Freiberg Mining Field

The Freiberg Mining Field ( or "Freiberger Bergbaurevier") is an ore field which, in its widest sense, is located on an ore deposit of precious and non-ferrous metals roughly 35 x 40 kilometres in area in the lower Eastern Ore Mountains in the German Free State of Saxony. The mining region is centred on Freiberg, but extends beyond that town's borough into the municipalities of "Halsbrücke", "Hilbersdorf", "Bobritzsch", "Weißenborn", "Oberschöna" and the boroughs of "Brand-Erbisdorf" and "Großschirma". Mining has been carried out here since the last third of the 12th century. In a narrower sense the name refers to the area covered by the Freiburg and Halsbrück mining territories ("Freiberger" and "Halsbrücker Grubenfelder"). The Brand Mining Field ("Brander Revier") immediately to the south comprises just the one mining territory, the "Brander Grubenfeld".
Mining in the Freiberg area began here in the 12th century. This includes a steadily developed water supply system for the benefit of the mining industry, the Revierwasserlaufanstalt Freiberg.
The most important mineral deposits are the ores "blue lead" (galena), "zincblende" (sphalerite), "fool's gold" (pyrite), "arsenical iron" (arsenopyrite), "argentiferous grey copper ore" (freibergite), "dark-red silver ores (Pyrargyrite), and "silver glance". The most important non-metallic materials are: "quartz", "calcareous spar" (calcite), "heavy spar" (baryte) and "fluorspar" (fluorite).
Within this mining region there were, historically, a large number of smelteries and, even today, there are still various active smelting works, for example, in .


Oakley C. Collins

Oakley C. Collins (1916 – October 30, 1994) was a Republican member of the Ohio General Assembly. A former school teacher from Ironton, Ohio, Collins initially ran for the Ohio House of Representatives, winning a seat in 1946, and was reelected in 1948. He opted to move to the Ohio Senate in 1950, winning a seat to represent much of Appalachian Ohio. He won reelection in 1952, 1954, and 1956.
In 1958, Collins opted for a fifth term, but lost to Democrat J. Sherman Porter, a radio personality from Gallipolis. However, he opted again to run in 1962, after Ohio Senate terms grew to four years. He won, and was again seated in 1963 to the Seventh/Eighth District, and would go forth to serve as Chairman of the Education Committee. Following the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Collins was elected to the new 18th District in 1966, and reelected in 1968.
Following redistricting in 1972, Collins found himself drawn out of his current district and into another. With the district he currently lived in not up for reelection until 1974, Collins opted to relinquish his Senate seat instead of running in the new district and instead seek a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives. He was successful, and was seated in the House for 1973.
Just two years into his House tenure, Collins again opted to run for the Senate, challenging incumbent and fellow Republican Harry Armstrong in the 1974 primary. In an upset, he narrowly defeated Armstrong to take the nomination, and went on to win the general election. He won reelection in 1978, and again in 1982. Up for reelection again in 1986, Collins initially was not considered vulnerable. However, surmounting ethics problems created an opening for his Democratic opponent, Jan Michael Long. In the end, Long defeated Collins in an upset, ending his 22-year career in the Senate.
Following his defeat, Collins returned to Ironton to his family mining company. He died on October 30, 1994, at the age of 82.


Thomas Kierans

Thomas William Kierans, FCSCE, P. Eng. (February 13, 1913 – November 22, 2013) was an engineer. He was the originator and principal proponent of the Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal or GRAND Canal.
Early life.
Kierans was born in Montreal in 1913. In 1939, he graduated in mining engineering from McGill University. As a student he prospected by canoe and bush aircraft across Canada’s northlands. From graduation to 1967, he lived in Sudbury, Ontario, working for eighteen years at Inco mines, smelters and refineries and specializing in industrial safety and rock mechanics. From 1957 to 1967, he was a mining and water resources consulting engineer and visited most mines in Canada twice each year. That experience led him to decide that his eventual home would be in St. John’s, Newfoundland.
Engineering career.
Kierans recognized the increasing "greenhouse effects" since the 1930s “dust bowl” were a clear indication that fast-growing Canadian and United States populations would require a new, large, controllable, environment-friendly source of fresh water to stabilize shared Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River water levels and flows and to end widespread and worsening water deficits and flooding in both countries. To meet this need, Kierans used proven Dutch and Californian experience to design his Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal concept in the 1950s. This would recycle (not divert) some of the now huge and harmful run-off to Canada’s Hudson Bay to the Great Lakes from a new sea-level freshwater dike-enclosure in James Bay. This should substantially increase Canada’s freshwater supply and improve Hudson Bay and east coast environments, fisheries and shipping. However, despite Quebec’s past Premier Bourassa’s and prominent engineering groups’ endorsement of detailed study of his concept, as well as an invitation to outline it to the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2001, some Canadian authorities unfortunately fail to understand basic differences between "run-off recycling" as opposed to potentially harmful "headwater diversions" or simply fear any joint water management with the US.
In 1967, he was invited by project owner CFLCo to be the mining engineer responsible for underground design at the 5500MW Churchill Falls Hydropower Project in Labrador. His duties were expanded to include project safety and environment protection. He organized detailed studies on the environmental impacts of diverting some of the Naskaupi River headwaters to the project’s Smallwood Reservoir.
In 1973, he was appointed Professor of Engineering at Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN). While at MUN he worked with Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro on the 1975 attempt at a hydropower only crossing of the Strait of Belle Isle, chaired the Environmental Committee on Brinco’s Kitts-Michelin uranium project, and was on the Editorial Board of the American Society Of Civil Engineers’ Manual on Nuclear Structures And Materials. In 1978, he proposed comprehensive underground and surface development of St. John’s Southside Hills and founded Friends Of St. John’s Harbour, the first public group to promote the much-needed clean-up of that historic Canadian seaport. He was the founding chairman of the Newfoundland and Labrador Peat Association and worked with MUN and several industry representatives to initiate the University’s Seabright Corporation cooperation with industry.
In 1978, he retired from MUN to be the Director of the Alexander Graham Bell Institute at the University College of Cape Breton.
In 1983, he founded Deltaport Limited to create a very large, mid-ocean, floating, sea and air base using tetrahedral space frames. A floating dock built for such research on the MUN side of St. John’s Long Pond is still in use for recreational purposes. From 1989 to 1991 he was technical advisor to Environment Canada for the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project. He was a life member of the Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Newfoundland and Labrador (PEG-NL), Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE), the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, and other professional groups. He was awarded PEG-NL’s Order Of Merit for 2000 and in 2001 received a CSCE fellowship. In his later years he wrote three websites that reflected his interest in large-scale joint North American water management, floating mid-ocean sea-air bases, and the proposed Newfoundland-Labrador fixed link.
Personal.
He was the father of nine children and a citizen of both Canada and Ireland. Thomas Kierans died on the morning of November 22, 2013. He was 100 years old.


Moses Rodgers

Moses Logan Rodgers (1835 - October 22, 1900) was an African American pioneer of California, arriving in 1849—the beginning of the California Gold Rush. California was annexed by the United States and was admitted to the Union as the thirty-first state on September 9, 1850.
Biography.
Moses Rodgers, who was born into slavery in Missouri, came to California in 1849. He became prominent during the Gold Rush as a successful mining engineer, making a lucrative career excavating gold in mines he owned in Hornitos in Mariposa County. He was regarded as intelligent, and his professional opinion was important. He quickly became known as an expert in the state, and investors went to him for advice regarding mining claims. He became so expert at it that in post-Civil War he was appointed superintendent of several mines (Mount Gaines Mine & Washington Mine). The stockholders of these mines seem to have been both blacks and whites. Rodgers's best known mine, for which he was a stock-holding superintendent, was the Washington Mine, which he established in 1869. It was a successful operation, which also employed Chinese workers. There were years when this mine took out over half a million dollars in gold. The Washington Mine was, in the mid-1880s, one of the area's largest, employing over 30 men. Five main shafts and over 10,000 feet of underground workings brought the gold/silver ore to the surface where it was handsorted and then sent by wagon to the mine's concentration mill. A Merced newspaper said of Rodgers that "there is no better mining man in the State."


Mayak mine

The Mayak mine is a large copper mine located in the center of Russia in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Mayak represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 456.7 million tonnes of ore grading 2.05% copper.


Bogdanovskoye coalfield

The Bogdanovskoye is a large coal field located in the east of Ukraine in Donetsk Oblast. Bogdanovskoye represents one of the largest coal reserve in Ukraine having estimated reserves of 3.5 billion tonnes of coal.


Robert H. Trent

Robert H. Trent (May 22, 1936 – April 5, 2012) was an American politician and mining engineer.
Born in Pittsburg, Kansas, Trent received his bachelor's and master's degrees in mining engineering from University of Utah and his doctorate degree in mining economics from Colorado School of Mines. He was involved in the mining industry and taught at several universities including University of Alaska Fairbanks where he was the dean of the school of mining engineering. In 1993, Trent served briefly in the Wyoming State Senate as a Republican. He died of cancer in Scottsdale, Arizona.


Marenica project

The Marenica project is a modest Uranium resource located in the western part of Namibia in Erongo Region. Marenica represents a uranium resource of 22,000 tU in ore grading 0.008% uranium. Marenica Minerals, the company that owns the rights to the resource, has put all further development on hold as its majority shareholder Marenica Energy seeks to develop and market a process for extracting uranium from low-grade ore.


Clearfield Coalfield

The Clearfield Coalfield is a bituminous coal mining area in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The coal seams are found in most parts of Clearfield County, with the notable exception of the northern part of the county.
Mining history.
The entrance of the Pennsylvania Railroad's extension from Tyrone, northwest to Philipsburg and Clearfield opened much of the field to coal mining. Later the New York Central (NYC) built the Beech Creek Railroad from Jersey Shore up Beech Creek and entered Clearfield from the northeast. This line bypassed Clearfield and extended south to Mahaffey and eventually into Indiana County. Other rail lines included the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad's extension down Anderson Creek to Clearfield, NYC's extension to Clearfield and down the Susquehanna River to Keating, and the Bell's Gap Railroad, which ran through the southern part of the county through Mahaffey. Each railroad opened numerous coal company towns such as Surveyor, Croft, Karthaus and Bald Hill on NYC's Susquehanna River line. Numerous other towns were built such as Gaazam, Glen Richey, Peale, Winburne (Summerville), Hawk Run, Morrisdale and Irvona.
The active mining of these fields has been greatly reduced since the 1970s. Some coal is obtained via strip-mining for the power plant at Shawville and other private enterprises. There were no active underground mines in Clearfield County as of 2007.


James Colton

James Colton (1860 – 5 August 1936), also known as Jim Colton, was a Scottish anarchist, trade unionist and coal miner. He married the anarchist activist and writer Emma Goldman in 1925, so that she could obtain British citizenship.
Biography.
Colton was born in Scotland, in 1860, the son of a stonemason. As a child, he moved to Penarth in Wales, he first worked as a baker in Upper Boat, then later moved to Glanamman in the Amman Valley, where he became a miner at the Gelliceidrim Colliery. Colton was self-educated and this led to him identifying with libertarian thought. He first met Goldman when she was giving a speaking tour in Edinburgh in 1895.
Shortly after the death of his first wife and knowing that Goldman needed British citizenship, after she had been deported from the United States in 1919, he proposed that they should marry. They married on 27 June 1925, Goldman's 58th birthday, when he was aged 65; the couple were not friends and did not intend to live together. Despite this, they occasionally maintained contact via letters. The marriage was reported in "The New York Times", the following year.
After the death of Goldman's lifelong lover and friend Alexander Burkman, Colton, who was sick himself, wrote Goldman a letter expressing his sympathies.
Colton died of cancer on 5th August 1936; he was buried in the Tabernacle cemetery at Glanamman. Goldman's last letter to Colton did not reach him before his death.


Penrhiwceiber

Penrhiwceiber is a small Welsh village and community (and electoral ward) in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf that lies south of the town Aberpennar and north of the village of Tyntetown, and is one of many villages that lies within the Cynon Valley. Prior to 1870 the area was heavy woodland, but the opening of the Penrhiwceiber Colliery in 1878 saw its rapid expansion into a thriving village.
Etymology.
Penrhiwceiber, according to Thomas Morgan in his 1887 publication, should be worded as "Pen-Rhiw-Cae-Byr" - 'Top of the hill of the little field'. Other thoughts refer to the word "ceiber", which means joist, beam or rafter and may suggest a place where timber was plentiful, which would certainly describe the area, which was a heavy woodland, before the coming of the coal trade.
History.
Penrhiwceiber was once a heavily wooded area with steep sloping mountainsides up until the last 20 years of the 19th century. According to the 1871 Census Records the village of Penrhiwceiber is not listed, however in 1881 the Census lists a number of streets within the village of Penrhiwceiber, notably Railway Terrace, Cynon Terrace, Glanlay Street and Penrhiwceiber Road. This rapid growth was connected to the burgeoning coal trade and the construction of the Penrikyber Colliery in 1878. The sinking of the colliery was first attempted in 1872 by a Mr. Thomas of Cwmbach on behalf of a group of businessmen who set themselves up as the Penrhiwceiber Navigation Collieries Company. After facing problems such as running water and soft sand beds, the first commercial coal was raised from the mine in 1879, though the pit was serviced by a simple wooden headgear with a single rope. Growth was rapid, and in an 1896 report by the Inspector of Mines, the colliery was employing 1,463 men. By 1908, that number was close to 1,800. In 1909 the colliery suffered a pit fire which saw the lives of 30 men saved by the actions of the fire brigade. There was one fatality.
The school primary school in the area is Penrhiwceibr Primary School (Welsh: Ysgol Gynradd Penrhiwceibr) which was originally built in 1881 and which provides further evidence as to the rapid growth of the village, with its having to be enlarged on three separate occasions: in 1893, 1895 and 1901.
This growth was to continue into the 20th century until in 1920 the Kelly's Trade Directory was able to list over one hundred commercial properties for Penrhiwceiber, as well as railway stations (Penrhiwceiber railway station) on both the Great Western and Taff Vale railways, religious buildings including Carmel Chapel (1880), Moriah Chapel, Bethel Eglwys-y-Wesleyaid (1884), Saint Winifred's Church (Welsh: Eglwys Santes Gwenffrewi) (1883), and the Penrhiwceiber Workmen's Hall and Institute (Welsh: "Neuadd a Sefydliad y Gweithwyr Penrhiwceibr") built in 1888.
In Penrhiwceiber there is a clock tower memorial that was erected in memory of those who died while serving in World War I, World War II and the Korean War.
Penrhiwceiber Workmen's Hall and Institute (Welsh: "Sefydliad a Neuadd y Gweithwyr Penrhiwceibr") was opened in the village in 1888 and restored in 1992. It remains one of the most prominent landmarks in the village. The former public library, on Rheola Street, closed in 2014.
Coal mining.
Penrhiwceiber was an important area for coal mining for the first half of the 20th century, it was home to two Coal Mines, which were:
Where Penrhiwceiber Colliery once sat, is now a local park and football and rugby fields which is locally known as Glasbrook Field. Where the Cwm Cynon Colliery once sat is now an industrial park and an industrial estate with few factories known as (English: "Cwm Cynon Business Park") and the Ystad Ddiwydiannol Cwm Cynon (English: "Cwm Cynon Industrial Estate").
Religion.
Penrhiwceiber falls within the historic Parish of Llanwynno, Church in Wales. The local St Winifred's Church (Welsh: Eglwys Santes Gwenffrewi) was built in 1883.
The other church, All Saints (Tyntetown), was built in 1903 to serve the two communities of Tyntetown and Ynysboeth. Originally a daughter church of Penrhiwceiber, it became an independent parish fairly early on, before rejoining Penrhiwceiber in 1972. There used to be a Salvation Army corps in the village.
There were a number of nonconformist chapels at Penrhiwceiber including Jerusalem (Baptist), Carmel (Independent) and Hermon (Calvinistic Methodist).
Penrhiwceiber is home to "Cylch Meithrin Penrhiwceiber" which is a Welsh language pre-school for local children. Penrhiwceiber is generally known as "Ceiber" to the locals. To the east of the village lies Mynydd Twyn Brynbychan which is around 1,500 ft above sea level, the village is one of the steepest in Wales, and possibly the United Kingdom. The community and electoral ward of Penrhiwceiber includes both the village itself as well as the districts of Perthcelyn and Miskin.
Governance.
Penrhiwceiber is also the name of the electoral ward which is coterminous with the community. The ward elects two county councillors to Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. The ward has been represented since 1995 by both Labour Party and Plaid Cymru councillors, though both councillors were from Labour between 2004 and 2017.
In a surprise result at the May 2017 council elections, veteran Labour councillor Jane Ward lost her seat to Gavin Williams, of the new Cynon Valley Party.


Alijan Ibragimov

Alijan Ibragimov (also known as Alidjan or Alidzhon Ibragimov; 5 June 1953 – 3 February 2021) was a Kazakh oligarch of the Uyghur descent. He was born in Fergana, Uzbek SSR, and was a member of a well-known circle of oligarchs in Kazakhstan known as the "Trio." The "Trio" comprises Ibragimov and his business partners, Alexander Mashkevich and Patokh Chodiev, active in the mining, oil & gas, and banking sectors in Kazakhstan. Ibragimov has been ranked #382 on Forbes’ list of world billionaires.
With his partners Chodiev and Mashkevich, Ibragimov was a major shareholder in Eurasian National Resources Corporation (ENRC), now one of the world's leading natural resources groups. ENRC, based in London, operates a number of metals assets in Kazakhstan and Africa, having acquired numerous mining operations in Eastern Europe and Africa. In 2009, ENRC generated a $1,462 million profit on sales of $13.8 billion.
ENRC was floated on the London Stock Exchange in December 2007, with a market capitalisation on Admission of approximately £60.8 billion.


Jacques Benedict

Jules Jacques Benois Benedict (April 22, 1879 – January 16, 1948) was one of the most prominent architects in Colorado history, whose works include a number of well-known landmarks and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Biography.
Commonly known as Jacques Benedict, he was born in Chicago in 1879, and he studied architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts. He came to Denver in 1909, and became renowned for his many prominent works including homes, churches, academic and public buildings, spanning a range of architectural styles and with a particular gift for melding with natural landscapes. Benedict married June Louise Brown in Denver on February 20, 1912, and was hired to be the architect of the Denver archdiocese of the Catholic Church, becoming a respected authority on sacred architecture. The architect has been described by his biographer Doris Hulse, as "talented, cultured, eccentric, flamboyant, practical, difficult, opinionated, generous, temperamental, considerate, gentleman farmer, man-about-town", and a number of his works are widely known today.
Benedict died in January 1948 in a Denver hospital.
Further reading.
Littleton Biography of Jacques Benedict

Denver Catholic Archdiocese Article

"Buildings of Colorado" by Thomas J. Noel


Geopulse Exploration

Geopulse Exploration Inc., founded in 2004, is a publicly listed junior mineral exploration company with corporate headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The main activities include exploration for metals such as gold, silver, and copper.
Property description.
Geopulse properties are located in Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia, and the United States. In March 2011 Geopulse purchased its Utah property for copper ore exploration. The company acquired another Utah property, in the La Sal Mountains, in May 2011.


Girua River

The Girua River is a river located in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea.
Alluvial gold was discovered in the river late in the 19th century. By 1898, about 150 miners were working on the Gira and Mambare rivers.


Loreto, Dinagat Islands

', officially the ' (; Surigaonon: "Lungsod nan Loreto"; ; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
History.
The town became a part of the province of Dinagat Islands in October 2, 2006 when the province was created from Surigao del Norte by Republic Act No. 9355. However, in February 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional, as the necessary requirements for provincial land area and population were not met. The town reverted to Surigao del Norte. On October 24, 2012, however, the Supreme Court reversed its ruling from the previous year, and upheld the constitutionality of RA 9355 and the creation of Dinagat Islands as a province.
In 1956, the sitio of Roxas was converted into a barrio.
Barangays.
Loreto is politically subdivided into 10 barangays.
Economy.
The town is endowed with rich mineral resources like aluminous laterite ore, chromite, gold, niceliferous laterite, sand and gravel, guano, rock phosphate, limestone, and siliceous sand. It is also considered as an excellent fishing ground.


Shaida Copper Mine

From 1971 to 1972, Soviet exploration work was carried out on the extent of the mine. Additional work was carried out by USGS in 2005 including airborne surveys, hyperspectral surveys and analysis, and the compilation of prior data into a GIS database. The USGS reports that in the larger USGS defined Dusar-Shaida Area of Interest, there has been some mining. However, there is no known historic production from the Shaida licence area. The mine is estimated to contain five million tonnes of copper.
Geology.
Shaida’s mineralisation has been described as a porphyry copper deposit. During the exploration continuous drilled intervals of mineralisation were identified, with copper grades between 0.10 to 0.80%, with drilled intervals ranging from 0.80 to 17.95m.
Cross sections of drilling at the Shaida prospect show layered quartz plagioclase porphyry, quartz keratophyre and aleuropelites (siltstone or mudstone) interbedded with volcanic layers.
Geography.
The Shaida Copper Mine is situated in the western region of Afghanistan in the Adraskan District of the Herat province, 65 km South-West of the city of Herat and 50 km SSW of Gozareh. It is anticipated that Gozareh will act as the logistics city for Herat Province. Herat Airport (which became an international airport in 2012) is close to Gozareh and there is also a railroad terminus station planned at Gozareh as part of the Afghanistan Railway Development Scheme.
Ownership.
The deadline for submission of bids for the Shaida mineral tender was 6 August 2012. The Ministry of Mines of Afghanistan announced that on 26 November 2012, preferred bidder were selected to undertake the exploration and subsequent exploitation of Shaida Copper Mine. The selection of the preferred bidder for the mine follows an extensive process since launch in December 2011, which has been supported by transaction advisers and transparency advisers to the Ministry. The tender process for the Project is expected to culminate in the granting of an exploration license and, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, will lead to the granting of the requisite exploitation license.
Afghan Minerals Group (AMG) was chosen as the preferred bidder whilst Silk Road Mining & Development was chosen as the reserve bidder. AMG has four shareholders:
AMG's technical team includes Ken Haddow and David Cliff, both ex-Rio Tinto executives, and AMG have contracted Kazakhstan Minerals Company (KMC) to design and undertake their exploration and development programmes. KMC is an exploration contractor with operations throughout Russia and CIS states. KMC holds a strategic partnership with Iskander and together have a large number of drill rigs at their disposal.
A consortium of six Indian companies, which includes four state-run companies (Hindustan Copper, Steel Authority of India Ltd, National Aluminium Co. and Mineral Exploration Corp) and two from private sector( Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd and Jindal Steel & Power Ltd), had bid for the Shaida project. SAIL led the consortium with 26 per cent stake followed by Hindustan Copper. This bid comes in after three of the four blocks of mining rights of Hajigak iron deposits, were awarded to AFISCO (Afghan Iron and Steel Consortium), a consortium led by the Steel Authority of India (SAIL) in November 2011. The Indian preference for the Shaida project appears to be due to its location and planned connectivity. The Indian consortium was looking at this rail link to move the mined copper ore to the Iranian port of Chabahar; bypassing its reliance on Pakistan. On 26 August 2012, Deputy Foreign Ministers of India, Afghanistan and Iran met ahead of NAM Summit in Tehran to discuss the utilization of Iran’s Chabahar port by the Indian consortium bidding for Shaida Copper mine. The under-construction rail link to Herat would pass some 12 kilometers from the Shaida copper mine.


China Metal Recycling

China Metal Recycling (Holdings) Limited () was a company the largest recycler of scrap metal in Mainland China by revenue. Based in Guangzhou, Guangdong, it was mainly engaged in collecting scrap steel, scrap copper and other scrap metals and processing them using equipment to produce recycled scrap metals for its customers. Its recycling facilities were located in Guangdong, Jiangsu and Hong Kong. The company was wound up and de-listed after accounting fraud surfaced.
History.
The company was established in 2000. The company was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in June 2009 with the IPO price of HK$5.15 per share. Its stock price was closed at HK$6.44 at the first trading day, 24% higher than its IPO price. On 17 November 2009, its price suddenly plunged 24%, the most since listing, as its chief financial officer, Wong Hok-leung, resigned after saying he was denied information.
Trading in the shares of the company on the Stock Exchange was halted from 9:17 a.m. on 28 January 2013. American short-seller Glaucus Research Group said that "CMR purports to be the largest scrap metal recycling company in China. We believe this is a lie. Publicly accessible import data from the Chinese government suggests CMR is a blatant fraud that has deceived the market about the size of its business." Chun Chi Wai, the chairman and chief executive officer of the company, announced that he had engaged legal advisers to initiate legal proceedings against Glaucus.
The Securities and Futures Commission won a court order in February 2015 to wind up the company, and the company was delisted from SEHK in December 2015 for "obtaining its initial listing by fraud."


Dognecea mine

The Dognecea mine is a large open pit mine in the western of Romania in Caraş-Severin County, 23 km west of Reşiţa and 509 km north-west of the capital, Bucharest. Dognecea represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 9 million tonnes of ore. The mine produces around 10,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.


Swanson Industries

Swanson Industries, Inc. is an American company that manufactures, remanufactures and repairs hydraulic cylinders for the mining and industrial industries. It is also a producer of hydraulic, drilling and mining products and mechanical parts. It was officially incorporated in 1999 and is headquartered in Morgantown, WV.
Other manufacturing sites are located in Pennsylvania, Utah, Illinois, Montana, Australia, Chile and China.
Background.
History.
Founded in 1964 as Swanson Plating Company, and later known as CWS Company, it was not until under new ownership in 1999 that the company was renamed to Swanson Industries, Inc. The new ownership felt the name change was necessary after merging with companies Morgantown Machine & Hydraulics, Laser Processing Company and Morgantown Technical Services (MTS). MTS, for example, provides rebuild services for longwall shield in the coal industry. Swanson Industries has entered the industry of hydraulic, machining and plating services.
In 2006, Swanson Industries, Inc. added hydraulic cylinder manufacturing to its services, going from repair of hydraulic cylinders used in deep mining to remanufacture to manufacturing. AEA Investors would be added as an equity partner in 2012, backing Swanson Industries and helping to expand their facilities. This expansion would continue into 2014 when Swanson Industries partnered with Jarvie Engineering of New South Wales. Most recently, Swanson Industries purchased Waratah Engineering in 2016, strengthening themselves as a full-service supplier in Australia.
Swanson Industries International.
Swanson Industries, Inc.'s relationship with international corporation Caterpillar Inc. is an example of their global expansion. Furthermore, Swanson Industries, Inc. developed a relationship with a hydraulic cylinder manufacturer in China with the help of The Center for Chinese Business at West Virginia University. The company partnered with a privately owned Shanghai company for shipping of necessary hydraulic equipment.


Firmin V. Desloge

Firmin Vincent Desloge II (August 30, 1843 – December 18, 1929) was an American industrialist lead mining pioneer in the disseminated lead fields of the Southeast Missouri Lead District and member of the Desloge family in America.
Life.
In 1822, Desloge's father, Firmin Rene Desloge, came to America from France to work with his uncle Jean Ferdinand Rozier from Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.
Born in 1843, the young Desloge received his early education in the public schools at Potosi, where the family businesses included fur trading, distilling, and mining. He then attended St. Louis University and later the commercial school of Bryant & Stratton in St. Louis, Missouri. He was trained to mercantile pursuits, beginning at an early age as a clerk for the firm of John B. Valle & Co. of St. Louis.
In 1867, he began mining operations near Potosi. When lead mining was in its infancy in St. Francois County, Missouri, he prospected lands in that county adjacent to those of the St. Joseph Lead Company, and finally purchased and erected smelting works for the corporation known as the Desloge Lead Company. Desloge built a connection with the St. Joseph Lead Company—the first railroad to penetrate the disseminated lead field of St. Francois County. In 1887, the two companies merged to create what was probably the era's greatest lead-mining and smelting company.
In 1889, he acquired from the Bogy Lead Mining Company one of the oldest mining properties in Missouri, and after demonstrating that there were valuable deposits of disseminated lead on these lands, folded them into the new Desloge Consolidated Lead Company. The town built to support the mines is now known as Desloge, Missouri. The use of the new diamond drill and the 1893 arrival of a branch from the Mississippi River & Bonne Terre Railroad allowed the already-successful lead mining operations to expand.
A grandson of one of Desloge's friends and business colleagues, Harry Cantwell, Sr, said, "They say that grandfather and Desloge (Firmin Desloge) were riding in a surrey one day trying to decide where to sink a shaft. Desloge spit off one side of the surrey and said there was where they would sink the shaft. Grandfather didn't agree with the location of the spit and split with Desloge to form his own company." Desloge soon sank a shaft and struck the same main vein and deposits as that of those he had worked at Bonne Terre before the fire.
Marriage.
On October 24, 1877, Firmin Desloge was married at Lexington, Missouri, to Lydia Holden Davis, born June 24, 1855, in Lexington, the daughter of Rebecca (Nave) Davis and Confederate Army Colonel William Joseph Davis, quartermaster to General Sterling Price during the American Civil War. They had four children: Firmin Vincent III, Clara Cynthian, Edwin Owen, and Joseph.
From 1870 to 1872, Desloge served as treasurer of Washington County, Missouri. He served as a public school director there and in St. Francois County.
Philanthropy.
In 1930, a $1 million ($ today) bequest from Desloge's estate built Firmin Desloge Hospital in St. Louis. (For comparison, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. acquired the whole Grand Teton mountain range (Teton Range) of 35,000 acres in the 1920s for about $1.4 million)
Desloge's wife Lydia gave another $100,000 ($ today) to build the adjacent Desloge Chapel.
Death.
Firmin V. Desloge died December 18, 1929. His estate was settled in 1932, valued at more than $52 million ($ today). He was one of the wealthiest men of that era, alongside W. K. Vanderbilt ($52 million) and A. W. Mellon ($50 million), but only half as wealthy as the Astors ($100 million).


Great Mogul Diamond

Great Mogul is believed to have been discovered around 1650 most probably around Kollur Mine in the Golconda region of southern India. Tavernier described the diamond as "The stone is of the same form as if one cut an egg through the middle".
History.
The rough diamond was gifted by Emir Jemla to Shah Jahan, the 5th Mughal emperor, as part of diplomacy between the two families.
Jemla described it as "that celebrated diamond which has been generally deemed unparalleled in size and beauty."
A Venetian lapidary named Ortensio Borgio was assigned to cut the stone. It is believed that the Great Mogul Diamond exhibited several inclusions. Rejecting the idea of cutting the diamond into several fine stones, Borgio decided to address the inclusion problem by grinding away at it until the unwanted flaws were gone. Much to the horror of the Emperor, Borgio’s work yielded very poor results, including a great loss of weight. Shah Jehan spared Borgio’s head, instead fining him 10,000 rupees (all the money he had) for his ineptitude. Originally this story was believed to refer to the Koh-i-Noor Diamond, however recent research appears rather it was this stone.
Around 1665 the Shah’s son, Aurangzeb, showed the stone to the famous jeweler and world traveler Jean Baptiste Tavernier. At that time Tavernier wrote in his Six Voyages: "The first piece that Akel Khan (Chief Keeper of the King's jewels) placed in my hands was the great diamond, which is rose cut, round and very high on one side. On the lower edge there is a slight crack, and a little flaw in it. Its water is fine, and weighs 319-1/2 ratis, which makes 280 of our carats, the rati being ⅞th of a carat."
Later, the Great Mogul Diamond was transferred to Lahore Subah and became part of the spoils of war when Mughal India was invaded and Lahore and then Delhi sacked by the Persian ruler Nadir Shah. Nadir Shah returned with the stone to his home in Isfahan in 1739 from the Nawabs of Punjab. However, Nadir Shah’s ownership proved shorted-lived. He was assassinated in 1747 and the stone disappeared.
Most modern scholars are now convinced that the Great Mogul is actually the Orlov Diamond, today part of Catherine the Great's imperial Russian sceptre in the Kremlin.
See also.
Anna Malecka, The Great Mughal and the Orlov: One and the Same Diamond? The Journal of Gemmology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 56–63 ;
https://search.proquest.com/openview/9d9af4a10dc0f510b7c28430d78baa37/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2041200


David Grenfell

David Rhys Grenfell, (16 June 1881 – 21 November 1968), sometimes known as Dai Grenfell, was a Welsh Member of Parliament. He represented the Gower constituency for the Labour Party from 1922 to 1959.
Early life.
Grenfell was born on 16 June 1881 at Penyrheol, Gorseinon, Swansea, one of ten children of William Grenfell (a native of Blaenavon, Monmouthshire) and his wife, Ann, Hopkins (of Aberavon). His grandfather, John Grenfell, settled in Blaenavon where he became a coal miner, having been born in Sancreed, Cornwall.
Grenfell was educated at Penyrheol Board Elementary School until 1893, when, at the age of 12, he was forced to start working as a coal miner underground himself. While working he attended night school to study mining, geology and mathematics; and in 1903 he went to Nova Scotia, where he worked with people of various nationalities, which help foster his love of learning languages. While in Canada he passed his Under Managers Certificate; and in 1905 he returned to Britain, where he obtained First-Class Managers qualifications. Grenfell taught at a number of evening classes himself from 1907 to 1911, and was named a miners' agent in 1916 for the Western Region of the South Wales Area of the Coalminer's Federation upon the death of his predecessor, William Morgan.
Marriage.
In December 1905 Grenfell married Beatrice May Morgan, daughter of John and Emma Morgan of Mountain Cottage, Brynteg, Gorseinon. They had one daughter, Eileen.
Political career.
Grenfell continued to work underground until 1916, when he was appointed the miners agent for the Western Region of the South Wales Area. He became active in the local Labour Party in 1916; and in 1920 he was adopted prospective candidate for the Gower constituency. He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) in a by-election in 1922, and held the seat until 1959. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1935.
"DR", as he was known, was a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Betting, a member of the Parliamentary Administration Committee, and served on the Forestry Commission and on the Royal Commission of Safety in Mines in 1936. He became chairman of the Franco/British Parliamentary Party, for which he was later invested with the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
Grenfell strongly condemned the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, stating in
October 1939: "I know what Russia has done. It has been a most despicable act. We say in this country that kicking a man when he is down is the act of a coward. Russia, stepped in and kicked Poland when she was prostrate and shook hands with the aggressor. There is no word for it. I do not know what Russia proposes to do in future, but I am sure it does not reduce the crime against Poland by one iota because they have been two aggressors instead of one."
He acted as chairman of the Welsh Parliamentary Labour Party, and in Winston Churchill's coalition government during World War II he served as Secretary for Mines at the Board of Trade (1940–45), in which capacity he argued for the nationalization of the coal industry, and reiterated the call in his 1947 book, "Coal".
From 1948 to 1951 Grenfell was Chairman of the Welsh Tourist Holiday Board; and while holding that post he saw Gower become the first area of Britain to be designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 1951 Grenfell was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1953 Grenfell became the first Labour politician to hold the title "Father of the House", as the longest continual serving Parliamentarian. This was despite Churchill being older and entering Parliament before him, as Churchill had broken his time as an MP. In 1954, at Churchill's 80th birthday ceremony in Westminster Hall, Grenfell (as Father of the House) presented Churchill with an illuminated book signed by nearly every member of Parliament. Grenfell said he had "a personal regard and deep respect for a great colleague", and added: "None of us will ever forget his great example to Parliament and to the nation. He has been a great leader in our greatest national trial."
Grenfell held office in many local bodies, and was made an Honorary Freeman of Swansea for his contribution to public service. A bust of him now stands in the Swansea Guildhall. He was succeeded as Member of Parliament for Gower by his former agent, County Councillor Ifor Davies of Gowerton, who continued to hold the Gower seat until his death in 1982. His brother, William John Grenfell, was for a number of years a member of Llwchwr Urban District Council, representing the Pontybrenin ward.
Death.
Grenfell resided at "Ardwyn", Carnglas Road, Sketty, Swansea. He died on 20 November 1968 aged 87, and is buried at Brynteg Cemetery, Gorseinon. His wife, Beatrice, who was a county magistrate, died in 1976, followed by their daughter Eileen (1907–1992).


Ghelari mine

The Ghelari mine was a large open pit, also an underground iron ore mine in the western of Romania in Hunedoara County, 20 km south-west of Hunedoara and 411 km north-west of the capital, Bucharest. Ghelari represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 14 million tonnes of ore. The mine produced around 200,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.


Barabani (community development block)

Barabani is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Asansol subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography.
Barabani is located at .
Barabani CD Block is part of the Ajay Damodar Barakar tract. This area is sort of an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is a rocky undulating area with laterite soil, with the Ajay on the north, the Damodar on the south and the Barakar on the west. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal, in the eighteenth century, led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.
Barabani CD Block is bounded by Nala CD Block, in Jamtara district of Jharkhand, on the north, Jamuria and Raniganj CD Blocks on the east, Asansol (municipal corporation) and after that Santuri CD Block, in Purulia district, and Saltora CD Block, in Bankura district, on the south and Salanpur CD Block on the west.
Barabani CD Block has an area of 156.35 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 8 gram panchayats, 92 gram sansads (village councils), 49 mouzas and 46 inhabited villages. Barabani police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Domohani Bazar.
Nunia, a small stream about 40 km long has its origin near Adra village in the Salanpur area, flows through the Barabani area, past Asansol and joins the Damodar in the Raniganj area.
Gram panchayats of Barabani block/panchayat samiti are: Barabani, Domohani, Itapara, Jamgram, Nuni, Pangachhia, Panuria and Punchra.
Demographics.
Population.
As per the 2011 Census of India Barabani CD Block had a total population of 127,542, of which 79,255 were rural and 48,287 were urban. There were 65,912 (52%) males and 61,630 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 16,720. Scheduled Castes numbered 37,542 (29.44%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 18,903 (14.82%).
As per 2001 census, Barabani block had a total population of 110,361, out of which 57,735 were males and 52,626 were females. Barabani block registered a population growth of 9.97 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. Scheduled castes at 34,630 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 16,905.
Census Towns in Barabani CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Panuria (8,399), Domohani (12,480), Bhanowara (8,855), Majiara (5,444), Pangachhiya (9,165) and Charanpur (Outgrowth) (3,944).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Barabani CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Kelejora (5,533) and Jamgram (7,614).
Other villages in Barabani CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Barabani (2,330), Nuni (2,557), Puchra (3,814) and Itapora (1,724).
Literacy.
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Barabani CD Block was 77,115 (69.58% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 45,474 (79.36% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 31,641 (59.12% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 20.24%.
As per 2001 census, Barabani block had a total literacy of 63.57 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 75.99 per cent female literacy was 49.88 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language.
As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person's mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, Bengali has decreased its share from 82.3% of the population of Bardhaman district in 1961 to 79.9% in 2001, Hindi has increased its share from 8.5% in 1961 to 10.9% in 2001 Santali has remained steady at around 4.9% during the period, and Urdu has increased its share from 2.4% in 1961 to 2.6% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were: Odiya (0.3%), Punjabi (0.2%), Koda/Kora (0.2%), Telugu (0.1%), Bhojpuri (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%) and Kurukh/ Oraon (0.1%).
As of 2017, CD Block-wise/ other region-wise break-up of mother tongue is not available in census/ other official sources. There have been reports in the media about the Hindi speaking population being substantial in the Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency). Bardhaman district provided attractive livelihood opportunities for immigrants from Bihar/ Jharkhand.
According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws.
The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018. However, as of 2019, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered.
Religion.
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 108,710 and formed 87.95% of the population in Barabani CD Block. Muslims numbered 13,686 and formed 11.07% of the population. Christians numbered 67 and formed 0.05% of the population. Others numbered 1,135 and formed 0.92% of the population.
Rural poverty.
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living below poverty line in 2005, rural poverty in Barabani CD Block was 29.48%.
Economy.
Livelihood.
In Barabani CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,919 and formed 9.44% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 8,716 and formed 21.00%, household industry workers numbered 1,020 and formed 2.48% and other workers numbered 27,842 and formed 67.08%. Total workers numbered 41,506 and formed 33.58% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 82,092 and formed 66.42% of the population.
Coalmines are spread across the Andal, Pandaveswar, Raniganj, Jamuria, Barabani and Salanpur region, including municipal areas. Livelihood in this region is coal-centred. The area does not produce much of agricultural products. Overall work participation rate, and female work participation rate, in the mining area are low. Interestingly the work participation rate in the predominantly agricultural rural areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district is higher than in the predominantly urbanised mining area. Human development in the mining area does not at all look good. However, in the composite livelihood index the mining area performs much better than the non-mining areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district. The decadal (1991-2001) change in composition of workers shows the growing pressure of population growth, as well as of migrants from adjacent Jharkhand.
Infrastructure.
All 49 or 100% of mouzas in Barabani CD Block were electrified by 31 March 2014.
All 49 mouzas in Barabani CD Block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 15 fertiliser depots and 35 fair price shops in the CD Block.
Coal mining.
Bhanora West open cast project in Sripur Area of Eastern Coalfields has a mineable reserve of 23.07 million tonnes.
See also – Salanpur Area and Sripur Area of Eastern Coalfields
Agriculture.
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Barabani CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 4.18%, patta (document) holders 22.80%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.32%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 23.51% and agricultural labourers 43.20%.
In 2003-04 net cropped area in Barabani CD Block was 9,544 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 838 hectares.
In 2013-14, Barabani CD Block produced 8,874 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 3,446 hectares and 768 tonnes of potatoes from 24 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.
In 2013-14, 5 hectares were irrigated with river lift irrigation.
Banking.
In 2013-14, Barabani CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks.
Transport.
Barabani CD Block has 1 ferry service and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.
The Andal-Jamuria-Sitarampur branch line passes through this CD Block and there is a station at Barabani.
There is a road from Asansol to Nala, in Jamtara district of Jharkhand, which goes through this CD Block and crosses the Ajay River at Runakura Ghat.
Education.
In 2013-14, Barabani CD Block had 88 primary schools with 7,584 students, 10 middle schools with 962 students, 6 high schools with 3,946 students and 4 higher secondary schools with 4,756 students. Barabani CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students and 224 institutions for special and non-formal education with 6,876 students.
Healthcare.
In 2014, Barabani CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 5 primary health centres with total 35 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 16 family welfare sub centres. 2,428 patients were treated indoor and 170,334 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
Kelejora Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Kelejora, PO Domohani Bazar, is the major government medical facility in the Barabani CD block. There are primary health centres at Domohani (with 10 beds), Lalganj (with 2 beds), Nuni (with 6 beds) and Panuria (with 6 beds).


Aurora mine

The Aurora mine is the largest integrated phosphate mining and chemical plant in the world. The mine is located in Richland Township, in Aurora in Beaufort County, North Carolina. The mine which is owned since 1995 by PotashCorp, the world's largest potash producer and the second and third largest producer of nitrogen and phosphate, has an annual production capacity of over six million tonnes of phosphate ore. In 2008 the mine produced 6.6 million tonnes of phosphate ore from which 1.3 million tonnes of phosphoric acid was produced.
History.
The phosphates of the Aurora mine are the result of a recession experienced by the sea coast of Aurora. Phosphates were deposited into the sea about 15 million years ago. The result was a phosphate ore zone with of low-grade phosphate sand blanketed by sand silt. The ore zone is estimated to be about thick, consisting of phosphate sand, fine quartz, clay and silt. PotashCorp bought the Aurora mine in 1995 from the Texasgulf company as its first phosphate operation, and purchased the agricultural products division of Occidental Chemicals six months later.
As of 2005 the Aurora mine had estimated proven and probable reserves of approximately 356 million tonnes of phosphate rock at an average grade of 30.7% P2O5. PotashCorp has rights to exploit an area of of phosphate-bearing reserves, sufficient to support the mines operations for around 75 years. In 2009 the mine produced 4.2 million tonnes of phosphate rock and 0.93 million tonnes of phosphoric acid and had a number of 1,093 employees. In June 2009, PotashCorp received permission from the US Army Corps of Engineers to mine reserves within the extraterritorial jurisdiction boundaries for a period of 30 years.
The phosphate rock is transported by waterway to the deep water port of Morehead City and a railroad links the mining complex to the Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation rail networks.
See also.
Phosphate mining in the United States


Vanessa Guthrie

Vanessa Ann Guthrie (born 24 January 1961) is an Australian businesswoman, known for her work as a company director in the resources sector, including three years as chair of the Minerals Council of Australia. In 2017 she was appointed to the board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by then prime minister Malcolm Turnbull.
Career.
Guthrie was CEO and director of Toro Energy Ltd., head of sustainable development at Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals, and vice president of sustainable development at Woodside Energy before accepting a number of board roles.
Guthrie joined the board of the Minerals Council of Australia in 2014 and became chair in 2016, completing her three-year term in June 2019. Helen Coonan replaced her as chair.
Guthrie was appointed non-executive director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for a five-year term commencing 23 February 2017; she resigned in March 2021. She has been a non-executive director of Santos Limited since 1 July 2017, of Adelaide Brighton Ltd since February 2018, of Tronox Holdings PLC since March 2019. In March 2019 Guthrie became a member of the Australia-India Council for a five-year term.
Guthrie has been deputy chair of the Western Australian Cricket Association since February 2016. She was co-opted to the Council of Curtin University for a three-year term from 1 April 2017.


Kaitangata Mine disaster

The Kaitangata Mine disaster was one of New Zealand's early industrial disasters and the first of its kind in New Zealand. Thirty-four miners lost their lives at 8am on 21 February 1879 in an underground explosion at Kaitangata in South Otago.
Kaitangata Mine.
Coal was discovered in the area around near Kaitangata in the late 1840s and William Aitchinson began extracting coal near Kaitangata in 1862. In 1871 he leased his mine to John Thompson of Balclutha. In September 1872 Thompson and Aitchenson reached agreement to raise capital to expand their mining operation by way of a new company, the Kaitangata Coal Mining Company. The underground mine produced sub-bituminous coal of a high quality. In 1875, the Company merged with the recently created Kaitangata Railway Company to become the Kaitangata Railway and Coal Company Ltd. Through late 1875 and early 1876 the mine was expanded with additional shafts being driven in anticipation of the new railway. Once the railway had been completed the company announced further expansion intentions with a desire by 1877 to bring production up to 100 tons per week. There were 41 men employed at the mine in mid-1877.
On 8 September 1878 there was a small explosion in the mine. The Manager Mr Thorne was burnt by the explosion while he was inspecting a minor rock fall. Two other miners suffered from minor injuries. At that time it was thought that the coal in New Zealand was not prone to emit gas and such precautions as were necessary were in place.
Accident.
At 8am on 21 February 1879 there was an explosion at the Kaitangata mine. The force of the explosion was enough to blow Edward Dunn, who was entering the drive with a horse, 50 yards clear killing him. Six empty coal trucks were also projected a similar distance from the drive. A building for storing tools near the mine entrance was back several yards and partially demolished by some of the coal trucks. A second boy James Hawke, who was near the entrance, and blown a similar distance to Dunn escaped serious injury. Dense smoke was seen issuing from the mine. Initially it was thought that there were only 36 men inside the mine at the time.
Rescue attempts.
Immediately after the explosion the station master, J B Griffen, sent the company's train to Balclutha to get Dr Smith. He arrived on the scene some 25 minutes later. While this was happening, men from the neighbouring mines gathered and organised a group of volunteers to either rescue the miners or recover their bodies. Fire damp initially prevented rescuers from entering the mine. Those first entering the mine were W Shore, R M Sewell, Mr Aitcheson, and some unnamed others. They found two falls in the mine, which had been caused by the explosion. Also the brattices which allowed air circulation had been destroyed and temporary canvas ones needed to be installed prior to further searching. Several of those installing the canvas ones were almost suffocated. The condition in the mine remained dangerous and those working in it had to do so in shifts because of the impact of after damp. All hope of finding the miners alive was abandoned at this point.
The Company Manager, James Davidson, Mr Watson, and the mining engineer Mr Twinning were in Dunedin when the explosion occurred and on learning of it took the 11:25am train to Stirling. On the information they had when they left Dunedin they had no idea of the scale of the disaster until the arrived at Stirling. There they were informed that some 30 or more men, including the mine Manager William Hodge were in the mine when the explosion occurred and that none were likely to be alive.
By 12pm one body and the youngest person killed, 14-year-old Charles McDonald, was recovered from the mine but he could only be identified by his clothing as he was so badly burnt. Two more, William Hay and Edward Beardsmore were recovered by 12:25pm. James Beardsmore Junior was the next one recovered. All three had been killed by the after damp. Thomas Black, George Jarvie, Thomas Frew, and Caleb Beardsmore were next, bringing the total to 8 by 1:35pm. At the same time Mr Farra, a Company Director, telegraphed the Company Secretary, Mr Horkins to get 20 Green Island miners to assist in recovery operations. Constable Warren telegraphed at 1:40pm stating that in addition to the 8 bodies recovered another 28 were still in the mine. None were expected to be alive. The scene at the mine entrance at 1:30pm was described as lamentable with weeping women and children at the scene.
A morgue was set up at Jenkin's hotel, with Constable Warring taking charge of the bodies as they emerged. The rescuers had to take a break at 1:30pm due to the mine air being to contaminated. Constable Warren telegraphed at 1:40pm stating that in addition to the 8 bodies recovered another 28 were still in the mine. After a short time work resumed again and by 7pm another 16 bodies were removed from the mine - R Hall and his brother J Hall, David Buchanan, James Molloy and his two sons John and Edward Molloy, James Beardsmore (senior), William Whinney, Joseph Beardsmore, Joseph Morton, Barney McGee, James Clinning, William Hodge the Mine Manager, William S Wilson, and William Watson. Four other bodies were sighted.
James Davidson and Mr Twinning arrived during the afternoon and Mr Twinning was appointed by Davidson to manage the operations. Among the rescuers Messrs Shore, Sewell, Aitcheson, William Blain, Thomas Knowles, John Gray, John McFarlane of Wangaloa, the Bissetts - a father and two sons, William Law, Joseph Robertson, and John Nelson were singled out for praise. To this list were later added J Brown, James Wilson, Robert Wilson, Charles Samson, Michael Muir, George Hunter, Messrs Hennessy and Richardson, William Wilson, Adam Harris, Alexander Cook, John Tiffen, Hugh Wilson, James McIvor, William Hodgkiss, Andrew Falkener, and Stephen Russell.
At 6:45pm Charles Samson the Mayor of Green Island and 24 miners from the Green Island mines arrived by special train to assist. Thomas Logan, a quartz miner joined the group of miners to assist. Archibald (Archie) Hodge the Deputy Mine Manager was noted to be among those not yet found. Most of the bodies had been found close to the main air intake about 300 yards from the entrance. They were thought to have suffocated. By the end of the day 30 bodies had been recovered and 4 were known to be still missing. The names of the remaining miners killed were Samuel Coulter, James Spiers, Andrew Jarvie, Thomas Smith, John Gage, John Clark, John Ferguson, Robert McMillan, and Daniel Lockhart. Andrew Jarvie was the only one of this group killed by the blast. The rest died of asphyxiation.
The Presbyterian and Anglican Ministers Reverends Allan and Carr, had arrived in the afternoon to assist the grieving families and Police Commissioner Thomas Weldon, Inspector Moore, and a number of officers arrived to assist Constable Warren. Reverends Ronaldson and Chisholm from Milton also arrived to assist the grieving. Allan, Ronaldson, Chisholm and the Roman Catholic Priest Father Larkins officiate at the funeral the following day.
Twenty of the miners were married and several were new arrivals, having arrived the day before on the steamer "Wellington". On the day of the explosion, 47 men were employed at the mine. One miner who had overslept, C Hunter, escaped death.
The location and cause of the explosion.
Those who had signs of physical injury were at the mine entrance or in its vicinity. The remainder of those killed had been working in the new working and had no apparent physical injuries. Because of this a conclusion was reached that seat of the explosion had been in the area near the mines entrance and most probably in the area of the old workings. Conclusive evidence for this theory had been found when Archibald Hodge's mangled body had been found within the old workings. The old workings were locked off by a door from the main mine. Hodge had, for some reason opened the door and entered this area. Fire damp was probably present and because Hodge was using a naked flame to light his path, ignited it and caused the catastrophic explosion. There were two suggested reasons for Hodge entering this dangerous area. One was that he wanted to remove some disused rails lying in the old workings and the other was he was eccentric and considered the old working as an area where there was some mystery to be unraveled.
Coroners Court.
A Coroners Court was convened at the Bridge Hotel Kaitangata at 12:20pm on Saturday 22 February to determine the cause of the deaths under Edgar Hall Carew RM of Milton, Coroner. A jury of 16 had been selected. They were Alexander Mitchell, David Dunn - the jury foreman, John Walker, William Bissett, William Carson, George Kidd, Hugh McFarlane, John Gordon, Allan Blackie, Charles Smaill, Andrew Smaill, Joseph Robertson, Alexander Bissett, P F Stoddart, James Muir, and Malcolm Morrison. Police Commissioner Weldon and Inspector Moore were also in attendance.
The court began with the identification of the bodies by Thomas Knowles - Pit Headman, Joseph Robertson, David Dunn, and John McDonald. Only Archie Hodge and Jarvie remained unidentified at the end of the day. The hearing recommenced on the Monday at 11am when the remaining bodies identified. Charles Edward Twining, a qualified colliary manager and the mining surveyor with the Company was called to give evidence. He advised that in his opinion the mine should have had a second outlet and had recommended it. He stated that in England there was a requirement that there should be two outlets as a minimum, the air vent did not count as an outlet. There should also have been a barometer in the mine and outside to determine the presence of bad air. Locked lamps or safety lamps were required when fire damp was suspected as being present. William Hodge and Beardsmore had advised Twining about 2 weeks before the explosion of fire damp being present in the new working. Twining checked but found none. An inspection of the mine was carried out on 1 February by Mr Cox, the Government Assistant Geologist and Mr Binnes the Government Coal Inspector. Binnes drew out plans for the Mine Manager on how best to work the mine.
After Twining was heard, Robert Grigor - Land Surveyor took the stand followed by William Wilson, one of the miners. Wilson stated that fire damp had been present in the mine from time to time since October 1878. Precautions had been taken and the mine was considered reasonably safe. He advised that in England areas of old working were usually bricked off and sealed to prevent build ups of fire damp - entering that area of the mine was considered unsafe, although Archie Hodge had been into the area to get some rails on occasion. He also recalled that Andrew Javie had been burnt in a minor explosion about three months earlier at the east end of the workings. The miners used naked lights unlike the English miners who used the safety lamps. Wilson considered that the most likely source of the explosion was the old workings as there would not enough buildup of fire damp in new workings to cause an explosion of such magnitude. John Irving, another miner gave a similar testimony and suggested that Hodge may have entered the old area to find more rails. He also said that he did not think Hodge was able to assess the danger in the old workings. The hearing was then adjourned.
The hearing recommenced on Monday 3 March with Joseph Robertson identifying the body of William Parker Hall. He was followed by Thomas Knowles who was working at the mine site on the 21st. He described the explosion. Knowles had also talked to Archie Hodge who he said had got some rails for Andrew Jarvie and Walter Hay to lay a new road 300 yards opposite the old workings. Hodge had told him that he needed a pair of "turnings". As there were none outside, Knowles thought Hodge would have gone in to the old workings to retrieve some. Given the time between talking to Hodge and the explosion (about 10 minutes) Knowles thought Hodge had probably entered the old workings and caused the explosion.
Next on the stand was Charles Samson, a Director of the Green Island Coal Company and Manager of the Abbotsfield Coal Mine. Samson considered the mine should have had a second access and that the old workings should have been sealed off, as was the practice in England. He considered that accessing the old workings, given the presence of fire damp in the mine, was reckless. Samson was followed by Samual Herbert Cox, New Zealand Government Inspector of Mines and holder of a Competency Certificate from the London School of Mines. The Mine Manager, Hodge, had informed him in February that there was no fire damp present in the mine. Binns, the Coal Inspector had been through the old workings about 8 days earlier and had not reported any fire damp present. He did not think Hodge was experienced enough to be a Mine Manager without supervision. Samson also stated that old workings should only be accessed with a safety lamp.
After these witnesses two of the company officers took the stand, James Davidson - General Manager and Matthew William Hawkings - Company Secretary. Safety lamps had been ordered for the mine and a barometer had been provided to Hodge. The hearing was then adjourned till the next week.
On resumption of the hearing on 10 March William Shore - Manager of the No1 Kaitangata Mine took the stand. Shore had found Archie Jarvis' body in the old workings. He was also certain that the explosion had been caused in these workings. George Jonathan Binns, a qualified mining engineer and viewer of coal for the New Zealand Government took the stand next. He had inspected the old workings and considered that they had the potential to be dangerous. He had informed Hodge. Hodge had told him on 24 January that no gas was present in the mine. If gas was present in the mine then the old working should have been sealed off. The alternative and what had happened was gross negligence on behalf of the Mine Manager. Binns did not have the authority to require the Mine Manager to take any action. He did report the situation to his superiors and had, after the explosion, found that the gas had again built up to dangerous levels in the old workings. Binns was later recalled and asked if the gas in the old workings could have come from the new ones. He advised that this was not likely and that it was from the old workings.
Allan Holmes, Company Director, took the stand following Binns. He was asked whether he knew about the gas. He said that Holmes had told him in either July or August 1878. Hodge had taken quite a casual attitude to it and Holmes had asked him to institute safety lamps. Beardsmore had been tasked with inspecting the mine for fire damp prior to letting the men enter the mine. In January 1879 safety lamps had been ordered. After his evidence the Coroner provided instructions to the jury, before they retired to consider their verdict, on what they needed to determine. After 50 minutes the jury returned with a finding:First, your Worship, the Jury find that Archibald Hodge, through entering the old workings without ordinary precaution and with a naked light, caused an explosion of fire-damp whereby 34 men and boys lost their lives. Second, the Jury find That William Hodge has not used the necessary precautions to prevent an explosion of fire-damp in the mine over which he had the management. As a rider, we add that seeing that there is no law for inspection and supervision in the conduct of mining, we express the necessity of measures being adopted whereby many accidents may in the future be averted.
Mine Inspectors and Legislation.
Before the Coroner's Court had reached its conclusions a local paper raised the issue of the quality of New Zealand's Mine Inspectors by noting that in England they were highly educated and paid accordingly, while in New Zealand they were only paid £150 per annum. This was later followed by a call on the Government to enforce its mining legislation. The Act in force at the time of the explosion was the Regulation of Mines Act 1874. The Act was only enforcible if the Superintedent of the Province had, by Proclamation published in the New Zealand Gazette declared the Act to be in force in the province. The only alternative was if the Governor had proclaimed a Mining District and Published that in the Gazette. Section 10 of the Act required two openings for egress. Section 36 of the Act also made provision for owners to compensate those injured or killed through negligence.
The Government's response to the disaster was to reasonably promptly issue a Proclamation bringing the Act into force throughout the country on 28 February 1879. Attention in the newspapers of the time turned towards the Directors of the company, notwithstanding the Coroners Court finding negligence by the Hodges. The newspapers pointed out that the Directors had left William Hodge, the Mine Manager, to do pretty much as he liked, had shirked their duty of care, and suggested the Government should examine them. The papers further suggested that the Directors had not done sufficient in determining Hodge's competency. Enabling the Mine inspectors was lauded and more inspectors were called for.
Shore's Mine.
After the hearings Thomas Thompson Ritchie wrote to Dr James Hector about the possibility that the gas build up in the old workings could have been caused by new workings in the adjacent No 1 Kaitangata mine of Mr Shore. Ritchie had deduced that water build up in the mine had ceased around the time of the explosion and that there was a cross fault between the two mines which linked to the area in the old workings and which could have caused the gas build up. Shore's mine was at a lower level than the Company's and the gas tended to rise. He also pointed out that the buildup of gas after the explosion was considerably more rapid than would have been expected in the old workings area. Dr Hector agreed with the analysis.
Mr Shore rebutted the claim, stating that his mine was 500 yards away and 450 (yards or feet) below the Companies mine. He further stated that there was no reliable evidence to supported Ritchie and Hector's assertion and that gas transfer through a fault at that distance was inconsistent with evidence from other mine faults. Shore further pointed out that the ventilation system at the Companies mine had not been operational since the explosion and that it was more likely that a lack of ventilation was the cause of the buildup given that fire damp was known to be present in the mine.
Relief fund.
A relief fund was set up after the disaster to assist the miners' widows. Among those donating were Chinese miners from the Adam's Flat gold diggings, who gave 10 shillings each on average.


Egitinskoye mine

The Egitinskoye mine is a large mine located in the south-eastern Russia in Primorsky Krai. Egitinskoye represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 4.2 million tonnes of ore grading 53.2% fluorite.


Lehigh Coal Mine Company


Sibovc Coal Mine

The Sibovc Coal Mine is a coal mine in Kosovo. The mine is located in Obilić in District of Pristina. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 1 billion tonnes of lignite, one of the largest lignite reserves in Europe.


Voznesenovskoye mine

The Voznesenovskoye mine is a large mine located in the southern part of Russia in Primorsky Krai in the Khorolsky District. Voznesenovskoye represents one of the largest tantalum reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 17.2 million tonnes of ore grading 0.012% tantalum.


Acacia Mining

Acacia Mining (formerly African Barrick Gold plc) is a gold mining business operating in Tanzania, with exploration properties in Kenya, Burkina Faso and Mali. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index until it was re-acquired by Barrick Gold in September 2019.
History.
The business was established as a unit of Barrick Gold when that company started mining in Tanzania in 2000. Barrick's involvement in Tanzania had begun the previous year, when the company purchased the Bulyanhulu property as part of its acquisition of Sutton Resources Ltd. Barrick then acquired Buzwagi and Tulawaka as part of its acquisition of Pangea Goldfields Inc. in 2000. Finally, in 2006, Barrick acquired North Mara, when it took over Placer Dome. The company was floated off by Barrick Gold and first listed on the London Stock Exchange as African Barrick Gold in 2010. The company changed its name to Acacia Mining on 27 November 2014 but was re-acquired by Barrick Gold in September 2019.
Operations.
The Company operates three mines in northwest Tanzania—Bulyanhulu, Buzwagi and North Mara.
Bulyanhulu Gold Mine.
The Bulyanhulu Gold Mine is an underground gold mine in the Shinyanga Region of Tanzania, located 55 kilometres south of Lake Victoria. Barrick acquired the project in 1999 when it purchased Sutton Resources and the mine opened in 2001. The opening of Bulyanhulu, Tanzania's deepest mine, made Tanzania the third largest producer of gold in Africa.
Buzwagi Gold Mine.
The Buzwagi Gold Mine is an open pit gold mine in the Shinyanga Region of Tanzania, located 6 kilometres southeast from the town of Kahama. The mine, which opened in 2009, is the second largest mining operation and the largest single open pit mine in Tanzania.
North Mara Gold Mine.
The North Mara Gold Mine is an open pit gold mine in the Tarime District of the Mara Region of Tanzania. The mine, which opened in 2002, was acquired by Barrick through the takeover of Placer Dome in 2006.
Mining Practices.
Acacia Mining was fined $2.4 million in May 2019 for alleged pollution at its North Mara mine in Tanzania. Tanzania's National Environment Management Council issued an environmental protection order relating to pollution from the mine's tailings dam.
Human Rights Violations.
Security guards hired by Acacia Mining have shot and killed 22 people at the North Mara gold mine since 2014, and injured 69 others. Tanzanian human rights groups estimate as many as 300 mine-related civilian deaths since the mine's opening in 1999. Acacia included only 17 civilian deaths at North Mara in their annual report in 2014, and six civilian deaths in the 2016 report. No Acacia security guards have been killed on duty. The "Financial Times" reported, “In 2015, without admitting liability, Acacia settled out of court for an undisclosed sum after a case was brought against it in the London High Court following an incident in which six people were allegedly killed by police hired by Acacia. The company admits to providing per diem expenses for the police at its mine”. The International Council of Jurists said, after a September 2017 visit to the North Mara mine, that they were “deeply concerned about the gravity of many of [the] allegations and the difficulties [victims] experienced in accessing any adequate remedy and reparation”.
Multiple women claim to have been raped at the North Mara gold mine. In July 2018, a 9-year-old girl was crushed and killed by a mine vehicle driven by the police as the driver took a short-cut. Afterward, four women who came to sit by the girl's body were injured by teargas canisters as the police sought to disperse the crowd. In June 2019, Acacia's grievance process at the North Mara mine was found to not comply with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the international standard for corporations.
Corruption.
Beginning in 2013, Acacia Mining reportedly bribed Tanzanian government officials, Adam Yusuf and Jerry Minja, and others responsible for valuing land near the North Mara gold mine that it wanted to buy. The alleged bribes totaled more than $400,000.00 and were paid in cash. Jerry Minja, a district land officer who received cash payment, stated that his agreement prevents him from commenting on the details of the arrangement. "The Wall Street Journal" reported that the original whistleblower intended to report the payments to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act units of the United States Justice Department and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Tanzanian authorities charged three affiliates with conspiracy, organized crime, forgery, money laundering and corruption. The Wall Street Journal reported in 2018 that the British Serious Fraud Office had opened an investigation in Tanzania, despite insistence that the payments were legal.
Tax Evasion.
In 2016, a Tanzanian government tribunal ruled that a “sophisticated scheme of tax evasion” was organized in Tanzania and fined Acacia Mining, as reported by Bloomberg, for under-declaring export revenues from the Bulyanhulu and Buzwagi mines since 2000. John L. Thornton told The Globe and Mail that “Acacia never paid a dime of income tax” to the Tanzanian government.
In May 2017, the government of Tanzania accused Acacia Mining of “underreporting its gold exports by a factor of ten”. The investigation revealed that Acacia declared the presence of gold, copper and silver in its mineral sand exports, but did not declare other precious metals. The committee found that the exports included amounts of undeclared sulfur, iron, iridium, titanium and zinc. The report stated that Acacia declared 1.1 tons of gold in a container that actually contained up to 15 tons of gold. The Tanzanian government then imposed a ban on the export of gold and copper concentrates. The accusation and ban halved Acacia's market value. In October 2017, Thornton met with John Magufuli, the president of Tanzania, for six hours, and negotiated a deal that included a $300 million payout from Acacia to the Tanzanian government, as well as the Tanzanian government taking a 16% stake in Acacia's mines. Thornton reportedly did not tell Acacia the terms of the settlement until after the deal was announced, even though Acacia would be responsible for the payment. Shortly after Thornton's deal with Magufuli was announced, Acacia's top executives – CEO Brad Gordon, CFO Andrew Wray and COO Mark Morcombe – resigned.
Canadian Journalists for Free Expression.
In 2017, Canadian Journalists for Free Expression reported that journalists in Tanzania had been threatened and persecuted for reporting on Acacia mines.


William Galloway (mining engineer)

Sir William Galloway (12 February 1840 – 2 November 1927) was a Scottish mining engineer, professor and industrialist.
He spent much of his life as an Inspector of Mines, before being offered the post of Professor of Mining at the University College of Wales. His life was spent improving the lot of miners and working to determine the causes of explosions and accidents in mines and finding ways of preventing them or alleviating their impact. His efforts were recognised in 1924, when, at the age of 83, he was knighted.
Early life and education.
William Galloway was born in Paisley, the eldest son of William Galloway (1799–1854), JP, a Paisley shawl manufacturer and coal and iron master from Paisley in Scotland and his second wife, Margaret Lindsay (1818–1902), daughter of Thomas Lindsay, a brewer from Glasgow.
Galloway attended a private school in Scotland before going to Germany where he studied at the University of Giessen and the Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg. He also studied at University College, London. He was proficient in six languages, and in later life received an honorary degree D.Sc. from the University of Wales, where he was employed as a Professor of Mining.
Mining career.
In 1861, at the age of 21, Galloway was employed as the colliery manager at Cambusnethan, in Lanarkshire, Scotland. He held a first class certificate under the Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1872 after being examined in June 1873 and June 1879. As a mining inspector in Scotland he investigated the causes of between 60 and 80 accidents before moving to Wales.
On 3 December 1875 at Old Pit in New Tredegar, after a minor explosion the previous day where no gas had been detected, the men entered the pit against orders and at 8:00 a.m. there was a tremendous explosion killing 20 men and boys instantly and two more died from their injuries. Three days later, on 6 December 1875, at Llan Colliery, Pentyrch, another explosion killed 12 men and boys. Galloway as mining inspector reported his findings at the inquest. He found that both the timbers and miners furthest from the point of ignition were the most severely burned, reinforcing his theory that in dry mines coal dust spreads the explosion. His conclusions were accepted by the coroner and 'watering' and spreading stone dust were introduced as a result of his observations at Llan. In 1876 he delivered lectures in Paris, France with Jules Pierre Callon and Sir Clement le Neve Foster, which have been translated and printed in 'Lectures on mining delivered at the School of Mines, Paris' By the start of the 1880s his theories on the dangers of coal dust were being taken more seriously and have been discussed in many books and articles from then to the present day.
In 1884, he was called on to give evidence at the Penycraig disaster and his evidence, as printed in the Cardiff "Western Mail" 1884, is held by the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers NEIMME, along with a course of lectures on mining given by him for the South Wales Institute of Engineers in 1900. On 23 April 1887 he was elected as a member of the NEIMME.
and from 1896 to 1903 and 1907 to 1910 he was a council member of the Institute of Mining Engineers for Cardiff. In January 1907 he was called before the Royal Commission on Mines to give evidence with regard to 'watering' the mine floor and its effectiveness, and in 1910 his evidence was given to the Miners' Federation of Great Britain after the Wellington Pit Disaster.
Not all the loss of life in the mines was caused by explosions. Some like the Troehydriw disaster of 1877 and the Townhead disaster of 1913 involved extensive flooding in which some men survived after air and supplies were passed to them through bore holes while they awaited rescue. The rescue took ten days in Troehydriw and the country including Queen Victoria expressed concern for the men and she requested photographic proof of their safe rescue. The survivors at Townhead had to wait for five days before rescue in 1913. Both of these were incidents that William Galloway had to attend as mining inspector.
By 1923, he followed his family tradition by becoming an owner/director of collieries. He became the chairman and a director of the East Kent Colliery Company and director of the Snowdown Colliery.
Inventions and research.
In 1870, Galloway began investigations into the cause of explosions in dry mines, and became convinced that the cause was coal dust as well as fire damp. He was called on, as a mining inspector, to investigate the causes of between 60 and 80 explosions in Scottish mines and it became his life's work to find ways to reduce the risk to the lives on miners underground. He carried out tests with safety lamps, finding that the flame was deflected through the gauze when shots were fired, measured the varying size and colour of flame depending on the atmospheric conditions and composition. He wrote papers on his findings and presented them to the Institute of Mining, the Royal Society, the Athenaeum Club, London and anyone else who would listen.
In 1872 he wrote an article together with Robert H. Scott F.R.S., Director of the Meteorological Office entitled 'On the connection between colliery explosions and the weather in 1872' showing there was more likelihood of explosions in dry weather than wet in shallow mines. The article was published by the Royal Meteorological Society in its "Quarterly Journal" of 1875, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp 195–205.
He undertook numerous experiments to determine the size of the flame in lamps that determined the percentage of fire damp in the atmosphere, but details that were ridiculed at the time have since been found to be extremely accurate.
Galloway devised an improved walling cradle enabling two teams of workers to operate on different levels at the same time. He also devised a means of substituting the cages with water tanks to remove large quantities of water from flooded mines quickly. They became known as Galloway pneumatic tanks In 1875, he patented the idea of using twin guides or guide ropes for the kibble, allowing two kibbles to be used to sink a shaft. He also devised improved counterbalanced doors to cover the shaft top, speeding up operations and reducing the danger of injury to men, and damage to the shaft. He designed a steel bucket to carry the coal underground with wheels lubricated from hollow axle boxes and buffers, giving a smoother ride and lessening the amount of coal dust dropped on the road, and he also devised an engine small enough to be taken down in a cage and which could run along the tracks and be operated by compressed air, removing the need for pit ponies for hauling coal trucks. He installed a compressed air system using two engines to raise and lower equipment at Llanbradach colliery.
Later life.
Being unable to gain promotion in to senior inspector, possibly because he was a Scotsman in Wales, Galloway resigned his post as assistant Inspector of Mines. He became the first Professor of Mining at the University College of Wales in Cardiff. Resigning from there in 1902. He became a consultant engineer and took on work in Britain and abroad, for example, Assam, and the Cape of Good Hope.
On 22 February 1917 he presented a paper to the Commission on Mines at the Houses of Parliament with regard to his findings on the explosive properties of coal dust.
Sir William Galloway died 2 November 1927 at his home in Park Place, Cardiff, where he is buried in Cathay Cemetery. His grave is marked by a very distinctive memorial.
Honours.
Galloway was awarded an honorary degree, D.Sc from the University College of Wales. He was knighted in the New Year's Honours List of 1924, becoming Sir William Galloway
Galloway was awarded the Shaw Gold Medal by the Royal Society of Arts, a Medal by the Institution of Mining Engineers and a special Gold Medal by the South Wales Institute of Engineers in 1925.
His portrait was presented by the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coalowners Association, and he was also presented with a gold watch.
Family.
Galloway's father William married Agnes Muir (1803–1830) by whom he had three children: John Galloway (1825–1899), coal master of Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, and Margaret (born 1827) and William (born 1830) who both died young.
In 1837 William Galloway snr. married Margaret Lindsay (1818–1902) in Paisley and they had six children:
William Galloway junior married Christiana Maud Mary Gordon (1853–1880) by whom he had four children: Sarah Christiana W Galloway (1877–1878); William Albert Denis Galloway (1878–1957); Christiana Margaret Gordon Galloway (1879–1880) and Christian Francis John Galloway (1880–1960)
He had two daughters by Ada Rose Cliffe (1867–1949): Marjorie Galloway Cliffe (1894–1976) and Gertrude Galloway Cliffe (1896–1957)
His second marriage was to Mary Gwennap Douglas Killick, formerly Wood, who had three children from her former marriage to Richard Killick (1850–1930).
Finally with Charlotte Jane Sparkes (1887–1977), he had two daughters Constance Olivia Galloway (1914–2004) and Ruth Viola Galloway (1919–1991)