Kekuni Blaisdell

Richard Kekuni Akana Blaisdell (March 11, 1925 – February 12, 2016), was professor emeritus of medicine at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, and a longtime organizer in the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement.
Blaisdell was the co-founder of an organization of Hawaiian health professionals called, "E Ola Mau" in 1984. He was also the Founding Chair, of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawaii John Burns School of Medicine in 1966. He was the convener for the 1993 Kanaka Maoli People's Tribunal, which documented U.S. abuses throughout all major islands in great detail before an international panel of judges, and the primary organizer of Ka Pākaukau (literally, "the Table"), an ongoing forum for dialogue surrounding Kānaka Maoli sovereignty and Hawaiian independence.
Early life.
Richard Kekuni Akana was born March 11, 1925 to Marguerite Nameleonalani Piltz and James Keli‘ikauahi Akana. His mother married William Kaha‘i Blaisdell in 1940.
A Graduate of the Kamehameha School for Boys in 1942, and a classmate of former U.S. Senator Daniel K. Akaka during World War II, Blaisdell was awarded a BA cum laude from the University of Redlands in 1945 (Class Officer, Football Team), a classmate of Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for President Clinton, and an MD from the University of Chicago School of Medicine in 1948.
Early medical career.
After an Osler medical internship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland in 1949, he served as a medical resident on the Tulane Medical Service of Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1950-1954, he was in the US Army Medical Corps, as an investigator at the Climatic Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He served as a battalion surgeon in Korea and a medical officer (Internist, US Army 343 Army Hosp) in Koizumi, Japan and Taiwan.
In 1954-1955, he became an instructor in pathology at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. He then returned to the University of Chicago in 1955 to complete a fellowship in hematology (research on iron enzymes and preleukemia), and he was appointed to the faculty as instructor in 1957 and assistant professor of medicine in 1958.
In 1959, he was appointed Chief of Hematology and Research Associate at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, where he did research on anemia, leukopenia, myelodysplasia in atomic bomb survivors, and adopted Mitsunori, a Japanese orphan.
He returned to the University of Chicago in 1961-1966 as an assistant professor of medicine. His research was on experimental splenic hemolytic anemia and myelodysplasia.
Marriage and family.
In 1962, Blaisdell married Irene Hiroko Saito, RN, in Chicago, IL. with adopted Mitsunori as ring boy. The couple's only daughter, Helen Kaleleonalani Blaisdell, was born in Chicago. Eventually, the family moved back to Hawaiʻi and settled in Nuʻuanu, Oʻahu.
Medical career, 1965 to 1973.
In 1965, while in Chicago, Blaisdell received the national Lederle Medical Faculty Teaching Award, and thus became known to Dean Windsor Cutting, former Stanford Medical School dean and newly appointed first dean of the University of Hawaii School of Medicine.
In 1966, Blaisdell became the first Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine at the newly established University of Hawai'i School of Medicine.1,2 He and his wife joined others in lobbying for a four-year medical school.
He continued platelet atherosclerosis research. During sabbatical years, Blaisdell was a visiting professor of medicine at Rutgers Medical School in 1969 and Harvard Medical School in 1979. He served as an East-West Center medical consultant in the Trust Territory of the Pacific, 1968–1970, and as a University of Hawai'i teaching consultant on Okinawa, 1967-1974.
Death.
Blaidell died at the age of 90 from respiratory failure in Queen's Medical Center on February 12, 2016.
Awards.
In 1973, Blaisdell was named Ha'awi 'Ike Akea Outstanding Professor at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine.1,2
In 1974 Blaidell was named Kamehameha Schools Alumnus of the year.2
In 1975, Blaisdell received the Kaiser Teaching Award of the University of Hawai'i School of Medicine.2
In 1970-1977, Blaisdell was appointed, along with served with Mary Kawena Puku'i, to the University of Hawai'i Committee for the Preservation of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture; in 1972-1976, a member of the University of Hawai'i Native Hawaiian Students Committee, Program and Hawaiian Scholars Program. He served on the 1986-1988 University of Hawai'i System Ka'u (Hawaiian Studies) Task Force and, in 1987-1989, as acting interim director of the then-created University of Hawai'i Center for Hawaiian Studies.2
1970 Blaisdell served on the Hui Hanai (Queen Lili'uokalanai Children's Center Auxiliary) Board of Directors, as president, 1980-1982. He worked on the Nana I ke Kumu (Look to the Source) Book Committee, 1972–1979; and Queen's Songbook Committee, 1980-1990.2
1990 Living Treasure Award. The Living Treasures of Hawaiʻi program was created by the Buddhist temple Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii to honor residents of Hawaii. The criteria for selection are, "First, the designee must demonstrate continuous growth in his or her field; second, the potential Living Treasure must have made significant contributions toward a more humane and fraternal society (and this perhaps is the most important criteria); and finally, he or she must have shown an on-going striving for excellence and a high level of accomplishment." Honorees are nominated by members of the general public by August 1 of each year, and chosen by a committee designated by the temple.
1997. Asian and Pacific Island American Health Forum Lifetime Achievement Award in San Francisco
1998. Ahahui O na Kauka, charter member, board member.
2000. University of Chicago Alumni Community Service Award.
2001. Consultant, Native Hawaiian Center of Excellence, Dept of Native Hawaiian Health, University of Hawaii JABSOM.
2003. Prof Emeritus of Medicine, JABSOM.
Recipient of the Republic of Palau Joint House and Senate Commendation Resolution and Pacific Basin Medical Association Recognition and Appreciation Award.
2007. Kekuni Blaisdell Endowment Lectureship was formed at the University of Hawaii by Osama Fukuyama, M.D.
2008. Awarded the Hawaiian Historical Society's Paa Moolelo Award in appreciation for "steadfast leadership and dedication to promoting and preserving the proud history of our islands."
2009. Awarded Honolulu Hawaiian Civic Club "I Ola Ka Lahui" Award.
2010 David Malo Award. Sponsored by the Rotary Club of West Honolulu. The award recognizes an individual of Hawaiian ancestry whose accomplishments and life have portrayed the idea of high achievement in such fields as art, music, dance, education, science, community service, government, religion, business or sport. The award is named after David Malo whose accomplishments and life exemplify the ideal of high achievement and community service for the betterment of the world around us.
2011 O'o Award April 7, 2011. The ‘Ō‘ō Award has become one of the most prestigious honors presented to outstanding Native Hawaiians who, through their talents, have made significant contributions to improve our communities and the well being of Native Hawaiians. The ‘ō‘ō itself is made from precious hardwoods firmly rooted in the ‘āina. Today, the tool is used as Native Hawaiian Chamber of Commerce’s symbol representing each honoree’s keen sense of firmly rooted values, business acumen, skill, and dedication to service – key ingredients for sustaining success in modern Hawai‘i, while maintaining ancient traditions and values.
2015 Kalani Ali'i Award September 12, 2015, Sponsored by: 'Aha Hipu'u: The Royal Order of Kamehameha I, The 'Ahahui Ka'ahumanu, The Hale O Na Ali'i O Hawai'i & The Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors - MAMAKAKAUA
Kānaka Maoli Medicine, research and Hawaiian sovereignty movement.
Kānaka Maoli. In the 1980s, Dr. Blaisdell discovered the term Kanaka Maoli, in Historical Text. He was the first to ask the questions: if one compares original historic descriptions of Hawaiians (robust health) with current statistics (ill health), what is it about western contact other than the obvious that explains near extinction of a race? More importantly, what can be done?
After this, he began to pioneer serious study of Kanaka Maoli Health Research as a medical field.
Na 'Oiwi O Hawaii. In 1984, Blaisdell helped to found Na 'Oiwi O Hawai'i with the goal of promoting Kanaka Maoli Independence. Na 'Oiwi O Hawai'i sponsored the first Native Hawaiian Sovereignty Conference at The Kamehameha Schools. As a major speaker, Blaisdell emphasized that the health of Kanaka Maoli is connected to the 'āina, and to preservation of cultural traditions and knowledge of one's own history and way of life. (This later became the basis for an M. Oneha dissertation, which Blaisdell nurtured and supported.)3,5
Nā Pu'uwai. In 1986, Blaisdell joined the board of Na Pu'uwai, a Native Hawaiian Health Care organization of the island of Moloka'i, with Emmett Aluli and Helen O'Connor. Na Pu'uwai became the Moloka'i-Lana'i Native Health Care System and conducted a study that demonstrated that the traditional Kanaka Maoli diet lowered blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thereby reducing risk for heart disease. (This later became the basis for the Waianae diet, popularized by T Shintani.) This study intensified interest in growing and eating traditional foods throughout the islands and invigorated the organization of health fairs in Kanaka Maoli communities to revitalize preparation and propagation of foods and other traditional medicines and healing practices. It was also one of the first studies on Kanaka Maoli health conducted largely by Kanaka Maoli themselves.3
Director, Center for Hawaiian Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Blaisdell served as Interim Director from 1987-1988. Blaisdell served on the Dissertation committees for nearly a dozen Native Hawaiian PhD candidates, including Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa and Kamana'opono Crabbe. He has helped numerous candidates write PhD papers, including Malcolm Chun.1,2,5
E Ola Mau and Papa Ola Lokahi. Blaisdell was a pioneer in advocating for accessible and culturally appropriate healthcare for Native Hawaiians. He provided dramatic documentation of worsening Kanaka Maoli health conditions.
After authoring the critical health report for the United States Congress Native Hawaiians Study Commission in 1983, he researched and wrote a compelling report identifying the health needs of Native Hawaiians entitled "E Ola Mau." The report was funded by the US Public Health Services and presented at the East-West Center in December 1985.
The following year, E Ola Mau became an organization of Native Hawaiian Health professionals formed to implement the recommendations of the report. Blaisdell was among members of E Ola Mau who testified for the Native Hawaiian Health Bill before the US Congress in 1986, 1987 and 1988. The bill was passed in October 1988 with final language provided by members of EOM to establish five Native Hawaiian Health Care Systems on five islands. The bill specified that traditional practices be integrated with services offering western health practices. The organization Papa Ola Lokahi (POL) was formed to provide coordination and oversight.
Sovereignty Movement. Blaisdell credits Puhipau Ahmad and Soli Niheu for inviting him to help start the Sovereignty Movement in the 1960s. Ahmad (Na Maka O Ka Aina) became the "eyes" of the movement, documenting evictions of Native Hawaiians from their homes at Sand Island and elsewhere. Niheu was the "heart" of the movement, participating in demonstrations, and Blaisdell became the "brains," researching and writing. It was Blaisdell who, with his own computer, copying machine, and checkbook, created the Native Hawaiian Tribunal, in which Blaisdell gathered an international panel of judges, flew the judges from island to island and asked Native Hawaiians on each island to testify as to how they had been affected by the overthrow of the monarchy, by annexation, and by statehood. Disposition of the tribunal documents are now under dispute. Blaisdell has specified to his attorney specifically where he would like them to reside.
Other positions and awards.
1987-1989 Wai'anae Coast Comprehensive Health Center Board of Directors.
1988-2006. Ke Ola Mamo, co-founder, board member.
1989. Hawai'i Medical Association (HMSA) Physician of the Year.
1989. Pro Kanaka Maoli Independence Working Group co-founder, convener. Ka Pakaukau, co-founder, convenor.
1990 Honpa Honwanji Living Treasure
1992-3. Convenor, Kanaka Maoli Tribunal Komike Covenor.
1994. Papa Ola Lokahi Ka'onohi Award .
1996. Petra Foundation Fellow in Washington, DC. http://petrafoundation.org/fellows/kekuni-blaisdell/index.html
1997. Asian and Pacific Island American Health Forum Lifetime Achievement Award in San Francisco
1998. Ahahui O na Kauka, charter member, board member.
2000. University of Chicago Alumni Community Service Award.
2001. Consultant, Native Hawaiian Center of Excellence, Dept of Native Hawaiian Health, University of Hawaii JABSOM.
2003. Prof Emeritus of Medicine, JABSOM.
Recipient of the Republic of Palau Joint House and Senate Commendation Resolution and Pacific
Basin Medical Association Recognition and Appreciation Award.
2007. Kekuni Blaisdell Endowment Lectureship was formed at the University of Hawaii by Osamu Fukuyama, M.D.
2008. Awarded the Hawaiian Historical Society's Paa Moolelo Award in appreciation for "steadfast leadership and dedication to promoting and preserving the proud history of our islands."
2009. Awarded Honolulu Hawaiian Civic Club "I Ola Ka Lahui" Award.
2010. David Malo Award, West Honolulu Rotary Club
2011. O'O Award, Native Hawaiian Chamber of Commerce
References.

1Hawaiian Historical Society, October 20, 2006;
2Kamehameha Schools Alumni Association;
3Biography Richard Kekuni Blaisdell, Peace Journal November 1996;
4Message from the Interim Chair (K Brady), Kekuni Blaisdell Endowment Dinner, August 7, 2010;
5Private documents /Dissertation documents;
6 Public Communication @ Moananui Conference, Calvary by the Sea Church 11.09.11


Jim Shuler

James Marshall Shuler (born December 31, 1943) is a retired American politician. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates 1994–2012, representing the 12th district in the western part of the state. Shuler is a member of the Democratic Party.
Shuler served on the House committees on Agriculture (1994–2001), Agriculture, Chesapeake and Natural Resources (2002–2011), Corporations, Insurance and Banking (1994–2001), Education (2004–2011), Labor and Commerce (1994–1997), Militia, Police and Public Safety (2002–2011), Mining and Mineral Resources (1994–2001), and Science and Technology (1998–2001).
Early life, education.
Shuler was born in Rockingham County, Virginia. He received a B.S. degree from Virginia Tech in 1966 and a doctorate in veterinary medicine from the University of Georgia in 1970.
Electoral history.
Shuler served on the Blacksburg, Virginia Town Council 1982–1988.
In 1993, when Democrat Joan Munford retired from the House of Delegates 12th district seat after six terms, Shuler became the Democratic nominee, and won the seat.
The Republican majority substantially redrew the 12th district during the 2001 redistricting. The district, which had been based in Giles and Montgomery Counties, expanded northward to include all of Alleghany, Bath and Craig Counties, as well as the independent cities of Covington and Clifton Forge (which reverted to town status within Alleghany County in 2002); this put 18th district incumbent and fellow Democrat Creigh Deeds in the 12th with Shuler. Shuler moved from Blacksburg to Pulaski County and ran for the open 7th district seat, but lost to Republican Dave Nutter in the November 6, 2001 general election, while Deeds won in the redrawn 12th.
State Senator Emily Couric had died of pancreatic cancer on October 18, three weeks before the election, and Deeds won her seat in a special election on December 18. This created a vacancy in Shuler's old district, so he moved back to Blacksburg and won a 12th district special election on January 8, 2002. On the next day, when the House opened its new session, Shuler returned without an actual break in service.


Health and wellbeing board

Health and wellbeing boards are statutory bodies introduced in England under the Health and Social Care Act 2012, whose role is to promote integrated working among local providers of healthcare and social care.
Establishment.
The 2012 Act required each upper-tier local authority in England to form a health and wellbeing board as a committee of that authority; more than 130 "shadow" boards were created before April 2013, when they all became fully operational.
Duties.
The aim of the boards is to improve integration between practitioners in local health care, social care, public health and related public services so that patients and other service-users experience more "joined up" care, particularly in transitions between health care and social care. The boards are also responsible for leading locally on reducing health inequalities.
Joint strategic needs assessment.
Each board produces a joint strategic needs assessment (JSNA) for its local authority area, replacing the JSNA formerly prepared by local authorities and primary care trusts (PCTs), under Section 116 of the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act (2007). A JSNA provides local policy-makers and commissioners with a profile of the health and wellbeing needs of the local population. The aim of the JSNA is to improve commissioning and reduce health inequalities by identifying current and future health trends within a local population. It is expected that the JSNA should be based on analysis of:
Department of Health guidance recommends that JSNAs are refreshed every three years.
Joint health and wellbeing strategy.
The boards are also responsible for producing a joint health and wellbeing strategy. The first of these were published by the "shadow" boards at the end of 2012. Priority areas identified from JSNAs are key for the development of joint strategies, which in turn feed into commissioning plans. The boards also look at which areas may need deprioritising and decommissioning. The strategic direction of implementation and service delivery for health and wellbeing boards is outlined in the joint strategy documents.
Involvement in commissioning.
Health and wellbeing boards have no statutory obligation to become directly involved in the commissioning process, but they do have powers to influence commissioning decisions made by clinical commissioning groups (CCGs). However, CCGs and local authorities may delegate commissioning powers to health and wellbeing boards so that they can lead on joint commissioning. JSNAs and joint health and wellbeing strategies, produced by the boards, are key tools that CCGs use in deciding what public health services need to be purchased. In this sense the boards have a role in shaping the local public health landscape, and helping CCGs to commission services in an effective and targeted manner.
An early survey of 50 local authorities found that the majority of the respondents thought that joint health and wellbeing strategies would be influential in relation to the decisions of CCGs.
There is also a statutory requirement that CCGs consult health and wellbeing boards throughout the commissioning process in order to align with the local joint health and wellbeing strategy. The boards can also report any concerns regarding commissioning decisions to the national body responsible for the governance of CCGs, the NHS Commissioning Board.
Structure and composition.
Structure of the health and social care system.
From April 2013 the changes enacted by the Health and Social Care Act 2012 saw the creation of new local and national bodies within the system, such as health and wellbeing boards, clinical commissioning groups and the NHS Commissioning Board. Within the local health and social care system, health and wellbeing boards sit below local authorities and clinical commissioning groups. However, the boards sit above local Healthwatch groups and health and social care providers.
Structure of the boards.
Health and wellbeing boards sit within unitary and top-tier local authorities as committees of those authorities. Although they hold responsibility for public health at the local level, the administration and governance of the boards is not part of the NHS.
Composition of the boards.
There is a minimum membership required for a health and wellbeing board, as follows:
Beyond this minimum membership other interested local stakeholders may also be invited to hold membership of a health and wellbeing board. These may include representatives of third-sector or voluntary organisations, other public services, or the NHS.
Future possibilities.
The boards could be put in charge of commissioning combined health and social care services if they beefed up their contingent of clinicians according to Kate Barker, who chaired the King’s Fund commission on the future of health and social care. Andy Burnham suggested that the boards could be in charge of the process of integration of health and social care which he wants to see. Clinical commissioning group leaders were not enthusiastic about Labour suggestions of making health and wellbeing boards “system leaders” for services for people with multiple long term conditions, disability or frailty.
In March 2015 London Councils called for Health and wellbeing boards to be handed responsibility for managing pressures in the health and social care system next winter.


Arthur George Harvey

Arthur George Harvey (28 December 1866 – 24 July 1927) was a New Zealand doctor.
Background.
Harvey was born in Steyning, Sussex, England, on 28 December 1866. He and his mother, Annie Harvey and his father was Bache Harvey came to New Zealand when he was a baby in 1867. He had two older siblings, May and Harry. They travel on a Cissy and stop in a multiple of tropical islands. The boat trip took three mouths and the whole family lived in New Zealand until his father died twenty years later. His mother went back to England but Arthur, May and Harry stayed. Arthur studied to be a doctor and become notaries between both Maori and Pakeha. A book was written call "Harvey Come Quick", This book recalls the life of Arthur and his career as the famous doctor in New Zealand.


Jamie Dawson

Jamie Thompson Dawson (July 9, 1922 – May 30, 2009), commonly mis-known as "Jim" or "Jimmy" Dawson, was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League for the Sheboygan Red Skins in 10 games during the 1946–47 season.
Dawson had played collegiately at Texas A&M University between 1942 and 1946. As a senior in 1945–46 he led the Aggies in scoring at 17.0 points per game and was named an all-Southwest Conference player. After his brief professional career, Dawson moved to Longview, Texas in 1951 and established the Fredonia Animal Hospital where he served as a veterinarian until 1976.


Cicely Pearl Blair

Cicely Pearl Blair FRCP (née Hopton; 20 May 1926 – 14 February 2005) was a British dermatologist. She discovered that people who had albinism did not get blackheads, as they did not produce melanin, the pigment that makes the comedones black. She also wrote about rashes caused by brown-tailed moth caterpillars. After her retirement, she turned her hand to art and especially silver smithing, fashioning a "chain of office" for the president of the British Association of Dermatologists.
Early life.
Blair was born Cicely Pearl Hopton on 20 May 1926 in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Her father, John Isaac Hopton, and her mother were both teachers. She attended Greenhead High School in Huddersfield before studying at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine in London. In 1951, she qualified as a medical practitioner, gaining posts first at the Royal Free Hospital and then at the London Jewish Hospital. In 1954, she married Henry Blair and the couple moved into general practice in Chingford, East London and remained in the role for 15 years. In 1969, the couple left general practice to focus on research, Cicely in dermatology and Henry in allergies.
Dermatology.
Blair left general practice in 1969 to focus on the study of dermatology. Over the next few years, she worked in a number of roles including a spell as a research assistant at St Bartholomew's Hospital. Whilst at St Bartholomew's, she focussed on acne research, discovering that the pigment in blackhead comedones is melanin and therefore that patients with albinism did not suffer from blackheads.
In 1974, she became a consultant at Oldchurch Hospital in Romford. There she continued her research, at one point publishing a paper on rashes which could be caused by caterpillars of the brown-tailed moth. Whilst at Oldchurch, Blair took an active interest in fundraising for the dermatology department. She is credited with setting up a number of events, which allowed the department to purchase an expensive PUVA machine.
Retirement.
Blair's husband, Henry, died in 1984 and as the couple had not had any children, she was free to focus on her own interests when she retired. She became an amateur silversmith, winning prizes for her sculptures and going on to make the "chain of office" for the president of the British Association of Dermatologists. She joined the Medical Art Society as a painter and spent time photographing flora and fauna, especially in the Galapagos and Falkland Islands. Blair died aged 78 on 14 February 2005 in London after an accident.


Actinomycetoma

Actinomycetoma is a chronic bacterial subcutaneous infection caused by "Actinomyces" that affect the skin and connective tissue. It is, therefore, a form of actinomycosis. Mycetoma is a broad term which includes actinomycetoma and eumycetoma under it. However, eumycetoma is caused by fungal infection in contrast to actinomycetoma that is caused by bacteria mostly anaerobic. The predominant site of infection is the foot and leg. Both actinomycetoma and eumycetoma show very similar clinical and radiological presentations. And both chronic infections are endemic in tropical countries.


Guild of Nurses

The Guild of Nurses is a guild that was approved for formation in the City of London on the 9 February 2016. It was formed to represent the nursing profession.
A guild is the beginning of a process towards forming a livery company.


National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation

The National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation is a committee within the US Department of Education. It is responsible for assessing the accreditation standards of non-US medical schools and determining if those standards are "comparable" with US standards. The Committee does not license or accredit foreign medical schools directly.


Immune disorder

An immune disorder is a dysfunction of the immune system. These disorders can be characterized in several different ways:
According to the International Union of Immunological Societies, more than 150 primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) have been characterized. However, the number of acquired immunodeficiencies exceeds the number of PIDs.
It has been suggested that most people have at least one primary immunodeficiency. Due to redundancies in the immune system, though, many of these are never detected.
Autoimmune diseases.
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Nearly any body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low-grade fever and feeling tired. Often symptoms come and go.
Immunodeficiencies.
Primary immune deficiency diseases are those caused by inherited genetic mutations. Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies are caused by something outside the body such as a virus or immune suppressing drugs.
Primary immune diseases are at risk to an increased susceptibility to, and often recurrent ear infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis or skin infections. Immunodeficient patients may less frequently develop abscesses of their internal organs, autoimmune or rheumatologic and gastrointestinal problems.
Allergies.
An allergy is an abnormal immune reaction to a harmless antigen.


Horst Bickel

Horst Bickel (28 June 1918 – 1 December 2000) was a German doctor.
With Guido Fanconi, he characterized Glycogen storage disease type XI in 1949.
He was also involved in the development of treatments for phenylketonuria. In 1951, Bickel, Evelyn Hickmans and John Gerrard were persuaded by a persistent mother to help her daughter, Sheila, who was suffering from phenylketonuria. They created a diet that was low in phenylalanine and the daughter's condition improved.
Bickel, Gerrard and Hickmans were awarded the John Scott Medal in 1962 for their discovery.
His birthday, June 28th, which he shares with Robert Guthrie, another important person for Phenylketonuria was taken up by the European Society for Phenylketonuria and Allied Disorders Treated as Phenylketonuria to launch the International PKU Day.


Linda Bauld

 Linda C. Bauld (born 2 June 1970) is the Bruce and John Usher Chair of Public Health in The Usher Institute at the University of Edinburgh. She also holds the CRUK/BUPA Chair in Behavioural Research for Cancer Prevention at Cancer Research UK.
Early life and education.
Bauld was born in Edinburgh. Her parents emigrated to Canada from Scotland in 1979 when she was a child. She spent her teenage years on Vancouver Island. and attended Glenlyon Norfolk School in Victoria. She completed high school at the top of her graduating class (dux) in 1987 and was awarded a Governor General's Medal by the Province of British Columbia. She spent a year in Grenoble, France as an exchange student between 1987 and 1988. She completed her Bachelor's degree in Political Science at the University of Toronto in 1993. During her time as an undergraduate she was involved in the Hart House Debating Society and competed in public speaking and debating competitions in the USA and Canada. In 1991 she was awarded best individual debater at the North American Debating Championship. She earned her PhD in social policy at the University of Edinburgh.
Career and research.
After her PhD, Bauld joined the University of Kent as a postdoctoral fellow in 1997. Her postdoctoral role at Kent was in the Personal Social Services Research Unit where she worked with Professor Bleddyn Davies on the reform of health and social care for older people. She co-authored a book evaluating the community care reforms of the 1990s and served as research advisor to the Scottish Executive in the development of free personal care for older people in Scotland.
In 1998, while still at Kent, her research moved from a focus on older people and end of life services to the primary prevention of conditions that could cause disability and early mortality in later life. She conducted the first evaluation of National Health Service (NHS) smoking cessation services, which were at the time unique in the world as free at the point of use services for smokers who wanted to quit .
Subsequently she joined the Department of Social Policy at the University of Glasgow as a Lecturer in 2000. At the University of Glasgow she continued to build a research portfolio in prevention and public health and contributed to several national evaluations of area-based initiatives including Health Action Zones and the New Deal for Communities. In 2006 Bauld moved to the University of Bath where she was appointed as Reader and subsequently Professor and Head of Department of Social and Policy Sciences. Also in 2006, Bauld was made the Government of the United Kingdom's scientific adviser on tobacco control, and held this position until 2010.
In more recent research her focus has remained on the leading preventable causes of Non-Communicable Diseases, particularly cancer. She explored whether financial incentives could be used to support smokers to quit. She campaigned to help women to stop smoking during pregnancy. Bauld found that NHS approaches to smoking cessation were effective in helping smokers to quit. She found that younger, more deprived and pregnant smokers had the lowest quit rates. Since 2011 she has chaired the multi-agency smoking pregnancy "challenge group".
She joined the University of Stirling in 2011. In 2013 she led "Health First", an independent alcohol strategy for the UK. The strategy examined approaches to addressing harmful alcohol consumption in the UK and called for tougher restriction on alcohol marketing. It also highlighted the importance of empowering licensing authorities, who could control alcohol availability in their jurisdiction.
From 2008 she helped establish the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, involving 9 Universities, which subsequently expanded to include alcohol policy and she became Deputy Director at the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), a Consortium involving 13 Universities, in 2014.
In 2014 Bauld was appointed as Cancer Research UK's Prevention Champion. This role works across preventable risk factors for cancer in the UK and further afield. Along with colleagues at CRUK, UKCTAS and Public Health England, she established the UK Electronic Cigarette Research Forum in 2016.
She is interested in the evaluation of complex public health interventions and how they can inform health policy. She has conducted research on overweight and obesity, tobacco control, drug and alcohol use and inequalities in health. During the Covid-19 pandemic she was a regular contributor to UK and international media debate on public health responses needed to address it, as well as serving as adviser to the Covid-19 Committee of the Scottish Parliament.
She is the principal investigator of the Tobacco Control Capacity Programme, a global challenge research fund and Cancer Research UK supported program in south Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. She also leads the SPECTRUM Consortium, the successor to UKCTAS, which involves 10 Universities and the main public health agencies in the UK as well as multi-agency alliances including the Obesity Health Alliance, the Alcohol Health Alliance and the Smokefree Action Coalition.
Bauld joined the University of Edinburgh in August 2018. She serves as Bruce and John Usher Chair of Public Health at The Usher Institute. The Bruce and John Usher Chair is the oldest Professorship of Public Health in the UK. It was jointly endowed following donations by Alexander Low Bruce and family, and the proprietors of William Younger’s brewery, and Sir John Usher of Usher’s distillery. Bauld is the first woman to hold the Chair and follows Professor Raj Bhopal and other prominent Usher Chairs including Francis Albert Eley Crew, Sir John Brotherston and William Garraway.
Personal life.
Bauld has a son and a daughter with Professor Ken Judge, a social policy academic who served as Director of the King’s Fund Policy Institute in the 1980s and 90s. They divorced in 2010. Bauld remarried in 2013 and lives with her second husband and children in Edinburgh.


Robert L. Rooks

Robert L. Rooks is an American veterinarian. He is the founder of All-Care Animal Referral Center in Fountain Valley, Orange County, California. He is a diplomate of both the American Board of Veterinary Practitioners and the American College of Veterinary Surgeons.
Rooks developed a surgical procedure and specialized implant for the treatment for hip dysplasia in dogs. He also created an artificial beak for injured pelicans.
He is a co-author of the books "Canine Orthopedics" and "Veterinary Cancer Therapy Handbook: Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, and Surgical Oncology for the Practicing Veterinarian".
Rooks has been recognized by the American Animal Hospital Association, which awarded him the Charles E. Bild Practitioner of the Year Award, the highest award given by the Association.
He is also part of the management team of Edgewater Foods.


AIM at Melanoma Foundation

The AIM at Melanoma Foundation (AIM) is the largest non-profit international organization focused on increasing support for melanoma research; promoting prevention and education among the general public and medical professionals; and providing comprehensive and easily accessible melanoma resources for patients, survivors, and caregivers.
AIM was created as a collaboration between the Charlie Guild Foundation and James A. Schlipmann Melanoma Cancer Foundation.
Inspirations.
Charlie Guild.
Charlie Guild, a recent Brown University graduate, was diagnosed with at the age of 25. Just nine months after her initial diagnosis, Guild died on November 24, 2003. Throughout Guild’s battle with melanoma, her mother, Valerie Guild, found getting the answers and support needed was not easy. In response to her experience, and in Guild’s memory, Valerie founded the Charlie Guild Foundation.
Jim Schlipmann.
Jim Schlipmann, a married man, died less than seven months after he was diagnosed with melanoma. He spent his final days preparing those around him to be able to cope with his death. He died on December 12, 2002, three days before his 45th birthday.
James A. Schlipmann Melanoma Cancer Foundation.
Jim's wife Jean wanted to provide hope for individuals and their families suffering from melanoma. So, on December 15, 2002 - three days after Jim's death and on what would have been his 45th birthday - she established the James A. Schlipmann Melanoma Cancer Foundation in his honor. The mission of the foundation was to fund clinical trials and research studies, and to advance education, awareness, screenings, and treatment to eventually eradicate melanoma.
Research.
AIM partners with academic and industry researchers for the latest research and findings on the causes and treatments of the disease. The foundation is part of a biannual international think tank, the International Melanoma Working Group (IMWG), composed of a varied group within the melanoma community, working in conjunction with the pharmaceutical industry, to look for innovative ways to increase research speed.
AIM for Action in Melanoma.
AIM provides an outlet for melanoma patients and their families to take action against the disease. This is accomplished by providing an online support community, access to support groups, survivor stories, and resources for starting support groups.
Each year, fundraisers are held around the country—AIM for a CURE Melanoma Walks, The Schlip Golf Classic, and other regional events that have survivors, patients, and family members participating or joining in sponsorship.
AIM sponsors Patient & Caregiver Symposia at cancer centers around the country. The symposia feature presentations by physicians, nurses, and experts in melanoma.
Legislative.
Federal Legislative.
AIM is solely responsible for promoting mandatory sun safety education for all federal outdoor workers, and for ensuring the workers are provided appropriate personal protective equipment (including sun block) at no charge.
State Legislative.
AIM advocates for stricter regulations on indoor tanning to raise the minimum age and require in-person parental permission for all minors. The foundation promoted the policy for mandatory sun safety education for grades K through 12 - permitting children to bring and apply sun block at school without a doctor’s permission; permitting children to bring and wear hats during outdoor activities; including skin exams on all school physical forms; and constructing outdoor shade structures in all new school facilities.


CRC Health Group

CRC Health Group is a subsidiary of Bain Capital that considers itself to be the "leading provider of treatment and educational programs for adults and youth" in the United States. Daniel Newby and Dr. Barry Karlin founded the company in 1995 when they purchased The Camp Recovery Center in Scotts Valley, California. CRC Health Group is headquartered in Cupertino, California. Now CRC Health Group is the largest provider of specialized behavioral health services in the country.
The company and its subsidiaries, which include Aspen Education Group, operate residential treatment facilities, outpatient clinics, boarding schools, outdoor wilderness camps, and a variety of other therapeutic program. Their Sober Living by the Sea division, an addiction treatment center in Newport Beach, faced controversy during a NIMBY protest in which local residents claimed that area recovery homes were infringing on their quality of life.


World Federation of Orthodontists

World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) was formed at the 4th International Orthodontic Congress (IOC) in San Francisco by 69 affiliated organizations on May 15, 1995, and now has over 10,000 WFO fellows and 114 affiliated organizations. It is based in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Purpose.
The purpose of the WFO is to advance the art and science of orthodontics throughout the world. As stated in the WFO Bylaws, the WFO purpose will be accomplished by fulfilling the following objectives:
1. Encourage high standards in orthodontics throughout the world;
2. Encourage and assist in the formation of national associations and societies of orthodontists when requested;
3. Encourage and assist in the formation of national and regional certifying boards in the field of orthodontics when requested;
4. Promote orthodontic research;
5. Disseminate scientific information;
6. Promote desirable standards of training and certification for orthodontists;
7. Organize the International Orthodontic Congress to be held at least once every five years.
History.
The concept that was developed for the WFO was based on the fact that the national and regional orthodontic societies throughout the world would know who their orthodontic specialist members were and would be willing to validate that credential in order for the individual to become a Fellow of the World Federation of Orthodontists. Sixty-eight national and regional orthodontic societies from sixty-two countries joined with the AAO to sign the charter of the WFO at the Herbst Theatre in San Francisco on May 15, 1995. The Herbst Theatre had been the site, fifty years earlier when the United Nations charter was signed in 1945 following World War II.
The WFO website is wfo.org. The organisation celebrates 15 May as the World Orthodontic Health Day, where importances of Orthodontic treatment by a qualified specialist orthodontist is emphasised around the world.
The current executive of the WFO consists of Dr Allan Thom (UK) President, Dr. Amanda Maplethorp (Canada) Vice President, Dr. Lee Graber (USA) Secretary General, Dr. Tom Ahman (USA), Dr. Ricardo Cruz (Brazil), Dr. Jonathan Sandler (UK), Dr. Panagiotis Skoularikis (Greece), Dr. Joseph Bouserhal (Lebanon), Dr. Nikhilesh Vaid (India), Dr. Yan heng Xhou (China), Dr. Himawan Halim (Indonesia), Dr. Keiji Moriyama (Japan) and Dr. Takashi Ono (Japan-9th IOC Chair), Dr. Jorge Faber(Brazil) is the Editor of the JWFO.
The WFO publishes a Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists and organises an International Congress every five years (IOC).The 9th IOC will he held in Yokohama,Japan in 2020.
Initially, the WFO Executive Committee focused the WFO and its resources towards the importance of recognizing the orthodontic specialist in every corner of the globe as an important provider of orthodontic care. Several WFO affiliate organizations recognize different levels of the providers of orthodontic care, but in order for an orthodontic organization to be affiliated with the WFO its bylaws must provide a specific membership category for the “orthodontic specialist” or “orthodontist.” Only an orthodontic specialist is eligible to become a WFO Fellow (member). This ensures that all WFO fellows are recognized in their country as having had additional training so as to be entitled to use the term “orthodontist” or “orthodontic specialist.” Each WFO affiliate president certifies this specialty status when he or she signs the membership application of his or her organization’s member to become a WFO Fellow.
A WFO Fellow receives the WFO Gazette twice yearly mailed to an office or home as a benefit of membership in the WFO in addition to receiving discounted registration fees to the IOC and several annual meetings of WFO affiliates. A WFO Fellow may also display the WFO certificate of membership and the WFO pin. The WFO website, www.wfo.org provides a directory of its membership so that anyone searching for an orthodontist can be assured that an orthodontist listed in the directory has the necessary training and experience to provide high-quality orthodontic care.
Official website


International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union

The International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union (IMSSU) is the international organization for metallic silhouette shooting, which was founded in 1992 in response to the fact that rules for metallic silhouette shooting started to diverge around the world.
The European regional body is "Association Européenne de Tir sur Silhouettes Métalliques" (AETSM), which means "European Metallic Silhouette Shooting Association"
History.
The International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union was founded on 8 October 1992 in Paris, with founding members from Australia, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Switzerland, the USA and the European silhouette federation AETSM. Michel Boulanger was elected as the first president along with Jean-Pierre Beurtheret as the first secretary.
It was established a competition ruleset which could only be revised every fourth year to give stability to the sport. The first IMSSU competition ruleset was largely based on the NRA metallic silhouette competition rules, but since 1997 NRA has published silhouette rules which differ from IMSSU.
Member associations.
As of 2020 IMSSU has 26 member regions.


Chulabhorn International College of Medicine

The Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University or CICM () is the twenty-first medical school set up in Thailand located in Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province and is the first institution in Thailand to provide an international course in medicine. The first year course consists of general sciences, followed by preclinical years 2 and 3 and then the clinical years 4–6. During the clinical years, Thammasat University Hospital is used as the main training site and students may undertake electives in foreign countries.
CICM was opened on 28 August 2012 to provide medical education in English as an international course. The setup of the university involved a cooperation between Thammasat University and Bumrungrad International Hospital.
References.
Article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Thai Wikipedia.


Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society

The Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society (TTRCS) was founded on 12 July 1939 as a Branch of the British Red Cross Society. It has its headquarters in Port of Spain, with branches in the North and South of the island of Trinidad and one branch on the island of Tobago. Following the attainment of independence in 1962, the TTRCS became an Independent Society by Act No. 15 of 1963. On August 8, 1963, the TTRCS became part of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The Constitution of the Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society is based on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional Protocols of 1977 and the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement which are:
The TTRCS is made up of several departments with programmes grouped into six core areas:
The Trinidad & Tobago Red Cross Society (TTRCS) is an auxiliary in the humanitarian field to the Government of the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago.
Governance
The Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross is controlled and administered by a General Council which represents the Society as a whole. The General Council has thirty-six members, some appointed and some elected. 18 are members of the Executive Committee, which governs the Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society.


Ksawery Zakrzewski

Ksawery Faustyn Ignacy Zakrzewski (15 February 1876 in Wełna [now Goślinowo] – 18 November 1915 in Poznań) was a Polish physician, independence activist, director of Poznań's Polish Gymnastic Society "Falcon", co-editor of biweekly magazine "Sokół", co-founder (with Marian Seyda) of magazine "Kurier Poznański". According to Bernard Chrzanowski, Zakrzewski was an initiator and co-creator of scouting in Greater Poland. He was one of the main organiser of Polish scouting in the Prussian partition of Poland.


Otto Busse

Otto Emil Franz Ulrich Busse (; December 6, 1867 – February 3, 1922) was a German pathologist. Busse was born in Gühlitz, Prignitz, Germany.
He studied medicine at the University of Greifswald, and subsequently became an assistant to Paul Grawitz (1850–1932), (his future father-in-law) at Greifswald. Afterwards he moved to Posen (today Poznań, Poland), where in 1904 he became a professor of pathology. From 1911 until 1922 he was professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Zurich, where he died.
In 1894 Busse was the first to provide a written account of cryptococcosis, caused by a yeast-like fungus now known as "Cryptococcus neoformans". This he discovered in a patient with chronic periostitis of the tibia. At the time he called the fungus "Saccharomyces hominis". During the same time period, Francesco Sanfelice cultured the yeast-like fungus from peach juice, naming the fungus "Saccharomyces neoformans". Infection caused by the fungus has also been referred to as "Busse-Buschke disease", named in conjunction with dermatologist Abraham Buschke (1868–1943).


Sclerodactyly

Sclerodactyly is a localized thickening and tightness of the skin of the fingers or toes. Sclerodactyly often leads to ulceration of the skin of the distal digits and is commonly accompanied by atrophy of the underlying soft tissues.
The term "sclerodactyly" is made up from the Greek "skleros" meaning hard and "daktylos" meaning a finger or toe – "hard fingers or toes".
It is sometimes associated with scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease, auto-immune disorders.
Sclerodactyly is a component of the CREST variant of scleroderma (CREST is an acronym that stands for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.)


Samuel Campbell (doctor)

Samuel Campbell was ship's surgeon of HMS "Plumper" from 1857 to 1861. He is the namesake of Campbell Island, the location of the community of Bella Bella, and of the Campbell River on Vancouver Island, which is itself the namesake of the City of Campbell River.


George Karpati

George Karpati, (May 17, 1934 – February 6, 2009) was a Canadian neurologist and neuroscientist who was one of the leading experts on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders including muscular dystrophy research.
Born in Debrecen, Hungary, Karpati was a Holocaust survivor who emigrated to Canada in 1957. He received an M.D. from Dalhousie University in 1960. Karpati spent 30 years in clinical practise, research and teaching of neurology. He was the Izaak Walton Killam Chair and Professor of Neurology at McGill University.
In 2001, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for his "seminal contributions in the area of muscular dystrophy". In 2005, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. In 1999, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He was a member of the Royal Society of Canada and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Karpati died on February 6, 2009, aged 74, and was buried in Montreal at the Baron de Hirsch Cemetery.


American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians

The American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians (ACOEP) is a professional organization of emergency medicine physicians. It was founded in 1975. Active membership is open only to osteopathic (D.O.) medical physicians who have practiced emergency medicine for the past three years and/or have completed an emergency medicine residency approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) or Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Fellows use the designation FACOEP. As of November 2017, ACOEP had over 5,000 members.


Hospital trust

A hospital trust, also known as an acute trust, is an NHS trust that provides secondary health services within the English National Health Service and, until they were abolished, in NHS Wales. Hospital trusts were commissioned to provide these services by NHS primary care trusts and now by clinical commissioning groups. NHS trusts were established by the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 as the first step in setting up an internal market.
NHS foundation trusts were regulated by Monitor until 2016, when it was merged with the NHS Trust Development Authority to form NHS Improvement. As of January 2014, there were 59 NHS hospital trusts, out of the total of 97 NHS trusts supervised by the TDA.


William Baylies (physician)

William Baylies (1724–1787) was an 18th-century English physician. It is said that the King of Prussia, at an early interview with Baylies, remarked to him that "to have acquired such skill he must have killed a great many people", to which the doctor replied, ""Pas tant que votre Majesté" (Not as many as Your Majesty)".
Baylies died in Berlin on 2 March 1789 and left his library to the King of Prussia. A portrait of him by Johann Heinrich Schmidt, engraved by Daniel Berger, was published in Berlin.
Biography.
Baylies was a native of Worcestershire and practised for some years as an apothecary. After marrying the daughter of Thomas Cooke, a wealthy attorney of Evesham, he began the study of medicine, obtained the degree of M.D. at Aberdeen on 18 December 1748, and was elected a fellow of the Edinburgh College of Physicians on 7 August 1757.
Baylies practised for many years at Bath. He published in 1757 "Reflections on the Use and Abuse of Bath Waters," which involved him in a dispute with a Dr. Lucas and a Dr. Oliver, the two being the chief doctors of the city. He issued a pamphlet concerning this quarrel — "A Narrative of Facts demonstrating the existence and course of a physical confederacy, made known in the printed letters of Dr. Lucas and Dr. Oliver," 1757, but the controversy ruined Baylies's practice, whereupon he moved to London.
In 1761 Baylies unsuccessfully contested the representation of Evesham in Parliament, and then petitioned against the return of one of his rivals, although he withdrew the petition before the day of hearing (15 December). On 8 November 1764, he was appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital. He became licentiate of the College of Physicians in London on 30 September 1765 and made himself notorious by the magnificent entertainments he repeatedly gave at his house in Great George Street, Westminster. Pecuniary difficulties then forced him to leave England for Germany, where he first settled at Dresden and afterwards at Berlin, where he obtained the post of physician to Frederick the Great.


Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya

The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kelaniya located in Ragama, is one of nine state medical schools in Sri Lanka. It is on a 35-acre (140,000 m2) campus at Ragama, and the faculty began classes with the admission of 120 students in September 1991. Before that it was called the North Colombo Medical College (NCMC).
Overview.
The faculty has about 1000 students on its roll. This includes some foreign students, mainly from other South Asian countries, who have been admitted on a self-financing basis. The faculty also welcomes students for elective appointments and many students from medical schools in Europe, United States and Australia have spent their elective periods here.
The faculty has a full range of academic departments consisting of about 140 academic staff members, including 23 professors. They are complemented by over 60 visiting staff, including consultants who are based in the affiliated teaching hospitals and other universities. In keeping with the need to expand and improve allied health services in the country the faculty established the Disability Studies Unit in 1993 and the Centre for Tropical Medicine and International Health, which conducts courses for primary health care workers, in 1999. The Molecular Medicine Unit was established in 2003 with the aims of improving molecular diagnostic facilities for infectious diseases and providing DNA fingerprinting. In 2007 the Disability Studies Unit was upgraded to the Department of Disability Studies, the only one of its kind in the South Asian region.
The faculty provides an undergraduate teaching curriculum for the MBBS degree based on two years of basic sciences, followed by the clinical science training sessions held at the North Colombo (Teaching) General Hospital, Ragama. The curriculum is organized around weekly tutorials at specific tutorial rooms supported by lectures, problem based learning sessions, small group discussions and practical classes.
The faculty also provides hostel facilities for most of its students. It also has an open air theatre, a sports ground, a multipurpose court and gymnasium. A cultural center was opened in January 2009 and programmes in music, dance, art and photography are conducted.
Location.
The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kelaniya is situated on a spacious 35-acre campus at the corner of Thalagolla Road, Ragama. Surrounded with trees and nature, the faculty provides the students with a peaceful environment. The faculty also has a well maintained botanical garden with rare species of plants and a lot of animals and birds.
History.
The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kelaniya in Ragama, was established in 1991 and has advanced to be one of the leading medical faculties in Sri Lanka. Its inception was brought about by the affiliation of The North Colombo Medical College to the University of Kelaniya as the Faculty of Medicine by an act of parliament on the 2nd of September in 1991.
Professor Carlo Fonseka was the founder dean of the faculty. At the inception, there were 120 students and that number has increased to one thousand students at present.
Since then it is known as the Faculty of Medicine, Ragama which has had 4 deans up to now. Professor Carlo Fonseka, the founder dean of the faculty, Professor Janaka de Silva, Professor Rajitha Wickramasinghe and Professor Nilanthi de Silva, the present dean of the faculty.
Buildings and sites.
The faculty of medicine of the University of Kelaniya is situated on a 35-acre campus at Ragama city. The North Colombo Teaching hospital is the main teaching hospital, and is situated next to the campus premises. University clinical departments have wards in the hospital.
The faculty has an open-air theatre, a multi-purpose court and a gymnasium. A cultural centre was opened in January 2009.
The faculty comprises sixteen academic departments, a medical education centre, a centre for tropical medicine and international health, a disability studies unit and a molecular medicine Unit. A liver transplantation unit is aligned to the faculty. A computer centre is also established within the faculty.
There are two main lecture halls which are used for teaching purposes, and two main examination halls. Students are provided with a separate study area in the pre-clinical building and the libraries.
There are hostels for both male and female students. There are two canteens and a milk bar in the faculty premises. A common room is in the same area as the main canteen.
Office of the Dean.
Administrative and financial functions pertaining to the medical faculty as whole are handled by this office, which is in two sections: the Senior Assistant Registar's office (SAR's office) and the Senior Assistant Bursa's office (SAB's office).
The SAR's office handles the administration and maintenance of buildings and services of the faculty. Obtaining permission for student activities, arranging time tables and schedules, registering students for examinations, arranging transport for students' clinical appointments, liaising with the student welfare and academic branches of the University of Kelaniya, general supervision and monitoring of security personnel and cleaning services, procurement of services, repair and maintenance of equipment and all maintenance activities of the faculty, facilitating disciplinary procedures, monitoring of attendance of non-academic staff and leave control, maintenance of records of the properties of the faculty, handling audit queries, and implementation of decisions of the faculty board and the dean are done by the SAR's office.
The SAB's office deals with all the financial matters of the faculty. All payments of student scholarships and bursaries are made through this office. All goods are procured and payments of the faculty are made through this office.
Departments and units.
The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kelaniya comprises sixteen academic departments and several other centers and units.
Facilities at the hostels.
Boys' hostels are in five buildings, three of which are now in use, while two are being repaired. The hostels have many facilities to accommodate the needs of students. There are common rooms equipped with TVs, study areas, a canteen, parking lots, a playground and a basketball court.
A hostel committee has been formed to bring forth the troubles of hostel students. There is a sub warden to look after the students. Cleaning staff maintain the bathrooms. Maintenance of electric equipment and other equipment is done by faculty maintenance staff.
Students sign a housing contract as they enter the hostels, and pay Rs.1100 per year.
Hostel slots normally open up during May. The criteria for selecting students for hostel facilities are based on the seniority of the students and the financial need and distance from home.
Fire alarms are now being installed in the hostels.
The girls' hostels have similar facilities. There are common rooms. A study area is being built presently. There is also a small canteen.
The faculty hostels will be able to house the majority of the student population after the repairs are completed.


Septum spurium

During development of the heart, the orifice of the sinus venosus lies obliquely, and is guarded by two valves, the right and left venous valves; above the opening these unite with each other and are continuous with a fold named the septum spurium.


Ernesto Rayper

Ernesto Rayper (1 November 1840, Genoa - 5 August 1873, Stella) was an Italian painter and engraver. He was the founder of what came to be known as the (Gray School) of landscape painting and was associated with the Macchiaioli.
Biography.
In 1859, after receiving his basic education at a Piarist school and the Collegio dei Tolomei in Siena, he enrolled in courses at the Accademia Ligustica di Belle Arti and took lessons from Tammar Luxoro. Under his influence, he decided to specialize in landscapes. During 1860, he spent some time in Geneva at the workshops of Alexandre Calame.
Upon returning to Genoa, he strove to develop his own style, distinct from the current Romantic and Academic trends. He had his first exhibit at the Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in 1862. The following year, he began promoting the concept of plein aire painting and the Scuola grigia, so-named for Rayper's avoidance of the color black, took shape. Over the next few years, he was joined by , a Portuguese immigrant who was also an archaeologist, Alberto Issel and Serafín Avendaño, a Galician painter living in Genoa. Later, he began working with a group of artists from Canavese, led by Carlo Pittara.
In 1870 he was named a "Professor of Merit" at the Accademia Ligustica and won a gold medal at the "Esposizione Nazionale di Parma".
The following year, he developed a cancerous tumor on his tongue. After travelling throughout Italy, seeking an effective treatment, he retired to a small town in Savona and died there, aged only thirty-three.
After his death, his work became somewhat neglected until 1926, when a major exhibition was held at the Teatro Carlo Felice. Further exhibitions were held in 1938 at the Palazzo Rosso and in 1974, at his alma mater, the Accademia Ligustica; sponsored by the City of Genoa.


Karl Stoerk

Karl Stoerk (German: Störk, 17 September 1832 – 13 September 1899) was an Austrian laryngologist who was a native of Ofen.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Prague and Vienna, and received his doctorate in 1858. Afterwards he was an assistant to Ludwig Türck (1810–1868) in Vienna, where he practiced medicine for the remainder of his career. In 1891 Stoerk was appointed head of the laryngological clinic.
Along with Leopold von Schrötter (1837–1908) and Johann Schnitzler (1835–1893), Stoerk was a catalyst in making Vienna a major center of laryngological research in the late 19th century. He demonstrated the possibility of applying remedies into the larynx and throat assisted by a laryngoscope. He also devised several medical instruments, including an early esophagoscope that was modification of the "Waldenburg esophagoscope". Stoerk's endoscopic device consisted of three telescopic tubes with a bendable mechanism.
Eponymy.
"Stoerk's blennorrhea": free discharge of mucus producing hypertrophy of the mucosa of the nose, pharynx, and larynx.


Joanne Liu

Joanne Liu, M.D., C.M., is a Canadian pediatric emergency medicine physician, Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Montreal, Professor of Clinical Medicine at McGill University, and the previous International President of Médecins sans frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders). She was elected president during MSF's International General Assembly in June 2013.
Early life.
Joanne Liu was born on 4 November 1965, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, to a Chinese immigrant Liu family from Taishan, Guangdong. Her family ran a Chinese restaurant called China Garden. Dr Joanne Liu was the fifth child after David, a child stillborn, Anthony, and Margaret. When she was thirteen, she became fascinated by "Et la Paix dans le monde docteur", a book about the experiences of a physician working with Doctors Without Borders during the Soviet–Afghan War. She dreamed of becoming "a doctor without borders" one day.
Education and training.
During junior college, Cegep Champlain St. Lawrence, Quebec City, she travelled to Mali with Canadian Crossroads International. Liu graduated from the McGill University Faculty of Medicine with the M.D., C.M. degree and completed pediatric specialty training at the Université de Montréal-affiliated Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine. She then completed a sub-specialty in pediatric emergency care at Bellevue Hospital Center of the New York University School of Medicine and an International Master's in Health Leadership degree at the McGill University Desautels Faculty of Management.
Career.
Liu started her career with Médecins Sans Frontières, in 1996 when she worked with Malian refugees in Mauritania. Since then she has provided support through the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami; assisted in controlling a cholera epidemic in Haiti; helped Somali refugees in Kenya; and offered medical assistance in many conflict zones, including Palestine, Central African Republic and Sudan's Darfur region. She has also helped to develop one of the first programs to offer comprehensive medical care for survivors of sexual violence in the Republic of the Congo.
From 1999 to 2002, Liu was a programs manager at the Paris office of MSF. She then went on to work as the president of the board of directors of MSF in Canada between 2004 and 2009. She has helped to create and currently co-manages the organization's telemedicine project, which connects MSF physicians in 150 remote sites with a platform of over 300 medical specialists across the globe. By communicating through the specialist network, MSF field doctors can receive critical diagnoses and treatment recommendations for their patients within hours.
From 2002 to 2013, Liu served as a full-time Pediatric Emergency Physician at Ste-Justine Hospital in Montreal and at the Health Travel Clinic of the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal. She is also an associate professor at the Université de Montréal.
In October 2013, Liu commenced as International President of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), in Geneva.
On 2 September 2014, Liu gave a briefing to the United Nations General Assembly, urging member states to mobilize against the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
On 7 October 2015, Liu demanded an independent investigation of the American bombing of the MSF hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan. She denounced the bombing and suggested that it was a war crime.
Since 2020, Liu has been serving as a member of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (IPPR), an independent group examining how the World Health Organization (WHO) and countries handled the COVID-19 pandemic, co-chaired by Helen Clark and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.


Scottish School of Primary Care

The Scottish School of Primary Care (SSPC) is an organisation that co-ordinates a programme of research and training of primary care in Scotland. The School was launched in 2000. By 2007 there were 1700 people involved in this virtual organisation, including Scottish academics with an interest in primary care research and clinicians who have an involvement with research alongside their normal clinical work.
A programme of work at the school led to the publication of landmark paper on multimorbidity in 2012.
In 2007, Frank Sullivan was appointed Director. In September 2015, John Gillies took up the position of Depute Director.


Virus inactivation

Viral inactivation is to stop the viruses in a given sample from contaminating the desired product either by removing viruses completely or rendering them non-infectious. These techniques are used widely in the food and blood plasma industries, as those products can be harmed by the presence of viral particles. Some of the more common viruses removed by these methods are the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses; hepatitis A, B, and C; and parvoviruses. These methods have been adapted to remove prions, which are not related to viruses, from blood products.
Removal.
This overarching process, which has come to be known simply as virus removal, is one in which all of the viruses in a given sample are removed by traditional extraction or [full energy] methods. Some of the more prominent methods include:
These extraction processes are considered "traditional processes" because they do not chemically affect the virus in any way; they simply remove it physically from the sample.
Nanofiltration.
Virus removal processes using nanofiltration techniques remove viruses specifically by size exclusion. This type of process is typically used for parvoviruses and other viruses containing a protein coat. A typical HIV virion is 180 nm and a typical parvovirus can vary between 15 and 24 nm, which is very small. One great advantage of filtration, as opposed to methods involving extremes of temperature or acidity, is that filtration will not denature the proteins in the sample. Nanofiltration is also effective for most types of proteins. Since it is not chemically selective, no matter what the surface chemistry of the viral particle is, viral removal processes using nanofiltration techniques will still be effective. Another great advantage of this technique is its ability to be performed on a lab scale and then effectively scaled up to production standards. It is important to consider, however, the fact that the level of removal of the viruses is dependent on the size of the pores of the nanofilter. In some cases, very small viruses will not be filtered out. It is also necessary to consider the possible effects of pressure and flow rate variation.
Some of the filters used for to perform these types of processes are Planova 15N, Planova 20N, BioEX, VAG - 300, Viresolve 180, Viresolve 70TM, and the Virosart range.
Chromatography.
Chromatographic methods of removing viruses are great for purifying the protein and are also effective against all types of viruses, but the level of virus removal is dependent on the column composition and the reagents that are used in the process. The effectiveness of this process can vary greatly between viruses and its efficiency can change based on the buffer used. Sanitation between batches is also a concern when performing this procedure.
Membrane chromatography is increasingly popular for virus purification and removal.
Inactivation.
Viral inactivation renders viruses unable to infect. Many viruses contain lipid or protein coats that can be inactivated by chemical alteration. Viral inactivation is different from viral removal because, in the former process, the surface chemistry of the virus is altered and in many cases the (now non-infective) viral particles remain in the final product. Rather than simply rendering the virus inactive, some viral inactivation processes actually denature the virus completely. Viral inactivation is used widely in the blood plasma industry.
In order to achieve inactivation of the viruses in the sample, it is necessary to perform "special" purification processes that will chemically alter the virus in some way. Some of the more widely used processes are as follows:
In some cases viral inactivation is not a viable removal alternative because even the denatured or otherwise inactivated viral particles can have deleterious effects on the process stream or the product itself.
Solvent/detergent (S/D) inactivation.
This process, developed by the New York Blood Center, is the most widely used viral inactivation method to date. It is predominantly used in the blood plasma industry, by over 50 organizations worldwide and by the American Red Cross . This process is only effective for viruses enveloped in a lipid coat, however. The detergents used in this method interrupt the interactions between the molecules in the virus's lipid coating. Most enveloped viruses cannot exist without their lipid coating so are destroyed when exposed to these detergents. Other viruses may not be destroyed but they are unable to reproduce rendering them non-infective. The solvent creates an environment in which the aggregation reaction between the lipid coat and the detergent happen more rapidly. The detergent typically used is Triton X-100.
This process has many of the advantages of the "traditional" removal techniques. This process does not denature proteins, because the detergents only affect lipids and lipid derivatives. There is a 100% viral death achieved by this process and the equipment is relatively simple and easy to use. Equipment designed to purify post-virus inactivated material would be necessary to guard against contamination of subsequent process streams.
S/D treatment utilizes readily available and relatively inexpensive reagents, but these reagents must be removed from the product prior to distribution which would require extra process steps. Because this process removes/inactivates the lipid coating of a virus, viruses without any sort of lipid envelope will be unaffected. There is also no inactivation effect by the buffers used in this process.
Pasteurization.
Inactivation of viruses by means of pasteurization can be very effective if the proteins that you are trying to protect are more thermally resistant than the viral impurities with which they are in solution. Some of the more prominent advantages of these types of processes are that they require simple equipment and they are effective for both enveloped "and" non-enveloped viruses. Because pasteurization involves increasing the temperature of solution to a value that will sufficiently denature the virus, it does not matter whether the virus has an envelope or not because the envelope alone cannot protect the virus from such high temperatures. However, there are some proteins which have been found to act as thermal stabilizers for viruses. Of course, if the target protein is not heat-resistant, using this technique could denature that target protein as well as the viral impurity. Typical incubation lasts for 10 hours and is performed at 60°C.
Acidic pH inactivation.
Some viruses, when exposed to a low pH, will denature spontaneously. Similar to pasteurization, this technique for viral inactivation is useful if the target protein is more resistant to low pHs than the viral impurity. This technique is effective against enveloped viruses, and the equipment typically used is simple and easy to operate. This type of inactivation method is not as effective for non-enveloped viruses however, and also requires elevated temperatures. So in order to use this method, the target protein must be resistant to low pHs and high temperatures which is unfortunately not the case for many biological proteins. Incubation for this process typically occurs at a pH of 4 and lasts anywhere between 6 hours and 21 days.
Ultraviolet (UV) inactivation.
UV rays can damage the DNA of living organisms by creating nucleic acid dimers. However, the damages are usually not important due to low penetration of UVs through living tissues. UV rays can be used, however, to inactivate viruses since virus particules are small and the UV rays can reach the genetic material, inducing the dimerisation of nucleic acids. Once the DNA dimerised, the virus particules cannot replicate their genetic material which prevent them from spreading.
UV light in combination with riboflavin has been shown to be effective in reducing pathogens in blood transfusion products. Riboflavin and UV light damages the nucleic acids in viruses, bacteria, parasites, and donor white blood cells rendering them unable to replicate and cause disease.
Spiking studies.
In many cases, the concentration of viruses in a given sample is extremely low. In other extraction processes, low levels of impurity may be negligible, but because viruses are "infective" impurities, even one viral particle may be enough to ruin an entire process chain. It is for this reason that special measures must be taken to determine the appropriate removal or inactivation method for whatever type of virus is being extracted from whatever type of solution.
Spiking studies were created specifically for this purpose. A spiking study is a study done in order to determine the possible methods of viral removal or inactivation. The results of these studies are numerical and, based on these numbers, researchers can determine whether or not the process on which the study was conducted will be suitable for the viruses they are trying to extract and the solution from which they are trying to extract them.
The method.
It has been shown through experimentation, that increasing the viral count (or level of activity) of a sample by a factor of 104 or 105 of the original will only change the virus removal/inactivation ratios by one order of magnitude [reference?]. From this knowledge, spiking studies have been created in which the virus number (or level of activation) is increased or "spiked" by a factor of 104 or 105 of the original sample. This new high number or level of activity is then run through the process stream and purified. The number or level of activity is taken at the beginning and at the end of the process stream and used in the calculation of Reduction Factor.
Reduction factor.
Reduction factor (RF) for a virus removal or inactivation step is calculated using the following equation:
RFstep = log10 [(V1 x T1)/(V2 x T2)]
Where: V1 = volume of spiked feedstock prior to the clearance step; T1 = virus concentration of spiked feedstock prior to the clearance step; V2 = volume of material after the clearance step; and T2 = virus concentration of material after the clearance step.
The reduction factor needed for a certain process stream is dependent on many different factors, some of which include:
Applications.
This technology has been used extensively in the food and drug industries, but some other applications of viral processing have been:


Viroplasm

A viroplasm, sometimes called 'virus factory' or 'virus inclusion'. is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation.
Definition.
A viroplasm is a perinuclear or a cytoplasmic large compartment where viral replication and assembly occurs. The viroplasm formation is caused by the interactions between the virus and the infected cell, where viral products and cell elements are confined.
Groups of viruses that form viroplasms.
Viroplasms have been reported in many unrelated groups of Eukaryotic viruses that replicate in cytoplasm, however, viroplasms from plant viruses have not been as studied as viroplasms from animal viruses. Viroplasms have been found in the cauliflower mosaic virus, rotavirus, vaccinia virus and the rice dwarf virus. These appear electron-dense under an electron microscope and are insoluble.
Structure and formation.
Viroplasms are localized in the perinuclear area or in the cytoplasm of infected cells and are formed early in the infection cycle. The number and the size of viroplasms depend on the virus, the virus isolate, hosts species, and the stage of the infection. For example, viroplasms of mimivirus have a similar size to the nucleus of its host, the amoeba "Acanthamoeba polyphaga".
A virus can induce changes in composition and organization of host cell cytoskeletal and membrane compartments, depending on the step of the viral replication cycle. This process involves a number of complex interactions and signaling events between viral and host cell factors.
Viroplasms are formed early during the infection; in many cases, the cellular rearrangements caused during virus infection lead to the construction of sophisticated inclusions —viroplasms— in the cell where the factory will be assembled. The viroplasm is where components such as replicase enzymes, virus genetic material, and host proteins required for replication concentrate, and thereby increase the efficiency of replication. At the same time, large amounts of ribosomes, protein-synthesis components, protein folding chaperones, and mitochondria are recruited. Some of the membrane components are used for viral replication while some others will be modified to produce viral envelopes, when the viruses are enveloped. The viral replication, protein synthesis and assembly require a considerable amount of energy, provided by large clusters of mitochondria at the periphery of viroplasms. The virus factory is often enclosed by a membrane derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or by cytoskeletal elements.
In animal cells, virus particles are gathered by the microtubule-dependent aggregation of toxic or misfolded protein near the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), so the viroplasms of animal viruses are generally localized near the MTOC. MTOCs are not found in plant cells. Plant viruses induce the rearrangement of membranes structures to form the viroplasm. This is mostly shown for plant RNA viruses.
Functions.
Viroplasm is the location within the infected cell where viral replication and assembly take place. Wrapping the viroplasm with a membrane, concentrates the viral components required for the genome replication and the morphogenesis of new virus particles, so it increases the efficiency of the processes. The recruitment of cellular membranes and cytoskeleton to generate virus replication sites can also benefit viruses in other ways. Disruption of cellular membranes can, for example, slow the transport of immunomodulatory proteins to the surface of infected cells and protect against innate and acquired immune responses, and rearrangements to cytoskeleton can facilitate virus release. The viroplasm could also prevent virus degradation by proteases and nucleases.
In the case of the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), viroplasms improve the virus transmission by the aphid vector. Viroplasms also control release of virions when the insect stings an infected plant cell or a cell near the infected cells.
Possible co-evolution with the host.
Aggregated structures may protect viral functional complexes from the cellular degradation systems. For example, formation of viral factories of the ASFV viroplasm is very similar to the aggresome formation. An aggresome is a perinuclear site where misfolded proteins are transported and stored by the cell components for their destruction. It has been proposed that the viroplasm could be the product of a co-evolution between the virus and its host. It is possible that a cellular response originally designed to reduce the toxicity of misfolded proteins is exploited by cytoplasmic viruses to improve their replication, the virus capsid synthesis, and assembly. Alternatively, the activation of host defense mechanisms may involve sequestration of virus components in aggregates to prevent their dissemination, followed by their neutralisation. For example, viroplasms of mammalian viruses contain certain elements of the cellular degradation machinery which might enable cellular protective mechanisms against viral components. Given the co-evolution of viruses with their host cells, changes in cell structure induced during infection are likely to involve a combination of the two strategies.
Use in diagnostics.
Presence of viroplasms is used to diagnose certain viral infections. Understanding the phenomena of virus aggregation and of the cell response to the presence of virus, and whether viroplasms facilitate or inhibit viral replication, may help to develop new therapeutic approaches against virus infections in animal and plant cells.


Louis Denis Jules Gavarret

Louis Denis Jules Gavarret, sometimes referred to as Louis Dominique Jules Gavarret (28 January 1809 – 30 August 1890) was a French physician who advocated the use of statistics in medicine.
Life.
Gavarret was born in Astaffort, Lot-et-Garonne. He studied at the "Ecole Polytechnique" in Paris, followed by military service as an artillery officer. In 1833 he resigned his commission and began his studies with Gabriel Andral (1797–1876).
Gavarret is remembered for the systemization and expansion of Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis' (1787-1872) statistical methodology in regards to medicine. Pierre Louis' contention was to make medicine an exact science in diagnosis of a medical condition, and also to refute the "inductive approach" that was prevalent at the time. Gavarret was a major proponent of the statistical method. He emphasized that the process would only work under certain conditions, such as the medical cases must be comparable, and there has to exist enough examples to reach an exact conclusion. Gavarett's precision or "confidence rate" was calculated to be 99.5% or a ratio of 212:1. In essence, the two doctors believed that through knowledge of the aggregate patient data, the disease and treatment would be understood.
In 1840, Gavarret and Gabriel Andral were the first to show that blood composition varied depending on the pathological condition of the subject. Their research demonstrated the value of blood chemistry as a means of confirming diagnoses.
His later work largely dealt with topics in the fields of biophysics and physiology, that included research of acoustic and phonation phenomena.


George Alexander Gibson

George Alexander Gibson FRSE FRCPE (27 January 1854 – 18 January 1913) was a Scottish physician, medical author and amateur geologist. As an author he wrote on the diverse fields of both geology and heart disease. The Gibson Memorial Lecture is named after him. He was the first to discover a heart condition – the Gibson Murmur – which is named after him.
Life.
He was born at Kelliebank in Muckhart on 27 January 1854, the son of George Gibson, a solicitor based in Alloa, and his wife Jane Rae Brown. He was educated at Dollar Academy. He then studied Law at both Glasgow University and Edinburgh University but instead chose to change his study to Medicine and graduated BSc in 1874. He won the Falconer Memorial Fellowship and graduated DSc in 1877 with a thesis on the old red sandstone of Shetland. He then undertook postgraduate studies in London, Dublin and Berlin, before gaining his MD from Edinburgh University in 1881.
After a very brief spell at Birmingham General Hospital he was appointed Senior Physician at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh on Lauriston Place. He also worked at the New Town Dispensary and Deaconess Hospital. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1881. His proposers were Sir William Turner, Daniel John Cunningham, Sir Archibald Geikie and Sir Charles Wyville Thomson.
In 1912 he spoke to the AGM of the British Medical Association on non-valvular cardiac disease.
In August 1912 he himself became a victim of cardiac disease, and his health broke. A cruise to Norway failed to revive his health. Despite complete rest his health went further into relapse at Christmas of 1912.
He died at home, 3 Drumsheugh Gardens, in Edinburgh's fashionable West End on the morning of Saturday 18 January 1913 and is buried in Dean Cemetery in the west of the city. The grave lies in the northern extension backing onto the dividing wall to the original cemetery near its east end.
After his death a campaign in the "British Medical Journal" quickly resulted in the foundation of the Gibson Memorial Lecture.
Family.
He was married to Lucy Jane Philips (1847-1948) who lived to the age of 101.
Their son George Herbert Rae Gibson DSO FRCPE Croix de Guerre (1881-1932) followed in his father's footsteps as a doctor and was also a noted war hero. He was also author of the noted book "Maple Leaves in Flanders Field".
Discoveries.
Gibson Murmur, a heart condition which he first described, is named after him.


The Huntercombe Group

The Huntercombe Group is a specialist health provider in the United Kingdom operated by Four Seasons Health Care, it has 56 hospitals and specialist centres located throughout England and Scotland. It specialises in specific areas of health including: eating disorders, mental health and specialist brain injury services.
In 1998, Crestacare was acquired by Four Seasons Healthcare and The Huntercombe Group was born. This included Huntercombe Brain Injury Centre in Murdostoun, Scotland; Huntercombe Hospital Maidenhead; Frenchay Brain injury Centre; and Blackheath Brain Injury Centre. At this point the company operated 134 beds. in 2004 it had a total of 1426 beds.
The Huntercombe Hospital, Stafford has been criticised heavily for a lack of staff and failing to intervene when a patient self-harmed with contraband items.
Funding.
Patients are funded largely by the NHS and Local Authorities and, since the changes in NHS commissioning, provides some of its services under the NHS England Contract.
Performance.
Linden House was a Huntercombe assessment and treatment unit (ATU) in the East Riding, which has been closed since December 2014. Stephanie Bincliffe, who had a learning disability and autism, was placed there when she was 18 and kept in a padded room where she had little or no fresh air or exercise for almost seven years until her death. She gained ten stone during her time in the unit, becoming morbidly obese and yet she had no independent access to food. Some of the evidence at the inquest into her death criticised the hospital’s management of her physical health and obesity. It was alleged that hospital staff failed to act in her best interests regarding her weight gain, contrary to the requirements of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. However, the inquest into the death of Miss Bincliffe found there was no evidence of neglect and that her weight could not have been easily managed due to her severe autism and the level of self-harming which would have resulted from any attempt to alter her diet or get her to exercise more. Furthermore, due to a pre-existing heart condition (which ultimately proved fatal) surgery was not an option.
Watcombe Hall in Torquay, was closed to new admissions on the second day of an inspection by the Care Quality Commission in May 2017. Young people with malnutrition and dehydration had been repeatedly admitted to Torbay Hospital. The CQC found staff had not received specific training in caring for young people with eating disorders. Inspectors saw a young person climb a fence and abscond.
It was told by the Care Quality Commission to improve its corporate governance in 2018, and to recruit more experienced Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services staff.
Cedar House, a low secure unit for 39 people with learning disabilities and autism, in Barham, Kent was inspected by the Care Quality Commission in February 2020 and put into special measures because of excessive use of restraint measures, much on one inappropriately placed patient.
The Maidenhead hospital, which provides specialist child and adolescent mental health inpatient services, was put into special measures by the Care Quality Commission in February 2021 after young people ‘appeared to be over sedated’ during an inspection. The hospital’s overall rating was reduced from “good” to “inadequate”.


Carl Conrad Theodor Litzmann

Carl Conrad Theodor Litzmann (7 October 1815 – 24 February 1890) was a German obstetrician and gynecologist born in Gadebusch, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
He studied medicine in Halle, Würzburg and Berlin. In 1845 became an associate professor at the University of Greifswald, where during the following year he was appointed professor of general pathology and therapy. During this time period he published a study on the physiology of pregnancy titled ""Physiologie der Schwangerschaft und des weiblichen Organismus überhaupt" (1846). In 1849 he became a professor of obstetrics and director of the "Frauenklinik" in Kiel. In 1862 he received the title of "Etatsrat".
In 1862 his treatise on osteomalacia, "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Osteomalacie"", was translated into English and published as "Contributions to the knowledge of osteomalacia".
He is remembered for his work in pelvimetry, and among his better written efforts was an edition of Gustav Adolf Michaelis' ""Das Enge Becken: nach eigenen Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen" (The narrow pelvis, from personal observations and investigations). In 1884 Litzmann published "Die Geburt bei engem Becken: nach eigenen Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen" (The birth involving the narrow pelvis, from personal observations and investigations).
In 1885 he returned to Berlin, where he devoted his time to literary pursuits. In this regard, he published "E Geibel, aus Erinnerungen, Briefen und Tagebüchern" (Emanuel Geibel, from memories, letters and diaries; 1887) and "Friedrich Hölderlins Leben in Briefen von und an Hölderlin"" (Friedrich Hölderlin's life, in letters to and from Hölderlin; 1890).
His name is lent to "Litzmann's obliquity", which is another name for posterior asynclitism.


Thoracoplasty


Norman Guttman

Norman Guttman (1920–1984) was an American psychologist who played a major role in developing scientifically validated operant conditioning methods. He was a student of B. F. Skinner at the University of Minnesota and became prominent in his field.


Alan Glynn (bacteriologist)

Professor Alan Glynn FRCP, FRCPath (1923-2014) was a British physician and bacteriologist.
Glynn was born in Hackney, London, on 9 May 1923, the son of Charlotte, née Fluxbaum, and Hyman Glynn, an accountant. His Jewish parents had arrived in London from Poland/ Russia as children in the 1890s.
He underwent National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps from 1950, being stationed in occupied Hamburg, with the rank of captain.
From 1956 to 1958 he undertook clinical practise at St Mary's Hospital, London. While there he became interested in bacteriology, eventually being made a professor in 1971 and head of the Department of Bacteriology in 1974.
He was director of the Central Public Health Laboratory from 1980 to 1988, when he retired.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) and a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists (FRCPath).
He died on 2 April 2014.