San Juan Bautista School of Medicine

The San Juan Bautista School of Medicine (SJBSM) is a private medical school in Caguas, Puerto Rico. It formally opened its doors in 1978. The school grants the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Master in Public Health (M.P.H.), Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies (MPAS), and Bachelor of Science in Nursing degrees. The institution also has a local Transitional Year program.
History.
SJBSM was founded in 1978 in San Juan, Puerto Rico as a non profit corporation, incorporated under the laws of Puerto Rico. In 1979, it was authorized by the Council of Higher Education of Puerto Rico to offer studies pertinent to the M.D. degree. The institution continued to develop through the years, and it moved its facilities to the city of Caguas in 1988, an important urban center in Puerto Rico with nearly 150,000 inhabitants.
On February 1998, the Middle States Association, granted Candidacy for Accreditation Status to the School. It was in November 1998 that was certified to participate in the Title IV Program of the Department of Federal Education, specifically in the Federal Family Education Loan Program. In 1999, the school bought Caguas' Regional Hospital, Dr. Eduardo Garrido Morales, and took control over its operations under the name of San Juan Bautista Hospital. In 2004, SJBSM was accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. SJBSM has been accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education since 2007. It also became a member of the Board of Medical Examiners of Puerto Rico.
In late 2011, the assets of the San Juan Bautista Hospital were acquired by the Mennonite Health System (Sistema de Salud Menonita), changing its name to Hospital Menonita de Caguas. As part of a thirty year rental agreement, the Department of Health of Puerto Rico conditioned the acquisition on retaining the school of medicine and its residencies.


Carl Ludwig Sigmund

Carl Ludwig Sigmund von Ilanor (August 27, 1810 – February 1, 1883) was an Austrian syphilologist born in Schässburg (Sighişoara), Transylvania.
He studied medicine and surgery at Josephs-Akademie in Vienna, earning his doctorate in 1837 at the University of Pest. In 1842 he became the senior surgical doctor at the "Allgemeines Krankenhaus" in Vienna, and during the following year received his habilitation. In 1849 he became a full professor at the University of Vienna and director of the syphilology clinic. He died on February 1, 1883 on a journey to Padua.
In addition to his written works on syphilis and its treatment, he published a number of works in the field of balneology. His name is associated with "Sigmund's glands", also known as epitrochlear lymph nodes.


William Osborne Greenwood

Rev Dr William Osborne Greenwood MD FRSE (1873–1947) was a curious (and perhaps unique) Briton qualified both as a surgeon and a minister of religion. He wrote on both subjects. Issues covering both fields included debates on the agony of childbirth. His book Biology and Christian Belief ran to several editions.
Life.
He was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. He attended Skipton Grammar School then the University of Leeds before studying medicine at the University of London, graduating MB BS in 1903.
In 1922 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John William Ballantyne, James Haig Ferguson, Sir John Halliday Croom and Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour.
In 1930 he began a completely new career and was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England. He became curate of Spofforth, North Yorkshire.
He died on 8 January 1947.


Condyle

A condyle ( or ; , from ; κόνδυλος knuckle) is the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone. It is one of the markings or features of bones, and can refer to:
Although not generally termed condyles, the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus act as condyles in the elbow, and the femur head acts as a condyle in the hip joint.


Cavernous venous malformation

Cavernous venous malformations present as rounded, bright red or deep purple, spongy nodules, occurring chiefly on the head and neck and may involve both the skin and the mucous membranes.
It can be associated with "KRIT1", "CCM2" or "PDCD10".


National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists

The National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists (NBPNS) is a nonprofit organization that certifies physicians practicing nutrition medicine. Established in 1997, NBPNS maintains credentialing standards, examination assessments, and offers certification for physician nutrition specialists. Eligibility requires completion of a recognized nutrition fellowship program, sufficient continuing medical education (CME), or comparable training. The NBPNS is affiliated with the American Society for Nutrition. Member societies include: the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, North American Association for the Study of Obesity, American College of Nutrition, American Gastroenterological Association, and the Canadian Society for Clinical Nutrition.
History.
The National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists was founded in 1997 by a coalition of nutrition societies called the Intersociety Professional Nutrition Education Consortium (IPNEC). In 2001, nutrition fellowship programs were established.
Fellowship programs.
Several fellowships are offered, which result in eligibility for board certification. Fellowships are offered at the following institutions:


Wafaie Fawzi

Wafaei Fawzi is a Sudanese-American epidemiomologist currently the Richard Saltonstall Professor of Population Sciences at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. He is also Professor of Nutrition, Epidemiology, and Global Health and the Chair of the Department of Global Health and Population.


Shadrach Jones

Shadrach Edward Robert Jones (c.1822–12 July 1895) was a New Zealand doctor, auctioneer, hotel-owner and impresario. He was born in Gravesend, Kent, England on c.1822.


Shiela Mehra

Shiela Mehra is an Indian gynaecologist, Obstetrician and a director of the department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Moolchand Hospital, New Delhi. A 1959 graduate of the Lady Hardinge Medical College, she secured the degrees of DRCOG and MRCOG from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, UK. She is a Fellow of the Indian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ICOG) and a recipient of awards such as the Radha Raman Award (1998) and Life Time Achievement Award of the Indian Medical Association (2006). The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri, in 1991.


Chief Executive of NHS England

The chief executive of NHS England is the head of the National Health Service in England, and is a senior medical management adviser to the government of the United Kingdom. The chief executive directs the governing body of the NHS, and is the highest ranking member of the Health Service's board. There have been eight chief executives of NHS England since the post was established in 1985, following the report and recommendation of Sir Roy Griffiths.
From 1985 until 2013 the NHS Executive and its predecessor bodies formed part of England's Department of Health.
Since April 2013 NHS England has been an independent statutory body. It has been argued that NHS England's independence gives the Chief Executive 'the potential to be a prominent national figure able to speak on behalf of the NHS'.
Its clinicians, managers and health experts are employed as public officials not as civil servants.


Viropexis

Viropexis is the process by which different classes of viruses—particularly picornaviruses and papovaviruses—enter the host cell in which they will be able to replicate. The hydrophobic structures of the capsid proteins may be exposed after viral binding to the cell (see viral attachment protein). These structures help the virion or the viral genome slip through the membrane. It can be juxtaposed with viral endocytosis, which is receptor mediated, and doesn't involve direct penetration of the virion.


Vaikkath Pachu Moothathu

Vaikathu Paramesvara Sivadvija, popularly known as Vaikath Pachu Moothathu, was a scholar of the princely state of Travancore. A scholar of Ayurveda, Sanskrit, Malayalam and history, and established the first institution for learning the traditional Indian ayurvedic medicine, which developed to become Government Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram. He wrote the first children's literature in Malayalam language named "Balabhooshanam", wrote first autobiography in Malayalam and also wrote first grammar book in Malayalam.
Birth and early life.
Moothathu was born on 25 Edavam 989 Kolla era (1814 AD) in Vaikom, Travancore state, and was adopted by a Moothathu family called Vattapalli Matom at Suchindrum to perform temple rites and rituals. The family lacked a male child who could do those duties.
The family of Vattapalli Matom is the Tantri of the Suchindrum Thanumalayan temple from where one male member (usually the eldest) must perform the rites and rituals of the temple. It is said that up to the age of 11, Moothathu had only elementary knowledge of the alphabets but during his stay at Suchindrum, his knowledge in arts, literature and traditional sciences rose to great heights. He wrote more than twenty books in Sanskrit and in Malayalam.
He is known as the first person to introduce the idea of lottery as a means of fund raising in the princely state of Travancore. His self-portrait, which he had painted by looking at his image in a mirror was also well known.
Learning.
Moothathu learned Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine native to India. He was influenced by Vahata's (Vagbhata) Astangahridaya and started learning it. He learned Astangahrdaya in the Kollam Era 1018 (Kanni 2) and completed on the 29th of Thulam 1018 (1843 AD).
He wrote Sri Rama Charitram Mahakavyam (1037 KOLLAM ERA), Thiruvitamcore Charitram (narrating the legends and facts up to the 1036 Kollam Era (1861 AD) i.e. up to the period of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal).Hradyapriya(1040 Kollam Era) 1865 AD and Sukhasadhakam(1057 Kollam Era) 1882 AD are two important works by Sri Pachu Moothathu on Ayurveda and can be considered as a pragmatic commentary of Vahata's Astangahridaya. He insisted in transferring the knowledge of Ayurveda to ordinary people and his book "Sukhasadhagam" is an attempt in this direction.
He was the Kottaram Vaidyan (official ayurvedic physician) of Travancore and was awarded with the Veera Sringala by the maharaja, Ayilyam Thirunal.


Jean Baptiste Barth

Jean Baptiste Philippe Barth (September 24, 1806 – November 20, 1877) was a French pathologist who was a native of Sarreguemines.
He studied medicine at the University of Paris, and was afterwards an assistant to Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787-1872) at the Hôpital de la Pitié. In 1840 he was appointed "médecin des hôpitaux", and practiced medicine in Parisian hospitals for the next thirty years. In 1871 he was elected vice president of the Académie de Médecine, and soon afterwards became its president.
Jean Barth is remembered for treatises on auscultation that he co-authored with pediatrician Henri-Louis Roger (1809-1891). These include "A Manual of Auscultation and Percussion" and "A Practical Treatise on Auscultation"; both being translated into English.


Optochin

Optochin (or ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride) is a derivative of hydroquinine introduced in 1911 by Morgenroth and Levy with the intention to treat pneumococci infection. In very high dilutions, it inhibits the growth of representatives of all four groups of pneumococci in vitro. That is the main reason it is now used in bacteriology for the differentiation of "Streptococcus pneumoniae", which is optochin-sensitive, from the other, resistant alpha-hemolytic streptococci, sometimes called the viridans streptococci because of the green colouration on blood agar around colonies.
The growth of bacteria that are optochin-sensitive will show a zone of inhibition around an optochin disc, while the growth of bacteria that are resistant to optochin will not be affected. In vitro, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1:10,000,000 will inhibit the growth of pneumococci, and 1:500,000 is bactericidal.
Resistance.
For decades, "Streptococcus pneumoniae" has been considered susceptible to optochin; but some strains have been found to be resistant to optochin in laboratory testing. This is notable because the emergence of optochin-resistant strains would invalidate the distinguishing test described above.


Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama

Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama (BCBSAL) is a nonprofit health insurance company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. The company was founded in 1936, provides coverage to more than 3 million people and is a member of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (BCBS). BCBSAL employs nearly 5,000 people, which includes almost 3,500 people at its corporate headquarters in Birmingham. The company also operates "Cahaba Government Benefit Administrators" and "Cahaba Safeguard Administrators", both headquartered in Birmingham. It commands over 90 percent of the health insurance market in Alabama, a state with half a million uninsured people, one of the highest uninsured rates in the nation at 10 percent of the population.
Organization.
BCBSAL is classified as a 501(m) company by the IRS. Under state law it is classified as a "special health-benefit service plan", not an insurance company, although its coverage functions like health insurance. As a special health-benefit service plan the Alabama Department of Insurance does not automatically review BCBSAL rates as long as the rating methodology doesn't change.
BCBSAL owns/operates :
United Trust Insurance Company.
In 1986 BCBSAL had acquired a life insurance company named Modern American Life Insurance Company, incorporated in 1964. A lawsuit forced BCBSAL to change life insurance coverage to disability coverage, and the company was renamed to United Trust Insurance Company in 1988. Over the years it came to assume risk associated with BCBSAL long-term care policies, and sold short term disability coverage. By the end of 2012, the company held US$1 million of capital stock and a surplus of US$986 million. United Trust Insurance Company had agreements with multiple other insurance companies like Able Benefit Solutions, BCS (Bishop, Cannon and Stacy) Insurance Company, Companion Life Insurance Company/Medical risk Managers Inc, Glencairn Health and Specialty. It was tasked with marketing stop and excess-loss reinsurance products. It was deemed an 18 U.S.C.§ 1033 insurer, but 1033 did not apply, because it had no employees.
Cahaba Government Benefit Administrators, LLC.
Cahaba Government Benefit Administrators (GBA), headquartered in Birmingham, has been a financial intermediary with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) administering Alabama Medicare fee-for-service claims. Prior to Medicare contracting reform in 2005, CMS awarded Cahaba a no bid contract. In January 2009, Cahaba won a US$335 million 5-year contract with the CMS to administer Medicare insurance in 3 more states besides Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee and in Mississippi for part B Medicare./ The contract's full name is 'Jurisdiction 10 (J10) A/B Medicare Administrative Contract'. Cahaba also provides Regional Home Health Intermediary coverage for numerous states across the country.
Cahaba Safeguard Administrators, LLC.
Cahaba Safeguard Administrators, headquartered in Birmingham, was founded in 2002 to administer Medicare fraud prevention and is one of 12 contractors under the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
Leadership compensation.
Former CEO Terry D. Kellogg's total compensation for 2013 was $4.84 million, including a salary of $999,959, bonuses of $3,580,651 and other compensation of $257,227, representing a raise of 95.5% since 2011. The company is considered by many employees to be one of the best places to work in the Birmingham metropolitan area, taking into account pay and other factors. The corporate culture also ranks high among reviewers.
History.
BCBSAL was founded in 1936 as the Hospital Service Corporation. In 1952, the company changed its name to Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Alabama. In 1970, the name was changed back to Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama L. By that year, it had increased its enrollment to over 1 million people. By 1994, the company increased enrollment to 2 million members statewide and by 2016, it increased to over 3 million nationwide. Even though other companies are available, over 90% of the Alabama market continues to choose BCBSAL Enrollment is again expected to grow in 2017, considering all other companies in Alabama have abandoned the Health Insurance Marketplace (Obamacare) Exchange.
At the end of 2011, BCBSAL assets had totaled $2.4 billion, according to the Alabama Department of Insurance records. It had a revenue of $4.1 billion and a net income of $257 million in 2011, a 58 percent gain from 2010. Yet, still the 2010 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services survey found BCBSAL offered the second-most affordable employer-sponsored family health plans in the country; and more than 90 cents of every dollar in premiums is returned to members in the form of benefits.
, BCBSAL had amassed a surplus of $991 million, which the insurance industry calls "unassigned funds". These savings, which amount to about 3.3 months of typical claims expenses - or one basic emergency room visit per member, are insurance against fluctuations in short-term conditions that could affect the company's ability to pay claims. It makes BCBSAL self-insured since the company is not a beneficiary of the Alabama insurance guaranty funds. It provides financial stability and self-reliance for the company, and therefore the members, with regard to claims.
As of 2018 Tim Vines is the CEO and President of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Alabama. Moving up from Vice President and COO.
Lawsuits.
In 1998, "Sanderson et al vs. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama" was resolved by BCBSAL establishing new capital benchmark guidelines for its "unassigned funds" and adjusting benefit rates by US$208 million minus legal fees over 3 years ("prospective rate adjustment program").
BCBSAL was sued seven times in 2012 on anti-trust grounds for conspiring with others to avoid competition in U.S. District Court in Birmingham.
In 2020, Blue Cross Blue Shield insurers in six states have sued CVS Health Corp. over an alleged conspiracy to overburden them with generic medications by filing premium requests at "inflated rates."


Zbigniew Herman

Zbigniew Stanisław Herman (17 December 1935, in Tłuste – 4 May 2010) was a Polish physician and pharmacologist, rector of Silesian Medical Academy in years 1980–1982. He was decorated with an Officer's Cross and with a Commander's Cross with Star of Polonia Restituta.


Octave Crouzon

Louis Édouard Octave Crouzon (1874–1938) was a French neurologist born in Paris.
He received his doctorate from the University of Paris, where he studied under Paul Georges Dieulafoy (1839–1911), Joseph Babinski (1857–1932) and Pierre Marie (1853–1940). During his medical career, he was associated with the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris and Salpêtrière Hospital.
Crouzon specialized in hereditary neurological diseases, especially spinocerebellar ataxia. He did extensive work associated with cervical and lumbar spine deformities, and conducted studies of chronic rheumatic and arthritic disorders. Crouzon was the first to describe a condition he called "craniofacial dysostosis", defined as a genetic branchial arch disorder that results in abnormal facial features. Today this condition is known as Crouzon's syndrome.
For his entire career, Crouzon was interested in psychology, particularly in the work of Pierre Janet (1859-1947), whom Crouzon considered a major influence.
During his career, he was president of the "Société Neurologique de Paris" (Neurological Society of Paris) and secretary of the journal "Revue Neurologique".


Wilhelm Camerer

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Camerer (17 October 1842 – 25 March 1910) was a German physician born in Stuttgart. Camerer was a pioneer in the field of pediatric medicine.
He studied medicine at the universities of Tübingen and Vienna. At Tübingen he was a student of physiologist Karl von Vierordt (1818–1884). From 1867 to 1876 he was a general practitioner in several communities throughout Württemberg, afterwards working as a physician in the town of Riedlingen (1876–1884). During the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), he served as a military physician.
From 1884 onward, he was a physician based in Urach, where he was later appointed "Oberamtsarzt" (medical officer). In 1895 he received an honorary degree in natural sciences from the University of Tübingen.
Camerer is remembered for his studies of infant nutrition and psychophysics as well as research involving metabolism in children. In 1894 he published an influential work on childhood metabolism called "Der Stoffwechsel des Kindes", etc. His work in pediatrics included important research on the composition of breast milk.


Jal R. Patel

Jal Ratanji Patel was an Indian physician, who attended to Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, during the years the latter was being treated for cancer. Patel, who was born into a Parsi family, kept Jinnah's disease a secret which had impact on the Partition of India. In his book "Freedom at Midnight", Dominique Lapierre claimed that Patel had handed over a confidential file pertaining to Jinnah, and that Patel kept his patient's condition a secret on the patient's advice. The Government of India awarded Patel Padma Bhushan, the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1962.


Mark Soloway

Mark S. Soloway is a leading authority in urologic cancer, researcher, former departmental Chair, medical professor and invitational lecturer. He served as Chairman of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Urology and is currently a Professor at the Miller School of Medicine.
Born in Cleveland, Soloway received his B.S. from Northwestern University in Chicago, Il (1961–1964) and completed his M.D. and residency at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio (1964–1970). He completed a fellowship at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, MD (1970–1972). Soloway has received numerous awards for his work as a researcher and teacher, including the American Urological Association's Gold Cystoscope Award “For the individual who has contributed most to the field of urology within ten years of completion of his residency program” (1984), Mosby Scholarship for Scholastic Excellence (1967), North Central Section of American Urological Association Traveling Fellowship Award (1972) and many others.
Honors and awards.
Soloway has received numerous honors and awards. These include the prestigious Gold Cystoscope Award from the American Urological Association in 1984, and the Presidential Citation of 2008 from the American Urological Association for his contributions to clinical urology and his educational innovations. Soloway was honored with a corresponding membership in the German Urology Association and the Dutch Urologic Society. Soloway has been the Visiting Professor in over 50 academic programs both nationally and internationally and a guest speaker at national meetings in over 30 countries. He was one of the founding members of the International Urologic Research Society. In 2004–2005 Soloway served the Chair of the first International Panel on Cancer, a project that included fourteen individual panels and over one hundred experts in different aspects of bladder cancer. The Societe Internationale de Urologie (governing body of the International Panel on Bladder Cancer) and the International Consultation of Urologic Diseases have jointly commissioned him again to Chair the second International Panel on Bladder Cancer. This project is slated to be completed at the end of 2011.
Research.
Work at National Cancer Institute.
Soloway's contribution to the field of bladder cancer began when he was a Clinical Associate at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. While working at the NCI, Soloway was instrumental in developing a unique carcinogen-induced animal model for urothelial carcinoma. This FANFT-induced primary and transplantable tumor model allowed him to investigate the efficacy of several investigational chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of bladder cancer. Today, even after more than thirty years, this transplantable tumor model, now established as the MBT-2 tumor and its more malignant derivative MBT-9, are still being used by researchers all over the world to test experimental and targeted therapeutic agents. Soloway's research was supported by NIH funding throughout his residency in Urology at Case Western Reserve University and as faculty at the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences.
Orthotopic Development.
At the same time Soloway was studying the usefulness of different investigational drugs in the animal model, he was also testing the hypothesis that the high rate of local recurrence of urothelial tumors may be the result of implantation of tumor cells on the urothelial surface following endoscopic resection of bladder tumors. By developing an orthotopic bladder implantation animal tumor model, Soloway was able to establish that an injury to the urothelium created the necessary environment for tumor implantation and the scientific evidence in support of early intravesical chemotherapy following transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. Twenty years later, a series of prospective randomized clinical trials have firmly established the benefit of post- intravesical chemotherapy. It is also noteworthy that the orthotopic tumor model developed by Soloway is still the only tumor model that recapitulates the development of muscle invasive bladder cancer in patients.
Use of Flexible Cystoscopy.
Soloway was one of the first urologic oncologists to use flexible cystoscopy as an integral part of his office practice; today, the majority of the world uses it.
Transrectal Ultrasonography for Prostate Cancer.
In contrast to Soloway's work in bladder cancer, which was largely initiated by laboratory work using his animal model, his research on prostate cancer is clinically oriented and has focused in six different areas: the use of transrectal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of prostate cancer; the development of the periprostatic nerve block to decrease pain during biopsy; the evaluation of the role of androgen deprivation prior to radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer; the importance of quality of life in treatment decision-making; the recognition of active surveillance as a management strategy for low-risk prostate cancer; and surgical techniques for total prostatectomy.
Always fascinated with new technology, very early on Soloway saw the potential of the ultrasound guided biopsies over the digitally guided biopsies and soon he began promoting the TRUS biopsy method to urologists for their outpatient clinics. In an effort to minimize the discomfort from the biopsies, he also popularized the use of the periprostatic nerve block. This procedure is used to minimize the pain associated with a prostate biopsy and is used in over 500,000 procedures annually in the US alone.
Evaluating Androgen Deprivation.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, a high percentage of patients with prostate cancer were diagnosed with locally advanced disease. Anecdotally, many of these patients were given the newly developed LHRH analogs as initial treatment for their disease. Since their initial responses were impressive, it seemed reasonable to give androgen deprivation prior to prostatectomy with the hope of improving progression free and overall survival. Enlisting the cooperation of a multi-institutional group, Soloway initiated a prospective randomized trial to test the efficacy of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy. This randomized trial showed that although the surgical margin rate was lower for men who had received androgen deprivation prior to prostatectomy, there was no improvement in progression free or overall survival. Other groups who later performed similar studies have substantiated these results.
Positive Surgical Margins.
Another focus of Soloway's clinical research has been on the relationship between positive surgical margins and the preservation of the bladder neck and approach to the seminal vesicles. His first publication in 1996 on this topic detailed pathological analysis of the location and consequences of positive surgical margins. In a more recent paper published in the Journal of Urology, he reported that the recurrence rate was only 20% in his patient cohort with a positive surgical margin and therefore, the routine adjuvant radiation therapy would over treat 80% of the patients. On the subject of urinary continence, for over 20 years, Soloway has been a proponent of bladder neck preservation for enhancing urinary continence without compromising cancer control for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Soloway and M. Manoharan have worked together to minimize the side effects of a radical prostatectomy. They have popularized the lower abdominal transverse incision to minimize pain and enhance recovery as well as providing a smaller, less obvious scar. They have shown that most patients do not require a drain and an inguinal hernia can be easily be repaired at the same operation of a radical prostatectomy using this transverse incision.
Watchful Waiting Approach.
With the advent of PSA and early detection of prostate cancer, Soloway, concerned about the risk of overtreatment, has been an advocate of active surveillance for patients with low-risk, low volume Gleason 6 prostate cancer who are compliant with careful monitoring. In 2000 he published his first series of patients including those eligible for watchful waiting, as well as, active surveillance and reported that only a few of these patients went on to have treatment. Using a tighter definition for active surveillance, Soloway's group reported that less than 15% of these prostate cancer patients went on to treatment. This series was updated recently in European Urology with the addition of quality of life parameters and a constant of 15% progressing to treatment.
Work on Renal Tumors.
As an embodiment of the true collaborative spirit, over the last two decades, Soloway has worked closely in tandem with a former resident and co-faculty member, Gaetano Ciancio on kidney cancer. Together they have revolutionized the surgical approach for large renal tumors, particularly those in which the tumor extends into the vena cava. Ciancio is a urologist, who is fellowship trained in renal and liver transplantation. More than 10 years ago, Soloway and Ciancio worked as a team to reduce the perioperative morbidity and mortality associated with these large tumor masses. Their idea was to incorporate surgical techniques from liver transplantation to increase the exposure of the vena cava with the anticipation that this would reduce blood loss and obviate circulatory arrest. Together they have published over 35 articles beginning with their first description of this technique in 2000. Their most recent publication is an update of their step-by-step approach toward minimizing complications related to renal cell carcinoma with vena cava thrombus. This series emphasizes the improvements in safety and reduction in operative mortality and morbidity related to their technique. Since most tertiary medical centers where these procedures are likely to be performed now have liver transplant surgeons, this technique can easily be duplicated.
Cancer Support Group.
Always putting the “patient first”, despite his busy clinical practice and research programs in the mid-1980s, Soloway recognized the need to address quality of life (QOL) issues associated with the treatments for prostate cancer. He developed one of the first prostate cancer support groups in the country in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1992, he co-authored one of the first QOL studies examining patient preference related to LHRH versus orchiectomy for patients with advanced disease. In 1995 Soloway and his colleagues reported on a study that looked at patients with localized prostate cancer and the QOL implications of surgical management vs. radiation therapy. Recognizing that prostate cancer is a couple's disease, Soloway also studied the psychosocial and sexual implications of this disease on patients and their partners.


Carpal coalition

Carpal coalition is the abnormal fusion of two or more carpal bones when they fail to segment during intrauterine development. First described by Eduard Sandifort in 1779, carpal coalitions are often an isolated issue which connect two carpal bones in the same row of the wrist. These issues are congenital and occur at various rates throughout the population.
Signs and symptoms.
Patients with carpal coalition often offer no clinical significance and patients rarely have any associated issues. Though infrequent, some patients may complain of pain.
Causes.
Carpal coalition result from an incomplete separation of a common embryological carpal precursor in utero, during the fifth to eighth weeks.
Subtypes.
The lunate and triquetral bones are the most common carpal bones to fuse together, resulting in a lunotriquetral coalition in 1% of people. 60% of patients with a lunotriquetral coalition will have it bilaterally. Among isolated incidents the capitate and hamate bones are the next most common to fuse followed by the pisiform-triquetrum, trapezium-trapezoid, scaphoid-capitate, and triquetrum-hamate.
Carpal coalitions may further be divided into four subtypes:
Treatment.
Generally since carpal-carpal fusions do not cause unease or discomfort for the patient, and do not impair wrist function, treatment is not needed. However, in the minority of cases where carpal coalition causes persistent pain, arthrodesis, or the introduction of a joint via surgery, has been proven to be beneficial.
Epidemiology.
Carpal coalition occurs at a ratio of 2:1 in females, and are considered to have a multifactorial inheritance pattern. Further, the incidence according to race varies, with a rate of 0.1% in Caucasian populations, 1.6% in African American populations, and over 8% in certain West African tribes.
Associated problems.
Multiple carpal coalitions, or carpal coalitions that connect the two different rows of carpal muscles, are often associated with other anomalies including:


Michael Cunningham (psychologist)

Michael Robert Cunningham is an American social psychologist and professor in the Department of Communications at the University of Louisville. He is known for his research on perceived physical attractiveness of both men and women by members of the opposite sex. He has also researched the effects of emotions like trust and guilt on financial decision-making. He is also known for his pioneering work on hand transplantation.


Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called "mastocytes") and CD34+ mast cell precursors.
People affected by mastocytosis are susceptible to a variety of symptoms, including itching, hives, and anaphylactic shock, caused by the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory substances from mast cells.
Signs and symptoms.
When mast cells undergo degranulation, the substances that are released can cause a number of symptoms that can vary over time and can range in intensity from mild to severe. Because mast cells play a role in allergic reactions, the symptoms of mastocytosis often are similar to the symptoms of an allergic reaction. They may include, but are not limited to
There are few qualitative studies about the effects of mastocytosis on daily life. However, a Danish study from 2018 describes the multidimensional impact of the disease on everyday life.
Pathophysiology.
Mast cells are located in connective tissue, including the skin, the linings of the stomach and intestine, and other sites. They play an important role in the immune defence against bacteria and parasites. By releasing chemical "alarms" such as histamine, mast cells attract other key players of the immune defense system to areas of the body where they are needed.
Mast cells seem to have other roles as well. Because they gather together around wounds, mast cells may play a part in wound healing. For example, the typical itching felt around a healing scab may be caused by histamine released by mast cells. Researchers also think mast cells may have a role in the growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis). No one with "too few" or no mast cells has been found, which indicates to some scientists we may not be able to survive with too few mast cells.
Mast cells express a cell surface receptor, "c-kit" (CD117), which is the receptor for stem cell factor ("scf"). In laboratory studies, "scf" appears to be important for the proliferation of mast cells. Mutations of the gene coding for the "c-kit" receptor (mutation KIT(D816V)), leading to constitutive signalling through the receptor is found in >90% of patients with systemic mastocytosis.
Diagnosis.
Diagnosis of "urticaria pigmentosa" (cutaneous mastocytosis, see above) can often be done by seeing the characteristic lesions that are dark brown and fixed. A small skin sample (biopsy) may help confirm the diagnosis.
In case of suspicion of systemic disease the level of serum tryptase in the blood can be of help. If the base level of s-tryptase is elevated, this implies that the mastocytosis can be systemic. In cases of suspicion of SM help can also be drawn from analysis of mutation in KIT(D816V) in peripheral blood using sensitive PCR-technology
To set the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis, certain criteria must be met. Either one major + one minor criterium or 3 minor criteria has to be fulfilled:
Other mast cell diseases.
Other types of mast cell disease include:
Classification.
Mastocytosis can occur in a variety of forms:
Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM).
Cutaneous mastocytosis in children usually presents in the first year after birth and in most cases vanishes during adolescence.
Systemic mastocytosis (SM).
Systemic mastocytosis involves the bone marrow in the majority of cases and in some cases other internal organs, usually in addition to involving the skin. Mast cells collect in various tissues and can affect organs where mast cells do not normally inhabit such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and organs which have normal populations but where numbers are increased. In the bowel, it may manifest as mastocytic enterocolitis.
There are five types of systemic mastocytosis:
Treatment.
There is no cure for mastocytosis, but there are a number of medicines to help treat the symptoms:
Anti-mediator therapy.
Antidepressants are an important and often overlooked tool in the treatment of mastocytosis. Depression and other neurological symptoms have been noted in mastocytosis. Some antidepressants, such as doxepin and mirtazapine, are themselves potent antihistamines and can help relieve physical as well as cognitive symptoms.
Cytoreductive therapy.
In cases of advanced systemic mastocytosis or rare cases with indolent systemic mastocytosis with very troublesome symptoms, cytoreductive therapy can be indicated.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has been used in rare cases with aggressive systemic mastocytosis in patients deemed to be fit for the procedure.
Other.
Treatment with ultraviolet light can relieve skin symptoms, but may increase the risk of skin cancer.
Prognosis.
Patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis have a normal life expectancy. The prognosis for patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis differs depending on type of disease with MCL being the most serious form with short survival.
Epidemiology.
The true incidence and prevalence of mastocytosis is unknown, but mastocytosis generally has been considered to be an "orphan disease"; orphan diseases affect 200,000 or fewer people in the United States. Mastocytosis, however, often may be misdiagnosed, as it typically occurs secondary to another condition, and thus may occur more frequently than assumed.[
Research.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases scientists have been studying and treating patients with mastocytosis for several years at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center.
Some of the most important research advances for this rare disorder include improved diagnosis of mast cell disease and identification of growth factors and genetic mechanisms responsible for increased mast cell production. Researchers are currently evaluating approaches to improve ways to treat mastocytosis.
Scientists also are focusing on identifying disease-associated mutations (changes in genes). NIH scientists have identified some mutations, which may help researchers understand the causes of mastocytosis, improve diagnosis, and develop better treatments.
In Europe the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) coordinates studies, registries and education on mastocytosis.
History.
"Urticaria pigmentosa" was first described in 1869. The first report of a primary mast cell disorder is attributed to Unna, who in 1887 reported that skin lesions of "urticaria pigmentosa" contained numerous mast cells. Systemic mastocytosis was first reported by French scientists in 1936.


Paraveterinary workers in France

Veterinary support personnel in France are organized according to "La Convention Collective Nationale des Cabinets et Cliniques Vétérinaires", a state sponsored trade union organized by French veterinarians, and consist of five pay echelons. Echelon 1 consists of housekeeping and maintenance personnel, echelon 2 consists of reception and secretarial personnel, while echelons 3-5 are "Auxiliaires Vétérinaires" directly responsible for animal care. Those working at echelons 4 and 5 have undergone formal apprenticeships, administered by "le Groupement d'Intérét Public Formation Santé Animale et Auxiliaire vétérinaire" (GIPSA), of one and two years respectively and are titled "Auxiliaires Vétérinaires Quatre" (AVQ or AV4) and "Auxiliaire Spécialisé Vétérinaire" (ASV). The former's job description is similar to that of the approved veterinary assistant in North America while the latter's job description is similar to veterinary technicians in North America. The title of "Technicien en Santé Animale" (TSA) is also used in France but is awarded after a college level course of study in animal health and is not a replacement for the officially recognized titles of AVQ and ASV. Those in possession of a combination of the titles TSA and ASV are the equivalents of veterinary technologists in North America and can often be found working in production animal medicine, pharmacological research, or at veterinary school teaching hospitals. At present there is not an official national association representing the interests of veterinary auxiliaries.


Certificate of medical necessity

In the US a certificate of medical necessity is a document required by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to substantiate in detail the medical necessity of an item of durable medical equipment or a service to a Medicare beneficiary. There are different types of CMN for different requirements, e.g., insulin pumps, home health and private duty nursing services, etc.
A CMN typically requires several dates to be specified, such as:


Cindy Marano

Cindy Marano (1947 – April 28, 2005) was an economic justice activist from the United States. Marano worked for economic equity for women and low-income workers. She is a designated Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project, which described her as a "brilliant strategic thinker".
Personal life and education.
Cindy (Carty) Marano was born in Philadelphia in 1947 to Edgar and Grayce (Peggy) Carty. Her family moved frequently due to her father's work, and she attended nine different schools before she graduated high school. Cindy graduated from Downers Grove High School in 1965 where she won many honors. She was inspired by her 8th grade teacher and joined the Peace Corps in the 1960s, serving for two years in Ecuador. The work she did in Ecuador with poor women and children affected her deeply, and she would go on to establish a distribution network for the hand-woven goods the women made. She attended Northwestern University for two years. She went on to join the Peace Corps and served two years in Ecuador. She went on to George Mason University where she graduated in 1972 with a degree in English. At the time of her death in 2005 from adenoid cystic carcinoma she lived in Oakland, California with her partner Judy Patrick. She was survived by her mother, her partner and brother Paul Carty and wife Joanne and their two children Timothy and Meghan Carty.
Professional career.
She lived in Washington, D.C. from 1969 until 1997. Upon arriving in Washington she was director of public affairs for the National Federation of Business and Professional Women until 1975. Starting in 1972 she served as director of the National Workforce Network and president of Wider Opportunities for Women. In Washington, testified before congressional committees and formed legislative proposals about job training, vocational education and welfare-to-work. At Wider Opportunities for Women she developed outreach for women to become involved in the construction trade and other jobs not often filled by women. She also worked to create women's literacy programs. Her work contributed to four federal laws, including the Nontraditional Employment for Women Act of 1992, which provided women access to training for related jobs. She also helped to develop the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency which is used by some U.S. states to determine living wages for families based on age and number of children and geographical location.
Starting in 1988 she began advocating for affordable child care for working mothers, stating that educations, employers and politicians were "failing miserably at providing women a way out of poverty." Marano also examined women's roles in media. In 1990 she spoke out against the lack of roles for women in television, showing concern about the consequences of young women not seeing themselves represented appropriately in programming. She left Washington in 1997 for California and started her own business, Marano and Associates, which developed strategies for helping low-income people move out of poverty.
In 2001, she joined the National Economic Development and Law Center in Oakland. She would eventually serve as director of its National Network of Sector Partners project, which sought to improve economic development and employment opportunities for low-income people, families and communities.
Marano founded the Washington-based Women Work! The National Network for Displaced Homemakers and the Older Women's League, the National Coalition on Women, Work and Welfare Reform, and the National Women's Vote Project. She served as vice chairwoman of Equal Rights Advocates and the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy. Marano also served on advisory commissions for three U.s. secretaries of labor and the Private Industry Council. She was awarded the Ms. Foundation for Women's Gloria Award for Women of Vision and the National Award for Women's Economic Justice. Marano also provided support to her community in Oakland, working with the Reconciling Program for the LGBT community at Lake Merritt Unified Methodist Church. She was a vocal activist within the Methodist Church about same-sex marriage.
Legacy.
After her death in April 2005, a public memorial service was held in Oakland at Lake Merritt Unified Methodist Church. The Cindy Marano Memorial Fund was founded to support strategic and immediate actions and policies that can impact the lives of low-income people, specifically women. In 2005 the Sector Skills Academy, a program of the Aspen Institute, named their inaugural Academy class "Marano Fellows" as a tribute to Marano.


Antoine Joseph Jobert de Lamballe

Antoine Joseph Jobert de Lamballe (17 December 1799 – 19 April 1867) was a French surgeon. He was born at Matignon, studied medicine at Paris, and in 1830 became surgeon at the Hôpital Saint-Louis. He was elected to the Academy of Medicine in 1840 and to the Academy of Sciences in 1856.
Jobert was a brilliant and resourceful operator, best known for his masterly use of "autoplastie", the repair of diseased parts by healthy neighboring tissue, and especially for the operation which he styled "élitroplastie", an autoplastic cure of vaginal fistula. He wrote:


Michael Grunebaum

Michael F. Grunebaum is a New York City psychiatrist, born in the 1950s. He graduated from Harvard College for his bachelor's degree (1983) and Harvard Medical School for his medical degree (1991). He has worked at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and in private practice in Manhattan. He is also an associate professor of psychiatry at Columbia University Medical School. His research is in the area of mood disorders and suicidal behavior. Several of his research papers are highly cited according to Google Scholar.


Bibliography of tuberculosis

This is a bibliography of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease that generally affects the lungs. As of 2018, the World Health Organization estimated that 25% of the world's population was infected with the latent form of the disease. In its active form, it is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide.
This bibliography is of non-fiction works about TB in human beings. It covers general works, key scientific papers, treatment methods and drug resistance.


Carlos Lorca

Carlos Enrique Lorca Tobar (November 19, 1944 – disappeared 1975), was a Chilean physician, president of the Students' Federation and then deputy for Valdivia province and leader of the Socialist Party of Chile.
After the 1973 coup, the Socialist Party as well as the Communist Party were targeted by Chile's secret police. On June 25, 1975, Dr. Lorca, a psychiatrist teaching at the University of Chile, a former member of congress and a member of the political commission of the Socialist party central committee, and Modesta Carolina Wiff Sepulveda, 34, a social worker, were arrested at a laundromat on Calle Maule in Santiago de Chile.
At this laundromat, contacts were made and orders were passed on within the Socialist party. Wiff was functioning as a liaison with the leadership, and was also responsible for carrying out some party tasks. The DINA secret police captured him, along with other opposition leaders, and they were transferred to "Villa Grimaldi" detention center, from where all trace was lost. DINA agents searched Modesta Carolina Wiff's house a few hours after she was arrested. All the appeals for protection attempted in order to secure their release were in vain. Likewise the criminal process that the relatives initiated as a result of their being apprehended concluded when the criminal court declared itself incompetent and ordered that the trial proceedings be sent to the military justice system. According to independent testimony these two people were arrested and taken to the "Villa Grimaldi" DINA facility. Since then there has been no further word about either of them.


Ivan Loveridge Bennett

Ivan Loveridge Bennett, Jr. (March 4, 1922 – July 22, 1990) was an American physician who was dean of the NYU School of Medicine and served as president of New York University 1980–1981.
Bennett was educated at Emory University where he was a member of Sigma Chi fraternity. Graduated with a B.A. in 1943, and a medical degree in 1946. Bennett was Deputy Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy under Lyndon B. Johnson between 1967 and 1969. Bennett was also director of the department of pathology at Johns Hopkins University and also taught at Yale and New York University.
He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972.


Acetabular fossa

The acetabular fossa is a fossa located at the centre of the acetabulum. It is occupied by the ligament of head of femur.
In contrast to the thick and smooth surrounding lunate surface, the pelvis' articulation with the head of the femur, the acetabular fossa is rough and thin, often transparent, and continuous with the acetabular notch below.


Noel Broxholme

Noel Broxholme, M.D. (1686–1748), was an English physician.
Early life.
Broxholme was, according to Dr. Stukeley, a native of Stamford, Lincolnshire, of humble origin. He was admitted on the foundation at Westminster School in 1700, and in 1704 was elected to Trinity College, Cambridge. He proceeded, however, to Christ Church, Oxford, where he was nominated student 23 July 1705, and graduated B.A. 20 May 1709, M.A. 18 April 1711. In the former year, 1709, he had commenced his medical studies, under Richard Mead, at St. Thomas's Hospital, and in 1715 was elected to one of the first of the Radcliffe travelling fellowships. Upon his return he removed to University College Oxford, as a member of which he took his degrees in physic by accumulation, proceeding M.D. 8 July 1723.
Medical career.
Broxholme then began practice in London, was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians 23 December 1723, a fellow 22 March 1724–5, was censor in 1726, and delivered the Harveian oration in 1731. This, which was printed the same year in quarto, is remarkable for its elegant yet unaffected Lafinity.
He was one of the six physicians appointed to St. George's Hospital at the first general board held 19 Oct. 1733, and in the following year was made first physician to the Prince of Wales, 'with salary annexed,' an office which he resigned in 1739. At Lord Hervey's suggestion he was the first physician summoned to assist Dr. Tessier in Queen Caroline's last illness.
Private life.
He died at his country residence, Hampton, Middlesex, by his own hand, 8 July 1748, and was buried on the 13th at Hampton. By his will he bequeathed the sum of £500 for the benefit of the king's scholars at Westminster 'in such manner as the two upper masters of the said school shall think fit,' and a like sum to Christ Church 'to be applied towards finishing the library.'
He had married 7 May 1730, at Knightsbridge Chapel, Amy, widow of William Dowdeswell of Pull Court, Worcestershire, and daughter of Anthony Hammond. Mrs. Broxholme survived her husband six years, dying in 1754.
Legacy.
Reverting to our former authority, Dr. Stukeley, his countryman and fellow-student at St. Thomas's Hospital, we learn that Broxholme 'was a man of wit and gayety, lov'd poetry, was a good classic, … got much money in the Misisipi project in France. At length he came over and practised, but never had a great liking to it, tho' he had good encouragemt.' He was always nervous and vapoured,' writes Horace Walpole, 'and so good-natured that he left off his practice from not being able to bear seeing so many melancholy objects. I remember him with as much wit as ever I knew.'
In 1754 there appeared 'A Collection of Receipts in Physic, being the Practice of the late eminent Dr. Bloxam [sic]: containing a Complete Body of Prescriptions answering to every Disease, with some in Surgery. The Second Edition.' 8vo, London.


Kevin N. Dalby

Kevin N. Dalby is an American pharmacist, who is currently the Johnson & Johnson Centennial Professor at University of Texas at Austin.


Rex Rammell

Rex Floyd Rammell (born January 2, 1961) is a veterinarian and perennial candidate for public office in Idaho and Wyoming.
Early life.
Rammell was born on January 2, 1961 in Tetonia, Idaho and was raised in Eastern Idaho.
Career.
Rammell is a veterinarian, former elk rancher and author of the recently released book titled, "A Nation Divided: The War For America's Soul".
Political Campaigns.
Rammell is a perennial candidate for public office in Idaho and Wyoming. He ran unsuccessfully in the 2008 Idaho senatorial election against Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Jim Risch, polling 5.4% of the vote.
In 2009 announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for governor in the 2010 Idaho gubernatorial election. He came in second to Incumbent Governor Butch Otter, polling 42,436 (26%) to Otter's 89,117 (54.6%). Rammell defeated Otter in two counties and tied him in another. Rammell's top county was Benewah where he polled nearly 58% of the vote to Otter's 33%. Rammell's number two county was Idaho County where he polled 46% to Otter's 40%. Both candidates polled 43% in Boundary County, with Otter receiving two votes more than Rammell.
In 2012, Rammell ran in the Republican primary for District 7 in the Idaho House of Representatives, but came in second place out of 3 candidates with 30.3% of the vote.
In 2016, Rammell announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for United States Congress in the State of Wyoming.
Controversies.
Obama threats.
In August 2009, while at a town hall meeting opposing proposed national health care legislation, Rammell was briefly involved in a controversy when it was reported that he had joked about seeking a license to hunt President Barack Obama. The controversy stemmed from an event that Rammell had attended in Twin Falls, Idaho where he was speaking to a group of sportsmen about the upcoming wolf hunt when a woman in the audience asked, "what about Obama tags?" Rammell replied in jest, "yeah, we'd buy some of those." Rammell later apologized for his actions.
Constitution to "Hang by a Thread" in the last days
In January 2010, Rammell faced controversy when he invited friends of his to a meeting to discuss a prophecy of Joseph Smith which purportedly stated that the Constitution would "hang by a thread" in the last days before the elders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) would save it. Rammell had never mentioned the so-called White Horse prophecy but mentioned the alleged quote by Joseph Smith in an effort to resonate Rammell's perceived seriousness of the political climate to fellow members of his church. The LDS Church disavowed these meetings, and Rammell later apologized for not making them public.
Legal Problems.
Elk Hunt.
In August 2006, nearly 160 elk escaped from Rammell's Chief Joseph hunting preserve just ten miles outside of Yellowstone National Park. In September 2006, facing pressure from anti game farming advocates, Idaho Governor Jim Risch ordered an emergency hunt to kill the loose elk from Rammell's ranch.
In September 2006, Rammell was charged with obstructing a police officer after he refused to get off a dead elk that had been killed by authorities. Rammell was upset that the Fish and Game officer had killed his elk right in front of his capture pen. Following a 12 hours trial, he was acquitted by a six-person jury in Fremont County, Idaho in March 2007.
When Rammell's daughter won the Miss Idaho USA pageant in 2007, she caused controversy by refusing to have her picture taken with Risch because of Risch's executive order that allowed the killing of Rammell's elk. Later, Governor Risch refused to apologize for his actions.
Illegal elk kill.
On November 30, 2010, Rammell was cited by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game after he killed a cow elk in the wrong hunting zone.
On December 23, 2010, Rammell pleaded not guilty to charges of possessing wildlife taken unlawfully. Prior to trial, Rammell handed out literature from the "Fully Informed Jury" website to all jurists that day describing their rights as jurists. He was then arrested again for felony jury tampering which was later reduced to Contempt of Court and was given a withheld judgement, meaning it would not recorded on his record.
Rammel was found guilty of the wildlife charge in July 2011. He appealed using the defense that he did not have criminal intent and had only made a simple mistake, citing an Idaho law that stated a person could not be held to a crime if the alleged crime was committed by mistake. The conviction was upheld in the Idaho Appellate court.
Defies authorities.
On December 15, 2010, at a town hall meeting held in Idaho County, Idaho, Rammell encouraged a crowd of about 100 supporters to defy Federal authorities by killing wolves while at the same time being careful not to face federal penalties
Personal life.
Rammell has been married to his wife Lynda since 1983 and they have four children; the eldest, Amanda, was Miss Idaho USA in 2007.
He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Rammell announced on June 14, 2012, that his family was moving from Rexburg, Idaho to Torrington, Wyoming, so that he could take a veterinarian job.


Hemotympanum

Hemotympanum or hematotympanum, refers to the presence of blood in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. Hemotympanum is often the result of basilar skull fracture.
Hemotympanum refers to the presence of blood in the middle ear, which is the area behind the eardrum. In most cases, the blood is trapped behind the eardrum, so no discharge is visible.
Treating hemotympanum depends on the underlying cause.
Presentation.
The most common symptoms of hemotympanum are:
Causes.
Skull fracture.
A basal skull fracture is a fracture in one of the bones at the base of the skull. This is almost always caused by impact trauma such as a hard fall or a car crash. If the temporal bone is affected, one of the following may co-occur:
Nasal packing.
Following nasal surgery or frequent nosebleeds, gauze or cotton may be inserted into the nose to stop the bleeding. This process is called therapeutic nasal packing. Nasal packing sometimes causes blood to back up into the middle ear, causing hemotympanum. Removing the packing may allow the blood to drain from the ear. Antibiotics can prevent an ear infection.
Bleeding disorders.
Bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia or idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, can also cause hemotympanum. These disorders prevent proper blood clotting. In that circumstance, a mild head injury or a strong sneeze can cause hemotympanum.
Anticoagulant medications.
Anticoagulants, often called blood thinners, are medications that keep blood from clotting too easily. In rare cases, anticoagulants can cause hemotympanum with no underlying cause or injury. Experiencing a head injury while taking anticoagulants, increases the likelihood of hemotympanum.
Ear infections.
Frequent ear infections, ongoing inflammation and fluid buildup can increase the risk of hemotympanum.
Treatment.
Skull fractures usually heal on their own, but they can also cause several complications. Cerebrospinal fluid leaking out of the ear involves a higher risk of developing meningitis. Treatment may include corticosteroids, antibiotics, or surgery.


Elizabeth Innes

Elizabeth Marion Innes FRCPE (10 April 1921 - 10 April 2015) was a Scottish paediatric haematologist.
Early life and education.
Elizabeth Marion Innes (nickname, "Elma") was born in Adrossan, 10 April 1921. She grew up in Burntisland, Scotland.
Innes attended The Mary Erskine's School in Edinburgh, commuting by train each day from her home in Fife. She studied for her medical degree at the University of Edinburgh in 1943 and was the most distinguished woman graduate in her year.
Career and research.
As a junior doctor, she treated soldiers returning from the World War II at Gogarburn Emergency medical services hospital, going on to later specialise in paediatrics and community child health. In 1962, she established the paediatric haematology unit in Edinburgh's Royal Hospital for Sick Children, and was unpaid for the first two years of this work. Innes became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1946, and a Fellow in 1966.
Innes spent a year working as a haematology research fellow in St Louis, United states in the late 1940s. She participated in multi-centre trials of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for children with leukaemia, and became a member of the Medical Research Council's working party on childhood leukaemia in 1969. Innes was appointed as a senior lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1976.
Personal life.
She married her husband, James, in 1946 who had told her that he would only marry her if she passed the Royal College of Physicians examinations. Together the couple had two daughters and a son. After retiring in 1981, she enjoyed travelling with James, particularly to Barra, and spending time with her family, gardening, reading and playing piano. Innes was widowed in 2009, after 63 years of marriage. She died on her 94th birthday, on 10 April 2015.


NHS Redress (Wales) Measure 2008

The NHS Redress (Wales) Measure 2008 is the first piece of primary legislation passed by the Welsh Assembly with its greater law-making powers in the wake of the Government of Wales Act 2006. It was passed by the Welsh Assembly on 6 May 2008 and became law on 9 July 2008 when the Queen approved it through an Order in Council of the Privy Council. Only the commencement section came into force on approval with the rest of the measure coming into force on such day or days as the Welsh Ministers may specify by Statutory Instrument.
The primary aim of the legislation is to reform the law of tort in respect of the National Health Service in Wales. Assembly Presiding Officer Dafydd Elis-Thomas said that "[t]he passing of the first assembly measure into law heralds a burgeoning confidence in the new law-making constitution of Wales," and called the measure a "historic milestone for Wales and the National Assembly for Wales".


Veterinary Hospital Managers Association

The Veterinary Hospital Managers Association is a professional organisation for veterinarian practice managers.
The association's main objectives are to:
· Develop professional competence by offering relevant educational resources.

· Promote and define veterinary practice management as a profession; promote certification as a standard.

· Provide individuals with a network for professional connection and support.

The American organisation is based in Florida and claims 2500 members.
In 2018 the Veterinary Hospital Managers Association (VHMA) launched an online program to help prepare participants to earn their Certified Veterinary Practice Manager (CVPM) certification.
The British organisation of the same name is based in Kettering.


John Guillebaud

Professor John Guillebaud is Emeritus Professor of Family Planning and Reproductive Health at University College London. He was born in Burundi and brought up in Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, and Britain.
He qualified as a medical doctor from University of Cambridge in 1964.
He is a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust) and initiated the environment time capsule project.


Jean-Pierre van Besouw

Jean-Pierre van Besouw (d. 2017) was president of the Royal College of Anaesthetists from 2012 to 2015.
He was an anesthetist at St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.


Bradford Burns Unit

The Bradford Burns Unit is a burns research facility set up at University of Bradford following the Bradford fire disaster on 11 May 1985. The fire disaster at Valley Parade killed 56 people and injured more than 250.
Founder.
Professor David Sharpe founded the Bradford Burns Unit after he received many of the burns victims from the Bradford Fire Disaster in 1985.
Born from the Bradford Fire Disaster.
On 11 May 1985, just before half time of the old Division 3 fixture between Bradford City Football Club and Lincoln City Football Club, on the last game of the 1984/85 season, a fire broke out in the G block of the main stand at Valley Parade.
The fire quickly spread and within minutes the whole of the wooden main stand was engulfed, resulting in the death of 56 people and injury of over 250.
After a full inquest, it was revealed that the cause of the fire was a disregarded cigarette which had been dropped where there was a build up of litter. This caught fire and with the assistance of wind and a wooden stand. Caused the fire to quickly spread.
The horrific injuries that a young David Sharpe had to treat along with other staff lead to him setting up the Bradford Burns Unit at Bradford University to research ways into treating burns injuries.
Fundraising.
Bantams Trek.
As a result of the need for ongoing funding for the Burns Unit, In late 2010 Bantams Trek was set up to raise money for it by Bradford City assistant kit manager Graham Duckworth.
It was given its name as the majority of events would involve walking. It was set up by Bradford City assistant kit manager Graham Duckworth whose first walk was from Bradford City's home ground Valley Parade to Lincoln City's home ground at Sincil Bank, a 73 miles walk completed in under 24 hours which was completed on 1 January 2011. It raised £6660 for the Bradford Burns Unit and a presentation was made at half time of the corresponding fixture between Bradford City and Lincoln City at Valley Parade on 2 February 2011.
On 18 June 2011 Peter Jackson & Lee Bullock took part in the Bantams Trek 3 Peaks Challenge to raise money for the Bradford Burns Unit along with 45 other Bradford City supporters.
Burns Unit Appeal.
Bradford Newspaper Telegraph & Argus set up an appeal to save the Bradford Burns Unit in 2009 after it was reported that the Bradford Burns Unit needed £100,000 to keep doing their research work.


Pulmonary infiltrate

A pulmonary infiltrate is a substance denser than air, such as pus, blood, or protein, which lingers within the parenchyma of the lungs. Pulmonary infiltrates are associated with pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
Pulmonary infiltrates can be observed on a chest radiograph.


Togolese Red Cross

Togolese Red Cross was established in 1959. It has its headquarters in Lomé.


Long ciliary nerves

The long ciliary nerves, two or three in number, are given off from the nasociliary nerve as it crosses the optic nerve. The nasociliary nerve that the long ciliary nerves branch from is itself a branch of the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
They accompany the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion, pierce the posterior part of the sclera, and running forward between it and the choroid, are distributed to the iris and cornea.
The long ciliary nerves provide sensory innervation to the eyeball, including the cornea. In addition, they contain sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion to the dilator pupillae muscle. The sympathetic fibers to the dilator pupillae muscle mainly travel in the nasociliary nerve but there are also sympathetic fibers in the short ciliary nerves that pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses.


Keogh Review

The Keogh Review into patient safety was carried out by Professor Sir Bruce Keogh in July 2013.
This review was ordered by the Prime Minister in response to the Francis Inquiry into poor care at Mid Staffordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.
14 NHS Trusts which were persistent outliers in measures of hospital mortality were investigated:
As a result of the review six NHS Foundation Trusts were put into special measures by Monitor and five by the NHS Trust Development Authority. Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust and The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust were not put in special measures.


Oscar P. Snyder

Oscar Peter Snyder (January 6, 1895 – February 21, 1983) was a United States Army major general who served in the Army Medical Department as a Chief of the U.S. Army Dental Corps from 1954 to 1956.
Biography.
World War I.
Oscar Peter Snyder was born to Emil and Anna (ńee Marchand) Snyder on 6 January 1895 near Millersburg, Holmes County, Ohio. He attended the Orrsville public schools graduating in 1912. He entered The Ohio State University College of Dentistry and graduated with the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery in June 1916. He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Regular Army on 24 October 1916. He first served at Columbus Barracks, Ohio until 18 December 1916 when he was transferred to Fort McIntosh, Laredo, Texas as Camp Hospital Dental Surgeon. In June 1917 Snyder was transferred to Fort McPherson, Georgia and then to Camp Hancock, Georgia as the 28th Infantry Division Dental Surgeon. The 28th Division was sent to France in May 1918 with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) where Snyder participated in the Marne Defensive, the Marne Offensive, Oise-Aisne Offensive and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He returned to the United States on 20 July 1919.
1920s and 1930s.
He was assigned to Camp Dodge, Iowa with temporary duty in Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. In September 1922 he was transferred to Fort Sheridan, Illinois where he met and married Louise McDonald in May 1923. In August 1924 he was sent to Camp Stotsenberg in the Philippines then to Sternberg General Hospital in Manila. His first child, Jane Louise Snyder, was born on 6 January 1927 and the family returned to the United States in April. Oscar P. 'Peter' Snyder Jr was born on 23 February 1930 while Snyder was assigned to Walter Reed General Hospital. In June 1931 he was transferred to Fort Thomas, Kentucky as Post Dental Surgeon. In August 1935 he enrolled in the Army Dental School and graduated from the Postgraduate Course in February 1936 and in August was transferred to the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.
World War II.
In April 1941 he reported to Lawson General Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, and was sent to Melbourne, Australia on 12 April 1942 as Chief Dental Surgeon, Southwest Pacific Theater, Office of the Surgeon General. Snyder returned from the Pacific Theater in December 1944 and served at England General Hospital, Atlantic City, New Jersey until June 1945. Beginning in July 1945 he was Chief of the Dental Service at Fitzsimons General Hospital, Denver, Colorado.
Post-World War II.
On 27 April 1948 he was transferred to Walter Reed Army Medical Center as Director of Dental Activities. In April 1953 he was transferred to Headquarters, Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, as Director of Dental Activities. In April 1954 he was confirmed as Chief of the Army Dental Corps and Assistant to the Surgeon General, assuming command on 1 May 1954. This assignment ended upon his retirement from the U.S. Army on 30 November 1956.
Retirement.
After retiring from the military Snyder taught at the Ohio State University College of Dentistry from January 1957 to June 1965. He died on 22 February 1983 in Columbus, Ohio.
Awards and decorations.

Promotions.
Commissioned a first lieutenant on 24 Oct 1916, to major on 6 October 1917**, to lieutenant colonel 27 October 1936, to colonel-temporary 26 June 1941, permanent-27 October 1942, brigadier general-permanent 27 April 1948, major general-temporary and permanent on 12 April 1954.


Ensley A. Carpenter

Ensley A. Carpenter (about 1819 – before 1910), was a country doctor for whom the town of Carpenter, Kentucky was named. He moved to Whitley County, Kentucky shortly after the American Civil War from neighboring Claiborne County, Tennessee. Carpenter practiced medicine in Whitley County, Bell County, Kentucky, and Knox County, Kentucky from about 1868 into the early 1900s.
The town of Carpenter, Kentucky, where he was the postmaster and town doctor, was named after him.


Indiana State Nurses Association

The Indiana State Nurses Association was established in 1903 to advance the nursing profession in Indiana. Gertrude Fournier of Hope Hospital in Fort Wayne, Indiana, was elected the state organization’s first president. The association formally incorporated in 1904. As part of its early efforts, the association worked to secure state legislation that required the registration of nurses. In 1907 the group lobbied for the establishment of a standard curriculum for nursing schools. The association also supported the introduction of a graduate program in nursing. Indiana University began the first graduate program in the state in 1932. In addition, the organization was active in the recruitment of nurses to serve in World War I and in World War II; opened a career counseling and placement service in 1946; and created a special committee to promote equality in the profession in 1953. The organization, which still exists, continues its advocacy of nurses and efforts to support the nursing profession in Indiana.


Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Centre

The National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (Spanish: "Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares" or CNIC) is a Spanish research institute. The Centre was founded in 1999 and has purpose-built facilities on the campus of the Carlos III Health Institute in Madrid. The director is Valentín Fuster.
Since 2005 the institute has been supported by the Government and by a group of leading Spanish companies and charitable foundations (the Pro-CNIC Foundation).
Research programmes.
In 2010 Felipe Pétriz, Secretary of State for Research, and Emilio Botín, President of the Santander Group, signed an agreement to launch the CNIC-Santander PESA study (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis). This prospective study, which in 2019 is concluding its first phase, was aimed at advancing knowledge on the progression of cardiovascular disease.


Max King (Emmerdale)

Max King is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, "Emmerdale", portrayed by Charlie Kemp.
Storylines.
Max arrived in "Emmerdale" in early 2005, nearly a year after the introduction of the rest of his family. He and his girlfriend had been backpacking around the world but Max went home for his father's ill-fated wedding to Charity Dingle (Emma Atkins)
Max was seen by many as the black sheep of his family and was, like his elder brother Jimmy (Nick Miles), a lot less hard-headed than a "typical King". He did not work for the family business "King & Sons" like his brothers as he had recently finished university, where he had trained to be a vet, and then went on an around-the-world trip. He came to Emmerdale for his father's wedding, planning to continue his trip later but Tom got him a job at Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt)'s practice after telling him that if he continued on his travels he would need to support himself.
However, in late 2005, he was conned by his father in order to get some land he wanted. Tom used Max's position as a vet to poison the animals kept by the owners who refused to sell the land. However, Tom had insisted he do this to show gratitude for allowing him to go to university.
After having been bullied into poisoning the Briggs family's calves by Tom, a guilty Max decided to leave the village in October 2005, sick and tired of his father's chicanery. He and Robert Sugden (Karl Davies) were going to leave Emmerdale and drive to London but Robert's adopted brother Andy (Kelvin Fletcher) got into a fight with Robert. Max broke up the fight and decided that he did not want to go with Robert and got into Andy's land rover and asked him to drive him to the railway station. Robert, who had driven off, turned his car round and drove straight at them, causing Max to grab the steering wheel and send the rover off the road and through a brick wall. Max was trapped in the Land Rover and was killed instantly when it exploded after rolling onto its roof, just weeks shy of his 26th birthday. After the tragedy, Tom blamed himself for the amount of pressure he had put upon Max; for the horrific death of his youngest child.
It was revealed on the day of Donna Windsor's (Verity Rushworth) wedding to Marlon Dingle (Mark Charnock) in February 2006, (this was after Max's death) that Donna had developed feelings for Max. Marlon was devastated by this revelation but they still got married in a double wedding with Donna's mother Viv (Deena Payne) and stepfather Bob Hope (Tony Audenshaw).


Charles Bluestone

Charles D. Bluestone is an American physician, focusing in otitis, currently Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Otolarngology at University of Pittsburgh.


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Howard Townsend

Howard Townsend (November 22, 1823 – January 16, 1867) was a physician practicing in Albany, New York. He was a professor at the Albany Medical College and a member of the staff at the Albany Hospital.
Early life.
Doctor Howard Townsend was born in Albany on November 22, 1823. He was the son of Isaiah and Hannah (Townsend) Townsend. His father was an industrialist, having carried on the business of the Stirling Iron Works which forged the Hudson River Chain that prevented the British Royal Navy from sailing up the Hudson River during the American Revolution. Isaiah had transferred the business from the Stirling mines to Albany.
Dr. Townsend was the grandson of Solomon Townsend, a ship's captain during the American Revolution, and great grandson of Samuel Townsend, a member of the New York provincial congress and of the committee appointed to prepare a form of government for the state of New York. His ancestors Henry Townsend and Henry's brother John immigrated to Massachusetts from Norfolk, England in 1640 and settled at Jamaica on Long Island, New York, and were founding members of Oyster Bay, Long Island.
Townsend had seven brothers and two sisters. There was a strong military bent in the family, as two brothers, Franklin Townsend and Frederick Townsend, were Adjutant Generals of New York in the mid 19th century, and another, Robert, served in the U.S. Navy, both on the side of the Union. His sister Mary, on the other hand, married General William H.T. Walker of the Confederate Army.
He attended school at The Albany Academy and at Poughkeepsie, and graduated from Union College in 1843.
Medical career.
After graduating from college Townsend commenced the study of medicine, for which he demonstrated an aptitude. He attended lectures at the Albany Medical College in 1844–5 and 1845–6, and in 1846–7 at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1847.
After his graduation, he went to Paris, being a fluent speaker of French, where continued his medical studies. After visiting Italy and other countries of Europe, he returned to Albany in 1849 and commenced the practice of medicine, being appointed one of the physicians to the Albany Hospital.
Medical instruction.
In the autumn of 1852 Townsend was appointed a lecturing professor in the Albany Medical College in the area of obstetrics, which he taught for one course of lectures when he was transferred to the chair of Materia Medica. As a lecturer he was distinguished for his clearness and ability to impart a thorough knowledge of the subjects. He was noted for his ability to awaken enthusiasm in the students, and offering free access to the books of his personal library.
In addition to his regular medical lectures Townsend also lectured at the Albany Hospital, concentrating on accurate methods of investigating and diagnosing disease. Eventually Townsend became a trustee of the Albany Academy, a member of the Albany County Medical Society and of the Albany Institute.
Personal.
On February 2, 1853, Townsend married Miss Justine Van Rensselaer (1828-1912), daughter of General Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (1789-1868) and Harriet Elizabeth Van Rensselaer (née Bayard), at the Van Rensselaer Manor House in Albany, New York. Justine's paternal grandfather was Stephen Van Rensselaer III (1764–1839), the Lieutenant Governor of New York and a member of the United States House of Representatives, and his great-grandfather was Philip Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York.
The Townsends had four children.
Public service.
A few months before his death, he was appointed member of the Board of Public Instruction, (school commission) and became president of the Board of Education.
Death and legacy.
Townsend died at the age of 43 on January 16, 1867, following a brief illness, described as follows:
Townsend was interred at the Townsend family plot at the Albany Rural Cemetery, in Albany, New York. His wife, Justine (Van Rensselaer) Townsend, died at her home, No. 57 East Seventy-eighth street in New York City, on April 6, 1912.
Townsend's character and legacy was expressed in the following by his peers:


Subungual hematoma

A subungual hematoma is a collection of blood (hematoma) underneath a toenail or fingernail (black toenail). It can be extremely painful for an injury of its size, although otherwise it is not a serious medical condition.
Nature.
A laceration of the nail bed causes bleeding into the constricted area underneath the hard nail plate. The blood pools under the nail, giving a reddish, brownish, blueish, or grey/blackish discoloration. The blood puts pressure on the nail. Throbbing pain is common.
Subungual hematomas typically heal without incident, though infection may occur. The pressure of the blood blister may cause separation of nail plate from the nail bed (onycholysis), but the nail should not be pulled off, as this can cause scarring of the nailbed and deformed nails. Nail discolouration may last some months.
The nail plate may also become thicker and more brittle as a result of the injury (onychochauxis). The deformed nail plate will gradually grow out and be replaced by new, normal-appearing nail plate in several months' time. Infrequently, the nail may become painful and require surgical drainage.
Causes.
The condition is caused by a traumatic injury, such as slamming a finger in a door, or from sports activities, especially those involving sudden accelerations, such as soccer, basketball, and tennis, or going downhill, such as running or hiking rugged terrain, and ill-fitting footwear.
Repeatedly thrusting the toes against a shoe's toe box can cause a subungual hematoma called jogger's toe runner's toe, or black toenail. In a marathon, several percent of runners may be affected. Wearing footwear which fits helps prevent runner's toe.
If the shoe is too loose on the midfoot, the foot can slide forwards in the shoe, especially when going downhill. This may jam the toes into the end of the toebox. If the foot is sliding forwards because the shoe is too loose around the midfoot, it may be restrained by lacing the shoe carefully, or placing bulky padding between the tongue and the lacing, or by wrapping a strap in a figure-eight around the foot and ankle (). Excessively tight or uneven fit around the midfoot may, however, cause tendon problems.
Separately, if there is not enough space around the toes, the toes will also hit the toebox repeatedly. Feet become longer and wider when weight is put on them, because the arches flatten, and the toes also splay and bend. At the end of a long journey on foot, the arches flatten, the metatarsals spread, and the foot swells more than after a short one. The toes also need vertical space; a toe cap which is low enough to press on the top of the toe may also cause bruising under the nail, especially if the toe cap is stiff. If the toebox is pointed, the toes may be wedged forwards into the area with inadequate height.
Nails which protrude unevenly may concentrate force on the toenail; properly-cut nails are therefore also important.
Some susceptible runners may also have Morton's toe. In this variant of human foot anatomy, the second toe extends further out than the great toe. This can make it harder to find shoes with adequate space around the toes.
Treatment.
Subungual hematomas can resolve on their own, without treatment being necessary. If they are acutely painful, they may be drained.
Subungual hematomas are treated by either releasing the pressure conservatively, by drilling a hole through the nail into the hematoma (trephining) within 48 hours of injury, or by removing the entire nail. Trephining is generally accomplished by using a heated instrument to pass through the nail into the blood clot. Removal of the nail is typically done when the nail itself is disrupted, a large laceration requiring suturing is suspected, or a fracture of the tip of the finger occurs. Although general anesthesia is generally not required, a digital nerve block is recommended if the nail is to be removed. For trephination, the block is often more painful than the procedure.


Lainie Friedman Ross

Lainie Friedman Ross is an American physician and bioethicist who works at the University of Chicago.
Early life.
Lainie Friedman Ross is a 1982 graduate of Princeton University where she majored in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. She has a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania, and she also obtained an M.Phil and a PhD in philosophy from Yale University.
Career.
Currently she is a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics where she serves on various committees. She also serves as a member of the United Network for Organ Sharing and National Institutes of Health and have over 60 peer-reviewed articles. Besides articles she also published two books called "Children, Families and Health Care Decision Making" and "Children in Medical Research: Access Versus Protection" both of which were published by Oxford University Press in 1998 and 2006 respectively. Aside from being an author, she is also an editor of various peer-reviewed journals including "Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, the Journal of Clinical Ethics and Perspectives in Biology and Medicine among others.
Ross is the Carolyn and Matthew Bucksbaum Professor of Clinical Medical Ethics; Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Surgery and the College; and Associate Director of the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics. Ross has published two books on pediatric ethics: Children, Families and Health Care Decision Making (Oxford University Press, 1998) and Children in Medical Research: Access versus Protection (Oxford University Press, 2006) and has co-authored two books with Robert M. Veatch (Transplantation Ethics, 2nd edition, Georgetown University Press, 2015; and Defining Death: The Case for Choice, Georgetown University Press, 2016). Ross has also published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals in the areas of pediatric ethics, transplantation ethics, research ethics and genetics and ethics. Ross was a 2014 recipient of a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship and the 2015 recipient of the William Bartholome Award in Ethical Excellence from the American Academy of Pediatrics. She currently serve on the National Institutes of Health Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), the National Institutes of Health study section of Societal and Ethical Issues in Research (SEIR), and a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Issues in Organ Donor Intervention Research. She proposed the Constrained Parental Autonomy model for surrogate decision making in pediatrics.


Immunologic activation

In immunology, activation is the transition of leucocytes and other cell types involved in the immune system. On the other hand, deactivation is the transition in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infections, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases.
Factors.
Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including cytokines, soluble receptors, arachidonic acid metabolites, steroids, receptor antagonists, adhesion molecules, bacterial products and viral products.


Virokine

Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system. Such proteins are referred to as virokines if they resemble cytokines, growth factors, or complement regulators; the term viroceptor is sometimes used if the proteins resemble cellular receptors. A third class of virally encoded immunomodulatory proteins consists of proteins that bind directly to cytokines. Due to the immunomodulatory properties of these proteins, they have been proposed as potentially therapeutically relevant to autoimmune diseases.
Mechanism.
The primary mechanism of virokine interference with immune signaling is thought to be competitive inhibition of the binding of host signaling molecules to their target receptors. Virokines occupy binding sites on host receptors, thereby inhibiting access by signaling molecules. Viroceptors mimic host receptors and thus divert signaling molecules from finding their targets. Cytokine-binding proteins bind to and sequester cytokines, occluding the binding surface through which they interact with receptors. The effect is to attenuate and subvert host immune response.
Discovery.
The term "virokine" was coined by National Institutes of Health virologist Bernard Moss. The early 1990s saw several reports of virally encoded proteins with sequence homology to immune proteins, followed by reports of the cowpox and vaccinia viruses directly interfering with key immune regulator IL1B. The first identified virokine was an epidermal growth factor-like protein found in myxoma viruses.
Much of the early work on virokines involved vaccinia virus, which was discovered to secrete proteins that promote proliferation of neighboring cells and block complement immune activity leading to inflammation.
Evolutionary origins.
The immunomodulatory proteins, including virokines, in the poxvirus family have been extensively studied in the context of the evolution of the family. Virokines in this family are thought to have been acquired from host genes and from other viruses through horizontal gene transfer. Similar observations have been made in the herpesvirus family; for example, Epstein-Barr virus encodes an interleukin protein with high sequence identity to the human interleukin-10, suggesting a recent evolutionary origin.


Torsten Zuberbier

Torsten Zuberbier (born 28 February 1962) is a German dermatologist and allergologist.
Scientific career.
After completing his Abitur (secondary school education) in 1981, Torsten Zuberbier studied medicine at Free University of Berlin from 1983 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994, he completed his specialist training in the Department of Dermatology at the Virchow Clinic in Berlin, where he also became a senior physician in 1995 and qualified as a professor in 1996 with his work on the topic of differentiation and functional relations in human mast cells.
In 1996 he was named head of the allergy section at the Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology at the Charité Berlin. In September 2001, he was appointed to an extraordinary professorship. In 2003, he was named to a foundation professorship (level C4) for research on the effects of allergies and in the same year he became head of the European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF) at the Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology at the Charité. He has been Director of the Allergie-Centrum-Charité at the Dermatology Clinic in Berlin-Mitte since 2004. He served as co-director of the Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology at the Charité before being named its Managing Director in January 2012. Zuberbier received an honorary doctorate from the University of Athens in 2012.
Zuberbier's clinical research focuses on urticaria, neurodermatitis, respiratory and food allergies and allergic rhinitis. He is assistant editor of the Journal of the German Dermatologic Society and a member of the scientific advisory board of the Allergo Journal.
Zuberbier is married and has two children.


Eugene Fuller

Eugene Fuller (8 May 1858 - 1930), was an American surgeon and pioneer of the procedure of suprapubic prostatectomy.


Immunocompetence

Immunocompetence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen. Immunocompetence is the opposite of immunodeficiency or immuno-incompetent or immuno-compromised. Examples include:
There may be cases of overlap but these terms all describe immune system not fully functioning.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that household and other close contacts of persons with altered immunocompetence receive the MMR, varicella, and rotavirus vaccines according to the standard schedule of vaccines, as well as receiving an annual flu shot. All other vaccines may be administered to contacts without alteration to the vaccine schedule, with the exception of the smallpox vaccine. Persons with altered immunocompetence should not receive live, attenuated vaccines (viral or bacterial), and may not receive the full benefit of inactivated vaccines.
In reference to lymphocytes, immunocompetence means that a B cell or T cell is mature and can recognize antigens and allow a person to mount an immune response.