Julian Ritter

Julian Ritter (September 19, 1909 – March 4, 2000) was an American painter of Polish-German descent who painted primarily nudes, clowns and portraits.
Ritter's paintings were typically rich in color. His nudes celebrated the glamor and beauty of the female form. All of his figurative paintings expressed the humanness in his subjects. He also painted landscapes at different points during his career and complex compositions dealing with mystical and spiritual subjects during his later years.
Early life.
Ritter was born Julian Stawski on September 19, 1909, in Hamburg, Germany, the only child of an aspiring Polish actress.
Ritter settled in Los Angeles as a young adult. He held many menial jobs during this time - dishwasher, errand boy, order clerk. He also painted lamp shades and did freelance art.
Ritter moved to Chicago and began to take a serious interest in art. He audited the night classes of Dr. Schroeder at the Chicago Art Institute. Ritter returned to Los Angeles where he later won a scholarship to the Art Center School (now, Art Center College of Design). He was introduced to figure painting under the tutelage of Stanley Reckless who had studied at the Philadelphia Academy of Art and taught in the tradition of Frank Duveneck and the Munich School. This tradition involved the classical study of anatomy and used live models for subjects. The Munich School is characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro.
While still a student at Art Center School, Ritter received the following positive review for a showing of his work at the Brice-Lowe Galleries:
Still another young artist holding his first local showing is Julian Ritter, whose water colors are at the Brice-Lowe Galleries. Of German birth he depicts various types and stages of man. Character is what interests him. His people are driven, by life or will. In one picture we see a procession of mendicants woefully singing or posing for sympathy, each a carefully studied type. In another a woman pushes the man who, in turn, pushes the wheelbarrow (his load) out on to the slender plank over the abyss. He has individual types of great interest: the old philosopher talking forever to a blank wall, the peasant woman going to church against the wind of life. Ritter's color is very delicate and helpful to his purpose, which is, however, mainly expressed through sensitive drawing.
Ritter graduated Art Center School in 1932 and found work at Los Angeles's film studios painting portraits for movie sets and doing other set design for Warner Brothers, MGM, Paramount and Universal. Ritter met the tall actress Francesca Chesley (1913–2004) in 1933. They were married on December 16, 1934. She frequently modeled for his nude paintings. They divorced in 1943.
Ritter headed to San Francisco looking for work at the Golden Gate International Exhibition of 1939. He was hired by architect Mark Daniels to paint murals for the Mines, Minerals and Machinery Building. These 90-foot murals were a great success. With money from the fair, Ritter returned to Los Angeles where he rented a small studio and began painting.
Ritter exhibited at both the Gallery of Modern Art and the Newhouse Galleries in New York City during 1941. Both exhibitions were critically acclaimed. The Art News (March 15, 1941) wrote: "His style shows fluency and ease" and Arts Digest (November 15, 1941) wrote: "Ritter is more than versatile, he is complex, exceptionally talented." Edward Alden Jewell of the New York Times noted that Ritter's work was shown in the small entrance room of the Gallery of Modern Art, devoted to small oils, watercolors and gouaches in addition to the main exhibit. New York Times art critic, H.D., wrote of the Newhouse Galleries exhibition:
Paintings and drawings by Julian Ritter, who has done portraits of movie stars, studied anatomy and been under contract to act in the films, may be seen at the Newhouse Galleries. This is rather flashy work with more than a little cleverness, and includes three paintings accompanied by poems—rather dire comments on life today.
The one-man show at the Newhouse Galleries was a particular success and led to portrait commissions. While attending a party thrown by a patron who commissioned a portrait of his daughter, Ritter got drunk and stripped off his clothes, calling the other attendees "phony baloneys". He returned to Los Angeles.
Ritter met Hildegarde "Hilde" Sabena Meyer-Radon in 1942 when he saw her walking past his studio to take violin lessons from an instructor next door. Hilde had been born in Hamburg, Germany, on October 5, 1919; she immigrated to the US with her family in 1923. Hilde's appreciation for the arts led to a very warm friendship between the two and they saw each other often.
World War II.
At the US entrance into the war, Ritter wanted to enlist in the US Navy due to his love of the sea, his sense of adventure and his loyalty to his adopted country. However, since he was not a US citizen, the Navy would not let him enlist. However, he was drafted into the US Army in November 1942. He was assigned to the 40th Engineer Regiment which was organized in Camp Pickett, Virginia, attached to the 45th Infantry Division which was part of General George Patton's 7th Army. Ritter was initially a member of the 3rd Battalion which trained at Fort Lewis, Washington.
While at Camp Pickett, Ritter was selected to paint a portrait of Lt. General Ben "Yoo-Hoo" Lear who was the commanding officer of the 2nd Army based in Tennessee. Ritter asked Hilde to come join him at Memphis, and he asked her to marry him. Because there was no waiting period for a marriage license in Mississippi, Hilde and Ritter traveled the next morning to Hernando, Mississippi, where they got a license and were married in a small chapel on April 9, 1943. The two had a six-week honeymoon in a Memphis hotel room while he completed the painting of General Lear. After the portrait was complete, Ritter returned to Camp Pickett but was reassigned to the 1st Battalion which was later re-designated as the 2829th Battalion.
The 40th Engineers received additional training at Fort Pierce, Florida, and then deployed to the Gulf of Oran, Algeria, for further training. He took part in the invasion of Sicily.
Based on his military service, Ritter became a US citizen on October 30, 1943. He attained the rank of Technician Fourth Grade (T4) and served at both Regimental headquarters and the headquarters of the 1st/2829th Battalion.
In October 1945 Ritter returned to Los Angeles to paint and to raise a family.
Post-war Southern California.
1945 to 1966.
When Ritter first returned from the war, he found himself unable to paint anything but morbid, gruesome paintings of death, darkness and despair for about a year. After this he began his most prolific period. He would regularly work long hours and he became known for his fine nude studies and clowns.
Ritter and Hilde had two children while living in Hollywood: Christine was born in 1947 and Michael in 1948.
Art critic Arthur Miller of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote in a 1947 review of Ritter's one-man show at the James Vigeveno Galleries in Westwood, California:
Julian Ritter, still-young painter and etcher who has not shown here in many years, has a large exhibit at the James Vigeveno Galleries to June 12. It shows him remarkably gifted and various.
Some will like his many paintings of girls or nudes, done in charming colors, or his characterful portraits of older folk or children. Others may prefer his slightly sardonic, action-packed grotesques of circus clowns or of merely comical people. He also can turn deeply serious with "Refugees" or "Slums."
In a 1948 "Brush Strokes" column in the "Los Angeles Time"s commented:
Julian Ritter's paintings of clowns, on view in the gallery at 401 S Lake Ave., Pasadena, are notable for liveliness of expression and color. Ritter has chosen to paint clowns, he explains, because 'In the clown one sees all the emotions a man can express; to record him is to depict humanity itself.'
Ritter moved the family to Don Pio Drive in Woodland Hills, California, in the early 1950s. The home included a studio building on a hilltop which, like all his studios, featured a pot-belly stove. In addition to his painting, Ritter was a talented landscaper and he terraced the front and rear hills with steps, paths and pools all made from slabs of broken concrete.
At the urging of his brother-in-law, Stewart Potter, Ritter began selling his paintings in Las Vegas in February, 1950. The two made the trip from Los Angeles to Las Vegas in Ritter's 1949 Dodge Wayfarer, a yellow convertible with no rear seat and an extended trunk which would be packed with paintings. The two went from casino to casino without any success until they met Bill Moore, the owner of the Hotel Last Frontier. Ritter sold Moore 13 framed nudes for $1000 which would become the basis of the Silver Slipper Collection of paintings. Ritter and Potter would make additional trips to Las Vegas and sold additional paintings to the Hotel Last Frontier and its adjoining Silver Slipper Casino. They also sold paintings to other hotels, casinos and their employees.
Shortly after this, Otto Eitel, owner of the Bismarck Hotel which was at the center of Chicago's Loop entertainment district, invited Ritter to do a one-man show at the Swiss Chalet Galleries and to paint a mural for the Bismarck Inn. This show was successful and led to numerous commissions including the "Mr Whimsey" clowns for the U.O. Colson Company. Ritter's wife and children stayed in Chicago with him for several months while he completed his commissions.
Ritter was enjoying success with his clown and nude paintings but, at the same time, he felt trapped by this success. He was not painting the great works he imagined. For inspiration, in 1956 he moved his family to Mexico, primarily living in San Blas, Nayarit, a small town on the Pacific Coast of Mexico located between Mazatlan and Puerto Vallarta. Ritter wrote in a note published in the "Los Angeles Times" "the place is a paradise for landscape painters and living is cheap." Ritter said later, "My time in San Blas was important to me. I developed a new conception of color and a self-assurance which made me a better painter."
After nearly a year in San Blas, Ritter returned to California in 1957 and purchased the house at 2321 Edgewater Way in the Santa Barbara Mesa neighborhood. Ritter again turned the yard into a remarkable garden.
Hilde worked at the noted Brooks Institute of Photography while Ritter continued to paint steadily as his paintings commanded higher values. Most importantly, Ritter was, at last, free to paint the works he wanted to. Ritter's work was represented in continuing exhibitions at the Poulsen Galleries in Pasadena and at frequent showings at the James Vigeveno Gallery in Westwood. He was also represented in San Francisco by the Maxwell Galleries and the Kotzbeck Gallery, and by galleries in Palm Springs and Scottsdale. Ritter was at the height of his commercial success but he disliked that the galleries were making money that he felt should be going to him. He had always had a somewhat stormy relationship with his dealers and preferred to deal directly with collectors. About this time, Ritter successfully set out to build a group of patrons who could provide financial security and independence, however, many of these collectors were demanding the familiar nudes and clowns that Ritter had tired of.
In 1958, the Circus company in Los Angeles published and distributed five reproductions of mounted 8x10 inch paintings. The paintings included the clowns Dilly, Flim, Flam, Helter and Skelter.
In 1963, Ritter had a show at the Poulsen Galleries in Pasadena, California. It was generally well-received with Scott McClean, the gallery director, stating "This is probably the first exhibit to show the whole range and variety of the work of a man who has been known for two specialties – nudes and clowns. I think this broader view of Julian Ritter's work is long overdue."
But not all reviews of Ritter's work were glowing. A 1964 "Los Angeles Times" review of the same exhibit by Constance Perkins stated:
...[Ritter's] fame rests largely on his sensual paintings of the nude figure. Second in popularity are Ritter's clowns. From any aesthetic viewpoint, both the pink nudes and the clowns become ingratiatingly sickly, redundant and commercially dull although technically capable enough. Almost unknown are the artist's portrait pieces and a series of both large canvases and small abstract drawings in which the surreal element is dominant. The portraits are traditional and the most genuine. The drawings become very 'slick.' The large canvases, on the other hand, tend to be too personal and too involved in allegory to hold as significant statements.
In 1964, Hilde had been sick for a year but refused to see a doctor. When she collapsed, Ritter insisted and doctors discovered she had cancer. She had a mastectomy and
struggled for two years before succumbing to the disease. Hilde died January 22, 1966.
Ritter began drinking heavily. He later said, "I became a lousy cowardly drunk after my wife died. I had no respect for myself - morally, physically or spiritually. My mind and my body and my inner-self were too tired to conceive anything. I was burnt out."
1966 to 1985.
During 1965–66, Ritter painted a portrait of 17-year-old Lauren "Laurie" Kokx. He felt that he needed to get away from the Edgewater Way house that held so many memories of his wife, so he sold the house and its contents for $37,000. He bought a custom-built yawl still under construction in Morro Bay, California. Ritter named the boat "Galilee", and with the assistance of a two-man crew, on February 2, 1968, he sailed it to various ports including Acapulco, Mexico, where he was joined by Kokx. They sailed to Puntarenas, Costa Rica, where he painted for six months. He then sailed to the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, Moorea and Bora Bora, sketching tropical scenes for later development as paintings. In December, 1968, a show was mounted at the Bernard Gallery in Los Angeles of works painted in Puntarenas that Ritter had sent home.
With Kokx and another crew member, Ritter left Bora Bora for Hawaii on June 17, 1970, expecting a 30-day voyage. Serious problems arose with the boat's equipment, and it began to take on sea water. Continually bailing, Ritter and his crew drifted for 87 days, running out of food and water, fearing death. On September 14, 1970, the "Galilee" was rescued by the U.S. Navy combat stores ship, USS "Niagara Falls". Ship's doctor Philip A. Becker described the emaciated crew members as "living skeletons only four days away from death."
Ritter and Kokx recuperated in Hawaii for a month, then returned to California. Although he was still recovering and underweight, Ritter gave a three-hour talk at a Los Angeles gallery about being lost at sea. In attendance were family members, patrons and his first wife.
Ritter appeared on the TV game show "To Tell the Truth" along with two "impostor" contestants and the celebrity panelists in an episode that aired December 22, 1970. All three of the panelists picked Ritter since he was the only one of the three contestants who looked like he had been lost at sea without food.
Ritter donated six of his clown paintings for an auction to raise money for a group working for the release of American prisoners of war held in North Vietnam. The auction was held mid-December 1970. Among the guests of honor was Francis Gary Powers whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. One painting, a 24x36 oil, was reportedly sold for $3600. Ritter made the contribution out of sympathy for the prisoners and their families and personal gratitude to the Navy for his rescue. Ritter said "I know what deprivation is after that ordeal. I can relate to the terrible suffering of those POWs."
Ritter and Kokx settled into a house in rural Summerland outside Santa Barbara for 15 years. Ritter's near-death experience catalyzed two years of intense painting. During this period, Ritter was arguably at the peak of his artistic expression. He was already a fulfilled artist who saw himself as a maestro and people treated him accordingly. His subject matter included paintings which were more mystical as he worked out the demons from the voyage, his loss of Hilde and his own alcoholism. To meet the demands of his collectors and his need for money, Ritter continued painting nudes, portraits and occasional clown compositions.
Ritter had a show in late 1975 at the Howard E. Morseburg Galleries on Wilshire in Los Angeles which included some of this new work. The show was called "Julian's World" and consisted of 101 paintings and 16 drawings. This was Ritter's last major public exhibit. One painting which did stand out was a crucifixion: Ritter had posed and was photographed and then painted himself onto the cross in a self-portrait.
Ritter preferred to sell directly to collectors so he could make more money. Ritter had a sufficient number of patrons at this point in his life so that he no longer needed to rely on gallery showings. However, many of these patrons were most interested in his commercial nudes and clowns rather than the more artistic paintings.
Hawaii.
In the summer of 1984, Ritter and Kokx separated. In 1985, Ritter and his son Michael moved into a house in Kula, Hawaii, on the island of Maui. He suffered a debilitating stroke in December 1985. After a period of convalescence, Ritter began painting again. Although the stroke limited his painting ability, he wrote and he taught painting.
In 1989, Michael commissioned a 30-minute video about the life and art of his father, titled "Julian Ritter—Palette of passion". It was written and produced by Keith Gilchrist and was filmed and directed by Christopher Gentsch.
Ritter died at home on March 4, 2000, at the age of 90.
Religion and politics.
Ritter was raised a Roman Catholic although he was not religious in his adult life — Ritter led the life of a hedonistic artist. Some family members recount that he did frequent Catholic churches to reflect. Although his paintings were not overtly religious, many of his works did have a mystical quality. One example is "The Clown Funeral". In it, clowns are bearing one of their own, eyes closed but wearing a beautiful clown smile. Ritter appears in self-portrait in the painting. Some compare this painting to El Greco's "El Entierro Del Conde De Orgaz" ("The Burial of the Count of Orgaz").
Friends and patrons.
Ritter had a number of interesting friends. George Morgan, the son of Frank Morgan ("The Wizard of Oz"), who was wealthy from the family business distributing Angostura Bitters, was a drinking buddy. John Coleman, who taught at Art Center, and his family were also close friends who visited the Edgewater Way house frequently.
Ritter befriended Chick Rosenthal who lived in the same Hollywood bungalows in the 1930s and maintained that friendship until Rosenthal's death. Rosenthal accompanied Ritter to New York in a van in 1941 when Ritter was offered the one-man show at the Newhouse Galleries.
Ritter began a long-term friendship with Rudolph Axford from Venice, California, in the mid-1950s. Axford shared Ritter's conservative politics and love of boats, and was a Ritter patron who accumulated many pieces of his work.
Greg Autry was another friend and patron. Autry met Ritter in 1983 after he purchased a fake Ritter in a Laguna Beach gallery. Autry both commissioned paintings and purchased other examples of Ritter's work. Autry purchased the Silver Slipper collection of Ritter's paintings from the Summa Corporation in a closed-bid auction in the late 1980s.
Art.
Although Ritter was best known for his oil paintings of nudes, clowns and portraits, he also worked in other media including pen-and-ink with watercolor, charcoal and Conté crayons and painted other subjects including portraits, landscapes, and complex compositions. He also liked doing caricature, often drawing cartoons rather than sending letters to friends. Ritter's style changed over the course of his life.
Art historian and award-winning author Phyllis Settacase Barton wrote of Ritter:
Labeling the work of Julian Ritter is not easy because his genius is not readily defined. This is because for most of his life he has painted women as though he were exploring a garden – with eyes, lips and nipples painted like blue, red and pink blossoms. His earlier work also includes lots of clowns, many of which he painted with introspection and compassion – generally to the exclusion of their surroundings – telling us that his mind, heart and eye were in league with the human being beneath the costume, behind the make-up. As an adventurer into human nature, he painted portraits, each flavored with the spirit of the sitter, each embodying the effervescence of the cycle of life. In viewing all of these paintings – nudes, clowns, portraits – we begin to become aware that Julian Ritter has been on a journey – not just a physical journey – but a speculative one in which he has really been exploring himself. But the quintessential Julian Ritter comes to us through a series of sumptuously painted, monumental pictures which I choose to call lifescapes. His promethean story about how he has travelled from spiritual darkness into the shimmering world of rapture. Julian's magnificent vertical work which he calls 'The Black Hole' tells us the story of Julian's transgression and his penance.
One example of a mixed-media watercolor and chalk is "Bachelor's Housekeeping" painted in 1939. The painting was at the DeYoung Museum in San Francisco in 1963.
Ritter had a steady presence in the Los Angeles art scene with exhibitions and showings from 1947 through 1975 when he had his last major gallery showing at the Howard E. Morseburg Galleries in Los Angeles. His work was typically on display in any given week at some gallery in Southern California as evidenced through display ads in the "Sunday Los Angeles Times". He was also frequently listed in the Calendar section of the Los Angeles Times. After this, Ritter had a sufficient number of patrons to support his lifestyle without the need for gallery showings.
Portraits.
Ritter painted a number of prominent Californians. He also painted many actors, especially while employed at Warner Brothers where he would paint an actor in his current role. For instance, he painted Paul Muni in his role as Zola in "The Life of Emile Zola". He also painted Ruby Keeler, Clara Bow, Claudette Colbert, Olivia de Havilland and Veronica Lake.
Nudes and showgirls.
Ritter painted several variations of the horizontal nude pose. Other nudes include paintings of Janet Boyd, a successful Las Vegas showgirl, who he also painted as a showgirl in his painting "The Gibson Girl." Boyd later wrote to Ritter: "...I only got to be with you a few years but wonderful memories I have and will cherish. Not every girl gets to be a Ritter model. I loved every moment posing for you. The early mornings working in the studio in Santa Barbara are happy memories for me. And because your works of me will keep me young and beautiful forever." There were many other nudes using various models.
Ritter painted a number of nudes of his first wife, the actress Francesca Chesley. Ritter also painted a couple of nudes of his second wife, Hilde. The latter remain in the family collection.
He also painted many showgirl paintings, the most famous of which is "Ruby," a painting of an African-American girl. He made several showgirl paintings using a model named LeeAnn which were also commercially successful.
Clowns.
Although he had painted clowns before, Ritter started painting a series of unusual or tender clowns in the summer of 1948. His first visit to a circus was in 1949. Ritter said of his clown paintings "I don't need to see clowns. My clown portraits are more like human portraits in clown make-up. They are a combination of my imagination and my memory of faces, or even my own face."
Ritter was commissioned in the early 1950s by an art gallery on Ventura Blvd in the San Fernando Valley to paint a set of small 8"x10" clowns called the Helter Skelter Clowns. The clowns included Dilly, Dally, Flim, Flam, Pitter, Patter and Helter and Skelter. These were reproduced for the mass market in 1958.
Ritter also painted a series of clowns based on "Mr. Whimsey," a clown with his dog. The U.O. Colson Company of Illinois commissioned Ritter to paint a set of these paintings for a calendar. He painted several more "Mr. Whimsey" paintings, some of which were part of the Silver Slipper collection.
Ritter also painted a number of clown compositions featuring groups of clowns (e.g.,"Clown Band and "Clown Funeral") and clown with nude or showgirl montages. Some of these feature a single clown with his arm around a showgirl, others portrayed a single nude surrounded by a variety of clowns and others were groups of clowns.
Ritter tired of painting his commercially successful clowns and made the painting "Clown Funeral" to announce the end of his clown paintings. After that, he painted only the occasional clown composition or a clown painting commissioned by a patron.
Landscapes.
Although he was known primarily as a figurative painter, Ritter painted a number of landscapes, particularly when he was in San Blas, Mexico, and when he made his Pacific voyage. Ritter said of the San Blas paintings that they informed him with a new sense of color. The South Pacific seemed to further transform Ritter's paintings in much the same manner as it had on Paul Gauguin decades earlier. Though these never achieved the commercial success of his nudes and clowns, they were arguably amongst his best paintings.
Lifescapes.
Ritter was a man who lived in his emotions. His paintings have been described as a "visual record of his emotional life." Nowhere is this more true than in the paintings art historian Phyllis Settacase Barton called "lifescapes."
It could be argued that the first of these lifescapes were the clown compositions. The painting, "Clown Band" is no less a joyful presentation of life than Ritter's later work, "God's Children." "Clown Funeral" was a deeply introspective look with Ritter, in self-portrait, carrying the body of a fallen clown - his announcement that he was no longer interested in painting the clowns that had brought him so much commercial success. The montages of clown with either nudes or showgirls shows the duality in all of us - the sensuality and eroticism of the female form with the detached folly of the accompanying clown(s).
But the true lifescapes were those works that Ritter painted when he had the patronage that allowed him to eschew dealing with galleries - Ritter finally started painting the great compositions which he saw in his visions. These works were described as "mystical looks into the core of existence and the meaning of life." Many of these were painted during and after the voyage that almost took his life but which also opened his mind and heart to see deeper and more introspective subjects and expressions. Paintings of the voyage revealed the absolute terror in the hollowed-out eyes of the subjects. The mystical paintings revealed a faith that higher powers were at work.
One critic wrote "Julian is a man who has seen life, absorbed it and now presents it." Sweeping and majestic paintings presented the very essence of Ritter's emotions. "The Carousel" was a complicated composition exploring man's spiritual nature. Ritter dealt with man's hypocrisy in "The Sunday Preacher". Ritter's "Man on the Cross" was a deeply personal view into Ritter's emotions as he painted his self-portrait onto the cross. One critic wrote of the piece: "Undoubtedly, it is a daring and modern interpretation of life. It is a work which will cause considerable controversy. But what great artist hasn't caused that? What artist of any note has not or will not speak his own mind through his pictures?"
When Ritter and Kokx separated in the summer of 1984, Ritter's work became more dark expressing the aloneness he felt in his partner's absence.
Ritter's work changed again when he went to Maui, building again on the spiritual. Art historian Phyllis Settacase Barton wrote of these paintings: "In the glowing panoramic scenes, powerfully and prayerfully, Julian Ritter lets us in on some of his most intimate secrets, eases us into his precious discoveries and shares with us deepest concerns."
Silver Slipper Casino collection.
The Silver Slipper Casino collection started in February, 1950 when Ritter sold 13 framed nude paintings for $1000 to Bill Moore, the owner of the Last Frontier Hotel. By 1962, 33 paintings of nudes, showgirls, clowns and clown/nude montages adorned the walls of the upstairs theater.
On April 4, 1955, the Last Frontier Hotel became the New Frontier Hotel under the management Jacob Kozloff. In 1967, Howard Hughes bought both the New Frontier Hotel and the Silver Slipper Casino.
After Hughes' death, Howard Hughes' Summa Corporation sold both the Silver Slipper Casino and the Frontier Hotel to the Elardi family in 1988 and divested itself of its contents including the paintings which were auctioned off in a closed-bid auction. Greg Autry won the auction and continues to hold the collection which has not been seen for many years.


Richard A. Pittman

Master Sergeant Richard Allan Pittman (May 26, 1945 – October 13, 2016) was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on July 24, 1966 during the Vietnam War.
Early life and education.
Richard Allan Pittman was born on May 26, 1945 in San Joaquin County, near Stockton, California. He attended Hazelton Elementary School, Fremont Junior High School, and graduated from Franklin High School, Stockton, California, in June 1964.
Career.
After he was turned down by the Army and Navy due to being legally blind in one eye, Pittman enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve at Stockton on September 27, 1965. He was discharged on October 31, 1965 to enlist in the regular Marine Corps on November 1, 1965.
After recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California in December 1965, he went on to individual combat training with the 1st Battalion, 2nd Infantry Training Regiment, Camp Pendleton, California, graduating in February 1966. Upon graduation, he was promoted to private first class.
Transferred to the Far East in the Republic of Vietnam, he joined Company I, Battalion Landing Team 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division and served as a rifleman with this unit until May 1966. He then became a rifleman and squad leader with Company I, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division, serving in this capacity until February 1967. He was promoted to Lance Corporal on July 1, 1966, and received a meritorious promotion to Corporal on November 12, 1966.
Corporal Pittman next saw duty as section leader and motor vehicle operator with Transport Company, 7th Motor Transport Battalion, 1st Marine Division (redesignated Transport Company, 7th Motor Transport Battalion, Force Logistics Command).
While serving in Vietnam, he participated in numerous combat operations including Operation Deckhouse I and Joint Operation Nathan Hale with Army, Navy, and Air Force, at Song Cau District; Operation Deckhouse II and Operation Hastings in Quang Tri Province; Operation Colorado and Operation Napa at Tam-Ky Province; Operation Desoto near Quang Ngai; and in action against enemy forces at Da Nang.
Upon his return to the United States, he served his last tour of duty as a postal clerk with Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, 5th Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, California. While stationed at Camp Pendleton, he was promoted to Sergeant on December 1, 1967. He was discharged from active duty on April 5, 1968, and received the Medal of Honor from President Lyndon B. Johnson on May 14, 1968.
In 1970, he re-enlisted in the Marine Corps and was promoted to a final rank of Master Sergeant during his 21-year career. He retired on October 27, 1988.
Personal life.
He married Geraldine with whom he had three girls. He had a daughter from his second marriage. He later married Patricia, who survived him.
After his retirement, he resided in Stockton, California until his death on October 13, 2016 at the age of 71.
Awards and decorations.
Master Sergeant Pittman's awards include:
Medal of Honor citation.
The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to
SERGEANT RICHARD A. PITTMAN
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a member of First Platoon, Company I, Third Battalion, Fifth Marines during combat operations near the Demilitarized Zone, Republic of Vietnam. On July 24, 1966, while Company I was conducting an operation along the axis of a narrow jungle trail, the leading company elements suffered numerous casualties when they suddenly came under heavy fire from a well concealed and numerically superior enemy force. Hearing the engaged Marines' calls for more firepower, Sergeant (then Lance Corporal) Pittman quickly exchanged his rifle for a machine gun and several belts of ammunition, left the relative safety of his platoon, and unhesitatingly rushed forward to aid his comrades. Taken under intense enemy small-arms fire at point blank range during his advance, he returned the fire, silencing the enemy positions. As Sergeant Pittman continued to forge forward to aid members of the leading platoon, he again came under heavy fire from two automatic weapons which he promptly destroyed. Learning that there were additional wounded Marines fifty yards further along the trail, he braved a withering hail of enemy mortar and small-arms fire to continue onward. As he reached the position where the leading Marines had fallen, he was suddenly confronted with a bold frontal attack by 30 to 40 enemy. Totally disregarding his own safety, he calmly established a position in the middle of the trail and raked the advancing enemy with devastating machine-gun fire. His weapon rendered ineffective, he picked up a submachine gun and, together with a pistol seized from a fallen comrade, continued his lethal fire until the enemy force had withdrawn. Having exhausted his ammunition except for a grenade which he hurled at the enemy, he then rejoined his own platoon. Sergeant Pittman's daring initiative, bold fighting spirit and selfless devotion to duty inflicted many enemy casualties, disrupted the enemy attack and saved the lives of many of his wounded comrades. His personal valor at grave risk to himself reflects the highest credit upon himself, the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service.
/S/ LYNDON B. JOHNSON


37 (Wessex and Welsh) Signal Regiment

37th Signal Regiment is an Army Reserve regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The regiment forms part of 11th Signal Brigade, providing military communications for national operations.
History.
The regiment was formed as the 37th (Wessex and Welsh) Signal Regiment, Royal Signals (Volunteers) in 1967. It initially consisted of 43 (Wessex) Signal Squadron, 53 (Welsh) Signal Squadron and 57 (City and County of Bristol) Signal Squadron. In 1969 67 (Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron joined the regiment.
In 1992, under Options for Change, 43 (Wessex) Squadron transferred to 21 (Air Support) Signal Regiment, 57 (City and County of Bristol) Squadron transferred to 71 Signal Regiment and 93 (East Lancashire) Squadron transferred from 38 Signal Regiment. In addition to squadron changes, the regimental title was changed when the regiment dropped the 'Wessex and Welsh' subtitle following the above changes. Therefore, it became known as the 37th Signal Regiment.
In 2006, 93 (East Lancashire) Squadron transferred back to 38 Signal Regiment.
In 2009, under a further re-organisation, 67 (Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Squadron was reduced to a troop (867 Troop) and 48 (City of Birmingham) Squadron joined the regiment on the disbandment of 35 (South Midlands) Signal Regiment. At the same time 33 (Lancashire) Squadron was formed on the disbandment of 33 (Lancashire and Cheshire) Signal Regiment.
In 2014, under Army 2020, 53 (Welsh) Signal Squadron transferred to 39 (Skinners) Signal Regiment.
Current structure.
The current structure of the regiment is as follows.


Discens

A discens () was a soldier of the military of ancient Rome who was in training to become an immunis, or specialist within the army.
Immunes took up the trades and skills of engineers, field medics, carpenters, and craftsmen. However, they were also fully trained and would be expected to fight in the infantry or cavalry if necessary. The discentes were probably exempted, like the immunes, from standard combat and camp duties since their main occupation would have been time-consuming technical training.
Some known classes include:


Order of battle for Operation Euphrates Shield

This is the order of battle for 2016-2017 Turkish cross-border military offensive, codenamed "Operation Euphrates Shield" by Turkey.
Turkey and allied forces.
 Hawar Kilis Operations Room
 Free Idlib Army
 Syria Revolutionaries Front remnants
Military Councils:
 Syrian Turkmen Brigades
 Ahrar al-Sham
 Army of Sunna
 Authenticity and Development Front
Support:
 United States Armed Forces
 Russian Armed Forces
 British Armed Forces
ISIL.
 Military of ISIL
Syrian Democratic Forces and allied forces.
 Syrian Democratic Forces
 Jarabulus Military Council
 International Freedom Battalion
Support:
 United States Armed Forces
Syrian Government and allied forces.
Support:
 Russian Armed Forces


Vir militaris

The vir militaris (plural: viri militares) was a Roman legate (or general) who governed a consular military province of the Roman Empire. Tacitus mentioned the phrase "vir militaris" in some of his passages in order to describe ordinary soldiers or junior officers. Overall, the name was given to anyone who was experienced in military life or was given an opportunity to establish a reputation through warfare. According to Brian Campbell, the viri militares did not represent a homogeneous unit with special characteristics.


Little Rock campaign Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Little Rock campaign, also known as the advance on Little Rock, of the American Civil War on August 25 to September 10, 1863.
Abbreviations used.
District of Arkansas.
MG Sterling Price


175th (2/3rd London) Brigade

The 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line of the 169th (1/3rd London) Brigade and was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division, itself formed as a 2nd Line of 56th (1/1st London) Division, and served on the Western Front during the First World War.


First Winchester Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the First Battle of Winchester of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Department of the Valley.
MG Thomas J. Jackson
Forces at Winchester.
MG Thomas J. Jackson


Masao Adachi

Masao Adachi (足立正生 "Adachi Masao", born May 13, 1939) is a Japanese screenwriter and director who was most active in the 1960s and 1970s.
He was born in Fukuoka Prefecture.
Career.
Best known for his writing collaborations with directors Kōji Wakamatsu and Nagisa Oshima, often under the pseudonyms "Izuru Deguchi" or "De Deguchi" (出口出), he also directed a number of his own films, usually dealing with left-wing political themes. Adachi was a prominent director in the Japanese New Wave film movement, producing pink films alongside documentaries. He stopped making films in the early 1970s and joined the Japanese Red Army. After residing in Lebanon for 28 years, he was arrested for passport violations.
Adachi was found guilty of passport violations in September 2001 and received a four-year sentence, suspended to 18 months. After his release he was deported to Japan via Jordan, where he was re-arrested on other passport violations. After being held for a year and a half he was convicted and released based on the time he had already served. Since his release, he has resumed making films after a 30-year absence.


President of Cambodia


Ernst Pistor


33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian)

33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian) was formed from Hungarian volunteers, in December 1944.
It never had more than one regiment when it was absorbed by the 26th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Hungarian) the following month, after it was almost destroyed in the fighting near Budapest.
There is also some doubt that there ever was a 33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian) in anything but name.
The number 33 was re-issued and given to the Charlemagne Division.


Owain Lawgoch

Owain Lawgoch (, ), full name Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri ( – July 1378), was a Welsh soldier who served in Spain, France, Alsace, and Switzerland. He led a Free Company fighting for the French against the English in the Hundred Years' War. As the last politically active descendant of Llywelyn the Great in the male line, he was a claimant to the title of Prince of Gwynedd and of Wales.
Genealogy.
Following the death of Llywelyn the Last in 1282 and the execution of his brother and successor Dafydd ap Gruffudd in 1283, Gwynedd paid fealty to and accepted English rule. Llywelyn's daughter Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn was committed to a nunnery at Sempringham, while the sons of Dafydd were kept in Bristol Castle until their deaths. Another of Llywelyn's brothers, Rhodri ap Gruffydd, renounced his rights in Gwynedd and spent much of his life in England as a royal pensioner. His son Thomas inherited lands in England in Surrey, Cheshire and Gloucestershire.
Rhodri was content to end his life as a country gentleman in England, and though his son Thomas ap Rhodri used the four lions of Gwynedd on his seal he made no attempt to win his inheritance. Owain, his only son, was born in Surrey, where his grandfather had acquired the manor of Tatsfield. Tatsfield, a small village only 17 miles from the centre of London, still has Welsh place names e.g. Maesmawr Road (trans: Great Field Road). Thomas died in 1363 and Owain returned from abroad to claim his patrimony in 1365. Owain Lawgoch was in French service by 1369 and his lands in Wales and England were confiscated.
Military career.
The year in which Owain entered the service of the king of France is uncertain. Froissart claims that he fought on the French side at the Battle of Poitiers, but there is no other evidence to support this. He was however deprived of his English lands in 1369, suggesting he was in the service of the French as leader of a Free Company when the period of truce between France and England following the Treaty of Brétigny ended and hostilities resumed in 1369. His French name was Yvain de Galles (Owen of Wales).
Owain's company consisted largely of Welshmen, many of whom remained in French service for many years. The second in command of this company was Ieuan Wyn, known to the French as "le Poursuivant d'Amour", a descendant of Ednyfed Fychan, Seneschal of Gwynedd under Owain's ancestors. Owain also received financial support while in France from Ieuan Wyn's father, Rhys ap Robert. While in French service Owain had good relations with Bertrand du Guesclin and others and gained the support of Charles V of France.
Welsh soldiery and longbowmen who had fought for Edward I in his campaigns in North Wales remained armed and sold their services to the English kings in their battles in Scotland and at Crecy and Poitiers. Ironically, the Norman attempt to conquer Wales set in train events which reignited Welsh identity and raised up new Welsh military leaders such as Owain claiming descent from the ancient Princes of Wales.
In May 1372 in Paris, Owain announced that he intended to claim the throne of Wales. He set sail from Harfleur with money borrowed from Charles V. Owain first attacked the island of Guernsey, and was still there when a message arrived from Charles ordering him to abandon the expedition in order to go to Castile to seek ships to attack La Rochelle. Owain defeated an English and Gascon force at Soubise later that year, capturing Sir Thomas Percy and Jean de Grailly, the Captal de Buch. Another invasion of Wales was planned in 1373 but had to be abandoned when John of Gaunt launched an offensive. In 1374 he fought at Mirebau and at Saintonge. In 1375 Owain was employed by Enguerrand de Coucy to help win Enguerrand's share of the Habsburg lands due to him as nephew of the former Duke of Austria. However, during the Gugler War they were defeated by the forces of Bern and had to abandon the expedition.
In 1377 there were reports that Owain was planning another expedition, this time with help from Castile. The alarmed English government sent a spy, the Scot John Lamb, to assassinate Owain, who had been given the task of besieging Mortagne-sur-Gironde in Poitou. Lamb gained Owain's confidence and became his chamberlain, which gave him the opportunity to stab Owain to death in July 1378, something Walker described as 'a sad end to a flamboyant career'. The Issue Roll of the Exchequer dated 4 December 1378 records "To John Lamb, an esquire from Scotland, because he lately killed Owynn de Gales, a rebel and enemy of the King in France ... £20".
With the assassination of Owain Lawgoch the senior line of the House of Aberffraw became extinct. As a result, the claim to the title 'Prince of Wales' fell to the other royal dynasties, of Deheubarth and Powys. The leading heir in this respect was Owain ap Gruffudd of Glyndyfrdwy, who was descended from both dynasties.
Owain in legend.
A number of legends grew around Owain, of which one version from Cardiganshire runs as follows. Dafydd Meurig of Betws Bledrws was helping to drive cattle from Cardiganshire to London. On the way he cut himself a hazel stick, and was still carrying it when he encountered a stranger on London Bridge. The stranger asked Dafydd where he had cut the stick, and ended up accompanying him back to Wales to the place where the stick had been cut. The stranger told Dafydd to dig under the bush, and this revealed steps leading down to a large cave illuminated by lamps, where a man seven feet tall with a red right hand was sleeping. The stranger told Dafydd that this was Owain Lawgoch "who sleeps until the appointed time; when he wakes he will be king of the Britons".
The quarry reservoir at Aberllefenni in Gwynedd was once known as Llyn Owain Lawgoch and there is a story linking him with the nearby mansion, Plas Aberllefenni, recorded in "Trem Yn Ol" by J. Arthur Williams.
In Guernsey, Owain is remembered as "Yvon de Galles". He and his Aragonese mercenaries have been absorbed into the island's folklore as an invasion of diminutive but handsome fairies from across the sea. The story goes that the shipwrecked king of the fairies was found unconscious on a Guernsey shore by a girl named Lizabeau. When he awoke, he fell in love with her and carried her across the sea to be his queen. However, the other fairies soon decided that they wanted Guernsey brides, and invaded the island. The men of the island fought bravely but were slaughtered wholesale, except for two men who hid in an oven. The fairies then took Guernsey wives, which is said to be the reason for the typical Guernseyman's dark hair and short stature.


Iraq Assistance Group

The Iraq Assistance Group (IAG) was a U.S. military command underneath Multi-National Corps-Iraq that coordinated military transition teams assigned to the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) including the Iraqi Army, Federal Police, Department of Border Enforcement, Ports of Entry Directorate and provincial police. These teams provide partnership, mentoring and training to assist their ISF partners in achieving full operational effectiveness and facilitating the transition of internal security to Iraqi control. The Iraq Assistance Group itself was a joint command formed from the U.S. Army's 1st Infantry Division and composed of mostly Army soldiers but also including a sizable contingent of sailors, airmen and marines as well as members of foreign militaries.
The setup and mission of the Iraq Assistance Group was similar to the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) and Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) that sent American military advisors to train, advise and mentor members of foreign militaries in Indochina, specifically the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps,
Republic of Vietnam Navy and the Republic of Vietnam Air Force.
The Iraq Assistance Group and the transition teams it supported played a pivotal role in the success of the coalition strategy in Iraq which has made possible the planned redeployment of all US forces in Iraq in accordance with the U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement.
Dissolution.
As the security situation in Iraq improved along with the capabilities of the Iraqi Security Forces, the primary focus of coalition forces shifted from combat operations to partnership and mentoring. As a result, it was decided to merge the Iraq Assistance Group back into its parent command. On 3 June 2009, the Iraq Assistance Group cased its colors and its functions and personnel were merged into Multi-National Corps-Iraq.
Training.
Currently all Army Military Transition Teams (MiTTs), receive training at Fort Riley, Kansas and Camp Buehring, Kuwait. Marine Corps MiTTs receive training both at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, CA and the Advisor Training Group on Camp Pendleton, CA. Both the Army and Marine Corps teams then conduct their final in-theater training at what was formerly the Phoenix Academy located in Taji, Iraq before they are assigned to their Iraqi Army, Police or Border units. As of early 2009 the Phoenix Academy has merged with the former COIN CFE (Counter Insurgency Center for Excellence) to become COINSOC (Counter Insurgency Stability Operations Center).


Tyler Ziegel

Tyler W. Ziegel (October 16, 1982 – December 26, 2012) was a United States Marine Corps sergeant who suffered severe burns during the Iraq War. He received the Purple Heart medal.
Biography.
Ziegel was born in Peoria, Illinois, and was the eldest of two sons of Jeffrey and Rebecca Ziegel. His father worked in construction, his mother was a waitress. After school, Ziegel joined the U.S. Marine Corps. In 2003, after recruit training, he was sent to Iraq.
On December 22, 2004, Marine Sgt. Ziegel and six other marines were part of a convoy coming back to Al Asad Air Base from al-Qaim in northwestern Iraq, when a suicide bomber detonated an explosive device near their truck.
Ziegel survived but suffered serious injuries. His left arm was later amputated below the elbow, three fingers of his right hand were lost and, in place of the thumb, the big toe was transplanted. Ziegel became blind in one eye, his ears, nose and lips were burnt off. He also had shrapnel in his skull and a hole in the bone above the brow. For future use, part of Ziegel's skull was implanted into the fatty tissues of the upper part of his body and an artificial plate was placed instead of it. Ziegel also lost his tear duct, replaced by a prosthesis. Some parts of the face that were lost failed to recover even after more than 30 surgeries.
On October 7, 2006, shortly after discharge from the hospital, Ziegel married Renée Kline, whom he met before being sent to Iraq. Their wedding was widely reported by the press in the United States, and their marriage day was declared a holiday in Illinois. The wedding was attended by the American photographer Nina Berman who took a series of shots, one of which won first prize among portraits on World Press Photo.
A year after the wedding, Ziegel and Kline divorced. The reason for the divorce, according to them, was Kline's inability to accept Ziegel's horrible disfigurement, and her old flame from when Ziegel was deployed.
After the tragedy, Ziegel tried to live a socially active life. He was not able to work and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) paid him benefits. However, in 2007, Ziegel started a dispute with the VA over the size of the monthly compensation. Instead of the expected $4,000, initially he was awarded $2,700, which, according to Ziegel, was not enough to comfortably raise a family. Then Ziegel took part in the CNN program "Special Investigations Unit", after which his financial demands were met. That program attracted the attention of a wide audience, may of whom expressed their support to Ziegel. Among them was a World War II veteran, Hershel Williams, a retired United States marine, who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Battle of Iwo Jima.
His family announced that Ziegel died on December 26, 2012, from an overdose of alcohol and morphine. About 2,000 flags lined the streets of Metamora for miles in memory of Ziegel.
In February 2013, Pat Quinn, the Governor of Illinois, referred in his State of the State address to the history of Ziegel as an example of the courage needed by state legislators. He said, "What we all need in this coming session is courage, real political courage to do the right thing. We don't need to look any further for examples of courage than our men and women in uniform. Men like Sergeant Tyler Ziegel, a proud Marine who grew up in Metamora, Illinois ..."
In early May 2013, after an investigation of Ziegel's death, Peoria County Coroner Johnna Ingersoll said that death was caused by alcohol and drug intoxication, not by the fall. The analysis showed that Ziegel had a blood alcohol level of .123 and a level of morphine indicating the presence of heroin was 540 ng/ml. The cause of death, according to Ingersoll, was the combination of these substances. The coroner's jury acknowledged that Ziegel's death was accidental.


List of Marshals of the Royal Thai Air Force

Chom Phon Akat () or Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force is a 5-star rank and the most senior rank in the Royal Thai Air Force. It is equivalent to a Field Marshal (or "Chom Phon") in the Royal Thai Army and an Admiral of the Fleet (or "Chom Phon Ruea") in the Royal Thai Navy. The rank of Marshal of the RTAF is also equivalent to the British rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force.
The King of Thailand as Head of the Armed Forces is automatically made a Chom Phon upon accession. The rank was formally created in 1937, with the formal foundation of the Royal Siamese Air Force. Together with all other ranks of an independent air force.


Anthony Swofford

Anthony Swofford (born August 12, 1970) is an American writer and U.S. Marine, best known for his 2003 book "Jarhead", based heavily on his accounts of various situations encountered in the Persian Gulf War. This memoir was the basis of the 2005 film of the same name, directed by Sam Mendes.
Early life and education.
Swofford was born on August 12, 1970, in Fairfield, California, into a military family. He grew up living on a military base. His father had served in the Vietnam War, and before that his grandfather had fought in World War II. In fact, he was conceived in Honolulu while his father was on a five-day break from fighting in the Vietnam War.
In his own words, Swofford describes his younger self, before and during his tenure in the U.S. Marine Corps, as "a reader and a loner".
Terrified of being a failure in a "normal" life, Swofford wanted to join the Marines from an early age, as he saw it as "an entry into manhood". However, Swofford's father was against his joining, and the first of two recruiters to visit was escorted from the house. Swofford's father had said, "I know some things about the military that they don't show you in the brochures."
Personal life.
He is married to Christa Parravani.
Career.
Military.
Swofford joined the U.S. Marine Corps at the age of 18, and shortly after he turned 20 he was deployed to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, awaiting the start of the Persian Gulf War.
He was a lance corporal while serving as a Scout Sniper Trainee with the Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) Platoon of 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines.
Following the war, Swofford was promoted to corporal. He was uncomfortable with the notion that he was a hero, and deliberately missed the homecoming parade near his base. As far as he was concerned, he had simply done his job and wanted to forget it.
Return to civilian life.
After leaving the U.S. Marine Corps following the end of the war in the Gulf, Swofford at first found it difficult to adapt to civilian life, due to extreme combat-related PTSD. In his own words, it felt "strange to be in a place without having someone telling me to throw my gear in a truck and go somewhere".
Swofford returned to the United States, doing a variety of jobs to pay his way. His first job upon his return to civilian life was as a bank teller; however, after only a few months he was robbed at gunpoint, which led him to quit. Swofford also found work in warehouses.
Writing.
While attending the American River College, a community college in Sacramento, Swofford was published in and was the-editor-in-chief of the "American River Review", an award-winning literary magazine. Later, he received a Bachelor's degree in English from University of California, Davis, and earned a Master of Fine Arts from the Iowa Writers' Workshop, at the University of Iowa.
Swofford committed himself to writing in 1995, at the age of 24, and built on the encouragement he received at college to write "Jarhead", which documents his time spent in the Gulf. In the book he portrays a grim view of life as a Marine, and indeed shows himself in a rather unflattering light. He said himself, "I could have written a flattering portrait of myself as a young Marine, but it would have been a much lesser book." Reviewing "Jarhead" for "The New York Times", Michiko Kakutani said the book combined "the black humor of "Catch-22" with the savagery of "Full Metal Jacket" and the visceral detail of "The Things They Carried."" In 2004, he received the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir for "Jarhead".
Following his time at the University of Iowa, Swofford served as an English professor at Lewis and Clark College, where he taught a class in the school's "Inventing America" program, and St. Mary's College of California, until he sold the film rights to "Jarhead". Swofford has had articles, both fiction and non-fiction, published in "The New York Times", "Harper's", "Men's Journal", "The Iowa Review", and other publications. He is a Michener-Copernicus Fellowship recipient and currently teaches creative writing at West Virginia University. His first fictional novel, "Exit A", was published in January 2007. "Exit A" chronicles the life of a boy who grows up on an American Air Force Base in Japan and falls in love with the base general's daughter.
Television and film.
Swofford co-produced and narrated the 2006 documentary "Semper Fi", is featured in Richard E. Robbins’s documentary "Operation Homecoming", and has made appearances on several talk shows and in documentaries.


Vice-Admiral of the coast of County Durham

The Vice-Admiral of the coast of Durham was responsible for the defence County Durham, England.
History.
As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included pressing men for naval service, deciding the lawfulness of prizes (captured by privateers), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks and acting as a judge.
The earliest record of an appointment was of Reginald Beseley in 1559.
In 1863 the Registrar of the Admiralty Court stated that the offices had 'for many years been purely honorary' (HCA 50/24 pp. 235-6). Appointments were made by the Lord High Admiral when this officer existed. When the admiralty was in commission appointments were made by the crown by letters patent under the seal of the admiralty court.
Vice-Admirals of Durham.
This is a list of people who have served as Vice-Admiral of Durham.


The Time Warrior

The Time Warrior is the first serial of the 11th season of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 15 December 1973 to 5 January 1974. The serial introduced Elisabeth Sladen as new companion Sarah Jane Smith. It also marked the debut of the Sontaran race. The serial also introduces the name of the Doctor's home planet, Gallifrey.
In the serial, the Sontaran Commander Linx (Kevin Lindsay) crash-lands his spaceship in medieval England. He agrees to give futuristic weaponry to the warrior Irongron (David Daker) and his men, in exchange for Linx being given shelter to perform repairs on the damaged spaceship.
Plot.
In the Middle Ages, the bandit Irongron and his aide Bloodaxe, together with their rabble of criminals, find the crashed spaceship of a Sontaran warrior named Linx. The alien claims Earth for his Empire, then sets about repairing his ship, offering Irongron “magic weapons” that will make him a king in return for shelter. They strike a bargain, though Irongron remains suspicious.
The Third Doctor and Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart are investigating the disappearance of several scientists from a top secret scientific research complex. They do not know Linx has used an Osmic Projector to send himself forward to the 20th century and has kidnapped the scientists, then hypnotised them into making repairs on his ship. The Projector only lets him appear in another time for a brief period. While the Doctor investigates, he meets an eccentric scientist called Rubeish, and a young journalist called Sarah Jane Smith, who has infiltrated the complex by masquerading as her aunt. Later that evening Rubeish disappears and the Doctor uses the data he has gathered to pilot the TARDIS back to the Middle Ages, not realising that new companion Sarah has stowed away on board.
Irongron has stolen his castle from an absent nobleman, and relations with his neighbours are appalling. Indeed, the mild Lord Edward of Wessex has been provoked into building an alliance against him and, when this is slow in developing, sends his archer Hal on an unsuccessful mission to kill Irongron. Irongron is in a foul mood when a captured Sarah is brought before him. His mood improves when Linx presents him with a robot knight which is then put to the test on a captured Hal. The Doctor shoots the robot control box from Irongron's hands. The ensuing confusion lets both Hal and Sarah flee, and they head for Wessex Castle.
Meanwhile, the Doctor has realised both that Sarah is in the time period and has been captured, and also that she previously supposed him to be in league with Irongron. The next morning Irongron and his troops assault the castle using rifles supplied by Linx but the attack is repelled by the Doctor's cunning. The failure further sours the relationship between Linx and Irongron, which has deteriorated since the robot knight fiasco and the point at which the robber saw the Sontaran's true visage beneath his helmet.
The Doctor now decides to lead an attack on Irongron's castle, and he and Sarah enter dressed as friars. He makes contact with Rubeish and finds the human scientists in a state of extreme exhaustion. Linx catches the Doctor in the laboratory once more, but this time is rendered immobile when a lucky strike from Rubeish hits his probic vent – a Sontaran refuelling point on the back of their necks which is also their main weakness. Rubeish and the Doctor use the Osmic Projector to send the scientists back to the twentieth century. Sarah now invites herself into Irongron's kitchen, using the opportunity to drug the food, thereby knocking out Irongron's men.
A recovered Linx now determines his ship is repaired enough to effect a departure. Once more he encounters the Doctor, and they wrestle in combat. A crazed and half drugged Irongron arrives and accuses Linx of betraying him: the Sontaran responds by killing him. As Linx enters his spherical vessel Hal arrives and shoots him in the probic vent, and the Sontaran warrior falls dead over his controls, triggering the launch mechanism. Knowing the place is about to explode when the shuttle takes off, Hal awakes Bloodaxe, who rouses the remaining men and tells them to flee, while the Doctor hurries the last of his allies out of the castle. It explodes moments before the Doctor and Sarah depart in the TARDIS.
Production.
Working titles for this story included "The Time Fugitive" and "The Time Survivor". The original outline for the serial was humorously submitted to the production office in the form of a "Field report from Sontaran Field Marshal Hol Mes, to Terran Cedicks".
Location shooting of both Wessex Castle and Irongron's castle was done at Peckforton Castle, in Cheshire, utilising different views.
The serial also stars Kevin Lindsay as Commander Linx. Lindsay reappeared as Cho-je in Jon Pertwee's last episode, "Planet of the Spiders", and again as two Sontarans in Tom Baker's third story "The Sontaran Experiment".
The story introduces a new opening sequence that includes a slit-scan "time tunnel" effect. It also introduces a new, diamond-shaped logo. These remained in use until 1980. This is the first story in the series history to refer to each segment as a 'Part' rather than 'Episode'. This remained until the end of the classic series with the exception of "Destiny of the Daleks".
Broadcast and reception.
The BBC Audience Research Report taken for the fourth episode was positive, particularly the climax. However, there was a minority that felt it was too far-fetched or slapstick.
In "The Discontinuity Guide" (1995), Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote that the story was "a rather wonderful romp" and "one of Robert Holmes' funniest". David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker in "The Television Companion" (1998) gave a mixed review, stating that it was "enjoyable", especially in its dialogue and characters, but "lacks the sort of impact ideally needed to launch a new run of adventures". They felt that it was "absurd" for scientists to be under custody by UNIT, that the scientists were "clichéd and unbelievable", and the setting had "a lack of convincing period atmosphere". In 2010, Patrick Mulkern of "Radio Times" awarded it four stars out of five, praising the "broad characters and ripe dialogue", but felt the "greatest success" was Linx.
"The A.V. Club" Christopher Bahn praised the characterisation of Linx and Sarah. DVD Talk's Stuart Galbraith gave "The Time Warrior" four out of five stars, highlighting the "clever writing" and actor David Daker's performance. In 2009, "SFX" listed the cliffhanger where Linx removes his helmet as the seventh scariest "Doctor Who" moment, praising the monster design and idea. In the book "Doctor Who: The Episode Guide", Mark Campbell awarded it eight out of ten, concluding the serial was "a clever hybrid of history and science fiction. Linx is a chilling creation and, despite the hammy acting, there are some great moments."
Commercial releases.
In print.
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in June 1978.
The Target novelization, "Doctor Who and the Time Warrior", features a prologue written by Robert Holmes involving Linx at war with a group of Rutan Fighters. He is given the first name of Jingo. The Sontaran home planet is named "Sontara". It also suggests that the Earth had never been surveyed, which would eventually happen in the following "Sontaran" story "The Sontaran Experiment".
Holmes was initially commissioned to novelise his own story, but wrote only the book's prologue, sending it to Dicks with a note telling him to finish the rest himself. Holmes was not credited for his contribution. An unabridged reading of the Target novel was released by BBC audio on CD in February 2009. It is read by Jeremy Bulloch who played Hal the archer in the TV story.
Home media.
In 1989, the story was released in an omnibus format on VHS. This version omits a slightly extended scene of Sarah's capture from the beginning of episode two. "The Time Warrior" was released on region 2 DVD on 3 September 2007, commercially available in its original episodic format for the first time.
It was also released as part of the "Bred for War" DVD boxset along stories "The Sontaran Experiment", "The Invasion of Time" and "The Two Doctors". This serial was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in issue 53 on 12 January 2011.
Along with a few other selected serials of the Second and Third Doctor's runs, this serial has been offered for sale on the iTunes Store as of August 2008.


303rd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade

9th Mission Support Command activated the 303rd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade at Fort Shafter Flats, Hawaii, on 22 January 2011.


Generalleutnant

Generalleutnant, short GenLt, () is the second highest general officer rank in the German Army ("Heer") and the German Air Force ("Luftwaffe").
Rank.
The rank is rated OF-8 in NATO, and is grade B7 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence. It is equivalent to "Vizeadmiral" in the German Navy ("Marine"), or to Generaloberstabsarzt, and Admiraloberstabsarzt in the "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr". On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there are three golden pips (stars) in golden oak leaves.
Generalleutnant in East Germany.
Generalleutnant (en: lieutenant general) was in the so-called "armed organs of the GDR" (), represented by Ministry of National Defence, and Ministry for State Security, the second lowest general officer rank, comparable to the two-star rank in many NATO-Armed forces (Rangcode OF-7). This was in reference to Soviet military doctrine and in line with other armed forces of the Warsaw Pact.
The equivalent rank of the Volksmarine (en: GDR Navy) was the Viceadmiral, often called simply "Herr Admiral" for short.
Generalleutnant of the Wehrmacht.
Generalleutnant (en: lieutenant general) was in the German Reich, and Nazi Germany the second lowest general officer rank, comparable to the two-star rank in many NATO-Armed forces (Rangcode OF-7). It was equivalent to "Vizeadmiral" in the "Kriegsmarine", and SS-Gruppenführer in the Waffen-SS until 1945.


Barbara Balzerani

Barbara Balzerani (born 16 January 1949) is an Italian terrorist.
Early life.
Balzerani was born at Colleferro, in the province of Rome.
Career.
In the 1970s Balzerani became a leader of the Red Brigades (Italian "Brigate Rosse", or BR, which she had joined in 1975) in Rome. She took part in several killings, such as that of Girolamo Minervini and the assassination of Aldo Moro's escort in Via Fani (1978). After the arrest of BR's national leader Mario Moretti in 1981, she unsuccessfully tried to handle the split in the organization, becoming a leader of the "Brigate Rosse - Partito Comunista Combattente", while Giovanni Senzani led the other faction, the "BR - Partito Guerriglia".
During the detention of Aldo Moro, she occupied, together with Moretti, the BR base in Via Gradoli in Rome. The base was discovered due to a water leak, allegedly caused by a tap left open - although the circumstance of its discovery by Italian police forces were never totally made clear. In 1981 she participated in the abduction of US general James L. Dozier.
She was one of the last historical BR leaders to be arrested, in 1985. From prison, she claimed responsibility for the assassination of Florence's former mayor Lando Conti. She was sentenced to life imprisonment, but was paroled on 12 December 2006. She received complete freedom in 2011.
Balzerani wrote four books, "Compagna luna" (1998), "La sirena delle cinque "(2003), " Perché io, perché non tu" (2009) B and "Cronaca di un'attesa" (2011).


Vincent Danz

Vincent Danz was a New York Police Department officer and a Port Security Specialist Second Class in the United States Coast Guard Reserve, who died responding to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, on September 11, 2001.
Police career.
Danz joined the Police Department after serving in the United States Marine Corps. He had been a Police officer for 14 years. He started on bicycle patrol. He was a member of the Emergency Services Unit.
Legacy.
Danz was the first Police Officer to have a memorial service. New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani gave a eulogy.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all the cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. On October 23, 2019, the Coast Guard announced that the 62nd Sentinel class cutter would be named the USCGC "Vincent Danz".
On November 12, 2019, Karl Schultz, Commandant of the Coast Guard was joined by Bill de Blasio, Mayor of New York, James P. O'Neill, Police Commissioner and John Sudnik FDNY Fire Chief, to formally announce the ship's names.


Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross () was a decoration intended for victorious generals of the Prussian Army and its allies. It was the second highest class of the Iron Cross, following the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, which was awarded only twice. Along with the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class, the Grand Cross was founded on 10 March 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars. It was renewed in 1870 for the Franco-Prussian War and again in 1914 for World War I. In 1939, when Adolf Hitler renewed the Iron Cross as a German (rather than strictly Prussian) decoration, he also renewed the Grand Cross.
The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was twice the size of the Iron Cross and was worn from a ribbon around the neck. The later Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, instituted in 1939, was also worn from the neck; it was smaller than the Grand Cross but larger than the Iron Cross.
1813 Grand Cross.
Five men received the 1813 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for actions during the Napoleonic Wars:
1870 Grand Cross.
The Iron Cross was renewed on 19 July 1870, for the Franco-Prussian War. Nine men received the 1870 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for service during that war. Seven Grand Crosses were awarded on 22 March 1871, to:
Kaiser Wilhelm I received the Grand Cross on 16 June 1871, and Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, received it on 4 December 1871. The Kaiser was supreme commander of the Prussian Army, and Moltke was Chief of the General Staff. The others were senior combat commanders of the Prussian Army (Crown Prince Albert initially commanded the Saxon Army as a corps under a Prussian field army, but later took command of a combined Prussian/Saxon field army).
1914 Grand Cross.
The Iron Cross was renewed again on 5 August 1914. There were five recipients of the 1914 Grand Cross in the First World War:
1939 Grand Cross.
Adolf Hitler reinstituted the Iron Cross as a German decoration in September 1939, with the Grand Cross again the highest grade (above the various classes of the Knight's Cross).
Hermann Göring became the only recipient of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II when it was awarded to him on 19 July 1940 for his role as the Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe who lead them to victory in the French campaign.
A World War II version of the higher Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was devised, but never formally instituted or awarded. Following the Allied victory in May 1945, the US Army seized the only known prototype, which is now a part of the collection of the Museum of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York.


Bentonville Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Bentonville of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
Army of the South.
Gen Joseph E. Johnston, commanding
Army of Tennessee.
LTG Alexander P. Stewart
Lee's Corps.
MG D. H. Hill
Stewart's Corps.
MG William W. Loring (became ill March 20)

MG Edward C. Walthall
Cheatham's Corps.
MG William B. Bate
Department of North Carolina.
Gen Braxton Bragg
Department of South Carolina, Georgia, & Florida.
LTG William J. Hardee
Cavalry Command.
LTG Wade Hampton III
Wheeler's Cavalry Corps.
MG Joseph Wheeler


Coffee Strong

Coffee Strong is a GI coffeehouse based on the tradition of resistance coffee houses opened during the Vietnam War by antiwar veterans and active duty soldiers. Based in Lakewood, WA it was founded in 2008 by veterans returning from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It is located within 300 meters of the gates at Joint Base Lewis-McChord. It is one of three currently active GI resistance coffee houses along with Under the Hood Café near Fort Hood in Texas & Norfolk Offbase in Norfolk, Virginia. According to Coffee Strong board member Zoltan Grossman The goal of the G.I. coffeehouse is to provide soldiers, their families and recent vets a place away from the base where they can learn about resources available to them, meet with G.I. rights counselors, and access alternative information. It holds weekly movie nights, and hosts speakers, hiphop, punk and folk concerts, and other events. The response from soldiers visiting the coffeehouse has so far been overwhelmingly positive.
The Coffee Strong advisory board includes linguist and dissident Noam Chomsky, Marjorie Cohn, Mike Ferner, Eva Golinger, Dahr Jamail, Antonia Juhasz, Col. Ann Wright (Ret.), and the late historian and author Howard Zinn. In 2011 filmmaker and professor of Folklore and English at the University of Oregon Lisa Gilman released the film "Grounds for Resistance" about Coffee Strong and featured interviews by some of its founders and reactions to it from Joint Base Lewis-McChord soldiers.


Charles W. Sexton

Charles W. Sexton, Machinery Technician First Class, USCG, was awarded a posthumous award of the Coast Guard Medal for "extraordinary heroism."
Action cited.
Sexton died during the rescue of fishermen stranded off the treacherous Columbia River bar.
A Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat Crew had proceeded to the fishing trawler "Sea King" in "motor lifeboat 44381", because the trawler had lost power off the Columbia bar, and was taking on water. As the unit's Emergency Medical Technician, Sexton was tending to a wounded fisherman's injuries after bringing over dewatering pumps when the trawler unexpectedly turned over. Two of the trawler's crew and a Coast Guardsman were thrown into the Ocean and were eventually rescued, but Sexton and two other crew members became trapped in the vessel's pilot house and drowned.
Coast Guard Medal citation.
His award citation stated:
Petty Officer SEXTON is cited for extraordinary heroism on 11 January 1991 while serving as emergency medical technician aboard Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG-44381. The boat crew was responding to a distress call from F/V SEA KING, a 75-foot stern trawler with four persons on board, which was taking on water and in danger of sinking, four nautical miles northwest of the Columbia River Bar, with her decks awash and after compartment and engine room steadily filling up with water. From the relative safety the motor lifeboat, Petty Officer SEXTON unselfishly volunteered to go aboard the foundering fishing vessel to treat the injuries of a SEA KING crew member who had fallen to the deck boat during a failed helicopter hoist. He skillfully diagnosed the victim’s injuries, informed the flight surgeon of the extent of the injuries and provided first aid treatment. Once the victim was stabilized, Petty Officer SEXTON turned his attention to assisting with the dewatering of the vessel. The SEA KING required several dewatering pumps to remove the initial quantity of sea water from the engine room. Then, hourly dewatering of the vessel was necessary to maintain proper trim aboard the vessel. After more than 6 hours of this exhausting routine, with the worst of the treacherous bar crossing behind them, the SEA KING suddenly, without warning, rolled over, throwing victims into the churning seas and trapping Petty Officer SEXTON in the enclosed pilot house. He went down with vessel, sacrificing his life while attempting to save the lives of the SEA KING’s crew members. Petty Officer SEXTON demonstrated remarkable initiative, exceptional fortitude, and daring in spite of imminent danger in this rescue. His courage and devotion to duty are most heartily commended and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Coast Guard.
Sexton Hall.
The first barracks new Coast Guard recruits inhabit upon their arrival at the Coast Guard Training Center in Cape May, New Jersey, is named "Sexton Hall", in his honor.
Recruits stay there during their orientation, prior to their assignment to a training unit.
Upon arriving to recruit basic training in Cape May, New Jersey, recruits spend their first three nights in "Sexton Hall" for forming, and before being put into a company. Named after Charles W. Sexton, there are tributes to him within the barracks.Sexton Hall is also the residence of recruits discharged before completion of recruit training awaiting orders home (whether for medical or disciplinary reasons).
Cape Disappointment.
The Coast Guard's National Motor Lifeboat School where Sexton was stationed at the time of his death, named the maintenance building in his honor. A bronze relief plaque is displayed at the building entrance to remind staff and students of his ultimate sacrifice.
USCGC "Charles Sexton".
In 2010, when the Coast Guard decided that all the new Sentinel class cutters would be named after Coast Guard personnel who had been recognized for their heroism, Sexton was one of those to be honored.
The 8th cutter in the class was named the USCGC "Charles Sexton" and is based in Key West, Florida.
A 154' USCG Sentinel-Class Fast Response Cutter that bears his name was commissioned in Key West, FL on March 8, 2014.


Ninja presence in Myanmar

Ninja-Myanmar relation refers to the international relations between ninjas, Japanese covert agents and Myanmar, previously called Burma. Despite the fact that there is no evidence of traditional ninjas' existence in Burma, they have been depicted in popular culture due to the close relationship between Japanese secret agency and Burmese revolutionaries during World War II.
History.
The first Japanese people to come to Burma is thought to be Rōnin warriors who served local kingdoms. For example, some kirishitan samurai belong to Society of Jesus fled from the ban of Catholicism by Tokugawa Ieyasu. They settled in Ayutthaya Kingdom then moved to and served Kingdom of Mrauk U in 1612. According to the tradition of Shan people, many samurais fled from Ayutthaya Kingdom served local kings of Kengtung. However, there is no record of Japanese ninja in Burmese kingdoms during this period.
In 1941, thirty Burmese independent activists supported by Japanese empire received military training by special intelligence unit called . Minami Kikan was mainly composed of the graduates of Nakano School where Fujita Seiko, "The last ninja” taught Kōga-ryū ninjutsu in the early days of the school. Among the Burmese, four men (Ne Win, Yan Naing, Zeya, and Kyaw Zaw) were chosen to specialize in field command, sabotage and guerrilla warfare possibly including the method of ninja.
It was among a few rare cases that foreign soldiers were trained by Nakano graduates along with Russians trained by Japanese secret military agency in Harbin.
In October 26, 2019, Jinichi Kawakami, the head of Banke Shinobinoden who claims himself as only heir to authentic ninjutsu arrived at Yangon and demonstrated his art.


Military ranks of Uzbekistan

The Military ranks of Uzbekistan are the military insignia used by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Being a former Soviet state, Uzbekistan shares a rank structure similar to that of Russia.
Commissioned officers.
The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army, navy and air force respectively.
Enlisted.
The rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army, navy and air force respectively.


6th Mounted Rifles

The 6th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1910 in Erfurt.


Order of battle in the Algeciras campaign

The Algeciras campaign, or Battles of Algeciras, was a brief naval campaign fought between a combined French and Spanish Navy force and a British Royal Navy force during 4–13 July 1801. A French squadron, seeking to join the Spanish fleet and a number of French ships of the line at the Spanish Atlantic base of Cadiz, sailed from Toulon on 13 June under Contre-amiral Charles Linois. Rounding the British naval base of Gibraltar on the southern coast of Spain on 4 July, Linois learned that a British squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez was on station off Cadiz. Seeking to avoid battle with Saumarez's much larger force, Linois anchored in the Spanish port of Algeciras, close to Gibraltar. Saumarez discovered Linois there on 6 July and attacked at 08:30, his ships hampered by light winds and Linois's strong defensive position.
During the battle, in which the French squadron was heavily supported by fire from Spanish shore batteries and gunboats, the British ship HMS "Hannibal" grounded and could not be refloated. Two of the French ships were also driven ashore, but the fire of the Spanish batteries and the lack of wind all contributed to Saumarez calling off the attack at 13:35, leaving "Hannibal" stranded and isolated. Captain Solomon Ferris was left with no option but to surrender as the remainder of the British force limped back to Gibraltar.
Linois called on the Spanish forces in Cadiz for reinforcements and on 9 July a relief squadron was sent consisting of six ships of the line and two frigates under . Arriving on 9 July, this force anchored in Algeciras until Linois was ready to sail on 12 July, the large combined squadron departing westwards with the wind during the evening. Saumarez followed, sending HMS "Superb" to attack the Spanish rearguard. During the opening stages of the second battle "Superb" set the 112-gun Spanish ship "Real Carlos" on fire and captured the French "Saint Antoine". "Real Carlos" later drifted into the "San Hermenegildo", spreading the fire to her compatriot. Both ships exploded at 00:15 on 13 July with enormous loss of life.
The British squadron pressed on with the attack, and at 05:15 on 13 July HMS "Venerable" and HMS "Thames" attacked the French "Formidable" off the Spanish coast. In a fierce engagement, "Formidable" brought down "Venerable"'s masts and drove the ship on shore, the French ship escaping with the rest of the squadron to Cadiz. "Venerable" was later salvaged and returned to Gibraltar, while Saumarez reinstated the British blockade of Cadiz.
First Battle of Algeciras.
British squadron.
The British squadron was formed from the force enforcing the Cadiz blockade to ensure that the Spanish fleet stationed there did not put to sea. One ship from the squadron was absent during the battle; HMS "Superb" had been detached to the Guadalquivir River and, along with the frigate HMS "Thames", did not reach Algeciras in time to participate, turning back to Cadiz on 6 July and observing the later movements of the combined squadron. All of the British squadron was heavily engaged, but "Hannibal" and "Pompée", isolated at the head of the British line by calm winds, took the heaviest damage. "Pompée" had to be towed to safety by the boats of the squadron and "Hannibal" was grounded and eventually forced to surrender. Between them "Pompée" and "Hannibal" took more than half of the total British casualties.
French squadron.
Linois's squadron was well defended, situated in a strong position and covered by Spanish forts and gunboats augmented by shore parties from the French ships, which were carrying more than 1,500 French soldiers. The ships of the line were all heavily engaged, with "Desaix" and "Indomptable" driven ashore and "Formidable" also badly damaged. All three required extensive repairs before they were seaworthy. "Murion" was close inshore and thus only lightly damaged, but the Spanish batteries, gunboats and the town of Algeciras itself all suffered severe damage.
Second Battle of Algeciras.
British squadron.
Saumarez's squadron was all suffering from the effects of the first battle, especially "Caesar" which had had its masts replaced in just four days. "Pompée" was so badly damaged that Saumarez abandoned the ship in the Gibraltar dockyards and redistributed the crew throughout the squadron. The only fresh ships were "Superb" and "Thames", which had rejoined the squadron on 10 July after shadowing the combined squadron's approach to Algeciras. In the battle, only "Superb", "Venerable" and "Thames" were engaged, the other ships trailing too far behind the combined squadron to play an active role in the combat, although their presence did discourage Moreno from continuing the battle on the morning of 13 July.
French and Spanish squadron.
The combined squadron was formed on 9 July by the merger of Linois's battered force at Algeciras and Moreno's relief force. It totaled five Spanish ships of the line and four French and was much larger than its British opponent. However, all of Linois's ships were badly damaged from the first battle and the captured "Hannibal" was so battered that Moreno ordered it to return to Algeciras with the frigate "Indienne" on 12 July. Neither took any part in the battle. Much of the combined squadron was not engaged in the second battle, managing to escape Saumarez's pursuit and reach Cadiz safely. The rearguard of "Rear Carlos", "San Hermengildo" and "Saint Antoine" was overwhelmed in the night however and "Formidable" only escaped after a fierce engagement on the Spanish coast the following morning.


Frigate captain

Frigate captain is a naval rank in the naval forces of several countries. Corvette lies one level below Frigate.
It is, usually, equivalent to the Commonwealth/US Navy rank of commander.
Countries using this rank include Argentina, Colombia and Spain (), France (), Belgium (), Italy (),
Brazil and Portugal () Croatia () and Germany () .
In the Royal Canadian Navy, "capitaine de frégate" is the official French language name for the rank of commander.
The NATO rank code is OF-4, the official translation for instance of the German "Fregattenkapitän" as well as the French "capitaine de frégate" into English is "commander senior grade".
The Russian/Soviet equivalent is "captain of the 2nd rank" ("капитан 2-го ранга")
Germany.
 "Fregattenkapitän" is a German Navy line officer rank OF-4 equivalent to Oberstleutnant (en: Lieutenant colonel) in German Army and German Air Force.


James Bell (Medal of Honor)

James Joseph Bell (July 1, 1845 – June 1, 1901) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. His name is sometimes incorrectly given as James M. Bell.
Early years.
James Bell was born in County Antrim, Ireland, in June 1845 (his gravestone says July 1, 1845). He came to the U.S. in 1866, working initially as a laborer. On July 9, 1870, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was assigned to Company E Seventh Infantry. He reenlisted five years later.
The Great Sioux War of 1876-77.
In March 1876, Company E Seventh Infantry, commanded by Captain Walter Clifford, departed their station at Camp Baker, Montana, to join General John Gibbon in preparation to launching against the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne who had refused to come into the reservations. The company arrived at Fort Ellis near Bozeman where other troops were gathering. In April, the column departed, heading east along the Yellowstone River and finally meeting up with General Alfred Terry's column in early June. After Lieutenant Colonel George Custer's column broke off heading up the Rosebud, the Terry-Gibbon column marched up the Yellowstone and then turned up the Rosebud River. They arrived at the tragic scene of the Battle of the Little Bighorn two days after Custer and his men had lost their lives.
On July 9, 1876, General Terry called for volunteers to carry a message to General George Crook about the Custer disaster and to offering to coordinate their columns against the hostile Indians. To accomplish this dangerous mission through hostile country, three privates from Captain Clifford's company volunteered to carry the message: Bell, William Evans, and Benjamin F. Stewart. It took the soldiers three days to make their way to General Crook's camp near present-day Sheridan, Wyoming. For their bravery, all three soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor on December 2, 1876. The citation reads "Carried dispatches to Gen. Crook at the imminent risk of his life."
Later life.
Private Bell was promoted to sergeant and spent the remainder of his professional life in the Army, serving eight enlistments in all. He was married in 1888 and had one son, born at Fort Logan in 1897. Bell returned to Chicago, where he died on July 1, 1901. He was buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicago.
Note.
Private Bell should not to be confused with two-time Medal of Honor recipient James Franklin Bell, who later obtained the rank of major general or with Sergeant James B. Bell of the 11th Ohio Infantry, who was awarded his medal during the Civil War


Cold Harbor Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31–June 12, 1864) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and the reports.
Army of Northern Virginia.
Gen Robert E. Lee, Commanding
General Staff:
First Corps.
MG Richard H. Anderson
Second Corps.
MG Jubal A. Early
Third Corps.
LTG Ambrose P. Hill
Cavalry Corps.
MG Wade Hampton


Chetnik order of battle

The Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland (; ), commonly known as the Chetniks ("Четници / Četnici"), or The Ravna Gora movement ("Равногорски покрет / Ravnogorski pokret"), was the military formation under the direct command of Draža Mihailović, one of several formations under the umbrella Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, officially established on 10 June 1942.


President of South Yemen


3rd (Royal Marine) Brigade

The 3rd (Royal Marine) was an infantry brigade of the Royal Marines. It was assigned to the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.
The brigade then known as the Royal Marine Brigade, was raised in August 1914, from surplus naval reserves. On 2 August 1915, the brigade was reduced from four to two battalions and transferred to the 2nd Royal Naval Brigade. The Royal Marine Brigade was then disbanded. In May 1916, the Royal Marine Brigade was reformed. In July 1916, it was re-designated the 1st (Royal Naval) Brigade and then the 188th Brigade later the same month.


Buddie Newman

Clarence Benton "Buddie" Newman (May 8, 1921 – October 13, 2002) was an American farmer and politician who served as Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1976 to 1988. He was elected to one term in the state senate before beginning his 36-year career in the House, representing his native Issaquena County.
A conservative Democrat, Newman was a close ally of House Speaker Walter Sillers Jr. and Governor Ross Barnett, supporting racial segregation throughout the Civil Rights era and afterward.
Early life and education.
Newman was born on May 8, 1921 at the Railroad Section Foreman's House in Valley Park, Mississippi, the fifth child of Minnie Belle (Prine) and Josephus Clarence Newman Sr., a farmer and foreman for the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad. He was named after his father and Dr. J. B. Benton, the railroad physician who delivered him.
In 1931, J. C. was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives when incumbent R. E. Foster died in office, and he brought the young Buddie with him to Jackson as a legislative page in 1938.
Political career.
A member of his local Citizens' Council, Newman was a proponent of racial segregation and white supremacy. He served as an advisor to Governor Barnett during the Ole Miss riot of 1962 and was reportedly one of the strongest voices urging defiance of federal authorities on the integration of state institutions. Speaker Sillers appointed him as chair of the powerful House ways and means committee in 1964.
Later life and death.
Newman died at his home on October 13, 2002. After lying in state in the state capitol rotunda, he was buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Vicksburg.


Big Bethel order of battle

The following Union Army and Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Big Bethel on June 10, 1861 during the American Civil War.
Confederate forces.
Col John B. Magruder, Commander of the Hampton Division (1404 men)
Union forces.
MG Benjamin Butler, Commander of the Department of Virginia (4400 men)