Carl Kaiserling

Johann Carl Kaiserling (February 3, 1869 - August 20, 1942) was a German pathologist who was a native of Kassel-Wehlheiden.
He studied medicine in Munich, Kiel and Berlin, earning his medical doctorate in 1893. In 1902 he became privatdozent at the University of Berlin, and from 1912 was a professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy at the University of Königsberg.
His name is associated with "Kaiserling's fixative", a means of preserving histologic and pathologic specimens without changing the natural color. This fixative is an aqueous solution of formalin, potassium nitrate and potassium acetate. Kaiserling is also known for his pioneer work in the field of photomicrography.


Copperbelt University School of Medicine

Micheal Chilufya Copperbelt University School of Medicine (MCSCBUSOM), also known as Copperbelt University Medical School is the school of medicine of Copperbelt University in Zambia. The medical school is the country's second public medical school, the other being the University of Zambia School of Medicine. The school provides medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Location.
The school's campus is located in the city of Ndola, in proximity to Ndola Central Hospital and the "Tropical Diseases Research Centre". This is about , north-west of the city centre. The coordinates of the medical campus are: 12°58'14.0"S, 28°38'03.0"E (Latitude:-12.970556; Longitude:28.634167). A new campus is under construction in the neighborhood called "Hillcrest", about , west of the current location.
Overview.
This public medical school is the first in Zambia to be located outside of Lusaka, the capital city of the county. It is also the first medical school in the country to offer courses in dentistry.
Departments.
As of October 2016, the school departments are: (1) Department of Basic Sciences (2) Department of Clinical Sciences and (3) Department of Dental Sciences.
Undergraduate courses.
The following undergraduate courses are offered: (1) Bachelor of Science in Clinical Medicine (2) Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (3) Bachelor of science in biomedical sciences and (4) Bachelor of Dental Surgery.
Graduate courses.
The following graduate courses are offered at this medical school: (1) Master of Science (2) Master of Medicine and (3) Doctor of Science.
New Campus.
In 2014, ground was broken at a site off the Ndola-Kitwe dual carriageway in Ndola, for a medical campus that includes a 500-bed teaching hospital and hostels with a capacity of 1,000 medical students. As of January 2016, the construction was nearly complete, with commissioning expected later in 2016.


Commonwealth Fund

The Commonwealth Fund is a private U.S. foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable and the elderly." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy. It is led by David Blumenthal, M.D.
Founding and early program history.
The Commonwealth Fund, one of the first foundations to be established by a woman, was founded in 1918 with an endowment of almost $10 million by Anna M. Harkness. The widow of Stephen V. Harkness, a principal investor in Standard Oil, Mrs. Harkness wanted to “do something for the welfare of mankind.” Anna's son, Edward Stephen Harkness, became the Commonwealth Fund's first president and hired a staff of people to help him build the foundation. Edward Harkness possessed a "passionate commitment to social reform" and was "determined to improve health and health services for Americans." Through additional gifts and bequests between 1918 and 1959, the Harkness family's total contribution to the fund's endowment amounted to more than $53 million. Today, the Commonwealth Fund's endowment stands at almost $700 million.
According to the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Commonwealth Fund's “early grants supported a variety of programs while generally promoting welfare, especially child welfare.” Over the years, it has given support to medical schools and to the building of hospitals and clinics. In New York City, the Commonwealth Fund was a major contributor to the building of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and Presbyterian Hospital at Columbia University in 1922. By the mid-1920s the chief interest of the foundation had become public health, including mental hygiene, community health, rural hospitals, medical research, and medical education. Other grant areas included war relief, educational and legal research, and international medical fellowships.
In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund launched its international program of fellowships called the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (now the Harkness Fellowships). Until the 1990s, the fellowship was open to scholars of all academic disciplines, and included many who went on to excel in science, the arts and business.
From the late 1920s through the 1940s, the Commonwealth Fund supported the construction of rural hospitals, paving the way for the Hill-Burton Act in 1946. Following World War II, the foundation supported the development of new medical schools in the United States in an effort to address doctor shortages and meet the needs of communities lacking health care services. Other achievements include the Rochester Regional Hospital Council and the development of the Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant professions.
In the 1940s, the fund supported research by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou that pioneered the Pap test as the basic technique for detecting cervical cancer. Refinement of cardiac catheterization into routine treatment resulted in a 1956 Nobel Prize for the Fund-supported researchers.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, the organization focused on developing urban health care systems, and in the late 1970s, worked to improve medical school curricula. In the 1980s, the Commonwealth Fund played a prominent role in the development of the patient-centered care movement and helped draw attention to the needs of older Americans.
While the Commonwealth Fund does not typically accept donations, several gifts to the foundation have increased the endowment and expanded the scope of the Commonwealth Fund's projects and programs:
Current leadership.
President.
The Commonwealth Fund's president is David Blumenthal, M.D. Blumenthal used to be the Samuel O. Thier Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Chief Health Information and Innovation Officer at Partners Healthcare System in Boston. From 2009 to 2011, Blumenthal served as the U.S. National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. Previously, he was a practicing primary care physician, director of the Institute for Health Policy, and professor of medicine and health policy at Massachusetts General Hospital/Partners Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine and a former board member and national correspondent for the "New England Journal of Medicine".
Executive vice president and chief operating officer.
Kathleen Regan is the executive vice president and chief operating officer of the Commonwealth Fund. Ms. Regan also serves as the foundation's chief operating officer, chief financial officer, and corporate treasurer and secretary, and has oversight responsibility for the fund's investments. Regan became a venture partner at Radius Ventures, a venture capital fund focused on the life sciences and health care industry in 2010. She served as a senior advisor to the U.S. Department of State Global Health Initiative, and led the development of a $200 million public‒private partnership, Saving Mothers, Giving Life, to address maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2012.
The Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System.
Established in 2005, the commission was composed of experts and leaders representing every sector of health care, as well as the state and federal policy arenas, the business sector, and academia. After publishing a number of influential reports on health reform leading up to and following the passage of the Affordable Care Act, the commission concluded its activities in March 2013.


John Lyman Chatfield

John Lyman Chatfield was a Union Army colonel in the American Civil War. He was mortally wounded while assaulting Fort Wagner, South Carolina on July 18, 1863 and died on August 9, 1863.
Early life.
Chatfield was born September 13, 1826 at Oxford, Connecticut. He moved to Waterbury, Connecticut with his brothers in 1851. He joined the City Guard in 1854 and was made first lieutenant.
American Civil War.
When President Lincoln issued his call for 750,000 men, Chatfield and his company signed up and left for New Haven on April 20, 1861. His company was the first accepted by the Governor.
Chatfield was appointed major of the 1st Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry (3 months) on April 23, 1861 and lieutenant colonel of that regiment on May 10, 1861. Chatfield was promoted to colonel of the 3rd Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry (3 months) on May 31, 1861. He was mustered out of the volunteers on August 12, 1861.
On September 13, 1861, Chatfield was appointed colonel of the 6th Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry. Chatfield commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Union Department of the South between April 1862 and July 1862. He commanded the District of Beaufort, South Carolina under the X Corps commander, Major General Ormsby M. Mitchel, in October 1862.
On October 21, 1862, Major General Mitchel gave command of an expedition for the purpose of destroying track and bridges of the Charleston and Savannah Railroad in Jasper County, South Carolina to Brigadier General John M. Brannan, commander of the First Brigade of the Union force. Mitchel already had contracted yellow fever, from which he was to die on October 30, 1862. Brannan gave command of the First Brigade, which was heavily engaged in the Battle of Pocotaligo on October 22, 1862, to Colonel Chatfield. Chatfield suffered a wound in his right thigh from an artillery shell at Pocotaligo.
On July 18, 1863, Brigadier General George Crockett Strong ordered an attack by Chatfield in cooperation with Haldimand S. Putnam, Quincy Adams Gillmore, Robert Gould Shaw, and Truman Seymour on Confederate Fort Wagner on Morris Island, South Carolina south of the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina. While leading his men in an attack on the Fort's front, Chatfield was mortally wounded. He was pulled out of action and returned to Connecticut.
Death and legacy.
Chatfield died from gangrene which developed in his wounds on August 9, 1863 at Waterbury, Connecticut. He was interred at Riverside Cemetery. The funeral was attended by General Robert Anderson, the defender of Fort Sumter and William Alfred Buckingham, Governor of Connecticut.
On September 13, 1887, a bronze statue was unveiled at Riverside Cemetery in his memory. The life-size statue of Chatfield was designed by George Edwin Bissell and was placed atop a seven foot granite pedastal. The unveiling ceremony included members of the Sixth regiment and the First Light battery. A speech from General Stephen Wright Kellogg during the ceremony referenced Chatfield's courage and patriotism.


Latent hypoxia

Latent hypoxia occurs when a diver under pressure has a tissue oxygen concentration that is sufficient to support consciousness at that pressure, but insufficient at surface pressure. This problem is associated with freediving blackout and the presence of hypoxic breathing gas mixtures in underwater breathing apparatus, particularly in diving rebreathers.
The term latent hypoxia strictly refers to the situation while the potential victim is still conscious, but is also loosely applied to the consequential blackout, which is a form of hypoxic blackout also referred to as blackout of ascent or deep water blackout, though deep water blackout is also used to refer to the final stage of nitrogen narcosis.
Mechanism.
The minimum tissue and venous partial pressure of oxygen which will maintain consciousness is about . This is equivalent to approximately in the lungs. Approximately 46 ml/min oxygen is required for brain function. This equates to a minimum arterial ppO2 of at 868 ml/min cerebral flow.
An ascent blackout, or deep water blackout, is a loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia on ascending from a deep freedive or breath-hold dive, typically of ten metres or more when the swimmer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it, or from a dive using underwater breathing apparatus using a breathing gas which has too low an oxygen fraction to support consciousness at the surface. Breath-hold victims typically black out close to the surface, sometimes even as they break surface and have been seen to approach the surface without apparent distress only to sink away. Breath-hold victims are usually established practitioners of deep breath-hold diving, are fit, strong swimmers and have not experienced problems before. Blackout by this mechanism may occur even after surfacing from depth and breathing has commenced if the inhaled oxygen has not yet reached the brain and may be referred to as a surface blackout. Divers ascending using breathing apparatus typically ascend at slower ascent rates to avoid decompression sickness, and the depth at which consciousness is lost tends to follow the oxygen partial pressure of the breathing gas.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the air in the lungs controls the oxygen loading of blood. A critical pO2 of in the lungs will sustain consciousness when breathing is resumed after a breath-hold dive. This is about 4% oxygen in the lungs and 45% oxygen saturation of the arterial blood. At 30 msw (4 bar), 2% by volume oxygen in the lung gas gives a pO2 of . At 10 msw (2 bar), for the same 2% oxygen, the pO2 would be , i.e. marginal. At the surface the same 2% oxygen drops to , ignoring metabolic use.
Consequences.
The usual consequence, if the airway is not protected, is drowning. A breath-hold diver who has blacked out and has been promptly returned to the surface, will usually regain consciousness within seconds. While the diver is still unconscious underwater, they are at high risk of drowning. While unconscious the diver has lost voluntary bodily control, but still has protective reflexes that protect the airway. One of these is laryngospasm, which closes the larynx, to preventing water from entering the lungs. After some time a laryngospasm will relax and the airway will open, which may result in water ingress if the diver is still underwater. If the diver has reached the surface, and the divers face is kept above water, when the laryngospasm relaxes spontaneous breathing will often resume. The laryngospasm will eventually relax, and if the diver is still underwater then water will enter the airway and may reach the lungs which will cause complications if resuscitation is successful, and secondary drowning is possible. The time between loss of consciousness and death varies considerably depending on a number of factors but can be as little as two and a half minutes.
If the diver's airway is protected by a full-face mask or diving helmet, the immediate risk is death by asphyxiation, which can occur within a few minutes of cessation of breathing. If the diver sinks and the pressure increases sufficiently, the gas may become capable of supporting consciousness again, but the problem of latent hypoxia remains until a higher oxygen content gas is provided. If the diver is on surface supply, a prompt switch of gases may be sufficient to restore consciousness, and this may also apply to a scuba diver if immediate and appropriate action is taken by another diver. Immediate surfacing of a hypoxic diver using underwater breathing apparatus presents the risk of decompression illness from lung barotrauma or decompression sickness, and the risk depends on the pressure exposure history of the diver.


Cambridge Biomedical Campus

The Cambridge Biomedical Campus is the largest centre of medical research and health science in Europe. The site is located at the southern end of Hills Road in Cambridge, England. Over 20,000 people work at the site and is home to a number of organisations including: Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Astra Zeneca's headquarters, Abcam, the Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, the university's medical school, the UK government's Medical Research Council and has National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre status. It is an accredited UK academic health science centre (Cambridge University Health Partners).
Constituent institutions.
The Cambridge Biomedical Campus is home to the following institutions.
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.
Addenbrooke's hospital.
Addenbrooke's Hospital is a large teaching hospital, and the central focus of the campus.
Rosie maternity hospital.
The Rosie Hospital is Cambridge's first purpose-built maternity hospital, opened in October 1983. A multimillion-pound extension of the Rosie Hospital was completed in 2012.
Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.
The Royal Papworth Hospital moved to new premises on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus in Spring 2019.
AstraZeneca.
AstraZeneca's global research and development facility is based on the campus and will house a workforce of approximately 2,000 individuals. It will be home to both early and late-stage medicines discovery and development, and cover both small molecules and biologics. Research activities will span all preclinical functional groups, including antibody engineering, medicinal chemistry and high throughput screening. Originally due for completion in 2016 at a budget of £330 million, by 2020 the company stated completion was expected by the end of 2021 at a budget of £1 billion.
University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine.
The University of Cambridge Medical School, established in 1976.
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.
The LMB is a molecular biology research institute funded by the UK Medical Research Council. It was founded in Cambridge in 1947 as the Unit for Research on the Molecular Structure of Biological Systems and moved to a site adjacent to Addenbrooke's Hospital in 1962. A 27,000m2 replacement building close to the previous site was completed in 2012 and opened in May 2013.
The laboratory has won nine Nobel Prizes including the 1962 prize (Physiology or Medicine) awarded for the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA.
Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute.
The Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute or 'SCI' is a virtual organisation composed of the Anne McLaren Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, as well as University-based Principal Investigators working in neighbouring Cambridge institutes whose research is primarily focused on stem cell biology and/or translation. The SCI is principally funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. The Wellcome Trust also funds the SCI's internationally competitive 4-Year PhD Programme in Stem Cell Biology and Medicine. Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine research is a designated University of Cambridge Strategic Initiative.
The aims of the SCI are:
The SCI was formed in 2012 following an £8m investment by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. The SCI will eventually be housed in a purpose-built 8000m2 facility to be constructed on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus site.
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute.
The Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute is one of four core funded Cancer Research UK Institutes and a department of the University of Cambridge. In 2018, the department received an annual budget of £45 million, £27.8 million of which came from Cancer Research UK. The Institute offers highly competitive PhD programmes; both studentships and clinical research training fellowships (for aspiring clinical academics), attracting applicants from the UK and around the world. Cancer research is a designated University of Cambridge Strategic Initiative.
Research in the Institute focuses primarily on Tumour Ecology and Evolution, with investigations across four main areas:
The centre was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in February 2007. In 2018, Professor Gregory Hannon was announced as the new Director, taking over from Professor Simon Tavaré.
Senior Group Leader at the Institute, Professor Richard Gilbertson, is the Director of the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, a network that encourages local collaborations between universities, NHS hospitals, and other research organisations.
Cambridge Institute for Medical Research.
The CIMR is a cross-departmental institute in the University of Cambridge, receiving funding from the Wellcome Trust. Research is focused on four main areas: misfolded proteins and disease, intracellular membrane traffic, autoimmune disease and haematopoietic stem cell biology.
Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre.
The Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre was created in 1995 to develop and apply advanced imaging methods to patients with traumatic brain injury. It is unique in being co-located with the Neurosciences Critical Care Unit of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Since its establishment it has become an internationally leading Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging centre.
Hutchison/MRC Research Centre.
The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre is a cancer research centre housing researchers from the University of Cambridge Department of Oncology, the MRC Cancer Cell Unit, and the University of Cambridge "Cambridge Molecular Therapeutics Programme". It was built in 2001 with funding from the Medical Research Council and a donation to the University of Cambridge from Hutchison Whampoa Ltd. The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre is a member institute of the Cambridge Cancer Centre, a virtual organisation of Cambridge researchers whose work has current or potential application to cancer research.
MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit.
The MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit is a department of the School of Clinical Medicine of the University of Cambridge, funded by the Medical Research Council. It is focused on research to understand mitochondrial process and their involvement in human diseases. It is co-located with the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research in the Wellcome Trust/MRC Building.
Institute of Metabolic Science.
The Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) is dedicated to research, education, prevention and clinical care in the areas of diabetes, obesity and related metabolic and endocrine diseases. The Institute is a joint venture between the University of Cambridge, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Trust and the Wellcome Trust. It is led by Co-Directors Professor Sir Stephen O'Rahilly and Professor Nick Wareham. Lead researchers include Krishna Chatterjee, David Dunger, Sadaf Farooqi, Nita Forouhi, Stephen O’Rahilly, Nigel Unwin, Antonio Vidal-Puig, Nick Wareham, and Giles Yeo, among many others.
Brain Repair Centre.
Adjacent to the Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair is a subsidiary of the University of Cambridge Department of Clinical Neurosciences. It is a research institute aiming to "understand, and eventually to alleviate and repair damage to the brain and spinal cord which results from injury or neurodegenerative disease."
Institute for Public Health.
The Institute for Public Health is a partnership between the University of Cambridge, the Medical Research Council and the National Health Service. It was created in 1993 to study disease in the population and to identify, evaluate and monitor public healthcare interventions.
Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology.
The Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology is a secondary school for 14- to 18-year-olds offering GCSE, B-Tech and A-Level courses. It opened on 8 September 2014 in the Deakin Centre as the University Technical College Cambridge. On Friday 19 September 2017, it moved into its own building on Robinson Way, situated next to the Long Road Sixth Form College, parallel to the Bio-Medical Campus which encompasses Addenbrooke's Hospital, rebranded as Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology.
Other.
Other entities located on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus include:
Future Developments.
Within the next decade, there are scheduled to be 3 new hospitals (including one rebuild) on the Biomedical Campus, bringing the total number of hospitals on the Campus to 5:


Exogenous bacteria

Exogenous bacteria are microorganisms introduced to closed biological systems from the external world. They exist in aquatic and terrestrial environments, as well as the atmosphere. Microorganisms in the external environment have existed on Earth for 3.5 billion years. Exogenous bacteria can be either benign or pathogenic. Pathogenic exogenous bacteria can enter a closed biological system and cause disease such as "Cholera," which is induced by a waterborne microbe that infects the human intestine. Exogenous bacteria can be introduced into a closed ecosystem as well, and have mutualistic benefits for both the microbe and the host. A prominent example of this concept is "bacterial flora," which consists of exogenous bacteria ingested and endogenously colonized during the early stages of life. Bacteria that are part of normal internal ecosystems, also known as bacterial flora, are called "Endogenous Bacteria". A significant amount of prominent diseases are induced by "exogenous bacteria" such as "gonorrhea", "meningitis", "tetanus", and "syphilis." Pathogenic exogenous bacteria can enter a host via cutaneous transmission, inhalation, and consumption.
Exogenous vs. Endogenous Bacteria.
Only a minority of bacteria species cause disease in humans; and many species colonize in the human body to create an ecosystem known as microbiota. Bacterial flora is endogenous bacteria, which is defined as bacteria that naturally reside in a closed system. Disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacteria flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain or muscle. This is considered an endogenous infection. A prime example of this is when the residential bacterium E. coli of the GI tract enters the urinary tract. This causes a urinary tract infection. Infections caused by exogenous bacteria occurs when microbes that are noncommensal enter a host. These microbes can enter a host via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria, ingestion of contaminated or ill-prepared foods, sexual activity, or the direct contact of a wound with the bacteria.
Diseases Caused by Exogenous Bacteria.
Waterborne and Foodborne.
Microbial ecosystems in aquatic environments depend on a variety of factors including pH, temperature, and light exposure. Exogenous bacteria supported in specific aquatic environments can enter an host via consumption. Additionally, exogenous bacteria can enter a secondary host through an intermediate host such as insects and parasites. Exogenous bacteria can also enter an enclosed ecosystem via ingestion of contaminated food. Food-borne diseases such as "Salmonella" poisoning are transmitted by food not properly cooked or by individuals infected with the pathogen.
Salmonella enterocolitis.
One of the most common food-borne illnesses, "Salmonella" poisoning is caused by ingestion of unsanitary conditions during food preparation. "Salmonella" can also be transmitted to humans via reptiles like turtles and iguanas, which are known carriers of pathogen. Symptoms include chills, diarrhea and fever.
Cholera.
"Cholera" is a waterborne infection caused by the bacterium "Vibrio cholerae", and is transmitted via food or water that is contaminated with fecal matter. "Vibrio cholerae" releases a toxin that induces an increased amount of water in the small intestines. Symptoms primarily observed include, watery diarrhea and vomiting that can cause dehydration and death if not treated. An estimated 3-5 million cases of "Cholera" occur yearly around the world. The exogenous bacteria derived infection is primarilyfound in Africa, Asia, as well as Central and South America.
Campylobacter.
"Campylobacter" infections are transmitted to a host via contaminated water and food, sexual activity, and interaction with infected animals. Symptoms include diarrhea, cramping, and abdominal pain. Campylobacter can cause disease in both humans and animals, and most human cases are induced by the species "Campylobacter jejuni."
Terrestrial Exogenous Bacteria.
Of all the residential microbes found in soil, bacteria is the smallest and most abundant. According to studies, there is an estimated 60,000 different types of bacteria that reside in the soil. Terrestrial bacteria can characteristically be either aerobic or anaerobic, and some can be pathogenic if consumed by a host.
Anthrax.
Anthrax is a disease caused via a bacterium that resides in soil, and predominately affects animals more than humans. Anthrax is also considered a zoonotic disease and is transmitted to humans via contact with an infected animal host. The disease is caused by gram-positive "Bacillus anthracis. (B. anthracis) and is found globally. B anthracis can enter a host via cutaneous transmission, inhalation, and/or consumption.
Botulism.
Botulism is a rare disease caused by the bacterium "Clostridium botulinum." This microbe is primarily found in the soil or untreated water. Botulism spores can survive in unproperly canned or ill-prepared foods. Even ingesting trace amounts of the spores can lead to severe poisoning that causes symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, and even paralysis.


Bibliomist

Bibliomist (, ) is a program of Ukrainian libraries' modernization. Bibliomist is expanding access to information and modern technology through equipping up to 1 800 public libraries with technology by 2014; training librarians to use new technology at 25 training centers, and improving computer literacy among patrons at participating libraries across the country, helping librarians advocate for libraries and raise necessary resources to serve community needs, promoting modern Ukrainian libraries among the general public.
History.
Bibliomist is a part of Global Libraries initiative of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) implemented in Chile, Mexico, Botswana, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria, Vietnam and Moldova. The goal of the initiative is to support and sustain free public access to computers and the Internet globally and to bridge the digital divide.
The underlying idea is that access to information helps people change their lives and that it is essential in today’s globalized society. Under this initiative, BMGF provides funding to purchase computer equipment, train librarians in modern technology use and by these means help libraries become modern community and information centers.
Bibliomist program was launched in 2009 based on the results of needs assessment of public libraries "Public Libraries as Points of Public Access to Information, Technology and the Internet"
«Library +» Presents Bibliotram
Lviv central library for children and youth, winner of Community Participation Contest (CPC) implemented “Library+” project under which patrons decorated a tram with the libraries’ advertisement and information about their services. The tram’s route was designed to pass by several libraries and the stops were given library-related names. During the trip, passengers took part in contests, presentations of new books, multimedia resources and clubs.
Ternopil Oblast Youth Library - 2.0 in Your Favor
Ternopil Oblast Youth Library teaches young people to use Web 2.0 technologies and demonstrates their advantages to youth librarians, school librarians, students of “Vyfleyem” orphanage, leaders of oblast NGOs for people with special needs and all of the library patrons.
State Institutions "State Youth Library of Ukraine” – Safe and Friendly Web Space
The project of State Youth Library of Ukraine is dedicated to web communication and netiquette. It is based on the all-Ukrainian sociological survey, whose results showed that 57,8% of respondents did not know that one had to adhere to certain culture of communication on the Internet and over 90% confirmed the wish to learn more about netiquette and suggested ways of receiving information, convenient for them. In response the library designs and holds trainings on shaping network culture for professionals (library staff, employees of academic institutions), parents and youth.


TexCare

TexCare is a program developed by the State of Texas to raise awareness of the children’s health insurance options available, and to help Texas families obtain and utilize affordable coverage for their uninsured children (ages 0–19). The Texas Health and Human Services Commission operates the program.
Offerings.
TexCare offers two separate children's health insurance programs with benefits packages that cover a full range of services including regular checkups, immunizations, prescription drugs, lab tests, X-rays, hospital visits, and more.


Florence Nightingale Foundation

The Florence Nightingale Foundation (FNF) is a charity organisation in the United Kingdom that provides scholarships to nurses, midwives and other health professionals while serving as a living memorial of the work of Florence Nightingale.
History.
In 1912 a memorial to Florence Nightingale was first proposed by Mrs Ethel Bedford-Fenwick at an International Council of Nurses Congress in Cologne. The intention was to create a foundation to provide educational support for nurses. Due to the 1914-1918 War, it was not until 1929 that the memorial proposal was activated at the ICN Grand Council in Montreal. In 1931 the Florence Nightingale Memorial Committee proposed that the memorial foundation for Florence Nightingale should focus on the post-graduate education of nurses. In 1934 The Florence Nightingale Foundation developed as an independent Foundation based upon the same principles as the Memorial Committee and the Florence Nightingale International Foundation. The Florence Nightingale Foundation has since been a living memorial to her life by providing scholarships to post-graduate nurses, midwives and other health professionals in the United Kingdom.
Current State.
The Foundation is a voice for nursing across the UK. It works to improve patient care in the UK by extending scholars skills and knowledge and promoting innovation in practice. It achieves this through educational programs, leadership development and clinical nursing research involvement, including the development of the Florence Nightingale Foundation Chairs in Clinical Nursing Practice Research.
Scholarships.
The Foundation’s scholarships are designed to enhance the special contribution of nursing and midwifery to society, promoting innovation in practice and improving patient care.
The Foundation has three categories of scholarships:
Events and Activities.
The Florence Nightingale Foundation hosts several events throughout the course of the year.
Florence Nightingale Foundation Nightingale2020 Conference.
Florence Nightingale Foundation, Burdett Trust and Dods have partnered to organise Nightingale2020 Conference to mark the 200th birthday of Florence Nightingale. The conference will take place on 27–28 October 2020, at ExceL London.
Florence Nightingale Commemoration Service – Westminster Abbey.
A Commemoration Service is held in May of each year to celebrate Florence Nightingale. It is an opportunity to honour Florence on her birthday, 12 May, and to celebrate International Nurses Day.
Central to the service is the Lamp which was given to the Foundation by Sir Dan Mason OBE in 1968 in memory of his mother Kathleen Dampier-Bennett, a Trustee and supporter of the Foundation. The Lamp is kept in the Florence Nightingale Chapel in Westminster Abbey. During the ceremony, a number of processions take place. Scholars of the Foundation process the Lamp to signify the knowledge of nursing and are escorted by student nurses signifying the transfer of knowledge to future generations. The Chelsea Pensioners process in memory of, and in gratitude to, Florence Nightingale for her care of the troops during the Crimean Campaign. The final procession is of the Nurses’ Roll of Honour which was compiled by the British Commonwealth Nurses War Memorial Fund and is also kept in the Florence Nightingale Chapel in the Abbey. It is carried to honour those killed in the conflict and to underpin the links with military nursing and nurses who have lost their lives in the service of others.
Students’ Day.
Students’ Day is an annual event in which students from each University in the UK that has a School of Nursing and Midwifery are invited to spend the day with the Foundation in London. The main venue for the day is The Governors’ Hall at St Thomas’ Hospital. The event includes a morning plenary discussion session in which students are invited to raise questions or concerns with a panel of senior nurses and engage in professional debate; a tour of the Florence Nightingale Museum; a visit to the Florence Nightingale Chapel in Westminster Abbey, and attendance at the Annual Florence Nightingale Commemoration Service.
Presentation of Certificates.
The Florence Nightingale Foundation Presentation of Certificates is held biannually and acts as a graduation ceremony for completed scholars. The event is an opportunity to celebrate the impact scholars' work has had on patient care and services.
In 2014 the Foundation’s Patron Sir Robert Francis was the key note speaker and described Florence Nightingale scholars as the ‘future leaders of the profession’.
Alumni Community.
In 2019, Florence Nightingale Foundation launched the Alumni Community to allow members to remain connected to the work of the Foundation, engage with other scholars, share their ideas, knowledge, and expertise, and to give something back by raising funds and getting involved in mentoring current scholars.


Durrow healthcare consultancy

The Durrow healthcare consultancy is a partnership run by Andy Black and Ruth Harrison which works mainly in the UK, Scandinavia and Australasia. It specialises in direct management of current health services and radical strategic thinking in complex health economies. Many of the partners are former Chief Executives of NHS trusts. They are frequently employed by boards in the English NHS either to supply interim management or to advise on strategic difficulties.
The firm were involved in the development of the new Royal Adelaide Hospital. They managed the building of the new Treatment Centre in Kidderminster for Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. Black says "When I was a Whitehall official under Thatcher and Clarke I dedicated years to destroying NHS Estates and failed".
Harrison was formerly Chief Executive of Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust which she left the day before the Healthcare Commission reported on problems at the Trust. The inspectors later wrote: "(We) consider there were significant failings on the part of the leadership at the trust and have recommended that the leadership change." Durrow was later employed by Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, whose chief executive, Samatha Jones, is related to her by marriage. The Trust said in response to criticism: "Following a competitive tendering process, specialist health management consultancy Durrow has been hired to manage a review of women's and children's services at Epsom and St Helier Hospitals."
Durrow provided Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust with a temporary chief executive in 2009/10, Derek Smith, at a cost of more than £2,500 a day, plus almost £20,000 in expenses. Though the cost of interim executives was criticised the Trust credited them with turning round their financial situation. The trust predicted a break even in 2011/2012, whereas a £17m deficit had been predicted.
Black has an interest in small rural hospitals. He told the BBC in September 2014: "If you pursue the centralisation of acute care you end up with a significant proportion of the smaller rural and semi rural hospitals which are deemed non-viable. But the citizens and the voters don't see it that way. So the political pathway to closing that hospital is closed, and the NHS pathway to making it successful is closed."
Wycombe MP Steve Baker commissioned a report from the consultancy in 2014 about the future of Wycombe Hospital at a cost of £8000 from his parliamentary allowance. Their report suggested that the hospital could be used for a "new generation" of casualty unit with an ambulance station integrated into the hospital and could offer GP appointments. Baker was attacked by Linda Derrick, Wycombe Labour's spokesperson on health who said he "should have checked the reputations and credibility of the people who he was paying to provide him with advice on the future of Wycombe hospital." In response Durrow retorted: "The only thing I would say is millions of pounds have been spent by Labour on management consultants, so they are not adverse to that."


Franz Schuh (physician)

Franz Schuh (17 October 1804, Scheibbs, Scheibbs District, Lower Austria – 22 December 1865) was an Austrian pathologist and surgeon who was a native of Scheibbs.
In 1831 he obtained his medical doctorate in Vienna, afterwards serving as an assistant to Joseph Wattmann (1789–1866). In 1836 he worked as a professor at the Lyceum in Salzburg, returning to Vienna the following year as primary surgeon at the general hospital. In 1841 he became an associate professor in Vienna, where in 1842, he was appointed head of the second surgical clinic.
In Vienna, he was a colleague of physician Joseph Škoda (1805–1881), and an instructor to Austrian-American dermapathologist Carl Heitzmann (1836–1896). He died in December 1865 from a malignant fever and blood poisoning, possibly due to a septic infection.
Franz Schuh was a medical pioneer who advanced scientific surgical practices in Vienna. He is remembered for his pathophysiological research and his investigations of new surgical methods. In 1840 he is credited with performing the first successful pericardiocentesis (pericardiac aspiration), and in January 1847, he was the first Austrian physician to use ether as an anesthetic on a human patient.
In 1906, the thoroughfare "Franz-Schuh-Gasse" in the Favoriten district of Vienna was named in his honor.


Augustus Nathaniel Lushington

August Nathaniel Lushington, (born August 1, 1869 - 1939), became the first African American to earn Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (V.M.D.) at the University of Pennsylvania in 1897. He practiced about two years in Philadelphia and worked as an instructor in Veterinary Sanitation and Hygiene at Bell Mead Industrial and Agricultural College at Rock Castle, West Virginia. Later, he practiced for much of his career life in very segregated Lynchburg, Virginia, where he experienced unfair treatment, but he finally earned a reputation as a superior practitioner in the community. He had memberships in the Statistical reporter to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Federal Department Agriculture, and the Lychburg Chamber of Commerce.
Childhood.
Augustus Nathaniel Lushington was born August 1, 1869, in the south Caribbean on the island of Trinidad. As a young child, his paternal grandfather from DR Congo was brought to Trinidad as a slave to work at the sugar plantation on the island. Lushington's father, William, worked as a butcher, who raised produce for sale at market and did farm work.
Jobs and early education.
Augustus went to teacher-training school in 1875 and worked at Trinidadian classrooms for several years and was promoted to the rank of principal. However, he left for Venezuela, where he worked as a clerk in the town of La Guayra for a British-owned railroad. After three years, Lushington went back to Trinidad but found that opportunities were insufficient in the island, which were already crowded with successive waves of Indian and Chinese immigrants. Finally, in 1889, he left Trinidad again for the United States, seeking for broad and various labor markets. He landed in New York, where he set off for Binghamton, New York. In 1890, he met his wife, Elizabeth Gavino Hubert.
College education.
His college education started when he married his wife Elizabeth Hubert from Antigua. Her west Indian friends helped Augustus enroll in Cornell University to study Agriculture. He graduated with a degree in Agriculture in 1894.
Since there was no work for him at the time he left the West Indies and left for another education. He started another education at the University of Pennsylvania veterinary school. Finished the program in three years. When he graduated he was the only African American to graduate from the University of Pennsylvania. When students walk into the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, the first thing they see is a portrait of Lushington. Lushington's portrait hangs at the main entrance of the Rosenthal building.
Job after college.
Augustus did his career of being a veterinarian treating farm animals. He did most of his work out of Lynchburg, Virginia, where he would walk miles to treat sick animals in farm country. Lushington set up a veterinary practice in Philadelphia but remained there for only two years. Lushington seems to have been drawn southward, despite the worsening racial climate in the southern states, by a teaching job in veterinary sanitation at Bell Mead Industrial and Agricultural College in Rock Castle, Virginia.
Deciding to return to his veterinary practice, he realized that south-central Virginia offered, from a veterinarian's point of view, an ideal environment, with large numbers of livestock grazing on the area's rolling hills. Finding that there was only one other veterinarian in Lynchburg, Lushington opened his practice there. Since there were not many pets at the time he decided to treat farm animals. The farms were important because at this time, most veterinarians treated large animals. House pets existed, but in a far less wealthy era when gourmet cat food was unknown, most people could not afford to spend large amounts of money on their ailments. Lushington treated cows, horses, and other livestock, often walking for miles through the woods from Lynchburg to reach the farms where his services were needed. His philosophy, according to Arthur Bunyan Caldwell's History of the American Negro: Virginia Edition, was that "the first essential to progress is a better understanding between the best elements of the two races. This, he believes, would lead to closer and more harmonious relationships; mutual confidence would grow, and both races would gain as all advanced toward better citizen-ship." In Virginia, however, Lushington experienced neither harmonious relationships nor good citizenship. White farmers often availed themselves of his services but then refused to pay him—and in the repressive atmosphere of the South in the early 1900s, Lushington had neither the option of taking legal action nor even the practical right to refuse services to deadbeats.
Extra Jobs.
Since his income was low and sporadic, he also worked as a meat inspector and a Probation Officer.
Personal life.
He and his wife had three daughters. One daughter, Drucilla Moultrie, taught in Lynchburg schools for about fifty years. Another daughter, Bernetta Parks, worked for Bennett College in Greensboro, North Carolina. The third daughter is not mentioned enough to find her records.


Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy


MHC multimer

MHC multimers are oligomeric forms of MHC molecules, designed to identify and isolate T-cells with high affinity to specific antigens amid a large group of unrelated T-cells. Multimers generally range in size from dimers to octamers; however, some companies use even higher quantities of MHC per multimer. Multimers may be used to display class 1 MHC, class 2 MHC, or nonclassical molecules (e.g. CD1d) from species such as monkeys, mice, and humans.
Background.
Since T-cell receptors have a low affinity for their MHC counterparts, it was historically problematic to label T cells effectively using single MHC-T-cell interactions. However, in 1996 it was proposed by John Altman to use a complex of multiple MHC molecules to form a more stable bond between corresponding T-cells.
Production.
The most commonly used MHC multimers are tetramers. These are typically produced by biotinylating soluble MHC monomers, which are typically produced recombinantly in eukaryotic or bacterial cells. These monomers then bind to a backbone, such as streptavidin or avidin, creating a tetravalent structure. These backbones are conjugated with fluorochromes to subsequently isolate bound T-cells via flow cytometry.
Potential clinical applications.
MHC multimers allow for a previously unattainable level of specificity in antigen-specific T-cell detection and isolation. This ability gives rise to several clinical applications. MHC multimers allow for ex vivo selection and proliferation of T-cells specific to viral or tumor-related antigens, which can then be reintroduced to augment the immune system. MHC multimers can also be used to eliminate graft-originating T-cells on transplant organs, ex vivo. MHC multimers may also be used to eliminate harmful or unwanted T-cells in vivo, such as those that target self cells and lead to autoimmune disease. Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development can also be largely influenced by this technology.
Sub-types.
MHC tetramer.
MHC tetramers consist of four MHC molecules, a tetramerization agent and a fluorescently labeled protein (usually streptavidin). Streptavidins have also been generated with 6 or 12 binding sites for MHC. MHC tetramers are used to identify and label specific T-cells by epitope specific binding, allowing the antigen specific immune response to be analyzed in both animal model and in human. MHC tetramers were originally developed using MHC class I molecules for the recognition of cytotoxic T cells, but over the last decade they have allowed for the recognition of CD4 T cells by a wide variety of antigens. Tetramer assays are used for single-cell phenotyping and cell counting, and offer an important advantage over other methods, such as ELISPOT and single-cell PCR because they enable the recovery and further study of sorted cells. As a flow-cytometry-based application, tetramers are also easy to use and have a short assay time, similar to Antibody-based flow cytometry studies.
MHC tetramers are used in studies of pathogen immunity and vaccine development, in evaluation of antitumor responses, in allergy monitoring and desensitization studies, and in autoimmunity. They provide an ideal means to characterize the T cells that respond to a vaccine, and they have been used to test T cell responses in many vaccine systems, including influenza, yellow fever, tuberculosis, HIV/SIV and a large number of cancer vaccine trials, including melanoma and chronic myeloid leukemia. Class II tetramers have been used for analysis of a variety of human CD4 T cell responses to pathogens, including influenza A, Borrelia, Epstein-Barr virus, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, hepatitis C, anthrax, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, human papillomavirus, and HIV.
Tetramer variants have been developed that, either radiolabelled or coupled to a toxin such as saporin, can be injected into live mice to modulate or even deplete specific T cell populations.
Peptide–MHC tetramers have also been used therapeutically. For instance, cytomegalovirus-specific T cells have been enriched to high levels of purity using magnetic bead-based enrichment for use as a therapy for stem cell transplant patients.
MHC pentamer.
Pentamers consist of five MHC-peptide headgroups, arranged in a planar configuration so that, unlike MHC tetramers, all of the headgroups can contact the CD8+ T cell. The headgroups are connected via flexible linkers to a coiled-coil multimerization domain, which in turn is connected to five fluorescent or biotin tags. Pentamers are available with APC, R-PE, or biotin labelling, and also unlabelled with separate tags for long-term storage. Pentamers offer enhanced brightness and avidity of staining compared with other multimer reagents.
MHC pentamers have been used in the detection of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in flow cytometry, and are cited in over 750 peer reviewed publications , including several in the journals "Nature" and "Science". MHC pentamers can also be used in tissue staining, and in magnetic isolation of antigen-specific T cells.
While pentamers are licensed for research use only, in 2009 a special dispensation was granted for a team to use them for isolating EBV-specific T cells for mother-daughter transfer, for lifesaving treatment of EBV-associated lymphoma in the daughter.
Pentamers are available for antigens from the following disease areas: adenovirus, HCV, malaria, SIV, autoimmune disease, HIV, transplantation antigens, trypanosoma, cancer, HPV, tuberculosis, chlamydia, HTLV, vaccinia, CMV, influenza, VSV, EBV, LCMV, RSV, West Nile virus, HBV, "Listeria", Sendai virus, yellow fever. Custom specificity pentamers may also be commissioned.
Pentamers are currently used in research by academia, industry and clinicians, and research using pentamers has appeared in the international media on several occasions.
MHC Dextramer.
A form of MHC multimer developed and trademarked by the Danish biotechnology company, Immudex in 2002. Dextramer reagents are fluorescently labeled with FITC, PE or APC, and contain MHC molecules attached to a dextran backbone, which are used to detect antigen-specific T-cells in fluid cells and solid tissue samples using flow cytometry. These T-cells contain T-cell receptors (TCR) that recognize a specific MHC-peptide complex displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells allowing for detection, isolation, and quantification of these specific T-cell populations due to an improved signal-to-noise ratio not present in prior generations of multimers.
Dextramers have been developed with a larger number of MHC-peptides for various human, mouse, and rhesus macaque genes involved in diseases including but not limited to: cancer, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), LCMV, human papillomavirus (HPV), BK polyomavirus, HTLV, hepatitis, mycobacterium, and graft-versus-host disease.
Dextramer technology is currently used in academic and clinical research due to their increased specificity and binding affinity, which allows for increased avidity for specific T-cells and enhances staining intensity. This advantage is a result of the increased ability of Dextramers to bind multiple times to a single T-cell, improving the stability of this interaction as compared with other multimer technologies such as pentamers and tetramers. Further applications include the ability to isolate antigen specific T-cell populations as well as "in situ" detection using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for various disease states (e.g. solid tumors). These reagents are therefore important for future drug and vaccine development.
Immudex has currently developed a CMV Dextramer assay for exploratory detection and quantification of CD8+ T-cells in blood samples, covering a broad range of epitopes to assist with screening and monitoring CMV progression in future clinical settings. Currently Dextramers are only available with MHC class I molecules, and there is future development and research into the applications and production of MHC class II Dextramers.


Stone Sizani

Phumelele Stone Sizani (born 2 March 1954) is a South African politician who was, until his resignation on 2 March 2016, a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa and the African National Congress Chief Whip. It has been reported that upon leaving Parliament his next post will be South African Ambassador to Germany.
Early life.
At the age of 24 he was arrested and sent to Robben Island as a political prisoner, where he remained incarcerated from 1978–1980. He graduated with an MA in Development Studies from the University of East Anglia in 1995, where he was a Chevening Scholar.


Argentine Hockey Confederation

The Argentine Hockey Confederation ("Confederación Argentina de Hockey") is the official governing body of field hockey in Argentina. It governs the men's and the women's national teams and club competitions "Liga Nacional de Hockey" (LNH) and "Argentino de Clubes".
Other local competitions, such as the Women's and Men's Torneo Metropolitano are regulated by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association (AHBA).
More than 30 regional associations are affiliated to CAH, covering the most important provinces of Argentina.
History.
The Argentine Hockey Confederation was established on August 26, 1908, formed by three clubs: Club Atlético San Isidro, Belgrano Athletic and
Pacific Railway A.C.. The first president was Thomas Bell, owner of "Buenos Aires Herald", a newspaper by the British community of Argentina. The Confederation registered to Hockey Association of England (established 1875).
In 1909 the AHC allowed women's teams to join the association. The first team registered was Belgrano Ladies, that played its inaugural game on August 25 vs. St. Catherine's School, being defeated by 1-0.


Vinay Kumar (pathologist)

Vinay Kumar (Born 1944, India) is the Lowell T. Coggeshall Distinguished Service Professor of Pathology at the University of Chicago, where he is the Chair of the Department of Pathology. He is a recipient of Life Time Achievement Award by National Board of Examinations.
Biography.
Born in India in 1944, Dr. Kumar graduated with honors, at the age of 17, from Savitribai Phule Pune University. He earned his MBBS in 1967, at the age of 22, from Glancy Medical College present day Government medical college in Amritsar, where he was named "Best Medical Graduate" for that year, winning the Pfizer Award and the Gold Medal for highest achievement as a medical student. He completed both his PhD in experimental pathology and his residency in anatomic pathology and hematology in 1972 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where he was awarded the Khanolkar Prize for outstanding research in pathology.
He is also the senior editor of the pathology reference book "Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease" co-edited with Dr. Abul K. Abbas.
Since 2003, Kumar is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
He is credited with the discovery of Natural killer (NK) cells in immunology.
Awards and Honours.
2018: The Gold-Headed Cane Award by the American Society for Investigative Pathology
2014: Life Time Achievement Award by National Board of Examinations
2009: American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP) Robbins Distinguished Educator Award
Selected Books.
Kumar V, Abbas A, Aster J, editors. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th Ed. Elsevier 2020.


Karl Babor

Karl Babor (23 August 1918 – 18 January 1964) was a Nazi, SS doctor of the Third Reich, and officer at Camp Gross-Rosen with the rank of "Hauptsturmführer". He was an expert in assassination by syringe of phenol.
Biography.
In 1945, he was arrested and taken prisoner by the French, and spent several months in a camp before being returned to Vienna, Austria. He finished his studies without being arrested until 1952, the date at which he was identified by former deportees at Grossrosen. Fleeing, he left Vienna and Austria, and was later found in Ethiopia. In the meantime, his wife returned to Germany and decided to denounce him, contacted Simon Wiesenthal, who alerted the world press (1963).
He died without being found: his body was recovered in January 1964 from a river infested with crocodiles.


Mircea Steriade

Mircea Steriade (August 20, 1924 – April 14, 2006), MD, DSc, was a prominent researcher in systems neuroscience. He was born in Bucharest, Romania, and studied medicine at University of Bucharest. He emigrated to Canada in 1968, where he became a professor of physiology at Université Laval in Quebec, a position he held for the rest of his life.
He is the father of linguist, Donca Steriade.
Research.
While at Laval University, he discovered that the slow oscillations of NREM sleep arise when groups of neurons fire together for a little while (so-called "on periods"), then fall silent for about a fraction of a second ("off periods"), and then resume their synchronized firing. This was one of the fundamental discoveries in sleep research. After his discovery, scientists have also discovered that in birds and mammals, the slow waves are large if preceded by a long period of wakefulness and become smaller as sleep goes on.
The majority of his research was on corticothalamic oscillations. He was among the first to study the dynamics of the brain during sleep, and one of his key discoveries was determining the role of thalamic reticular neurons as pacemakers in producing the sleep spindle rhythm. He also discovered slow (<1 Hz) sleep rhythms associated with intracortical activity.
Honors.
In 1998 he was the recipient of the Gloor-Award (American Clinical Neurophysiology Society).


Angular bone

The angular is a large bone in the lower jaw (mandible) of amphibians and reptiles (birds included), which is connected to all other lower jaw bones: the dentary (which is the entire lower jaw in mammals), the splenial, the suprangular, and the articular. It is homologous to the tympanic bone in mammals, due to the incorporation of several jaw bones into the mammalian middle ear early in mammal evolution.
In therapsids (mammal ancestors and their kin), the lower jaw is made up of the dentary (the mandible in mammals) and a group of smaller "postdentary" bones near the jaw joint. As the dentary increased in size over million of years, two of these postdentary bones, the articular and angular, became increasingly reduced and the dentary eventually made direct contact with the upper jaw. These postdentary bones, even before their articular function was lost, probably transmitted sound vibrations to the stapes and, in some therapsids, a bent plate that might have supported a membrane capable of detecting vibrations developed on the angular. Eventually, it developed into the ectotympanic ring which supports the tympanic membrane in the ears of modern mammals.


Werner Ostendorff

Werner Ostendorff (15 August 1903 – 1 May 1945) was a German SS-general during World War II who served as chief of staff of the II SS Panzer Corps and divisional commander of the SS Division Das Reich. He died of wounds in May 1945.
SS service.
NSDAP #: 4 691 488 - (Joined 1 May 1937)
SS #: 257 146 - (Joined, 1 October 1935)
Ostendorff joined the army in 1925. In 1933 and 1934, he helped form an SA military training school, and then transferred to the Luftwaffe. Moving to the SS-Verfügungstruppe in 1935, he was an instructor at an SS school until April 1938. Ostendorff then transferred to the new "SS-Standarte "Der Führer"". With the forming of the first SS division on 10 October 1939, that became SS Division Das Reich, he was appointed divisional chief of staff and held the post until June 1942. Ostendorff was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 September 1941 for leading a counter-attack against the village of Ushakovo in the vicinity of Smolensk which dominated the important Yelnya-Dorogobuzh road. The village was recaptured and the danger of a Soviet breakthrough was eliminated.
Ostendorff led "Kampfgruppe Das Reich" on the Eastern front from February to June 1942, earning the German Cross in Gold. When Paul Hausser formed the initial SS corps in June 1942, he selected Ostendorff as his chief of staff. He held the post with "SS-Generalkommando" (later II SS Panzer Corps) until November 1943. Promoted to Oberführer for his actions at Kharkov, he was next given a divisional command. Ostendorff was assigned command of the SS Division Götz von Berlichingen, assuming command in January 1944. During the fighting in Normandy, Ostendorff was seriously wounded near Carentan on 16 June 1944. Resuming command on 21 October 1944, he remained the division's commander until transferred in late November 1944.
Ostendorff was promoted to Gruppenführer on 1 December 1944 and became chief of staff for Heinrich Himmler's Army Group Oberrhein from 2 December 1944 to 22 January 1945. His final posting was to SS Division Das Reich as divisional commander, assuming command on 10 February 1945, and led the division until seriously wounded on 9 March 1945 during the fighting in Hungary. Werner Ostendorff died at a field hospital in Bad Aussee on 1 May 1945.
Personal life.
Werner Ostendorff was a son of the Prussian "Regierungsvizepräsident" Ernst Ostendorff. Married in October 1935, he and his wife had two sons and a daughter.


General Practice Vocational Training Scheme

The General Practice Vocational Training Scheme (GPVTS) is the route to training of UK General Practitioners on completion of the Foundation Year Programme.
Application.
Recruitment to the new training scheme is coordinated nationally and applications are now submitted online at the national recruitment office (see links). Recruitment rounds begin in February and August of each year, and applications are made to a maximum of four deaneries.
Selection.
Selection consists of a long-list and a short-list. To be eligible for long-listing a candidate must hold a recognised primary medical qualification, to be registered with the General Medical Council and to have membership of a suitable medical defence organisation such as MPS (Medical Protection Society). Further details can be found on the national recruitment office website.
For short-listing the candidate must then successfully pass a clinical knowledge exercise consisting of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Single Best Answer Questions (SBAs) and Extended Matching Questions (EMQs) together with a Competency Based assessment for which he or she must give suitable responses to 7 separate scenarios.
Those candidates who are successful at the second stage will then be invited to interview.


Squamosal bone

The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In fishes, it is also called the pterotic bone.
In most tetrapods, the squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones.
The squamosal bone lies ventral to the temporal series and otic notch, and is bordered anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the quadrate and pterygoid bones. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.
Function in reptiles.
In reptiles, the quadrate and articular bones of the skull articulate to form the jaw joint. The squamosal bone lies anterior to the quadrate bone.
Anatomy in synapsids.
Non-mammalian synapsids.
In non-mammalian synapsids, the jaw is composed of four bony elements and referred to as a quadro-articular jaw because the joint is between the articular and quadrate bones. In therapsids (advanced synapsids including mammal), the jaw is simplified into an articulation between the dentary and the squamous part of the temporal bone, and hence referred to as a dentary-squamosal jaw.
Mammals.
In many mammals, including humans, the squamosal fuses with the periotic bone and the auditory bulla to form the temporal bone, then referred to as the squama temporalis.
In mammals, the quadrate bone evolves to form the incus, one of the ossicles of the mammalian ear. Similarly, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus. The squamosal bone migrates and lengthens to become a new point of articulation with the lower jaw (at the dentary bone).


James Pitt Mabee

James Pitt Mabee (November 5, 1859 – May 6, 1912) was a Canadian lawyer, judge, and railway commissioner.
Born in Port Rowan, Upper Canada, Mabee studied at University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall before being called to the Bar in 1882. A lawyer, he ran unsuccessfully as the Liberal Party of Canada candidate against Alexander Ferguson MacLaren in the riding of Perth North in the Federal election of 1904. In 1905, he was appointed the first chairman of the Canadian section of the International Waterways Commission. Later in 1905, he resigned when he was appointed the chancery division of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. In 1908. he was appointed head of the Board of Railway Commissioners succeeding Albert Clements Killam. He served until getting appendicitis in April 1912. He died of the complications from gangrene in May 1912 and was buried in the Anglican cemetery at Port Rowan.


Habenular trigone

The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area above the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami.
Underlying this area is the habenula.
Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal gland, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side.
Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert (or habenulointerpeduncular tract), which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular nucleus.


Asia Masters Athletics

Asia Masters Athletics one of six continental based regional affiliates of World Masters Athletics (WMA), the global governing body for the division of Masters athletics. The current president of the organization is Viwat Vigrantanoros, who represents the Sports Authority of Thailand. Sivapragasam Sivasambo, from Malaysia is the organization's Secretary and is the representing delegate to the WMA General Meeting which is held in conjunction with the World Masters Athletics Championships. The past president was Kiyoshi Konoike who is also the General Secretary Japan Masters, Vigrantanoros previously had been Vice President of Stadia.
The member nations of Asia Masters Athletics parallel those of the IAAF (the world governing body for the sport of athletics).
Asia Masters Athletics conducts the Asia Masters Athletics Championships, a biannual regional competition for all affiliated countries, held in opposite years from the World Masters Athletics Championships and conducts the site survey and selection for those championships. Also as a regional affiliate, Asia Masters Athletics is an intermediate validating step for all Masters Athletics World Records and for keeping the regional Asia Masters Athletics records.


John Stallworthy (obstetrician)

Sir John Arthur Stallworthy (26 July 1906 – 19 November 1993) was a New Zealand-born British obstetrician who was Nuffield Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Oxford from 1967 to 1973.
Stallworthy was born in Auckland in 1906. His father was Arthur Stallworthy, who later became member of parliament for the electorate (–1935). His grandfather, John Stallworthy, was member of parliament for the electorate (–1911). Stallworthy received his education at Auckland Grammar School and won a scholarship to Auckland University College, where he studied law and medicine. He decided to proceed with medicine and went to the University of Otago.
He was knighted in 1972 for services to medicine. He twice served as President of the Royal Society of Medicine, firstly from 1973 to 1975 and secondly from 1980 to 1982.
His son was Jon Stallworthy, biographer, literary critic and Professor of English Literature at Oxford University.


AIMST University

Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University) is a profit private university in Malaysia. It was established under the Maju Institute of Education Development (MIED), a profit organisation. The university was built by Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) to provide tertiary education, particularly to Malaysian Indian students in the medical, science and engineering fields and business management. AIMST offers more than 32 degree programmes at the foundation, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels.
Registration and accreditation.
AIMST University is registered with the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia, under Sections 38 and 39 of the Private Higher Educational Institutions Act of 1996. It formally began operations on 30 October 2001, coinciding with its registration with the Department of Private Education under the Ministry of Higher Education.
The programmes are accredited by Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA) and Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia) (MOHE) and recognised by the Public Services Department (JPA) Aimst was rated tier 4 (Very Good) for Malaysia Quality Agency (MQA) SETARA Rating in 2013. Aimst was rated tier 4 for Malaysia Quality Agency (MQA) D-SETARA Rating 2013 for Medical, Pharmacy and Dentist.
History.
Samy Vellu during the 51st MIC General Assembly announced the opening of new university. The university was established by the MIC education arm, MIED Foundation (Maju Institute of Education Development). An application was submitted on the same day to set up AIMST at Sungai Petani, Kedah. The local firm of architects, Hijjas Kasturi Associates Bhd., was appointed by MIED as the master planner for the university; TMI-Nusantara (M) Sdn. Bhd. as the overall project manager; Minconsult Sdn Bhd as the Engineer and KPK QS as the quantity surveyors.
Campus life.
Student accommodation.
A hostel is provided for all students. Service includes meals at the on-campus cafeteria. Bus transportation to and from the university than is not sufficient for 80% of the students in campus.
Sports and recreation.
The Aimst Indoor Sports Complex provides facilities for basketball, badminton, squash and table tennis; also available are a gymnasium and an outdoor Olympic-size swimming pool. Occasionally AIMST University hosts regional and international tournaments such as football, hockey and cricket matches.


Ernest W. Johnson

Ernest W. Johnson MD (12 January 1924 – 18 November 2014) was an American physiatrist and electromyographer. He served as founding Chair of the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the Ohio State University from 1963 to 1989. His numerous honors include the Frank H. Krusen, MD, Lifetime Achievement Award (1984) from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.


Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University

The Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University () is a medical school in Thailand in Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province. It is the eleventh faculty of Thammasat University and ninth medical school set up in Thailand.
History.
Thammasat University laid plans to build a faculty to teach medicine in 1979. The project was initiated in 1986 when the construction of Thammasat University Hospital was started. The council of the university then approved the construction of a Faculty of Medicine in August 1988, followed by cabinet approval on 30 January 1990 and finally by royal decree of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on 19 March 1990.
In the 2018 academic year, Thammasat accepted a total of 170 students for the MD course, separated into 105 students under the Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor (CPIRD) and 65 students under the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools Examination (กสพท). In the same year, the faculty also accepted 30 students for the BSc. Applied Thai Traditional Medicine course.


Franz von Wirer

Franz de Paula Augustin Wirer Ritter von Rettenbach (2 April 1771 – 30 March 1844) was an Austrian physician who was a native of Korneuburg in Lower Austria. He was a physician to Austrian royalty, a rector at the University of Vienna and instructor at the Vienna Medical School.
Wirer was an advocate of holistic medicine, and in the early 1820s with Dr. Josef Götz, he developed the first Austrian saline water health spa at Bad Ischl. The two doctors believed in the therapeutic and curative effects of saline, and with Wirer's influence with Austrian royalty and medical community, the spa at Bad Ischl soon gained international acclaim. In the 19th century it became a popular vacation spot for European royalty and high society, particularly members of the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.


Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University

The Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University () is a medical school in Northeastern Thailand located in Mueang Maha Sarakham District, Maha Sarakham Province.
History.
The Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University was founded as a sub-division of the university, following a university council meeting on 21 November 2003. Initially, it was located at the Kham Riang Campus (New Campus), and a medical service center was opened on 1 July 2004. In November 2005, the faculty was moved to the Downtown Campus (Old Campus). and another medical service center was opened at this campus on 6 February 2006. In 2006, the medical course was approved by the Medical Council of Thailand and thus the faculty admitted the first cohort of medical students for the 2006 academic year. On 6 June 2014, Suddhavej Hospital opened and was used as the main teaching hospital instead of the Downtown Medical Center.
Education.
The faculty currently provides education for 5 courses:
Teaching Hospitals.
Main
MD Affiliates
BSc. Emergency Healthcare Affiliates


Liu Ping-wei

Liu Ping-wei (; 30 November 1952 – 21 April 2020) was a Taiwanese politician. He was first elected to the Taiwan Provincial Assembly in 1981 and served continuously until 1998. Liu assumed the speakership of the provincial assembly between 1994 and 1998, and sat for a single term in the Legislative Yuan from 1999 to 2002.
Personal life and education.
Liu Ping-wei was born in 1952, the eldest son of real estate investor and Banqiao mayor Liu Shun-tien. Liu Ping-wei attended the Hsing Wu School of Business. His family owned the Hai Shan Group, founded by the elder Liu. Liu Ping-wei's three younger brothers were Ping-huang, who worked in real estate, Ping-hua, who was elected to the second Legislative Yuan, and Liu Ping-chung, an administrator at Chunghsing Hospital in Banqiao.
Liu Ping-wei's daughter has served on the New Taipei City Council.
Political career.
Liu was a member of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly for four terms from 1981 until 1999. In his third term, Liu served as deputy speaker, and was elected to the speakership in his final term. He won election to the Legislative Yuan in 1998, and served until 2002. In 2000, Liu founded the New Taiwan Policy Research Foundation, an interparty think tank of national legislators, as well as the New Taiwan Political Alliance, for supporters of James Soong. Liu himself had close relationships with Soong and Lien Chan. Liu renewed his Kuomintang membership in January 2001. The party did not nominate Liu for a second term on the Legislative Yuan.
Overseas trips taken by Liu shortly after stepping down as a national legislator twice became subject to investigation. The first was in 2005, as part of a probe into Chen Che-nan and the Kaohsiung MRT foreign workers scandal. The second took place in 2007, during an investigation into prosecutor Shen Ming-yen.
Death.
Liu Ping-wei sought treatment for oral cancer at Banqiao Chunghsing Hospital, where he died on 21 April 2020, aged 67.


I Michael Leitman

I. Michael Leitman is an American surgeon and medical educator. He is Professor of Surgery and Medical Education and Dean for Graduate Medical Education at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He previously held the position of Chairman of the Department of Surgery at Mount Sinai Beth Israel in New York City.
Education.
A native of Philadelphia, Leitman received both his bachelor's degree and Medical Degree from Boston University. After medical school, Leitman moved to New York City to receive his training in General Surgery at New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell and completed his fellowship in Surgical Critical Care at North Shore University Hospital-Weill Cornell. While at Cornell, Leitman was under the tutelage of American surgical pioneer G. Tom Shires.
Career.
As an innovator of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of abdominal conditions, Leitman is also known for his research on the outcomes following the surgical treatment of breast cancer, colon cancer, lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gallbladder disease and morbid obesity.
For nearly 30 years, Dr. Leitman has served as a medical educator. In addition to his current role as Professor of Medical Education at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Dr. Leitman has also served as a Professor of Clinical Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York City.
Awards & Honors.
A fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine and the Society of Surgical Oncology, Dr. Leitman has been recognized as a Harold C. Case Scholar and Commonwealth Scholar. Dr. Leitman is also a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, and a member of the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery, American Board of Surgery and American Society of Clinical Oncology.
In addition, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha honor societies. The winner of the 2008 Murry G. Fischer Distinguished Educator Award, in 2013, Dr. Leitman is included in New York Magazine’s (Castle Connolly) lists of "Top Doctors."


Jennifer Berman

Jennifer Ruth Berman is an American sexual health expert, urologist and female sexual medicine specialist. She is also a former co-host on the television show "The Doctors".
Berman and her sister Laura Berman hosted a US national television program titled "Berman and Berman" on Discovery Health in 2002 and 2003. She has also appeared on "Good Morning America", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "The Today Show", CNN, CNBC, Conan, Below Deck Mediterranean and HLN.
Education and training.
Berman graduated from Hollins College (now Hollins University) in 1986 and the University of Maryland Medical Center where she received her Master of Science degree in 1989. She went on to receive her medical degree from Boston University School of Medicine. After obtaining her medical degree, she returned to the University of Maryland to complete her post-graduate urology residency and then completed her fellowship training at UCLA Medical Center for Female Urology and Female Pelvic Floor Reconstructive Surgery. In 2001, she co-founded and served as director of the Female Sexual Medicine Center at UCLA, and was also an assistant professor of urology.


Bradford Cannon

Bradford Cannon (December 2, 1907 – December 20, 2005), the son of Dr. Walter Bradford Cannon, was a pioneer in the field of reconstructive surgery, specialising in burn victims. He was the first chief of plastic and reconstructive surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital and is credited with saving the lives of thousands of soldiers maimed during World War II. As a young doctor, he used a new method he developed with Oliver Cope to treat survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire in November, 1942.
From 1943 to 1947, Dr. Bradford Cannon served in the U.S. Army as chief of the plastic surgical section of Valley Forge General Hospital in Pennsylvania, which cared for casualties from Europe and the Pacific. His daughter, Sarah Cannon Holden, said his group performed more than 15,000 operations.
He also served as president of the Boston Surgical Society, the New England Society of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, and the American Association of Plastic Surgeons.
In the 1950s, Dr. Cannon also worked as a consultant for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and visited the Marshall Islands to study effects of radioactivity on the population from atomic tests.
He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Medical School.
Family.
Bradford Cannon and his wife Ellen DeNormandie Cannon (died 2003) lived in Lincoln, Massachusetts.


Theodore H. Schwartz

Theodore H. Schwartz (born in New York City) is an American medical scientist, academic physician and neurosurgeon.
Schwartz specializes in surgery for brain tumors, pituitary tumors and epilepsy. He is particularly known for developing and expanding the field of minimally-invasive endonasal endoscopic skull base and pituitary surgery and for his research on neurovascular coupling and propagation of epilepsy.
Schwartz is a Professor of Neurosurgery, Otolaryngology & Neuroscience and the Director of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, Epilepsy & Pituitary Surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital. In 2014, Schwartz received the first endowed professorship in the Department of Neurosurgery at Weill Cornell Medical College being named the "David and Ursel Barnes Professor of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery." He is the Director of the Institute for Minimally Invasive Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery Program and the Director of the Epilepsy Research Laboratory in The Department of Neurosurgery investigating brain mapping, neurovascular coupling and other novel techniques for imaging and treating epilepsy. This epilepsy research laboratory, which is now part of the newly developed Brain and Mind Research Institute at Weill Cornell Medical College, has been funded with K08, R21 and R01 grants by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - a research institute of the National Institutes of Health - and several private organizations. Schwartz has served as a standing member of the NINDS NSD-C Grant Review Committee and also serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Neurosurgery and World Neurosurgery.
Biography.
Theodore Schwartz graduated magna cum laude with dual undergraduate Bachelor of Arts degrees in Philosophy and English from Harvard University in 1987. While in attendance at Harvard, he received the John Harvard Scholarship for Academic Achievement from 1985-1987 and was awarded the Hoopes Prize for his senior thesis. Schwartz then went on to graduate magna cum laude from Harvard University Medical School in 1990. After completing his residency and chief residency in neurosurgery at the Neurological Institute of New York at Columbia University Medical Center, Schwartz completed advanced fellowship training at Yale-New Haven Hospital in the surgical treatment of brain tumors and epilepsy. He was awarded the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Van Wagenen Fellowship named after William P. Van Wagenen, a charter member of the Harvey Cushing Society. He was further recognized by the German government when he was awarded the Von Humboldt Fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
Schwartz has provided commentary to the media on his neurosurgical expertise. This has included the broadcast news organizations of ABC, NBC and CBS. He has also been a guest on the "Larry King Live" television show. His expertise has also been sought through interviews - quoted and published - in the "Wall Street Journal", "The New York Post", "The New York Daily News", and "Crain's New York Business". Schwartz lectures and presents his surgical techniques to other neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons around the world.
Society memberships.
In addition to serving as Professor of Neurosurgery, Otolaryngology, Neurology and Neuroscience at Weill Cornell Medical College, Schwartz is a member of several professional societies including: American Medical Association (1993); New York Medical Society (1994); Congress of Neurological Surgery (1995); American Association of Neurological Surgery (1995); American Epilepsy Society (1997); Society for Neuroscience (1997); Society for Neuro-oncology (1998); American College of Surgeons (2003); New York Society for Neurosurgery (2003);The Medical Strollers (2005); Physician's Scientific Society (2005); North American Skull Base Society (2005); The Hospital Graduates (2007); Cornell Alumni Council(2008); Neurosurgical Society of America (2008); Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences (2008); International Society for Pituitary Surgeons (2010); American Academy of Neurological Surgery (2010).
Selected publications.
To date, Schwartz has co-authored more than 175 research articles, 65 book chapters, as well as co-editing two neurosurgical textbooks on the subject of endoscopic surgery.


Patrick Eisdell Moore

Sir Patrick William Eisdell Moore (17 March 1918 – 18 June 2015) was a New Zealand surgeon and medical researcher. He was a pioneer in cochlear implants, and was the first person in the world to perform an eardrum transplant. He also served as a medical officer in World War II, and was the only Pākehā in the 28th Māori Battalion. His autobiography "So Old So Quick" was released in 2004.
Moore was born in Bristol, England on 17 March 1918, the son of Alice Moore (née Lofthouse) and her husband, New Zealand surgeon Arthur Eisdell Moore. He was educated at Auckland Grammar School, and then studied medicine at the University of Otago, from where he graduated MB ChB in 1943. On 21 December 1942, he married Beth Beedie in Dannevirke.
In the 1982 New Year Honours, Moore was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to otolaryngology and the community, and he was made a Knight Bachelor, for services to otolaryngology, in the 1992 New Year Honours.
Moore died in Auckland on 18 June 2015. His wife, Beth, Lady Moore, died on 7 August 2017.


Lin Tsung-yi

Lin Tsung-yi (Taiwanese: Lîm Chong-gī, ; 19 September 1920 – 20 July 2010) was an academic and educator in psychiatry.
Lin was born in 1920 in Tainan Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan (modern-day Tainan, Taiwan) to Lin Mosei and Chai-Hwang Wang. Like his parents, he studied in Japan, graduating from the School of Medicine at Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo) in 1943. He did postgraduate training at Harvard Medical School and the Institute of Psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital.
Lin was Honorary President of the World Federation for Mental Health. He was a director of the psychiatric department and an adviser of psychiatric studies at the World Health Organization.
He held professorships in psychiatry at the National Taiwan University, University of Michigan, University of British Columbia. His father, Lin Mosei, was an educator and a victim of the February 28 Incident in Taiwan. In late 1980s, Lin was one of the initiators of the February 28 Incident Peace and Justice Movement.


Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University

The Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University () is the fifth oldest medical school in Thailand located in Mueang Khon Kaen District, Khon Kaen Province, the second medical school to be set up in a region outside Bangkok and is the sixth oldest faculty of Khon Kaen University.
History.
The construction of the Faculty of Medicine was proposed in 1968 by Prof. Bimala Kalakicha to the council of Khon Kaen University. The proposal was passed on to the governmental cabinet and eventually made it into the 'Third National Economic and Social Development Plan' of 1972-1976. Construction received cabinet approval on 4 August 1972 and the faculty opened on 9 September 1972.The first cohort of medical students were admitted in 1974, selected from students in the Faculties of Science and Arts and consisted of 16 students. In 1973, a proposal was made to the cabinet requesting for assistance from the government of New Zealand in the construction of the university hospital.
The construction of the university hospital was initiated in 1973, designed by the British company Llewelyn-Davies Weeks Forester-Walkers and Bor. and construction by the New Zealand company Kingston Reynolds Thom & Allardice Limited (KRTA). On 19 February 1974, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Queen Sirikit, Princess Sirindhorn and Princess Chulabhorn Walailak laid the foundation for the hospital and the hospital was named Srinagarind Hospital in commemoration of Princess Srinagarindra.The hospital was opened on 15 December 1983.


Sandra Dawson (academic)

Dame Sandra June Noble Dawson, (born 4 June 1946) is a British social scientist and academic. She was Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge from 1999 to 2009, making her the first woman to be master of a formerly all male College at the University of Cambridge. She is KPMG Professor of Management Studies at the Cambridge Judge Business School.
Academic career.
Dawson was also Director of the Judge Business School, University of Cambridge from 1995 to 2006 and one of the Deputy Vice Chancellors of the University of Cambridge between 2008 and 2012. Prior to this Dawson was Professor of Organisational Behaviour within the National Health Service (1990-1995) and Deputy Director of the Management School (1987-1994) at Imperial College London.
Other work.
In 2010, the Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling appointed her as a non-executive director at the United Kingdom's Financial Services Authority, following her previous role on the board of directors at Barclays and Chase banks.
She is also a trustee of Oxfam.
Honours.
Dawson was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2004.