Eric Ravilious

Eric William Ravilious (22 July 1903 – 2 September 1942) was a British painter, designer, book illustrator and wood-engraver. He grew up in East Sussex, and is particularly known for his watercolours of the South Downs and other English landscapes, which examine English landscape and vernacular art with an off-kilter, modernist sensibility and clarity. He served as a war artist, and died when the aircraft he was in was lost off Iceland.
Life.
Ravilious was born on 22 July 1903 in Churchfield Road, Acton, London, the son of Frank Ravilious and his wife Emma ("née" Ford). While he was still a small child the family moved to Eastbourne in Sussex, where his parents ran an antique shop.
Ravilious was educated at Eastbourne Grammar School. In 1919 he won a scholarship to Eastbourne School of Art and in 1922 another to study at the Design School at the Royal College of Art. There he became close friends with Edward Bawden (his 1930 painting of Bawden at work is in the collection of the college) and, from 1924, studied under Paul Nash. Nash, an enthusiast for wood-engraving, encouraged him in the technique, and was impressed enough by his work to propose him for membership of the Society of Wood Engravers in 1925, and helped him to get commissions.
In 1925 Ravilious received a travelling scholarship to Italy and visited Florence, Siena, and the hill towns of Tuscany. Following this he began teaching part-time at the Eastbourne School of Art, and from 1930 taught (also part-time) at the Royal College of Art. In the same year he married Eileen Lucy "Tirzah" Garwood, also an artist and engraver, whom he met at Eastbourne College of Art. They had three children: John Ravilious (1935–2014); the photographer James Ravilious (1939–1999); and Anne Ullmann (1941– ), editor of books on her parents and their work.
In 1928 Ravilious, Bawden and Charles Mahoney painted a series of murals at Morley College in south London on which they worked for a whole year. Their work was described by J. M. Richards as "sharp in detail, clean in colour, with an odd humour in their marionette-like figures" and "a striking departure from the conventions of mural painting at that time", but was destroyed by bombing in 1941.
Between 1930 and 1932 Ravilious and Garwood lived in Hammersmith, west London, where there is a blue plaque on the wall of their house at the corner of Upper Mall and Weltje Road. The building looks out onto The Boat Race course, and the couple held bathing and boat-race parties. When Ravilious and Bawden graduated from the RCA they began exploring the Essex countryside in search of rural subjects to paint. Bawden rented Brick House in Great Bardfield as a base and when he married Charlotte Epton, his father bought it for him as a wedding present. Ravilious and Garwood lodged in Brick House with the Bawdens until 1934 when they purchased Bank House at Castle Hedingham, which is now also marked by a blue plaque. There were eventually several other Great Bardfield Artists.
In 1933 Ravilious and his wife painted murals at the Midland Hotel in Morecambe. In November 1933, Ravilious held his first solo exhibition at the Zwemmer Gallery in London, titled "An Exhibition of Water-Colour Drawings". Twenty of the 37 works displayed were sold.
A 1933 painting of Ravilious and Edward Bawden, by Michael Rothenstein, was acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in 2012.
Printmaking and illustration.
Ravilious engraved more than 400 illustrations and drew over 40 lithographic designs for books and publications during his lifetime. His first commission, in 1926, was to illustrate a novel for Jonathan Cape. He went on to produce work both for large companies such as the Lanston Corporation and smaller, less commercial publishers, such as the Golden Cockerel Press (for whom he illustrated an edition of "Twelfth Night"), the Curwen Press and the Cresset Press. His woodcut of two Victorian gentlemen playing cricket has appeared on the front cover of every edition of "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" since 1938. His style of wood-engraving was greatly influenced by that of Thomas Bewick, whom both he and Bawden admired. Ravilious in turn influenced other wood engravers, such as Gwenda Morgan who also depicted scenes in the South Downs and was commissioned by the Golden Cockerel Press.
In the mid-1930s Ravilious took up lithography, making a print of "Newhaven Harbour" for the "Contemporary Lithographs" scheme, and a set of full-page lithographs, mostly of shop interiors, for a book called "High Street", with text by J. M. Richards. Following a trip in a submarine in the war he produced a series of lithographs on "Submarines", a set of 12, one of which was entitled "Submarine Dream"
Design.
In February 1936, Ravilious held his second exhibition at the Zwemmer Gallery and again it was a success, with 28 out of the 36 paintings shown being sold. This exhibition also led to a commission from Wedgwood for ceramic designs. His work for them included a commemorative mug to mark the abortive coronation of Edward VIII; the design was revised for the coronation of George VI.
Other popular Ravilious designs included the "Alphabet" mug of 1937, and the china sets, "Afternoon Tea" (1938), "Travel" (1938), and "Garden Implements" (1939), plus the "Boat Race Day" cup in 1938. Production of Ravilious' designs continued into the 1950s, with the coronation mug design being posthumously reworked for the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953.
He also undertook glass designs for Stuart Crystal in 1934, graphic advertisements for London Transport and furniture work for Dunbar Hay in 1936. Ravilious and Bawden were both active in the campaign by the Artists' International Association to support the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War. Throughout 1938 and 1939, Ravilious spent time working in Wales, the south of France and at Aldeburgh to prepare works for his third one-man show, which was held at the Arthur Tooth & Sons Gallery in 1939.
Watercolour.
Apart from a brief experimentation with oils in 1930 – inspired by the works of Johan Zoffany – Ravilious painted almost entirely in watercolour. He was especially inspired by the landscape of the South Downs around Beddingham. He frequently returned to Furlongs, the cottage of Peggy Angus. He said that his time there "altered my whole outlook and way of painting, I think because the colour of the landscape was so lovely and the design so beautifully obvious ... that I simply had to abandon my tinted drawings". Some of his works, such as "Tea at Furlongs", were painted there.
Murals.
Ravilious was commissioned to paint murals on the walls of the tea room on Victoria Pier at Colwyn Bay in 1934. After the pier's partial collapse, these were thought unrecoverable, but, as of March 2018, one had been recovered in pieces and it was hoped that a second could also be saved, along with parts of another by Mary Adshead, from the pier's auditorium.
Conwy Council's conservation officer, Huw Davies, said:
War artist.
Prior to the outbreak of WWII Ravilious aligned himself with anti-fascist causes, including lending his work to the 1937 exhibition "Artists Against Fascism". He considered joining the military as a rifleman but was deterred by friends; he joined a Royal Observer Corps post in Hedingham at the outbreak of war. He was then accepted as a full-time salaried artist by the War Artists' Advisory Committee in December 1939. He was given the rank of Honorary Captain in the Royal Marines and assigned to the Admiralty.
In February 1940, he reported to the Royal Naval barracks at Chatham Dockyard. While based there he painted ships at the dockside, barrage balloons at Sheerness and other coastal defences. "Dangerous Work at Low Tide, 1940" depicts bomb disposal experts approaching a German magnetic mine on Whitstable Sands. Two members of the team Ravilious painted were later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
On 24 May 1940 Ravilious sailed to Norway aboard HMS "Highlander" which was escorting HMS "Glorious" and the force being sent to recapture Narvik. "Highlander" returned to Scapa Flow before departing for Norway a second time on 31 May 1940. From the deck of "Highlander", Ravilious painted scenes of both HMS "Ark Royal" and HMS "Glorious" in action. "HMS Glorious in the Arctic" depicts Hawker Hurricanes and Gloster Gladiators landing on the deck of "Glorious" as part of the evacuation of forces from Norway on 7/8 June. The following evening "Glorious" was sunk, with great loss of life.
On returning from Norway, Ravilious was posted to Portsmouth from where he painted submarine interiors at Gosport and coastal defences at Newhaven. After Ravilious's third child was born in April 1941, the family moved out of Bank House to Ironbridge Farm near Shalford, Essex. The rent on this property was paid partly in cash and partly in paintings, which are among the few private works Ravilious completed during the war. In October 1941 Ravilious transferred to Scotland, having spent six months based at Dover. In Scotland, Ravilious first stayed with John Nash and his wife at their cottage on the Firth of Forth and painted convoy subjects from the signal station on the Isle of May. At the Royal Naval Air Station in Dundee, Ravilious drew, and sometimes flew in, the Supermarine Walrus seaplanes based there.
In early 1942, Ravilious was posted to York but shortly afterwards was allowed to return home to Shalford when his wife was taken ill. There he worked on his York paintings and requested a posting to a nearby RAF base while Garwood recovered. He spent a short time at RAF Debden before moving to RAF Sawbridgeworth in Hertfordshire. At Sawbridgeworth he began flying regularly in the de Havilland Tiger Moths based at the flying school there and would sketch other planes in flight from the rear cockpit of the plane.
Death.
On 28 August 1942 Ravilious flew to Reykjavík in Iceland and then travelled on to RAF Kaldadarnes. The day he arrived there, 1 September, a Lockheed Hudson aircraft had failed to return from a patrol. The next morning three aircraft were despatched at dawn to search for the missing plane and Ravilious opted to join one of the crews. The aircraft he was on also failed to return and after four days of further searching, the RAF declared Ravilious and the four-man crew lost in action. His body was never recovered and he is commemorated on the Chatham Naval Memorial. The log book belonging to the pilot of the fatal flight, in the possession of the pilot's daughter, with a hand-written note "failed to return", and an RAF official stamp "death presumed", was shown on the BBC Television programme "Antiques Roadshow" in March 2020.
In 1946 Ravilious's widow married Anglo-Irish radio producer Henry Swanzy.
Exhibitions.
A touring exhibition organised by the Victor Batte-Lay Trust named "Eric Ravilious 1903 – 1942" was held at The Minories, Colchester in 1972. The Minories held an exhibition on graphic art and book illustration in 2009, named "Graphic art and the art of illustration" which featured Ravilious.
In April to August 2015 the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London held what it called "the first major exhibition to survey" his watercolours, with more than 80 on display.
Works by Eric Ravilious are held by the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Fry Art Gallery, The Faringdon Collection at Buscot Park, The Ingram Collection of Modern British and Contemporary Art, The Priseman Seabrook Collection and the Victoria and Albert Museum. The largest collection is held at the Towner Gallery in Eastbourne.
The Towner Gallery marked the 75th anniversary of Ravilious' death with "Ravilious & Co: The Pattern of Friendship", a major exhibition created with guest curator Andy Friend that explored the significant relationships and working collaborations between Ravilious and an important group of friends and affiliates, including Paul Nash, John Nash, Enid Marx, Barnett Freedman, Tirzah Garwood, Edward Bawden, Thomas Hennell, Douglas Percy Bliss, Peggy Angus, Diana Low and Helen Binyon.


Beijing Coup

The Beijing Coup () refers to the October 1924 "coup d'état" by Feng Yuxiang against Chinese President Cao Kun, leader of the Zhili warlord faction. Feng called it the Capital Revolution (). The coup occurred at a crucial moment in the Second Zhili–Fengtian War and allowed the pro-Japanese Fengtian clique to defeat the previously dominant Zhili clique. Followed by a brief period of liberalization under Huang Fu, on November 23 this government was replaced by a conservative, pro-Japanese government led by Duan Qirui. The coup alienated many liberal Chinese from the Beijing government.
Events.
In 1923 Cao Kun became president by bribing the National Assembly. His Zhili clique, whose military was commanded by Wu Peifu, had already established itself as the dominant military force in China through a succession of resounding military victories. However, Cao was not satisfied with being just a strongman and wished the prestige of being officially titled head of state. After ousting President Li Yuanhong from office, he openly offered $5000 to any member of parliament who would elect him president. There was massive public outrage against his plan but he succeeded despite a counter-bribe by Zhang Zuolin, Duan Qirui and Sun Yat-sen to "not" elect him. Inaugurated on Double Ten Day that year with a newly minted constitution, he subsequently neglected his duties as president to concentrate on defeating the rival warlord factions.
One of his subordinates, the semi-Zhili-affiliated Feng Yuxiang, became increasingly dissatisfied with Cao and Wu Peifu. His sympathies lay with Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang government in Guangzhou, and Japan had also supplied him with 1.5 million yen (via warlord Zhang Zuolin) in hopes he would agree to topple the Cao government. The Japanese wanted to remove the Zhili government due to its strong anti-Japanese policy. In the autumn of 1924 the Zhili clique went to war with Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique in the Second Zhili–Fengtian War. With Wu at the helm of Zhili's armies, it was expected to be victorious. If the Fengtian clique was destroyed, the Zhili clique could finish off its few remaining rivals in the south with ease.
Early on 23 October, however, Feng Yuxiang's Beijing defense troops seized control of key government buildings, public utilities and the roads leading into and out of Beijing. Cao Kun was placed under house arrest and stripped of his presidency. Upon receiving news of the coup, the Fengtian commanders Zhang Zongchang and Li Jinglin used this opportunity to launch a major offensive and broke the Zhili clique's frontline, putting them in a favorable military position. Zhang Zuolin took full advantage of the coup, pursued the Zhili army and won a major victory outside Tianjin.
Wu and his remaining forces fled to central China where they met up with his ally Sun Chuanfang. All of north China was divided between the Fengtian clique and Feng Yuxiang, whose forces were renamed the Guominjun (Nationalist Army). Zhang Zuolin took the prosperous northeast while Feng was left with the poor northwest.
After the coup, Feng placed Huang Fu as acting president of the Beijing government. He initiated several reforms on Feng's behalf, including the expulsion of Titular Emperor Puyi from the Forbidden City and abolishing the role of the old bell and drum towers as the official timepiece. However, Huang refused to guarantee foreign privileges and Zhang Zuolin became despondent at his one-time ally. The only major agreement Feng and Zhang made was to dissolve the discredited National Assembly and create a provisional government with the pro-Japanese but relatively competent Duan Qirui as its head.
Significance.
Plans were made to hold negotiations for national reunification among Feng, Zhang, Duan and Sun Yat-sen. These were fruitless and Sun died in Beijing in March 1925.
Feng and Zhang came to blows when Fengtian Gen. Guo Songling defected to the Guominjun on November 22 and started the Anti-Fengtian War. Six days after this Li Dazhao led a so-called First United Front movement to topple Duan's provisional government, calling it the Capital Revolution. Feng wanted to support this but changed his mind, preferring to concentrate his forces on Zhang's army. As a result, the Capital Revolution movement collapsed.
While the defeat of the powerful Zhili clique paved the way for the long-term success of the Northern Expedition by the Nationalist Party, its greatest impact was to buy time for the Kuomintang to build up its National Revolutionary Army. Had the coup not happened, the Zhili clique would surely have finished off the Kuomintang after defeating the Fengtian clique. Feng was saved from losing all his power by allying with Chiang Kai-shek during the Northern Expedition, but later became disillusioned with the Generalissimo's leadership. He rebelled against Chiang and was defeated during the Central Plains War of 1930.
In popular culture.
The coup was mentioned in Bernardo Bertolucci's film "The Last Emperor", though it erroneously claims the president fled the capital instead of being put under house arrest.


Thatcher (Rainbow Six Siege)

Mike "Thatcher" Baker is a fictional player character appearing in "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege", a 2015 tactical online first-person shooter video game. Thatcher is one of the original operators, dubbed 'pathfinders', who debuted in the game's first season, which was released on December 1, 2015. He is voiced by Jamie Muffett.
Within "Rainbow Six Siege" lore, Thatcher is a soldier in the Special Air Services (SAS), a special forces outfit of the British Army. He is depicted as an operator with considerable field experience and expertise in SAS tactics, and is positioned in a mentoring role to newcomer Operators. Thatcher is considered to be one of the most popular playable characters in "Rainbow Six Siege", due to the low learning curve of his gameplay abilities. Some commentators, including Ubisoft's developmental team, later considered the character to be one-note in terms of gameplay, which results in the character's moveset being tweaked or overhauled entirely in later updates for the game.
Development and release.
Thatcher takes his moniker after Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister during the three conflicts he fought in; the Falklands War, the Iranian Embassy siege, and the first Gulf War. Commenting on Thatcher's development in a video produced by American magazine "Wired", Ubisoft's art director Alexander Karpazis, said that "Thatcher is absolutely named after Margaret Thatcher, where he was part of Operation Nimrod, the assault on the Iranian Embassy in London." He further added that "If you search for Margaret Thatcher Operation Nimrod, you’ll find a photo of her standing with three SAS guys – the guy in the middle is Thatcher."
In July 2018, the game's developers indicated that they were dissatisfied with Thatcher's gameplay mechanics within the context of "the interaction of the EMP and electronic gadgets when this interaction is a simple destruction." Game designer Jean-Baptiste Hallé took the view that the original design of his special EMP grenade was too "binary" and did not allow adequate room for creative use or counterplays. In an interview with "PC Gamer", game director Leroy Athabassoff revealed that Thatcher was in the process of being reworked, noting that his EMP grenade will only disable cameras with EMP instead of destroying them as part of an upcoming update.
Release.
On December 1, 2015, Ubisoft released "Rainbow Six Siege" after testing on a closed beta. The original game featured 20 operators including Thatcher. His loadout options included the AR33 and L85A2 automatic assault rifles and P226 Mk 25 as a sidearm. Thatcher had access to EG MKO-EMP Grenades. These grenades, three of which can be deployed in a single round, disable all electronics that fall inside its area of effect.
On February 19, 2018, Ubisoft announced that it would be making its original 20 operators free of cost. Since Thatcher is one of the original operators, he is unlocked automatically when a player buys the game.
Thatcher appears as a DLC character in "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands", in the Operation Amber Sky event.
Post-release.
In Y1S1.0 patch (Operation Black Ice), the M590A1 shotgun was added to Thatcher’s loadout options.
In Y1S2.0 patch (Operation Dustline), his EMP grenades were nerfed. The grenade's effective range was reduced from 7 to 5.2 metres. Additionally, his EMP gadget was buffed to disable enemies' electronic sights for 10 seconds.
In Y5S3.0 patch (Operation Shadow Legacy), his EMP grenades were further nerfed to only disable, not destroy, gadgets for 15 seconds. He was the sole operator to have significant gadget reworking in the Operation Shadow Legacy.
On April 6, 2018 Thatcher received his Elite Skin rework. Labelled "Operation Nimrod," the Elite Skin of Thatcher was the first to reveal the operator’s face. The Elite Skin uniforms closely resemble those worn during the Iranian Embassy siege. The accompanying medal on his chest further confirm that Thatcher took part in the hostage rescue situation.
Appearances.
Within series lore, Thatcher hails from Bideford, England, and joined military service at the age of 18, much to the chagrin of his family. He has been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Conspicuous Gallantry Cross for services rendered in conflicts. He holds the appointment of Regimental Sergeant Major and was the oldest serving member of SAS till he was recruited by Rainbow Team Six.
Thatcher is depicted as plays a mentorship role within the closely-knit Team Six outfit, having built an extensive amount of interpersonal relationships amongst his colleagues and holds a good rapport with most of its operators. Thatcher appears in the CGI short film "The Hammer and the Scalpel" as one of the protagonists. The short introduces Harishva "Harry" Pandey, the new "Six" leader taking the reigns of Team Six. The film narrates Thatcher as the old school veteran and fellow Team Six operator Grace "Dokkaebi" Nam as the tech-savvy hacker. Depicting a mock-combat scenario, the CGI animation highlights the contrasting approaches to combat as both operators come to grips with each other's operational perspectives and working dynamics of a diverse team. The short film outlines the importance of an old guard and new blood through its story-telling and aims to expand the lore beyond the in-game bios. Thatcher face was revealed in May 2018 when the elite skin himself was released during Operation Para Bellum.
Thatcher also features in the Ubisoft special film screened at the final for its major "Rainbow Six Siege" tournament, the Six Invitational 2020. Titled as "Tournament of Champions," Thatcher appears in pre/post-match interviews with fellow SAS and Team Six operator Sheamus "Sledge" Cowden.
Reception.
Thatcher is one of the most popular operators in "Rainbow Six Siege". His gadget is straightforward to use and can be utilized as support. His weapon loadout is adequate and the operator itself is straightforward to use. Thatcher has a very high ban rate of 2021, which has been interpreted as an indicator that the character is overly powerful. Chris Moyse from "Destructoid" praised "The Hammer and The Scalpel", as it adds character and personality to "black-clad, gas-mask wearing heavies" like Thatcher.
PC Gamer describes Thatcher as "The perfect wingman for a good attack" and further notes that "against a savvy team, your hard breachers will be useless without Thatcher's support." Screen Rant ranks the operator as the first pick for newbies in its listing, stating that "..Thatcher a great character to learn the game with - he can give new players a solid foundation for developing a gameplan on the attack, as well as how to execute that plan and back up one's teammates". PCGamesN described Thatcher's face as that of a "friendly dad" when it was revealed in 2018 when his elite skin was released during Operation Para Bellum.
Thatcher's easy-to-use utility for newcomer players is supported by Dave Irwin from "Rock, Paper, Shotgun", who noted the character as "almost universally a decent pick", as his EMP grenades "play havoc with many of the defender's skills, while his guns are highly competitive". Irwin emphasized that being "simple to understand doesn't mean he's limited in any way".


Communist Party of Greece (Interior)

The Communist Party of Greece, Interior (), usually abbreviated as KKE Interior (Greek: "ΚΚΕ Εσωτερικού"), was a Eurocommunist party existing between 1968 and 1987 in Greece.
The party was formed after the Communist Party of Greece ("KKE") suffered a major split following the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the suppression of the Prague Spring. KKE Interior essentially broke ties with KKE's ideological supervision by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and later established bonds with parties such as the Italian Communist Party (PCI), adopting a Eurocommunist perspective.
KKE Interior was greatly active in the struggle against the Regime of the Colonels that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974 through the Panhellenic Antidictatorial Front (abbrev. "ΠΑΜ") and its youth wing, the Greek Communist Youth – Rigas Feraios. During the period that followed the overturn of the Regime of the Colonels, known as the Metapolitefsi, the party remained electorally active, either on its own or in broader leftist coalitions. KKE Interior was dissolved some months after its 4th Congress in 1986, splitting into two: the Communist Party of Greece (Interior)-Renewing Left and the Greek Left.


Ithaca (film)

Ithaca is a 2015 American drama film directed by Meg Ryan and written by Erik Jendresen. It is based on the 1943 novel "The Human Comedy" by William Saroyan. The film stars Alex Neustaedter, Jack Quaid, Meg Ryan, Sam Shepard, Hamish Linklater and Tom Hanks. The film was released on September 9, 2016, by Momentum Pictures.
Plot.
In 1942, Homer Macauley (Alex Neustaedter) is a boy determined to be the best and fastest bicycle telegraph messenger of the small fictional town of Ithaca, CA. His older brother, Marcus (Jack Quaid), along with most of the young men of the town, has gone to serve in World War II, leaving the families worried. His father (Tom Hanks) has died recently in the war and the boy has to take care of his widowed mother (Meg Ryan), his older sister and his 4-year-old brother. Homer delivers letters that bring messages of love, wishes, pain, and death, hoping that one of them announces the return of his brother.
Production.
On January 29, 2014, it was announced Meg Ryan would direct "Ithaca", a film based on the 1943 novel "The Human Comedy" by William Saroyan, with Ryan, Sam Shepard, Hamish Linklater, and Ryan's son Jack Quaid starring in the film. On June 25, 2014, Tom Hanks joined the cast. Principal photography began on July 21, 2014, and ended on August 22, 2014. It was filmed in Petersburg, Virginia, and also some opening scenes of the film were shot on the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad.
Release.
The film premiered on October 23, 2015, at the Middleburg Film Festival. The film was released on September 9, 2016, by Momentum Pictures.
Music.
John Mellencamp, Ryan's boyfriend, wrote the entire score for the movie. "Not one note [in "Ithaca"] is anything other than Mellencamp. He did everything," Ryan said.
In a May 6, 2016 Q&A after a screening of the movie at Geena Davis' Bentonville Film Festival, Ryan said: "The music is so beautiful. John Mellencamp wrote every note – everything – the tiny little needle drops you hear in the back. He wrote about half of it after I read him the script, and then the next half after he saw the movie. He's just incredible."
In addition to the score, Mellencamp wrote two original songs for "Ithaca": "Sugar Hill Mountain" (sung by Carlene Carter) and "Seeing You Around" (sung by Leon Redbone). "Sugar Hill Mountain" is a fiddle-driven folk song that describes an idyllic location where there's "bubble gum and cigarette trees," no clocks, every day is spring, and anything you need is "gratis." Meanwhile, the piano-heavy "Seeing You Around" has the sound of a 1940s standard (the time period the movie takes place in) and is made all the more authentically '40s-sounding by Redbone's gruff, baritone vocals. Mellencamp's band provided the backing on both tracks and performed all the music that is in the movie.
Said Carter in 2015: "The way John Mellencamp and I met was he invited me to come and sing this song he had written for the movie that Meg Ryan has coming out called "Ithaca". That was when we became friends, when I went to Indiana and recorded with him and the guys this really cool song called 'Sugar Hill Mountain' that's in the movie. And the movie is wonderful. We got to see a rough cut of it and I was very impressed."
Critical reception.
The film has a 22% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on eighteen reviews.


Oujda Treaty

The Oujda Treaty (also known as the Arabic–African Federation Treaty) was signed on 13 August 1984 between King Hassan II of Morocco and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya. It was approved by Moroccan voters in a referendum on 31 August, and by the Libyan General People's Congress. The aim was to establish a "union of states" between the two, and eventually to create a "Great Arab Maghreb".
The treaty startled the administration of US president Ronald Reagan, who pointed out Libya's untrustworthy reputation and called his leader "an instigator of international terrorism". Other western countries like Spain or France also expressed their discomfort.


Jayne Meadows

Jayne Meadows (born Jane Cotter; September 27, 1919 – April 26, 2015), also known as Jayne Meadows Allen, was an American stage, film and television actress, as well as an author and lecturer. She was nominated for three Emmy Awards during her career and was the elder sister of actress and memoirist Audrey Meadows.
Early life.
Jayne Meadows was born Jane Cotter in 1919, in Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, the elder daughter of American Episcopal missionary parents, the Rev. Francis James Meadows Cotter and his wife, the former Ida Miller Taylor, who had married in 1915. Her younger sister was actress Audrey Meadows. She also had two older brothers. In the early 1930s, the family settled in Sharon, Connecticut, where her father had been appointed rector of Christ Church.
Career.
Meadows' most famous movies include: "Undercurrent" (with Katharine Hepburn), "Song of the Thin Man" (with William Powell and Myrna Loy), "David and Bathsheba" (with Gregory Peck, Susan Hayward and Raymond Massey), "Lady in the Lake" (with Robert Montgomery and Audrey Totter) and "Enchantment" (with David Niven and Teresa Wright). Louella Parsons presented to Meadows the Cosmopolitan Award for Finest Dramatic Performance of 1949, for "Enchantment".
Among her earliest television appearances, Meadows played reporter Helen Brady in a 1953 episode of "Suspense" opposite Walter Matthau titled, "F.O.B. Vienna". She was a regular panelist on the original version of "I've Got a Secret" and an occasional panelist on "What's My Line?", the latter alongside husband Steve Allen. She also appeared on the NBC interview program "Here's Hollywood". During the early days of the burgeoning live entertainment scene in Las Vegas, the Allens occasionally worked together as an act.
Prior to Allen's death in 2000, the couple made several television appearances together. In 1998, they played an argumentative elderly couple in an episode of ' in which Allen's character accidentally shoots a man in the act of committing suicide by plunging from the roof of the elderly couple's building. In 1999, the couple made their last joint TV appearance (again playing a couple) in the all-star episode of the Dick Van Dyke series ', titled "The Roast", which marked Steve Allen's final screen appearance. She also appeared in "City Slickers", as the telephone voice of Billy Crystal's character's over-protective and oversolicitous mother.
Later life and death.
She was married to Steve Allen from 1954 until his death in 2000. They had one son, Bill. Allen's three children from his first marriage (Stephen Jr., Brian and David) are her stepchildren.
Meadows was active in Republican affairs although Steve Allen was a Democrat. She was the recipient of several Doctor of Humane Letters degrees from various universities.
Meadows remained active until 2009 when she fell and fractured her hip. Her last public appearance was in August 2009 at the Early TV Memories First-Class Commemorative Stamp Dedication Ceremony. She died on April 26, 2015, of natural causes at her home in Encino, California, aged 95. She is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills, beside Steve Allen.


Roman Catholic Diocese of Masvingo

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Masvingo () is a suffragan diocese in the city of Masvingo in the ecclesiastical province of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.


Napoleon Solo

Napoleon Solo is a fictional character from the 1960s TV spy series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." The series format was notable for pairing the American Solo, played by Robert Vaughn, and the Russian Illya Kuryakin, played by David McCallum, as two spies who work together for an international espionage organisation at the height of the Cold War.
Background.
Solo possesses a charm, sophistication, efficiency, and weakness for beautiful women comparable to James Bond's. But Solo is considerably less intense and also less brutal than the British Secret Service agent, and he possesses a laid-back ease that recalls the young Cary Grant. The show's original concept had Solo as a Canadian; but he is consistently American in the show.
Solo is Number One in Section Two (Operations and Enforcement) at U.N.C.L.E. (In the first season he wore a badge with the Roman numeral II designating him as head of Section Two. During the switch to color in the second season, new badges were created and Robert Vaughn, mistaking the earlier II for an eleven, chose the wrong badge number for Solo.) It was originally intended that Solo would be the primary focus of the series, however the unexpected popularity of the Russian agent, Illya Kuryakin, played by David McCallum, saw McCallum elevated to co-star status. Most of the episodes devote equal screen time to Kuryakin and Solo, and much of the success of the program was based on the chemistry between McCallum and Vaughn.
Personality.
The two characters are, in many ways, polar opposites. Solo is urbane, self-assured, sociable, charming, and laid-back. Kuryakin, on the other hand, is reserved, intellectual, and intense. Although little was revealed about his background or his partner's, Solo comes across as the more accessible and straightforward of the two men.
He dressed well and had a taste for expensive suits and ties. His hairstyle and his clothing did not change in the first three seasons but in the fourth and final year, Vaughn (like McCallum) grew his hair somewhat longer and wore modish clothing, such as double-breasted suits, in order to reflect evolving 1960s fashions that the show itself had influenced.
In "The Secret Sceptre Affair", it is stated that Solo served in the Korean War. Nothing much is known about his immediate family, although it appears one of his grandfathers was an admiral, the other was an ambassador ("The Green Opal Affair"). He is college-educated. Like his partner Kuryakin, he has a wide knowledge of English poetry. Unlike his partner, he lacks a broad knowledge of science and technology. He is skilled in martial arts; he can fly a plane and a helicopter.
Like Bond, Solo is a serial womanizer. In the first season's press guide, Solo's democratic view of women is described in words paraphrased from George Orwell's 1947 allegorical novel, "Animal Farm": "Solo believes that all women are created equal, only some are more equal than others." We rarely see him treat a woman with anything other than respect and affection on screen; however, he is involved with countless women and does not sustain a single long-term relationship throughout the four years of the show. Although it is never mentioned in the series, one of the original suggestions for Solo's background had him marrying young and losing his wife in a car accident after only one year of marriage (referenced also by David McDaniel in his "The Rainbow Affair" tie-in novel). The only ex-girlfriend of Solo's who is given any extended screen time is Clara in "The Terbuf Affair", in which it is hinted that Solo may be nursing a broken heart as a result of the end of that relationship. In "The Deadly Games Affair", it is revealed that he has a long standing on-off relationship with the THRUSH femme fatale, Angelique. He also seems familiar with other THRUSH female operatives like Serena in "The Double Affair" and Narcissus in "The Project Deephole Affair", as well as various U.N.C.L.E. female agents like Wanda (played by actresses Leigh Chapman and Sharyn Hillyer). He sometimes takes an interest in other people's romantic affairs and plays matchmaker on more than one occasion. In "The Deep Six Affair", he objects to Mr. Waverly's trying to call off the wedding of another U.N.C.L.E. agent.
His charm and social skills are his most potent weapons, allowing him to manipulate almost every situation to his own advantage. He is keenly aware of his abilities in this area. When in "The Candidate's Wife Affair" Kuryakin sees him romancing a woman and asks in exasperation, "Don't you ever turn it off?" Solo responds, tongue in cheek, "When you've got it, you've got it; I've got it." But there is a certain idealism at the heart of his character. In "The Giuoco Piano Affair", an enemy operative offers this assessment of Solo's character –
For a man like you, if there's the smallest doubt in your mind, no matter how insignificant the cause, you have to make the ultimate sacrifice. Your respect for what you think is right is your weakness.
Solo is also an indefatigable optimist who rarely, if ever, countenances the idea that he might not succeed in everything he attempts. He also keeps a cool head at all times and is utterly unflappable, even in the most dire or life-threatening situations. Unlike his Russian associate, he rarely exhibits anger or loses his temper.
Afterlife.
"The Man from U.N.C.L.E." was cancelled mid-way through its fourth season in 1968. Vaughn reprised the role of Solo for the television film "", in 1983.
The character has enjoyed a rich afterlife in fandom, particularly in fan fiction. In the 1988 comic "Shattered Visage", made as a sequel to the Patrick McGoohan series "The Prisoner", Solo and Kuryakin both make cameos at the funeral of a spy, along with John Steed and Emma Peel.
The Danish SKA band Napoleon Solo and Spanish indie-pop band Napoleon Solo are named after him, while El Paso post-hardcore band At the Drive-In have a song named "Napoleon Solo" on their album "In/Casino/Out".
Film.
In "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", a 2015 feature film, Henry Cavill portrayed a character named Napoleon Solo. This version of Solo is a former World War II soldier from an extremely wealthy family. He remained in Europe after the war, discovering that he could profit greatly from it as a specialist in classical art and architecture, becoming an unequalled art thief. He was eventually caught and prosecuted for his crimes and given a fifteen-year prison sentence. Solo doesn't spend any time in prison, however, as he is recruited by the CIA in exchange for his physical freedom.


Normance

Normance is a 1954 novel by the French writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline. The story is a fictionalised version of the author's experiences during the last parts of World War II, where he supported the Nazis. It is the sequel to Céline's 1952 novel "Fable for Another Time", and has the subtitle "Fable for Another Time II" ("Féerie pour une autre fois II").
Reception.
The book was reviewed in "Publishers Weekly" in 2009: "Even at his most lucid, Céline's prose reads like rapid bursts of slangy, profane argot—problematic enough in its own right—issued in a dramatic and confrontational style. True to form, this narrative is practically shouted in short exclamation-pointed bursts (connected, or disconnected, as it were, via ellipses)[.] ... Truly, there isn't much of a plot, and readers who pick this up are going to pick it up because they're already fans of Céline's work."


Third encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet

The third encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet was an encirclement campaign launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government that was intended to destroy the communist Honghu Soviet and its Chinese Red Army in the local region. It was responded by the Communists' third counter-encirclement campaign at Honghu Soviet (), also called by the communists as the third counter-encirclement campaign at Honghu Revolutionary Base (), in which the local Chinese Red Army successfully defended their soviet republic in the southern Hubei and northern Hunan provinces against the Nationalist attacks from early September 1931 to 30 May 1932.
References.
Military History Research Department, "Complete History of the People's Liberation Army", Military Science Publishing House in Beijing, 2000,


Hollywood Canteen (film)

Hollywood Canteen is a 1944 American musical romantic comedy film starring Joan Leslie, Robert Hutton, Dane Clark and features many stars (appearing as themselves) in cameo roles. and produced by Warner Bros. The film was written and directed by Delmer Daves and received three Oscar nominations.
Plot.
Two soldiers on leave spend three nights at the Hollywood Canteen before returning to active duty in the South Pacific. Slim Green (Robert Hutton) is the millionth G.I. to enjoy the Canteen, and consequently wins a date with Joan Leslie. The other G.I., Sergeant Nolan (Dane Clark) gets to dance with Joan Crawford. Canteen founders Bette Davis and John Garfield give talks on the history of the Canteen. The soldiers enjoy a variety of musical numbers performed by a host of Hollywood stars, and also comedians, such as Jack Benny and his violin.
Cameo appearances.
The film's setting is the Hollywood Canteen, a free entertainment club open to servicemen. The Canteen was created as a G. I. morale-booster by movie stars Bette Davis and John Garfield during World War II. Many of those cameoing in the film had previously volunteered to work there or provide entertainment. They include: The Andrews Sisters, Jack Benny, Joe E. Brown, Eddie Cantor, Kitty Carlisle, Jack Carson, Joan Crawford, Faye Emerson, Sydney Greenstreet, Alan Hale Sr., Paul Henreid, Joan Leslie, Peter Lorre, Ida Lupino, Dorothy Malone, Dennis Morgan, Janis Paige, Eleanor Parker, Roy Rogers (with Trigger), S.Z. Sakall, Zachary Scott, Alexis Smith, Barbara Stanwyck, Jane Wyman, and Jimmy Dorsey.
The Golden Gate Quartet, an all-black quartet, make a unique appearance. They had appeared at President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third inaugural—and the White House--"firsts" for black performers—as well as in period movies.
Another cameo shows Joan McCracken straight from the musical "Oklahoma!" in a strong dance number reminiscent of her later dance in "Good News".
The East Coast counterpart was the Stage Door Canteen, also celebrated in a 1943 film.
Production.
Production on the film began in 1943, before being halted due to salary disputes involving the Screen Actors Guild and Warner Bros over the amount major stars would be paid even for brief cameos in the film. Filming locations included the Sunset Strip, Bel-Air Estates, and Veterans Administration Hospital. New recording equipments developed by Warner Bros, including a cueing device, were first used in this film.
Reception.
The film received mixed reviews from critics. "Variety" noted "There isn't a marquee big enough to hold all the names in this one, so how can it miss? Besides, it's basically solid. It has story, cohesion, and heart." Kate Cameron of the "Daily News" commented "It is an elaborate show, but it is presented by author-director Delmar Daves in such a patronizing manner as to make one blush for its complete lack of reserve in singing the praises of Hollywood."
Box office.
Despite some negative reviews, "Hollywood Canteen" was well received by audiences and became Warner Bros.' most successful release of 1944. The studio donated 40% of ticket sales to the real Hollywood Canteen.
According to Warner Bros. records, the movie earned $3,831,000 in the U.S. and $1,621,000 elsewhere.
Awards and nominations.
"Hollywood Canteen" received Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song: "Sweet Dreams, Sweetheart", by M. K. Jerome and Ted Koehler; Scoring of a Musical Picture: Ray Heindorf; and Sound Recording: Nathan Levinson.


Nico Jungmann

Nicolaas Wilhelm Jungmann (in England frequently spelled Jungman; 5 February 1872 – 14 August 1935) was an Anglo-Dutch painter of landscapes and figural subjects, a book-illustrator and decorator.
Life.
Jungmann was born in Amsterdam, where he was apprenticed to a church painter, and studied at the Rijksakademie. He came to London around 1893 on a scholarship and became a naturalised British subject, returning to the Netherlands frequently, to paint in Volendam. In 1900, Jungmann married Beatrix Mackay with whom he had three children, Loyd, Zita (1903-2006) and Teresa (nicknamed "Baby") (1907-2010). As a naturalised Briton, he was interned by German forces in the Ruhleben internment camp during the First World War, which led eventually to the dissolution of his marriage. Jungmann made several painting excursions to Brittany and Holland with his friend and fellow-painter Charles W. Bartlett. He illustrated topographical books on "Holland" (1904) and "Norway" (1905) for which his wife Beatrix wrote the text, as well as one on "Normandy" (1905) with a text by Geraldine Edith Mitton. He died, aged 63, in London.
Beatrix.
After their divorce in 1918, Beatrix remarried to become the second wife (or third wife, counting an annulment) of Richard Guinness (1873-1949) from the banking branch of the Guinness family. She stood godmother in 1931 to the infant Patrick Guinness (1931-1965), son of her husband's nephew Thomas "Loel" Guinness and his first wife Hon Joan Yarde-Buller (later Pss Aly Khan).
His daughters Zita and Teresa became famous as two of the original "Bright Young People" in the 1920s, and both lived to 102. Teresa married Graham Cuthbertson in 1940 and had two children, Penelope and Richard.


Xu Liqing

Xu Liqing () (April 5, 1910 – January 6, 1983) birth name Xu Yingqing (), was a lieutenant general in the People's Liberation Army. He was born in Shangcheng County, Henan Province (his birthplace is now part of Jinzhai County, Anhui Province). In August 1929 he joined the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and the Communist Party of China that September. In the first Chinese Civil War, he was active in the border region of Hubei, Henan and Anhui. In 1940, he returned to Yan'an and placed in charge of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region.


Jennie Wade

Mary Virginia Wade (May 21, 1843 – July 3, 1863), also known as Jennie Wade or Ginnie Wade, was a resident of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania during the Battle of Gettysburg. At the age of 20, she was the only direct civilian casualty of the battle, when she was killed by a stray bullet on July 3, 1863.
The house where she was killed is now a popular tourist attraction and museum called the "Jennie Wade House."
Early life.
Wade was born in Gettysburg, and worked as a seamstress with her mother in their house on Breckenridge Street while her father was in a mental asylum. She may have been engaged to Johnston Hastings "Jack" Skelly, a corporal in the 87th Pennsylvania, who had been wounded two weeks earlier in the Battle of Winchester. He died from his injuries on July 12, 1863, unaware that Wade had died days earlier.
Casualty of war.
Wade, her mother, and two younger brothers left their home in central Gettysburg and traveled to the house of her sister, Georgia Anna Wade McClellan at 528 Baltimore Street to assist her and her newborn child. It was July 1, 1863, during the first day's fighting of the Battle of Gettysburg. More than 150 bullets hit the McClellan house during the fighting.
About 8:00 a.m. on July 3, Wade was kneading dough for bread when a Minié ball traveled through the kitchen door and the parlor door of her sister's house and hit her. It pierced her left shoulder blade, went through her heart, and ended up in her corset. She was killed instantly. While it is uncertain which side fired the fatal shot, some authors have attributed it to an unknown Confederate sharpshooter.
Wade's mother heard her fall to the floor and went to tell her sister Georgia in the other room that her sister had been shot dead; two Union soldiers came from upstairs when they heard the screams of the women. They temporarily buried Wade's body in the back yard of the McClellan house, in a coffin originally intended for the Confederate General William Barksdale. In January 1864, her body was relocated to the cemetery of the German Reformed Church on Stratton Street. Her final resting place is in the Evergreen Cemetery in Gettysburg. On July 4, her mother baked 15 loaves of bread with the dough Wade had kneaded.
In 1882, the United States Senate voted to grant Wade's mother a pension, citing that her daughter had been killed serving the Union cause – baking bread for the soldiers.
Monument.
In November 1865, Wade's remains were reburied in the Evergreen Cemetery near Jack Skelly. A monument to her, designed by Gettysburg resident Anna M. Miller, was erected in 1900 that includes an American flag that flies around the clock. (The Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia is the only other site devoted to a woman to share this distinction of the perpetual flag. The Evergreen Cemetery grave of John L. Burns also flies the perpetual flag.)


Bobby Atherton

Robert Atherton (29 July 1876 – 19 October 1917) was a Welsh footballer who played as a half back and forward for Heart of Midlothian, Hibernian, Middlesbrough and Chelsea in the late 1890s and early 1900s. He was capped by Wales at international level.
Early life.
He was the son of Samuel Atherton and Ann Williams.
Career.
Hibernian.
Although he was born in north Wales, Atherton grew up in Scotland. After spells with Dalry Primrose juniors and Heart of Midlothian, Atherton signed for Hibernian, at the start of the 1897–98 season. He was a versatile player who could play in a number of positions in midfield and the forward line.
He captained the Hibs side that won the 1902 Scottish Cup, a competition that Hibs did not win again until 2016. Hibs' 1–0 win against Celtic in the Cup Final was thanks in part to Atherton deceiving the Celtic defence by shouting for them to "leave the ball" in a Glaswegian accent. The Celtic defence duly complied, which allowed Andy McGeachen to score the only goal of the game. He then captained the Hibs side that won the 1903 league championship, the first in the club's history. He also played in all of Wales' matches in the 1903 British Home Championship.
Middlesbrough.
Atherton was transferred to Middlesbrough in 1903 and he became the first Middlesbrough player to win international honours. Atherton made 66 appearances in all for Middlesbrough and became club captain.
International.
He won his first cap for Wales while playing for Hibs in a 1899 British Home Championship match against Ireland, and he also played against England that year.
He scored his two international goals while with Middlesbrough. The first was in a 1–1 draw with Scotland at Dens Park, and the second was in a 2–2 draw against Ireland during his 9th and last international appearance.
Personal.
He married Margaret Jane Kirkconnell in Guisborough on 4 January 1904. They had four children.
Later life and death.
Atherton retired from playing football after a short spell with Chelsea and he subsequently moved back to Edinburgh, becoming a steward in the Merchant Navy. Atherton was presumed dead in October 1917 after his ship, the SS Britannia, disappeared without trace in the North Sea, either due to a mine or enemy action. He is commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial.


John K.C. Ng

John K.C. Ng 黄呈辉 (1939–2013) is a Chinese-Filipino businessman and philanthropist. He is the Chairman of the Cathay Group of Companies, a diversified conglomerate with business interests in real estate, property development, steel manufacturing, tile manufacturing and computer retail. Ng made his fortune in steel manufacturing after he expanded his father's business when the latter died. He was appointed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the Special Envoy for Chinese Affairs. He was the recipient of the 4th Dr. Jose P. Rizal Awards for Excellence Lifetime Achievement Award. He is also the past President of the Federation of the Filipino-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc. (FFCCCII), and a Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Chiang Kai Shek College.
Education.
John Ng finished his secondary education at the Chiang Kai Shek College.
Professional profile.
Ng immigrated from China in 1949 when he was 11 years old. At 26, the year after he got married, he took over the business. He then expanded the business and ventured into steel manufacturing, putting up Pacific Steel and Cathay Metal.
He later expanded into property development by establishing Cathay Land, Inc., in 1994. The company has over 500 hectares of landbank in Calabarzon and Metro Manila. His son, Jeffrey Ng, is heading the property businesses. Businesses John Ng own include PC Express, a leading computer retail shop, and Eurotile.
He was the Presidential Advisor to former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada on steel industry, and was appointed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the special envoy for Chinese affairs because of his strong ties to both Mainland China and Chinese Filipino businessmen. He was the past president of the FCCCII and spearheaded the construction of the hundreds of school buildings in barangays all over the country, and the donation of homes to the less privileged through Gawad Kalinga.
Family.
Ng’s daughter Angeline is the wife of Lucio Tan’s son Mike Tan.


Dan Turpin

Daniel "Terrible" Turpin is a character published by DC Comics. He first appeared as Brooklyn (due to him being born in New York City) in "Detective Comics" #64 (June 1942), and first appeared as Dan Turpin in "New Gods" #5 (November 1971).
Publication history.
Due to a recent retcon, Dan Turpin was made the adult version of Jack Kirby's Golden Age "kid-gang" character Brooklyn, of the Boy Commandos.
Fictional character biography.
In Turpin's first appearance he is one of the few citizens of Metropolis aware that a secretive war is taking place in the city between super-powered beings. When this war turns violent, Turpin's boss tries to take him off the case, but Turpin ignores him. Turpin leads the fight against the rampaging Kalibak, using the energy of the entire city to assist Lightray and Orion in defeating him. Turpin suffers multiple injuries but survives.
He keeps his job and becomes Lieutenant Inspector of the Metropolis Special Crimes Unit. In the third "Superboy" series, Turpin is sent to Hawaii to investigate whether or not they needed a Special Crimes Unit of their own. While initially skeptical, a visit from the violent Darkseid faction, the Female Furies convinces Turpin that the islands need an SCU. In current "Superman" titles, Turpin is extremely loyal to Inspector Sawyer, before her transfer to Gotham City. His romantic feelings for her fall apart when he learns she is a lesbian. Turpin has a daughter named Maisie.
He has spent a long time fighting threats in Metropolis; such as the rampaging group of mutants called the 'Underworlders'.
Turpin returns in "Final Crisis" #1 (May 2008). He had been called back from retirement to investigate the case of several missing kids; this evolves into investigating the death of the New God Orion. Orion passes on several cryptic phrases to Turpin, telling him that "He is in you all!" before finally passing away.
In the second issue, he follows clues given to him by Renee Montoya and The Mad Hatter, investigating The Dark Side Club and journeying to the devastated city of Blüdhaven. There he meets up with Reverend Good, and begins to realize that "there's someone in my head".
In the fourth issue, Turpin, after much inner struggle, is turned into the new host body for Darkseid; Darkseid later reveals that he selected Turpin rather than Batman as a host because Batman would have resisted longer than he wished, while Turpin struggled just enough to make his victory sweeter.
In the sixth issue, Batman uses a gun loaded with a Radion bullet, which is poisonous to the New Gods, to shoot Darkseid in the shoulder. Barry Allen and Wally West, managing to outrun the Black Racer—currently after Barry—so that it takes the currently-weakened Darkseid during a confrontation with Superman. After Darkseid is claimed by the Black Racer, Turpin is reverted to normal and regains control over his body, breathing "In us... in all of us..." in apparent recognition of the meaning of Orion's last words.


Bud Roberts

Bud J. Roberts Jr. is a fictional character in the "JAG" TV series (played by Patrick Labyorteaux), created by Donald P. Bellisario as a work-for-hire for Paramount Television.
Bud Roberts made two appearances in the first season of "JAG" before becoming a regular part of the Ensemble cast for the next nine seasons of "JAG". Bud Roberts has also appeared three times on "NCIS", two of them long after "JAG" had ended.
Character arc.
On "JAG".
Bud Roberts is a military brat, the son of a retired Master Chief Petty Officer "Big Bud" Roberts, Sr. (Jeff MacKay). Bud Roberts, Jr. joined the Navy through Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC), and as an Ensign, he was assigned to sea duty aboard the USS "Seahawk" as a Public Affairs Officer (PAO) under Captain Ross (Bill Bolender). It was during this role as the PAO aboard the USS "Seahawk", that he first met Lieutenant Harmon Rabb (David James Elliott), and his partner Lieutenant JG Caitlin Pike (Andrea Parker), when they arrived to investigate a murder. Bud's last meeting with LCDR Rabb prior to his transfer to JAG Headquarters was in the first-season cliffhanger, when Rabb had been dispatched to investigate the murder of a former Academy classmate (and a love interest). This got him interested in a career in law, and it was later LTJG Meg Austin who recommended him for transfer to JAG prior to her own transfer from JAG staff.
He attended law school in the evenings, at George Mason University School of Law and, upon scoring top grades in his finals, was assigned extra legal responsibilities and acted as a trial counsel for special courts-martial. His wife Harriet Sims and Sarah MacKenzie are the only people Roberts will allow to view his law school grades. He, his younger brother Mikey (Michael Bellisario) and sister Winifred (Winnie) had a somewhat strained relationship with their father, who raised them himself after the death of their mother, due to his physical and sometimes abusive methods of disciplining them.
Roberts is well liked and well respected by everyone at JAG headquarters, and is often considered one of the better trial lawyers there. His success rate in the courtroom is often boosted by his opponents' underestimation of him and his abilities. Harm had once said of him, "Watch out for his "'Aw, shucks, I have a lot to learn'" routine", alluding to Roberts' ability to appear less intelligent than he actually was.
Though not the physical type, Bud has been known to become so when the situation demands it; he once caught a punch thrown by his father, and was able to subdue the larger man without difficulty. The incident where his jaw was broken when he stepped between two simultaneous punches from Rabb and the Royal Australian Navy officer Lieutenant Commander Mic Brumby (Trevor Goddard) outside of an Australian courtroom had more to do with the physical limitations of the human body than lack of physical prowess.
LTJG Roberts married Ensign Harriet Sims in 1998. Together, they had five children:
In one episode, Bud Roberts was selected to carry the nuclear football. He had trepidations about this duty, as he was worried that he would be responsible for the deaths of many innocent people. While he was on duty at the White House as the Navy Aide to the President, the President whose "nuclear football" he was guarding (George W. Bush) attended a conference. During this conference, Bud had to go to the bathroom. When he reemerges, the President is gone. Bud then runs the three miles to the White House with the 40 pound nuclear football.
Lieutenant Bud Roberts was assigned as Judge Advocate aboard the USS "Seahawk" during the beginning of the War on Terrorism in 2002. He lost a leg trying to save a boy from a field of landmines in Afghanistan that year. He was transferred back to JAG HQ after his operation and proving that he was still able to meet the fitness requirements of the U.S. Navy.
After returning to JAG headquarters following the loss of his lower right leg from a landmine, Bud was assigned to working disability cases; he proved his worth to JAG when he investigated and successfully turned in a refusal of benefits when he noticed a sailor damaging his eyes with self-inflicted laser burns. Shortly thereafter, Bud returned to full limited duty in the court room.
Roberts was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander in 2004 at the end of the ninth season, which was the final official act of command of Rear Admiral A.J. Chegwidden as the Judge Advocate General, at his dining out. Bud had already been passed over for promotion twice, meaning that if he were to be passed over a third time, he would have been involuntarily separated from the Navy. It is mentioned in dialogue that Admiral Chegwidden had made a vigorous argument citing all existing precedent of the other handicapped commissioned officers in the United States Armed Forces which had been promoted since the Second World War before the Secretary of the Navy to get Bud his promotion.
In the series' final episode, LCDR Roberts chose to remain at JAG HQ after being offered billets by both Captain Harmon Rabb and Lieutenant Colonel Sarah MacKenzie.
On "NCIS".
Bud Roberts also appears in the first season of the "JAG" spin-off "NCIS" (which took place simultaneously with Season 9 of "JAG"), where Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon) hopes Roberts will help "lawyer" him past a prohibition on the use of the DNA profiles stored by the Department of Defense.
He then reappears after an absence of more than eleven years in the fourteenth season, having been promoted to captain and still assigned to JAG Headquarters, where he meets up with Special Agent Timothy McGee (Sean Murray) and assisted the NCIS MCRT in the investigation of the homicide of a fellow JAG officer. McGee asks him about Harm and Mac, but Roberts is interrupted by the arrival of Special Agent Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito) before he can reveal the results of the series' controversial final coin toss.
The next year, while serving as Commanding Officer, Regional Legal Service Office Mid-Atlantic at Naval Station Norfolk, Bud assists Special Agent Gibbs in the death investigation of one of his JAG officers.
Awards and decorations.
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Bud Roberts, as seen in the "NCIS" episodes "Rogue" and "Dark Secrets".


The Doughgirls

The Doughgirls is a 1944 American comedy film directed by James V. Kern based on the 1942 hit Broadway play written by Joseph Fields. The film revolves around three newlywed couples, focusing on the Halstead couple, played by Jane Wyman and Jack Carson, and their misadventures trying to find some privacy and living space in the housing shortage of WWII Washington D.C. "Its zany plot moves easily with a cast of characters propelled about the screen like shuttlecocks." Eve Arden as a Russian sniper and Joe DeRita as a sleepy hotel guest, both looking for space in the overcrowded hotel are stand outs in a great cast.
Plot.
This black and white comedy about three couples joins the freshly wed Halsteads shortly upon arrival in their overcrowded D.C. hotel where they set out for the honeymoon suite, only to find it usurped by the previous newlywed couple, Ann Sheridan and John Ridgley as the Cadmens. Finally a third newlywed couple the Dillons, Alexis Smith and Craig Stevens, arrive to claim the suite as well. Add to this: a military contractor with a no nonsense attitude; a lecherous boss; an F.B.I. investigator; a judge (to make one couple's marriage "legal"); a group of orphan babies; a Russian who likes to shoot pigeons; and a wandering man trying to find somewhere, anywhere to get some sleep. "The" "Doughgirls" is a raucous farce where the humor comes from the unconsummated marriage of Wyman and Carson, with a great performance by Eve Arden as a visiting Russian.
"The New York Times" reviewed it saying it is "distilled from the play" and "at times the dialog twirls into nonsense being saved only by the performance of the players."
"The Doughgirls" is based on a stage play of the same name, written in 1942 by Joseph Fields.
Production.
Warner Bros. bought the rights for "The Doughgirls" stage play for $250,000 but still needed a script and a way to get the story of three unmarried couples in the same hotel suite around the censors, known as the Breen office, onto the screen. The studio employed James V. Kern and Sam Hellman to adapt Fields' play; marrying the couples off and toning down the language. They added jokes to address overcrowding in Washington D.C., using wartime references such as rationing and meatless Tuesdays while putting in a White House visit for the Dillons to meet the Roosevelts off camera.
Jane Wyman, though not pleased with fourth billing nor the "ditsy" role, was happy with the cast and to be working. Ann Sheridan was nearly suspended over "The Doughgirls" when Warner Bros. refused to let her out of filming, but she used her star status and negotiated a USO tour following completion, something she had wanted for sometime.


Zhongshan Hall

Zhongshan Hall () is a historical building which originally functioned as the Taipei (Taihoku) City Public Auditorium (public hall). It is located at 98 Yanping South Road in the Ximending neighborhood of Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan. In 1992, it was recognized by the government as a historic site.
History.
As a tribute to mark the ascension of the Japanese Emperor Showa in 1928, the Japanese government in Taiwan dismantled the Qing dynasty government office in Taipeh (Taipei) and began the plan to erect the . Construction began on 23 November 1932 and was completed on 26 November 1936. Ide Kaoru, the main architect serving as Chief Engineer in Taiwan under the Japanese government, used the full cost of 980,000 Yen and 94,500 workers.
The four-story steel structure of the building was designed to be fire-resistant and to withstand severe earthquakes and typhoons. The original building was faced in light green tile to make it less visible to aerial bombers. The windows are adorned with classical designs in a Spanish Islamic style. With for the ground floor, the total area of the City Public Auditorium was , making it the fourth largest city Public Auditorium in Japan at that time. It was smaller than only the City Public Halls of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya.
After Taiwan's handover to the Republic of China in 1945 after World War II, the Chief of the Taiwan Provincial Administrative Office, Chen Yi represented the Allies and accepted a formal surrender from the Japanese. The surrendering Japanese commander was Ando Rikichi, Japanese Governor of Taiwan. The former Taihoku City Public Auditorium was renamed Chungshan (Zhongshan) Hall in honor of Sun Yat-sen and functioned as an official meeting place under the Chinese government.
Zhongshan Hall has always been one of the formal reception areas for welcoming foreign guests and diplomats. Former guests have included US President Richard Nixon, Korean President Syngman Rhee, President of South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem, Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia, Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and others. Zhongshan Hall has also hosted memorial ceremonies such as the signing of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and three formal inauguration ceremonies of the second, third, and fourth presidency and vice-presidency of the Republic of China.
Current use.
The hall has several auditoriums currently used for arts performances such as chamber and orchestral music, traditional Chinese music, voice/choir, opera, dance, ceremonies, and exhibits.
Transportation.
By public transit, take Taipei Metro Ximen Station Exit No. 5 to access the hall. There is also an underground parking lot.


Enrique Granados

Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enrique Granados, was a Spanish composer of classical music, and concert pianist. His most well known works include "Goyescas", the "", and "María del Carmen".
Life.
Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados Campiña was born in Lleida, Spain, the son of Calixto José de la Trinidad Granados y Armenteros, a Spanish army captain who was born in Havana, Cuba, and Enriqueta Elvira Campiña de Herrera, from Santander, Spain. As a young man he studied piano in Barcelona, where his teachers included Francisco Jurnet and Joan Baptista Pujol. In 1887 he went to Paris to study. He was unable to become a student at the Paris Conservatoire, but he was able to take private lessons with a conservatoire professor, Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot, whose mother, the soprano Maria Malibran, was of Spanish ancestry. Bériot insisted on extreme refinement in tone production, which strongly influenced Granados's teaching of pedal technique. He also fostered Granados's abilities in improvisation. Just as important were his studies with Felip Pedrell. He returned to Barcelona in 1889. His first successes were at the end of the 1890s, with the opera "María del Carmen", which attracted the attention of King Alfonso XIII.
In 1903, Granados participated in a competition organized by Tomás Bretón of the Madrid Royal Conservatory, which awarded a considerable sum of 500 pesetas for the best "concert allegro" for solo piano. Granados submitted his "Allegro de concierto", Op. 46, for which the jury declared him the winner with an almost unanimous vote. The win brought Granados to national attention.
In 1911 Granados premiered his suite for piano "Goyescas", which became his most famous work. It is a set of six pieces based on paintings of Francisco Goya. Such was the success of this work that he was encouraged to expand it. He wrote an opera based on the subject in 1914, but the outbreak of World War I forced the European premiere to be canceled. It was performed for the first time in New York City on 28 January 1916 and was very well received. Shortly afterwards, he was invited to perform a piano recital for President Woodrow Wilson. Before leaving New York, Granados also made live-recorded player piano music rolls for the New-York-based Aeolian Company's "Duo-Art" system, all of which survive today and can be heard – his last recordings.
Death.
The delay incurred by accepting the recital invitation caused him to miss his boat back to Spain. Instead, he took a ship to England, where he boarded the passenger ferry SS "Sussex" for Dieppe, France. On the way across the English Channel, the "Sussex" was torpedoed by a German U-boat, as part of the German World War I policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. According to witness Daniel Sargent, Granados's wife, Amparo, was too heavy to get into a lifeboat. Granados refused to leave her and positioned her on a small life raft on which she knelt and he clung. Both then drowned within sight of other passengers. However, according to a different account from another survivor, ""A survivor of the 1916 torpedo attack on a Cross channel ferry, Sussex, recognised Spanish composer Granados in a lifeboat, his wife in the water. Granados dived in to save her and perished. " The ship broke in two parts, and only one sank (along with 80 passengers). Ironically, the part of the vessel that contained his cabin did not sink and was towed to port, with most of the passengers, except for Granados and his wife, who were on the other side of the boat when it was hit. Granados and his wife left six children: Eduard (a musician), Solita, Enrique (a swimming champion), Víctor, Natalia, and Francisco.
The personal papers of Enrique Granados are preserved in, among other institutions, the National Library of Catalonia.
Music and influence.
Granados wrote piano music, chamber music (a piano quintet, a piano trio, music for violin and piano), songs, zarzuelas, and an orchestral tone poem based on Dante's "Divine Comedy". Many of his piano compositions have been transcribed for the classical guitar: examples include "Dedicatoria", "Danza No. 5", "Goyescas".
His music can be divided into three styles or periods:
Granados was a significant influence on at least two other famous Spanish composers and musicians, Manuel de Falla and Pablo Casals. He was also the teacher of composer Rosa García Ascot.


Military Ordinariate of Peru

The Military Bishopric of Peru () is a military ordinariate of the Roman Catholic Church. Immediately subject to the Holy See, it provides pastoral care to Roman Catholics serving in the Peruvian Armed Forces and their families.
The Military Ordinariate is currently a vacant see (sede vacante) following the Saturday, July 20, 2013 acceptance by Pope Francis of the resignation of Bishop Guillermo Martín Abanto Guzmán, who had just been appointed by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI on October 30, 2012. However, Pope Francis appointed the Bishop Prelate of the Territorial Prelature of Caravelí, Bishop Juan Carlos Vera Plasencia, MSC, as Bishop-designate for the Military Ordinariate of Peru on Wednesday, July 16, 2014. The Bishop will be installed as Military Ordinary at a later date.
History.
It was established as a military vicariate on 15 May 1943, but the first military vicar was not appointed until 13 January 1945. It was elevated to a military ordinariate on 21 July 1986.


Paul Westfield

Paul Westfield is a fictional DC Comics character. He first appeared in "Superman" Vol. 2, #58 (August 1991) and was created by Dan Jurgens.
Publication history.
The executive director of Project Cadmus, the post-crisis version of Jack Kirby's DNA Project, Westfield was revealed to be in charge of the project in issue #58 of "Superman". An unscrupulous director ironically hired for his ethics, he appeared in issues of "Superman", "Superman: The Man of Steel", "Adventures of Superman" and volume three of "Superboy". A noteworthy story was his plan on creating a clone to take Superman's place during multiple issues of the "Funeral For A Friend" storyline after "The Death of Superman" event. This led to the debut of Superboy (Kon-El) in the following "Reign of the Supermen!" crossover event.
Fictional character biography.
Project: Bloodhound.
After a career in the United States military as a soldier, Paul Westfield became the Executive Director of Project Cadmus, a secret government agency based outside of Metropolis. When the Guardian, head of security at Cadmus, fought the vigilante Gangbuster (who was revealed to be an entranced Superman), he reported his encounter to Westfield. Westfield felt that Superman was a potential threat to Earth and in response to Guardian's report, he began the early phase of a counter measure he devised called Project: Bloodhound and monitored Superman for months. After incidents involving the Krypton Man, Westfield was convinced that Superman's mental state was deteriorating and sends the "dogs" of the project - Mac, Blood, and Tracker - to capture him. While captured, Superman's mind was probed by the DNA Alien Dubbilex and his thoughts were transferred to a computer. After Superman was rescued by the Hairies, advanced humanoid creations of Cadmus, Westfield, Guardian, and Dubbilex learned from the probe that Superman reluctantly killed three Kryptonians (General Zod, Zaora, and Quex-Ul) who killed every being on a pocket universe Earth. The computer and files were destroyed by the Guardian, who was behind Superman's rescue along with Dubbilex, but Westfield still had information on Superman in his head and believed that he had enough evidence for a congressional report against him. When Westfield threatened to court-martial Guardian, the Guardian and Dubbilex threatened to reveal the secret that Westfield killed his mentally unstable commander to save his unit of fifteen men during a war. Westfield relented.
Death and return of Superman.
Westfield wanted Cadmus to create a cloned replacement for the fallen Superman. Lex Luthor (posing as his own son in a clone body) and his security force Team Luthor intervened with the planned retrieval of Superman's body by federal authority. A team of Cadmus troops, accompanied by Westfield, steals Superman's body from the tomb. At Project Cadmus, the original plan to clone Superman via a DNA sample was unsuccessful as all cloning techniques were proven useless on his Kryptonian body. Superman's body was given an electron capillary scan by the other directors of Cadmus and the results along with educated guesswork created data stored on a disc that contained an approximation of Superman's genetic code. Westfield wanted to create the clone of Superman immediately and sends Auron, a cybernetic super-soldier cloned from The Guardian and created by Westfield's secret genetic engineering team, to retrieve the disk by force via the code word "Sanction Blue". Before Westfield could obtain the disk, the clones of the original Newsboy Legion convinced Auron that he was just like the original Guardian based on having a link with him via his DNA. He rebels against Westfield and departs with the digital DNA disk to protect Superman's legacy.
After the refusal of the other directors to make a new scan and the retrieval of Superman's body by Lois Lane, Supergirl, and Lex Luthor (who actively tried to stop any effort to resurrect Superman by cloning), Westfield and his secret team of scientists genetically altered a human clone to look like Superman and made the clone to be the closest human equivalent to a Kryptonian as they could based on their research. Carl Packard, the project head of Auron's creation, was the project head for the clone's creation and was given full authority to explore whatever methods to create the clone while Westfield provided him with the DNA cellstock. After twelve failed attempts, the thirteenth clone known as Experiment 13 was grown from a single cell to a teenage boy in less than a week. The clone was given implanted memories and underwent an artificial maturation process to match the age of the original Superman. During the maturation, the clone was to be programmed with command words like Auron to be under Westfield's control, but the clone's mind refused all mental programming. The clone escaped from Cadmus due to the actions of the Newsboy Legion clones. He became the fourth "Superman" claiming to be Superman resurrected and refused to be called "Superboy".
Following "Reign of the Supermen!", Superboy reveals on television that he was a result of Cadmus' DNA experiments and that Cadmus was after him after Westfield secretly sent "Payback DNAliens" to capture Superboy. He later sends the Guardian and the clone returned to Cadmus with Superman & the Guardian. Superboy learned from the scientists of Project Cadmus that he was created from only human DNA and was genetically engineered to both look like Superman and mimic his major powers by a telekinetic field. After learning the truth, Superboy agreed to let Superman have the rights to the name "Superman", trademark and symbol while Superman agreed to let him use the "Superboy" name. Superboy decides to go on a world tour to establish his new name and Project Cadmus assigns Dubbilex to chaperone Superboy.
Battle for Metropolis.
In the "Battle of Metropolis" story arc, a clone plague erupts into open warfare in the streets of Metropolis between Westfield's Project Cadmus and Lex Luthor's Lexcorp when Lex Luthor contracts the clone virus and accuses Project Cadmus of infecting him. The Underworlders, exiled creations of Cadmus led by Clawster, took advantage of the conflict between the two forces to attack Cadmus troops and innocent civilians. Westfield tries to exterminate the Underworlders with a missile aimed at the heart of Metropolis, but the missile was destroyed by Superman. Dabney Donovan, the creator of the Underworlders and the true mastermind behind the clone virus, murders Westfield and cuts off Westfield's ear as a trophy. As a result of the conflict, the Project Cadmus facility was destroyed, but in reality Cadmus went underground and used the destruction as a cover. After a restructuring of Project Cadmus, his replacement Mickey Cannon would become the sole director of Project Cadmus with all other directors removed.
Legacy.
It was revealed that Superboy's cellstock, preserved by Carl Packard at the ruins of the former Cadmus facility, was on file at Cadmus' computer database. Superboy was a cellular match to a director and only the head of security or the Executive Director had full access to their cellblocks. It is later revealed to Superboy, Carl Packard, and the directors of Cadmus that Superboy was created from the cellstock of Paul Westfield. Westfield revealed via a recorded message to his superiors that he secretly provided his own genetic material based on his belief that the clone would follow Westfield's own thinking as Auron did with the Guardian. Westfield's preserved cellstock proved to be unusable when Superboy's DNA was unraveling and Roxy Leech, one of Superboy's closest friends, became his new DNA pattern during the "Meltdown" arc in volume three of "Superboy".
During the "Hypertension" story arc of the "Superboy" series, a Superboy from another Hypertime reality was grown to full age to become Superman, but later became Black Zero in the midst of anti-clone sentiment. Black Zero conquered his world and the Paul Westfield of his universe, considered a father figure to him, was placed in charge. Black Zero "rescued" other worlds in which he felt that clones were being oppressed and left the conquered world's version of Paul Westfield in charge of the clones of that world. One of the Westfields was personally responsible for the death of his alternate reality's Superboy with the latter surviving long enough to warn the mainstream reality's Superboy of Black Zero. Due to that Westfield jumping into a Hyperium reactor later in the story, he and all alternate reality versions of Paul Westfield were simultaneously erased from existence.
Amanda Spence, an agent of the criminal group known as the Agenda that cloned Superboy and created Match, was revealed to be the daughter of Paul Westfield. In retaliation for losing her father, whom she admired, Spence killed Superboy's love Tana Moon.
Retcon.
In volume three of "Teen Titans" by writer Geoff Johns, Paul Westfield was retconned into a scientist of Cadmus Labs who was responsible for the process that created Superboy. Superboy was also changed from a 100% human clone to a hybrid of Superman's Kryptonian DNA and Lex Luthor's human DNA. Other retcons include Luthor and Cadmus working together instead of being enemies, files with Superboy's DNA on record as being from Superman and Luthor, and the knowledge of Westfield's DNA being known information.
In other media.
Radio.
Paul Westfield appears in the BBC radio drama adaptation of "The Death of Superman", "Funeral For a Friend", and "Reign of the Supermen!" storylines. It was released as "Superman: Doomsday and Beyond" in the United Kingdom by BBC Audiobooks and as "Superman Lives!" in the United States by Time Warner Audiobooks.


Constitutional Protection Movement

The Constitutional Protection Movement () was a series of movements led by Sun Yat-sen to resist the Beiyang government between 1917 and 1922, in which Sun established another government in Guangzhou as a result. It was known as the Third Revolution by the Kuomintang. The constitution that it intended to protect was the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. The first movement lasted from 1917 to 1920; the second from 1921 to 1922. An attempted third movement, begun in 1923, ultimately became the genesis for the Northern Expedition in 1926.
Origin.
After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the newly established Republic of China, pursuant to its Provisional Constitution, held the first parliamentary election in February 1913, which then convened as the National Assembly of the Republic of China for the first time on April 8. The Kuomintang won a majority of the seats, and Song Jiaoren was designated to form the cabinet. He was assassinated by President Yuan Shikai shortly after, however, prompting the Kuomintang to call for the Second Revolution. Yuan Shikai repressed the resistance with force, forcing Sun Yat-sen and other leaders of the Kuomintang to flee abroad to Japan.
Yuan Shikai dissolved the parliament as well as abolishing the Provisional Constitution, eventually trying to become emperor. On December 1915, Cai E and others launched the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai and achieved success. Yuan Shikai was forced to abdicate and died on June 6, 1916.
After the death of Yuan Shikai, Li Yuanhong succeeded him as president. Duan Qirui was re-appointed prime minister, and the old parliament was restored. However, Li and Duan had a major disagreement shortly after on whether or not to enter World War I and declare war on Germany. Duan insisted on joining the war while Li and the parliament were more guarded on the matter. Li Yuanhong removed Duan from office and called for national military support. Monarchist general Zhang Xun took the opportunity to enter Beijing with force. He then dissolved the parliament and attempted to restore Puyi and the Qing dynasty on July 1, in what is known as the Manchu Restoration. The restoration was repressed by Duan Qirui five days later. Li resigned from the presidency and was succeeded by Feng Guozhang. Duan re-established the new government and, with Liang Qichao, convoked a new senate.
The First Constitutional Protection Movement.
In July 1917, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou from Shanghai, and telegrammed the original members of parliament in Peking to come to Guangzhou and establish a new government. The Naval Minister Cheng Biguang arrived in Guangzhou on July 22 with nine ships to support Sun Yat-sen.
On August 25, approximately 100 of the original members of parliament convened a conference in Guangzhou and passed a resolution establishing a military government in Guangzhou to protect the Provisional Constitution. The military government consisted of a generalissimo and three field marshals. On September 1, 84 of the 91 members in the Guangzhou parliament elected Sun Yat-sen as the generalissimo. They selected the leaders of the National Protection War Tang Jiyao of the Yunnan clique and Lu Rongting of the Old Guangxi clique as marshals, Wu Tingfang as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tang Shaoyi as the Minister of Finance (abstained), Cheng Biguang as the Naval Minister, and Hu Hanmin as the Minister of Communications. Sun Yat-sen inaugurated on September 10, and appointed Li Liejun as the Chief of Staff, as the Commander of the Guards, Xu Chongzhi as staff officer and Chen Jiongming as the Commander of the First Army.
Constitutional Protection War.
After the establishment of the Guangzhou Military Government, the north and the south of China were in confrontation. Among the supporters of Guangzhou Government, the militants in Guangxi and Yunnan were superior in strength. Hunan's Tan Yanxi, Zhao Tihuan and Cheng Chieng also supporting the Constitutional Protection Movement. With the support of Lu Rongting and the Guangxi Army, the Constitutional Protection Army defeated Duan Qirui's assault in November. Duan resigned as the North's prime minister as a result, leaving the post to Feng Guozhang. The north and the south were in a temporary armistice.
Pressed by the Zhili clique and the Anhui clique, Feng Guozhang ordered Cao Kun to make war again on Hunan province in January and defeated the Constitutional Protection Army in April. However, after capturing Hunan, the Zhili commander Wu Peifu halted the attack on Guangdong and Guangxi province and had a peaceful settlement with the south in July. Xu Shichang also advocated peace negotiation when he was inaugurated as the president in October, which led to the end of the war.
Reorganization of the military government.
Besides the Navy, Generalissimo Guards and twenty battalions of the Guangdong Army, Sun Yat-sen lacked strong support of military strength in the Guangzhou Military Government, and sometimes his order was only effective in the Generalissmo Government. Sun had thoughts of mutiny at once, hoping to overthrow the Guangxi influence, and had personally ordered the Navy to fire at the Guangxi headquarters at one time. Near the end of 1917, Lu Rongting, Tang Jiyao, Mo Rongxin and others along with Tang Shaoyi convened a conference, and they advocated recognition of Feng Guozhang's presidency and formation a united government.
During 1918, Cheng Biguang aligned himself with the Guangxi clique, and was assassinated. The Extraordinary Session of Parliament was controlled by the Guangxi clique, and was restructured in May 1918 by replacing the office of generalissimo with a committee of seven executives consisting of Sun, Tang Shaoyi, Wu Tingfang, and Tang Jiyao on one side and Lu Rongting, Cen Chunxuan, and Lin Baoyi on the other. Feeling marginalized, Sun Yat-sen resigned as the generalissimo, and left Guangzhou for Shanghai. The Guangzhou Military Government was now headed by Cen Chunxuan, the chief executive. Wu Tingfang's election as Guangdong's governor was nullified by Lu Rongting.
From February to August 1919, the North and South held negotiations in Shanghai but they were stalled by Duan's sabotage. All MPs who did not attend the southern "extraordinary" session were disqualified and replaced. Parliament was adjourned by its Speaker Lin Sen on January 24, 1920 when a faction of MPs boycotted the assembly, depriving it of a quorum. Cen also suspended the salaries of the MPs. With the southern government effectively under the influence of the Old Guangxi clique, the first constitutional protection movement was over.
The Second Constitutional Protection Movement.
In Shanghai, Sun re-organized the Kuomintang to oust the Guangxi junta from the Southern government. The military governor of Guangdong, Chen Jiongming raised 20 battalions from Fujian. In 1920, Duan and the northern parliament was ousted after the Zhili–Anhui War. Lu and Cen used this as a pretext to explore unification with the Zhili clique. The KMT denounced these secret negotiations and the southern parliament moved to Yunnan in August and in Sichuan from September to October. Tensions between the Yunnan clique and the Guangxi clique allowed Chen to invade on August 11 in the Guangdong–Guangxi War. Chen Jiongming expelled the Guangxi clique from Guangzhou allowing Sun to return by the end of November.
Parliament reconvened in Guangzhou on January 1921. Of the remaining four executives, Tang Jiyao had to remain in Yunnan to protect his province, Wu Tingfang was ailing, and Tang Shaoyi was becoming uninterested. In April 1921, the National Assembly dissolved the military government and elected Sun Yat-sen "extraordinary president". But the new Guangzhou government, without any foreign recognition, was beset with questions of legitimacy as its form existed outside of the constitution it was mandated to protect. For Chen Jiongming, Sun's extraconstitutional election was a power grab. Relations further deteriorated when Chen invited anarchists, communists, and federalists to the movement. Chen thought it would swell their numbers but Sun believed they would dilute his ideology, the Three Principles of the People.
End of the movement.
Immediately after his inauguration in May, Sun ordered the Northern Expedition to force the unification of China. In the summer of 1922, Sun Yat-sen personally established the division headquarters in Shaoguan to launch the expedition by coordinating the Guangdong, Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Hunan armies. Sun Yat-sen's Northern Expedition ultimately led to the conflict with Chen Jiongming. Chen Jiongming advocated suspension of military conflict, first building up Guangdong as a province of autonomy. Meanwhile, the Zhili clique started a national movement to reunite the Northern and Southern governments by having the two rival presidents resign in favor of a restored Li Yuanhong. In June, the Northern government's president, Xu Shichang stepped down, and the original National Assembly reconvened in Beijing. To Chen Jiongming, the Constitutional Protection Movement's purpose was achieved, but for Sun the new government was a smokescreen to mask Cao Kun's rule. On June 16, the presidential palace was shelled by Chen's forces. Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Ce, and the loyalists were safely escorted by ship to Shanghai.
Impact.
Sun realized the failure of both movements was based on his over reliance on the military forces of others. After the debacle, Sun found that the revolution needed its own military strength. With the help of the Soviet Union and the alliance with the Communist Party of China, Sun retook the Guangzhou government for the third time in 1923. However, protecting the provisional government was not its purpose. Instead, building a strong military base centered on the Whampoa Military Academy and creating a one-party state to defeat the warlords was its goal. This was behind the success of the Northern Expedition that led to the reunification of China.
Historical scholars fault the movements' reliance on legal campaign tactics. The National Assembly's extraordinary session lacked a quorum. Practically from the beginning the military government was not set up by the procedures of legitimate constitutional law. It completely lacked foreign recognition. It could barely maintain unity within itself, let alone claim to be the legitimate government of all China. Simply by creating a rival government, the integrity of the Republic was damaged and set precedents for rival governments in China down to the current day.
According to recent published studies, the first government in 1917 was funded by the German Empire which provided two million dollars because Sun had opposed China's entry into the First World War. The money allowed Sun to bribe the northern navy to defect and pay for the salaries of the National Assembly. He also used the money to buy the loyalty of the southwest due to the nearly mercenary nature of the warlords. Relations with the Germans became strained when it was revealed that they had supported the Manchu Restoration and that Sun refused to cooperate in the Hindu–German Conspiracy. With KMT activists being arrested abroad and Germany losing the war, Sun declared war against the Central Powers in the vain hope of garnering recognition and a seat at the Paris Peace Conference but the seat went to the Beiyang government instead. After the assassination of Tang Hualong by a Nationalist in Canada, several KMT overseas branches were banned. Sun Yat-sen also relied on gambling and selling opium to pay for his government which lacked practical revolutionary spirit.