Hornsdale Power Reserve

Hornsdale Power Reserve is a 150MW/194MWh grid-connected energy storage system co-located with the Hornsdale Wind Farm in the Mid North region of South Australia.
The original installation in 2017 was the largest lithium-ion battery in the world at 129 MWh and 100 MW.
It was expanded in 2020 to 194 MWh at 150 MW.
Despite the expansion, it lost that title in August 2020 to the Gateway Energy Storage in California, USA. There is a plan to build a bigger battery in Victoria in 2021, but that may also be overtaken by other projects in California and New York.
During 2017 Tesla, Inc. won the contract and built the Hornsdale Power Reserve, for a capital cost of A$90 million, leading to the colloquial Tesla big battery name.
In November 2019, Neoen confirmed that it was increasing capacity by a further 50MW/64.5MWh to a combined 185 MWh. The increased storage capacity was installed by March 23, 2020, and the increased power became operational in early September 2020.
Construction.
South Australia received 90 proposals and considered 5 projects to build a grid-connected battery to increase grid stability under adverse weather events. This will enable less use of gas-fired generators to provide grid stability.
Elon Musk placed a wager that the battery would be completed within "100 days from contract signature", otherwise the battery would be free. Tesla had already begun construction, and some units were already operational by 29 September 2017, the time the grid contract was signed. The battery construction was completed and testing began on 25 November 2017. It was connected to the grid on 1 December 2017. The days between grid contract and completion easily beat Musk's wager of "100 days from contract signature", which started when a grid connection agreement was signed with ElectraNet on 29 September 2017, days after Musk's offer on 10 March (in Australia). Samsung 21700-size cells are used.
Expansion.
In November 2019, Neoen announced that it would increase the battery capacity by 50%. The expansion cost €53 million ($A82 million, whereas had been expected), funded by from the state government, from ARENA and up to in cheap loans through the Clean Energy Finance Corporation.
The expansion was completed by Aurecon on 2 September 2020, increasing its impact in the South Australia grid. The battery receives $4 million per year for essential grid security services.
Operation.
It is owned and operated by Neoen, with the state government having the right to call on the stored power under certain circumstances. Phase one provided a total of of storage capable of discharge at into the power grid, which is contractually divided into two parts:
On 14 December 2017, at 1:58:59 am, the HPR reacted when unit A3 at Loy Yang Power Station tripped. As its generators spun down over the next 30 seconds, the loss of its 560 MW of base power caused a dip in the system frequency. By 1:59:19, the frequency had fallen to 49.8 Hz, and triggered HPR's response, injecting 7.3 MW into the grid and effectively helping to stabilise the system before the Gladstone Power Station was able to respond at 1:59:27. This synchronverter reaction is a built-in feature, but had not previously been effectively demonstrated.
During two days in January 2018 when the wholesale spot price for electricity in South Australia rose due to hot weather, the battery made its owners an estimated () as they sold power from the battery to the grid for a price of around /MWh. Based on the first six months of operation, the reserve is estimated to earn about per year. (This is a third-party estimate, based on spot energy prices; it is possible that the HPR has contracted to provide power at a lower price, in exchange for a more certain income stream.)
After six months of operation, the Hornsdale Power Reserve was responsible for 55% of frequency control and ancillary services in South Australia. By the end of 2018, it was estimated that the Power Reserve had saved in costs, mostly in eliminating the need for a fuel-powered 35 MW Frequency Control Ancillary Service. In 2019, grid costs were reduced by $116 million due to the operation of HPR. The battery usually arbitrages 30 MW or less, but in May 2019 began charging and discharging at around 80 MW and for longer than usual, increasing wind power production by reducing curtailment. FCAS is the main source of revenue. When the Heywood interconnector failed for 18 days in January 2020, HPR provided grid support while limiting power prices. This event was the main contributor to Neoen's €30 million ($A46.3 million) operating profit from Australian battery storage in 2020.


Thomas Kefford

Thomas Kefford (baptised 18 March 1686, in Royston) (fl. 1710–1750), was a noted English clockmaker doing business at "The Dial", Fore Street, Royston, Hertfordshire. Thomas was the son of Thomas Kefford (also a clockmaker) and Mary Fordham, and was one of 4 siblings baptised at Royston.
Upon Kefford's death (or retirement) in about 1750, he was succeeded by Samuel Coxhall, who came from Shepreth, Cambridgeshire and had been apprenticed in June 1746, for 8 years and a fee of £21.


Chelsea Clock Company

The Chelsea Clock Company is an American clock manufacturing company founded in 1897. Clocks produced by Chelsea Clock Company have been found in the White House, on US Naval Ships, and in homes and offices around the world. The company continues to build and repair clocks at their corporate headquarters in Chelsea, Massachusetts.
History.
Before Chelsea Clock (1800s).
Prior to 1880, Joseph Henry Eastman served as an apprentice watchmaker to Edward Howard, founder of E. Howard & Co. After serving his apprenticeship, Eastman would become one of the founders of Harvard Clock Company, which was granted a Massachusetts’ Certificate of Organization on November 20, 1880, starting as co-director alongside James H. Gerry. In the 1881 Boston City Directory however, Eastman was titled as General Manager. During this time, Harvard Clock Company produced 800 clocks of marine, carriage, banjo, and shelf types. The Harvard Clock Company would change its name to Boston Clock Company in 1884.
Boston Clock Company continued to produce clocks like they did when they were Harvard Clock Company. However, in 1886, they began producing striking clocks after the invention of the Boston tandem wind movement. They also began to produce ship’s bell clocks, although they were limited and appear to be prototypes. Circumstantial evidence shows these ship’s bell marked with “Boston Clock Co.” were assembled at the Vermont Clock Company circa 1900. Boston Clock Company produced approximately 150,000 clocks between 1884-1894. On January 31, 1894, the Jewelers’ Circular of Horological Review reported that the Ansonia Clock Company bought out the Boston Clock Company. On September 4, 1895, The Circular reported that the Boston Clock Company was transferred to Charles O. Warner on private terms. According to the report, the estate consisted of a large brick building and lots of land containing about 50,362 square feet, appraised for $5,000. The whole was assessed for $35,000. The Ansonia Clock Company continued to offer Boston Clock Company clocks in their catalogue until late 1907.
From 1894 to 1896, Joseph H. Eastman constructed a factory in Chelsea, Massachusetts, calling the new company Eastman Clock Company. Once completed, the Eastman Clock Company produced limited numbers of marine, regulator, and banjo clocks. However, shortly after the completion of the factory, Joseph Henry Eastman fell into bankruptcy. On May 1, 1896, a mechanic’s lien was recorded in Land Court against Eastman by J.E. Gidden in the amount of $3,559.72. Another lien of $700 was recorded in Land Court by Joseph A. Ingalls on July 25, 1896. Eastman Clock Company was foreclosed and sold in mid 1896. Joseph Eastman retained movements marked Eastman Clock Co. after the foreclosure which was later sold to Fairhaven Manufacturing Company (later called Vermont Clock Company in 1898) in Fairhaven, Vermont.
On October 7, 1896, Harry W Bates, with a small group of investors formed a clock company called Boston Clock Company of Maine in Kittery, Maine. This was done to succeed the defunct firm of the same name. Shortly after on October 29, 1896, the Boston Clock Company of Maine would purchase the foreclosed property for $6,300. However, by using the name Boston Clock Company as well as Eastman’s factory and clock design, it led to confusion as to the origin of the “Chelsea” Clock Company.
In 1897, Charles Pearson, a native Bostonian, acquired the property, tools, and machinery and, within days, began operating it as the Chelsea Clock Company. The tools and machinery however were jury-rigged and badly worn. Due to this, he set about expanding Chelsea's workforce and investing in major plant and equipment improvements. The first meeting of the Chelsea Clock Company Board of Directors occurred on July 28, 1897. On the board were Whipple N. Potter - President, Charles H. Pearson - Treasurer, Reginald Foster - Clerk and Allen L. Shepherd - Secretary.
The Early Years.
Early production centered on pendulum models and brass-plated, non-striking marine clocks. Pendulum clocks, with their fine mahogany cabinets, often took months to produce. The company produced its marine clocks entirely in-house, so these created revenue far more quickly.
Under Pearson's guidance, Chelsea made numerous product design improvements, many of which it patented. These included the design for a ship's bell clock having a fully encased chime and striking mechanism, patented in 1900. By 1903, the company also produced clocks for automobiles, soon counting Rolls Royce, Packard, and Studebaker among its customers. It wasn't until 1906, however, that the company earned its first profit. The United States Navy was by then ordering Chelsea's marine clocks in increasing quantities, leading other military branches to follow their lead. In 1907 and 1908, the U.S. Treasury Department ordered more than 100 clocks for its offices throughout the country. This motivated Pearson to establish the Boston Clock Company, essentially a separate brand for clocks and related instruments—including an artillery time fuse—the company manufactured to meet government standards.
From 1906 until the late 1920s, Chelsea's business grew profitably under Pearson's guidance. In 1928, however, he died following a brief illness. He wanted William Neagle, who he had hired 26 years earlier, to have first option on buying the company, which Neagle soon did.
The mid 1900s.
Neagle was quick to replace less popular models with new ones, including the Forecaster, Fulton, and Georgian. Shortly after he assumed ownership, however, the stock market crashed and the Great Depression set in. Through drastic inventory and cost reductions Neagle managed to keep Chelsea afloat. When World War II arrived, Chelsea's role as a government supplier helped offset declining consumer sales. Neagle retired in 1945, selling the company to longtime employees George King and Walter Mutz.
In postwar 1946, the United States Air Force created its Strategic Air Command (SAC) and equipped each if its bombers and nuclear missile silos with Chelsea clocks. Meanwhile, Mutz noted a growing demand for electric clocks and, in 1947, introduced Chelsea's Model VE. He also introduced consumer versions of its popular military clocks, the Type "A" (12-hour) and Type "B" (24-hour). Mutz and King eventually discontinued several models, including the Athena, Fulton, and Magellan, while adding others, among them Bookends, Comet, and Corvette. James Leone, Chelsea's director of engineering, also introduced several improvements to the company's Ship's Bell model, including the addition of a stop strike lever. The redesigned movement, called the Model 4L, remains largely the same to this day.
The late 1900s.
In 1970, Mutz and King sold Chelsea Clock to Automation Industries, where Chelsea became part of the marine division. Soon thereafter, Chelsea's management noted the growing popularity of less expensive European movements, leading it to introduce a line of mid-priced clocks with German-made Hermle movements. To distinguish them from its premium clocks, Chelsea introduced its Boston Ship's Strike brand. In 1972, just two years after acquiring Chelsea Clock, Automation sold it to Bunker Ramo Corporation who, among many things, was the nation's largest producer of automotive clocks. In 1975, Chelsea began marketing its Ship's Bell and house strike (12-hour chime) movements with pendulum escapements in the popular banjo style. That same year, it also designed and introduced its first tide clock.
Bunker Ramo sold Chelsea in 1978 to Richard Leavitt, a native Bostonian, avid sailor, and former corporate auditor. Leavitt soon realized Chelsea could no longer rely largely on its government, marine, and Ship's Bell sales, so he revitalized its jewelry house line, introducing ten new clock models in 1981. He also resumed efforts to reserve the Chelsea brand name for the company's premium timepieces, and use the Boston brand for mid-line products—a practice he abandoned ten years later. By 1984, quartz and digital timekeeping technology were well established, leading Chelsea to introduce its Chronoquartz clock, named for its chronometer-like accuracy.
2000s.
In 2005, after leading Chelsea Clock for more than 25 years, Leavitt, sold the company to JK Nicholas, an investor in Boston Scientific a business consultant, entrepreneur, and longtime collector of Chelsea clocks. When Leavitt sold the company to Nicholas, he sold only the company. The old building which had been the company's home was sold to a real estate developer who owned a number of old and dilapidated properties. In 2015, Chelsea Clock moved out, remaining in Chelsea, Massachusetts and making way for the old building to be demolished so the site can become part of an urban renewal project which will include mixed use of retail, commercial and residential units. Much of Chelsea's production today follows the 18th Century model of "cottage industry" in which pieces are made in various locations and brought together under the main company roof for final assembly, so less space was needed to house the company workshops and offices.
References.
 Demeter and Sons, History of Chelsea Clocks


Dwight Hamilton Baldwin

Dwight Hamilton Baldwin (September 15, 1821 – August 23, 1899) was a piano manufacturer in the United States, famous as the eponym and introducer of the Baldwin Piano.
Born in Erie County, Pennsylvania, Baldwin began his career as a teacher of the reed organ and violin. He opened a music store in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1862, and became one of the biggest sellers of pianos in the Midwest. Along with inventor John Warren Macy, Baldwin created the first Baldwin piano in 1891, and introduced a grand piano in 1895. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the age of 78.


Edmund Bruce Ball

Edmund Bruce Ball FRSE (21 May 1873 – 17 June 1944) was an English hydraulic engineer. He specialised in the storage and distribution of water.
Life.
He was born in Thetford in Norfolk. He was educated in Thetford and then apprenticed as an engineer to Charles Burrell & Sons in that towns. His talent won him a scholarship to study engineering at Manchester Technical School. On completion of this apprenticeship in 1895, Ball was elected a Whitworth Exhibitioner and also received a Queen’s Prizeman for Science.
He had a very successful career, starting as Chief Designer for Benjamin Goodfellow & Co in Hyde, Manchester. Thereafter he served as Works Manager for Reavell & Co in Ipswich, Technical Director for San Georgio Co in Genoa, Technical Director for Samuel & Co Ltd in Shanghai and Manchuria, Works Manager at D Napier & Son in Acton, and Managing Director of Glenfield & Kennedy in Kilmarnock. His last position also gave him control of two subsidiary companies: British Pitometer and Hydrautomat.
He served as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers from 1939 to 1940, the same year he was President of the Whitworth Society. He was also President of the Institute of Water Engineers. He was an Honorary Life Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
He died of a heart attack at his home, Eldo House, in Monkton, Ayrshire in 1944.


Robert Benedetto

Robert Benedetto (born October 22, 1946 in The Bronx, New York) is an American luthier of archtop jazz guitars. In 1968, he made his first archtop guitar in New Jersey and has handcrafted nearly 850 musical instruments. His guitars appear on many recordings, videos, and TV and film soundtracks, and have been featured in books, magazines and museums (including the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History and the National Guitar Museum).
By the 1970s (he relocated to Florida in 1976), his reputation grew as he crafted archtop guitars for professional jazz players Bucky Pizzarelli, Chuck Wayne, Joe Diorio and Cal Collins, and in the 80s and 90s for Johnny Smith, Jack Wilkins, Ron Eschete, Martin Taylor, Howard Alden, John Pizzarelli, Andy Summers, Jimmy Bruno, Kenny Burrell and Pat Martino, among others, collectively known as “The Benedetto Players”. More recent jazz guitarists who play Benedetto guitars include Dan Faehnle, Joe Negri, Chico Pinheiro and Andreas Varady.
Benedetto married Cindy Whyte in 1975 who has photographed and extensively documented Robert’s guitars and their players. In 1983, Benedetto began making violins for both orchestra and jazz artists. His most notable endorser was Stephane Grappelli.
In 1990 Benedetto relocated to East Stroudsburg, PA. Shortly thereafter, in 1992, he offered an archtop guitar making course at his shop. In 1994 he published his book "Making An Archtop Guitar", followed in 1996 with his instructional DVD "Archtop Guitar Design & Construction". That same year Cindy organized the first of the ongoing Benedetto Players in Concert series.
Also in 1996, Benedetto made “La Cremona Azzurra” a blue archtop guitar commissioned by guitar collector Scott Chinery and exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution. Benedetto’s Blue Guitar was featured on the Smithsonian’s commemorative Blue Guitar poster.
In 2000, he published full-scale blueprints of a 17" Benedetto archtop guitar, followed in 2004 by the Mel Bay production of "Benedetto: Body and Soul" DVD, a biography by William Doyle.
From 1999 to 2006, Benedetto had a licensing agreement with Fender Musical Instruments to produce his models in their Custom Shop. He also redesigned the Guild Artist Award (later the Johnny Smith Award) and the Guild Stuart X-700.
In 2006, Benedetto ended his seven year licensing agreement with Fender and partnered with businessman/guitarist Howard Paul to open a small manufacturing facility in Savannah, Georgia where the Benedetto staff currently makes a full line of archtop guitars.
In 2014, Benedetto partnered with Bill Neale to make Benedetto Amps, a line of American-made jazz amps.
In 2018, a Benedetto 50th Anniversary concert was presented by the Savannah Music Festival featuring Howard Alden, Chico Pinheiro, Romero Lubambo, “King” Solomon Hicks and Pat Martino. The Second Edition of his book "Making an Archtop Guitar" was published in 2018 (Centerstream Publishing/Hal Leonard ).


Ants Taul

Ants Taul (born 7 March 1950 in Tõrva) is an Estonian musician and instrument-maker who played a prominent role in the revival of the Estonian bagpipe, the "torupill". As early as 1976 (when he was 26), Taul was recognised as one of Estonia's primary bagpipers, with piper Olev Roomet having retired due to ill health.
Taul continued to play, including representing Estonia in musical exhibitions with other folk musicians in the 1980s.
Ants' son, Andrus, continues to make and play the torupill as had his father.


Slipper clutch

A slipper clutch "(also known as a back-torque limiter)" is a specialized clutch with an integrated freewheel mechanism, developed for performance-oriented motorcycles to mitigate the effects of engine braking when riders decelerate.
The main purpose of a slipper clutch is to prevent over engine rev and rear wheel hop (or clatter) especially under hard braking in a vehicle (usually performance motorcycles).
Design.
The slipper clutch consists of two bases, one with dog clutches and ramps with ball bearings, a splined hub, and clutch plates. In normal operation, the dog clutches mate, driving the transmission. When a back torque comes from the transmission, the splined hub slides up the bearing ramps, disconnecting from the clutch plates and allowing a limited slip between input and output.
This type of clutch is designed to partially disengage or "slip" when the rear wheel tries to drive the engine faster than it would run under its own power. The engine braking forces in conventional clutches will normally be transmitted back along the drive chain causing the rear wheel to hop, chatter or lose traction. This is especially noted on larger displacement four-stroke engines, which have greater engine braking than their two-stroke or smaller displacement counterparts. Slipper clutches eliminate this extra loading on the rear suspension giving riders a more predictable ride and minimize the risk of over-revving the engine during downshifts. Slipper clutches can also prevent a catastrophic rear wheel lockup in case of engine seizure. Generally, the amount of force needed to disengage the clutch is adjustable to suit the application.
Slipper clutches have also been used to a lesser extent on automobiles, primarily those powered by motorcycle engines. They can also be found on racing remote control cars. Some experimental aircraft use a slipper clutch to control torsional resonance in the drive train and protect the engine from shock in the event of a propeller strike. A slipper clutch for an automobile was patented with a French priority date of 1953 to J.Maurice et al. The principle of this slipper is identical to that used in modern motorcycles.
One-way sprag clutches have also been used for the same purpose, but are generally not adjustable for disengagement force. Early Honda Shadow models used a design wherein a sprag clutch is connected to just half of the clutch friction plates, allowing the clutch to slip during heavy backloading sufficiently to prevent rear-wheel lockup, while still allowing moderate engine compression braking with the remaining friction plates.
History.
Slipper clutches have been used in most high displacement four stroke road racing motorcycles since the early 1990s, having been introduced on the Honda NR500 in 1982 in 500GP. Slipper clutches are now fitted to many current sport bikes.
External links.
http://www.ardwheels.com/tvs-apache-310-rr/


Francis Ramacciotti

Francis Ramacciotti (1828–1894) was an Italian-born inventor who founded a major piano string manufacturer in the United States.
Born in the Tuscany region of Italy (probably Lucca), Ramacciotti was reportedly associated with Garibaldi and held a military rank. Ramaciotti immigrated to the US in 1848, moving to Buffalo, New York. He apprenticed in a piano company in Buffalo before founding his own piano string company, the F. Ramacciotti company, in 1852. In 1853, he married Rachel Rendt of Detroit, Michigan. The couple had five children: Albert, Hugo, Italo, Eugenia, and Emma.
In 1867, Ramaciotti moved his company to New York City. He invented and patented the first modern bass string for the piano. Previous piano strings used iron winding over iron. This modern invention using a special new machine used copper wound over iron. The company was one of the top makers of piano strings in the world for several decades.
In 1894, Francis Ramacciotti died. His son Albert took over the company the next year. Albert expanded it to one of the three top string makers in the nation.
References.
Books.
Tariff schedules: Hearings before the Committee on ways and means, House of ... - Page 1239
by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, Oscar Wilder Underwood - Tariff - 1918
One day a foreman in the Ramacciotti plant, John, who had been a boy apprentice
when ... that was the end of the New York Cooperative Piano String Co. ...
Pianos and Their Makers: A comprehensive history of the development of the ... - Page 465
by Alfred Dolge - Piano - 1911
... String Co Strings ... • . . .New Brunswick Celluloid Piano Key Co Keys 1876
New York ... Brown & Co Felts 1901 Ramacciotti. F Strings 1867 Schirmer. . (list firm founded 1867)
Fifty years of St. Cecile Lodge, no. 568, F. & A.M.: Including "One thousand ... - Page 146
by Freemasons. New York (City) St. Cecile lodge, no. 568, Freemasons. St. Cecile Lodge, no. 568 (New York, N.Y.), Charles Miller Williams - 1916 - 472 pages
Francesco Ramacciotti, who died June 13, 1894 The lodge met in a hall corner of Third
Avenue ... Ramacciotti joined the lodge in 1871 and from the first took an
Musique-Addresses Universel - Page 1540
1929
Ramacciotti F. Inc, 421 W. 28th St. — Manuf. of Piano Wire and Bass Strings. ...
Manuf. of Piano Benches. Rapuano Joseph, 222 E. 105th St. — Manufacturer of ..
Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol ... - Page 650
by United States. Dept. of the Treasury, United States. Customs Court, United States. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals - 1916
The sworn statement of Francis Ramacciotti, dated January 21, 1915, covering
bass strings ... of Detroit, Mich., with the use of Imported plate glass. ... ( this Francis is the son Albert Francis)


Orchard Hills railway station

Orchard Hills railway station is a proposed station on the Western Sydney Airport line that will serve Orchard Hills. It is scheduled to open in 2026.
References.
[[Category:Sydney Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations scheduled to open in 2026]]


Disc coupling

A Disc coupling, by definition, transmits torque from a driving to a driven bolt tangentially on a common bolt circle. Torque is transmitted between the bolts through a series of thin, stainless steel discs assembled in a pack. Misalignment is accomplished by deforming of the material between the bolts.
A disc coupling is a high performance motion control (servo) coupling designed to be the torque transmitting element (by connecting two shafts together) while accommodating for shaft misalignment. It is designed to be flexible, while remaining torsionally strong under high torque loads. Typically, disc couplings can handle speeds up to 10,000 RPM.
There are two different styles of disc coupling:
The difference between the two styles is that single disc couplings cannot accommodate parallel misalignment due to the complex bending that would be required of the lone disc. Double disc styles allow the two discs to bend in opposite directions to better manage parallel offset. The discs are fastened to the hubs (and center spacer on double disc styles) with tight fitting pins that do not allow any play or backlash between the disc and the hubs. The discs can be bent easily and as a result, disc couplings have some of the lowest bearing loads available in a motion control coupling.
Torsionally stiff and still flexible, disc couplings are a great solution for high speed applications. The downside is that they are more delicate than the average coupling and can be damaged if misused. Special care should be taken to ensure that misalignment is within the ratings of the coupling.


Peter Hill (clockmaker)

Peter Hill (July 19, 1767 – December 1820) was an American clockmaker. Hill, a former enslaved person, was the first African American clockmaker and the only African American clockmaker working during the late 18th century and early 19th century.
Biography.
Peter Hill was born into slavery on July 19, 1767 and lived on the land owned by a Quaker and clockmaker, Joseph Hollinshead Jr in Burlington Township, New Jersey. Hill worked as an apprentice to Hollinshead, starting at age 14. Hollingshead helped Hill set up a clockmaking business of his own prior to freeing him. In 1794, Hill was given a certificate of manumission and was freed by his master. He was certified a free man in 1795.
Hill married Tina Lewis, an educator, on September 9, 1795. Hill and his wife lived in the same location as his clockmaking shop where he maintained the business there for 23 years. Hill was the first African American clockmaker and the only African American clockmaker working during the late 18th century and early 19th century. Around 1814, Hill moved his business to Mount Holly, New Jersey. On February 29, 1820, Hill purchased a large house in Mount Holly. He died in December of that same year. Hill was buried in the Society of Friends' Burial ground in Burlington Township.
Most of Hill's clocks did not survive, with only five known to exist to the present day. One of Hill's clocks is in the collection of the National Museum of American History.


Deadbeat escapement


Beizhong Road station

Beizhong Road () is a station under construction on the future Line 18 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Beizhong Road and Lianxi Road in Pudong, Shanghai, the station is scheduled to open with the rest of phase one of Line 18 in 2021.


French destroyer La Combattante

La Combattante ("The Fighter") was a destroyer of the "Forces navales françaises libres" (FNFL). A British-built , she was offered to the Free French in 1942.
History.
Laid down as HMS "Haldon", she was damaged in a bombing in the night of 14 March 1941. She was offered to the FNFL in 1942, and renamed "La Combattante".
Escort duty and "S-Boot" fighting.
"La Combattante" made her first sortie in 23 March 1943, escorting a convoy in the English Channel. She rescued 68 sailors from the liberty ship "Stell Traveller", after it had struck a mine.
On 29 May 1943, she rescued British and Australian aircrews ; in September 1943, she rescued two British airmen.
In the night of 25–26 April 1944, "La Combattante" and the frigate intercepted a group of German E-boats; "La Combattante" managed to sink "S-147" and damage another ship. In the night of 12–13 May, "La Combattante" destroyed "S-141", killing Klaus Dönitz, Admiral Dönitz's son in the process.
During the night of 27–28 May "La Combattante" met motor torpedo boats "MTB-732" and "MTB-739"; the two groups mistakenly engaged each other, and "MTB-732" was sunk.
D-Day.
Under "commandant" André Patou, "La Combattante" took part in "Operation Neptune", providing close fire support to the landing parties during the Battle of Normandy off Courseulles-sur-Mer. She stayed off the beach, in deep waters, as she shelled shore batteries; at one point she ran aground, and morsed "I am happy that a French be the first to touch the ground of France". "La Combattante" destroyed several shore batteries, until troops started landing on the beach. She then returned to Portsmouth, escorting a landing ship dock.
On 25 June 1944 "La Combattante" rescued two downed US pilots.
Ferrying General De Gaulle.
"La Combattante" kept escorting convoys in the Channel between France and England until 14 July 1944, when she was ordered to the King's Stairs of Portsmouth harbour; awaiting the ship's arrival were General Charles de Gaulle, Generals Béthouart and Koenig, Admiral d'Argenlieu, Gaston Palewski, Pierre Viénot, Pierre Billotte, François Coulet, Pierre de Chevigné, Geoffroy de Courcel, Pierre Laroque and Claude Hettier de Boislambert, preparing to cross the English Channel to Normandy
The delegation also carried a 250-million franc treasure to counter introduction of the US occupation franc. One of the most famous photographs of De Gaulle was taken aboard during the journey, before he landed at Courseulles.
Fights off Normandy.
"La Combattante" further patrolled the Channel. In the night of 25–26 August 1944, she sank four German ships ferrying an artillery unit.
On 23 February 1945, an explosion broke "La Combattante" in two and she sank quickly, with 117 survivors of her 181-man crew. Allied sources stated the ship having been sunk whilst running on a mine. On the German side, a "Kriegsmarine" bulletin reported that "La Combattante" was destroyed at 10.28 a.m. on 24 February by two torpedoes fired by "U-5330", a German midget submarine of the "Seehund" type commanded by lieutenant Klaus Sparbrodt, approximately off the South-Fall Bank. Sparbrodt was decorated for his alleged success. The ship sunk by Sparbrodt was in fact the British cable layer .


Harold Harding

Sir Harold John Boyer Harding (6 January 1900 – 27 March 1986) was a British civil engineer. Harding was educated at Christ's Hospital and the City and Guilds College (part of Imperial College London), interrupting his studies 1918-19 with a one-year period spent as a cadet in the Officers' Training Corps. Following graduation Harding worked for Mowlem where he specialised in tunnelling work for London Underground including the reconstruction of Piccadilly Circus tube station and the expansion of the Central line. In the 1930s he and Mowlem were instrumental in introducing geotechnical processes to the UK.
Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Harding was placed in charge of defence and emergency repair of underground services in London. He built pre-cast concrete petrol barges and eight of the Mulberry Harbour segments used in the Normandy Landings. He was also a founding director of Soil Mechanics Ltd, a subsidiary of Mowlem dedicated to work in geotechnics. After the war Harding was involved with investigations into the feasibility of construction of a Channel Tunnel and sat on the tribunal investigating the Aberfan disaster of 1966.
Harding was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, was the founding chairman of the British Tunnelling Society, fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute and fellow of Imperial College. He was also a founder fellow of the Fellowship of Engineering and governor of three separate academic institutions: Westminster Technical College. Northampton Engineering College, and Imperial College. He received a knighthood in 1968.
Early life.
Harding was born in Wandsworth, London to Arthur Boyer Harding and his wife Helen Clinton Lowe, daughter of William Lowe, the vicar of Bunbury. His father died in 1902 and the family spent the next four years in South Africa with his mother's sister and her husband. Harold and his brother were educated at their uncle's expense at Christ's Hospital, Horsham and Harold entered the City and Guilds College (a part of Imperial College London) in 1917. He served as a full-time Officers' Training Corps cadet in 1918 before resuming his studies in 1919. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering in 1922.
Work with Mowlem.
Upon graduation Harding joined John Mowlem & Co., an engineering contractor, where he worked on the development of the London Underground network including the reconstruction of the Piccadilly Circus tube station from 1926–29. In 1927 he married Sophie Helen Blair Leighton, an artist with whom he had constructed a model of the Piccadilly works that later found its way to the Science Museum and is now in the London Transport Museum. Sophie was the daughter of the Pre-Raphaelite inspired painter Edmund Leighton. The Hardings had a daughter and two sons. During this period Harding was the first to employ the technique of dewatering of soil in the UK and the first to use the Joosten process of stabilisation by two part chemical injection.
In 1931 Harding worked on the construction of the new Ford Motor Company plant at Dagenham. Major foundation problems had to be overcome during the works as the plant was sited on the spot where Cornelius Vermuyden had closed a breach in the Thames in 1621–22. From this experience Harding developed an interest in chemical consolidation techniques and was a pioneer in their use. He also developed a belief in the value of the use of compressed air in difficult ground. He was in charge of the 1936–39 extension of the London Underground's Central line from Bow Road tube station to Leytonstone.
World War Two.
Following the outbreak of the Second World War Harding was placed in charge of defence and emergency repair of underground services in London. In 1942 he co-founded Soil Mechanics Ltd, a subsidiary of Mowlem which was the first construction company concerned with geotechnics. The other founding directors were Rudolph Glossop and Hugh Golder, who later founded Golder Associates. From 1943–44 Harding was involved with the pre-casting of concrete and built several petrol barges and eight of the Mulberry Harbour segments which were used in the Normandy Landings.
Post-war.
After the war Harding was increasingly involved with the management of Soil Mechanics Ltd and served as a director of it from 1949–55 and also as a director of Mowlem from 1950–56. Following this he worked independently as a consultant and arbitrator in the UK and abroad until 1978. He was the UK consultant with René Malcor his colleague and French counterpart from 1958–1970 of the Channel Tunnel study group investigations into the feasibility of a Channel Tunnel, which eventually resulted in the tunnel's construction in 1988–94. From 1966–67 Harding was also a member of the Aberfan disaster tribunal, chaired by Lord Justice Edmund Davies, which investigated the rotational slip of a slag heap in South Wales which caused 144 deaths.
Harding died at Topsham, Devon on 27 March 1986, having been lobbying for a twin-bore tunnel solution for the Channel Tunnel up to the announcement of its go-ahead, just weeks before his death.
Institutions and awards.
Harding served as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1963 to November 1964. He was also the founding chairman of the British Tunnelling Society from 1971–73 and was a founder fellow of the Fellowship of Engineering in 1976. Harding was elected a fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute in 1952 and of Imperial College in 1968. He also received a knighthood on 13 February 1968 and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Sciences degree from City University London in 1970. Harding served as a governor of three separate academic institutions, Westminster Technical College from 1948–53; Northampton Engineering College from 1950–53, and Imperial College from 1955–75.
Legacy.
The National Archives lists some of Harding's professional papers dated 1926–1986 which relate to Piccadilly Circus and the Channel Tunnel. They form part of a donation made by him to the University of Exeter Engineering Department in the early 1980s.
References.


Roger Morris (engineer)

Roger Brian Morris (19 March 1933 – 15 June 2001) was a pioneer in railway engineering, having helped develop the rail system for the Channel Tunnel, the hovertrain project as well as a number of the railway systems in Eastern Europe and South America.
Morris was born in Liverpool, England.
In his later years he became a Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge. During those years he functioned as an assistant to students attending the College. His obituary in "The Times" described him as "a Cambridge don of an increasingly rare kind, concerned not just with academic results but the development of rounded personalities. A friendly uncle to waves of students...he taught not only engineering, but how to get the most out of the university, and out of life."


Jasper Ewing Brady

Jasper Ewing Brady (March 4, 1797 – January 26, 1871) was a Whig member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Jasper E. Brady was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania. He learned the hatter's trade and taught school in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1827 and commenced practice in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. He served as treasurer of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, for three years. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1844 and 1845.
Brady was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1848. He moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in September 1849 and resumed the practice of law. He served as a clerk in the office of the paymaster general in the War Department in Washington, D.C., from 1861 to 1869. He retired from active business pursuits in 1869 and resided in Washington, D.C., until his death in 1871. He was interred in City Cemetery in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, and later reinterred in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., in 1893.


M6 mine

The M6, M6A1 and M6A2 are a series of metal-cased, circular, heavy anti-tank landmines produced by the United States from May 1944 to May 1945. They were superseded in service by the larger M15 mine. The mine is normally painted olive green and has a large central pressure plate. In the center of the pressure plate is an arming plug that has an arming lever with three settings: ARMED, DANGER and SAFE. The pressure plate rests on a concertina-like structure, which when enough force is applied is compressed. Compression results in a transfer plate under the arming plug pressing downwards onto a belleville spring which inverts, flipping the firing pin into the detonator, which triggers the adjacent explosive booster and main explosive charge.
The mine is fitted with two secondary fuze wells on the side and bottom to enable anti-handling devices to be fitted. The M6 and M6A1 variants were fitted with chemical fuzes, the M600 and M601, the later M6A2 used the mechanical M603 fuze. The mines are found in Angola, Cyprus, Korea, Lebanon, Rwanda, Thailand, the Western Sahara, although these may in fact have been M15 mines that were misidentified.


No 8 mine

The No 8 mine is a South African circular plastic cased minimum metal anti-tank blast mine. The mine has a large pressure plate on top of which is an oversize arming lever whose position at either of two sets of lugs either indicates "ARMED" or "SAFE". The mine can be fitted with a number of electronic anti-handling devices as well as seismic and magnetic influence devices. The mine is found in Angola, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.


Jean Blanchet (watchmaker)

Jean Blanchet was a Swiss watchmaker who grew up at Lyons in France where his father Pierre Blanchet owned a small watch dial factory.
Life & career.
Since his youth, Jean Blanchet was fascinated by the French and Swiss watch tradition. He launched his own watch manufacturing firm in 1789. From the beginning, his company was successful throughout Europe. He eventually created his own eponymous line of Swiss watches, Blanchet.
In 1828 Jean Blanchet married Laura Wilson, the daughter of an English ambassador. One year later she gave birth to their son Yves Blanchet. In the age of 20 Yves decided to go to the Royal School of Watchmaking (École Royale de l'Horlogerie de Cluses).
Yves took over the company in 1852, when Jean died during an accident. Four years later he moved close to the Lake of Geneva, in Coppet, to perfect his watchmaking technique and start his own business " Manufacture d'Horologerie Blanchet & Cie".


Arc spring

The arc spring (also known as - bow spring, curved spring, circular spring or "banana" spring) is a special form of coil spring which was originally developed for use in the dual-mass flywheel of internal combustion engine drive trains. The term "arc spring" is used to describe pre-curved or arc-shaped helical compression springs. They have an arc-shaped coil axis.
Function.
Like other technical springs, arc springs are based on the fundamental principle of storing mechanical work in the form of potential energy and the ability to release this energy again. The force is applied through the ends of the spring. A torque formula_1 can be transmitted around an axis via the force formula_2 directed along this helical axis and the lever arm to the system center point formula_3. The wire of the arc spring is mainly subjected to torsional stress.
Support.
An arc spring requires suitable support to transmit torque. The support is usually provided from the outside in the form of an arcuate channel (sliding shell) or radially shaped support plates. This prevents buckling of the arc spring. Another result of this support is a hysteresis between the loading and unloading curves in the characteristic curve. This results from the friction of the spring on the radial support and is an intended effect to achieve damping in the system.
Arc spring systems.
As with compression springs, spring systems can also be used for arc springs. The main designs are series and parallel connection. With these, single-stage or multi-stage spring characteristics can be achieved. In order to make optimum use of the available space, systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs are often used.
In addition, the spring characteristic can be influenced by other parameters such as the cross-sectional geometry of the wire, the coil diameter or the number of coils.
Applications.
The arc spring is suitable for static and quasi-static as well as dynamic applications. Examples include:
Materials and their standardization.
In principle, the spring steels used for ordinary coil springs can also be used for arc springs. These are:


Lauren Billys

Lauren Billys Shady (born 14 May 1988) is an American-born eventer who represents Puerto Rico. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro where she finished 44th in the individual competition. In doing so, Billys became the first Puerto Rican eventer to compete at the Olympics since 1988. She was eligible to represent Puerto Rico in the event because her grandmother is Puerto Rican.
Billys also competed at two Pan American Games (in 2011 and 2015). Her best result came in 2015 when she achieved 18th place.


Gustav Becker

Gustav Eduard Becker (May 2, 1819 in Oels, Silesia - September 17, 1885 in Berchtesgaden) was a German clockmaker and founder of the brand Gustav Becker.
Biography.
Early life.
Becker learned clockmaking in Silesia and enriched his skills by learning from many masters around Germany which, during that era, was the most important country in the clock industry.
His great skills gave him the ability to fix clocks at the most intricate level. During his time in Vienna, he decided to start his own clock factory.
Early career.
Becker came back to Silesia in 1845, and got married.
In 1847, he settled in Freiburg, Lower Silesia (now Świebodzice, Poland), and that April he opened a small clock shop with a few employees to whom he taught clockmaking.
First, he created clocks in the Viennese model, and thanks to his success, in 1850 he moved his business to a better business centre.
Success.
His breakthrough came in 1852 at the Silesian Clock Fair.
Crowds were drawn to his works because of the quality, and he was awarded the gold medal for the best clock in the fair.
In 1854 he received large orders from the British Royal Mail, and the Silesian Telegraphy Centre.
After the orders, he received a fortune from the Duke of Martibore, and with this money he could pay enough to make clock cases for train stations.
In the 1860s, he began to create the "Classical" Gustav Becker clocks. Starting from fairly simple clocks, the clocks became complex and very ornamental, and sales rose to a peak in 1875, with over 300,000 clock orders. He won at clock fairs in London, Paris, Sydney, Melbourne, Berlin and Amsterdam.
Competition with the Black Forest clockmakers.
During the 1880s, the Black Forest clockmakers began competing with Becker, with good quality, less-expensive models. A well-known type of Black Forest clock is the Cuckoo clock.
With the decline of sales, Becker stopped selling complex clocks, and returned to making more simple designs.
Death.
Gustav Becker died on 14 September 1885 in Berchtesgaden during a stay in Bavaria. He was buried three days later in a municipal cemetery in Freiburg (now Świebodzice) to much public mourning.
The brand Gustav Becker.
The brand was created in 1899, and in 1930 it merged with Junghans, a large clockmaker in Schramberg, Baden-Württemberg, in southwestern Germany.
After the Second World War, the Gustav Becker factory's location was transferred from Germany to Poland, and clock production there ceased. Junghans continued to exist in West Germany, but clocks bearing the Becker brand were no longer produced.


Saint Mary Lake

Saint Mary Lake is the second-largest lake in Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana.
Located on the east side of the park, Going-to-the-Sun Road parallels the lake along its north shore. At an altitude of , Saint Mary Lake's waters are colder and lie almost higher in altitude than Lake McDonald, the largest lake in the park, which is located on the west side of the Continental Divide. Here, the great plains end and the Rocky Mountains begin in an abrupt altitude change, with Little Chief Mountain posing a formidable southern flank above the west end of the lake.
The lake is long and deep with a surface area of . The waters of the lake rarely rise above and are home to various species of trout. During the winter, the lake is often completely frozen over with ice up to thick.
The opening scene in the 1980 Stanley Kubrick film "The Shining" was shot at Saint Mary Lake.
Wild Goose Island rises a mere 14 ft (4.3 m) above the lake. The island is dwarfed by the lake and surrounding mountains, yet it is of one of the most frequently photographed locations along the Going-to-the-Sun Road.


John Duncan (botanist)

John Duncan (19 December 1794 – 9 August 1881) was a Scottish weaver and botanist.
Early life.
Duncan was born at Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, on 19 December 1794. His mother, Ann Caird, was not married to his father, John Duncan, a weaver of Drumlithie, eight miles from Stonehaven, and she supported herself and the boy by harvesting and by weaving stockings. He never went to school, but very early gathered rushes in the valleys, from which he made pith wicks for sale. During his boyhood he acquired a strong love for wild plants. From the age of fifteen he went as herd-boy to various farms, receiving cruel treatment.
In 1809, Duncan was apprenticed for five years to a weaver in Drumlithie, a village of country linen-weavers. His master, Charles Pirie, an ill-tempered man who had almost conquered the celebrated Captain Robert Barclay Allardice, carried on an illicit still and smuggled gin. He was cruel to his apprentice; but his wife helped him with reading. He did not learn to write till after he was thirty years of age. He obtained the loan of Nicholas Culpeper's "British Herbal", then reputed among village herbalists.
In 1814, however, when his apprenticeship had still some months to run, Duncan ran away and returned to Stonehaven, where he lived with his mother for two years. He managed to buy a copy of Culpeper, and he practised herbalism all his life. From Culpeper, too, and the astrology it contained, he gained an introduction to astronomy.
Move to Aberdeen.
In 1816, Duncan and his mother moved to Aberdeen, where he learnt woollen-weaving. He married in 1818, but his wife proved unfaithful, and, after deserting him, demanded money. In 1824, Duncan became a travelling or household weaver, varying his work with harvesting, and taking a half-yearly spell of training as a militiaman at Aberdeen for nearly twenty years. He became a skilled weaver, studying the mechanics of the loom, and purchasing "Essays on the Art of Weaving" (Glasgow, 1808), by a namesake, the inventor of the patent tambouring machinery, Alexander Peddie's "Weaver's Assistant", 1817, and "Murphy on Weaving", 1831. He also devoted himself to advancing his general education by the aid of dictionaries and grammars, proceeding also to acquire some Latin and Greek. He gradually purchased Sir John Hill's edition of the "Herbal", Joseph Pitton de Tournefort's "Herbal", James Rennie's "Medical Botany", and works on astrology and astronomy.
Duncan never possessed a watch after he left Aberdeen, but became an expert dialler, and made himself a pocket sun-dial on James Ferguson's model. From his outdoor habits of astronomical observation he was nicknamed Johnnie Meen, or Moon, and also 'the Nogman', from his queer pronunciation of the word "gnomon", which he often used. For many years he lived in the Vale of Alford, under Benachie, and devoted himself chiefly to astronomy and botany. He was abstemious, his bed, board, washing, and dress not costing him more than four shillings a week.
Botanist.
In 1836, Duncan made the acquaintance of Charles Black, gardener at Whitehouse, near Netherton. They became friends, and helped each other in the study of botany; they formed large collections of every attainable plant for many miles round, preserving and naming them. Sir W. J. Hooker's "British Flora" they only managed to see at a local inn until 1852, when Duncan bought it. Duncan lived in poverty and obscurity, only emerging once as far as Edinburgh, where Black was working at the botanical gardens. His herbarium succumbed largely to dampness and insects, but in 1880, when he presented it to Aberdeen University, it still contained 75% of the British species of flowering plants, and nearly every species mentioned in George Dickie's "Flora of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine".
Later life.
After 1852 Duncan lived in the village of Droughsburn, performing every office for himself except the preparation of his meals. He was a regular church-goer, being a Free church man, but always took some wild flowers to church. He acquired considerable knowledge of animals, purchasing Charles Knight's "Natural History", and in later years he studied phrenology. He was a liberal in politics.
In 1874, from failing health, Duncan was obliged to seek parish help. In 1878, Mr. W. Jolly of Inverness, who had visited him the preceding year, gave an account of Duncan in "Good Words", which brought him some assistance; in 1880 a public appeal was made on his behalf. He died on 9 August 1881 in his eighty-seventh year, having left the balance of the fund raised for him to furnish prizes for the encouragement of natural science, especially botany, among the school children of the Vale of Alford.


George Walter Ecclestone

George Walter Ecclestone (October 8, 1865 – August 10, 1940) was a hardware merchant and political figure in Ontario. He represented Muskoka in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1916 to 1934 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Dawn Mills, Kent County, Ontario, the son of John William Ecclestone, of Loddon and Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England and the former Ann Jane Chiltick, born Brookeborough, Fermanagh, Ireland. In 1890, Ecclestone married Alice Warner Jacobs. He served as mayor of Bracebridge, as president of the local board of trade and as chairman of the Bracebridge Power and Light Commission. Ecclestone was elected to the assembly in a 1916 by-election held following the death of Samuel Henry Armstrong.


Marcia Fudge

Marcia Louise Fudge (born October 29, 1952) is an American attorney and politician serving as the 18th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development since 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, she served as the U.S. representative for from 2008 to 2021.
Following the death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones in 2008, Fudge ran unopposed in the special election to replace her. She was chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th Congress. She considered running for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives at the start of the 116th Congress but eventually announced she would back Nancy Pelosi.
President-elect Joe Biden nominated Fudge as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development on December 10, 2020. The U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs advanced her nomination by a vote of 17–7 on February 4, 2021. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 10, 2021, by a vote of 66–34. She was virtually sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 10, 2021. Upon taking her oath of office, she became the first African-American woman to serve as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development since Patricia Roberts Harris left the office in 1979.
Early life and education.
Fudge was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 29, 1952. A 1971 graduate of Shaker Heights High School, she earned her Bachelor of Science in business from the Ohio State University in 1975. In 1983, she earned a Juris Doctor from Cleveland State University Cleveland–Marshall College of Law.
Early political career.
After college, she worked as a law clerk and studied legal research. She also worked in the Cuyahoga County prosecutor's office as Director of Budget and Finance. Fudge has also worked as an auditor for the county's estate tax department and has occasionally served as a visiting judge and as a chief referee for arbitration.
Fudge was the mayor of Warrensville Heights, Ohio, from 2000 to November 18, 2008. Her 1999 campaign was her first run for any elected office. She was the town's first female and first African American mayor.
Fudge served as chief of staff to U.S. Representative Stephanie Tubbs Jones during Jones's first term in Congress. She has also served on the board of trustees for the Cleveland Public Library.
U.S. House of Representatives.
Tenure.
After Stephanie Tubbs Jones's death on August 20, 2008, a committee of local Democratic leaders selected Fudge as her replacement on the November ballot. This virtually assured her election in the heavily Democratic, black-majority district. Fudge won the November4 general election, defeating Republican Thomas Pekarek with 85% of the vote. She was unopposed in a November 18 special election for the balance of Jones's fifth term, and won with fewer than nine thousand votes cast. She was sworn in on November 19, 2008, giving her almost two months' more seniority than the rest of the 2008 House freshman class.
After the 2018 midterms, Fudge considered running for Speaker of the House in the 2019 election. She later abandoned the bid and supported Nancy Pelosi.
After the 2020 United States presidential election, Fudge and allies including Representative Jim Clyburn argued that she should be appointed as Secretary of Agriculture in the Biden administration. Fudge was quoted as saying, "You know, it's always 'we want to put the Black person in Labor or HUD'." Biden eventually selected Tom Vilsack as his agriculture secretary; he chose Fudge as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
Fudge resigned from the House of Representatives after being confirmed by the Senate as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development on March 10, 2021. The special election to replace her will occur on August 3, 2021, as per Ohio law.
Congressional Black Caucus.
During a presentation at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's 44th Annual Legislative Conference in September 2014, Fudge said the CBC would mobilize Black voters in the 2014 midterm elections by underscoring Republican attacks on President Obama, such as claims that he was not born in the United States.
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
On December 10, 2020, President Biden announced his plan to nominate Fudge for Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. She appeared before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on January 28, 2021. On February 4, committee chairman Sherrod Brown advanced her nomination after a 17–7 vote in favor.
On March 10, 2021, Fudge was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 66–34, garnering the support of every senator caucusing with the Democratic Party and 16 senators from the Republican caucus. She was sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris hours after her confirmation.
Tenure.
Hatch Act violation.
In March 2021, Fudge made comments, during a White House press conference, on the upcoming Senate election in her home state of Ohio, suggesting that Democrats could still win in Ohio. As a result, she was accused of violating the Hatch Act of 1939. After an investigation, the Office of Special Counsel determined she had violated the Hatch Act.
Racial impact of housing problems.
In one of her first acts as secretary, Fudge discussed the effects of homelessness on people of color, evictions in the United States, and creating avenues for fair housing with civil rights leaders including Marc Morial and Al Sharpton.
Personal life.
Fudge was the president of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority from 1996 to 2000, co-chair of the sorority's National Social Action Commission, and a member of its Greater Cleveland Alumnae Chapter. In 2003, she was a member of the Shaker Heights Alumni Association's Hall of Fame Class.
Fudge has been a member of the Glenville Church of God, and is now a member of Zion Chapel Baptist Church.
In 2015, Fudge wrote a letter asking for leniency in the sentencing of Cleveland politician Lance Mason on felony assault and domestic violence charges. Fudge described Mason as "kind", and wrote that "Lance [...] has assured me that something like this will never happen again." Mason subsequently attacked and killed his ex-wife, in 2018, stabbing her 59 times. After the attack, Fudge released a statement saying she condemned the crimes committed by Mason. She said her support for Mason in 2015 was based on the person she knew for almost thirty years, writing that "the person who committed these crimes is not the Lance Mason familiar to me."


Goornong railway station

Goornong railway station is a proposed railway station in the town of Goornong, Victoria, Australia. It is scheduled to open in 2021 as part of the Regional Rail Revival project.
External links.
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List of gear nomenclature

This page lists the standard US nomenclature used in the description of mechanical gear construction and function, together with definitions of the terms. The terminology was established by the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), under accreditation from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Addendum.
The addendum is the height by which a tooth of a gear projects beyond (outside for external, or inside for internal) the standard pitch circle or pitch line; also, the radial distance between the pitch diameter and the outside diameter.
Addendum angle.
Addendum angle in a bevel gear, is the angle between face cone and pitch cone.
Addendum circle.
The addendum circle coincides with the tops of the teeth of a gear and is concentric with the standard (reference) pitch circle and radially distant from it by the amount of the addendum. For external gears, the addendum circle lies on the outside cylinder while on internal gears the addendum circle lies on the internal cylinder.
Apex to back.
Apex to back, in a bevel gear or hypoid gear, is the distance in the direction of the axis from the apex of the pitch cone to a locating surface at the back of the blank.
Back angle.
The back angle of a bevel gear is the angle between an element of the back cone and a plane of rotation, and usually is equal to the pitch angle.
Back cone.
The back cone of a bevel or hypoid gear is an imaginary cone tangent to the outer ends of the teeth, with its elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. The surface of the gear blank at the outer ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a back cone.
Back cone distance.
Back cone distance in a bevel gear is the distance along an element of the back cone from its apex to the pitch cone.
Backlash.
In mechanical engineering, backlash is the striking back of connected wheels in a piece of mechanism when pressure is applied. Another source defines it as the maximum distance through which one part of something can be moved without moving a connected part. It is also called lash or play. In the context of gears, backlash is clearance between mating components, or the amount of lost motion due to clearance or slackness when movement is reversed and contact is re-established. In a pair of gears, backlash is the amount of clearance between mated gear teeth.
Backlash is unavoidable for nearly all reversing mechanical couplings, although its effects can be negated. Depending on the application it may or may not be desirable. Reasons for requiring backlash include allowing for lubrication and thermal expansion, and to prevent jamming. Backlash may also result from manufacturing errors and deflection under load.
Base circle.
The base circle of an involute gear is the circle from which involute tooth profiles are derived.
Base cylinder.
The base cylinder corresponds to the base circle, and is the cylinder from which involute tooth surfaces are developed.
Base diameter.
The base diameter of an involute gear is the diameter of the base circle.
Bull gear.
The term bull gear is used to refer to the larger of two spur gears that are in engagement in any machine. The smaller gear is usually referred to as a pinion.
Center distance.
Center distance (operating) is the shortest distance between non-intersecting axes. It is measured along the mutual perpendicular to the axes, called the line of centers. It applies to spur gears, parallel axis or crossed axis helical gears, and worm gearing.
Central plane.
The central plane of a worm gear is perpendicular to the gear axis and contains the common perpendicular of the gear and worm axes. In the usual case with axes at right angles, it contains the worm axis.
Circular Pitch.
The Circular Pitch defines the width of one tooth and one gap measured on an arc on the pitch circle; in other words, this is the distance on the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent tooth. This is equal to π divided by the Diametral Pitch.
CP = Circular Pitch in inches
DP = Diametral Pitch
CP = 3.141 / DP
Composite action test.
The composite action test (double flank) is a method of inspection in which the work gear is rolled in tight double flank contact with a master gear or a specified gear, in order to determine (radial) composite variations (deviations). The composite action test must be made on a variable center distance composite action test device.
and this is composite action test for double flank
Cone distance.
Cone distance in a bevel gear is the general term for the distance along an element of the pitch cone from the apex to any given position in the teeth.
Outer cone distance in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch cone to the outer ends of the teeth. When not otherwise specified, the short term cone distance is understood to be outer cone distance.
Mean cone distance in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch cone to the middle of the face width.
Inner cone distance in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch cone to the inner ends of the teeth.
Conjugate gears.
Conjugate gears transmit uniform rotary motion from one shaft to another by means of gear teeth. The normals to the profiles of these teeth, at all points of contact, must pass through a fixed point in the common centerline of the two shafts. Usually conjugate gear tooth is made to suit the profile of other gear which is not made based on standard practice.
Crossed helical gear.
A crossed helical gear is a gear that operate on non-intersecting, non-parallel axes.
The term crossed helical gears has superseded the term "spiral gears". There is theoretically point contact between the teeth at any instant. They have teeth of the same or different helix angles, of the same or opposite hand. A combination of spur and helical or other types can operate on crossed axes.
Crossing point.
The crossing point is the point of intersection of bevel gear axes; also the apparent point of intersection of the axes in hypoid gears, crossed helical gears, worm gears, and offset face gears, when projected to a plane parallel to both axes.
Crown circle.
The crown circle in a bevel or hypoid gear is the circle of intersection of the back cone and face cone.
Crowned teeth.
Crowned teeth have surfaces modified in the lengthwise direction to produce localized contact or to prevent contact at their ends.
Diametral Pitch.
The Diametral Pitch (DP) is the number of teeth per inch of diameter of the pitch circle. The units of DP are inverse inches (1/in).
DP = Diametral Pitch
PD = Pitch Circle Diameter in inches
CP = Circular Pitch in inches
n = Number of Teeth
DP = n / PD
The Diametral Pitch (DP) is equal to π divided by the Circular Pitch (CP).
DP = 3.1416 / CP
Dedendum angle.
Dedendum angle in a bevel gear, is the angle between elements of the root cone and pitch cone.
Equivalent pitch radius.
Equivalent pitch radius is the radius of the pitch circle in a cross section of gear teeth in any plane other than a plane of rotation. It is properly the radius of curvature of the pitch surface in the given cross section. Examples of such sections are the transverse section of bevel gear teeth and the normal section of helical teeth.
Face (tip) angle.
Face (tip) angle in a bevel or hypoid gear, is the angle between an element of the face cone and its axis.
Face cone.
The face cone, also known as the tip cone is the imaginary surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of a bevel or hypoid gear.
Face gear.
A face gear set typically consists of a disk-shaped gear, grooved on at least one face, in combination with a spur, helical, or conical pinion. A face gear has a planar pitch surface and a planar root surface, both of which are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. It can also be referred to as a face wheel, crown gear, crown wheel, contrate gear or contrate wheel.
Face width.
The face width of a gear is the length of teeth in an axial plane. For double helical, it does not include the gap.
Total face width is the actual dimension of a gear blank including the portion that exceeds the effective face width, or as in double helical gears where the total face width includes any distance or gap separating right hand and left hand helices.
For a cylindrical gear, effective face width is the portion that contacts the mating teeth. One member of a pair of gears may engage only a portion of its mate.
For a bevel gear, different definitions for effective face width are applicable.
Form diameter.
Form diameter is the diameter of a circle at which the trochoid (fillet curve) produced by the tooling intersects, or joins, the involute or specified profile. Although these terms are not preferred, it is also known as the true involute form diameter (TIF), start of involute diameter (SOI), or when undercut exists, as the undercut diameter. This diameter cannot be less than the base circle diameter.
Front angle.
The front angle, in a bevel gear, denotes the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation, and usually equals the pitch angle.
Front cone.
The front cone of a hypoid or bevel gear is an imaginary cone tangent to the inner ends of the teeth, with its elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. The surface of the gear blank at the inner ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a front cone, but sometimes may be a plane on a pinion or a cylinder in a nearly flat gear.
Gear center.
A gear center is the center of the pitch circle.
Gear range.
The gear range is difference between the highest and lowest gear ratios and may be expressed as a percentage (e.g., 500%) or as a ratio (e.g., 5:1).
Heel.
The heel of a tooth on a bevel gear or pinion is the portion of the tooth surface near its outer end.
The toe of a tooth on a bevel gear or pinion is the portion of the tooth surface near its inner end.
Helical rack.
A helical rack has a planar pitch surface and teeth that are oblique to the direction of motion.
Helix angle.
Helix angle is the angle between the helical tooth face and an equivalent spur tooth face. For the same lead, the "helix angle" is greater for larger gear diameters. It is understood to be measured at the standard pitch diameter unless otherwise specified.
Hobbing.
Hobbing is a machining process for making gears, splines, and sprockets using a cylindrical tool with helical cutting teeth known as a hob.
Index deviation.
The displacement of any tooth flank from its theoretical position, relative to a datum tooth flank.
Distinction is made as to the direction and algebraic sign of this reading. A condition wherein the actual tooth flank position was nearer to the datum tooth flank, in the specified measuring path direction (clockwise or counterclockwise), than the theoretical position would be considered a minus (-) deviation. A condition wherein the actual tooth flank position was farther from the datum tooth flank, in the specified measuring path direction, than the theoretical position would be considered a plus (+) deviation.
The direction of tolerancing for index deviation along the arc of the tolerance diameter circle within the transverse plane.
Inside cylinder.
The inside cylinder is the surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an internal cylindrical gear.
Inside diameter.
Inside diameter is the diameter of the addendum circle of an internal gear, this is also known as minor diameter.
Involute polar angle.
Expressed as θ, the involute polar angle is the angle between a radius vector to a point, "P", on an involute curve and a radial line to the intersection, "A", of the curve with the base circle.
Involute roll angle.
Expressed as ε, the involute roll angle is the angle whose arc on the base circle of radius unity equals the tangent of the pressure angle at a selected point on the involute.
Involute teeth.
Involute teeth of spur gears, helical gears, and worms are those in which the profile in a transverse plane (exclusive of the fillet curve) is the involute of a circle.
Lands.
Bottom land.
The bottom land is the surface at the bottom of a gear tooth space adjoining the fillet.
Top land.
Top land is the (sometimes flat) surface of the top of a gear tooth.
Lead.
Lead is the axial advance of a helix gear tooth during one complete turn (360°), that is, the "Lead" is the axial travel (length along the axle) for one single complete helical revolution about the pitch diameter of the gear.
Lead angle is 90° to the helix angle between the helical tooth face and an equivalent spur tooth face. For the same lead, the "lead angle" is larger for smaller gear diameters. It is understood to be measured at the standard pitch diameter unless otherwise specified.
A spur gear tooth has a "lead angle" of 90°, and a "helix angle" of 0°.
See: Helix angle
Line of centers.
The line of centers connects the centers of the pitch circles of two engaging gears; it is also the common perpendicular of the axes in crossed helical gears and worm gears. When one of the gears is a rack, the line of centers is perpendicular to its pitch line.
Module.
The module is the measure of gear tooth size which is normally used for metric system gears. It is similar to the Diametral Pitch (DP), which is commonly used for English system (inch measure) gears but they differ in the units used and in that they bear a reciprocal relationship. Module is the pitch circle diameter divided by the number of teeth. Module may also be applied to English system gears, using inch units, but this usage is not in common use. Module is commonly expressed in units of millimeters (mm).
MM = Metric Module
PD = Pitch Circle Diameter in mm
n = Number of Teeth
MM = PD / n
English system (inch measure) gears are more commonly specified with the Diametral Pitch (DP) which is the number of teeth per inch of diameter of the pitch circle. The units of DP are inverse inches (1/in).
DP = Diametral Pitch
PD = Pitch Circle Diameter in inches
n = Number of Teeth
DP = n / PD
When converting between module and DP there is an inverse relationship and normally a conversion between the two units of measure (inches and millimeter). Taking both of these into consideration the formulae for conversion are:
MM = 25.4 / DP
and
DP = 25.4 / MM
Mounting distance.
Mounting distance, for assembling bevel gears or hypoid gears, is the distance from the crossing point of the axes to a locating surface of a gear, which may be at either back or front.
Normal module.
Normal module is the value of the module in a normal plane of a helical gear or worm.
Normal plane.
A normal plane is normal to a tooth surface at a pitch point, and perpendicular to the pitch plane. In a helical rack, a normal plane is normal to all the teeth it intersects. In a helical gear, however, a plane can be normal to only one tooth at a point lying in the plane surface. At such a point, the normal plane contains the line normal to the tooth surface.
Important positions of a normal plane in tooth measurement and tool design of helical teeth and worm threads are:
In a spiral bevel gear, one of the positions of a normal plane is at a mean point and the plane is normal to the tooth trace.
Offset.
Offset is the perpendicular distance between the axes of hypoid gears or offset face gears.
In the adjacent diagram, (a) and (b) are referred to as having an offset "below center", while those in (c) and (d) have an offset "above center". In determining the direction of offset, it is customary to look at the gear with the pinion at the right. For below center offset the pinion has a left hand spiral, and for above center offset the pinion has a right hand spiral.
Outside cylinder.
The outside (tip or addendum) cylinder is the surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an external cylindrical gear.
Outside diameter.
The outside diameter of a gear is the diameter of the addendum (tip) circle. In a bevel gear it is the diameter of the crown circle. In a throated worm gear it is the maximum diameter of the blank. The term applies to external gears, this is can also be known from major diameter.
Pinion.
A pinion is a round gear and usually refers to the smaller of two meshed gears.
Pitch angle.
Pitch angle in bevel gears is the angle between an element of a pitch cone and its axis. In external and internal bevel gears, the pitch angles are respectively less than and greater than 90 degrees.
Pitch circle.
A pitch circle (operating) is the curve of intersection of a pitch surface of revolution and a plane of rotation. It is the imaginary circle that rolls without slipping with a pitch circle of a mating gear.
These are the outlines of mating gears. Many important measurements are taken on and from this circle.
Pitch cone.
A pitch cone is the imaginary cone in a bevel gear that rolls without slipping on a pitch surface of another gear.
Pitch helix.
The pitch helix is the intersection of the tooth surface and the pitch cylinder of a helical gear or cylindrical worm.
Base helix.
The base helix of a helical, involute gear or involute worm lies on its base cylinder.
Base helix angle.
Base helix angle is the helix angle on the base cylinder of involute helical teeth or threads.
Base lead angle.
Base lead angle is the lead angle on the base cylinder. It is the complement of the base helix angle.
Outside helix.
The outside (tip or addendum) helix is the intersection of the tooth surface and the outside cylinder of a helical gear or cylindrical worm.
Outside helix angle.
Outside helix angle is the helix angle on the outside cylinder.
Outside lead angle.
Outside lead angle is the lead angle on the outside cylinder. It is the complement of the outside helix angle.
Normal helix.
A normal helix is a helix on the pitch cylinder, normal to the pitch helix.
Pitch line.
The pitch line corresponds, in the cross section of a rack, to the pitch circle (operating) in the cross section of a gear.
Pitch point.
The pitch point is the point of tangency of two pitch circles (or of a pitch circle and pitch line) and is on the line of centers.
Pitch surfaces.
Pitch surfaces are the imaginary planes, cylinders, or cones that roll together without slipping. For a constant velocity ratio, the pitch cylinders and pitch cones are circular.
Planes.
Pitch plane.
The pitch plane of a pair of gears is the plane perpendicular to the axial plane and tangent to the pitch surfaces. A pitch plane in an individual gear may be any plane tangent to its pitch surface.
The pitch plane of a rack or in a crown gear is the imaginary planar surface that rolls without slipping with a pitch cylinder or pitch cone of another gear. The pitch plane of a rack or crown gear is also the pitch surface.
Transverse plane.
The transverse plane is perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch plane. In gears with parallel axes, the transverse and the plane of rotation coincide.
Principal directions.
Principal directions are directions in the pitch plane, and correspond to the principal cross sections of a tooth.
The axial direction is a direction parallel to an axis.
The transverse direction is a direction within a transverse plane.
The normal direction is a direction within a normal plane.
Profile radius of curvature.
Profile radius of curvature is the radius of curvature of a tooth profile, usually at the pitch point or a point of contact. It varies continuously along the involute profile.
Radial composite deviation.
Tooth-to-tooth radial composite deviation (double flank) is the greatest change in center distance while the gear being tested is rotated through any angle of 360 degree/z during double flank composite action test.
Tooth-to-tooth radial composite tolerance (double flank) is the permissible amount of tooth-to-tooth radial composite deviation.
Total radial composite deviation (double flank) is the total change in center distance while the gear being tested is rotated one complete revolution during a double flank composite action test.
Total radial composite tolerance (double flank) is the permissible amount of total radial composite deviation.
Root angle.
Root angle in a bevel or hypoid gear, is the angle between an element of the root cone and its axis.
Root circle.
The root circle coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces.
Root cone.
The root cone is the imaginary surface that coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces in a bevel or hypoid gear.
Root cylinder.
The root cylinder is the imaginary surface that coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces in a cylindrical gear.
Shaft angle.
A shaft angle is the angle between the axes of two non-parallel gear shafts. In a pair of crossed helical gears, the shaft angle lies between the oppositely rotating portions of two shafts. This applies also in the case of worm gearing. In bevel gears, the shaft angle is the sum of the two pitch angles. In hypoid gears, the shaft angle is given when starting a design, and it does not have a fixed relation to the pitch angles and spiral angles.
Spiral gear.
See: Crossed helical gear.
Spur gear.
A spur gear has a cylindrical pitch surface and teeth that are parallel to the axis.
Spur rack.
A spur rack has a planar pitch surface and straight teeth that are at right angles to the direction of motion.
Standard pitch circle.
The standard pitch circle is the circle which intersects the involute at the point where the pressure angle is equal to the profile angle of the basic rack.
Standard pitch diameter.
The standard reference pitch diameter is the diameter of the standard pitch circle. In spur and helical gears, unless otherwise specified, the standard pitch diameter is related to the number of teeth and the standard transverse pitch. Standard reference pitch diameter can be estimated by taking average of gear teeth tips diameter and gear teeth base diameter.
The pitch diameter is useful in determining the spacing between gear centers because proper spacing of gears implies tangent pitch circles. The pitch diameters of two gears may be used to calculate the gear ratio in the same way the number of teeth is used.
Where formula_4 is the total number of teeth, formula_5 is the circular pitch, formula_6 is the diametrical pitch, and formula_7 is the helix angle for helical gears.
Standard reference pitch diameter.
The standard reference pitch diameter is the diameter of the standard pitch circle. In spur and helical gears, unless otherwise specified, the standard pitch diameter is related to the number of teeth and the standard transverse pitch. It is obtained as:
Test radius.
The test radius (R"r") is a number used as an arithmetic convention established to simplify the determination of the proper test distance between a master and a work gear for a composite action test. It is used as a measure of the effective size of a gear. The test radius of the master, plus the test radius of the work gear is the set up center distance on a composite action test device. Test radius is not the same as the operating pitch radii of two tightly meshing gears unless both are perfect and to basic or standard tooth thickness.
Throat diameter.
The throat diameter is the diameter of the addendum circle at the central plane of a worm gear or of a double-enveloping worm gear.
Throat form radius.
Throat form radius is the radius of the throat of an enveloping worm gear or of a double-enveloping worm, in an axial plane.
Tip radius.
Tip radius is the radius of the circular arc used to join a side-cutting edge and an end-cutting edge in gear cutting tools. Edge radius is an alternate term.
Tip relief.
Tip relief is a modification of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth.
Tooth surface.
The tooth surface (flank) forms the side of a gear tooth.
It is convenient to choose one face of the gear as the reference face and to mark it with the letter “I”. The other non-reference face might be termed face “II”.
For an observer looking at the reference face, so that the tooth is seen with its tip uppermost, the right flank is on the right and the left flank is on the left. Right and left flanks are denoted by the letters “R” and “L” respectively.


Jean Dominique Adam

Jean Dominique Adam (29 December 17956 October 1842) was an illustrious French Archetier / Bowmaker.
Early life and education.
Jean Dominique was born in Mirecourt, the son of Jean Adam (b.1767; d. 1849) who started three generations of bowmakers.
Jean learnt from his father, whose ability he surpassed, and then drew inspiration from Etienne Pajeot and Tourte.
Career.
The family were a big influence on younger bowmakers, and Jean Dominique's work was affected by those returning from Paris.
"Both Jean Dominique and his son "Grand" Adam seemed to favour François Tourte's design (octagonal sticks) and thus produced a great many octagonal bows."
Family.
Jean Dominique's son Jean “Grand Adam” bettered his father’s skills but moved to Paris, while Jean remained in Mirecourt until his death.


Stuart Mustow

Stuart Norman Mustow (26 November 1928 – 2 June 2019) CBE was a British civil engineer. Mustow has a long association with municipal engineering, being county surveyor of the West Midlands from 1974 to 1986. He was involved in the development of the M5 and M6 motorways and in bringing the Birmingham Inner Ring Road under the control of his county (rather than the city authority). Mustow retired from municipal work in 1986 to enter private practice and was later a director at WS Atkins. Mustow was president of the Institution of Municipal Engineers and of the Institution of Civil Engineers and was a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Municipal engineering.
Stuart Mustow was born on 26 November 1928 in Smethwick, Staffordshire. Mustow spent his early career in local government, during which time he supported the development of the M5 and M6 motorways, and was county surveyor for the West Midlands from 1974 to 1986. During his time in office it was discovered that defective cement had been used in bridge beams at St Chad's Circus and eight other locations on the Birmingham Inner Ring Road, much of this had been built by the same contractor; as a consequence, in July 1978 Mustow recommended that the responsibility for maintenance of the road be taken from Birmingham City Council and given to West Midlands County Council. This measure was approved by the Department of the Environment and was seen as a loss of face for the Birmingham Council. Mustow was president of the Institution of Municipal Engineers at some point prior to 1983.
Later career.
Mustow retired from local authority work in 1986 to become a consulting engineer. He also appeared on radio and television programmes and in "Private Eye". Mustow is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) between November 1993 and November 1994. During his presidency he made steps to secure greater recognition of the role of the civil engineer in society and made changes to the ICE's annual report such that it made reference to an annual survey of the attitudes of its members. Mustow was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1995 New Year Honours for services to civil engineering, at which point he was a non-executive director of WS Atkins. Mustow ran the "S and S Mustow Trust" with his wife Sigrid between 21 October 1970 and 15 February 2017. The charity made grants to educational, religious and poverty relief charities and individuals and was defined as a Protestant Christian organisation. He died in June 2019 following a short illness.


Volute spring

A volute spring is a compression spring in the form of a cone (somewhat like a classical volute). Under compression, the coils slide past each other, thus enabling the spring to be compressed to a very short length in comparison with what would be possible with a more conventional helical spring.
The shape of the initial spring steel (or other material) is a "V", with the ends of the V at either end of the wound spring (which forms a distorted cylinder, of wider diameter at the centre), and the bottom point of the V at the centre.
Such springs can frequently be found as a component of garden secateurs. Short posts anchored in each side of the handles, and inserted into each narrow end of the spring, keep the spring in position.


Brazos Valley station

Brazos Valley is a planned rail station on the Texas Central Railway high-speed line between Dallas and Houston. It is located in Roans Prairie, Texas, northeast of the intersection of Texas State Highway 90 and Texas State Highway 30 in the Brazos Valley. A shuttle bus is expected to provide service to Texas A&M University.


Scott Russell linkage

A Scott Russell linkage gives a theoretically linear motion by using a linkage form with three portions of the links all equal, and a rolling or sliding connection. It can be used to form a right-angle change of motion, linear-to-linear.
The linkage is named for John Scott Russell (1808–1882), although watchmaker William Freemantle had already patented it in 1803.
A different form of the linkage has been used in a front-wheel-drive vehicle with solid rear axle to control lateral movement, and with a flexing elastomeric connection instead of the rolling or sliding connection.
The linkage does not share the disadvantages of the asymmetric Panhard rod and although more compact than Watt's linkage has all the forces in one link.


Canvass White

Canvass White (September 8, 1790 – December 18, 1834) was an American engineer and inventor. He was chief engineer at the Delaware and Raritan Canal and he patented Rosendale cement, which became the dominant cement in the United States until 1900.
Early life and family.
White was born on September 8, 1790, in Whitestown, New York to Hugh White, Jr. (January 16, 1763 - April 7, 1827) and Tryphena Lawrence White (July 4, 1768 - March 30, 1800, a native of Canaan, Connecticut).
He received his education at the Fairfield Academy.
Engineer.
White's first job as an engineer was on the Erie Canal in 1816, working for chief engineer Judge Benjamin Wright. In the autumn of 1817, he travelled to England to study their canal system. When he returned he patented a type of natural cement, Rosendale cement which was used to build some of the major works in the US including the Delaware and Hudson Canal and Brooklyn Bridge. He continued his work in New York until 1824. From 1824 until the summer of 1826, he was Chief Engineer on the Union Canal in Pennsylvania. He was appointed Chief Engineer of the Delaware and Raritan Canal in 1825 and of the Lehigh Canal in 1827. He was also a consulting engineer for the Schuylkill Navigation Company and for the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. He became President of the Cohoes Company when it was incorporated on March 28, 1826. He was also highly involved in the design of the Croton Aqueduct though the position of chief engineer eventually went to John B. Jervis.
Of White, author Bill Bryson writes, "the great unsung Canvass White didn't just make New York rich; more profoundly, he helped make America."
Works.
Works of White's that survive include:
Death.
White died in 1834 and was buried in Princeton Cemetery.


Coiling

A coiling or coil is a curve, helix, or spiral used for storing rope or cable in compact and reliable yet easily attainable form. They are often discussed with knots.
Mountaineer's coil.
The mountaineer's coil (also alpine coil, climber's coil, lap coil, or standing coil) is a traditional method used by climbers to store and transport a climbing rope. This older style coil is noted as being more prone to twists and tangles than the butterfly coil, and care must be taken upon uncoiling to avoid these problems.
Tying method.
Begin by taking hold of the rope in one hand with its end facing you. Coil the rope in arm's length sections with your free hand (extending it away from the other as far as it will reach to ensure each segment is of equal length as it is gathered). Alternate tucking the new gather in front and behind the previous coil to avoid putting a half-turn in the rope with each coil.
When the last segment is reached form a short bight atop the gathered rope with its standing end. Grasp the working end and pass it over the bight and back through the center of the coiled rope in a round turn several times, making each new wrap closer to the bight until only a short tail remains. Pass this tail through the bight then grasp the standing end and pull it away from the bight until it is cinched tight around the working end.
For added security, ensure both ends are sufficiently long to tie them into a reef knot.
Butterfly coil.
The butterfly coil (also known as a backpacker's coil) is a method used by climbers for storing and transporting a climbing rope. Slinging the coiled rope over the shoulders and tying it in place for carrying earns the technique its alternative name.
Unlike the alpine coil it cannot be attached to a harness for climbing, and thus is useful only for transporting a rope to and from where it must be used.
The method is also useful for much smaller items such as for keeping earphone cables from tangling.
Tying method.
Depending on the thickness and length, one can use palms of hands stretched out to the sides (crossing over the neck), two knees, passive side palm and elbow, or two fingers of the passive hand. The following is for the extra long climbing rope.
Start with both rope ends in one hand. Pull 1.5–2 arm lengths of the pair through and let their ends hang free. Begin coiling the balance of both strands one arm length at a time, alternating the gathers in the opposite hand into two separate "lobes" (or wings) draping on either side.
With 1.5–2 arm lengths remaining secure the coil by wrapping both strands twice round both lobes approximately 1–1.5' down, then pass a short bight above the wraps and through the coil. Pass both free ends over the top of the coil and through the bight to cinch it tight.
Attach the rope for transport by placing the coil atop one's back, with one free end passing over each shoulder. Pass the ends back under the armpits, cross them over the coil, then bring them forward again, securing in front with a square knot.
An alternate method draws the doubled rope over the shoulders instead of in front of the climber.
Over/under cable coiling.
Over/under cable coiling refers to a method of storing cables that preserves the capacitance and common-mode rejection ratio built in by the manufacturer with a twist in the cable, and the shielding that encases the twisted pairs within. It allows the cable to lie flat when uncoiled, and makes for easier and faster work.
The "over/under" name refers to the practice of twisting the cable in one direction to make the first coil, and un-twisting it to make the next, and repeating this until all the cable is neatly coiled. Care needs to be taken to keep each end on its proper side of the roll when uncoiling otherwise a knot will appear with every other loop. Connecting the ends on the outside of the loops, or tying them in that position, ensures that the ends don't pass through the loops in storage so there are no knots when the cable is laid out.
There are a number of informal terms in common circulation including "over/under wrapping", "countercoiling", and "flip-coiling".
Straight coiling.
Straight coiling, or the practice of coiling a cable in the same direction coil after coil, has the similar result to coiling cable on a spool. If the cable comes off the spool the same way it goes on, the internal 'lay' is preserved, and the cable isn't damaged or twisted internally. If a cable is straight coiled and then pulled from the coil, it has the effect as coiling cable on a spool and then pulling the cable off the top of the spool, imparting a twist in the cable with every coil that is removed. To make it lie flat, the twist will need to be removed. The advantages of straight coiling cable are that it will not produce knots when uncoiling and is easily taught and therefore can be accomplished easily by assistants.