries, residency training for internal medicine lasts three years and centers on secondary and tertiary levels of care. In Commonwealth countries trainees are often called senior house officers for four years after the completion of their medical degree (foundation and core years). After this period, they are able to advance to registrar grade when they undergo a compulsory subspecialty training (including acute internal medicine or a dual subspecialty including internal medicine). This latter stage of training is achieved through competition rather than just by yearly progress as the first years of postgraduate training.
Certification of specialists.
In the United States, three organizations are responsible for the certification of trained internists (i.e., doctors who have completed an accredited residency training program) in terms of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential for excellent patient care: the American Board of Internal Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine and the Board of Certification in Internal Medicine.
Subspecialties.
United States.
In the United States, two organizations are responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field: the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. Physicians (not only internists) who successfully pass board exams receive "board certified" status.
American Board of Internal Medicine.
The following are the subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.
American College of Osteopathic Internists.
The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties:
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, the three medical Royal Colleges (the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow) are responsible for setting curricula and training programmes through the Joint Royal Colleges Postgraduate Training Board (JRCPTB), although the process is monitored and accredited by the General Medical Council (which also maintains the specialist register).
Doctors who have completed medical school spend two years in foundation training completing a basic postgraduate curriculum. After two years of Core Medical Training (CT1/CT2) and attaining the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, physicians commit to one of the medical specialties:
Many training programmes provide dual accreditation with general (internal) medicine and are involved in the general care to hospitalised patients. These are acute medicine, cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, renal medicine, respiratory medicine and often, rheumatology. The role of general medicine, after a period of decline, was reemphasised by the Royal College of Physicians of London report from the Future Hospital Commission (2013).
Medical diagnosis and treatment.
Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with medication, but many subspecialties administer procedural treatment:


Zygotic induction

Zygotic induction occurs when a bacterial cell carrying the silenced DNA of a bacterial virus in its chromosome transfers the viral DNA along with its own DNA to another bacterial cell lacking the virus, causing the recipient of the DNA to break open. In the donor cell, a repressor protein encoded by the prophage (viral DNA) keeps the viral genes turned off so that virus is not produced. When DNA is transferred to the recipient cell by conjugation, the viral genes in the transferred DNA are immediately turned on because the recipient cell lacks the repressor. As a result, many virus are made in the recipient cell, and lysis eventually occurs to release the new virus.
Zygotic induction was discovered by Élie Wollman and François Jacob in 1954. Historically, zygotic induction provided insight into the nature of bacterial conjugation. It also contributed to the development of the early repression model of gene regulation that explained how the "lac" operon and λ bacteriophage genes are negatively regulated.
Nature of bacterial conjugation.
In 1947, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered that nutritional mutants of the bacterium "E. coli", when incubated in mixed cultures, exchanged genetic markers to generate new recombinants, although the mating efficiency was inefficient. Later experiments with "E. coli" strains that mated at a high frequency, which were called Hfr (high frequency of recombinants), revealed how genetic markers were transferred.
Élie Wollman and François Jacob showed that genes were transferred in a certain order from the Hfr donor cell to the F− recipient cell during mating. The longer that the Hfr and F− cells were in contact, the more genes that were transferred. They did not believe that the entire donor chromosome was typically transferred to the recipient. On the other hand, Lederberg had an alternative explanation for the apparent ordered transfer of part of the chromosome. In analogy with fertilization and meiosis of higher organisms, he proposed that all of the genetic material was transferred but that breakage of the donor chromosome occurred at specific locations so that segments of the donor chromosome could be deleted.
Zygotic induction was discovered while the location of prophage λ was being mapped using Hfr x F− matings. When the F− was lysogenic for λ, lysogeny was mapped to the "gal" locus. However, when the Hfr parent was lysogenic, lysogeny (i.e., the prophage) was not inherited by any of recombinants, which were recovered by growing them as colonies on the appropriate agar medium. The reason is that transfer of the λ prophage into the F− recipient was accompanied by immediate induction of bacteriophage production within the F− cell. Subsequent lysis of this "zygote" released the new bacteriophage particles. If mating terminated before the prophage was transferred, phage was not produced, and recombination proceeded in the zygote. These observations provided evidence that genetic markers was transferred in one direction during conjugation, from the Hfr to F− cell. These experiments also showed that Lederberg's model was incorrect since zygotic induction would have prevented any recombinant from forming had all of the chromosome from the Hfr cell were to be transferred to the F− cell.


Kyusaku Ogino

 was a Japanese doctor specializing in obstetrics and gynecology.
His natural father's family name was Nakamura, but Kyusaku was adopted by the Ogino family in 1901.
Ogino studied infertility and developed a method to estimate the fertile period of the menstrual cycle based on the length of a woman's past cycles. This knowledge could be used by couples seeking pregnancy to time intercourse so as to maximize the chances of conception.
In 1930, John Smulders, Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used this discovery to create a method for "avoiding" pregnancy. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical association, and this was the official Rhythm Method promoted over the next several decades. Ogino opposed the use of his method for contraception. He argued that its failure rate was too high: to promote it for contraception, despite the availability of other effective contraceptive methods, would result in many abortions from unwanted pregnancies. Despite this, the Rhythm Method of contraception is ironically referred to as the in Japan. Babies born to parents using this method are known in France as "bébés Ogino."


Richard Irvine Bentley

Richard Irvine Bentley (1 January 1854 – 1909) was the superintendent to the British Columbia provincial Asylum for the Insane and medical officer to the New Westminster Gaol. He was also surgeon of the Royal Columbian Hospital.


Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM) is an independent licensee of Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.
Currently it is headquartered in 600 E. Lafayette Blvd. in downtown Detroit. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, a nonprofit organization, provides and administers health benefits to more than 4.3 million members residing in Michigan in addition to members of Michigan-headquartered groups who reside outside the state.
The worker's compensation insurance firm Accident Fund operates as a for-profit subsidiary of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan.
In 2019, four Michigan addiction treatment facilities filed lawsuits against BCBSM for "unjustified slashing of payments" and "a high number of claims denials for substance use treatment. That same year Michigan Department of Health and Human Services planned on expanding the program to including additional assistance for the serious mentally ill in northern Michigan. The funds come from the Michigan Health Endowment Fund created in 2013 and requires Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan to contribute "up to $1.56 billion over 18 years to a health endowment fund that benefits Michigan residents".


Steven Gabbe

Steven G. Gabbe is an American obstetrician-gynecologist, specializing in complications of pregnancy. He is the former Chief Executive Officer at The Ohio State University Medical Center and Senior Vice President for Health Sciences. He is the namesake of Gabbe College, one of the four academic colleges of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, of which he formerly served as dean.
Career.
On April 4, 2008, Gabbe was appointed Chief Executive Officer of The Ohio State University Medical Center and Senior Vice President of Health Sciences at Ohio State University by President Gordon Gee. Gabbe was at Ohio State University for nine years as a professor and chairman of obstetrics and gynecology in The Ohio State University College of Medicine.
He left in 1996 for the University of Washington and was recruited to Vanderbilt as Dean of the Vanderbilt School of Medicine by former Vanderbilt Chancellor Gordon Gee in March 2001.
He has authored over 175 research articles, and is the first author of the textbook, "Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies" (Elsevier).
He was elected a member of the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1998.


Isotype (immunology)

In immunology, antibodies (immunoglobulins (Ig)) are classified into several types called isotypes or classes.
The variable (V) regions near the tip of the antibody can differ from molecule to molecule in countless ways, allowing it to specifically target an antigen (or more exactly, an epitope).
In contrast, the constant (C) regions only occur in a few variants, which define the antibody's class.
Antibodies of different classes activate distinct effector mechanisms in response to an antigen (triggering different elements of the innate immune system).
They appear at different stages of an immune response, differ in structural features, and in their location around the body.
Isotype expression reflects the maturation stage of a B cell. Naive B cells express IgM and IgD isotypes with unmutated variable genes, which are produced from the same initial transcript following alternative splicing. Expression of other antibody isotypes (in humans: IgG, IgA, and IgE) occurs via a process of class switching after antigen exposure. Class switching is mediated by the enzyme AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and occurs after the B cell binds an antigen through its B cell receptor. Class-switching usually requires interaction with a T helper cell.
In humans, there are five heavy chain isotypes α,δ,γ,ε,μ, corresponding to five antibody isotypes:
There are also two light chain isotypes κ and λ; however, there is no significant difference in function between the two. Thus an antibody isotype is determined by the constant regions of the heavy chains only.
IgM is first expressed as a monomer on the surface of immature B cells. Upon antigenic stimulation, IgM+ B cells secrete pentameric IgM antibody formed by five Ig monomers are linked via disulfide bonds. The pentamer also contains a polypeptide J-chain, which links two of the monomers and facilitates secretion at mucosal surfaces. The pentameric structure of IgM antibodies makes them efficient at binding antigens with repetitive epitopes (e.g. bacterial capsule, viral capsid) and activation of complement cascade. As IgM antibodies are expressed early in a B cell response, they are rarely highly mutated and have broad antigen reactivity thus providing an early response to a wide range of antigens without the need for T cell help.
IgD isotypes are expressed on naive B cells as they leave bone marrow and populate secondary lymphoid organs. The levels of surface expression of IgD isotype has been associated with differences in B cell activation status but their role in serum is poorly understood.
The IgG, IgE and IgA antibody isotypes are generated following class-switching during germinal centre reaction and provide different effector functions in response to specific antigens. IgG is the most abundant antibody class in the serum and it is divided into 4 subclasses based on differences in the structure of the constant region genes and the ability to trigger different effector functions. Despite the high sequence similarity (90% identical on the amino acid level), each subclass has a different half-life, a unique profile of antigen binding and distinct capacity for complement activation. IgG1 antibodies are the most abundant IgG class and dominate the responses to protein antigens. Impaired production of IgG1 is observed in some cases of immunodeficiency and is associated with recurrent infections. The IgG responses to bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigens are mediated primarily via IgG2 subclass, and deficiencies in this subclass result in susceptibility to certain bacterial species. IgG2 represents the major antibody subclass reacting to glycan antigens but IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses have also been observed in such responses, particularly in the case of protein-glycan conjugates.
IgG3 is an efficient activator of pro-inflammatory responses by triggering the classical complement pathway. It has the shortest half-life compared to the other IgG subclasses and is frequently present together with IgG1 in response to protein antigens after viral infections. IgG4 is the least abundant IgG subclass in the serum and is often generated following repeated exposure to the same antigen or during persistent infections.
IgA antibodies are secreted in the respiratory or the intestinal tract and act as the main mediators of mucosal immunity. They are monomeric in the serum, but appear as a dimer termed secretory IgA (sIgA) at mucosal surfaces. The secretory IgA is associated with a J-chain and another polypeptide chain called the secretory component. IgA antibodies are divided into two subclasses that differ in the size of their hinge region. IgA1 has a longer hinge region which increases its sensitivity to bacterial proteases. Therefore, this subclass dominates the serum IgA, while IgA2 is predominantly found in mucosal secretions. Complement fixation by IgA is not a major effector mechanism at the mucosal surface but IgA receptor is expressed on neutrophils which may be activated to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. sIgA has also been shown to potentiate the immune response in intestinal tissue by uptake of antigen together with the bound antibody by dendritic cells.
IgE antibodies are present at lowest concentrations in peripheral blood but constitute the main antibody class in allergic responses through the engagement of mast cells, eosinophils and Langerhans cells. Responses to specific helminths are also characterised with elevated levels of IgE antibodies.


Emma Naluyima

Emma Naluyima (born circa 1980) is a Ugandan veterinarian, urban farmer, businesswoman, elementary school educator and animal & crop farming instructor. It is calculated that she earns approximately US$100,000 annually from her farm situated on , in Bwerenga, Wakiso District, Uganda.
Early life and education.
Naluyima was born circa 1980 in Entebbe, Uganda. Her father, Chris Kikwabanga, was an airline pilot and her mother, Margaret Nanziri was a banker. Naluyima attended Stella Maris Primary School in Nkokonjeru, in Buikwe District. For her O-Level and A-Level studies, she attended Maryhill High School in the city of Mbarara. She was then admitted to Makerere University, Uganda's largest and oldest public university, graduating with a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine degree. Later, she was awarded a Master of Health Services Research in Veterinary Medicine, by Makerere University.
Career.
When Naluyima graduated with her BVM degree in 2004, the "National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Databank" ("Nagric"), in Entebbe, offered her a full-time job, complete with a government house. After two years at Nagric, she resigned the salaried job, in August 2006 and went and started her first piggery, on a small family plot of land, with USh2 million (approximately US$1,000 at that time) of borrowed money. That piggery paid for her master's degree. In 2010, she got married to Ssalongo Washington Mugerwa, a school teacher. They bought and Naluyima relocated her 10 pigs to their new home.
Investments.
Her current portfolio includes
(a) a plantation of matooke and vegetables, including tomatoes, spinach, cucumber, potatoes and greens. (b) A piggery of approximately 30 "Camborough pigs". (c) Entebbe Animal Care Centre, a veterinary clinic. (d) An elementary school with approximately 300 students and 20 teachers. (e) A snail farm where snail glue is sold to cosmetic manufacturers. (f) She also keeps about one dozen dairy cows, a flock of chicken and four above-ground plastic fish-ponds stocked with tilapia and catfish. (g) Tours of her farm cost USh100,000 (approx. US$28) per head. She calls her farm One Acre Limited.
Awards.
In September 2019, Emma Naluyima was a joint winner of the 2019 Africa Food Prize (formerly the Yara Prize). Her joint winner was Baba Dioum of Senegal. The two shared a US$100,000 cash prize.
Family.
Emma Naluyima is married to Ssalongo Washington Mugerwa and together are the parents of four children, including a set of twin first-born daughters, born circa 2011.


Cerebellar agenesis

Cerebellar agenesis is a rare condition in which a brain develops without the cerebellum. The cerebellum controls smooth movement, and when it does not develop, the rest of the brain must compensate, which it cannot do completely. The condition is not fatal on its own, but people born without a cerebellum experience severe developmental delays, language deficits, and neurological abnormalities. As children with cerebellar agenesis get older, their movements usually improve. It can co-exist with other severe malformations of the central nervous system, like anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, and microencephaly.
The condition was first reported in 1831. Ten cases had been reported as of 1998. Agenesis of one half or another part of the cerebellum is more common than complete agenesis.
Cerebellar agenesis can be caused by mutations in the PTF1A gene.


John Blackall

John Blackall M.D., FRCP (24 December 1771 – 10 January 1860) was an English physician.
John Blackall was the sixth son of the Reverend Theophilus Blackall, a prebendary of Exeter Cathedral, by his wife Elizabeth Ley, and grandson of Bishop Ofspring Blackall, was born in St. Paul's Street, Exeter on 24 December 1771. He was educated at Exeter grammar school, and then studied at Balliol College, Oxford, as a member of which he graduated B.A. in 1793, M.A. in 1796, M.B. in 1797, and M.D. on 2 March 1801.
Immediately after taking his first degree he applied himself to the study of medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and it was in its wards, while working as the clinical clerk of Dr. John Latham, that he made the observations on albuminuria which were afterwards stated and enlarged in his treatise on dropsies. In 1797 he settled in his native city, and on 1 June in that year was chosen physician to the Devon and Exeter Hospital. At this period, however, the medical practice of Exeter was engrossed by Dr. Hugh Downman, Dr. Bartholomew Parr, and Dr. George Daniell, and in 1801 Dr. Blackall resigned his appointment at Exeter, and settled at Totnes, where he became the physician of the district.
His reputation increased, and in 1807 he returned to Exeter, where he was a second time elected physician to the Devon and Exeter Hospital, and in 1812 was appointed physician to St. Thomas's Lunatic Asylum. In 1813 he published his well-known "Observations on the Nature and Cure of Dropsies," London, 8vo, of which there are four editions, and which entitles its author to a position among medical discoverers. Dropsy is the morbid effusion of the serum of the blood into the cavities of the body and into the meshes of its tissues. It had been observed from the beginning of medicine, but up to the time of Richard Lower nothing was known of its morbid anatomy. He made the first step, which was the demonstration that dropsy of a limb always follows direct obstruction of its veins. Blackall's discovery came next, and was that dropsy is often associated with the presence of albumen in the urine. His treatise states clearly the relation between albuminuria and dropsy, and shows that he suspected that the kidneys were diseased in these cases. The further discovery of Richard Bright in 1836 of the constant relation between renal disease and albuminuria is based upon the observations first made by Blackall.
Blackall also published in 1813 some observations on angina pectoris, a disease then much discussed, owing to William Heberden's writings upon it. Blackall was admitted candidate of the Royal College of Physicians on 22 December 1814, and a fellow on 22 December 1815. His progress from this period was rapid and uninterrupted, and for a long series of years he had a great practice in the west of England. He was famed for his skill in diagnosis, and it was based upon a thorough method of clinical examination. He used no complicated remedies, was patient in waiting for results, and was justly confident in the conclusions to which he had attained with so much care.
Dr. Blackall retained his strength and faculties to an advanced age, and he did not relinquish private practice till he was eighty. He died at Southernhay, Exeter, on 10 January 1860, and was followed to the grave in the burial-ground of Holy Trinity Church by a large body of relations and friends and the whole of the medical profession resident within the city.


Von Magnus phenomenon

The von Magnus phenomenon describes the generation of defective interfering particles (DIPs) by viruses. It was first observed by Preben von Magnus in influenza viruses, after the serial passage of undiluted allantoic fluid in eggs.


Arno David Gurewitsch

Arno David Gurewitsch (19021974) was a doctor and medical expert whose career spread across Germany, Israel, and the United States. After he arrived in the United States, Gurewitsch taught and practiced medicine at Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center, where he specialized on polio. Later, Gurewitsch became an advisor to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the first medical director at the United Nations.
After the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Gurewitsch became a close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, serving as the former First Lady's personal doctor. Gurewitsch and Roosevelt traveled together to India, Hong Kong, Thailand, Israel, France, the Soviet Union, and other countries, sometimes photographing her with international leaders. Roosevelt helped to purchase Gurewitsch's townhouse home at East 60th Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, where Roosevelt also lived.
Gurewitsch and his family were strongly influenced by Eleanor Roosevelt. Gurewitsch published his recollections of Roosevelt in "Eleanor Roosevelt: Her Day, a Personal Album" (Quadrangle Press, 1974). His wife, Edna Gurewitsch, also published an account in "Kindred Souls: The Devoted Friendship of Eleanor Roosevelt and Dr. David Gurewitsch" (St. Martin Press, 2002).
Gurewitsch's widow later described her late husband's relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt:She could love this man because he could be trusted to keep within the bounds of an idealized love. It was idealistic on both sides, though David's did not include romantic fantasy. (Mrs. Roosevelt inscribed a photograph of herself as a young woman “To David, From a Girl He Never Knew.”) She could express her feelings freely because she knew the setting was safe. She said in a letter that although she never forgot the difference in their ages, she would like David to call her by her first name. He could not, and always spoke and referred to her as “Mrs. Roosevelt.” ... The wedding could not have been easy for her. I believe she thought she would lose him. She needn’t have worried. I loved her, and he respected their confidences. The relationship changed but remained close differently.


American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants

The American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants (AALNC) is a non-profit organization. According to the AALNC, its mission is the professional enhancement and growth of registered nurses practicing in the specialty area of legal nurse consulting and to advance this nursing specialty.
Founded in 1989, AALNC provides networking opportunities, educational advancement, professional development and support certification through the American Legal Nurse Consultant Certification Board (AALNCCB). The American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants is aligned with the American Nurses Association and the American Bar Association.
Legal nurse consultants.
Legal nurse consultants are licensed, registered nurses who perform a critical analysis of clinical and administrative nursing practice, healthcare facts and issues and their outcomes for the legal profession, healthcare professions, consumers of healthcare and legal services, and others as appropriate. They are qualified to assess adherence to standards and guidelines of healthcare practice as it applies to the nursing and healthcare professions. The primary role of the legal nurse consultant is to evaluate, analyze, and render informed opinions on the delivery of health care and the resulting outcomes.


Complement-dependent cytotoxicity

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is an effector function of IgG and IgM antibodies. When they are bound to surface antigen on target cell (e.g. bacterial or viral infected cell), the classical complement pathway is triggered by bonding protein C1q to these antibodies, resulting in formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) and target cell lysis.
Complement system is efficiently activated by human IgG1, IgG3 and IgM antibodies, weakly by IgG2 antibodies and it is not activated by IgG4 antibodies.
It is one mechanism of action by which therapeutic antibodies or antibody fragments can achieve an antitumor effect.
Use of CDC assays.
Therapeutic antibodies.
Development of antitumor therapeutic antibodies involves "in vitro" analysis of their effector functions including ability to trigger CDC to kill target cells. Classical approach is to incubate antibodies with target cells and source of complement (serum). Then cell death is determined with several approaches:
HLA typing and crossmatch test.
CDC assays are used to find a suitable donor for organ or bone marrow transplantation, namely donor with matching phenotype of histocompatibility system HLA. At first, HLA typing is done for patient and donor to determine their HLA phenotypes. When potentially suitable couple is found, crossmatch test is done to exclude that patient produces donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies, which could cause graft rejection.
CDC form of HLA typing (other words serologic typing) uses batch of anti-HLA antibodies from characterised allogeneic antisera or monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies are incubated one by one with patient‘s or donor‘s lymphocytes and source of complement. Amount of dead cells (and thus positive result) is measured by dead or live cells staining. Nowadays CDC typing is being replaced by molecular typing, which can identify nucleotide sequences of HLA molecules via PCR.
CDC assay is usually used for performing crossmatch test. The basic version involves incubation of patient’s serum with donor’s lymphocytes and second incubation after adding rabbit complement. Presence of dead cell (positive test) means that donor isn‘t suitable for this particular patient. There are modifications available to increase test sensitivity including extension of minimal incubation time, adding antihuman globulin (AHG), removing unbound antibodies before adding complement, separation of T cell and B cell subset. Besides CDC crossmatch there is  flow-cytometric crossmatch available, that is more sensitive and can detect even complement non-activating antibodies.


Bernard Raymond Fink

Bernard Raymond Fink (25 May 1914 – 30 October 2000) was a British physician.
Fink was born in London, brought up in Antwerp, Belgium, and emigrated to the United States in 1950. He was bestowed ASA Excellence in Research Award in 1987. He was the secretary of the International Association for the Study of Pain and the President of the Anesthesia History Association. He first explained the Fink Effect in his 1955 paper "Diffusion anoxia".
He went to the University of London at 16. He served as a medical officer during World War II in South Africa. He has two daughters (Jean Moore and Susan Myers), two sisters, one brother and five grandchildren.


Al-Arab Medical University

Al-Arab Medical University (; Romanised: "Jamiaat Al-Arab Al-Tibiya") is a public university located in Benghazi, Libya, founded in 1984. The university includes the Faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Public Health. located in Benghazi Libya


Dallas W. Anderson

Dallas W. Anderson is a businessman who founded MicroMed Technology Inc. in 1995, and in 1996 was granted exclusive rights to the NASA/DeBakey VAD.
Anderson worked with Dr. Michael E. DeBakey and Dr. George P. Noon to further develop the pump and bring the device to the public. Clinical trials began in Europe in November 1998 for the MicroMed DeBakey VAD. The MicroMed DeBakey VAD is an axial-flow ventricular assist device and is known as a second-generation LVAD.
In 2005, MicroMed Technology Inc. went public through a reverse merger with Salmon Express Inc. on the OTC Bulletin Board as a penny stock. As a result, the company was renamed MicroMed Cardiovascular Inc. However, in 2008 the company became a private company once again after a reverse split of the company stock by Rodger Ford and David Mackstaller of SynCardia Systems Inc.
MicroMed Cardiovascular, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in June 2013.
Former members of MicroMed Cardiovascular, Inc. founded ReliantHeart Inc. in August 2013. ReliantHeart Inc. became successor-in-interest to the assets of MicroMed Cardiovascular, Inc.


Scott J. Hultgren

Scott J. Hultgren is an American microbiologist who is currently a professor of molecular microbiology and director of the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research at Washington University in St. Louis. Since 2011, he has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2017 along with 80 other new members. In December 2019 he was named Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. He is the principal investigator at the "Hultgren Lab" at Washington University in St. Louis. in 1998 he was awarded the "Eli Lilly Award" for his work in the fields of microbiology and immunology, noting his work in producing a vaccine for urinary tract infections.


Damage-associated molecular pattern

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules within cells that are a component of the innate immune response released from damaged or dying cells due to trauma or an infection by a pathogen. They are also known as danger-associated molecular patterns, danger signals, and alarmin because they serve as a warning sign for the organism to alert it of any damage or infection to its cells. DAMPs are endogenous danger signals that are discharged to the extracellular space in response to damage to the cell from trauma or pathogen. Once a DAMP is released from the cell, it promotes a noninfectious inflammatory response by binding to a pattern-recognition receptor. Inflammation is a key aspect of the innate immune response because it is used to help mitigate future damage to the organism by removing harmful invaders from the affected area and start the healing process. As an example, the cytokine IL-1α is a DAMP that originates within the nucleus of the cell, which once released to the extracellular space, binds to the PRR IL-1R, which in turn initiates an inflammatory response to the trauma or pathogen that initiated the release of IL-1α. In contrast to the noninfectious inflammatory response produced by DAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns initiate and perpetuate the "infectious" pathogen-induced inflammatory response. Many DAMPs are nuclear or cytosolic proteins with defined intracellular function that are released outside the cell following tissue injury. This displacement from the intracellular space to the extracellular space moves the DAMPs from a reducing to an oxidizing environment, causing their functional denaturation, resulting in their loss of function. Outside of the aforementioned nuclear and cytosolic DAMPs, there are other DAMPs originated from different sources, such as mitochondria, granules, the extracellular matrix, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane.
Overview.
DAMPs and their receptors are characterized as:
History.
Two papers appearing in 1994 presaged the deeper understanding of innate immune reactivity, dictating the subsequent nature of the adaptive immune response. The first came from transplant surgeons who conducted a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Administration of recombinant human superoxide dismutase (rh-SOD) in recipients of cadaveric renal allografts demonstrated prolonged patient and graft survival with improvement in both acute and chronic rejection events. They speculated that the effect was related to its antioxidant action on the initial ischemia/reperfusion injury of the renal allograft, thereby reducing the immunogenicity of the allograft and the "grateful dead" or stressed cells. Thus, free radical-mediated reperfusion injury was seen to contribute to the process of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses.
The second suggested the possibility that the immune system detected "danger", through a series of what is now called damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), working in concert with both positive and negative signals derived from other tissues. Thus, these papers presaged the modern sense of the role of DAMPs and redox reviewed here, important apparently for both plant and animal resistance to pathogens and the response to cellular injury or damage. Although many immunologists had earlier noted that various "danger signals" could initiate innate immune responses, the "DAMP" was first described by Seong and Matzinger in 2004.
Examples.
DAMPs vary greatly depending on the type of cell (epithelial or mesenchymal) and injured tissue, but they all share the common feature of stimulating an innate immune response within an organism.
In plants.
DAMPs in plants have been found to stimulate a fast immune response, but without the inflammation that characterizes DAMPs in mammals. Just as with mammalian DAMPs, plant DAMPs are cytosolic in nature and are released into the extracellular space following damage to the cell caused by either trauma or pathogen. The major difference in the immune systems between plants and mammals is that plants lack an adaptive immune system, so plants can not determine which pathogens have attacked them before and thus easily mediate an effective immune response to them. To make up for this lack of defense, plants use the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways to combat trauma and pathogens. PTI is the first line of defense in plants and is triggered by PAMPs to initiate signaling throughout the plant that damage has occur to a cell. Along with the PTI, DAMPs are also released in response to this damage, but as mentioned earlier they do not initiate an inflammatory response like their mammalian counterparts. The main role of DAMPs in plants is to act as mobile signals to initiate wounding responses and to promote damage repair. A large overlap occurs between the PTI pathway and DAMPs in plants, and the plant DAMPs effectively operate as PTI amplifiers. The ETI always occurs after the PTI pathway and DAMP release, and is a last resort response to the pathogen or trauma that ultimately results in programmed cell death. The PTI- and ETI-signaling pathways are used in conjunction with DAMPs to rapidly signal the rest of the plant to activate its innate immune response and fight off the invading pathogen or mediate the healing process from damage caused by trauma.
Plant DAMPs and their receptors are characterized as:
Many mammalian DAMPs have DAMP counterparts in plants. One example is with the high-mobility group protein. Mammals have the HMGB1 protein, while "Arabidopsis thaliana" has the HMGB3 protein.
Clinical targets in various disorders.
Preventing the release of DAMPs and blocking DAMP receptors would, in theory, stop inflammation from an injury or infection and reduce pain for the affected individual. This is especially important during surgeries, which have the potential to trigger these inflammation pathways, making the surgery more difficult and dangerous to complete. The blocking of DAMPs also has theoretical applications in therapeutics to treat disorders such as arthritis, cancer, ischemia reperfusion, myocardial infarction, and stroke. These theoretical therapeutic options include:
DAMPs can be used as biomarkers for inflammatory diseases and potential therapeutic targets. For example, increased S100A8/A9 is associated with osteophyte progression in early human osteoarthritis, suggesting that S100 proteins can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the progressive grade of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, DAMP can be a useful prognostic factor for cancer. This would improve patient classification, and a suitable therapy would be given to patients by diagnosing with DAMPs. The regulation of DAMP signaling can be a potential therapeutic target to reduce inflammation and treat diseases. For example, administration of neutralizing HMGB1 antibodies or truncated HMGB1-derived A-box protein ameliorated arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis rodent models. Clinical trials with HSP inhibitors have also been reported. For nonsmall-cell lung cancer, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 inhibitors are under investigation in clinical trials. In addition, treatment with dnaJP1, which is a synthetic peptide derived from DnaJ (HSP40), had a curative effect in rheumatoid arthritis patients without critical side effects. Taken together, DAMPs can be useful therapeutic targets for various human diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases.
DAMPs can trigger re-epithelialization upon kidney injury', contributing to epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and potentially, to myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation. These discoveries suggest that DAMPs drive not only immune injury, but also kidney regeneration and renal scarring. For example, TLR2-agonistic DAMPs activate renal progenitor cells to regenerate epithelial defects in injured tubules. TLR4-agonistic DAMPs also induce renal dendritic cells to release IL-22, which also accelerates tubule re-epithelialization in AKI. Finally, DAMPs also promote renal ﬁbrosis by inducing NLRP3, which also promotes TGF-β receptor signaling.


Todd Gould

Todd Denton Gould is an American psychiatrist and associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. He earned his MD from the University of Virginia, after which he completed a research fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health's Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics. His research has shed light on the pharmacological mechanism by which ketamine-related drugs are able to treat depression in mice.


John Francis Eisold

John Francis Eisold was the attending physician of the United States Capitol from 1994 to 2009. Eisold holds the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.
He graduated from Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College and did his postgraduate training at the National Naval Medical Center Program specializing in general internal medicine and geriatric medicine.
Admiral Eisold and the Attending Physician's office played a central role in the 2001 anthrax attacks on Senator Tom Daschle's U.S. Senate office, taking nasal swabs from the nearly 6,000 staff, employees, and visitors that were potentially exposed to the harmful bacteria. Admiral Eisold and his staff also provided initial treatment to Senator Tim Johnson when he suffered from an intracerebral bleed caused by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, prior to Johnson's admission to George Washington University Hospital.


Extracorporeal pulse activation therapy


Laurie Cutting

Laurie Cutting is an American scholar of psychology and pediatrics. She is the Patricia and Rodes Hart Professor of Special Education, Psychology and Human Development, Radiology, and Pediatrics at Vanderbilt University. In addition, she is Associate Director of the Vanderbilt Kennedy Center and a member of the Vanderbilt Brain Institute, training faculty for Vanderbilt's Neuroscience Ph.D. program. Dr. Cutting is also a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories and a member of the Haskins Global Literacy Hub. She was selected to be the 2017-2018 Joe B. Wyatt Distinguished University Professor at Vanderbilt University and received an NIH Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award in 2018. Professor Cutting serves on many boards and scientific advisory committees, including the National Center for Learning Disabilities and The Dyslexia Foundation. In 2002-2003, she completed an AAAS NIH science policy fellowship, and from 2007-2009, she was appointed to the Federal Reading First Advisory Panel.
Prior to joining the faculty at Vanderbilt, she was a research scientist at the Kennedy Krieger Institute and an Associate Professor of Neurology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and an Associate Professor of Education at Johns Hopkins University. While working on her doctorate at Northwestern University, she interned at Yale University School of Medicine's Center for Learning and Attention and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.


Skin fossa


Mason Durie (psychiatrist)

Sir Mason Harold Durie (born 4 December 1938) is a New Zealand professor of Māori Studies and research academic at Massey University. He is known for his contributions to Māori health. In 2020, he was appointed to the Order of New Zealand, the highest honour in New Zealand's royal honours system.
Early life and family.
Durie has affiliations with the Rangitāne, Ngāti Kauwhata and Ngāti Raukawa tribes of New Zealand. He grew up in Feilding and attended Te Aute College in Hawke's Bay. John Mason Durie was his grandfather, and he is the older brother of former High Court judge and chief judge of the Māori Land Court, Sir Eddie Durie. He married Arohia Kōhere, granddaughter of Rēweti Kōhere. One of his daughters, Awerangi, is married to politician and radio personality John Tamihere, while his eldest son, Meihana, is working on producing a movie about Rēweti Kōhere's brother, Hēnare Kōhere. His wife and their children are also descendants of Gisborne founding father Thomas Halbert and his fifth wife, Kaikiri.
Education.
Durie graduated from the University of Otago with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1963. He has a Postgraduate Diploma in Psychiatry from McGill University, Canada, and was Director of Psychiatry at Palmerston North Hospital before his appointment to the Royal Commission on Social Policy from 1986 to 1988.
Achievements.
For over 40 years, he has been at the forefront of a transformational approach to Māori health and has played major roles in building the Māori health workforce. His efforts have been recognised by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, the Public Health Association of New Zealand, the Māori Medical Practitioners Association, the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand, and the Polynesian Society.
In addition to a lifelong commitment to Māori health, Durie also championed higher education for Māori. As Deputy Chair of Te Wānanga o Raukawa, Professor of Māori Research and Development, and more recently Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Massey University, he continues to provide national academic leadership for Māori and indigenous development and regularly assists Iwi and Māori communities to realise their own aspirations for socio-economic advancement.
Apart from serving on the Boards of Te Papa and the Foundation for Research Science and Technology, Durie has been Chair of the Guardians Group for the Secondary Futures project, and a Commissioner for the New Zealand Families Commission. He chaired the Ministerial Taskforce on Whānau Ora and was also Chair of Te Kāhui Amokura, a Standing Committee of the New Zealand Vice-Chancellors' Committee.
In 1990, Durie was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In 2002, he was awarded a Doctor of Literature from Massey University and in 2008 received an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Otago University. Professor Durie is a Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, and a Fellow of the Humanities Council of New Zealand Academy. He has published widely and has regularly presented keynote addresses at Iwi, national and international conferences.
In the 2001 New Year Honours, Durie was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to Māori. In the 2010 New Year Honours, he was promoted to Knight Companion of the same order, for services to Māori health, in particular public health services. In the 2021 New Year Honours, Durie was appointed to the Order of New Zealand for services to New Zealand.
Current work.
Durie is Emeritus Professor of Māori Research & Development at Massey University.


Bi-specific T-cell engager

Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are a class of artificial bispecific monoclonal antibodies that are investigated for the use as anti-cancer drugs. They direct a host's immune system, more specifically the T cells' cytotoxic activity, against cancer cells. "BiTE" is a registered trademark of Micromet AG (fully owned subsidiary of Amgen Inc).
BiTEs are fusion proteins consisting of two single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of different antibodies, or amino acid sequences from four different genes, on a single peptide chain of about 55 kilodaltons. One of the scFvs binds to T cells via the CD3 receptor, and the other to a tumor cell via a tumor specific molecule.
Mechanism of action.
Like other bispecific antibodies, and unlike ordinary monoclonal antibodies, BiTEs form a link between T cells and tumor cells. This causes T cells to exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by producing proteins like perforin and granzymes, independently of the presence of MHC I or co-stimulatory molecules. These proteins enter tumor cells and initiate the cell's apoptosis.
This action mimics physiological processes observed during T cell attacks against tumor cells.
BiTEs in clinical assessment.
Several BiTEs are currently in preclinical and clinical trials to assess their therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Blinatumomab.
Blinatumomab links T cells with CD19 receptors found the surface of B cells. The Food and Drug Administration (US) and the European Medicines Agency approved this therapy for adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Solitomab.
Solitomab links T cells with the EpCAM antigen which is expressed by colon, gastric, prostate, ovarian, lung, and pancreatic cancers.
Further research.
Utilizing the same technology, melanoma (with MCSP specific BiTEs) and acute myeloid leukemia (with CD33 specific BiTEs) can be targeted. Research in this area is currently ongoing. Another avenue for novel anti-cancer therapies is re-engineering some of the currently used conventional antibodies like trastuzumab (targeting HER2/neu), cetuximab and panitumumab (both targeting the EGF receptor), using the BiTE approach. BiTEs against CD66e and EphA2 are being developed as well.


University of Cyberjaya

University of Cyberjaya (UoC) (Previously known as Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences) is a registered and accredited private university with a focus on healthcare programmes. The university has been operating since its establishment in 2005 and offers over 20 diploma, degree and postgraduate programmes in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, psychology, occupational safety & health, homeopathy, physiotherapy, biomedical engineering technology, paramedical sciences and postgraduate courses such as the Masters in Clinical Pharmacy, Doctory of Pharmacy, MSc and PhD in Medical Sciences and Allied Health sciences. UoC was awarded a Tier 5 - Excellent rating by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency. It is in Cyberjaya, in Sepang District, Selangor, Malaysia.
The university has an enrollment of 6,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students across five faculties, two academic centres, and six hospital teaching resource centres.
History.
University of Cyberjaya was established by a group of prominent medical specialist and educators on 23 October 2005. The institution originally consisted of two faculties offering two bachelor's degree programmes in medicine and pharmacy. It operated out of its first campus at Street Mall, Cyberjaya.
In 2009, UoC moved to its present location in anticipation student growth. The campus offered increased student capacity and fully equipped teaching facilities.
In 2010, three additional faculties were established to offer allied health science, occupational safety & health, and complementary medicine programmes.
Dato' Prof. Dr. Abu Abdullah was appointed as the new President on 4 January 2010. In the same year UoC created history when it signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Malaysian Homeopathic Medical Council, thus becoming the first Malaysian university to recognize and offer a homeopathic medical science degree programme.
By 2013 facing intense regulatory and financial pressure in a fast-evolving landscape, the institution was acquired by SMR Group, who went about implementing a turn-around. The new owners sought to improve governance by establishing a new leadership team, re-allocating resources to improve quality and modernizing the university's operations to improve efficiency. Largely successful, in two years, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences had improved its financial standing and quality. The turn-around and human resource improvement initiatives were acknowledged as a success by the US-based, management and leadership magazine, Workforce, when it awarded the university with its 2015 Optimas Gold Award for Managing Change.
In October 2014, the university revealed plans to collaborate with HCK Capital Group to build a new campus in Cyberjaya which is expected to be operational by 2018.
Leadership.
In 2014, University of Cyberjaya installed as its inaugural chancellor, Yang Teramat Mulia Dato' Seri DiRaja Tan Sri Tunku Sallehuddin Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, the then Tunku Temengong or second in-line to the throne of the Malaysian State of Kedah. Tunku Sallehuddin stepped down as the Chancellor when he was proclaimed as the new Sultan of Kedah on 12 September 2017, upon the death of his elder half brother, Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah.
On 23 November 2019, Prof. Emeritus Tan Sri Datuk Dr. Anuwar bin Ali, an economist and exponent of higher education was installed as the university's new Chancellor.
As part of the SMR Group's turn-around plan in 2014, a new leadership team was appointed with a clear mandate to improve governance and management at the university. In light of this, Professor Dato’ Dr. Mohamad Abdul Razak was appointed as the new Vice Chancellor. Dr. Mohamad Razak is a trained orthopaedic surgeon specialist and former deputy vice chancellor and hospital director of the Malaysian National University as well as the president of the Malaysian Orthopaedic Association. He is also a visiting registrar of the Orthopaedic Department at the University of Edinburgh, in addition to being registrar and spinal injury fellow at the Southport Spinal Injuries Centre in Liverpool.
After its acquisition by SMR Group, the university established a new Board of Governors to provide oversight over matters such as the university's financial management, business operations, future development and overall quality of the education. The Board also functions as advisers to the university management in guiding the overall direction and strategy. The board consist of accomplished Malaysian academic & industry leaders such as Major General (Rtd.) Dato' Pahlawan Dr. R. Mohanadas, former Director General of Health Services, Malaysian Armed Forces and Dato’ Asariah Mior Shaharuddin, the former Deputy Director-General of Education and recipient of Malaysia's National Education Leadership Award 2019.
Faculties and programmes.
The university has five faculties and two academic centres — all of which are in the main campus building in Cyberjaya. All study programmes are offered at this campus with clinical training conducted at partner hospitals and other healthcare organizations.
Faculty of Medicine.
The Faculty of Medicine at UoC is one of the founding faculties of the University. The first batch of students were enrolled in 2005 and graduated in 2010. The current dean is Mejar General (Rtd) Prof Dato' Dr Mohd Zin Bidin, the former Director of Health at the Ministry of Defense and the Founding Dean of Medicine at the National Defense University of Malaysia. The faculty offers the following programme:
Faculty of Pharmacy.
Established since the founding of the university, the Faculty of Pharmacy at UoC is the first and only school in Malaysia to offer a Doctor of Pharmacy (DPharm) and the only private institute of higher education in Malaysia to offer a Master in Clinical Pharmacy. Its postgraduate study on Clinical Pharmacy was developed in collaboration with the University of Southern California who also serves as its external examiner. Professor Dr. Rosnani Hashim, a former member of the Drug Control Authority (DCA), Ministry of Health and a member of the Pharmacy Board of Malaysia and National Accreditation Committee for Pharmacy Education was made Dean of the Faculty. The faculty offers the following programmes:
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences.
The Faculty of Allied Health Sciences is the largest faculty at UoC in student enrollment and programmes offered. It was established in 2010 and is led by its dean, Prof. Dr Nasaruddin, who has vast experiences in the field of medicine and anatomy. The Faculty of Allied Health Sciences has formed partnerships with a number of Malaysian colleges who are allowed to deliver its diploma programmes off-campus.
The faculty offers the following programmes:
Faculty of Occupational Safety & Health.
Professor Dr Mohamad Khan, an occupational safety and health expert, was appointed the dean of the Faculty of Occupational Safety & Health at its establishment in 2010. The faculty works in close partnership with the Ministry of Defense, Malaysia and heavy industry players to offer postgraduate studies for military personnel in the field of Occupational Safety & Health. The faculty offers the following programmes:
Faculty of Traditional & Complementary Medicine.
One of the latest additions to the university, the Faculty of Traditional & Complementary Medicine was established in support of the Ministry of Health's efforts to integrate traditional and complementary medicine into the Malaysian national health system.
The faculty collaborates with the National Academy of Homoeopathy, India for clinical training. The current dean is Asst. Prof. Ibrahim Usman Mhaisker who received his master's degree, Doctor of Medicine in Homeopathy [M.D. (Hom.)] from B. A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad (India). The faculty offers the following programme:


G. Michael Deeb

G. Michael Deeb is a Lebanese-American cardiothoracic surgeon. He serves as a Herbert Sloan Collegiate Professor of Surgery and Director of the Multidisciplinary Aortic Clinic at the University of Michigan. He has published 143 articles in journals and books and lectures both nationally and internationally on topics such as valve implantation and cardiac valve implantation.
Education and Achievements.
Dr. Deeb received his Bachelors from the University of Pittsburgh in 1971 and his Medical Degree from the same University in 1975. He was a surgical intern at the University of Pittsburgh in both general and cardiothoracic surgery between 1975 and 1982. In 1982 he became the Assistant Professor of Surgery at Temple University Hospital and helped to establish the Thoracic Surgery department there. In 1986 he became the Assistant Professor of Surgery at the University of Michigan and became an associate professor in 1991 and a professor in 1996. He was the first to be awarded with the Herbert Sloan Collegiate Professorship. His clinical appointments at the University of Michigan Medical Center include: Director of Heart/Lung Transplant and Artificial Devices Program (1986-1995), Director of Adult Cardiac Surgery (1990-1999), and Co-Director of Heart Care Program (1996–present).
Surgery on Ronald Winans.
Dr. Deeb was head of the surgery team who operated on Ronald Winans. After a failed surgery he told the assembled Winans family to say its good-byes, but the family asked if they could pray for Winans instead. Pastor Marvin Winans laid his hands on the surgeon's head, prayed and said, "You go back and take my son off the heart-lung machine. He will live." Deeb was shocked but he complied. Winans lived, and Deeb later said that the experience had brought some spiritualism to his practice.
Personal life.
G. Michael Deeb was born in Pittsburgh, PA on July 25, 1949. He married his wife in 1988 and they have two children.


Coronoid fossa of the humerus

Superior to the anterior portion of the trochlea is a small depression, the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm. It is directly adjacent to the radial fossa of the humerus.


Norman H. Anderson

Norman Henry Anderson (born July 23, 1925) is a social psychologist, the founder of Information integration theory.
Anderson is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of California, San Diego, where he was one of three founders of the Department of Psychology. He received a BS in 1946 and an MS in 1949 from the University of Chicago, and an MS in 1955 and a PhD in 1956 from the University of Wisconsin, with a thesis on "Effect of First-order Conditional Probability in a Two-choice Learning Situation". Anderson also taught at The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the 1960s and 1970s, and is credited with developing Information Integration Theory.
Anderson was the winner of the 1972 AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research.
Major published materials.
Other publications.
Anderson, N. H. & Hovland, C.I. The Representation of Order Effects in Communication Research. In C.I. Hovland (Ed.), "The Order of Presentation in Persuasion", New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957
Anderson, N. H. Test of Averaging, Balance, and Congruity Theories. Paper presented at summer conference on mathematical models in social psychology. Kent, Connecticut, 1967.
Anderson, N. H. A Simple Model for Information Integration. In R.P. Abelson E. Aronson, W.J. McGuire, T.M. Newcomb, M.J. Rosenberg & P.H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), "Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A Sourcebook.", Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968.
Anderson, N. H. Algebraic Models in Perception. In E.C. Carterette & M.P. Friedman (Eds.), "Handbook of Perception", Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Anderson, N. H. Information Integration Theory: A Brief Survey. In D.H. Krantz, R.C. Atkinson, R.D. Luce, &P. Suppes (Eds.), "Contemporary Developments in Mathematical Psychology", San Francisco: Freeman, 1974


Edward S. Godfrey (physician)

Edward Settle Godfrey, Jr. (1878–December 13, 1960), son of Edward Settle Godfrey, was a physician and epidemiologist, the founder of the first epidemiological society in the United States. He studied the epidemiology of diphtheria and tuberculosis. From April 21, 1936 until he retired on May 1, 1947, he was the New York State Commissioner of Health.


Pulmonary sequestration

A pulmonary sequestration is a medical condition wherein a piece of tissue that ultimately develops into lung tissue is not attached to the pulmonary arterial blood supply, as is the case in normally developing lung. This sequestered tissue is therefore not connected to the normal bronchial airway architecture, and fails to function in, and contribute to, respiration of the organism.
This condition is usually diagnosed in children and is generally thought to be congenital in nature. More and more, these lesions are diagnosed "in utero" by prenatal ultrasound.
Presentation.
Symptoms can vary greatly, but they include a persistent dry cough.
Complications.
Failure to have a pulmonary sequestration removed can lead to a number of complications. These include:
Cause.
There is still much debate to whether pulmonary sequestration is a congenital problem or acquired through recurrent pulmonary infection. It is widely believed that extralobar pulmonary sequestrations are a result of prenatal pulmonary malformation while intralobar pulmonary sequestrations can develop due to recurrent pulmonary infections in adolescents and young adults. The most frequently supported theory of sequestration formation involves an accessory lung bud that develops from the ventral aspect of the primitive foregut. The pluripotential tissue from this additional lung bud migrates in a caudal direction with the normally developing lung. It receives its blood supply from vessels that connect to the aorta and cover the primitive foregut. These attachments to the aorta remain to form the systemic arterial supply of the sequestration. Early embryologic development of the accessory lung bud results in formation of the sequestration within normal lung tissue. The sequestration is encased within the same pleural covering. This is the intrapulmonary variant. In contrast, later
development of the accessory lung bud results in the extrapulmonary type that may give rise to communication with the GI tract. Both types of sequestration usually have arterial supply from the thoracic or abdominal aorta. Rarely, the celiac axis, internal mammary, subclavian, or renal artery may be involved. Intrapulmonary sequestration occurs within the visceral pleura of normal lung tissue. Usually, no communication with the tracheobronchial tree occurs. The most common location is in the posterior basal segment, and nearly two thirds of pulmonary sequestrations appear in the left lung. Venous drainage is usually via the pulmonary veins. Foregut communication is very rare, and associated anomalies are uncommon. Extrapulmonary sequestration is completely enclosed in its own pleural sac. It may occur above, within, or below the diaphragm, and nearly all appear on the left side. No communication with the tracheobronchial tree occurs. Venous drainage is usually via the systemic venous system. Foregut communication and associated anomalies, such as diaphragmatic hernia, are more common.
Diagnosis.
Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is a rare congenital malformation of the lower respiratory tract.It consists of a nonfunctioning mass of normal lung tissue that lacks normal communication with the tracheobronchial tree, and that receives its arterial blood supply from the systemic circulation.
BPS is estimated to comprise one to six percent of all congenital pulmonary malformations, making it an extremely rare disorder.
Sequestrations are classified anatomically.Intralobar sequestration (ILS) in which the lesion is located within a normal lobe and lacks its own visceral pleura.Extralobar sequestration (ELS) in which the mass is located outside the normal lung and has its own visceral pleuraThe blood supply of 75% of pulmonary sequestrations is derived from the thoracic or abdominal aorta.The remaining 25% of sequestrations receive their blood flow from the subclavian, intercostal, pulmonary, pericardiophrenic, innominate, internal mammary, celiac, splenic, or renal arteries.
Treatment.
Usually the sequestration is removed after birth via surgery. In most cases this surgery is safe and effective; the child will grow up to have normal lung function.
In a few instances, fetuses with sequestrations develop problematic fluid collections in the chest cavity. In these situations a Harrison catheter shunt can be used to drain the chest fluid into the amniotic fluid.
In rare instances where the fetus has a very large lesion, resuscitation after delivery can be dangerous. In these situations a specialized delivery for management of the airway compression can be planned called the EXIT procedure, or a fetal laser ablation procedure can be performed. During this minimally invasive fetal intervention, a small needle is inserted into the sequestration, and a laser fiber is targeted at the abnormal blood vessel going to the sequestration. The goal of the operation is to use laser energy to stop the blood flow to the sequestration, causing it to stop growing. Ideally, after the surgery, the sequestration steals less blood flow from the fetus, and the heart and lungs start growing more normally as the sequestration shrinks in size and the pleural effusion goes away.
The treatment for this is a wedge resection, segmentectomy, or lobectomy via a VATS procedure or thoracotomy.
Pulmonary sequestrations usually get their blood supply from the thoracic aorta.


Oaksterdam University

Oaksterdam University is self-recognized as America's first cannabis college. Located in Oakland, CA, the educational facility and "political institution" was founded in November 2007 by medical marijuana activist Richard Lee to offer quality training for the cannabis industry, with a mission to "legitimize the business and work to change the law to make cannabis legal." Its main campus is located in the Oaksterdam area of Downtown Oakland, California. The university once had campuses in Los Angeles, Sebastopol, and Michigan. Currently the only brick & mortar campus resides in Oakland. As of recently, the school has taken their program on the road, conducting 2 to 4 day seminars in order to meet the demand for education. Oaksterdam has conducted seminars in Atlantic City, Denver, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., and Orlando, FL, with many more cities on the agenda.
History.
Activist Richard Lee was inspired to create Oaksterdam University after visiting the Cannabis College in Amsterdam. Lee recalled:
The university offered its first classes to 22 students in November 2007. As of November 2009, the university has thus far graduated nearly 25,000 students from over 30 countries.
Raid.
On April 2, 2012, Oaksterdam University was raided by the IRS, accompanied by the DEA and US Marshals Service. The raid additionally targeted Coffeeshop Blue Sky and the Oaksterdam museum, both affiliated with Oaksterdam University. A number of the university's assets were seized, including plants, records, computers and bank accounts.
Due to the city of Oakland's support of the university, the Oakland Police Department was not informed of the raid. Subsequently, on the same day, there was a shooting in a nearby school. As a result, the Oakland Police Dept. wasn't prepared to handle the numerous protestors (which included city council members ) and respond to the shooting in time. Oaksterdam University continued to put on classes less than 48 hours later. Incorrect reports often cite that the event was conducted by the DEA. Although the university was only one of many businesses under the corporate umbrella subject to the investigation, it was the Oaksterdam University name that was mentioned in the news due to its on-air and international recognition. No charges have been filed. Richard Lee retired, dissolving his interest in his businesses, paving the way for a new generation of leadership.
After the raid, Oaksterdam University officials stated that they would immediately reopen. Founder Richard Lee said following the raid that he'll be giving up ownership of the organization, citing mounting debt and concern for incurring federal charges. School officials continued to teach classes. The university has since graduated 25,000 students and continues to add more programs.
Curriculum.
The university's curriculum reaches all aspects of the medical marijuana industry, from horticulture to legal issues, politics, history, civics, economics, extracts, topical applications, business management, dispensary management, delivery business, cooking with cannabis and much more.
The school has two main programs. The classic curriculum is a more comprehensive track that teaches students about the industry. The horticulture track teaches about growing cannabis specifically. Each program can be taken in either 14-week semesters, offered in the summer, spring and fall or every other weekend in fast track, seminar format. Seminars are 2 to 4 days, conducted on weekends, which include lessons and lectures on politics, legal issues, horticulture, as well as business management. Oaksterdam University recently offered a CME and CNE course in Orlando, FL where physicians and nurses received continuing education credits. The activity was approved for AMA PRA Category 1 Credits.
Notwithstanding the above, people must be aware that the university is not accredited by any educational authority, so spending in any of its programs is that, an expense and not an investment, as it provides knowledge of a general nature without official validity, that you can find on the web.
Opposition.
Opposition to the university has been shown by the Drug Enforcement Administration, which claims the school "sends the wrong message in the country's fight against drugs and promotes criminal activity." Opinion has since changed. More doctors including U.S. surgeon general Vivek Murthy said that marijuana can be helpful, Retired DEA Administrative Law Judge Francis L. Young stated "The evidence in this record [9-6-88 ruling] clearly shows that marijuana has been accepted as capable of relieving the distress of great numbers of very ill people, and doing so with safety under medical supervision. It would be unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious for DEA to continue to stand between those sufferers and the benefits of this substance in light of the evidence in this record."
The ongoing legal risk to the university has also recently shifted in light of new federal guidance released by the Cole Memorandum on August 29, 2013, which de-emphasized federal prosecutions of cannabis businesses in states which had legalized the drug for medical or other adult use.
In media.
Oaksterdam University is the subject of the 2012 documentary "California, 90420".


X-ray of hip dysplasia

X-rays of hip dysplasia are one of the two main methods of medical imaging to diagnose hip dysplasia, the other one being medical ultrasonography. Ultrasound imaging yields better results defining the anatomy until the cartilage is ossified. When the infant is around 3 months old a clear roentgenographic image can be achieved. Unfortunately the time the joint gives a good x-ray image is also the point at which nonsurgical treatment methods cease to give good results.
Children.
Image quality checking.
Reliability of measurements increases if indicators of pelvic alignment are taken into account:
Measurements.
The most useful lines and angles that can be drawn in the pediatric pelvis assessing hip dysplasia are as follows:
Adults.
Landmarks.
In the adult hip there are important landmarks to be recognized on plain film radiographs:
Measurements.
On CT, the anterior center-edge Lequesne’s angle can be measured in a false profile view of the hip or in a sagittal CT scan. In this case the tangent line touches the anterior rim of the acetabulum. Values under 20° indicate undercoverage of the femoral head.
The sciatic spine and posterior wall signs are other signs associated with acetabular retroversion. The first one is considered positive when the sciatic spine is projected medial to the iliopectineal line in an AP radiography of the spine, indicating that it is not just the acetabulum but the whole hemipelvis that is twisted into retroversion. The second sign is considered positive when the posterior wall edge is medial to the center of the femoral head, indicating deficiency of the posterior wall.
Although femoral version or torsion can be measured by radiographs, CT overcomes the inconsistencies demonstrated in the measurements made by biplane radiography.
Crowe classification.
In 1979 Dr. John F. Crowe et al. proposed a classification to define the degree of malformation and dislocation. Grouped from least severe Crowe I dysplasia to most severe Crowe IV. This classification is very useful for studying treatment results.
Rather than using the Wiberg angle because it makes it difficult to quantify the degree of dislocation they used 3 key elements to determine the degree of subluxation: A reference line at the lower rim of the "teardrop", junction between the femoral head and neck of the respective joint and the height of the pelvis (vertical measurement). They studied anteroposterior pelvic x-rays and drew horizontal lines through the lower rim of a feature called "teardrop". The distance between this line and the middle lines of the junction between femur head and neck gave them a measure of the degree of femur head subluxation. They further established that a "normal" diameter of the femur head measures 20% of the height of the pelvis. If the middle line of the neck-head junction was more than 10% of the pelvis height above the reference line they considered the joint to be more than 50% dislocated.
The following types resulted:


William Baumgartner

William Baumgartner is professor of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and executive director of the American Board of Thoracic Surgery. He is known for his work in neurological protection during cardiac surgery. He was president of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation for 1996–1997.


Perfume intolerance

Perfume intolerance or perfume allergy is a condition wherein people exhibit sensitivity or allergic reactions to ingredients in some perfumes and some other fragrances. It is a form of multiple chemical sensitivity, a more general phenomenon for this diagnosis.
Symptoms.
Symptoms depend on each person's allergies and each perfume's or fragrance's ingredients. Symptoms may include allergic contact dermatitis, asthma attacks, headaches, and others. The most common allergic reactions to perfume or fragrances added to products is contact dermatitis, though other symptoms may occur, including allergic conjunctivitis.
The diagnosis of the causal allergen is made by patch testing with a mixture of fragrance ingredients, the fragrance mix. This gives a positive patch-test reaction in about 10% of tested patients with eczema, and the most recent estimates show that 1.7–4.1% of the general population are sensitized to ingredients of the fragrance mix.
Two studies show that inhalant-like allergies and sensitivity/intolerances are experienced by a subset of the US population, in the form of asthma and chemical sensitivities. Results aggregated from both surveys found that 30.5% of the general population reported scented products on others irritating, 19% reported adverse health effects from air fresheners, and 10.9% reported irritation by scented laundry products vented outside.
Household products, such as soaps and detergents, perfume products, cosmetics, and other consumer goods, are estimated to use 2,500 different fragrance ingredients. Of those, approximately 100 different substances are known to elicit responses in at least some individuals. An estimated 1.7–4.1% of the general population shows a contact allergic response to a mix of common perfume ingredients.
The diagnosis is made by patch testing with a mixture of fragrance ingredients, the fragrance mix. This gives a positive patch-test reaction in about 10% of tested patients with eczema, and the most recent estimates show that 1.7–4.1% of the general population are sensitized to ingredients of the fragrance mix.
Although products can be labeled "fragrance-free", many still contain lesser-known fragrance chemicals that consumers may not recognize.
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamic aldehyde) is a common fragrance allergen.


American Board of Orthodontics

American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) is a non-profit professional association for orthodontists founded in 1929.
History.
The organization was first established as "the American Board of Orthodontia" in 1929 and later changed its name to the American Board of Orthodontics in 1938. The board was established by the American Association of Orthodontists in Estes Park, Colorado. Albert Ketcham Award was established by the organization in 1935 to give the highest recognition to an individual in Orthodontics. In 1950, American Dental Association recognized ABO as the official certifying agency of the specialty of Orthodontics in the United States. Charles H. Tweed was the first certified orthodontist in the United States and Martin Dewey was the first Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.
In 1950, ABO required graduates from residencies of Orthodontics to present 15 cases and a thesis to get board certified. In 1964, a written examination was implemented by the ABO. In 1978, the association discontinued the thesis requirement from the graduates. In 2011, a New Examination Center opened in St. Louis for ABO Clinical Examinations for graduates.
The mission of The American Board of Orthodontics is to elevate the quality of orthodontic care for the public by promoting excellence through certification, education, and professional collaboration.[]
The society also confers awards every year which are presented to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of Orthodontics.


Otto Kahler

Otto Kahler (January 8, 1849 – January 24, 1893) was an Austrian physician and pathologist born in Prague.
In 1871 he obtained his medical doctorate in Prague, and following an educational trip to Paris, returned to his hometown as an assistant to Joseph Halla (1814–1887) at the internal clinic. In 1882 he became an associate professor at Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, and a few years later (1886), was a "full professor" of pathology and therapy. In 1889 he relocated to the University of Vienna, succeeding Heinrich von Bamberger (1822–1888) as professor of special pathology. After a year in Vienna, he developed tongue cancer and his assistant, Friedrich Kraus (1858–1936), subsequently took over his lectures. Kahler died in Vienna in 1893.
He is best known for describing multiple myeloma, a hematological malignancy, which is called "Kahler's disease" in his honor in several countries. Additionally, he made various important discoveries in the field of neurology, such as describing syringomyelia, and the arrangement of the posterior columns in the spinal cord (the Kahler–Pick law, with Arnold Pick).


John de Castro

John M. de Castro is an American psychologist who served as founding Dean of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Sam Houston State University from 2006 to 2013. Previously, he had served as professor and chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of Texas at El Paso, where he had begun teaching in August 2003. Prior to that, from 1974 to August 2003, he taught at Georgia State University. Much of his research is focused on eating behavior in humans. He received the 11th John M. Kinney Award for Nutrition and Metabolism in recognition of his research.


Marian Gieszczykiewicz

Marian Teodor Ludwik Gieszczykiewicz (born May 21, 1889 in Kraków, Austria-Hungary - July 30, 1942 in Auschwitz) was a Polish physician, bacteriologist.
Gieszczykiewicz was professor at the Jagiellonian University starting in 1924 and member of the Polish Academy of Skills. During the German occupation he taught at the so-called "Secret Universities".
He was imprisoned and died in the German concentration camp Auschwitz.


Matthew Annis


Mental health trust

A mental health trust provides health and social care services for people with mental health disorders in England.
There are 54 mental health trusts. They are commissioned and funded by clinical commissioning groups.
Patients usually access the services of mental health trusts through their GP (primary care medical doctor) or via a stay in hospital. Most of the services are for people who live in the region, although there may be specialist services for the whole of the UK or services that accept national referrals. Mental Health Trusts may or may not provide inpatient psychiatric hospital services themselves (they may form part of a general hospital run by a hospital trust). The various trusts work together and with local authorities and voluntary organisations to provide care.
Services.
Services provided by mental health trusts vary but typically include:
If more specialist hospital treatment is required, Mental Health Trusts will help with rehabilitation back into the community (social inclusion). Trusts may operate community mental health teams, which may include Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment, assertive outreach and early intervention services.
The Mental Health Act 1983, Mental Health Act 2007 and Mental Capacity Act 2005 cover the rights, assessment and treatment of people diagnosed with a mental disorder who are judged as requiring to be detained ("sectioned") or treated against their will. A mental health trust will typically have a Mental Health Act team responsible for ensuring that the Act is administered correctly, including to protect the rights of inpatients, or of service users in the community who may now be under community treatment orders. The Care Quality Commission is the body with overall national responsibility for inspecting and regulating the operation of the mental health act by the regional trusts.
Capacity.
According to the British Medical Association the number of beds for psychiatric patients was reduced by 44% between 2001 and 2017. An average of 726 mental health patients were placed in institutions away for their home area in 2016.
Children of school age are normally treated through Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), usually organised by local government area. Young people who become psychiatric in-patients frequently are treated in adult wards due to lack of beds in wards that are suitable for people of their ages. Young people frequently stay in hospital wards when they are fit for discharge because the mental health support facilities they need are not available where they live.
List of MHTs.
These are the mental health trusts in the NHS in England in 2017 (note that many have NHS Foundation Trust status – a type of trust that has more independence from government):