Bruce Paltrow

Bruce Weigert Paltrow (November 26, 1943 – October 3, 2002) was an American television and film director and producer.
He was the husband of the actress Blythe Danner, and the father of the actress Gwyneth Paltrow and the screenwriter/director Jake Paltrow.
Life and career.
Paltrow was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Dorothy ("née" Weigert) and Arnold Paltrow ("né" Paltrowitz). He was a first cousin of Spencer J. Giffords, father of Gabby Giffords, who became an American politician and member of the United States House of Representatives. His family was of Eastern European Jewish descent with roots in Minsk. His paternal great-grandfather, whose surname was Paltrowicz, was a rabbi in Nowogród, Poland. His father and mother owned Paltrow Steel Company and a home in Palm Beach, Florida. His brother is Robert Paltrow.
Paltrow studied painting at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the late 1960s, he began directing stage productions in New York City, where he met the actress Blythe Danner. They married on December 14, 1969, and were married until his death.
He was the producer of the television series "The White Shadow" and "St. Elsewhere". His last production was the film "Duets", which starred his daughter, Gwyneth.
He also owned a restaurant in Aspen called Gordon's.
Paltrow was a Democrat. He reportedly refused to cast Dwight Schultz for a role on "St. Elsewhere" because the actor, a political conservative, supported Ronald Reagan.
Death and legacy.
Paltrow died on October 3, 2002, at the age of 58, while vacationing in Rome, Italy, to celebrate his daughter's 30th birthday. Paltrow had suffered from oral cancer for several years; his death was due to complications from oral cancer and pneumonia.
In 2007, his widow, in co-operation with The Oral Cancer Foundation, set up a fund in his name to address oral cancer issues in the United States. The foundation works primarily in the areas of public awareness, early detection, patient support functions and research.
The Coldplay singer, Chris Martin, married Paltrow's daughter, Gwyneth, in 2003. The 2005 Coldplay album "X&Y" carried a dedication to Bruce Paltrow. According to Blythe Danner, the famous Coldplay song "Fix You" was written for Gwyneth, as Martin wanted to "fix her" after the death of her father.


Raine syndrome

Raine syndrome (RNS), also called osteosclerotic bone dysplasia, is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by craniofacial anomalies including microcephaly, noticeably low set ears, osteosclerosis, a cleft palate, gum hyperplasia, a hypoplastic nose, and eye proptosis. It is considered to be a lethal disease, and usually leads to death within a few hours of birth. However, a recent report describes two studies in which children with Raine syndrome have lived to 8 and 11 years old, so it is currently proposed that there is a milder expression that the phenotype can take (Simpson 2009).
Genetics.
Raine syndrome appears to be an autosomal recessive disease. There are reports of recurrence in children born of the same parents, and an increased occurrence in children of closely related, genetically similar parents. Individuals with Raine syndrome were either homozygous or compound heterozygous for the mutation of FAM20C. Also observed have been nonsynonomous mutation and splice-site changes (Simpson et al. 2007).
FAM20C, located on chromosome 7p22.3, is an important molecule in bone development. Studies in mice have demonstrated its importance in the mineralization of bones in teeth in early development (OMIM, Simpson et al. 2007, Wang et al. 2010). FAM20C stands for “family with sequence similarity 20, member C.” It is also commonly referred to as DMP-4. It is a Golgi-enriched fraction casein kinase and an extracellular serine/threonine protein kinase. It is 107,743 bases long, with 10 exons and 584 amino acids (Weizmann Institute of Science).
Research.
Current research describes Raine syndrome as a neonatal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia, indicated by its osteosclerotic symptoms that are seen in those suffering from the disease. It has been found that a mutation in the gene FAM20C is the cause of the Raine syndrome phenotype. This microdeletion mutation leads to an unusual chromosome 7 arrangement. The milder phenotypes of Raine syndrome, such as those described in Simpson’s 2007 report, suggest that Raine syndrome resulting from missense mutations may not be as lethal as the other described mutations (OMIM). This is supported by findings from Fradin et al. (2011), who reported on children with missense mutations to FAM20C and lived to ages 1 and 4 years, relatively much longer than the life spans of the previously reported children. Simpson et al.’s (2007) report states that to date, effected individuals have had chromosome 7 uniparental isodisomy and a 7p telomeric microdeletion. They had abnormal chromosome 7 arrangements, with microdeletions of their D7S2477 and D7S1484 markers (Simpson 2007).
History.
It was first characterized in 1989 in a report that was published on an infant that had been born with an unknown syndrome, that later came to be called Raine syndrome.


Consultative Council on Medical and Allied Services

The Consultative Council on Medical and Allied Services was established under the Ministry of Health Act 1919 along with the Consultative Council on National Health Insurance.
Bertrand Dawson was the first chair.
There were disagreements in the council about finance matters, and whether health authorities should be statutory committees of existing local authorities, or bodies established purely to manage health services.
It produced an Interim Report on the Future Provision of Medical and Allied Services in 1920 which was influential in later debates about the future of the National Health Service
Records of the Councils and their subcommittees are held in the National Archives.


James Lawrence Cabell

Dr. James Lawrence Cabell (August 26, 1813 – August 13, 1889 ) was an American sanitarian and author.
Life.
He was born in Nelson County, Virginia, the son of Dr. George Cabell, Jr., and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1833. He then studied medicine in Baltimore, Philadelphia and Paris, and became Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the University of Virginia, where he was chairman of the faculty in 1846 and 1847. Cabell was a full professor at the School of Medicine for 52 years (1842-1889) and was an early pioneer of the sanitary preparation of the surgical patient following Lister's principles.
He was in charge of the Confederate military hospitals during the Civil War. When yellow fever broke out in Memphis, Tennessee he was appointed chairman of the National Sanitary Conference and devised a plan that checked the spread of the epidemic.
In 1859, he published “The Testimony of Modern Science to the Unity of Mankind”. This work advanced the idea of evolution one year before publication of Darwin's “Origin of Species.” Cabell founded the National Board of Health which in 1880 became the U.S. Public Health Service. From 1879 until his death in Overton, Virginia, he was president of the National Board of Health.
Works.
He wrote "The Testimony of Modern Science to the Unity of Mankind" (New York, 1858).


List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the world's largest group of non-governmental organizations working on humanitarian aid, is composed of the following bodies:
Members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
The data of the members of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies can be found on the Federation-wide Databank and Reporting System (FDRS). It provides data insights on the world's largest humanitarian network of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world.
Societies not members of the IFRC.
Nauru, Niue, Oman and the Vatican City are the states without national societies, along with the states with limited recognition - Abkhazia, Republic of Artsakh, Somaliland, South Ossetia, Transnistria.


Theodor Leber

Theodor Karl Gustav von Leber (29 February 1840 – 17 April 1917) was a German ophthalmologist from Karlsruhe.
Leber was a student of Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) in Heidelberg, where he received his doctorate in 1862. He remained in Heidelberg as an assistant to Hermann Jakob Knapp (1832-1911) at the Heidelberg eye clinic, afterwards studying physiology under Carl Ludwig (1816-1895) in Vienna. From 1867 until 1870 he was an assistant to ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) in Berlin. In 1871 he became director of the university eye clinic in Göttingen, and from 1890 to 1910 was director of the eye clinic in Heidelberg.
Leber was the first to describe what is now known as Leber's congenital amaurosis in 1869 and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in 1871. An anatomical structure called "Leber's plexus" is named after him, which is a small venous plexus in the eye located between Schlemm's canal (named after German anatomist Friedrich Schlemm) and Fontana's spaces (named after Italian physicist Felice Fontana).
A scholarship given by the German Ophthalmological Society is named after Leber, and is called the "Theodor-Leber-Stipendium zur Förderung der pharmakologischen und pharmakophysiologischen Forschung in der Augenheilkunde".


Cytotoxic T cell

A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.
Most cytotoxic T cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that can recognize a specific antigen. An antigen is a molecule capable of stimulating an immune response and is often produced by cancer cells or viruses. Antigens inside a cell are bound to class I MHC molecules, and brought to the surface of the cell by the class I MHC molecule, where they can be recognized by the T cell. If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of the class I MHC molecule and the antigen, and the T cell destroys the cell.
In order for the TCR to bind to the class I MHC molecule, the former must be accompanied by a glycoprotein called CD8, which binds to the constant portion of the class I MHC molecule. Therefore, these T cells are called CD8+ T cells.
The affinity between CD8 and the MHC molecule keeps the TC cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen-specific activation. CD8+ T cells are recognized as TC cells once they become activated and are generally classified as having a pre-defined cytotoxic role within the immune system. However, CD8+ T cells also have the ability to make some cytokines.
Development.
The immune system must recognize millions of potential antigens. There are fewer than 30,000 genes in the human body, so it is impossible to have one gene for every antigen. Instead, the DNA in millions of white blood cells in the bone marrow is shuffled to create cells with unique receptors, each of which can bind to a different antigen. Some receptors bind to tissues in the human body itself, so to prevent the body from attacking itself, those self-reactive white blood cells are destroyed during further development in the thymus, in which iodine is necessary for its development and activity.
TCRs have two parts, usually an alpha and a beta chain. (Some TCRs have a gamma and a delta chain.) Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow migrate into the thymus, where they undergo V(D)J recombination of their beta-chain TCR DNA to form a developmental form of the TCR protein, known as pre-TCR. If that rearrangement is successful, the cells then rearrange their alpha-chain TCR DNA to create a functional alpha-beta TCR complex. This highly-variable genetic rearrangement product in the TCR genes helps create millions of different T cells with different TCRs, helping the body's immune system respond to virtually any protein of an invader. The vast majority of T cells express alpha-beta TCRs (αβ T cells), but some T cells in epithelial tissues (like the gut) express gamma-delta TCRs (gamma delta T cells), which recognize non-protein antigens.
T cells with functionally stable TCRs express both the CD4 and CD8 co-receptors and are therefore termed "double-positive" (DP) T cells (CD4+CD8+). The double-positive T cells are exposed to a wide variety of self-antigens in the thymus and undergo two selection criteria:
Only those T cells that bind to the MHC-self-antigen complexes weakly are positively selected. Those cells that survive positive and negative selection differentiate into single-positive T cells (either CD4+ or CD8+), depending on whether their TCR recognizes an MHC class I-presented antigen (CD8) or an MHC class II-presented antigen (CD4). It is the CD8+ T-cells that will mature and go on to become cytotoxic T cells following their activation with a class I-restricted antigen.
Activation.
With the exception of some cell types, such as non-nucleated cells (including erythrocytes), Class I MHC is expressed by all host cells. When these cells are infected with a virus (or another intracellular pathogen), the cells degrade foreign proteins via antigen processing. These result in peptide fragments, some of which are presented by MHC Class I to the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) on CD8+ T cells.
The activation of cytotoxic T cells is dependent on several simultaneous interactions between molecules expressed on the surface of the T cell and molecules on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell (APC). For instance, consider the two signal model for TC cell activation.
A simple activation of naive CD8+ T cells requires the interaction with professional antigen-presenting cells, mainly with matured dendritic cells. To generate longlasting memory T cells and to allow repetitive stimulation of cytotoxic T cells, dendritic cells have to interact with both, activated CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ T cells.<ref name="DOI10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v32.i2.30"></ref><ref name="DOI10.1002/eji.201444477"></ref> During this process, the CD4+ helper T cells "license" the dendritic cells to give a potent activating signal to the naive CD8+ T cells.
Furthermore, maturation of CD8+ T cells is mediated by CD40 signalling. Once the naïve CD8+ T cell is bound to the infected cell, the infected cell is triggered to release CD40. This CD40 release, with the aid of helper T cells, will trigger differentiation of the naïve CD8+ T cells to mature CD8+ T cells.
While in most cases activation is dependent on TCR recognition of antigen, alternative pathways for activation have been described. For example, cytotoxic T cells have been shown to become activated when targeted by other CD8 T cells leading to tolerization of the latter.
Once activated, the TC cell undergoes clonal expansion with the help of the cytokine Interleukin-2 (IL-2), which is a growth and differentiation factor for T cells. This increases the number of cells specific for the target antigen that can then travel throughout the body in search of antigen-positive somatic cells.
Effector functions.
When exposed to infected/dysfunctional somatic cells, TC cells release the cytotoxins perforin, granzymes, and granulysin. Through the action of perforin, granzymes enter the cytoplasm of the target cell and their serine protease function triggers the caspase cascade, which is a series of cysteine proteases that eventually lead to apoptosis (programmed cell death). Due to high lipid order and negatively charged phosphatidylserine present in their plasma membrane, TC cells are resistant to the effects of their perforin and granzyme cytotoxins.
A second way to induce apoptosis is via cell-surface interaction between the TC and the infected cell. When a TC is activated it starts to express the surface protein FAS ligand (FasL)(Apo1L)(CD95L), which can bind to "Fas" (Apo1)(CD95) molecules expressed on the target cell. However, this Fas-Fas ligand interaction is thought to be more important to the disposal of unwanted T lymphocytes during their development or to the lytic activity of certain TH cells than it is to the cytolytic activity of TC effector cells. Engagement of Fas with FasL allows for recruitment of the death-induced signaling complex (DISC).
The Fas-associated death domain (FADD) translocates with the DISC, allowing recruitment of procaspases 8 and 10. These caspases then activate the effector caspases 3, 6, and 7, leading to cleavage of death substrates such as lamin A, lamin B1, lamin B2, PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase), and DNA-PKcs (DNA-activated protein kinase). The final result is apoptosis of the cell that expressed Fas.
The transcription factor Eomesodermin is suggested to play a key role in CD8+ T cell function, acting as a regulatory gene in the adaptive immune response. Studies investigating the effect of loss-of-function Eomesodermin found that a decrease in expression of this transcription factor resulted in decreased amount of perforin produced by CD8+ T cells.
Role in disease pathogenesis.
Unlike antibodies, which are effective against both viral and bacterial infections, cytotoxic T cells are mostly effective against viruses.
During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells and produce antiviral cytokines capable of purging HBV from viable hepatocytes. They also play an important pathogenic role, contributing to nearly all of the liver injury associated with HBV infection. Platelets have been shown to facilitate the accumulation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells into the infected liver.
Cytotoxic T cells have been implicated in the progression of arthritis: depletion of knee joint cartilage macromolecules such as glycosaminoglycans by cytotoxic T cells and macrophages has been observed in a rat model of the disease.
CD8+ T cells have been found to play a role in HIV infection. HIV over time has developed many strategies to evade the host cell immune system. For example, HIV has adopted very high mutation rates to allow them to escape recognition by CD8+ T cells. They are also able to down-regulate expression of surface MHC Class I proteins of cells that they infect, in order to further evade destruction by CD8+ T cells. If CD8+ T cells cannot find, recognize and bind to infected cells, the virus will not be destroyed and will continue to grow.
Furthermore, CD8+ T cells may be involved in Type 1 diabetes. In addition to the role of CD4+ cells in this autoimmune disease, studies in a diabetic mouse model showed that CD8+ T cells may also play a role by destroying insulin-producing pancreatic cells.
CD8+ T cells may be necessary to resolve chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Mice without CD8+ T cells show prolonged CIPN compared to normal mice and injection of educated CD8+ T cells resolve or prevent CIPN.


Graham Chapman

Graham Chapman (8 January 1941 – 4 October 1989) was an English comedian, writer, actor, and author and one of the six members of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python. He played authority figures such as the Colonel and the lead role in two Python films, "Holy Grail" (1975) and "Life of Brian" (1979).
Chapman was born in Leicester and was raised in Melton Mowbray. He enjoyed science, acting and comedy and, after graduating from Emmanuel College, Cambridge and St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, he turned down a career as a doctor to be a comedian instead. Chapman eventually established a writing partnership with John Cleese, which reached its critical peak with Monty Python during the 1970s. He subsequently left Britain for Los Angeles, where he attempted to be a success on American television, speaking on the college circuit and producing the pirate film "Yellowbeard" (1983), before returning to Britain in the early 1980s.
In his personal life, Chapman was openly homosexual and a strong supporter of gay rights, and was in a long-term partnership with David Sherlock. He was an alcoholic during his time at Cambridge and the Python years, and quit drinking shortly before working on "Life of Brian". He later became an enthusiast and patron of the Dangerous Sports Club. Chapman died of tonsil cancer which spread to his spine in 1989, on the Pythons' 20th anniversary. His life and legacy were commemorated at a private memorial service at St Bartholomew's with the other five Pythons.
Early life and education.
Graham Chapman was born on 8 January 1941 at the Stoneygate Nursing Home, Stoneygate, Leicester, the son of policeman Walter Chapman and Edith Towers. Walter Chapman was a police constable at the time of Graham's birth; he ended his career as a chief inspector. He had been trained as a French polisher for a coffin-maker before entering the police force in the 1930s.
Chapman had an elder brother, John, who was born in 1936. They had, according to Chapman and his brother, an "extremely poor upbringing". One of Chapman's earliest memories was seeing the remains of Polish airmen who had suffered an aeroplane accident near Leicester, later saying the sights of this remained in his memory.
Chapman was educated at Melton Mowbray Grammar School. He showed a strong affinity for science, sports and amateur dramatics and was singled out for attention when a local paper reviewed his performance of Mark Antony in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar". Graham and his brother John were both avid fans of radio comedy, being especially fond of "The Goon Show" and Robert Moreton's skill of telling jokes the wrong way round and reversing punchlines. Biographer Jim Yoakum said "the radio shows didn't necessarily make him laugh".
In 1959, Chapman began to study medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He joined the Cambridge Footlights, where he first began writing with John Cleese. Following graduation, Chapman joined the Footlights show "Cambridge Circus" and toured New Zealand, deferring his medical studies for a year. After the tour, he continued his studies at St Bartholomew's Medical College, but became torn between whether to pursue a career in medicine or acting. His brother John later said, "He [Graham] wasn't ever driven to go into medicine... it wasn't his life's ambition."
Career.
Pre-Python career.
Following their Footlights success, Chapman and Cleese began to write professionally for the BBC, initially for David Frost but also for Marty Feldman. Frost had recruited Cleese, and in turn Cleese decided he needed Chapman as a sounding board. Chapman also contributed sketches to the radio series "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again" and wrote material on his own and with Bill Oddie. He wrote for "The Illustrated Weekly Hudd" (starring Roy Hudd), "Cilla Black", "This Is Petula Clark", and "This Is Tom Jones". Chapman, Cleese, and Tim Brooke-Taylor later joined Feldman in the television comedy series "At Last the 1948 Show". It was Chapman's first significant role as a performer as well as a writer and he displayed a gift for deadpan comedy (such as in the sketch "The Minister Who Falls to Pieces") and imitating various British dialects. The series was the first to feature Chapman's sketch of wrestling with himself.
Despite the series’ success, Chapman was still unsure about abandoning his medical career. In between the two series of "At Last The 1948 Show", he completed his studies at St. Bartholomew's and became professionally registered as a doctor. Chapman and Cleese also wrote for the long-running television comedy series "Doctor in the House", and both appeared on a one-off television special, "How to Irritate People" alongside Brooke-Taylor and future Python member Michael Palin. One of Cleese and Chapman's sketches, featuring a used car salesman refusing to believe a customer's model had broken down, became the inspiration for the Dead Parrot sketch. Chapman also co-wrote several episodes of "Doctor in the House" follow up, "Doctor in Charge", with Bernard McKenna.
Monty Python.
In 1969, Chapman and Cleese joined the other Pythons, Michael Palin, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Terry Gilliam, for their sketch comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus". The group's writing was split into well-defined teams, with Chapman collaborating almost exclusively with Cleese. Chapman was particularly keen to remove stereotypical punchlines in sketches and created The Colonel, who would stop them in mid-flow by saying they were "too silly".
Although the pair were officially equal partners, Cleese later thought that Chapman contributed comparatively little in the way of direct writing, saying "he would come in, say something marvellous and then drift off in his own mind". The other Pythons have said that Chapman's biggest contribution in the writing room was an intuition for what was funny. Gilliam later recalled that "Graham would do the nudge that would push it into something extraordinary". The series was an immediate success, and Chapman was delighted to learn that medical students at St. Bartholomew's crowded round the television in the bar to watch it. Chapman was frequently late for rehearsing or recording, leading to the other Pythons calling him "the late Graham Chapman".
Chapman's main contribution to the "Dead Parrot sketch", derived from the piece within "How to Irritate People" and involving a customer returning a faulty toaster, was "How can we make this "madder"?", turning the toaster into a dead Norwegian Blue parrot. Cleese later said he and Chapman believed that "there was something very funny there, if we could find the right context for it". Cleese was in particular concerned that the Cheese Shop sketch simply was not funny, in that it was just mainly a man listing different makes of cheese. Chapman urged his partner to continue with it, telling him "Trust me, it's funny." When it was read out at the next script meeting, Cleese found that the others, particularly Palin, thought it was hilarious. The group felt that Chapman had the best acting skills among them. Cleese complimented Chapman by saying that he was "particularly a wonderful actor".
Chapman played the lead role in two Python films, "Holy Grail" and "Life of Brian". He was chosen to play the lead in "Holy Grail" because of the group's respect towards his straight acting skills, and because the other members wanted to play lesser, funnier characters. Chapman did not mind being filmed fully nude in front of a crowd in "Life of Brian", but the scene, filmed in Tunisia, caused problems with the female Muslim extras.
Other work.
In 1975, Chapman and Douglas Adams wrote a pilot for a television series, entitled "Out of the Trees", but it received poor ratings after being broadcast at the same time as "Match of the Day" and only the initial episode was produced. In 1978, Chapman co-wrote the comedy film "The Odd Job" with McKenna, and starred as one of the main characters. Chapman wanted his friend Keith Moon to play a co-lead role alongside him, but Moon could not pass an acting test, so the part went to David Jason who had previously appeared on "Do Not Adjust Your Set" with Pythons Idle, Jones, and Palin. The film was moderately successful. Chapman guest-starred on several television series including "The Big Show".
In 1976, Chapman began writing a pirate film, "Yellowbeard" (1983), which came out of conversations between Chapman and Moon while in Los Angeles. Moon had always wanted to play Long John Silver, so Chapman began to write a script for him. Moon died in 1978 and the work stalled, eventually being rewritten by McKenna, then by Peter Cook. The film, which starred Chapman as the eponymous pirate, also featured appearances from Cook, Marty Feldman, Cleese, Idle, Spike Milligan, and Cheech & Chong. It marked the last appearance of Feldman, who suffered a fatal heart attack in December 1982. The project was fraught with financial difficulties, and at times there was not enough money to pay the crew. It was released to mixed reviews. David Robinson, reviewing the film in "The Times", said that "the Monty Python style of comic anarchy requires more than scatology, rude words and funny faces".
Chapman published his memoirs, "A Liar's Autobiography", in 1980, choosing the title because he said "it's almost "impossible" to tell the truth". He returned to Britain permanently after "Yellowbeard" was released. He became involved with the extreme sports club Dangerous Sports Club, which popularised bungee jumping. Chapman was scheduled to perform a bungee jump himself, but it was cancelled due to safety concerns.
Final years.
After reuniting with the other Pythons in the film "The Meaning of Life" (1983), Chapman began a lengthy series of US college tours, talking about The Pythons, the Dangerous Sports Club and his friend Moon, among other subjects. "Saturday Night Live" creator and Python fan Lorne Michaels persuaded Chapman to star in "The New Show".
In 1988, Chapman appeared in the Iron Maiden video "Can I Play with Madness". The same year, he starred in a pilot of a proposed television series, "Jake's Journey", but financial problems prevented a full series from being made. In 1988, he also appeared on stage with three other Pythons (Gilliam, Jones and Palin) at the 41st British Academy Film Awards where Monty Python received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema.
Broadcast in November 1989, the 20th anniversary television special, "Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python", hosted by Python fan Steve Martin, was Chapman's final onscreen appearance with the other five Python members. Chapman was intended to be cast in the "Red Dwarf" episode "Timeslides", but died before shooting could begin.
Personal life.
Chapman first met his long-term partner David Sherlock in Ibiza in 1966. He later described realising he was homosexual as "an important moment in my life". He told close friends about his relationship, including Cleese and Feldman, the following year. Chapman and Sherlock moved to Belsize Park in 1968, and the pair enjoyed visiting gay clubs in Central London. In the early 1970s, after Chapman had found fame with Monty Python, they moved to a house in Highgate.
Chapman first disclosed his homosexuality in public in 1972, on a television show fronted by British jazz musician George Melly, becoming one of the first celebrities to do so. He was a vocal spokesman for gay rights, supporting the Gay Liberation Front. In 1972, Chapman supported the newspaper "Gay News", which listed him as one of the publication's "special friends" in recognition. During a college tour, Chapman mentioned that a television audience member had written to the Pythons to complain about them having a gay member, adding that the Bible said; any man who lies with a man should be taken out and stoned. With the other Pythons already aware of his sexual orientation, Idle jokingly replied that they had found the perpetrator and killed him.
In 1971, Chapman and Sherlock adopted John Tomiczek as their son. Chapman met Tomiczek when the adolescent was a run-away from Liverpool, aged 14. After discussions with Tomiczek's father, it was agreed that Chapman would become Tomiczek's legal guardian. Both Sherlock and Tomiczek remained a constant in Chapman's life. During the 1970s, Chapman became increasingly concerned about the Pythons' income and finances. He subsequently moved to Los Angeles to avoid British income tax. In the mid-1980s, he returned to the UK and moved to Maidstone, Kent with Sherlock and Tomiczek. Tomiczek later became Chapman's business manager, and got engaged, but died of a heart attack in 1992.
Chapman took up pipe smoking aged 15, which became a lifelong habit. He began drinking heavily during his time at Cambridge and St. Bartholomew's, favouring gin. By the time Monty Python went out on tour in 1973, Chapman's drinking had begun to affect his performance, causing him to miss cues to go on stage. He stopped drinking during Christmas 1977, concerned at being able to act in "Life of Brian" successfully, and remained sober for the rest of his life.
Death.
In 1988, Chapman made a routine visit to a dentist, who found a small, malignant tumour on one of his tonsils, leading to both being removed via a tonsillectomy. The following year, the cancer had spread into Chapman's spinal cord, where another tumour was surgically removed. Chapman had several chemotherapy treatments and surgeries during the final months of his life, but ultimately the cancer was declared inoperable. According to his brother, Chapman was visibly upset by the death of his mother that July, by which time he was terminally ill. Shortly afterwards, Chapman filmed scenes for the 20th anniversary of the first broadcast of "Monty Python’s Flying Circus", the final time he appeared on television.
Chapman died on 4 October 1989 in Maidstone Hospital. At the time of his death, he was being visited by Sherlock, brother John and his sister-in-law, and fellow Pythons Palin and Cleese, the latter of whom had to be led out of the room to deal with his grief. Peter Cook had intended to visit, but arrived too late and was visibly shaken by the news. Chapman's death occurred on the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the Pythons' collective debut on British television, and Jones called it "the worst case of party-pooping in all history".
Memorial service.
The five surviving Python members had decided to stay away from Chapman's private funeral to prevent it from becoming a media circus and to give his family some privacy. They sent a wreath in the shape of the Python foot, with the message: "To Graham from the other Pythons with all our love. PS: Stop us if we're getting too silly". The Rolling Stones also sent a floral arrangement, saying "Thanks for all the laughs."
A public memorial service was held at St. Bartholomew's on 3 December, two months after his death. The service began with a chorus of the hymn "Jerusalem" sung in Engrish with a mock Chinese accent. Cleese delivered a eulogy to Chapman with shock humour that he believed Chapman would have appreciated, and later became the first person at a televised British memorial service to say "fuck". Palin also delivered a eulogy to Chapman, as did Idle, quipping that Chapman had decided to die rather than listen to Palin once again. Idle led the other surviving Pythons and Chapman's close friends and family in a rendition of the song "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life", from "Life of Brian", and later closed his remarks by saying: "I'd just like to be the last person at this meeting to say 'fuck'."
Ten years after Chapman's death, his ashes were first rumoured to have been "blasted into the skies in a rocket" with assistance from the Dangerous Sports Club. In a second rumour, Chapman's ashes had been scattered on the mountains of Snowdonia, Wales, where he had visited regularly as a climber.
Legacy.
Following Chapman's death, reformations of the Pythons have included an urn said to contain his ashes. At the 1998 Aspen Comedy Arts festival, the urn, brought onstage by a stiff English butler, was "accidentally" knocked over by Terry Gilliam, spilling the "ashes" on-stage. The apparently cremated remains were then removed with a dust-buster. Idle recalled meeting Sherlock, saying "I wish he [Chapman] was here now" and Sherlock replied "Oh, but he is. He's in my pocket!"
Asteroid 9617 Grahamchapman, named in Chapman's honour, is one of six asteroids named after the Python members.
In 1997, Sherlock allowed Jim Yoakum to start the 'Graham Chapman Archives'. Later that year, the novel "Graham Crackers: Fuzzy Memories, Silly Bits, and Outright Lies" was released. It is a semi-sequel to "A Liar's Autobiography", with Chapman's works compiled by Yoakum. A compendium of writings, "Calcium Made Interesting: Sketches, Letters, Essays & Gondolas", also compiled and edited by Yoakum, was published in 2005 in association with the David Sherlock and John Tomiczeck trust. In 2000, Chapman's play "O Happy Day" was performed by Dad's Garage Theatre Company in Atlanta, Georgia, with the assistance of Cleese and Palin. In 2006, the album and DVD release "Looks Like Another Brown Trouser Job" came out, featuring a college lecture recorded in April 1988.
In June 2011, it was announced that Cleese, Jones, Gilliam and Palin would perform in a 3-D animated version of Chapman's memoir "A Liar's Autobiography: Volume VI". Co-director Jeff Simpson worked closely with Chapman's estate and the surviving Python members to "get this exactly right". The film, titled "", was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2012 and premiered in the UK the following month as part of the BFI London Film Festival. The voices of Cleese, Gilliam, Jones, and Palin were spliced into commentary recorded by Chapman reading from his memoir and taped shortly before his death. The film's official trailer quoted Chapman as saying, "This is the best film I've been in since I died."
In September 2012, a British Comedy Society blue plaque, to commemorate Chapman, was unveiled at The Angel pub in Highgate, North London, by Jones, Palin, Barry Cryer, Ray Davies and Carol Cleveland. Palin said, "Highgate was his patch, and he should be celebrated because he was a very good, brilliant, funny, nice, wise, kind man, who occasionally drank too much."
In December 2014, a green plaque funded by Leicestershire County Council was placed on Chapman's former home in Burton Road, Melton Mowbray. A year later, a blue plaque at the entrance of Chapman's old school, King Edward VII School was reported as stolen, but was later found inside the building. In March 2017, the plaque was relocated to Melton Mowbray town centre.


Brachydactyly

Brachydactyly (Greek βραχύς = "short" plus δάκτυλος = "finger"), is a medical term which literally means "short finger" (fingers). The shortness is relative to the length of other long bones and other parts of the body. Brachydactyly is an inherited, usually dominant trait. It most often occurs as an isolated dysmelia, but can also occur with other anomalies as part of many congenital syndromes.
Brachydactyly can also be a signal that one will be at risk for heart problems as they age.
Nomograms for normal values of finger length as a ratio to other body measurements have been published. In clinical genetics the most commonly used index of digit length is the dimensionless ratio of the length of the 3rd (middle) finger to the hand length. Both are expressed in the same units (centimeters, for example) and are measured in an open hand from the fingertip to the principal creases where the finger joins the palm and where the palm joins the wrist.
Types.
There are several types of Brachydactyly:
Other syndromes.
In the above brachydactyly syndromes, short digits are the most prominent of the anomalies, but in many other syndromes (Down syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, etc.), brachydactyly is a minor feature compared to the other anomalies or problems comprising the syndrome.


Fronto-polar thalamic vein

The paired (right and left) fronto-polar thalamic veins () originate each on the corresponding frontal polus of the thalamus and drain its anterior portion. Benno Shlesinger in 1976 classified these veins as belonging to the central group of thalamic veins ("").


Edna Jackson Carver

Edna Jackson Carver (1868 – June 20, 1954) was an American physician, operator of a health spa at Steamboat Hot Springs, near Reno, Nevada, from 1919 to 1954.
Early life.
Edna Jackson was born in Salina, Kansas and raised in Sheridan, Wyoming, the daughter of William Edward Jackson. She graduated from the Colorado College of Osteopathy in 1905. She was a charter member of the Sheridan chapter of the Order of the Eastern Star.
Career.
Carver had an osteopathic practice in Denver, and invested in land there. She also practiced in New York City for six years. In 1913, she spoke at the International Congress of Farm Women in Tulsa, on the subject "Keeping the Right Mental Attitude", telling her audience, "It is a great thing to earn a living, but it is a greater thing to live a life." She was the physician and head chaperone on a film company's publicity train trip in 1915, called the "American Beauty Special"; it ran from Chicago to Los Angeles, filled with beauty contest winners hoping for a screen test in Hollywood.
Carver became the owner of Steamboat Hot Springs in 1918. She rebuilt the lodgings and bathing facilities, and opened it as a health spa in 1919. She drilled deep wells to access additional springs, and welcomed athletes and racehorses for rehabilitation. In the 1940s, after several fires damaged buildings on the campus of the facility, she worked with architect Paul Revere Williams on a plan for the expansion and modernization of the resort, but that vision was never realized.
Away from Steamboat Springs, Carver was a frequent speaker and leader at the Unity Center church in Reno. She also took an active interest in education, and served as president of the Reno school board in the 1930s. In 1933 she attended a national social science convention in Detroit. In 1934 she spoke about polio at a parent-teacher meeting in Sparks. In 1936, she helped to treat injured fellow passengers when their train encountered an avalanche.
Personal life.
Edna Jackson married English-born Edward Towne; they had a son, Dural Edward Towne (1899-1960). She lived for many years with Blanch Foltz, who died in 1953. Edna Carver died in 1954, in Steamboat Springs, and left the springs property to her son. Her daughter-in-law Dorothy A. Towne, a nurse, ran the spa from 1962 until 1986, when she donated it to a local church. The Steamboat Hot Springs are still open, as "the longest standing therapeutic hot springs in the state of Nevada."


Hypothalamotegmental tract

In human neuroanatomy, the hypothalamotegmental tract is a pathway from the hypothalamus to the reticular formation. Axons from the posterior hypothalamus descend through the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formations. They connect with reticular neurons important in visceral and autonomic activity. The tract is a continuation of the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral portion of the tegmentum. It is not visible without special stains.


Korean Health, Education, Information and Research Center

The Korean Health, Education, Information and Research Center (KHEIR, Korean: 한인건강정보센터) is Los Angeles-based non-profit healthcare service agency established in 1986 to deliver medical services, including health education, health care, and social support, to the Korean American community, mainly assisting the low-income, recently immigrated, monolingual/limited English speaking Koreans.


Kevin Fitzgerald

Kevin Terrel Fitzgerald (born September 23, 1951), a board certified veterinarian who works at "Alameda East Veterinary Hospital" in his native Denver, Colorado is best known through his visibility on the Animal Planet reality show "Emergency Vets" and, more recently, "E-Vet Interns". Fitzgerald also does stand-up comedy and a little tap dancing. In 2001, he was named one of the 50 most eligible bachelors by "People".
Past jobs and positions.
Kevin Fitzgerald was formerly a teacher at the University of Hawaii. On summers off, he was hired by Tony Funches and Barry Fey to be a part of the (Denver based) Feyline Security Team and worked security for a wide variety of musical acts, such as Elvis Presley, The Who, Bob Marley, Willie Nelson, George Clinton, and The Rolling Stones. Kevin eventually ran this portion of Barry Fey's Concert Promotion & Production Business after Tony Funches moved on to other pursuits. On an episode of "Emergency Vets", Fitzgerald noted that he knew it was time to get serious about pursuing a career in veterinary medicine when Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones asked him point-blank if he wanted to "still be a bouncer at 50".
Fitzgerald joined the staff of Alameda East, a 24-hour facility equipped to provide emergency care, in 1985. He also once served as president of the Denver Area Veterinary Medical Society while he was on the Board of Directors of the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center.
Current jobs and positions.
Fitzgerald is a veterinarian at Alameda East Veterinary Hospital, where the Animal Planet television series "Emergency Vets" and its follow-up "E-Vet Interns" were filmed. For the past 25 years, he has been an assistant professor adjunct at the University of Denver, where he teaches a course called "Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine". He also serves as a veterinary consultant for the Aurora, Colorado police department's K-9 division. He has written chapters in medical texts on subjects such as emergency veterinarian medicine, toxicology, and reptile medicine and surgery.
Fitzgerald is also a regular on the Denver-area stand-up comedy circuit, where he is billed as "the hardest working veterinarian in show business". An episode of "Emergency Vets" entitled "Fitz's Day" showed snippets of his stand-up act. "Everybody laughed when I said I wanted to do comedy", Fitzgerald noted dryly, "but no one's laughing now."
On August 11, 2007, Fitzgerald was a "Not My Job" guest on NPR's "Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me". He told stories about Keith Richards ("when Keith Richards suggests you're wasting your life, you gotta listen"), his fear of spiders and then correctly answered all three questions regarding BALCO founder Victor Conte. The segment has been replayed on several of Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me's "best of" and compilation episodes; as of February 2017, this is the most-repeated guest segment of the show.
After "Emergency Vets" ceased production in 2002, Fitzgerald occasionally appeared in a set of pet health reminder PSAs on Animal Planet called "Animal Tips With Dr. Fitz". He also appeared in PSAs for the Animal Planet animal welfare project "ROAR" (Reach Out, Act, Respond) with his Alameda East colleague, Dr. Holly Knor.
In 2007, Fitzgerald and the rest of the Alameda East team returned to prime-time television in a new Animal Planet series, "E-Vet Interns". On the new series, Fitzgerald continually stresses the importance of exposing young vets to experiences with exotic animals such as snakes and other reptiles, as well as showing young vets how to give back to their community by providing services for "working animals" such as police dogs.
Stalking.
Vicki Tenney, a West Virginia woman, began stalking Fitzgerald in 1999. She began by writing fan letters and in 2002, relocated to Denver and made death threats against Fitzgerald. By Christmas in 2004, Tenney was calling Fitzgerald daily saying she was going to kill him and had purchased a coffin for him. At a hearing in January 2006, she was deemed unfit to stand trial and ordered into treatment.
On October 27, 2006, Tenney was sentenced to 18 months of probation, obtain mental health treatment, and ordered to stay away from Fitzgerald and Alameda East Veterinary Hospital in a plea bargain in which she pleaded guilty to violating a restraining order. Doctors deemed Tenney more suitable to stand trial since her treatment began, but the prosecutor of the case, stating that she believed the disposition was appropriate, declined to bring Tenney to trial as long as Tenney continues to follow the requirements of her probation.


Samuel Wong

Samuel Wong () is a Hong Kong-born Canadian conductor and ophthalmologist .
Trained at Harvard Medical School and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dr. Wong is an eye surgeon practicing in Manhattan and Brooklyn.
In another career, he has conducted many international orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, Seattle and Houston Symphonies, Toronto and Montreal Symphonies, orchestras in Italy, Spain, Belgium, and Israel. Wong led the New York Philharmonic in December 1990 after the untimely death of Leonard Bernstein, and replaced Zubin Mehta in Washington D.C. in January 1991 when Maestro Mehta traveled to Israel in an act of solidarity with the Israel Philharmonic during the Persian Gulf War.


Thomas Addis

Thomas Addis Jr. (July 27, 1881 – June 4, 1949) was a Scottish physician-scientist from Edinburgh who made important contributions to the understanding of how blood clots work. He was a pioneer in the field of nephrology, the branch of internal medicine that deals with diseases of the kidney. Addis described the pathogenesis of haemophilia in 1911 and was the first to demonstrate that normal plasma could correct the defect in haemophilia.
Biography.
Addis was the son of Thomas Chalmers Addis, a clerk at the local branch of the Inland Revenue Service, and Cornelia Beers-Campbell, who married in Hoboken, New York, in 1880, but he was born in Edinburgh. Significant influences in his childhood were his grandfather, the Rev Dr Thomas Addis DD, Minister at Morningside Free Kirk, and his grandfather's assistant, the Very Rev Dr Alexander Martin (who came to lead the movement within the Free Kirk for reunification with the Established Church of Scotland). Addis studied medicine in his native Edinburgh, at the Institute of Pathology of Berlin Charité, and in Heidelberg. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with an MB in 1905 and an MD in 1908.
In 1911, he took up a professorship at Stanford University, where he remained until his death in 1949. Addis married Elesa Bolton Partridge in 1913. They had two daughters, Elesa and Jean. By way of his daughter Jean, Addis is the great-grandfather of Gavin Newsom, the current governor of California.
Besides his studies in haemophilia, Addis made many contributions to the understanding of bile pigment metabolism. His investigations into kidney function led to the birth of modern renal physiology. Addis developed a means of measuring the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, and the protein content in urine specimens, a test used in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease. Towards the end of his life Addis began to study laboratory rats as a model of proteinuria, and was among the first people to note the presence of rodent major urinary proteins.
Writing in "Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation", Roland Schmitt et al. assessed Addis's contribution to medical science this way: "Since the times of Thomas Addis and other pioneers, no physical examination is said to be complete without the doctor looking at the patient's urine, grossly and under the microscope."
At the end of his career, Stanford University took away Addis's laboratory, perhaps on account of his leftist political views. He supported the loyalists in the Spanish Revolution, and was chairman of the San Francisco chapter of the Spanish Refugee Appeal, an organization that aided refugees from Franco's Spain. Addis toured the Soviet Union in 1935 and came away impressed by the communist country's medical accomplishments. He was friends with Harry Bridges and other leftwingers. Addis was chairman of the San Francisco chapter of Physician's Forum, an organization that supported national health insurance. Shortly before his death, he was expelled from the American Medical Association for refusing to pay his annual membership fee, which he did to protest the AMA's lack of support for President Truman's national health insurance plan.
His Stanford colleague Frank W. Weymouth wrote about him:
Injustice or oppression in the next street ... or any spot inhabited by men was a personal affront to Thomas Addis and his name, from its early alphabetical place, was conspicuous on lists of sponsors of scores of organizations fighting for democracy and against fascism. He worked on more committees than could reasonably have been expected of so busy a man. ... Tom Addis was happy to have a hand in bringing to the organization of society some of the logic of science and to further that understanding and to promote that democracy which are the only enduring foundations of human dignity.


Sub-internship

A "Sub-internship" (abbreviated "sub-I"), a.k.a. "Acting Internship (AI)", is a clinical rotation of a fourth-year medical student in the United States medical education system which may take place at a different hospital than the student's medical school affiliations. A student will generally select an elective "sub"-internship, where the student will perform the role of an intern or first year medical graduate, under the supervision of senior house staff and attending physicians. The rotation is generally pursued in the field appropriate to career interest. For example, a sub-I can be taken in Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, or Obstetrics and Gynecology. In this way, the student can experience a glimpse of their future career without the burden of full responsibility. Additionally, many medical students select sub-internships at institutions where they wish to apply for residency; such rotations are "auditions" for the student to demonstrate his or her commitment to the outside program.
Internal medicine sub-I; a.k.a. Internal medicine AI.
At the turn of the 21st century ninety-eight percent of US medical schools offered an internal medicine sub-I a.k.a. (AI) to medical students. In general the following responsibilities are given to a sub-I student: accept and give sign-out of all patients on the team, assess assigned patients before morning rounds, write problem oriented notes daily on all patients, admit patients on call days, act as information liaison between the medical team and hospital staff, communicating plan of care to patient. Responsibilities that are generally limited or withheld include: writing orders or prescriptions, performing major procedures, obtaining consent from patients for procedures or surgeries.
A recent editorial highlighted the changing role of the subinternship (SI) in the medical school curriculum:
It has been argued that the SI should be viewed as the culmination of a coordinated 4-year program of study in clinical care, with an aim to prepare fourth-year students for the demanding experience of internship. Ideally, the educational goals of the SI should complement and expand upon those outlined in the third-year clerkship and ought to uniquely emphasize the knowledge and skills needed to independently treat and manage acutely ill inpatients. To facilitate these goals, it has been recommended that SI programs place fourth-year students in a role that completely replaces the intern, albeit under the supervision of senior house staff. In particular, it has been recommended that subinterns should
Despite the valuable and distinctive experience of the SI, it has been neglected by medical educators and researchers as an area needing development and standardization. At an organizational level, the SI currently lacks the clearly defined curricular goals and rigorous evaluation methodologies found in the third-year clerkship. Nevertheless, it is unclear to what extent individual medical schools have addressed the unique educational needs of the SI. In an attempt to clarify the structure and requirements of internal medicine SI programs throughout the United States, a survey study was undertaken.


Judith M. Burnfield

Judith M. "Judy" Burnfield is the director of the Institute for Rehabilitative Science and Engineering, director of the Movement and Neurosciences Center, and the Clifton Chair in Physical Therapy and Movement Sciences at Madonna Rehabilitation Hospital in Lincoln, Nebraska.
Burnfield earned her Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Southern California and completed her postdoctoral training at the Pathokinesiology Laboratory at Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center. She was appointed director of the newly designed Athletic Performance Laboratory at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln from 2013-2015.
https://www.madonna.org/research/judith-burnfield


Pulmonary agenesis

Pulmonary agenesis is an inborn lung underdevelopment that is rare and potentially lethal. The disorder is caused by a complete developmental arrest of the primitive lung during embryonic life, and it is often associated with other developmental defects. Bilateral and unilateral pulmonary agenesis are classified, depending on whether one side of the lung or both sides are affected. Bilateral pulmonary agenesis is lethal, while the mortality rate of unilateral pulmonary agenesis is higher than 50%. Depending on the severity, the symptom ranges from none to various respiratory complaints. It is detectable prenatally, however, its nonspecific clinical features act as the obstacle for diagnosing. The exact cause of pulmonary agenesis is still obscure. However, theories have been raised regarding the vascular, iatrogenic, viral and genetic causes of pulmonary agenesis in an attempt to explain the pathogenesis of the disorder. In most cases of pulmonary agenesis, surgical resection is performed to remove the malformed lobe or the entire defected lung of the patient depending on the severity of the respiratory impairment.
Signs and symptoms.
Pulmonary agenesis is the complete absence of lung tissue, including bronchial tree, lung parenchyma, and supporting vasculatures. The only remaining part is rudimentary bronchus. Hence, the affected areas lose their function of gas exchange. This malformation is thought to involve the proliferation arrest of lung buds during embryo development, while the causes are still debatable. In many cases, it is associated with the occurrence of other inborn malformations. The estimated prevalence of pulmonary agenesis is 34/1,000,000 live births, with a slightly higher possibility in the female population.
Two types of pulmonary agenesis are classified based on the severity of underdevelopment: bilateral and unilateral pulmonary agenesis.
Bilateral pulmonary agenesis.
Bilateral pulmonary agenesis means that both sides of the lung are absent, its occurrence is rare compared to unilateral pulmonary agenesis. The fetus losses the ability to do gas change, and is hence incompatible with life after birth.
Unilateral pulmonary agenesis.
The severity of unilateral pulmonary agenesis varies depending on the area of tissue affected, being either a single lobe or a whole lung.
The clinical features varies in individuals from asymptomatic to various respiratory complaints. The occurrences of symptoms also vary from infant stage to childhood, teenager, and adult life. Frequently seen clinical features includes dyspnea, respiratory distress, recurrent pulmonary infections, and limited exercise tolerance. Rapid heartbeat, cyanosis, chest asymmetry, dullness may also be present.
Lung function is significantly affected in cases of pulmonary agenesis, demonstrated by reduction in forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity. This reduction in total lung volume sets limits on patients’ exercise tolerance, and contribute to shortness of breath after exercises. The retention of bronchial secretions often leads to recurrent pulmonary infections, adding to damage in lung function, hence causing respiratory stress.
Associated anomalies.
Considering the fact that a large proportion of mortality cases of pulmonary agenesis are partly due to the presence of associated malformations, it is common to find other congenital anomalies associated with this type of disorder. Although some cases of bilateral pulmonary agenesis were reported as an isolated finding, most cases of pulmonary agenesis are associated with other anomalies, especially in the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and ocular systems. Frequently associated congenital anomalies include tracheal stenosis, esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, bronchogenic cysts, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot and anomalies of the great vessels.
Causes.
Although pulmonary agenesis, aplasia and hypoplasia are lethal congenital disorders all resulting from underdevelopment of lungs, pulmonary agenesis and aplasia differ from pulmonary hypoplasia in their underlying cause. Unlike pulmonary hypoplasia which in most cases result from the incomplete development of lung during prenatal development, pulmonary agenesis and aplasia result from a complete developmental arrest of the primitive lung during embryonic life.
Whether the disorder is bilateral or unilateral depends on the stage in which the arrest occurs during the embryonic stage of lung development. The earlier the occurrence of developmental arrest, the more severe the defect and the more likely that the agenesis will be bilateral. Bilateral pulmonary agenesis is highly rare and it is caused by the complete failure in the development of respiratory primordium, the primary structure developed in the earliest stage of embryonic development that gives rise to the entire respiratory tract. In this case, the absence of lung buds or pleural cavities is observed, thus making the case of bilateral pulmonary agenesis highly lethal.
On the other hand, unilateral pulmonary agenesis is caused by the imbalance in the development of lung buds. Either one side of the lung fails completely, leading to pulmonary aplasia, or one side of the lung is underdeveloped, leading to dysplasia or hypoplasia. These defects occur during the early stage of lung development, although not as early as bilateral pulmonary agenesis, when respiratory primordium bifurcates into right and left primitive lung buds at the end of the fourth week of gestation.
Although the exact cause of the disorder remains obscure, theories have been advanced throughout history to explain the pathogenesis of lung agenesis. Based on an in vitro experiment done in rats, researchers observed lung aplasia in animals that were fed with a diet deficient in vitamin A. From the result of this experiment, a theory was raised that vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy may cause pulmonary agenesis. Some authors have suggested vascular cause of pulmonary agenesis similar to the causes for intestinal atresia and others suggested Iatrogenic and viral factors as potential causes of pulmonary agenesis. Genetic cause for pulmonary agenesis has also been raised. It has been said that the gene responsible for the cause of pulmonary agenesis may have variable expressivity and penetrance.
Diagnosis.
The symptoms of pulmonary agenesis are unspecific, and their occurrence varies between individuals. These factors increased the difficulty for physicians to diagnose. So, there is a considerable time delay for the disease to be diagnosed, though it's capable of detection since birth or even prenatally.
Prenatal.
Prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary agenesis is yet to be reached satisfaction, due to the technical difficulties in differentiating this disorder with other malformation. Only a few cases of reported cases are diagnosed before birth. Prenatal sonographic evaluation, also known as Biophysical profile is frequently used for prenatal testing. High frequency of associated abnormalities (see the section - "Associated Abnormalities" for details) may also lead to suspicion of pulmonary agenesis.
2‐dimensional color Doppler imaging could visually capture the blood flow, hence determine the existence of pulmonary vasculature. It is also a frequently used technique for pulmonary agenesis diagnosis.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), in this case, the upward displacement of the diaphragm and abdominal organs, is a possible clinical outcome detectable before birth. The displacement is caused by organ herniation occupying the empty space in the chest wall, while this space is created by the absence of lung tissue. However, it's important to note that a list of other disorders could also be the cause of CDH.
After birth.
Several techniques are frequently involved in the diagnosis of pulmonary agenesis after birth:
Treatment.
The treatment is dependent on the severity of respiratory impairment and the underlying etiology of the disorder. In most cases, surgical resection is performed to remove the nonfunctioning lobe or the entire defected lung. Removing the malformed part of the lung helps reduce symptoms and chances of lung infection.
In the past, patients underwent pulmonary plombage to render the empty hemithorax. Plombage, also known as extraperiosteal or extrapleural pneumonolysis, is a historical treatment procedure for cavity tuberculosis of upper lobes of lungs used between the 1930s and 1950s. During the operation, a cavity is created by the intrathoracic placement of inert materials, commonly Lucite (acrylic) balls, ping pong balls, oils, rubber sheets, paraffin wax, and gauze. As a result, the mediastinal and skeletal shift toward the volume loss side.
Recent approach involves the implantation of tissue expander either via open thoracotomy or thoracoscopically in an attempt to shift the mediastinum back to its anatomical location. Such surgical procedure involving the implantation of tissue expander for treating pulmonary agenesis was first reported in Berlin, Germany which was then followed by reports from Bordeaux, France and Verona, Italy. The main focus of the treatment procedure is to preserve the remaining functional tissue and prevent significant musculoskeletal disfigurement that may arise as a side effect of tissue expander implantation, as the mediastinal and skeletal shift towards the volume-loss side.
If the defect is extensive but there is a chance for the fetus to live, an exo-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) may be performed to salvage the potential life. EXIT technique involves partial delivery of a baby through an incision in the uterus while remaining attached to their mother's placenta. Such procedure is necessary for babies who require airway support so that they are provided with a functioning airway before they are detached from their mother's placenta. The EXIT procedure is used to perform lung resection for babies with extensive lung defects in a relatively stabilized condition after birth.
Prognosis.
Prognosis of pulmonary agenesis depends on the degree of pulmonary involvement during the embryonic stage of lung development, as well as the patient's history of pulmonary infections and the presence of associated anomalies. The majority of patients diagnosed with bilateral pulmonary agenesis die in utero or within the first few hours after birth. Numerous cases of bilateral pulmonary agenesis, where both lungs have been affected, have been reported previously. On the other hand, the hypertrophy of the remaining lung to compensate for the lost lung is common in the case of unilateral pulmonary agenesis. However, the mortality rate still exceeds 50%. Most causes of death are because of the presence of associated anomalies and malformations, which are common for pulmonary agenesis especially involving right-sided defects. Those suffering right-sided defects normally have poorer prognosis than those with left-sided defects, partly because the right side of the lung is usually more prone to infection considering the standard anatomical position of right bronchus, and also because cases with right-sided lung disorders have shown higher association rates with other anomalies. In fact, it has been suggested that right-sided defects produce a more severe mediastinal shift, distorting the trachea and great vessels.
History.
Pulmonary agenesis was a confusing term before Boyden's classification was published. Before that, the term agenesis was used frequently when reporting cases related to underdeveloped lungs, regardless of the degree of the underdevelopment. In 1955, Boyden classified pulmonary agenesis into 3 groups: agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia, which has been adopted by most researchers nowadays. As a clarification, the term “pulmonary agenesis” in this Wikipedia page will only be referring to the agenesis in Boyden's classification, hence the information contained may not be valid for pulmonary aplasia or hypoplasia unless specifically mentioned.


American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine

The American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease in adults (internists). The board is one of 18 medical specialty certifying boards of the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), and was established in 1942. As of December 2011, 3,072 osteopathic internal medical physicians held active certification with the AOBIM.
Board certification.
Initial certification is available to osteopathic internal medicine physicians who have successfully completed an AOA-approved residency in internal medicine, two years of practice, successful completion of written and oral exams, and chart review.
Voluntary recertification was first offered in Fall 1994, and mandatory recertification began in March 1997. Before this time, the initial board certification was permanent and recertification was not required. Since March 1997, if a physician does not recertify every eight years, their board certification status expires.
Osteopathic internal medicine physicians may receive Certification of Special Qualifications in the following areas:
Osteopathic internal medicine physicians may also receive Certification of Added Qualifications (CAQ) in the following areas:
The Certification of Added Qualifications must be maintained through the process of recertification every 10 years.
In order for an osteopathic physician to be board-certified in internal medicine, they must have graduated from an osteopathic medical school, hold an active license to practice, and complete a written examination.


Ulster Medical Society

The Ulster Medical Society was formed in Belfast, County Antrim, Ireland, in 1862 through the amalgamation of two older societies, the Belfast Medical Society which was founded in 1806, and the Belfast Clinical and Pathological Society which was founded in 1853.
The UMS publishes a quarterly journal, "Ulster Medical Journal", available free on the Society's internet site.


Samuel Klein (doctor)

Samuel Klein is a doctor and nutritional specialist known for his research into weight loss and the causes of obesity. He is currently the Danforth Professor of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. His brother, Morton Klein is the president of ZOA.


Bilateral vestibulopathy

Bilateral vestibulopathy results as the culmination of damage done to both inner ears. Bilateral vestibulopathy causes problems in hearing balance, and motor coordination.
Symptoms.
Symptoms typically include imbalance and visual problems. Dark or unsure situations generally increase this imbalance. The imbalance is worse in the dark or in situations where footing is uncertain. Spinning vertigo is unusual. Oscillopsia, visual symptoms of bilateral vestibulopathy, occur only when the head is moving. For instance, when driving, a person with bilateral vestibulopathy may see very blurry objects. Oscillopsia is often common during walking. Transient visual blurring occurs with quick movements of the head.
Diagnosis.
A review of symptoms, a medical history, and a physical examination or vestibular tests in a rotary chair are needed to make the diagnosis. There are several different causes of bilateral vestibulopathy, including gentamicin toxicity, but the rotary chair test will determine the effects on both ears. Tests for syphilis, an antibody test for autoimmune inner ear disease or audiograms may also be important.
Treatment.
Treatment differs depending on the cause. Each cause has a different treatment, and may involve either medical treatment, surgery, or therapy. If serious damage has already been done, then the focus of treatment is upon avoidance of vestibular suppressants and ototoxins including medications. Vestibular rehabilitation is important. Physicians will try to keep the administration of drugs to a minimum.


Dnipro State Medical University

Dnipro State Medical University () is an establishment of higher education in Ukraine, Dnipro.
History.
Dnipro State Medical University was founded in September 15, 1916 from the Ekaterynoslavsky higher female courses Institute. The Institute acquired the status of State Academy in 1920 and it became the Dnepropetrovsk State Medical Academy (DSMA) in Ukraine in 1994, and became State Establishment "Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Health Ministry Of Ukraine" in 2015. On March 16th 2021, the government of Ukraine through the Ministry of Health of Ukraine order # 473 ordered the name of the institution to be changed to Dnipro State Medical University.
Ranking & Reputation.
Dnipro State Medical University is ranked 5000 in the world by WHO .
International Students.
At present there are 2000 + International students studying in DSMA in Under graduate and Post graduate field. Foreign students study here in English Medium and are mostly from India, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen, Qatar, Oman, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya and 33 other countries from Asia, Africa and from Europe.
Academics.
It has 4500 students and since its creation has trained about 49,000 doctors, dentists, pharmacists and nurses. Since 1996, the head of the University has been Professor G.V. Dzyak. There is a wide post-graduate course, involving Ukrainian and foreign young doctors. The first supervisors of Ph.MD degree attendants from Arabic countries in medical academy were professors: Kryshen Valerii Pavlovich/surgery/,Shkolnick Valerii Markovich/neurology/ and Fedotov Valerii Pavlovich/dermatology/.


Nasal glioma

Nasal glioma is a rare benign congenital lesion, usually a firm, incompressible, reddish-blue to purple lesion occurring on the nasal bridge or midline near the root.


Phrenicocolic ligament

A fold of peritoneum, the phrenicocolic ligament is continued from the left colic flexure to the thoracic diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh ribs; it passes below and serves to support the spleen, and therefore has received the name of "sustentaculum lienis".
The phrenicocolic ligament is also called Hensing's ligament after Friedrich Wilhelm Hensing (1719–1745), a German professor for medicine in Gießen.
Clinical significance.
Knowledge of basic anatomic and the variations of suspensory ligament of the spleen it is essential in the case of open surgery or laparoscopic splenectomy. Moreover, during some surgical procedures, in many cases it is necessary to exert a certain degree of traction on the spleen and on its peritoneal insertions. Unfortunately this traction may result in a rupture of the fibrous capsule of the organ, resulting in severe bleeding, very difficult to control. Particularly hazardous is the downward traction of the phrenicocolic ligament (this maneuver may be necessary for the mobilization of splenic flexure). This ligament marks the site where the colon exits the peritoneal cavity: the phrenicocolic ligament so is an important point of intersection of abdominal anatomy and, consequently, a crucial point for spread of abdominal disease.


Georg Erhard Hamberger

Georg Erhard Hamberger (21 December 1697 – 22 July 1755) was a German professor of medicine, surgery, and botany.
Biography.
Hamberger was born in Jena, and received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Jena in 1721. He studied the physiology of respiration, especially with respect to breathing. He authored a textbook on physiology, covering the thorax muscles, intercostal muscles, and pleural sac. He also studied the reaction of camphor and nitric acid. His writings included the study of gravitation and the ascension of gases.


Lord Leycester Hospital

The Lord Leycester Hospital (often known simply as the Lord Leycester) is one of the best preserved examples of medieval courtyard architecture in England and is a charity supporting ex-servicemen. It is located in Warwick, England, next to the West Gate, on High Street. It is a Grade I listed building. The Hospital is a prominent and internationally famous feature of Warwick. For almost 900 years buildings have been erected and civic activity has taken place on the site, starting with the chapel built in 1126. The site was donated by the 12th Earl of Warwick in the 14th century to the United Guild of the Holy Trinity and St George. The Guild Hall, Great Hall and Master's House were constructed in the late 15th century. Over the centuries, the ancient buildings and 500 year old gardens have been admired by many famous visitors such as Charles Dickens and Oscar Wilde, by Kings and Queens, such as King George V and the Queen Mother and ordinary travellers from around the world.
History.
12th Century.
The Lord Leycester Hospital started life as just the Chapel of St James the Great which was built over the West Gate of Warwick in 1126 by Roger de Newburgh, 2nd Norman Earl of Warwick.
14th Century.
In the late 14th century, it was rebuilt by the 12th Earl of Warwick. He granted the benefice of the Chapel in 1386 to the Guild of St George, a guild created on 20 April 1383 under licence from King Richard II. The Guild of the Holy Trinity and the Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary joined them to form the United Guilds of Warwick. Living quarters and public rooms were added to the chapel including the Great Hall. These form the courtyard of the Lord Leycester that we see today.
15th Century.
The Guildhall was built in 1450 by Neville "The Kingmaker", the 16th Earl of Warwick. It was primarily used as a private chamber where the Guilds met to discuss business. The table found in the center of the Guildhall is thought to have been the original table used by the United Guilds of Warwick where they discussed matters such as trade religion and politics.
16th Century.
The United Guilds were dispersed by King Henry VIII in 1546. However, their property had already been transferred to the Burgesses of Warwick by Thomas Oken, Master of the Guilds. The burgesses used the property for meetings and for teaching as, what is now, Warwick School.
The 1st Earl of Leicester acquired the buildings in 1571, founding therein a hospital for aged or injured soldiers and their wives, under royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I, run by 12 resident "Brethren" (originally soldiers) under the charge of a "Master", and funded from the income of various estates.
17th Century.
In 1617 the Great Hall was used to entertain King James I on his visit to Warwick. The town was in debt for ten years as a result! Behind the back wall of the Great Hall is a plaque commemorating the occasion of the visit of the King but for an unknown reason it was covered over in Victorian times.
In 1694, the Great Fire of Warwick started at the Friends Meeting House in Warwick, across the High Street from the Lord Leycester Hospital. The fire was driven up the High Street by a strong South-Westerly wind and consumed virtually all buildings in its path. Thus, the original medieval timber-framed houses were destroyed and, in due course, replaced by the handsome stone and brick built buildings that you see today. Of the ancient buildings, only the Lord Leycester Hospital and its near neighbours survive.
19th Century.
The chapel was extensively restored by Sir Gilbert Scott in 1860. The story goes that a representative of his was called from dinner by worried townspeople who thought the chapel may fall down into the High Street. This included the addition of the flying buttresses which today skirt the chapel.
20th Century.
In 1956 the Corporation of the Master and Brethren of the Hospital was abolished by Act of Parliament and replaced with a board of Governors. On 3 November 1966 a restored Hospital with modernised quarters was opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.
21st Century.
Today the Hospital is run by the Master, a retired officer of the Armed Forces. Eight ex-servicemen and their wives are provided with flats in return for their past services: they act as guides for visitors. The Hospital is funded by visitor income, the original estates having been sold over the years. Heidi Meyer, the first woman to hold the office, was installed as Master in November 2017.
Other historical notes of interest include the fact that the Grade I listed stone urn in the Master's Garden is 2,000 years old and was originally part of an Egyptian nilometer. The Museum of the Queen's Own Hussars formed part of the collections of the hospital until it closed in 2016.
Key Features.
The Chapel of St. James the Great.
The carvings, notably the famous Warwick icon of the bear and ragged staff (or "baculus") and the two-tailed lion from the Dudley family coat of arms, illustrate the renowned craftsmanship in wood of Warwick men. The fine stained glass in the eastern window is the work of the Birmingham firm of Clayton & Bell. Above the south door is a gem of a window by William Morris who also designed the hangings around the altar. Every weekday morning (except Mondays) the Master and Brethren gather for prayers in exactly the same wording directed by Robert Dudley almost 450 years before.
The Great Hall.
Apart from the floor, heating system and public restrooms at the far end, the Hall has changed very little in structure and appearance from the 1300s. It was used by the Guilds for public functions and this has been resumed today for dinners, dances, receptions, concerts and meetings.
The Guildhall.
The Guildhall, today, is used as display space for many of the artifacts collected throughout history. This includes a selection of weaponry, including flintlock muskets sent "by the crown" to the Brethren at the time of the Chartist Riots, Napoleonic swords, thought to have come from the Battle of Waterloo and a cannonball dug up from the Battle of Edge Hill.
List of Weaponry in the Lord Leycester Hospital Guildhall.
Below is a list of weaponry that is featured in the Guildhall:
The Masters and Brethren.
The soldiers living within the walls of the medieval building are known as the Brethren. The Master and the Brethren share a legacy of almost 450 years of history. They meet in the Chapel every day to pray together the words written by their founder the 1st Earl of Leicester. They are dressed in ceremonial uniforms and give tours through the buildings and gardens to the visitors. The public cafe based in the hospital is named "The Brethren's Kitchen".
A list of masters of the Lord Leycester Hospital is as follows:
Television appearances.
The building has been used in many historical-set television productions including "Pride and Prejudice", "Tom Jones", "Moll Flanders", "", "A Christmas Carol" and the 2007 "Doctor Who" episode "The Shakespeare Code".


Hospedia

Hospedia Ltd is a provider of bedside communication and entertainment units in UK hospitals, as well as clinical work flow solutions.
History.
Hospedia Ltd is a private limited company, established in 1993. Hospedia acquired Patientline during July 2008 after the company entered administration. Hospedia then looked to acquire Patientline's main competitor, Premier Telesolutions, which would have given Hospedia responsibility for over 80,000 bedside television units.
The proposed acquisition was referred to the Office of Fair Trading in 2008. On 30 October 2009, the Competition Commission announced that it had cancelled its inquiry into the acquisition.
In August 2010 Hospedia Ltd was acquired from Hospedia Holdings LTD by Marlin Equity Partners, Tim Weil, Hospedia’s CEO, claimed:
Where available Patient Engagement services range from patient feedback and educational materials to electronic meal ordering. Hospedia's website claims "Clinical Workflows benefit clinical staff and hospital management". "Patient Flow Management supports clinical best practice; monitoring patient flow and bed availability in real time and helping to reduce length of stay". and "Clinical Access puts clinical IT at the heart of the patient environment, promoting paperless initiatives and reducing workload."
Hospedia acquired 65,000 bed locations from the former Patientline, which secured the company a position to project itself as the only choice provider for all future Healthcare IT services. This position is unlikely to be rivalled as the installation costs of the original programme were never recovered, making a nationwide installation programme by any other company unrealistic. The Monopolies and Mergers Commission recognised the danger of the company having a majority stake of these locations and blocked the merger with Premier Telesolutions in 2008, however Hospedia came to manage some of these sites including Northampton General Hospital.
The company embarked on a public relations drive which would include free outbound telephone calls, better pricing structures and additional television channels. The company significantly reduced its workforce within a 12-month period from December 2010 to December 2011, most of the redundancies were from hospital locations as the roles of the Customer Service Assistants, Site Managers and Engineers were cut down to one or no staff members, usually covering a few hours a day. The company also reduced its call centre operations based in Dumfries.
JAOtech.
In 2010 JAOtech based in Redhill, Surrey gained a contract with Hospedia, to renew bedside terminals across their entire estate in the UK.
The contract worth $3.25 million over twelve months, was crucial to the first phase of a Hospedia restructure.
In September 2011 JAOtech & Hospedia had installed 6,500 new bedside terminals across the UK, this number was far lower than the expected number that were to have renewed contracts replacing the old T1 and T2 systems. By July 2012 the number of new units installed had increased by a further 8500, with the total in excess of 15,000.
JAOtech was acquired by Barco NV in 2011.
In November 2011, Hospedia announced that it had entered another partnership to secure funding for the continuing installation of the new systems with GE Capital.
In 2012 Hospedia bought patient flow and bed management supplier Extramed.
Services.
This service currently includes standard Freeview channels, on-demand films and TV, games, internet access and radio. Media is delivered to patients via Hospedia's bedside terminals. A variety of entertainment packages are available depending on a patient’s length of stay and whether they wish to have access to films on demand, games, and/or internet. Registering on the bedside system allows patients to make free unlimited outgoing calls to 01, 02, 03 and certain 07 numbers, this was partly balanced by the revenue generated from incoming calls made to the patient's unique Hospedia 070 telephone number.
Concerned at the lack of transparency and the high retail charges for calls to 070 numbers, Ofcom launched a call cost review in 2017. This led to a consultation in 2018 which recommended capping the termination rate or wholesale rate at no more than the rate for calling a mobile number. Those changes took effect on 1 October 2019, the wholesale rate was reduced from around 49p per minute to just 0.489p per minute, and several landline and mobile phone providers immediately passed the saving on by including calls to 070 numbers within inclusive allowances.
Just as this change was happening, Hospedia abandoned usage of Personal Numbers starting 070 for bedside telephones, and has instead swapped to Premium Rate Numbers in various number ranges from 0872 800 xxxx to 0872 849 xxxx, supplied by Nexus Communications. Calls to these numbers incur an Access Charge of up to 65p per minute levied by the caller's telephone provider, and a Service Charge of 13p per minute levied by Hospedia. These are Controlled Premium Rate Services (CPRS) regulated by the Phone-paid Services Authority (PSA).
Hospedia has explored provision of patient surveys through their bedside terminals. This however has still to be proved as a successful way of conducting surveys as pilot schemes until now how proved slightly unbalanced as only a certain category of patients are able to use the bedside terminal. In the past, the Picker Institute has expressed reservations with regard to the use of bedside terminals. However, in 2012 the institute partnered with Hospedia to offer extensive real time patient surveys through their Frequent Feedback service.
Public opinion.
Public opinion has been critical of both Patientline and Hospedia, as many feel that charging the sick and vulnerable to access television in hospital is unacceptable. In 2012 The "Sunday Mirror" covered increase of charges, with reporter Nick Owens stating that the cost of hospital television was £9 per day, a higher figure than that paid by prison inmates.
Wholesale charges for calls made to the units remained at the personal numbers rate of 49p per minute for the duration of the period when 070 telephone numbers were employed, with callers paying considerably more. Moving to Premium Rate 0872 numbers with a 13p per minute Service Charge in late 2019 has resulted in friends and relatives of patients having to pay up to 78p per minute to call the bedside phone.
In 2010 the company featured on the BBC's consumer affairs programme Watchdog which portrayed the company in "favourable" light, neither negative or positive.
A major criticism is that cards purchased from Hospedia card machines are non-refundable; the company state that if the patient pays by credit or debit card, any unused credit is refunded. However, getting such a refund has proven to be time-consuming in practice, requiring the ward, bay and bed numbers to be known. In February 2010, the then head of the Patients Association Michael Summers described the process as "a tax on the ill", saying that "They are a captive audience and many patients simply can’t afford these prices".
In 2009 there were also complaints about a lack of “on site” support for operational problems with bedside units, and this was especially the case out of regular working hours when Hospedia relied on its 24-hour premium-rate helpline to resolve issues. It was recognised that this approach did not always meet patients' needs.
The decrease in face-to-face and telephone customer service has led to even more frustration, as when patients or visitors call the helpline from the unit, the operators are not now able to offer full customer service or replace any lost time due to faults, and these enquiries are now passed to a new department in the company's head office in Slough.
When the Government introduced PPI in 2000, they were committed to providing every patient in the NHS with bedside television and telephone services. The providers of these services, Patientline, Hospicom (now HTS) and The Wandsworth Group were to recover their costs by charging patients and also hospitals using them for medical services. The demand, however, was lower than anticipated.
The "Patient Power" review group has expressed its concerns about the increasing costs of the bedside services and has become the most vocal of groups challenging the use of these terminals at a cost to patients. The group has launched a number of protests against the charges and Hospedia issued a statement in February 2011 to explain that they supported a reduction in both the cost of telephone calls and the use of non-geographic numbers, which had been assigned back in 2000, and were hopeful that these measures would assist in lowering the cost of such calls.
Health Secretary Andrew Lansley MP featured on a video on the system which came under criticism.
Hospital radio.
While the television services are charged for, Hospedia has continued to provide hospital radio for free, enabling the hospital to reach patients via their stations on the bedside units. The hospital stations are to be found on channel 1 on the system which also includes the facility to contact the station via the telephone on the unit. Listening through traditional means required hospitals to maintain a radio system beside each bed, but in many locations Hospedia is now the only way to access hospital radio.
Payment technology.
Hospedia had predicted that the majority of people staying in hospital would pay for services using mobile phones, credit cards and other "smart" technology. This has led to a rethink of the removal of all card dispensers in hospitals. In 2012 Hospedia acquired the hospital workflow management specialists Extramed.
Future plans including online prescription information and a move into online healthcare information are being looked at, as the company tries to detach itself from just being a television service provider.
IT systems.
Marlin Equity Partners who are also behind enterprise resource planning business Solarsoft acquired Hospedia LTD in 2010.
The following hospitals have upgraded to the new T3 System: Addenbrookes Hospital, Epsom General Hospital, Royal Oldham Hospital, Whiston Hospital, Eastbourne Hospital, Chesterfield Royal Hospital, Broomfield Hospital, Carlisle Infirmary, Salford Royal Hospital, Castle Hill Hospital, Salisbury Hospital, Bournemouth General, Wythenshawe Hospital, Good Hope Hospital, St Helier Hospital, North Manchester Hospital Manchester Royal Infirmary.
Mid Essex Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Southampton University Hospitals and Heart of England NHS foundation trusts have started using the Clinical Access Services provided by Hospedia.


Antihypotensive agent

An antihypotensive agent, also known as a vasopressor agent or simply vasopressor, or pressor, is any medication that tends to raise low blood pressure. Some antihypotensive drugs act as vasoconstrictors to increase total peripheral resistance, others sensitize adrenoreceptors to catecholamines - glucocorticoids, and the third class increase cardiac output - dopamine, dobutamine.
If low blood pressure is due to blood loss, then preparations increasing volume of blood circulation—plasma-substituting solutions such as colloid and crystalloid solutions (salt solutions)—will raise the blood pressure without any direct vasopressor activity. Packed red blood cells, plasma or whole blood should not be used solely for volume expansion or to increase oncotic pressure of circulating blood. Blood products should only be used if reduced oxygen carrying capacity or coagulopathy is present. Other causes of either absolute (dehydration, loss of plasma via wound/burns) or relative (third space losses) vascular volume depletion also respond, although blood products are only indicated if significantly anemic.
Classification.
Antihypotensive agents can be classified as follows:


Francisco De Venanzi

Francisco Antonio De Venanzi (12 March 1917 – 12 September 1987) was a Venezuelan doctor, scientist and academic. He was rector of the Universidad Central de Venezuela from 1959 to 1963. His biography was published as volume 51 of the Biblioteca Biográfica Venezolana.
De Venanzi was born in Caracas on 12 March 1917, the son of Augusto De Venanzi and de Rosa De Novi. He qualified as a doctor at the Central University of Venezuela in 1942, and completed a Masters in Biochemistry at Yale University in 1945. He became a professor in the Faculty of Medicine of the Central University of Venezuela, first in physiology, then in pathology and later in pathophysiology. Like other professors, he resigned in 1951 in protest at decree 321 of the military junta, which ended the autonomy of the university.
In 1950 De Venanzi founded the Venezuelan Association for the Advancement of Science, AsoVAC, which publishes the journal "Acta Científica Venezolana". In 1951, with Marcel Roche and other scientists, he founded the Institute of Medical Research of the Luis Roche Foundation.


Life Therapies


Annual Review of Vision Science

The Annual Review of Vision Science is an academic journal published by Annual Reviews. In publication since 2015, this journal covers significant developments in the field of vision science with an annual volume of review articles. It is edited by David H. Brainard, John H. R. Maunsell, and J. Anthony Movshon. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 5.897.
History.
The "Annual Review of Vision Science" was first published in 2015 by Annual Reviews. Its founding editors were J. Anthony Movshon and Brian Wandell. In 2021, Wandell was succeeded by David H. Brainard and John H. R. Maunsell. Though it began with a physical edition, it is now only published electronically.
Scope and indexing.
The "Annual Review of Vision Science" is multidisciplinary, including aspects of neuroscience, genetics, computer science, cell biology, and medicine. Reviews may cover optics, retina, visual perception, eye movement, visual processing, visual development, vision models, computer vision, and the mechanisms and treatments of diseases that affect vision. As of 2019, "Journal Citation Reports" lists the journal's impact factor as 5.897, ranking it fifth of 60 journal titles in the category "Ophthalmology" and 34th of 271 titles in "Neurosciences". It is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, and BIOSIS Previews, among others.
Editorial processes.
The "Annual Review of Vision Science" is helmed by the editor or the co-editors. The editor is assisted by the editorial committee, which includes associate editors, regular members, and occasionally guest editors. Guest members participate at the invitation of the editor, and serve terms of one year. All other members of the editorial committee are appointed by the Annual Reviews board of directors and serve five-year terms. The editorial committee determines which topics should be included in each volume and solicits reviews from qualified authors. Unsolicited manuscripts are not accepted. Peer review of accepted manuscripts is undertaken by the editorial committee.
Current editorial board.
As of 2021, the editorial committee consists of the three co-editors and the following members:


Harmoni

Harmoni was a provider of outsourced healthcare services including Out-of-hours services, NHS 111, prisoner healthcare and IT services. It provided NHS services to more than eight million people in the UK.
It was created by a merger of WCI’s IT services division and the Harmoni GP cooperative. It was the most successful out-of-hours provider in winning the Government’s NHS 111 contracts in 2012.
It was sold in 2012 by ECI Partners to Care UK for about £50 million.
The company claimed that it made no profit out of the out-of-hours market. The Chair of Camden's Health Scrutiny Panel said the company won the Out-of-hours contract for Camden not on quality, but on price. They described the service as a loss leader. It lost the contract for Hackney to the GP co-operative, City and Hackney Urgent Healthcare Social Enterprise in October 2013.