Sessional GP

A sessional GP is an umbrella term for GPs whose work is organised on a sessional basis, as opposed to GP partners (also called GP principals) whose contract is generally for 24-hour care. The term was first coined by the National Association of Sessional GPs (NASGP), who at the time were called the National Association of Non-Principals (NANP). After consultation with their membership, it was perceived that the term 'non-principal' (which referred to any GP who wasn't a GP principal or partner) was a term that defined these GPs using a negative definition rather than a positive one.
A sessional GP therefore is any GP working as a locum GP or as a salaried GP, and also includes GPs on the returner scheme, and GP retainees.
A locum, is a fully qualified general practitioner who does not have a standard employment contract with the primary care health centre where they work. They are paid by the session, as a difference to the other two types of contractual relationship in a GP practice, salaried GPs and GP partners.
Locum GPs are often self-employed professionals, therefore not entitled to sick leave, holiday pay or redundancy compensation. They obtain work by contracting their services directly with health centres or through temporary staff recruitment agencies. Recent changes in the regulations in United Kingdom allow them to form Limited Liability Companies, although by doing so forfeit the right to contribute income through that company to the NHS superannuation scheme.
Locum GPs typically cover permanent doctors when on sick leave, maternity leave or holiday and fill the gaps between the moment a doctor leaves a practice and another permanent doctor is recruited. They also may be hired to increase the workforce during periods of high demand. Although locum GPs are usually contracted to cover temporary needs, it is not uncommon to find locum GPs working in health centres for long periods of time, sometimes even years.
A typical session in United Kingdom is equivalent to 4 hours and 10 minutes of work, and frequently involves 3 hours of face to face contact with patients in 10 minutes appointments, followed by time for administration (reviewing correspondence from the hospital, reviewing blood test results, writing referral letters, triaging patients' calls…) and doing home visits.
In order to practice as a sessional GP, the doctor must be a fully qualified GP and must prove that they maintain and updates their skills and knowledge to the same standard as any other GP.
Some GPs choose to practice as sessional doctors to allow them to meet other personal commitments, for example, mothers with small children, while for others it is a lifestyle choice.
There are an estimated 22,500 doctors in the UK working as sessional GPs. In 2011 a report suggested the demand for such physicians is expected to increase as National Health Service reforms come into effect.
In 2002, the NASGP developed the locum chambers concept, also referred to as a 'virtual practice', within which locum GPs work together as a collaborative team to support each other, rather than as conventional locum GPs who effectively compete with each other. Resources are all pooled, enabling the chambers to employ staff to support appraisal activities, educational events and organising work. The first chambers to become established was Pallant Medical Chambers in 2004, followed by Yorkshire Medical Chambers in 2008.
Pros and cons.
Pros
- More flexibility in the working conditions: hours, days, type of work.
- In UK, as a form to practice more hands on medicine and reduce the bureaucratic burden posed on permanent GPs.
Cons
- Pay and distance to work may vary significantly due to market conditions.
- The need to adjust to different computer systems, local protocols and referral pathways.
- Lack of control on the organization of the workplace.
- In UK difficulties accessing the NHS Pension scheme.
- Difficulties related to participating only on a snapshot of the care of patients with long term medical conditions.
- Reluctance of some patients to be treated by doctors they are not familiar with.
- Professional isolation
In July 2010, the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund (RMBF) published its report on sessional GPs entitled "Support for Sessional GPs", highlighting the professional isolation of these general practitioners, and recommending the urgent need for professional support such a freelance GP chambers, and highlighting the benefits that meeting up regularly can bring, such as being part of a Self-Directed Learning Group (SDLG).
In March 2011, the RMBF convened a high-level meeting in London with representatives from the British Medical Association, Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP), Departments of Health from all four UK countries, and other GP representative organisations. As the outcome of that meeting, the RCGP agreed to take on the baton from the RMBF to reduce sessional GP isolation.


Jonathan Braun

Jonathan Braun is an American professor of pathology and pharmacology who has more than 140 peer reviewed articles.
Biography.
Braun was born in Cleveland, Ohio but got raised in Los Angeles where he initially took violin lessons. He obtained his bachelor's in chemistry and biology from the Stanford University in 1975 and later got both M.D. and Ph.D. from the Harvard Medical School where he studied with Emil Unanue. He became a resident at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and then became a postdoc fellow at the Whitehead Institute with became a chairman of both the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine and the National Scientific Advisory Committee. Currently he is a president of the Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies, is a director of the Clinical Translational Science Institute, and is also a co-director of tumor immunology at the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.


Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau

Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau (October 17, 1709 – January 4, 1792) was a French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada.
Berbudeau's arrival in Canada is not documented but it is known that he was at Louisbourg in 1743, as there is a record of his marriage at that location He was present in Canada most of the period from then to 1758. During that period he held a number of important positions. In 1759 he returned to France with a group of Acadian refugees and first settled in La Rochelle, afterwards serving among those who had settled in Poitou.
He was one of the first accredited surgeons to practice among a civilian population in Canada, providing medical care that helped to sustain a growing population at a crucial time.


Yvonne Doyle (physician)

Yvonne Doyle CB (born 29 September 1957) is an Irish medical director and director of health protection for Public Health England. She was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 2016 for services to public health.
Career.
Doyle qualified as a doctor at University College Dublin.
She was regional director, London for PHE from 2013. In this time she provided leadership for health and reduction of inequalities at city-wide level to the population of London, and was Statutory Adviser to the Mayor of London.
She became Medical Director and Director of Health Protection for PHE in May 2019. Part of her job specification for this role was "ensuring effective planning and responses to public health emergencies throughout England."
Personal life.
Doyle is married, with two children.


Sherwood Gorbach

Sherwood Leslie Gorbach (born 1934) is an Emeritus Professor at Tufts University School of Medicine. He was editor-in-chief of the journal "Clinical Infectious Diseases" from 2000 to 2016.
Education.
He graduated from Brandeis University in 1955, and completed his MD at Tufts University School of Medicine in 1962.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosus that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for a patent on 17 April 1985, by Gorbach and Barry Goldin, the 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames.
Awards.
He was awarded the Alexander Fleming Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Infectious Diseases Society of America in 2007.


Herbert Nowell

Herbert Nowell, M.D. (died 27-Dec-1953, Vancouver, British Columbia) was a Canadian physician and professor. He is most noted for his philosophy of medicine (based on the "vital force" theory), his defence of herbalism as a valid medical profession, and his role in the founding of Dominion Herbal College in 1926 out of concern regarding the abandonment of botanical medicine by much of the medical establishment. He is also noted for his mentoring relationship with Ella Birzneck.


Apollodorus (physician)

Apollodorus () is the name of two physicians mentioned by Pliny the Elder, one of whom was a native of Citium (modern Kition), in Cyprus, the other of Tarentum (modern Taranto). Perhaps it was one of these who wrote to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, giving him directions as to what wines he should drink, though to which king of this name his precepts were addressed is not mentioned. A person of the same name wrote a work "Ointments and Chaplets" (Περὶ Μύρων καὶ Στεφάνων) quoted by Athenaeus, and another, quoted by the same author, "On Venomous Animals" (Περὶ Θηρίων), which is possibly the work that is several times referred to by Pliny.


Roger Fillingim

Roger B. Fillingim is an American psychologist currently a Distinguished Professor at University of Florida and has also been awarded the University of Florida Research Foundation Professorship.


Bernie Machen

James Bernard Machen (; born March 26, 1944) is an American university professor and administrator. Machen is a native of Mississippi, and earned several academic degrees before becoming a university administrator and president. Machen had been the president of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah and the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. He also sits on the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute's Board of Trustees. On June 8, 2012, Machen announced he would be stepping down as president in 2013. However, Machen was asked by state and university leaders to stay on, as the school had not yet found a suitable replacement. He was finally succeeded by W. Kent Fuchs on January 1, 2015.
Early life and education.
Machen was born in Greenwood, Mississippi in 1944, and grew up in Saint Louis, Missouri. He graduated from Vanderbilt University with his bachelor's degree in 1966, and was a member of Sigma Chi Fraternity (Alpha Psi Chapter). He also graduated from Saint Louis University with his doctor of dental surgery degree in 1968, from the University of Iowa with a master of science degree in pediatric dentistry in 1972 and a doctor of philosophy degree in educational psychology in 1974.
Before Utah and Florida, Machen was employed in various capacities as professor and administrator by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Michigan. Additionally, he served in various ways with the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Association of Dental Schools. While serving as the president of the University of Utah, Machen served on the board of trustees of the Salt Lake Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics. He is a retired U.S. Army major.
University of Florida president.
During Florida's 2004 search that resulted in the hiring of new head football coach Urban Meyer, it was speculated that Machen's relationship with Meyer might play a role in the selection. Machen was the president at Utah when Meyer was hired as head coach there.
During Machen's term, in 2006, the University of Florida came to agreement with Graduate Assistants United (GAU) to begin providing fully subsidized health care to graduate assistants. GAU is a labor union that represents graduate workers, teaching or research assistants, at UF. GAU negotiated with the administration to include the new program, in their collective bargaining agreement - the culmination of a long GAU campaign. The University of Florida's Graduate Student Council (GSC), an advocacy/student government group, had also worked to bring the issue to the administration's attention and with GAU had representatives on an advisory committee that reviewed bids from insurance companies.
In January 2009 Machen announced his initiative to increase diversity in the University of Florida's faculty. His leadership was instrumental in creating a Council on Diversity that will be in charge of collecting and analyzing data from different colleges and departments, as well as proposing policies to increase diversity around the university.
In February 2009, Machen and the Board of Trustees stipulated that they are going to have the University of Florida go through a major transition. The Board of Trustees supported the reduction of the number of undergraduates and shifting resources to graduate education and research in the future.
In Fall 2010, Machen and Provost Joseph Glover were at the head of an effort to institute block tuition at the University of Florida. In replacement of having students pay by credit hour, students would have been charged a flat-rate fee analogous to 15 credits for full-time undergraduate students regardless of whether they take 12, 15 or 18 credits. The measure to submit proposals for this switch was approved by the Florida Board of Governors in November and would result in an 8 percent increase to state tuition, and an average 7 percent increase imposed by UF, which brings the total increase to 15 percent. The switch was estimated at bringing in $4 million of extra recurring revenue annually for the University. UF is the only university in the state that has expressed a desire to pursue block tuition.
In an email to University of Florida staff dated June 8, 2012, Machen announced that he informed the UF Board of Trustees of his intention to step down as president of the University of Florida next year. Machen stated his commitment to continuing leadership during the transition to a new university president. However, on January 8, by the request of Florida Governor Rick Scott, Machen decided to stay on as president of the university.
He was succeeded by W. Kent Fuchs on January 1, 2015.
Salary.
Machen receives a base salary of $432,808 and $285,000 in annual performance bonuses, with his total annual compensation equalling $751,000, the fourth largest salary in the country for a public university president in 2007. He has been criticized for reducing funding to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences by both faculty and other administrators. However, in December 2008, Machen announced that he would give his yearly bonus of $285,000 back to the University of Florida with the stipulation that the money had to be used to help fund the Florida Opportunity Scholars Program. When Machen was hired by the University of Florida in 2003, his contract stated he would be eligible, after five years, to receive either a one-year sabbatical (paid leave) or receive the $450,000 bonus in addition to his annual salary. In January 2009, Machen chose to take $400,000 in four annual installments, but after receiving the first $100,000 installment in 2009, it was realized that the four-year payment plan would require Machen to pay federal income taxes on all four installments at the time of the first installment payment. In March 2010, the Board of Trustees voted to pay the remaining three installments in a single lump sum so that Machen might avoid further negative tax consequences. With the addition of the $300,000 lump-sum payment to his base salary and annual performance bonus, Machen's total compensation was approximately $1,050,000 in 2010. Machen's contract ended in 2013.
Controversy.
Machen stirred a mild controversy by making a veiled innuendo regarding the University of Michigan's academics as they relate to student-athletes and implying that Ohio State University basketball star Greg Oden's academic schedule is a joke.
"U.S. News" rankings controversy.
On June 17, 2009, it was reported that Bernie Machen had rated the University of Florida above schools such as Duke University and the University of Pennsylvania on the annual "U.S. News & World Report" college rankings survey. Machen rated the University of Florida as "distinguished," while rating all other Florida state universities at least two tiers below the University of Florida. These actions were questioned by several Florida media outlets, including the "St. Petersburg Times".
Politics.
Machen stands against the boycotting of Israeli universities. He condemned the proposed boycott in a letter that ran as a full-page advertisement in the August 8, 2007 edition of "The New York Times". He helped write the letter in opposition to a recent vote by Britain's leading faculty union, which decided to debate the possibility of boycotting Israeli academic institutions. If passed by Britain's University and College Union, the boycott would cut off relations with Israeli schools to serve as a rebuke of Israel's Palestinian policies.
In January 2008, Machen publicly endorsed U.S. Senator John McCain for President of the United States. However, Machen cautioned that it should not be interpreted as an endorsement from the entire UF community. Bernie Machen also described how he has been a long-time supporter of Senator McCain.
In August 2009, Machen publicly endorsed George LeMieux to fill retiring U.S. Senator Mel Martinez's United States Senate seat. Machen cited LeMieux's strong support for higher education and endorsed Governor Charlie Crist's selection to fill the open senate seat. He stipulated that he was not supporting LeMieux for political reasons.
Machen and his wife, Chris, left for a week–long trip to Iran on Thursday, November 13, 2008. The University of Florida's first couple was part of a delegation that included six U.S. university presidents. While in Iran, the presidents visited universities in Tehran and elsewhere and met with their presidents and faculty. At Sharif University, the presidents were part of a forum with Iranian students.
Machen and his wife Chris wrote a letter to the editor published in the "Gainesville Sun" expressing their opposition to a city charter amendment on the March 2009 Gainesville city election ballot that would prohibit transgender individuals from using gender specific public facilities for their chosen gender identity as opposed to their physical identity.
On September 22, 2010, Machen was one of six presidents of major American research universities who met with U.S. Vice President Joe Biden in a roundtable meeting at the White House to discuss the use of funds appropriated by the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for scientific research. As of 2009, the University of Florida has received about $120 million in so-called "stimulus" funds from the act. Machen touted the six-year study by the University of Florida's Institute on Aging on whether a physical activity regimen can prevent or delay physical disability in the elderly. The study is being funded by approximately $29.5 million in stimulus funds. Machen said the money is worth spending, considering the potential impact the results can have on lowering health care costs. Machen was joined by the presidents of Purdue University, Johns Hopkins University, Washington State University, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of California.
On November 29, 2010, Machen was named to an Economic Development Transition Team of Governor-elect Rick Scott. Machen's expertise in higher education and its impact on the economy is what interested Scott.
In January 2012, Machen and Florida State University's Eric J. Barron met with the Florida House of Representatives Higher Education Committee in Tallahassee to discuss improving higher education in the state of Florida. Machen suggested universities should charge higher tuition for science, technology, engineering and math degrees because of their high cost to schools and brought up students' failure to graduate in four years, in spite of the higher credit-hour requirements of some of these degrees as compared to other undergraduate fields of study. "I just can't get them to leave," he stated.
In April 2012, Machen expressed his disappointment, in an email to University of Florida students, faculty, and staff, regarding Florida Governor Rick Scott's decision to veto the Preeminence Bill. The bill would have allowed the University of Florida and Florida State University to increase tuition by more than the current cap of 15% per year. At that rate of increase tuition at these universities could be doubled in five years. Machen's statement explained, "This legislation presented the University of Florida with a pathway toward excellence and would have enabled the great State of Florida to have two world-class universities."


Cancer and Leukemia Group B

Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB; former name: Acute Leukemia Group B, ALGB) is a cancer research cooperative group in the United States.
CALGB research is focused on seven major disease areas: leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal malignancies, genito-urinary malignancies, and melanoma. In each of these areas, multi-modality treatment programs are designed by national experts. CALGB is headquartered at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois and maintains its statistical centers at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and Duke University in Durham, NC.
History.
The group that was to become known as the CALGB got its roots when James F. Holland initiated a clinical trial for acute leukemia in 1953 while at the National Cancer Institute. In 1954, before the trial was complete, Holland moved to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (then known as Roswell Park Memorial Institute), but the new chief of oncology Gordon Zubrod at the NCI agreed to continue the trial, and a multicenter trial was thus born. In 1955, Congress granted $5 million for the study of chemotherapy and began the Chemotherapy National Service Center which was headquartered at the NCI. An interinstitutional protocol for the treatment of leukemia was started by Emil "Tom" Frei at the NCI, involving 3 groups: NCI, RPMI, and Children's Hospital in Buffalo.
In 1956, this group was designated the Acute Leukemia Group B by the Chemotherapy National Service Center, and Frei became its chairman. (There was also an Acute Leukemia Group A, which later became the Children's Cancer Study Group.) During this time, the group expanded to a national level. Holland became the new chairman in 1962 after Frei resigned. The group changed its name to Cancer and Leukemia Group B in 1976 to reflect its role with solid tumors as well as leukemia.
In March 2011, CALGB merged with two other cooperative groups - the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) and North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) to form The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology. This was due to the call in April 2010 from the Institute of Medicine to strengthen and streamline operations among NCI clinical trials cooperative group programs. In June 2010, ACOSOG, CALGB and NCCTG integrated their statistical, data management and information technology functions. Having already merged some functions, the three groups began evaluating the possibility of full integration to further streamline operations, expand their scientific research opportunities, and apply for funding as a new, larger cooperative group.
In June 2011, governing boards of ACOSOG, CALGB and NCCTG endorsed a proposed Alliance constitution, bylaws and transition plan. The Transition Alliance Board of Directors then ratified the constitution and elected a new Group Chair, Monica M. Bertagnolli, MD, along with board members to serve on the Executive Committee. The first Alliance Group Meeting was held in November 2011 in Chicago, IL. The merger was completed in 2014.
Function.
CALGB Research Objectives
Studies.
The number of CALGB protocols involving multimodality treatment of adult solid tumors has increased steadily over the years. Areas of particular interest within CALGB are the role of minimally invasive surgery in patients receiving state-of-the-art multimodality therapy as well as neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgery.
During the 1970s, the CALGB initiated the application of immunologic methods for the study of leukemia and lymphoma. Continuing with progressively more sophisticated studies, interest has expanded to include the application of molecular-genetic techniques to characterize leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors at the gene level.
Pharmacokinetic data are important for determining the optimal dose or schedule of a drug. The Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Committee has increasingly focused on pharmacogenetics, the study of how genetic variation may impact on the toxicity or efficacy of drug therapy. The CALGB has a long history of accomplishments in evaluating new therapeutic agents. The Group has developed innovative strategies for testing new agents while allowing patients to receive standard therapies.
The CALGB has pioneered the use of telephone interviews for data collection concerning quality of life in cancer patients. Studies exploring the relationship between therapy and quality of life and the economic impact of new treatments are underway. CALGB has been among the leaders in designing studies specifically assess the pharmacology and tolerance of chemotherapy in older patients, barriers to treatment of older patients on clinical trials, and therapeutic options for older women with early stage breast cancer.
Study development and monitoring.
The concept for a new study originated by a CALGB member is discussed by the Disease Committee and Modality Committee core; it is then discussed by the full committee. The committee chairs bring the concept to the Executive Committee and, if approved, the Study Chair develops a draft protocol. The relevant Committee Chair, the responsible Statistician, appropriate chairs of other Disease and Modality committees, patient advocates, and the Principal Investigators at the main member institutions are involved in the protocol design. After CALGB review and NCI approval, the Central Office officially activates the protocol. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) periodically reviews interim reports prepared by the Statistical Center for all Phase III studies. When the required number of patients has been entered on a study, the study is closed. The DSMB may elect to terminate a protocol early or to continue a study beyond its intended accrual. Final analysis of the data is the responsibility of the Statistical Center and the Study Chair.
The CALGB Radiation Oncology Quality Assurance Subcommittee reviews CALGB data under the auspices of the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC) in Lincoln, Rhode Island. QARC was organized to monitor radiotherapy quality assurance programs for several cooperative groups and is supported independently of the CALGB. Today QARC provides radiotherapy quality assurance and diagnostic imaging data management to all of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored cooperative groups. These groups include CALGB, the Children's Oncology Group (COG), the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), and others. Although QARC is largely supported by grants from the NCI and NIH (National Institutes of Health), the center also contracts privately with the pharmaceutical industry so as to offer its services in clinical trials for anti-cancer drugs. Lastly, QARC maintains a strategic affiliation with the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS) in Worcester, Massachusetts.
The Institutional Performance Evaluation Committee (IPEC) develops and implements standards of performance for the CALGB and reviews performance of protocol requirements and quality of data submitted by individual institutions on a semi-annual basis.
The CALGB protects the privacy of our clinical trial participants as required by law. The CALGB recognizes the importance of policies and procedures that encourage women and minority participation in CALGB clinical trials; currently, more than 50% of CALGB study patients are women. The Minority Initiative program was created to increase the number of minority patients participating in CALGB studies. Particular attention is directed toward developing protocols that focus on diseases that exact a heavy toll on minority populations.


Vanuatu Red Cross Society

Vanuatu Red Cross Society was founded in 1992. It has its headquarters in Port Vila.


Activator technique

The Activator Method Chiropractic Technique is a chiropractic treatment method and device created by Arlan Fuhr as an alternative to manual manipulation of the spine or extremity joints. The device is categorized as a mechanical force manual assisted (MFMA) instrument which is generally regarded as a softer chiropractic treatment technique.
Activator Adjusting Instrument.
The traditional Activator Adjusting Instrument (AAI), or more simply, Activator, is a small handheld spring-loaded instrument which delivers a controlled and reproducible impulse to the spine. With the release of the Activator V this process has changed from a spring-loaded grip to an electronic tool which delivers the mechanical force. It was found to give off no more than 0.3 J of kinetic energy in a 3-millisecond pulse. The aim is to produce enough force to move the vertebrae, but not enough to cause injury. The design of the tool was based on a dental impactor.
Activator I was the first product patented by Activator Methods International on September 26, 1978.
In 1994 the Activator II was first released when research at the University of Vermont found that when the initial instrument was given an impedance head it produced a "significant improvement in the frequency content" of the force delivered to the spine. This led to a better activation of mechanoreceptors when adjusting a specific segment of the spine.
Activator V is the newest iteration of Activator products and is a cordless instrument capable of delivering its own adjustment. It is the first FDA registered and approved cordless electronic chiropractic adjustment instrument.
Leg length test reliability.
Although prone "functional leg length" is a widely used chiropractic tool, it is not a recognized anthropometric technique, since legs are often naturally of unequal length, and measurements in the prone position are not entirely valid estimates of standing X-ray differences. Measurements in the standing position are far more reliable. Another confounding factor is that simply moving the two legs held together and leaning them imperceptibly to one side or the other produces different results. The Activator Methods technique uses leg length checks while prone (Position 1) and with the knees bent to 90 degrees (Position 2). Research shows good intraexaminer reliability and moderate interexaminer reliability with leg length checks in position 1, however no consensus has been met on the accuracy of leg length checks in position 1.
Utilization rates.
In 2003, the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners found that 69.9% of chiropractors used the technique, and 23.9% of patients received it. The majority of US chiropractic schools and some schools in other countries teach the AMCT method, and an estimated 45,000 chiropractors worldwide use AMCT or some part of the technique.
Results.
There have been a number of studies of AMCT, including case reports, clinical studies and randomized controlled trials. A few studies suggest that the activator may be as effective as manual adjustment in treatment of back pain.


Medial arcuate ligament

The medial arcuate ligament (also medial lumbocostal arch and internal arcuate ligament) is a tendinous fascia that arches over the psoas major muscle as it passes through the diaphragm.
Structure.
The medial arcuate ligament is an arch in the fascia covering the upper part of the psoas major. It is attached to the side of the body of the first or second lumbar vertebra, laterally, it is fixed to the front of the transverse process of the first and, sometimes also, to that of the second lumbar vertebra.
It lies between the lateral arcuate ligament and the midline median arcuate ligament.
The sympathetic chain enters the abdomen by passing deep into this ligament of the diaphragm. This is in contrast to the parasympathetic Vagus nerve which passes through the esophageal hiatus.


Laurent Colot

Laurent Colot (1520–1590) was a French physician.
Colot specialized in the treatment of kidney stones, using secret techniques he inherited from his father Germain. Laurent was named lithotomist of the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris and, in 1556, was named Operator of Stones for Henri II, although Ambroise Paré was the king's general surgeon.
Colot was the first of several generations of Paris lithotomists.


Helen Boucher

Helen Boucher is Chief of the Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Tufts Medical Center, a Professor of Medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine, and Director of the Tufts Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance.
Education.
Helen Boucher graduated with an undergraduate degree in English from College of the Holy Cross, before earning her medical degree from the University of Texas Medical School at Houston.
Career.
Boucher has worked as a physician in the field of infectious diseases since the mid-1990s. She is a professor at Tufts University and the founding co-director of the Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance along with Ralph Isberg. She has also served as the Director of the Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program at the Tufts Medical Center, and is currently a physician and Chief of the Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases. As a scholar, her research focuses on drug-resistant medical infections. She has also commented on public medical issues in publications including the "Washington Post".
Boucher is also a member of the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, and is an associate editor of "Infectious Diseases" and a member of the editorial board for "Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy". Boucher is also treasurer of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.


Robert Froriep

Robert Friedrich Froriep (2 February 1804 – 15 June 1861) was a German anatomist who was a native of Jena. He was the father of anatomist August von Froriep (1849–1917).
He studied medicine in Bonn, and later became prosector and conservator of the pathological museum at the Charité Hospital in Berlin, where he was mentor to Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). He held these position at the Charité from 1833 until 1846, and supplemented his income as a teacher of anatomic drawing at the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1847 he was succeeded by Virchow as prosector at the Charité.
In the spring of 1846 he succeeded his father as director of the "Weimarischer Landes-Industrie-Comptoir" in Weimar, where he worked as a publisher of illustrated scientific and medical works. In 1851 he returned to medicine, and several years later sold the "Landes-Industrie-Comptoir" to Ludwig Denicke from Lüneburg.
Froriep is largely known for popularizing non-German illustrated works, making them known to German scientists and physicians. He published "Abbildungen der Hautkrankheiten", a translation of Thomas Bateman's "Delineations of Cutaneous Disease". He also published translated works of Astley Cooper (1768–1841), Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835), Louis Joseph Sanson (1790–1841) and Louis Jacques Bégin (1793–1859).
In 1843 Froriep made early mention of a condition that would later be known as fibromyalgia, describing it as "rheumatism with painful, hard places" that could be felt in many locations on the body. He characterized the condition as "muskelschwiele" (muscle callus) and reported his findings in a paper titled "Ein beitrag zur pathologie und therapie des rheumatismus".


American College of Osteopathic Internists

The American College of Osteopathic Internists (ACOI) is a medical association in the United States representing osteopathic physicians that specialize in internal medicine. The ACOI is one of two professional organizations representing internal medicine physicians in the United States, the other organization is the American College of Physicians. ACOI is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (CME).
History.
ACOI was founded in 1923 as the American Society of Osteopathic Internists. In 1941, the organization adopted its current name, American College of Osteopathic Internists.
Fellows.
The honor of fellow is bestowed upon members that exhibit dedication to the profession. The recipient receives becomes a Fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists, which is abbreviated FACOI. Honorary versions of this award are also given. On November 14, 1979, Linus Pauling received an Honorary Fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists by the ACOI for delivering a presentation at the ACOI Convocation.


Arthur Anderson Martin

Arthur Anderson Martin (26 March 1876 – 17 September 1916) was a New Zealand surgeon . He was born in Milton, South Otago, New Zealand on 26 March 1876. Dr. Martin served in the British Expeditionary Force & the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I, and was fatally wounded during the battle of the Somme in 1916. He died in Amiens, France.


Pierre Charles Huguier

Pierre Charles Huguier (4 September 1804 – 12 January 1873) was a French surgeon and gynecologist born in Sézanne.
In 1834 he received his medical doctorate at Paris, and was later a surgeon at the Hôpital Beaujon. In 1835 he became an associate professor of the faculty of medicine at Paris.
Huguier is remembered for his pioneer work with genitourinary diseases such as lymphogranuloma venereum and uterine fibroma, with the latter disorder being formerly referred to as "Huguier's disease". He provided an early description of the anastomosis around the isthmus of the uterus, which is sometimes referred to as "Huguier's circle". His name is also lent to two anatomical structures associated with the ear:
He is also credited with development of a specialized hysterometer (uterine sound).


Marshall Brucer

Dr Marshall Brucer (1913–1994) was an American medical researcher from Chicago, Illinois. He was appointed Chairman of the Medical Division of Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies in 1949, where he researched the applications of radiation in the treatment of cancer and other malignant diseases. He retired as Division chairman in 1962. A compendium of his writing entitled "A Chronology of Nuclear Medicine" was published by Robert R. Butaine in September 1990.
Career.
Brucer was educated at Northwestern University and the University of Chicago. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science and a Doctor of Medicine. He was an intern at Mallory Institute of Pathology in Boston. During the late 1930s he studied human physiological responses to the increasing pace and changing nature of modern life, including blood pressure and heart conditions. He also identified correlations between body shape and blood pressure.
Brucer joined the United States Army in 1942, and was released in 1946 as a lieutenant colonel. He served as surgeon of the Airborne Command at Camp Mackall, North Carolina.
He then joined the University of Texas' Medical School staff. In 1949, Brucer became the Chairman of the Medical Division of the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, where he researched the application of radiation in the treatment of cancers and other malignant diseases.
In 1951, Brucer directed tests of the use of radioactive cobalt in prospective radiotherapy. The instruments used were manufactured by General Electric.
In 1952, Brucer was supervising a hospital staff of 60 people, including doctors, physicists, radiologists, nurses and others. The hospital was sponsored by 29 southern American universities. Patients volunteered to receive experimental therapies at the hospital. They were given atomic "cocktails" to drink and injections of radio-isotopes, and became temporarily radioactive. While not guaranteed that the treatments would be successful, patients were assured that none of the new medicines would cause harm.
Brucer was also involved in discussions regarding the establishment of a nuclear reactor at the University of Houston por the production of radio-isotopes in 1952.
In 1953, Brucer gave testimony to a House Commerce Committee on the medical applications of nuclear energy. The Committee hoped to establish what the Atomic Energy Commission was achieving in the field of nuclear medicine.
In 1954, a new radiotherapy device using cesium as the gamma radiation source was scheduled to be tested in Rockford, Illinois. Brucer was a spokesperson for the project, which was funded by the Atomic Energy Commission. The machine was to be tested on animal subjects prior to its application to human cancer patients. The device benefited from military research in computer control, and was pioneering in its degree of automation.
In 1955, Brucer dedicated a new cobalt-based radiotherapy machine at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, California. The dedication was made with Senator J. William Fulbright and industrialist Paul G. Hoffman. Another was dedicated a City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte. Brucer invented an "iron maiden" containing radioactive sand which was tested for the treatment of breast cancer. That year he also announced the intention to produce cesium-137 for radiotherapy by 1957. Brucer told a conference that the use of radio-isotopes of iodine, gold and phosphorus was becoming increasingly commonplace. He said that shipments of radioactive drugs from Oak Ridge numbered 50,000 units of radio-iodine, 50,000 units of radio-gold and 13,000 units of radio-phosphorus each month.
In 1956, Brucer said of progress in his field:Isotopes remain potentially wonderful but the challenge now is how to handle them right, how to watch our step. Their role in physics and chemistry is highly technical, yet can be accurately measured. Our toughest obstacle in their correct use is human biology. Their effects differ person to person and sometimes even hourly in the same person. Against cancer we have the same problem with isotopes as with the x-ray and radium- minimizing the damage to good cells while killing the wild cells.In 1957, Brucer was elected president of the Society of Nuclear Medicine.
In 1958, Brucer tested experimental treatments for leukemia, involving the application of full body radiation and bone marrow transplants. Brucer said of the work:The amount of radiation between wiping out the bone marrow and the amount needed to kill a patient is a very fine line... it is not yet good therapy, but most [of the patients at Oak Ridge] are terminal cases anyhow and maybe it is justifiable to deprive some of a few months of life to give life to those that are not killed.In 1959, Brucer collaborated with Dr Melvin L. Jacobs and physicist Leon Pape on the establishment of a new facility at the City of Hope Medical Center for research into full body radiation.
Brucer was also involved in the promotion of research grants and gave occasional presentations and radio broadcasts on nuclear medicine in the 1950s around the United States.
In 1961, Brucer presented a research paper to the "Journal of the American Medical Association" which suggested that the question of whether all radiation exposure was harmful was still open. He also argued for the relaxation of permissible dosage limits, telling a group of doctors at St. Paul's Hospital that he daily took four times the maximum accepted dosage of exposure to cobalt-58. He added that he "would very happily take up to one hundred times the maximum permissible dose" and referred to the maximum permissible dose at the time as "ridiculous". In 1960 the maximum permissible dose for radiation workers was set at 12 rads per year.
In 1961, Brucer gave a presentation at the Armed Forces Nuclear Medicine Symposium at Sandia Base. His presentation was on the topic of treatment of acute radiation damage.
He retired as division chairman in 1962, and later moved to Tucson, Arizona.
In 1965, Brucer was awarded the Atomic Energy Commission's citation for outstanding service. By this time he had published over 200 scientific papers and four books, and was acting as an editor of the "International Journal of Applied Radiation and Radioisotopes".
In 1967, Brucer was appointed to the medical advisory committee of the Arizona Atomic Energy Commission.
In the 1970s, the University of Arizona presented the Marshall Brucer Award for distinguished effort in radiation.
Commentary on nuclear weapons test fallout and nuclear hazards.
In 1958, Brucer participated in scientific discussions of the hazards of nuclear fallout. He said of his own medical research work that he "had not seen any somatic (bodily) damage" during his application of radiotherapy. He stated that damage had only been observed when radiation was applied for the purpose of deliberately damaging tissue. He then wrote an opinion editorial later that year that stated that "fallout radiation from atom bomb testing is of the same order of magnitude as natural radiation. It is a tiny addition to our natural environment." In the same piece he argued that it was far easier to kill someone with an automobile than with radiation and made reassuring statements about the relative safety of American nuclear facilities. The piece was written in response to questions posed by the public following the irradiation of eight people at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in an accident there. His article was printed in various newspapers in 1958 and 1959.
In 1959, Brucer went on to speak of nuclear weapon test fallout, predicting that public anxiety on the subject would peak in 1961 or 1962. He told a group of doctors that there was "already some evidence that this manufactured public hysteria is shifting from the scare headline 'fallout' to an equally large scare headline 'waste disposal'."
He continued to present and speak on these topics in 1960. In 1961 he reinforced his view that exposure to nuclear weapons testing fall out was "no cause for panic." He also stated that the ability to measure radioactive fallout was a recent development, but simply being able to measure it didn't mean that it was significant. He also stated that the genetic effects of exposure to fallout on humans was unknown. He stated that "there is no proof that any distant fallout has ever caused any effect on any person."
In 1961, Brucer suggested that the basement of a domestic residence would be sufficient protection from distant fallout, and raised concern regarding the impact of an accidental detonation of a nuclear weapon from the American inventory. In 1962, Brucer described a means of testing for radiation exposure by combing one's hair with a rubber comb and testing the resultant static electricity's ability to pick up a small piece of paper.
Following his retirement in 1962, the American Medical Association continued to repeat Brucer's warning that "over-emphasis on radiation hazard could easily cause us to curtail the use of roentgen rays in medicine, in which case medicine as we now know it would disappear. It might cause us to curtain the use of roentgen rays in dentistry. It could cause us to stop radiation therapy and diagnosis with radioactive isotopes... the neglect of these things would be even more dangerous than under-emphasis of radiation safety."


List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer

There are several conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system that are associated with an increased risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer (i.e. squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma).


David A. Savitz

David A. Savitz is a professor of Community Health in the Epidemiology Section of the Program in Public Health, Vice President for Research, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, at The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Associate Director for Perinatal Research in The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Women & Infants Hospital, both in Providence, Rhode Island.
Savitz is the author of "Interpreting epidemiologic evidence: strategies for study design and analysis" () and more than 275 peer-reviewed articles. He was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2007.
Biography.
Savitz graduated from Brandeis University with a B.A. degree in psychology in 1975. He completed his M.S. degree in preventive medicine at Ohio State University in 1978, and earned his Ph.D. degree in epidemiology from the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health in 1982.
Until 1985, Savitz was Assistant Professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. He then moved to the University of North Carolina; he was appointed Professor and Chair of the University's Department of Epidemiology in 1996, a position he held until 2005.
In January 2006, he joined The Mount Sinai Medical Center as Professor of Preventive Medicine and Director of the Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute.
Savitz is a former editor at the American Journal of Epidemiology and a member of the Epidemiology and Disease Control - 1 Study Section of the National Institutes of Health. He is a former president of the Society for Epidemiologic Research and the Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research and the North American Regional Councilor for the International Epidemiological Association. He is currently an editor at the journal Epidemiology.
Interests include a range of epidemiological, pre- and postnatal and cancer issues, including the connection between miscarriage and C8/C8S, links between alcohol consumption and breast cancer, the effect of drinking water DBPs on fetal survival, links between caffeine and miscarriage and exposure to chemicals and the risk of breast cancer.
In September 2010, Savitz joined Brown University's Alpert Medical School as Professor of Community Health (Epidemiology Section) and Obstetrics and Gynecology. In addition, he joined The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island as associate director of the Division of Research.
Active grants.
Savitz’s research interests include a range of topics in perinatal and pediatric health, cancer, and the environment. These include environmental influences on miscarriage, caffeine and pregnancy outcome, and environmental influences on cancer in children and adults.
He has completed 47 grants and is principal investigator or investigator on the following active grants:
Publications.
Partial list:


Srihari S. Naidu

Srihari S. Naidu is an American physician and Professor of Medicine at New York Medical College who is known for his work on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and on the procedure known as alcohol septal ablation.
Career.
An academic interventional cardiologist, Naidu is an expert in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, including the minimally-invasive alternative to surgery known as alcohol septal ablation. A co-author on the 2011 ACCF/AHA National Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, he is editor of the international textbook on the disease, runs a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Center following over 1000 patients, and has personally performed over 230 alcohol septal ablations, believed to be the largest series by a single-operator in the United States. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death among athletes, and a cause of heart failure at all ages.
Naidu is Director of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy National Center of Excellence - with offices in Long Island and Westchester - at Westchester Medical Center in Valhalla, NY. He is a two-term Past Member of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Interventional Scientific Council, Associate Director of Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics (TCT), and has served on the Program Committee for the American Heart Association Annual Scientific Sessions. He is the author of over 175 original scientific manuscripts, and has authored clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements on behalf of the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA) and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), including Chairing the National Best Practices in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory document that outlines optimal process improvement for all cardiac catheterization laboratories in the United States. Naidu is Founder and Past Chair of the Emerging Leader Mentorship (ELM) Program for SCAI (in partnership with ACC and the Cardiovascular Research Foundation), a national leadership pipeline initiated in 2010 that identifies and trains 12 interventional cardiologists every two years.
Naidu is Past Trustee of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, the primary professional society for physicians specializing in interventional cardiology, and was inducted into the International Andreas Gruentzig Society in 2016. An alum of the highly selective Brown University 8-year Program in Liberal Medical Education, Naidu is Past President of the Alpert Medical School of Brown University Alumni Association Board of Directors, and Trustee Emeritus of the Brown Corporation of Brown University, the governing body of the University wherein ultimate authority resides. In 2019, he was elected Governor and President-Elect of The New York State Chapter of the American College of Cardiology.
Personal life.
Naidu lives in Manhattan, New York.


Marianne Fillenz

Marianne Fillenz (1924 - 2012) was a Neuroscientist at the University of Oxford.
Early life and education.
Fillenz was born in Timișoara, Romania. Her mother was Viennese and her father was Hungarian Jewish. To avoid the rise of the Nazis in Eastern Europe, her family moved to New Zealand in 1939 and settled in Christchurch. Fillenz studied medicine at the University of Otago from 1943 - 1949. Here she met John Eccles, a Professor of Physiology at the University of Otago who went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Eccles inspired her to research physiology alongside her pre-clinical medicine studies. During her time in New Zealand she also met Karl Popper. She published her first paper whilst still a medical student, on acetylcholine and the skeletal muscle. Fillenz moved to the University of Oxford to complete a DPhil in physiology at Somerville College in 1950, under the supervision of Sybil Cooper and David Whitteridge. Her PhD focussed on the receptors that stretch eye muscles. During her first term she met John Clarke, a reproductive physiologist from Australia, and married him sixth months later. Fillenz and Clarke had a notably egalitarian relationship (rare for those times) in the raising of their children and in supporting each other's scientific careers.
Research.
Fillenz remained at Oxford for her entire life. Her research progressed to the physiology of the autonomic nervous system, where she pioneered the use of voltammetry to measure catecholamine and dopamine release. She was a lecturer at St Hilda's College until 1963, when we was awarded a tutorial fellowship at St Anne's College. Fillenz had a remarkable impact on the medical students she taught. And she was a remarkable mentor to many young faculty at Oxford, particularly women faculty. In 1990 she published "Noradrenergic Neurons (Problems in the Behavioural Sciences)." In 2003 she published "Neuroscience: science of the brain: an introduction for young students." She published her final paper, "Memories of John Eccles", in 2012. She died later that year of cancer. From 2018 the University of Oxford have held a lecture series to honour her memory.


Eli Capilouto

Eli Capilouto, DMD, Sc.D. (born August 22, 1949 in Montgomery, Alabama) is the twelfth president of the University of Kentucky. He previously had been the provost of The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB).
Early life.
Capilouto is a native of Alabama. He received most of his education there and has spent much of his career within the state. Capilouto obtained his bachelor's degree from the University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa). His Doctor of Dental Medicine and master's degrees in epidemiology came from UAB. In 1991, he received a doctorate in health policy and management from Harvard School of Public Health. He joined the UAB faculty in 1975. He is married to Mary Lynne Capilouto, who is also a dentist and former dean of the School of Dentistry at UAB. The couple has one daughter.
Academic and administrative career.
Capilouto served as Dean of the UAB School of Public Health from 1994 to 2001 before he returned to his research and faculty appointment as professor. He was named Acting Provost in 2002, and assumed the post permanently in 2005. On 4 May 2011, Capilouto was selected to succeed Lee Todd, Jr., the eleventh president of the University of Kentucky. He was hired under a five-year contract with a base annual salary of $500,000 plus $125,000 in benefits and a possible bonus of up to $50,000.
Under his administration, the University of Kentucky sued the university's student newspaper to appeal an open records dispute with the Kentucky Attorney General regarding a sexual harassment case involving students and a faculty member. The judge upheld the appeal, stating that the student records in the case are protected under the Federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). The newspaper plans to appeal the decision. The situation has created substantial controversy.
Controversy.
Although his 2018 salary and compensation totaled over $1,500,000, Capilouto refused to take a pay cut despite the University of Kentucky furloughing 1500 healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
As the Provost of The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Capilouto was codefendant in an employment discrimination lawsuit, alleging that Capilouto denied the plaintiff a hearing by the University Grievance Committee, in violation of the Faculty Handbook.


National Association for the Support of Long Term Care

The National Association for the Support of Long Term Care (NASL) is a United States trade association of ancillary providers of products and services to the post acute care industry. This includes nursing homes, assisted living, home care, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, independent living, adult day care, hospice and long term care hospitals. NASL represents and advocates for its members on legislative and regulatory issues that impact the quality of care to patients in long term care settings. NASL is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
NASL was formed in 1989 and represents over 100 companies providing medical products, medical services, and information technology to the post acute care industry. NASL member companies employ over 25,000 therapy professionals and represent approximately 64% of the nation's long term care health information technology providers.
NASL continually influences national healthcare policy, particularly, improved Medicare ancillary payments and assurance that laws and regulations are in place to promote quality patient care. NASL has established a positive working relationship with the Government and leads initiatives, such as, extension of therapy cap exceptions process, alternative to a therapy cap, competitive bidding process, and adoption of health information technology.
Every NASL member is active on one of four working committees: Medical Products, Medical Services, Information Technology and Diagnostic Testing. NASL committees and leadership participate in and manage national and industry-wide coalitions, host and sponsor national and state education sessions, and the support the development of healthcare policy.
NASL members receive daily communications regarding federal and state government healthcare decision-making; participate directly in the government healthcare policy-making process; influence issues by speaking directly to elected, appointed, and senior health policy officials; and receive discounts on meeting registration.


Raj Bothra

Raj Bothra is an American surgeon, humanitarian and politician of Indian origin. He is a former Chief of Surgery at the Holy Cross Hospital, Detroit and practices interventional pain management at the Pain Centre USA, Warren. He is a Fellow of the American Board of Interventional Pain Physicians (ABIPP) and is associated with Indian health organizations in conducting lectures to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS and substance abuse. He is politically aligned with the Republican Party and was appointed by George H. W. Bush as the co-chairman of the Asian-American Coalition for the 1988 United States presidential election. He was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri, by the Government of India, in 1999.
According to Detroit News, on Dec 6, 2018, Dr. Bothra was charged along with five other doctors, in an unsealed indictment, with cheating Medicare and Medicaid out of almost $500 million and fueling the nation's opioid epidemic by illegally prescribing more than 13 million doses of prescription pain medication.
The dollars and drugs involved make the alleged health care fraud conspiracy one of the largest in Michigan history, and one of the largest nationwide.
The scheme was focused within three pain clinics in Macomb County. They are The Pain Center USA in Warren and Eastpointe, and Interventional Pain Center in Warren.
The three clinics were owned and operated by Dr. Rajendra Bothra, 77, of Bloomfield Hills, a surgeon, humanitarian and politician. In 1999, Bothra was presented with the fourth highest civilian honor bestowed in India, known as the Padmashri.
Bothra was cited for humanitarian efforts in India, which included educating people about AIDS, the dangers of tobacco and alcohol, and fundraising efforts for medical equipment.
Bothra's clinics "sought to bill insurance companies for the maximum number of services and procedures possible with no regard to the patients’ needs," prosecutors alleged.
In 2018, Dr Bothra was jailed for fuelling the nation's opioid epidemic, cheating Medicare and subjecting to needless, painful back injections.


James Ralston Kennedy Paterson

James Ralston Kennedy "RP" Paterson, CBE, MC, MD, FRCSEd, FRCR, DMRE (Cantab) (21 May 1897 – 29 August 1981) was a radiologist and oncologist in Scotland. Along with Herbert Parker, pioneered the development of the Paterson-Parker rules for the "Radium Dosage System" also known as the Manchester system.
Life and Times.
James Ralston Kennedy Paterson, also known as Ralston Paterson or 'RP' Paterson was born on 21 May 1897 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He attended George Heriot’s School and upon graduation served as an officer in World War I with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and was decorated with the Military Cross. After the War he went back to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and in 1923 awarded MB, ChB (Latin: Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae) with honors, in 1926 completed FRCSEd, and in 1927 granted the MD with commendation. At Edinburgh he met his wife and collaborator Edith Irvin Jones ("EP"). The couple had three children, David, Colin and Elspeth.
In 1925 interest with radiology led to DMRE at Cambridge. Paterson went to the Mayo Clinic for a fellowship in radiology. He received further training in radiotherapy at clinics at the University of Chicago, in Toronto and South Africa. He returned in 1930 to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh as acting director of the radiotherapy department.
In 1931, Paterson was appointed as radiotherapy director of the recently combined Holt Radium Institute and Christie Hospital in Manchester. Edith Paterson began her research at the Holt institute without position or salary. She in time developed her own reputation as a researcher.
In November 1943, Paterson and his wife were invited by the government of Australia including Queensland and Victoria to assist with the establishment of a cancer institute that would provide medical care and services to the community. The Australian government allocated £100,000 for an institute dedicated to cancer treatment and research, with treatment methodologies to focus on X-ray and Radium. Paterson retired in 1962 and he and his wife devoted their efforts to the running of a cattle and sheep farm at Stenreishill, near Moffat, Scotland. He died at home in his sleep. Edith would continue to run the farm until 1992.
Professional accomplishments.
Peterson received numerous accolades and awards in his career.


Bartonellosis

Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus "Bartonella".
"Bartonella" species cause diseases such as Carrión's disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders.
Presentation.
Carrión's disease.
Patients can develop two clinical phases: an acute septic phase and a chronic eruptive phase associated with skin lesions. In the acute phase (also known as Oroya fever or "fiebre de la Oroya"), "B. bacilliformis" infection is a sudden, potentially life-threatening infection associated with high fever and decreased levels of circulating red blood cells (i.e., hemolytic anemia) and transient immunosuppression. "B. bacilliformis" is considered the most deadly species to date, with a death rate of up to 90% during the acute phase, which typically lasts two to four weeks. Peripheral blood smears show anisomacrocytosis with many bacilli adherent to red blood cells. Thrombocytopenia is also seen and can be very severe. Neurologic manifestations (neurobartonellosis) are altered mental status, agitation, or even coma, ataxia, spinal meningitis, or paralysis. It is seen in 20% of patients with acute infection, in which the prognosis is very guarded with an about 50% mortality. The most feared complication is overwhelming infection mainly by Enterobacteriaceae, particularly "Salmonella" (both "S. typhi" and " S. "non-"typhi", as well as reactivation of toxoplasmosis and other opportunistic infections .
The chronic manifestation consists of a benign skin eruption with raised, reddish-purple nodules (angiomatous tumours). The bacterium can be seen microscopically, if a skin biopsy is silver stained (the Warthin–Starry method).
Cat-scratch disease.
Cat-scratch disease is due to an infection by "B. henselae" and manifests as gradual regional lymph nodes enlargement (axilla, groin, neck) which may last 2–3 months or longer and a distal scratch and/or red-brown skin papule (not always seen at the time of the disease). The enlarged lymph node is painful and tender. The lymph nodes may suppurate, some patients may remain afebrile or asymptomatic. Other presentations include fever (particularly in children), Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, encephalopathy, and neuroretinitis.
"B. henselae" can be associated with bacteremia, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis in HIV patients, and bacteremia and endocarditis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Symptoms may include fatigue, headaches, fever, memory loss, disorientation, insomnia, and loss of coordination. The bacteria block the normal immune response by suppressing the NF-κB apoptosis pathway. Disease progression may be accelerated if the host is subsequently infected by an immune-suppressing virus such as Epstein Barr virus.
Bacillary angiomatosis.
"B. henselae" and "B. quintana" can cause bacillary angiomatosis, a vascular proliferative disease involving mainly the skin, and other organs. The disease was first described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and organ transplant recipients. Severe, progressive and disseminated disease may occur in HIV patients. Differential diagnoses include Kaposi´s sarcoma, pyogenic granuloma, hemangioma, "verruga peruana", and subcutaneous tumors. Lesions can affect bone marrow, liver, spleen, or lymph nodes.
Peliosis hepatis.
"B. henselae" is the etiologic agent for peliosis hepatis, which is defined as a vascular proliferation of sinusoid hepatic capillaries resulting in blood-filled spaces in the liver in HIV patients and organ transplant recipients. Peliosis hepatis can be associated with peliosis of the spleen, as well as bacillary angiomatosis of the skin in HIV patients.
Trench fever.
Trench fever, also known as five-day fever or quintan fever, is the initial manifestation of "B. quintana" infection. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Classical presentations include a febrile illness of acute onset, headache, dizziness, and shin pain. Chronic infection manifestations include attacks of fever and aching in some cases and persistent bacteremia in soldiers and homeless people.
Microbiology.
Members of the genus "Bartonella" are facultative intracellular bacteria, alpha 2 subgroup Proteobacteria. The genus comprises:
Pathophysiology.
In mammals, each "Bartonella" species is highly adapted to its reservoir host as the result of intracellular parasitism and can persist in the bloodstream of the host. Intraerythrocytic parasitism is only observed in the acute phase of Carrión´s disease. "Bartonella" species also have a tropism for endothelial cells, observed in the chronic phase of Carrión´s disease (also known as "verruga Peruana") and bacillary angiomatosis.
Pathological response can vary with the immune status of the host. Infection with "B. henselae" can result in a focal suppurative reaction (CSD in immunocompetent patients), a multifocal angioproliferative response (bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised patients), endocarditis, or meningitis.
Diagnosis.
There are several methods used for diagnosing "Bartonella" infection including microscopy, serology, and PCR. Microscopy of blood smears is used to diagnose Carrión’s disease ("B. bacilliformis"), however for other "Bartonella" species, microscopy and silver staining are insensitive, not highly specific, and cannot differentiate species. The CDC does not recommend lymph node aspiration for diagnostic purposes.
Serology and protein-based methods.
IFA (immunofluorescence antibody assay) testing for the presence of antibodies in serum is used to diagnose "B. henselae" infection at the acute onset of Cat Scratch Disease symptoms, followed by PCR to confirm infecting species. IFA can generally be used to confirm a diagnosis of "Bartonella" infection, but is limited by antibody cross-reactivity with other bacteria species which can cause a false positive, and antigen variability which can result in false negatives.
"Bartonella" spp. often evade an immune response, thus antibodies may not be detected even concurrent with an infection, resulting in an IFA false negative rate of up to 83% in chronically infected patients when other test results (e.g. organism isolation or PCR) are positive. IFA sensitivity may range from 14-100%, causing discrepancies between PCR and serology test results. Positive IFA results do not distinguish between current infection and prior exposure.
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is another method that has been used to detect Bartonella, but it has a low sensitivity (17-35%). Western blot for protein detection of Bartonella-associated proteins has also been reported, but this method does not show clear immunoreactive profiles.
PCR.
The CDC states that PCR testing from a single blood draw is not sufficiently sensitive for "B." "henselae" testing, and can result in high false negative rates due to a small sample volume and levels below the limit of molecular detection.
"Bartonella" spp. are fastidious, slow-growing bacteria that are difficult to grow using traditional solid agar plate culture methods due to complex nutritional requirements and potentially a low number of circulating bacteria. This conventional method of culturing "Bartonella" spp. from blood inoculates plated directly onto solid agar plates requires an extended incubation period of 21 days due to the slow growth rate.
Enrichment Culture.
"Bartonella" growth rates improve when cultured in an enrichment inoculation step in a liquid insect-based medium such as "Bartonella" α-Proteobacteria Growth Medium (BAPGM) or Schneider’s Drosophila-based insect powder medium. Several studies have optimized the growing conditions of "Bartonella" spp. cultures in these liquid media, with no change in bacterial protein expressions or host interactions "in vitro". Insect-based liquid media supports the growth and co-culturing of at least seven "Bartonella" species, reduces bacterial culturing time and facilitates PCR detection and isolation of "Bartonella" spp. from animal and patient samples. Research shows that DNA may be detected following direct extraction from blood samples and become negative following enrichment culture, thus PCR is recommended after direct sample extraction and also following incubation in enrichment culture. Several studies have successfully optimized sensitivity and specificity by using PCR amplification (pre-enrichment PCR) and enrichment culturing of blood draw samples, followed by PCR (post-enrichment PCR) and DNA sequence identification.
Serial Testing.
As "Bartonella" spp. infect at low levels and cycle between blood and tissues, multiple blood draws over time may be necessary to detect infection.
Treatment.
Treatment of infections caused by "Bartonella" species include:
Some authorities recommend the use of azithromycin.
Epidemiology.
Carrión's disease, or Oroya fever, or Peruvian wart is a rare infectious disease found only in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is endemic in some areas of Peru, is caused by infection with the bacterium "Bartonella bacilliformis", and transmitted by sandflies of genus "Lutzomyia".
Cat scratch disease occurs worldwide. Cats are the main reservoir of "Bartonella henselae", and the bacterium is transmitted to cats by the cat flea "Ctenocephalides felis". Infection in cats is very common with a prevalence estimated between 40-60%, younger cats being more commonly infective. Cats usually become immune to the infection, while dogs may be very symptomatic. Humans may also acquire it through flea or tick bites from infected dogs, cats, coyotes, and foxes.
Trench fever, produced by "Bartonella quintana" infection, is transmitted by the human body louse "Pediculus humanus corporis". Humans are the only known reservoir. Thorough washing of clothing may help to interrupt the transmission of infection.
A possible role for ticks in transmission of "Bartonella" species remains to be elucidated; in November 2011, "Bartonella rochalimae", "B. quintana", and "B. elizabethae" DNA was first reported in "Rhipicephalus sanguineus" and "Dermacentor nitens" ticks in Peru.
History.
Carrión's disease.
The disease was named after medical student Daniel Alcides Carrión from Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Carrión described the disease after being inoculated at his request with the pus of a skin lesion from patient Carmen Paredes in 1885 by Doctor Evaristo M. Chávez, a close friend and coworker in Dos de Mayo National Hospital. Carrión developed the disease three weeks after the inoculation and kept a meticulous record of clinical symptoms and signs until the disease rendered him incapable of the task and he died at age 28 several weeks later—October 5, 1885. Carrión proved that Oroya fever and "verruga peruana" were two stages of the same disease, and not two different diseases as was thought at the time. His work did not result in a cure immediately, but his research started the process. Peru has named October 5 as "Peruvian Medicine Day" in his honor.
Peruvian microbiologist Alberto Barton discovered the causative bacterium in 1905, but his results were not published until 1909. Barton originally identified them as "endoglobular" structures, bacteria living inside red blood cells. Until 1993, the genus "Bartonella", within the family Bartonellaceae, contained only one species; 23 are now identified.
CSD.
In 1988, English "et al." isolated and cultured a bacterium that was named "Afipia felis" in 1992 after the team at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology that discovered it. This agent was considered the cause of cat-scratch Disease (CSD) but further studies failed to support this conclusion. Serologic studies associated CSD with "Bartonella henselae", reported in 1992. In 1993, Dolan isolated "Rochalimae henselae" (now called "Bartonella henselae") from lymph nodes of patients with CSD.
"Bartonella" spp. are commonly treated with antibiotics including azithromycin, based on a single small randomized clinical trial. Treatment may take up to one year to completely eliminate the disease.
CSD often resolves spontaneously without treatment.
Trench fever.
Detailed descriptions of the disease were reported in soldiers during the First World War. It is also known as five-day fever, quintan fever, Wolhinie fever, and urban trench fever, because it occurs in homeless people and alcoholics .


William Henry Howell

William Henry Howell, Ph.D., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D. (20 February 1860 – 6 February 1945) was an American physiologist. He pioneered the use of heparin as a blood anti-coagulant.
William Henry Howell was born in Baltimore, Maryland and graduated from the Baltimore City College high school in 1878. He was educated at Johns Hopkins University, from which he graduated in 1881. He taught at the University of Michigan and at Harvard before becoming professor at Johns Hopkins in 1893. He was dean of the medical school from 1899 to 1911. He resigned that position to help William Henry Welch and others to establish the first graduate school of public health, the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. He was Dean of the School of Hygiene (now Bloomberg School of Public Health) from 1926 to 1931.
Howell contributed to the London "Journal of Physiology", the "Transactions of the Royal Society", the "Johns Hopkins Biological Studies", the "Journal of Morphology", and the "Journal of Experimental Medicine". He was associate editor of the "American Journal of Physiology" after 1898. He wrote "Text-Book of Physiology" (1905; fifth edition, 1913). And this was a standard text book for medical students for the next 50 years.


Peter E. Hildebrand

Peter E. Hildebrand earned his PhD from Michigan State University in 1959 in Agricultural Economics. He joined the University of Florida faculty in 1979 and retired on July 1, 2003. During that time, he served as Director and Professor for IFAS International Programs, Agricultural Economics (1972-1999), and as a professor of Food and Resource Economics. Hildebrand's international background encompasses work in over 31 countries over 35 years.
At the University of Florida, Hildebrand developed innovative methodological approaches to training research and extension programs to reach food producers in the United States and abroad. He developed many of the basic ideas and approaches are the foundation for the Farming Systems Research and Extension methodology. He was the founding president of the global Association for Farming Systems Research and Extension. He coordinated the University of Florida Farming Systems Program, coordinated the University of Florida Women in Agricultural Development Program, and provided support for the University of Florida Gender, Environment, Agriculture and Participation Program. His research is in the area of farming systems research-extension methods, gender analysis, small-farm livelihood systems, and tropical conservation and development.
In retirement, Hildebrand has continued his research including working on the development of the "International Farming Systems Collection", a digital collection within the University of Florida Digital Collections that collects teaching, research, and extension resources pertaining to the Farming Systems approach to international agricultural development.


Qhubeka

Qhubeka is a South African not-for-profit organisation that donates bicycles as part of the World Bicycle Relief's charity programme in South Africa. Qhubeka is currently supported by the [Qub (cycling team)|Qhubeka Assos]] UCI World Tour cycling team (formerly MTN-Qhubeka).
History.
The Qhubeka was founded in 2005 by Anthony Fitzhenry. The name Qhubeka means "to move forward" in Nguni. Qhubeka provides bicycles for children to attend schools, and for adults to attend work, with estimates suggesting a 75% reduction in commuting time and 23% higher attendance at schools for people given a bicycle by the Qhubeka. In order to be given a bicycle, the recipients are first required to take bicycle safety and maintenance training courses. The organisation also donates one bicycle for every 100 trees grown, or for every ton of rubbish collected. Qhubeka has donated over 100,000 bicycles.
In 2013, the organisation became part of the World Bicycle Relief, and in November 2013, RCS Sport, the organisers of the Giro d'Italia, donated 58 bicycles to Qhubeka. In 2014, Qhubeka encouraged people to ride for 67 minutes and donate R67 on Mandela Day, and the Berg and Bush mountain bike race in KwaZulu-Natal chose Qhubeka as their charity to support. In 2015, the organisation donated 5,020 bicycles, and in June 2016, 100 bicycles were donated by Auto Trader.
Professional cycling.
In 2011, MTN Group changed the name of their UCI Continental Team from Team MTN to MTN-Qhubeka, in order to promote the organisation. In 2013, Samsung, who sponsored the MTN-Qhubeka team, donated R2 million to the charity. For the 2016 season, the UCI World Tour team was renamed Dimension Data for Qhubeka, to clarify that the team were supporting the Qhubeka charity, rather than receiving sponsorship from them. During the 2016 Tour de France, the Dimension Data team also took part in the Qhubeka 5000 fundraising initiative, which aims to deliver 5,000 bicycles in 2016. The initiative encouraged people to ride between to ; during the first two weeks of the Tour, the Qhubeka charity received R600,000. In November 2018, the Dimension Data team donated 75 bicycles to a school in Khayelitsha. For the 2021 season, the team will be renamed Qhubeka Assos.


Kenneth William Donald

Kenneth William Donald (1911–1994) was a British physician, surgeon, pulmonologist, cardiologist, professor of medicine, and leading expert on underwater physiology and exercise physiology.
Biography.
After education at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and St Bartholomew’s Hospital, he qualified MRCS, LRCP in 1936 and graduated MB BChir (Cantab.) in 1938. After house appointments he joined the Royal Navy in 1939. He was Surgeon Lieutenant aboard HMS "Hotspur" during the first naval Battle of Narvik in April 1940. He was awarded the DSC in June 1940.
Donald graduated MD in 1945. From 1946 to 1948 he worked at St Bartholomew's Hospital as chief assistant to Ronald Christie and worked with Christie's research group on the physiology of chronic lung disease. From 1948 to 1949 Donald was a Rockefeller fellow at Manhattan's Bellevue Hospital, where he worked with the Nobel prize winner André Cournand. Donald also collaborated there with Richard L. Riley (1911–2001) on research involving "ventilation-perfusion relationships and gas diffusion at the alveolo-capillary membrane of the lungs." After returning to England, Donald was from 1949 to 1950 a senior lecturer at the Royal Brompton Hospital. From 1950 to 1959 he was reader in medicine at the University of Birmingham Medical School. At Birmingham he did research on pulmonary circulation, with a team including John Bishop, Gordon Cumming (1922–2001), Archie C. Pincock, and Owen Lyndon Wade (1921–2008).

From 1959 to 1976 Donald held the chair of medicine at the University of Edinburgh. His predecessor was Sir Stanley Davidson. Donald was dean of the faculty of medicine for three years.
He gave the Bradshaw Lecture in 1958. He was elected FRCP in 1952 and FRCPE in 1960. He was from 1967 to 1976 physician to the Queen in Scotland and was from 1976 to 1977 president of the Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland.
He retired in 1976. Upon his death he was survived by his widow.


Edward John Barker

Edward John Barker (31 December 1799 – 27 April 1884) was an English physician and journalist who worked for much of his life in Canada.
Barker was born in England, lived for a time in South Carolina, and then returned to England, where he successfully practised as a physician and in medicine for a number of years.
In 1832, after emigrating to Upper Canada with his family, he settled in Kingston, Ontario. Barker continued in medical practice but developed an interest in journalism. In 1834 he founded the then semi-weekly "British Whig". The newspaper, now the "Kingston Whig-Standard", became the longest continually published newspaper in Canada.


Hans Curschmann

Hans Heinrich Curschmann (14 August 1875 in Berlin – 1 March 1950) was a German physician and neurologist remembered for Curschmann-Batten-Steinert syndrome.
He attended universities in Freiberg, Leipzig and Munich, earning his doctorate in 1900. From 1900 to 1907 he worked in Leipzig, Heidelberg, Berlin and Tübingen, and from 1907 to 1916 he was the senior physician at the city hospital in Mainz. In 1916 he became director of the medical clinic of Rostock, becoming professor in 1921.
The "Curschmann-Klinik" in Timmendorfer Strand, a specialized hospital for heart attack after-care, is named after him.


Themistocles Gluck

Themistocles Gluck (30 November 1853 in Iaşi, Moldavia – 25 April 1942 in Berlin) was a German physician and surgeon. He first invented endoprostheses from ivory in 1890 at Berlin when he performed the first documented total wrist Arthroplasty.


North American Grappling Association

The North American Grappling Association (NAGA) is an organization started in 1995 that holds Submission Grappling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournaments throughout North America and Europe. NAGA is the largest submission grappling association in the world with over 200,000 participants world-wide, including some of the top submission grapplers and MMA fighters in the world. NAGA grappling tournaments consist of gi and no-gi divisions. No-Gi competitors compete under rules drafted by NAGA. Gi competitors compete under standardized Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu rules. NAGA also promotes MMA events which they term Reality Fighting. Current champion is Marko Ančić from Croatia
Skill Levels.
Competitors in NAGA competitions are broken into weight divisions and skill levels. Skill levels are further divided into a two categories, Adults/Masters/Directors/Executives, and Children/Teens.
Children & Teens.
Total grappling experience includes but is not limited to; wrestling experience, BJJ experience, judo experience, sambo experience, JKD experience, etc. Any training that consists of grappling is counted towards your total experience.
Reality Fighting.
NAGA's MMA division, Reality Fighting, holds mixed martial arts events in New Jersey and Massachusetts. The rules that govern each match are set by each state's athletic commission.
Reality Fighting previous champions include BJJ Black Belt and UFC veteran Gabriel Gonzaga, and current Reality Fighting Light-Heavyweight Champion and The Ultimate Fighter television show veteran Mike Stewart and UFC Lightweight champion Khabib Nurmagomedov Notable fighters who fought in Reality Fighting: Frankie Edgar, Joe Lauzon, Kenny Florian, Tim Sylvia, Jorge Rivera, Kurt Pellegrino, Jim Miller, Dan Miller, Rob Font, Joe Proctor, Matt Bessette, Josh Diekman, Josh Grispi. Notable grappling champions Anthony Porcelli, Joe Forentino and Angelo Riveria Sr.


Anderson Critchett

Sir Anderson Critchett ( 1845-1925) was eye surgeon to King Edward VII.


Jayaprakash Muliyil

Jayaprakash Muliyil is an Indian epidemiologist and chairperson of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the National Institute of Epidemiology. He is also a former principal of the Christian Medical College, Vellore.
He completed his undergraduate studies in Medicine and postgraduate studies in Community Medicine from Christian Medical College, Vellore. After that he joined as a faculty member in charge of the leprosy control programme at the Community Health and Development (CHAD) programme. In 1985 he went to Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore for further research, where he completed professional degrees of public health MPH and Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.) in Epidemiology at JHSPH Department of Epidemiology.


Irma LeVasseur

Irma LeVasseur (January 20, 1877 – January 18, 1964) was a Canadian physician. She was a pioneer in pediatric medicine and was the first French-Canadian woman to become a doctor. Her surname also appears as Le Vasseur.
Early life and career.
The daughter of Phédora Venner, a singer, and Louis-Nazaire LeVasseur, a journalist, she was born in Quebec City. She was educated at the in Sillery and the . Because women were not allowed to study medicine in Canada, she went on to study at the School of Medicine at Saint Paul University in Minnesota, graduating in 1900. LeVasseur practised medicine in New York City for some time. In 1903, a private member's bill was passed in the Quebec Assembly to allow her to practise medicine. Soon afterwards, she went on to study pediatrics in France and Germany.
On her return to Quebec in 1906, she worked at the Crèche de la Miséricorde in Montreal. In 1907, with Justine Lacoste-Beaubien, she founded the Hôpital Sainte-Justine. She left for New York City the following year, where she served as medical inspector for schools until 1915. In that year, she travelled to Serbia to help deal with a typhoid epidemic there. LeVasseur began working at a military hospital in France in 1918. Later that year, she worked for the Red Cross in New York.
LeVasseur returned to Quebec City in 1922. In 1923, with other doctors, she founded the , investing her own money in the project. After some disagreements with the administration, she left that institution. She later established the Hôpital des Enfants malades, which looked after children with disabilities. She also established a school for children with disabilities which later became part of the . She later examined female recruits for the Canadian Army during World War II.
From November 1957 to July 1958, LeVasseur was committed to the , having been judged mentally ill; she was, however, able to defend herself against this diagnosis. She died in Quebec City six years later, alone and destitute.
Honours.
In 1950, the Cercle des femmes universitaires of Quebec organized a celebration for LeVasseur's golden jubilee.
Mont Irma-LeVasseur at Quebec City, Parc Irma-LeVasseur in Outremont and streets in Montreal and Quebec City were named in her honour. A scholarship was established in her name by the Québec Secrétariat à la condition féminine.
LeVasseur was named a Person of National Historic Significance by the Canadian government in 2008.


Canadian Luge Association

The Canadian Luge Association is the governing federation for luge in Canada.


Grover C. Gilmore

Grover Cleveland Gilmore (born January 7, 1950) is an American psychologist and currently Dean of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University. He is known for work funded by the National Institute of Health studying changes in visual perception that are associated with healthy aging and with Alzheimer's disease. His hypothesis is that a portion of the cognitive problems associated with aging and the memory problems in Alzheimer's disease may be attributed to sensory decline and not to higher order cognitive functions.
Gilmore received his bachelor's degree in psychology from Brandeis University in 1971. He then attended Johns Hopkins University, earning an M.A. in 1974 and a Ph.D. in 1975. He has taught at Case Western since 1975.
In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "Mainstream Science on Intelligence," an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the "Wall Street Journal", which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to the controversy about intelligence research that followed the publication of the book "The Bell Curve". He is also on the editorial board of "Intelligence".


Jeff Werber

Dr. Jeff Werber, DVM is an American veterinarian and veterinary medical journalist. Werber has hosted the television series "Lassie's Pet Vet", as well as appearing as a pet-topic contributor on such programs as "The Dr. Oz Show", "Rachael Ray", and "Fox & Friends".
Early life.
Werber first developed a passion for veterinary medicine during his high school days, volunteering at a local animal clinic. This experience led Werber to pursue a bachelor's degree in Zoology, which he earned from the University of California, Berkeley in 1976. He went on to earn his Veterinary degree at the University of California, Davis in 1984.
Veterinary career.
Werber established Century Veterinary Group in 1988, a Los Angeles, California animal hospital which he then sold to Mars/ VCA.
He was a founding officer of the Association of Veterinary Communicators. He also served as a member of the legislative committee for the California Veterinary Medical Association.
He previously served pet stores, such as Puppy Love in the Beverly Center, but the practice of selling puppy mill pets in pet stores has since been outlawed in the state of California. He has worked with the Delta Society and Canine Companions for Independence, among others.
Celebrity Clientele.
Having developed a star-studded clientele over his career, Werber has often referred to himself as a "Veterinarian to the Stars." Past and present celebrity clients of his include Britney Spears, Julia Roberts, Ben Affleck, Eddie Murphy, Paula Abdul, Rod Stewart, Mark Wahlberg, Patrick Dempsey, Mandy Moore, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Drea de Matteo, Ron Perlman, Lori Loughlin, Emmy Rossum, and Judy Greer.
In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Greer revealed her fondness of Werber's work. "I drive very far out of my way to take my dog to him because it’s worth it, and I have a feeling that everyone in the waiting room feels the same way,” adding that Werber is "interested in the least invasive and most natural remedies first.”
Media career.
Werber began his venture into veterinary journalism in 1987, making his television debut in as a contributor to "Hour Magazine", a syndicated talk show hosted by Emmy Award-winning actor Gary Collins. He continued on as a frequent pet-topic contributor on ABC's "Home Show" in the early 1990s. Since then, Werber has gone on to serve as a frequent contributor to many broadcast outlets across the nation. He has served as the Pet Medical editor on multiple radio programs, and has appeared on "Oprah", CNN, Fox News Channel, and MTV, among others.
Television Host.
"Petcetera".
In 1996, Werber gained notoriety as host of the popular Animal Planet series "Petcetera". The program included segments about dogs, cats, birds and other more exotic animals. Werber often welcomed other animal experts for in-studio visits, as well as other animals. His excellence in hosting earned him a nomination for a CableACE Award in 1996.
"Lassie's Pet Vet".
Werber landed a new hosting opportunity in 2007 as the main personality of the PBS program "Lassie's Pet Vet", a 30-minute program about pet health, lifestyle, and communities. The program often included on-location stories as well as tips from Werber that covered helpful information on topics such as traveling with your pet, pet grooming, and occasional trivia.
"The Vets".
In 2012, Werber was slated to serve as a host on a new television series titled "The Vets", a program hosted by a panel of veterinary experts that included Werber, along with veterinarians Ernie Ward, Ruth MacPete, and Justine Lee. The program was designed to raise the awareness of pet owners about pet health issues, similar in style to the popular daytime television show "The Doctors". A pilot episode for the series was filmed; however, the series has yet to air.
Other Appearances.
In 2012, Werber appeared on "The Dr. Oz Show" to discuss dental hygiene in dogs. Since the beginning of 2013, Werber has appeared on local network affiliates of ABC, CBS, and Fox in Los Angeles to discuss various pet health topics. On a national level, Werber has appeared on television programs such as "The Better Show" and "Fox & Friends". He has also been a useful resource for national news websites, including The Associated Press's Big Story and Disney's "Babble".
Media Awards.
During his time as a contributor for pet-related stories for the CBS Morning News in Los Angeles, Werber was honored for excellence in pet coverage, winning an Emmy Award in 1997.


Irwin Freedberg

Irwin Mark Freedberg (born c. 1933, Brookline, Massachusetts; died July 17, 2005, New York City) was an American dermatologist. He taught dermatology at Harvard Medical School, was Director of the Department of Dermatology at Johns Hopkins, was the first chief of dermatology at Beth Israel Hospital, and was the George Miller MacKee Professor and Chairman of the Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology at the New York University Medical Center. He studied the protein keratin (the main component of hair, nails, and skin) and keratinocytes (the most common cells in the epidermis).
Biography.
He received his undergraduate degree from Dartmouth College and earned his medical degree at Harvard Medical School in 1956, and performed his dermatology residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1959 to 1962. He then taught at Harvard from 1962 to 1977, eventually as a professor of dermatology. He moved to Johns Hopkins, where he was director of the Department of Dermatology until 1981.
He was the first chief of dermatology at Beth Israel Hospital. Subsequently, he was the George Miller MacKee Professor and Chairman of the Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology at the New York University Medical Center, New York, from 1981 through 2005.
Freedberg studied the protein keratin (the main component of hair, nails, and skin) and keratinocytes (the most common cells in the epidermis).
He was the former editor in chief of "The Journal of Investigative Dermatology". He also was a co-editor for a number of editions of "Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine";
In 1995, he was elected to the National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine. Freedberg was named president of the American Dermatologic Association in 1997. He was a former president of the Association of Professors of Dermatology and of the American Board of Dermatology.
He died at the age of 74 in July 2005, from a brain tumor.


Wanda Makuch-Korulska

Wanda Makuch-Korulska (1919–2007) was a Polish medical doctor, specialist in neurology. Member of the Armia Krajowa Polish resistance during World War II; received the Righteous Among the Nations in 1995.