Jan Millsapps

Jan Millsapps (born 26 February 1950 in Concord, North Carolina) is a U.S. digital filmmaker, fiction writer, and Professor Emerita in the Cinema Department at San Francisco State University. She has produced films, videos and interactive cinema on subjects ranging from domestic violence to global terrorism, and has published in traditional print and online venues.
Biography.
Throughout her career, Millsapps has focused primarily on women's issues. Her "Episodes" project, co-produced in 1995 with La Casa de ls Madres and funded by the Creative Work Fund, featured a virtual house in which women shared true stories of surviving domestic violence. The interactive kiosk was installed at San Francisco City Hall, the San Francisco Public Library, at several Bay Area Kaiser Permanente medical centers, and was also presented at the National Latino Health Conference in Washington, D.C. Her multimedia installation "Coverage", a feminist response to 9-11 and its aftermath, was the featured installation at the 2002 Mill Valley Film Festival.
In 2007 she published her first novel "Screwed Pooch", about the Soviet space dog Laika. Her second novel, "Venus on Mars", was published in 2014; one character in this book is based on the astronomer Wrexie Leonard, who was Percival Lowell's assistant.
In 2013, the private spaceflight organization Mars One selected her as one of 1058 astronaut candidates (out of more than 202,000 applicants) who are embarking upon two years of rigorous testing to determine which ones will be among the first humans to colonize Mars, beginning in 2025. She continued to explore her interest in space travel in her subsequent film, "Madame Mars: Women and the Quest for Worlds Beyond", a documentary tracing women's progress toward equity in the outer space arena. Millsapps premiered the film at the United Nations UNISPACE + 50 event in Vienna, Austria. She also presented the film at the University of Cambridge and at the New York Academy of Sciences. The film's broadcast premiere on KQED-TV was March 22, 2019, as part of the network's Women's History Month Programming. The film was awarded first place for a professional documentary at the 2019 Raw Science Film Festival. The film also received a Director's Choice award at the Black Maria Film Festival and a Best of Fest at the Sebastopol Documentary Film Festival, and was also screened at the American Documentary Film Festival in Palm Springs, and at Doclands, the California Film Institute's docs-only festival.
Early filmmaking.
She received attention as an independent experimental animator, as head of the media arts film program at the University of South Carolina, and as an integral member of the Southern independent film movement.
Her 1983 film "True Romance" received a first place award in the Ann Arbor Film Festivaland was included in the South Carolina State Art Collection. Her work as an animator is cited in the book "Experimental Animation."
She worked closely with the South Carolina Arts Commission; she curated and toured with the 1982 collection "Travel Films from the Southern Avant-Garde" that presented experimental films from Southern states in Northeastern states. In 1985 she scripted, co-produced and hosted "A Southern Film Experience," a public television program commissioned by the South Carolina Arts Commission and South Carolina Educational Television.
Digital cinema and multimedia work.
She is Professor Emerita of Cinema at San Francisco State University, where she has taught since 1987. She created and taught a course to study and create films made specifically for the internet, "Cinema as an Online Medium". She teaches courses in digital cinema, interactive cinema, web cinema and short format screenwriting. In 2004 she was named an Apple Distinguished Educator.
From 1991 to 1995 she served as chair of the Cinema Department at San Francisco State University.
In 1991 she was invited by Dean August Coppola to work with a beta version of Apple's QuickTime technology. Her resulting first interactive work, "Cineplay", co-produced with K.D. Davis and featured at the National Educational Film and Video Festival, began her transformation into a multimedia artist.
"Pleasure Island", a live web performance co-produced in 1999 with Randall Packer, was presented at USC's "Interactive Frictions" conference on new media theory and practice. Her early web work was cited in a 1995 book, "Film and Video on the Internet: The Top 500 Sites", and in the "Journal of the Writer's Guild of America".
She has worked with Apple, Inc. in a variety of capacities; from 2004 to 2009 she served on Apple Education's Higher Education Advisory Board and was featured in their 2007 webcast.
Writing.
Millsapps has published writing in a variety of formats. Her scholarly, political and personal essays have appeared in the journal "Film Literature Quarterly" in the book "International Film, Television and Radio Journals", in the San Francisco Chronicle, in the San Francisco Examiner, on the New York Times wire service, and in the inaugural issue of Sinister Wisdom.
Her short story "The Way It Was" was a 1986 award winner in the South Carolina Fiction Project. She has been a contributing editor for the online rich media journal "Academic Intersections".
She was invited to present her ideas on writing and reading at the 2013 "Futures of the Book" event, sponsored by Transmedia SF and Swissnex.
Education.
She earned her B.A. with honors at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, her M.A. at Winthrop University, and her Ph.D. at the University of South Carolina.
As of 2014, she lived in San Francisco with her husband, music and media producer Phill Sawyer.


Weekend Marketplace

Weekend Marketplace is a two-hour block of paid programming airing on Fox that debuted on January 3, 2009, replacing the 4Kids TV cartoon block due to the termination of the network's time lease agreement with 4Kids Entertainment. The block, which airs on Saturday mornings, is programmed solely with infomercials, which usually air on networks and broadcast television stations during late night and early morning timeslots; such programming, however, has not previously been scheduled on a regular basis by a major broadcast television network.
Beginning on September 13, 2014 in some markets, "Weekend Marketplace" can be substituted with the internally syndicated "Xploration Station" block produced by Steve Rotfeld Productions, which provides two hours of educational and informational programming for stations to count toward federally mandated programming requirements; Fox's owned-and-operated stations and Nexstar Media Group, along with several other affiliate groups and individual stations are currently carrying this block instead. Fox continues to offer "Weekend Marketplace" to stations which chose to purchase E/I programming off the open syndication market. Notably the Fox stations (and one CW station) of Sinclair Broadcast Group were under the latter arrangement until fall 2016, when Sinclair also began to carry "Xploration Station", as are two stations within the E.W. Scripps Company's portfolio (Fox affiliate WFLX and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD). At least one Sinclair station (WUTV in Buffalo, New York) carries both, carrying "Weekend Marketplace" on Saturday mornings while splitting the "Xploration Station" block up and airing it as a weekday strip instead of as a block.
Overview.
Branding and title issues.
Despite being carried by Fox, the block features no network branding or in-house promotional advertising (or even references to the "Weekend Marketplace" title) for the duration of the block – due to the fact that as it carries infomercials, commercial breaks do not appear during those featured within the block – and is only used mainly as a placeholder title within television listings and industry media; most stations that carry the block disregard this title when they distribute their listings to guide providers, and it usually is listed as four separate segments of "paid programming" instead so that viewers are not misled about the block's content. In addition, Fox stated that it ultimately intended to have the block contain programs that resemble normal programming (albeit still prominently advertising a product), though this never occurred. Presently the block consists of four traditional 28½-minute infomercials, with short-form direct response commercials airing at the end of each half-hour; no local station breaks are shown beyond a five-second station identification slot (to fulfill Federal Communications Commission rules) at the top of the first hour.
Scheduling.
The block normally airs from 10:00 a.m. to Noon Eastern and Pacific Time, the second half of the timeslot previously used for 4Kids TV, the remaining two-hour time period occupied by the first half of the predecessor block was returned to the network's affiliates, for use to air syndicated, locally produced lifestyle brokered programming, or local weekend morning newscasts.
Since 2013, when Fox began to carry "Fox College Football" on Saturday mornings (and its coverage has expanded from that point until late night), the block's scheduling has become more erratic as local stations have begun to carry their own pre-game show programming before the games (and game coverage west of the Central Time Zone), along with occasional late morning-early afternoon coverage of "Fox College Hoops". In 2019, an 11 a.m. ET/8 a.m. PT pre-game show, "Big Noon Kickoff", began to air on Fox, effectively pre-empting "Weekend Marketplace" from August until the end of November, as the infomercials are not required to be made up elsewhere on the schedule by those affiliates carrying it due to the priority of scheduling E/I programming elsewhere on the weekends. "BNK" was expanded to two hours in 2020, now airing from 10 a.m. ET/7 a.m. PT.
Affiliate reach.
Currently due to the "Xploration Station" transition and Fox's O&Os and affiliates owned and/or operated by groups such as Tribune ceasing to carry "Weekend Marketplace", the block's reach is unknown; however it previously aired until the 2014-15 season on 95% of Fox's stations, both owned-and-operated stations and affiliates. Most, if not all, of the stations that declined to carry 4Kids TV – such as Miami affiliate WSVN and Detroit owned-and-operated station WJBK – have similarly declined "Weekend Marketplace" (two of the exceptions are Cleveland affiliate WJW and O&O KTBC in Austin, which aired the infomercial block after having declined the network's children's block under its Fox Kids, Fox Box and 4Kids TV iterations for many years).
However, it does not appear that all of the non-Fox stations that picked up 4Kids TV in such markets have continued with the infomercial block (Detroit MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD airs the block, however CW affiliates KASW in Phoenix and WBNX-TV in Cleveland, MyNetworkTV affiliate WBFS-TV in Miami, and independent station WMLW-TV in Milwaukee – in that case, tracing back to its pre-2013 existence as a low-power station – declined to carry it). It is unclear whether or not, since the infomercial buyers pay the network for national network reach on "Weekend Marketplace", the Fox affiliates that refuse to carry the block have to compensate Fox and/or the infomercial buyers for the lack of broadcast coverage in that market.
Sinclair-operated/Deerfield Media-owned KMYS in San Antonio, which switched from MyNetworkTV to The CW in September 2010, continues to carry the block in lieu of Fox-affiliated sister station KABB and instead airs The CW's brokered E/I block, "One Magnificent Morning" (programmed by Litton Entertainment), during overnight periods inaccessible to most children. Likewise, One Magnificent Morning's predecessor, Vortexx (programmed by Saban Brands, which acquired most of 4Kids's program library in 2012), was programmed in the same fashion prior to its discontinuance by The CW in September 2014 (KMYS already carries three hours of E/I programming purchased from syndication, allowing it to meet the regulations). In both instances, this is likely because the station was unable to revoke the deal to carry "Weekend Marketplace".


National Readership Survey

The National Readership Survey is a joint venture company in the UK between the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), the Newspaper Publishers Association (NPA) and the Periodical Publishers Association (PPA). It provides audience research for print advertising trading in the UK. The survey covers over 250 of Britain's major newspapers and magazines, showing the size and nature of the audiences they achieve. It classifies audiences in a number of ways, one of which is the NRS social grade.


The Picture (magazine)

The Picture was an Australian men's magazine published that was launched in 1988. It has been described as softcore pornography and was classified with a Mature (M) rating. The magazine was based in Sydney and was published weekly. The Picture was read by 31,000 people a week in 2012; figures from after 2012 are not available as then publisher Australian Consolidated Press withdrew the magazine from circulation audits following drops in sales.
In October 2019, then publisher Bauer Media Group announced that "The Picture" would be cease publication following their issue released on 23 December 2019. Bauer stated declining sales were responsible for the magazine's closure, with the news coming after both 7-Eleven and BP announced they would no longer sell the magazine due to its sexualised content.


No Malarkey


The Gendarmerie General Command () is the national Gendarmerie force of the Republic of Turkey. It is a service branch of the Turkish Ministry of Interior responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas), as well as assuring internal security along with carrying out other specific duties assigned to it by certain laws and regulations. In wartime, some of its elements can be subordinated to Turkish Land Forces by the President
The Commander of the Gendarmerie reports to the Minister of the Interior.
The Gendarmerie has its roots in the Ottoman Empire military law enforcement organization "Subaşı" (later known as the "Zaptiye"). A similar, earlier force called "Şurta" existed during the medieval Seljuq Empire.
History.
Ottoman era.
After the abolition of the Janissary corps of the Ottoman Empire in 1826, military organizations called "Asâkir-i Muntazâma-i Mansûre", "Asâkir-i Muntazâma-i Hâssa", and, in 1834, "Asâkir-i Redîfe" were established for security and public order in Anatolia and in some provinces of Rumelia.
As the first use of the term Gendarmerie was in the Assignment Decrees published in the years following the 1839 Edict of Gülhane, it is assumed that the Gendarmerie organization was founded after that year, but the exact date of foundation has not yet been determined. Therefore, the date on which the name "Asâkir-i Zaptiye Nizâmnâmesi" was adopted, June 14, 1839, is usually considered the foundation date of the Turkish Gendarmerie.
After the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, Ottoman prime minister Mehmed Said Pasha decided to bring police officers from Britain and France to establish a modern law enforcement organization. The Gendarmerie was used to great effect after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, particularly in Rumelia. In 1909, the Gendarmerie was affiliated with the Ministry of War, and its name was changed to the Gendarmerie General Command ().
Gendarmerie units continued their internal security duties as well as taking part in the conflict at various fronts as a part of the Armed Forces during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.
Republic of Turkey.
20th century.
The Gendarmerie organization achieved its current legal status on June 10, 1930. In 1939, the Gendarmerie organization was restructured, having three groups: Fixed Gendarmerie Units, Mobile Gendarmerie Units, and Gendarmerie Training Units and Schools.
In 1956, the Gendarmerie General Command was assigned the duties of protecting borders, coasts and territorial waters, and fighting smuggling, which had been previously carried out by the "Gümrük Umum Kumandanlığı", under the Ministry of Customs and Monopoly. In 1957, Gendarmerie Border Units were transformed into brigades, and Gendarmerie Training Brigades were established.
In 1961, Gendarmerie Regional Commands were established. In 1968, the first Gendarmerie Aviation Unit was established in Diyarbakır under the name of Light Helicopter Company Command.
In 1974, Gendarmerie Commando Units and Gendarmerie Aviation Units took part in the Turkish military operations in Cyprus.
In 1988, the duty of protecting the land borders and ensuring their security was assigned to the Land Forces Command, but Gendarmerie General Command still holds the responsibility for some parts of the Iranian and Syrian borders and the whole Iraqi border.
The Gendarmerie Criminal Department was founded in Ankara in 1993 and from 1994, Gendarmerie Regional Criminal Laboratory Superiorities were founded. Crime Scene Examination Teams, Explosive Material Disposal Units, Fingerprints and Palm Prints Branches and Crime Scene Examination Units were also established.
21st century.
In 2016, the Gendarmerie General Command was affiliated to the Ministry of Interior.
In 2018, Gendarmerie Special Operations participated in Operation Olive Branch, part of the Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War.
The Gendarmerie General Command currently has a total of 3,600 units, including 3,056 Internal Security Units, 218 Commando Units, 162 Prison Units, 160 Protection Units and four Aviation Units.
Duties.
The duties of the gendarmerie according to the Law No. 2803 on the Organization, Duties and Powers of the Gendarmerie; It is categorized under four main titles as judicial, military, civil and other duties.
Structure.
Commands.
Gendarmerie General Command Headquarters (Ankara)
The Gendarmerie Museum.
The Gendarmerie Museum is established in order to reflect the developments in periodical order beginning with the foundation of the Gendarmerie organization; to exhibit its activities, heroic deeds, services in the history; to protect all kinds of military cultural assets related to the Gendarmerie by collecting them and to transfer them to the future generations. The Gendarmerie Museum in the Beytepe Lieutenant General İsmail SELEN Quarters in Ankara and is open to public.


Commandant of the Coast Guard

The commandant of the Coast Guard is the service chief and highest-ranking member of the United States Coast Guard. The commandant is an admiral, appointed for a four-year term by the president of the United States upon confirmation by the United States Senate. The commandant is assisted by a vice commandant, who is also an admiral, and two area commanders (U.S. Coast Guard Pacific Area and U.S. Coast Guard Atlantic Area) and two deputy commandants (deputy commandant for operations and deputy commandant for mission support), all of whom are vice admirals.
Though the United States Coast Guard is one of the six military branches of the United States, unlike the other service chiefs, the commandant of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The commandant is, however, entitled to the same supplemental pay as each member of the Joint Chiefs, per ($4,000 per annum in 2009), and is accorded privilege of the floor under Senate Rule XXIII(1) as a "de facto" JCS member during presidential addresses.
The commandant maintains operational command over the Coast Guard, unlike the chiefs of the other services, who serve only administrative roles. Thus, while the operational chain of command for the other services (per the Goldwater–Nichols Act) goes from the president through the secretary of defense to the combatant commanders of the unified combatant commands, command and control of the Coast Guard goes from the president through the secretary of homeland security (or secretary of defense, when the Coast Guard is acting as a service in the Department of the Navy) through the commandant. Prior to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003, the United States Coast Guard operated under and the commandant reported to the secretary of transportation from 1966 to 2003, and the secretary of the treasury from 1790 until 1966.
History.
The title of commandant dates to a 1923 act that distributed the commissioned line and engineer officers of the U.S. Coast Guard in grades. Before 1923, the rank and title of the head of the Coast Guard was "captain-commandant." The rank "captain-commandant" originated in the Revenue Cutter Service in 1908. The original holder of that rank was the Chief of the Revenue Cutter Service (also known as the Revenue Marine). The Coast Guard traces the lineage of commandants back to Captain Leonard G. Shepard, chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau, even though he never officially received the title of captain-commandant. The captain-commandant position was created in 1908 when Captain Worth G. Ross was the first to actually hold the position. Although he was retired, Ross's predecessor, Captain Charles F. Shoemaker, was elevated to the rank of captain-commandant. Shoemaker's predecessor, Captain Shepard, had already died and was not elevated to the rank.
Chiefs of the Revenue Marine Bureau.
Chiefs exercised centralized control over the Revenue Marine Bureau.
In 1849 the Revenue Marine Bureau was dissolved, and the Revenue Marine fell under the control the commissioner of customs until the Revenue Marine Bureau was again established in 1869.
List of commandants.
There have been 26 commandants of the Coast Guard since the office of chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau was transferred to a military billet. This includes Admiral Karl L. Schultz, the current commandant.


Zhu Shengling

Zhu Shengling (; born November 1957) is a general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He has served as Political Commissar of the Central Theater Command since 2019. He previously served as Political Commissar of the People's Armed Police from 2017 to 2019.
Biography.
Zhu Shengling was born November 1957 in Dongtai, Jiangsu Province. He has a master's degree in military sciences.
Zhu spent most of career in the former Nanjing Military Region, serving successively as Director of the Political Department of the 31st Group Army, Political Commissar of the Fujian Military District, Political Commissar of the Shanghai Garrison, and Director of the Political Department of the Nanjing Military Region from December 2014.
During Central Military Commission chairman Xi Jinping's military reform in January 2016, Zhu was appointed the inaugural Political Commissar of the newly established National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission, serving alongside director Sheng Bin. In August 2016, both Zhu and Sheng were promoted to the rank of lieutenant general ("zhong jiang").
In January 2017, Zhu was appointed Political Commissar of the People's Armed Police, succeeding the retiring general Sun Sijing.
In January 2017, Zhu was appointed Political Commissar of the Central Theater Command, succeeding the retiring general Yin Fanlong.
In October 2017, he was elected a member of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.


USCGC Edgar Culbertson

USCGC "Edgar Culbertson" (WPC-1137) is the United States Coast Guard's 37th cutter, and the second of three to be homeported in Galveston, Texas.
Design.
Like her sister ships, "Edgar Culbertson" is designed to perform search and rescue missions, port security, and the interception of smugglers. She is armed with a remotely-controlled, gyro-stabilized 25 mm autocannon, four crew served M2 Browning machine guns, and light arms. She is equipped with a stern launching ramp, that allows her to launch or retrieve a water-jet propelled high-speed auxiliary boat, without first coming to a stop. Her high-speed boat has over-the-horizon capability, and is useful for inspecting other vessels, and deploying boarding parties.
The crew's drinking water needs are met through a desalination unit. The crew mess is equipped with a television with satellite reception.
Operational career.
"Edgar Culbertson" was delivered to the Coast Guard, for her acceptance trials, in Key West, on February 6, 2020. She arrived at her homeport of Galveston, Texas on March 23, 2020. "Edgar Culbertson" was commissioned in Galveston on June 11, 2020.
Namesake.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the United States Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all 58 cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. The Coast Guard chose Edgar Culbertson as the namesake of the 37th cutter. Culbertson and two other Coast Guard sailors saw three teenage boys at the end of a long pier, on Lake Superior, when a storm had whipped up waves. They saw a wave wash one boy off the pier, and saw the other boys pinned by the extremity of the weather. Culbertson and his comrades ventured out onto the pier to rescue the boys, and Culbertson himself was washed away.


Nevena Georgieva

Nevena Georgieva-Dunja (in , August 25, 1925, Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia – December 16, 1942, Veles, Northern Macedonia) was a Macedonian Yugoslav Partisan. She participated in the 1941 Yugoslav independence struggle during World War II. At the age of 16 she was the youngest fighter in the Macedonian partisan units, and she was the first woman to be a Macedonian partisan fighter.
Life.
Georgieva was born on July 25, 1925 in Skopje, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. She became a fighter in the Skopje Partisan Detachment when it was created on August 22, 1941. After the reorganization of the detachment in November 1941, she went to Veles, and then to Strumica, where she helped form the Strumica Partisan Detachment in the summer of 1942. She was sentenced "in absentia" to 7 years in prison by the occupying powers in May 1942. In September of 1942, she became a fighter in the Veles Partisan Detachment that was named after the politician Dimitar Vlahov.
Georgieva was killed on December 16, 1942 in Veles, during the Bulgarian occupation of North Macedonia, in a confrontation with the Bulgarian police and Bulgarian paramilitary troops.
Legacy.
Georgieva is widely considered a national hero of North Macedonia. Georgieva is featured as a heroine in multiple Macedonian folk songs, notably "По поле одат аргати" and "Пуста останала таја контра чета". She is also the namesake of two elementary schools, "Kisela Voda" and "Nejilovo", as well as one of the student dormitories in Skopje. There are also a number of statues of Nevena Georgieva, including busts in Kisela Voda and in Skopje. A memorial plaque was installed in the Women Fighters Park in Skopje, and another in Nejilovo was unveiled in 2013.


Navy Electronics Laboratory

The U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL) was created in 1945, with consolidation of the naval radio station, radar operators training school, and radio security activity of the Navy Radio and Sound Lab (NRSL) and its wartime partner, the University of California Division of War Research. NEL’s charter was “"to effectuate the solution of any problem in the field of electronics, in connection with the design, procurement, testing, installation and maintenance of electronic equipment for the U.S. Navy."” Its radio communications and sonar work was augmented with basic research in the propagation of electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere and of sound in the ocean.
History.
In November 1945, the Navy Radio and Sound Lab was renamed as Navy Electronics Laboratory. 80% of the Point Loma Military Reservation evolved into the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center (NELC) at the end of World War II. In turn NELC was merged into the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) in 1977. This eventually was merged into the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) in 1997.
In the 1960s, NELC was tasked with 4C: Command, Control, Communications and Computers.
Projects.
Shipboard Antenna Model Range.
As one of its first projects, NEL began building its "Shipboard Antenna Model Range". The non-metallic arch of this structure supports a transmitting antenna which is positioned toward a brass model ship on a turntable. The ground plane under the arch simulates the electrical characteristics of the ocean, allowing research on the properties of shipboard antennas to be carried out.
Arctic submarine exploration.
It also began conversion of a World War II mortar emplacement, "Battery Whistler", into an Arctic Submarine Laboratory. Scientific exploration of the Arctic Basin, and particularly providing the capability to operate attack submarines in the Arctic under the ice canopy, would become a key NEL mission.
World headlines came early in this program from several events—the submerged voyage of USS "Nautilus" from the Pacific to the Atlantic, via the North Pole, in 1958, with NEL’s Dr. Waldo Lyon aboard as chief scientist and ice pilot. That same summer, the USS "Skate" cruised from the Atlantic to the North Pole and the central Arctic Ocean, surfacing 9 times through small holes in the ice cap. Dr. Eugene C. La Fond, head of NEL's Oceanography Branch, was chief scientist
In March 1959, the "Skate" returned to the Arctic, under winter conditions, with Dr. Waldo Lyon as chief scientist, and for the first time, the nuclear submarine was able to surface exactly at the North Pole.
Bathyscaphe Trieste.
NEL also plunged into the undersea environment, acquiring the "Bathyscaphe Trieste" and directing its 1960 dive over 35,000 feet (10.7 km) down into the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench near Guam.
Radio telescopes.
Interested in radio physics in general, the lab built a -diameter radio telescope on Point Loma, and in 1964, NEL began construction of the La Posta Astro-Geophysical Observatory on a site in the Laguna Mountains, east of San Diego. The observatory played a major role in solar radio mapping, studies of environmental disturbances, and development of a solar optical videometer for microwave research. Its dish, which could both transmit and receive, was used for important Center research programs in propagation and ionospheric forecasting which was used during a number of Apollo space launches to predict solar activity that might hamper communications from the ground to the space capsules.
Communications.
In the area of communications, NEL developed Verdin, a low-frequency/very-low-frequency (LF/VLF) system to provide information to deeply submerged Polaris missile submarines, and began development of satellite communication capabilities.
Requirements for handling the vast amount of shipboard communications during the intensifying Vietnam War led to tasking for an internal message handling system. In response, the lab developed the Message Processing and Distribution System (MPDS), installing it aboard the Seventh Fleet flagship USS "Oklahoma City" a month ahead of schedule. The lab improved substantially on that system later and installed it aboard "Nimitz"-class aircraft carriers.
Computer science.
The programming language dialect NELIAC was developed by and named after the lab.
NELIAC was the brainchild of Harry Huskey, at the time Chairman of the Association for Computing Machinery, who had suggested porting applications in a machine-independent form. ALGOL 58 gave NEL the framework for an implementation, and work commenced in 1958, but was not fully developed until 1961.
NELIAC was used at NEL to support experimental anti-submarine systems and Command and Control Systems development, and later, at the Navy Command Systems and Support Activity (NAVCOSSACT) in Washington DC in support of the National Emergency Command Post Afloat (NECPA) project which was installed on many large ships starting in 1966.
This was the world's first self-compiling compiler and was ported to many other computers in the Department of Defense, it also included the NELOS operating system development used for large scale applications (unique to the AN/USQ-20 Navy shipboard computer and its commercial version, the UNIVAC 490).
Many other versions existed for a variety of computers because the ease of portability and the rapid one-pass compile times.
Naval Command, Control and Communications Laboratory Center and beyond.
In 1967, as part of the general Navy laboratory re-organization, NEL became the Naval Command, Control and Communications Laboratory Center. The name was never fully accepted, and in about six months it was changed to Naval Electronics Laboratory Center (NELC).
In 1971, the Antisubmarine Forces Command and Control System (AFCCS) and Naval Ocean Surveillance System (NOSS) were software projects under development at NELC using an IBM 360/65 computer. AFCCS (later ASWCCCS) was re-written in 1972 for the Honeywell 6050 computer after DoD contracted with Honeywell to supply computers for the Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS). On March 1, 1977, NELC and NUC were consolidated to form the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) (today the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific).


Jamie Graham

Jamie Graham, O.O.M. is a former chief for the Victoria Police Department. He previously served as the chief constable of Vancouver, British Columbia from August 22, 2002 to August 13, 2007. A former Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer, Graham's five-year contract with the Vancouver Police Department was not renewed. His time as chief there ended on August 22, 2007.
He is a supporter of numerous charities including the Law Enforcement Torch Run, Canadian Cancer Society, Cancer Foundation, Cops for Cancer, Canadian Blood Services, Owl Society, Covenant House and Salvation Army to name a few. He is also a member of the British Columbia Veterinary Medical Association’s Lay Inquiry Pool.
Personal life.
Graham was born in Belleville, Ontario. The son of a Canadian Army colonel, he lived in Halifax, New Delhi, and Quantico, Virginia. He attended King’s College, a boarding school in Nova Scotia.
He and his wife, lawyer Gail Graham, have been married 27 years and have no children.
Policing career.
Graham was a 34-year veteran of the RCMP when he was hired as Vancouver’s chief constable. He was chosen for the job over a field of competitors for that included Larry Campbell, who became Graham’s boss as Vancouver’s mayor, and eventually a Canadian senator. Graham was chief superintendent of the Surrey RCMP detachment from 2000 to 2002, and before that commanded the North Vancouver detachment from 1992 to 2000.
Graham was popular with his officers while chief of the Vancouver Police Department, and improved morale during his tenure. Former Vancouver mayor Philip Owen noted "He's a cop throughout, and that's what the members of the department like. They like a strong leader." Many officers describe him as the best chief in the history of the department.
In his role as chief constable, Graham was an active member of a number of policing and community organizations. He was a member of the by-law committee of the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA), and sat on the executive committee of the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada and the board of governance of the Combined Forces Special Investigation Unit. He took on a leadership role in the "Tier 1 Strategy" against outlaw motorcycle gangs. A former president of the British Columbia Association of Chiefs of Police (BCACP), Graham chaired its gaming and mental health committees, and represented the BCACP on the board of the Integrated Illegal Gambling Enforcement Team. He was also a member of the Vancouver Board of Trade. Other organizations he has worked with include the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), the North Vancouver Restorative Justice Society, the Justice Institute of British Columbia, and the Surrey Memorial Hospital Foundation.
Graham established public affairs and marketing sections in the department, the public relations branch for the police force.
Awards.
The Governor General, the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, appointed Graham a member of the Order of St. John on December 15, 2006. On January 6, 2010, Graham was appointed as an officer of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (O.O.M.). A ceremony in Ottawa followed on May 26, 2010.
Controversy and criticism.
Graham and his department have been the subject of controversy during his term. The "Georgia Straight" newspaper has criticized Graham for being too entrenched in traditional police culture to effectively respond to problems of misconduct.
In January 2003, three men were beaten by police officers in Stanley Park. Graham recommended that six officers be charged in connection with the assault. He later fired two of them and imposed the maximum suspensions under the Police Act to the other four after they plead guilty to the charges.
Pivot Legal Society published "To Serve and Protect: A Report on Policing in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside" in 2002, which documented approximately 60 affidavits from people regarding police misconduct. Pivot also filed a number of complaints against the VPD with the Police Complaint Commissioner (PCC), Dirk Ryneveld. After an internal investigation by the Vancouver Police and the RCMP, no criminal allegations were found or substantiated. Two officers received minimal discipline for what was determined to be minor policy violations. In 2005, Ryneveld issued a report stating, "What we do know is that RCMP ultimately reported the very regrettable circumstance of a lack of cooperation on the part of 'certain VPD members,' also incidents of non-responsiveness by the police chief himself." Mayor Sam Sullivan dismissed the non-cooperation complaint in May 2007, stating partly that there was no practical way to discipline a retiring police chief. Ryneveld overruled him, demanding that a further investigation take place. Graham strongly denied obstructing the RCMP in any way, referring people to his published report on the matter. The new investigation was conducted by Jim Cessford of the Delta Police Department. In his report, Cessford wrote that "Chief Graham did not fully exercise his authority in ensuring that his members cooperated [with the RCMP] as required." Although Graham did not actively obstruct the RCMP investigation, Cessford concluded that he did commit, "through his inaction, the Code of Conduct offence of Discreditable Conduct." The Office of the Police Complaint Commissioner reviewed and accepted the report's finding of discreditable conduct, but did not see anything to warrant a public inquiry into the matter.
During the 2005 municipal elections, Graham had Sam Sullivan, then a candidate for mayor, investigated for his admission that he had given money to addicts to buy drugs and allowed one to smoke crack in his van. An editorial in the "Georgia Straight" attacked the investigation as a political move.
Graham and the Vancouver Police Department have expressed support for the principles behind Insite, Vancouver's controversial safe injection site, which has drawn criticism from conservative groups and the RCMP. Noting that "our organization's [the VPD] primary responsibilities are safety and public order", Graham has supported any project that falls within the laws of Canada.
In April 2006, RCMP investigators exonerated Graham from allegations of misappropriating funds related to a 2004 police conference. An employee had alleged that Graham and other police executives used complimentary hotels rooms during the convention.
In July 2006, Graham left a bullet-riddled shooting range target on the desk of city manager Judy Rogers. On the target, Graham wrote: "A bad day at the range is better than the best day at work." He later apologized to her for the incident.
In January 2012, the Honourable Jakob S. de Villiers rendered final judgement of misconduct against Graham for comments made to media surrounding protest events during the 2010 Olympics. This was Graham's second conviction under the police act
In February 2012, Graham admitted guilt for "neglect of duty" under the police act, for unsafe storage of a loaded handgun under the seat of his car and received a reprimand for his misconduct.


Marine Corps Installations East

Marine Corps Installations East (MCIEAST) is the regional authority tasked with providing support and oversight of seven United States Marine Corps installations on the East Coast.
Mission.
Implement policies, develops regional strategies and plans, prioritizes resources and provides services, direction, and oversight through assigned U.S. Marine Corps Installations in order to support the Operating Forces, tenant commands and activities.


Air Force History and Museums Program

The United States Air Force History and Museums Program consists of more than 200 Air Force historians. They write the annual wing, numbered air force and major command histories that document all Air Force activities. Air Force historians maintain the Air Force legacy. During combat operations, they provide information and analysis for current operations as well as records and interpretation for when the operation ends. While obviously useful in recording wartime data, they also record peacetime operations, such as humanitarian relief missions, bringing food and medical supplies to disaster areas, or training events that lead to better mission capabilities.
They also issue the Air Force Heritage Award annually.


Coast Guard District 9

District 9 is a United States Coast Guard district located at the Anthony J. Celebrezze Federal Building in Cleveland, Ohio. District 9 is responsible for all Coast Guard operations on the five Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, and surrounding states accumulating 6,700 miles of shoreline and 1,500 miles of international shoreline with Canada.
Command and Duties.
Led by a rear admiral, District 9 includes 6,000 active duty, reserve, and civilian personnel. District 9 predominantly serves duties such as search and rescue, maritime safety and security, environmental protection, maritime law enforcement, aids to navigation, and icebreaking.
Sectors.
District 9 is further subdivided into several sectors. These include:
Stations.
District 9 is constructed of 48 active stations located in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, Indiana and Minnesota.
Air Stations.
Air Station Detroit is located on Selfridge Air National Guard Base near Detroit, MI. Primary missions include Search and Rescue, Law Enforcement, domestic icebreaking operations, Marine Environmental Protection (MEP), Rotary Wing Air Intercept (RWAI) and mission support for local, state, and federal agencies. Air Station Detroit is responsible for the southern portion of Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.
Air Station Traverse City is located at the Cherry Capital Airport in Traverse City, MI. Air Station Traverse City operates all of Lake Michigan and a large portion of Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Primary missions include Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, and Search and Rescue. Air Station Traverse City has implemented plans to transition from its current four MH-65 Dolphin helicopters to three Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk helicopters.
Cutters.
District 9 has ten active cutters operating in all five Great Lakes. Cutter is a term used by the U.S. Coast Guard for its commissioned vessels. They are 65 feet (19.8 m) or greater in length and have a permanently assigned crew with accommodations aboard. They carry the ship prefix USCGC.
Marine Safety Units.
District 9 comprises four Marine Safety Units (MSU) and two Marine Safety Detachments (MSD).
Aids to Navigation Teams.
District 9 comprises seven Aids to Navigation Teams (ANT).


List of lighthouses in the United States territories

The following is a list of lighthouses in four of the major territories of the United States. Most of the lights listed here have been modernized to be automated beacons on small steel towers or posts. There are just two known surviving lighthouses that held keepers, both of which are now inactive. Information for any given lighthouse may also be incomplete due to a lack of records and/or unreliable information.


USCGC Mendota

USCGC "Mendota" has been the name of two cutters of the United States Coast Guard:


Amrik Virk

Amrik S. Virk (born 1963 or 1964) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 2013 provincial election. He represented the electoral district of Surrey-Tynehead as a member of the British Columbia Liberal Party and was appointed Minister of Advanced Education on June 10, 2013 by Premier Christy Clark. Following a compensation scandal, he was appointed Minister of Technology, Innovation and Citizens' Services on December 18, 2014, dropping his responsibilities for Advanced Education.
Virk was born in India and moved to the Canadian city of Williams Lake at the age of five years. He has lived in Surrey since 2002 with his wife Jatinder and their three daughters.
Virk holds a B.A in Economics and History. from Simon Fraser University.
An extensive career with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) included a variety of policing duties with a substantial portion of his experience with various First Nations communities. In 2001, Virk was commissioned to the rank of Inspector and posted to Surrey where he was active in the issue of youth and gang violence in communities throughout the Lower Mainland and worked extensively with community leaders to help create the British Columbia Integrated Gang Task force. He left Surrey RCMP in 2006 while serving as the acting Officer in Charge of Operations (one of two Deputy Chief equivalents) and transferred to Langley as the Officer in Charge of Operations.
Virk was a community volunteer. In six years spent on the board of directors of the Surrey Memorial Hospital Foundation, he helped raise millions of dollars for enhancing health care for Surrey residents. He also served on the board of Kwantlen Polytechnic University.
In April 2014, Virk was linked to a scheme to funnel $100,000 in excess compensation to two senior Kwantlen Polytechnic University administrators, a scheme that violated government rules on executive compensation and disclosure. A report on the scandal, acknowledging wrongdoing but establishing no penalty, was released on June 17, 2014, in the shadow of the release of a long-awaited and controversial decision on an Enbridge pipeline expansion project. However, a revised report was released showing that Virk was aware of the compensation violations. Virk was moved from Advanced Education to Technology, Innovation and Citizens' Services on the same day the revised report was released.
In the 2017 provincial election, Virk was defeated by Garry Begg in the redistributed riding of Surrey-Guildford.
Recognition.
In addition to the RCMP Long Service Medal and Commissioner's Commendation for Bravery, Virk has received the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal and the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal.


Tolentino order of battle

This is an order of battle for the Battle of Tolentino that was fought on 2 May – 3 May 1815.
Austrian Army.
Commander-in-chief: Lieutenant Field Marshal Baron Bianchi
Total strength: 11,938 men – 1,452 horses – 28 guns
I Corps.
Commander: Lieutenant Field Marshal Baron
General staff: Colonel Baron Fleischer, Major Kunerth, Captain Auer, Captain Muhlruer, Captain Potier
1st Brigade.
Commander: General Count Staheremberg
General staff: Captain Spanoghi, Lieutenant Moker
Total: 2,147 men – 540 horses – 6 guns
2nd Brigade.
Commander: General Baron Senitzer
General Staff: General Staab, Major Startenthal, Captain Weingarten
Total: 4,920 men – 70 horses – 8 guns
3rd Brigade.
Commander: General Baron Ekhardt
Total: 4,048 men – 70 horses – 8 guns
4th Brigade.
Commander: General Baron Taxis
Total: 823 men – 772 horses – 6 guns
Neapolitan Army.
Commander-in-chief: King Joachim Murat of Naples
General staff: General Prince Campana, General Costa, General De Medici, Captain Caselli
Total strength: 25,588 men – 4,790 horses – 58 guns
Guard Divisions.
Captain of the Guard: Lieutenant General Millet de Villeneuve
Infantry of the Guard.
Commander: General Prince Pignatelli Strongoli
Total: 4,044 men – 250 horses – 10 guns
Cavalry of the Guard.
Commander: General Livron
Total: 1,576 men – 1,894 horses – 10 guns
2nd Infantry Division.
Commander: General Ambrosio
Total: 8,229 men – 210 horses – 10 guns
3rd Infantry Division.
Commander: General Lechi
Total: 8,010 men – 220 horses – 10 guns
4th Infantry Division.
Commander: General Pignatelli Cerchiara
Total: 1,900 men – 500 horses
Cavalry Division.
Commander: General Rossetti
Total: 1,849 men – 1,716 horses


USCGC Bertholf

USCGC "Bertholf" (WMSL-750) is the first maritime security cutter of the United States Coast Guard. She is named for Commodore Ellsworth P. Bertholf, fourth commandant of both the Revenue Cutter Service and Coast Guard.
In 2005, construction began at Northrop Grumman's Ship Systems Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on September 29, 2006, christened November 11, 2006, and commissioned on August 4, 2008. The cutter's home port is Alameda, California. "Bertholf" was the first to fire the Bofors 57 mm gun aboard a U.S. vessel on 11 February 2008.
Operational history.
On March 3, 2016, "Bertholf" responded to a sighting off the Pacific Coast of Panama of a semi-submersible narco-submarine, reported by a P-3 Orion. The semi-submersible surrendered to a boarding party launched from "Bertholf", and four suspects were captured along with 6 tons of cocaine. The boarding party then sank the semi-submersible. During the 2012 RIMPAC exercises "Bertholf" detected and tracked missile threats and also provided naval gunfire support for troops ashore during the training exercise, demonstrating the capability of moving with other naval forces and being able to perform other defense operations.
On 25 March 2019, USS "Curtis Wilbur" (DDG-54), in concert with "Bertholf" transited the contested Taiwan Strait. On 15 April of same year, the ship visited Hong Kong, the first Coast Guard vessel to do so in seventeen years.
Legend-class cutter.
"Bertholf" is the lead ship of the design and the first large ship to be built under the Coast Guard's multi-year Deepwater acquisitions project. The NSCs are to replace the fleet's aging 1960s-era 378-foot s.


Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model

Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model (MSRAM) is a process and model that supports the U.S. Coast Guard's mission to understand and mitigate the risk of terrorist attacks on targets in U.S. ports and waterways. MSRAM began as a Captain of the Port-level risk analysis tool developed shortly after 9/11/2001. In 2005, the USCG began development and implementation of MSRAM in order to take advantage of lessons learned with the initial effort and to apply a risk approach that can be applied at both the field and headquarter levels. To develop this program, USCG HQ invited representatives from headquarters, and all levels of command to define requirements and identify milestones. This led to an action plan that fielded the first MSRAM system in 2006. Since the first MSRAM rollout, USCG is in the third iteration of MSRAM as of 2008.
Following is a summary of the use of MSRAM data and future enhancements.
Method.
Risk = Threat * Consequence * Vulnerability. The unit of analysis is a generic attack mode against a specific target. All of the Department of Homeland Security’s planning scenarios are addressed. However, each attack mode is defined in sufficient detail to support analysis of consequences and vulnerabilities. The target is defined in terms of classes, location, potential maximum consequences, geographic location and other key facts used for analysis. Based on the target class and potential consequences, a number of attack modes are specified for analysis of consequences and vulnerabilities. Consequence scoring is based on a value system that considers death and injury, primary and secondary economic impacts, environmental impact, national security impact and symbolic impact. The values and scales for these consequences are determined by the USCG leadership. The values are intended to represent those of the American people. Vulnerabilities are broken down into five factors: Attack achievability, three system security factors (owner operator, local law enforcement, and USCG) and target hardness.
Model.
MSRAM methodology is a Microsoft Access application in two versions. The field-level version supports data collection, analysis, and "what if" analysis. The HQ version supports analysis and "what if" analysis of combined data at the classified level. The USCG MSRAM Model is supported with geographic risk displays at the local and HQ's levels.
Process.
MSRAM data comes from two sources and is subjected to an iterative review leading to its use in informing programs, strategy, procedures and local application of resources to mitigate and/or manage risk of terrorist attacks in our nation's maritime system.
Threat data is provided by the USCG Intelligence Coordination Center for all combinations of attack modes and target classes. The detailed target and scenario level data is captured at the field level, in collaboration with owner operators and local law enforcement and its responders.
MSRAM data.
At the field level, MSRAM data is used to prioritize use of USCG resources. Sector Commanders use it to assess and prioritize Port Security Grant Applications. Sector HQ's use it to assess risk in difference seasons or for different threats. District HQ and Area HQ's use the data to inform operational decisions. HQ uses the data to inform resource, strategy and policy decisions.
Future enhancements.
Each MSRAM cycle has implemented a number of improvements based on feedback from field and HQ users as well as comments by the U.S. Government Accountability Office and risk experts. The next iterations will address the Terror Transfer Threat and other relevant scenarios. In addition, USCG is working to apply lessons learned and concepts with other agencies.
See also.
"MSRAM Proceedings", Archives: 2007 Volume 64, Number 1, Spring 2007, "The Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model" by LCDR Brady Downs, pp 36-38


Honorary Marine

Honorary Marine is a title that has been given to various people by the United States Marine Corps.
Current official program (1992–present).
The distinction is currently bestowed solely by the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps to "individuals in the civilian community who have made extraordinary contributions to the Marine Corps." It "carries no entitlement to pay or benefits."
Nominations may be submitted to the commandant by "commanding generals, commanding officers, and officers-in-charge" and "must be endorsed by a general officer within their chain of command." Criteria include:
Honorees.
Two somewhat differing lists can be viewed on the official Marine Corps website, one at the Marine Corps Honorary Marine page (1992-2011), and the other in this document (1992-2007).
Among the notables on both lists are:
Among the 2012 honorees were Cody Green, a terminally ill boy who loved the U.S. Marine Corps, and Ryan Crocker, U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan.
Jacob Tyler Sprinkle was posthumously made an Honorary Marine on July 11, 2014 and the family was presented his honor on October 15, 2014. The ceremony was held at Lee High School in Jonesville, Virginia. The presenting officer of the United States Marine Corps was Lt. General John A. Toolan, Jr., Commander, Marine Corps Forces, Pacific. Jacob lost a 13-year fight with congenital heart defects.
As of October 2014, there have been fewer than 100 Honorary Marine titles presented in the 239 years of the Marine Corps.
Other ad hoc honorees.
Lon Chaney, Sr. was made an honorary member of the Corps for his portrayal of a Marine sergeant in the 1926 film "Tell It to the Marines". Cartoon character Bugs Bunny was given the rank of honorary Marine master sergeant for his performance in "Super-Rabbit". Actor and comedian Bob Hope, famous for his work with the USO, was named an honorary brigadier general of the Corps.


Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan

Wood Mountain (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Old Post No. 43 and Census Division No. 3. Its name is derived from the Red River Métis words "montagne de bois" (meaning mountain of wood in French), due to the abundance of poplar trees in the otherwise barren region. Highway 18 and Highway 358 intersect south of the community.
Wood Mountain is known for its annual stampede that has been held every year for more than 120 years.
This village is home to the First Nations administrative office for the band government of the Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation.
History.
Wood Mountain incorporated as a village on March 4, 1930.
Demographics.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Wood Mountain recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
In the 2011 Census of Population, the Village of Wood Mountain recorded a population of , a change from its 2006 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011.
Economy and tourism.
Historically, Wood Mountain's economy has relied mainly on agriculture as a main industry. The community still has strong roots to farming and ranching, but with its location and rich history, tourism has become a main industry. The community has a variety of businesses, recreation sites, and many accommodations such as bed and breakfasts, a cafe restaurant, a pool, a library, a community hall, and a wide variety of churches, museums, campgrounds, and regional parks.


Wings of the Navy

Wings of the Navy is a 1939 American drama film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Olivia de Havilland and John Payne. Like many of the Warner Bros. features in the pre-World War II era, it was intended to serve as propaganda for the U.S. military and received heavy support from the U.S. Navy which also considered the film as a recruiting tool.
Plot.
Submarine officer Jerry Harrington (John Payne) goes to Pensacola to train as a flying cadet, just like his legendary father and illustrious brother, longtime airman Cass Harrington (George Brent). Jerry ends up falling for his brother's girlfriend, Irene Dale (Olivia de Havilland), which only increases the competition between the two brothers. After Cass is seriously injured in a crash, he is forced to leave the Navy. Jerry becomes a pilot in San Diego and begins flying seaplanes while Cass designs a new fighter for the Navy. Jerry wants to prove to Cass that he is a better pilot, even if it means leaving the Navy to test the experimental fighter which has already led to the death of a test pilot. Irene is forced to choose which man she loves.
Production.
"Wings of the Navy" was filmed on location at the Naval Air Station on North Island in San Diego, California, and the Naval Air Station at Pensacola, Florida, and was dedicated to the U.S. Naval Aviation Service. The actors and production crew, numbering 70, arrived in Pensacola in the first week of July 1938, and moved to San Diego after the Florida filming was complete. The US Navy was heavily committed by providing access to aircraft and facilities with Lieutenant Commander Hugh Sease serving as the Technical Advisor to the production. Several of the latest US Navy types were on display including the Grumman F3F biplane fighter which played the role of an experimental fighter known as the XFAA-1, and an early variant of the Consolidated PBY Catalina. Warner Brothers built a detailed mock-up of a Catalina cabin for interior flight shots.
George Brent, John Payne and Olivia de Havilland reprising their film roles, performed a 60-minute radio adaptation of the movie on "Lux Radio Theater" broadcast on October 7, 1940.
Reception.
Typical of other period Warner Bros. dramas, it was a propaganda when it was released early in 1939, before World War II had begun.
The most impressive aspect of the film was the flying sequences which a reviewer at "The New York Times" aptly reported was "As a documentary study of the Pensacola Naval Air Training station, and its methods of turning raw recruits into seasoned pilots of combat and bombing planes, "Wings of the Navy" gets off the ground very nimbly, and has a good deal of value, interest and even excitement, of the purely mechanical sort, to offer to the curious."
Radio adaptation.
"Wings of the Navy" was presented on "Lux Radio Theatre" October 7, 1940. Brent, DeHavilland and Payne reprised their roles from the film.


Christopher E. Finerty

Major General Christopher Finerty (born c. 1970) is a United States Air Force officer and career helicopter pilot who has been serving as the Director, Legislative Liaison, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, since April 2019. The Directorate is the liaison between the Air Force, Space Force and Congress on all programs, air and space weapons systems and issues such as legislative and constituent inquiries. Finerty collaborates directly with the House of Representatives and Senate to ensure full authorization of the Air Force's annual budget. Finerty also prepares the Secretary of the Air Force, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Chief of Space Operations and other senior Air Force leaders for engagements and testimony on Capitol Hill.
Finerty received his commission from the United States Air Force Academy in 1992. He is a Command Pilot with more than 3,300 total flight hours, primarily in the T-37 Tweet, T-1 Jayhawk, UH-1N and HH-60G. Prior to his current assignment, Finerty was the Director, Office of Legislative Liaison at the National Guard Bureau.
Education.
1992 Bachelor of Science, Engineering Science, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo.
1997 Master of Business Administration, Regis University, Denver
1997 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.
2006 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., by correspondence
2011 Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., by correspondence
2018 National Defense University, Capstone, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
2018 Senior Leader Orientation Course; Joint Base Andrews, Md. and JB San Antonio-Lackland, Texas
2018 National Security Studies Management Course, Syracuse University, N.Y.
Military assignments.
1. August 1992–October 1993, Student, Undergraduate Pilot Training, Reese Air Force Base, Texas
2. October 1993–February 1994, Rotary Wing Conversion Course, Fort Rucker, Ala.
3. February 1994–May 1994, Student, UH-1N Training, Kirtland AFB, N.M.
4. May 1994–May 1997, UH-1N Chief of Standardization and Evaluation, 37th Rescue Flight, F.E. Warren AFB, Wyo.
5. May 1997–November 1997, Student, HH-60G Training, Kirtland AFB, N.M.
6. November 1997–February 1999, HH-60G Assistant Flight Commander, 48th Rescue Squadron, Holloman AFB, N.M.
7. February 1999–September 2002, Assistant Operations Officer, 33rd Rescue Squadron, Kadena Air Base, Japan
8. September 2002–September 2005, HH-60G Evaluator Pilot, Kulis Air National Guard Base, Alaska
9. September 2005–May 2008, Branch Chief, Combat Forces Requirements, National Guard Bureau, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.
10. May 2008–February 2010, Division Chief, Requirements Integration, National Guard Bureau, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.
11. February 2010–January 2012, Division Chief, Readiness, Congressional Appropriations Liaison, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.
12. January 2012–September 2015, Division Chief, Legislative Programs, National Guard Bureau, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.
13. September 2015–December 2016, Air National Guard Readiness Center Vice Commander, NGB, Joint Base Andrews, Md.
14. December 2016–March 2017, Special Assistant to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.
15. March 2017–April 2019, Director, Office of Legislative Liaison, NGB, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.
16. April 2019–present, Director, Legislative Liaison, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Pentagon, Arlington, Va.


United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory

The United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) was established in 1995, at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. The organization was originally known as the Commandant's Warfighting Laboratory.
The battle lab is part of Combat Development and Integration--under Headquarters, United States Marine Corps--and its stated purpose is to improve current and future naval expeditionary warfare capabilities across the spectrum of conflict for current and future operating forces.
The organization is in charge of various aspects of advanced techniques and technology in the United States Marine Corps, and is also responsible for overseeing the Urban Warrior program.


Dean Schwarz

Dean Schwarz (born 1938) is an American ceramic artist, painter, writer and teacher. He was also the co-founder and proprietor of South Bear School (1970-) by which he imparted to students (many of whom have since become accomplished potters) a tradition of functional studio pottery that originated as early as the Middle Ages, and of which an impassioned revival occurred in 1919 at the Bauhaus in Weimar.
Background.
Schwarz was born and raised in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, a city with historical links to Regionalist painter Grant Wood. The son of a welder, his initial interests were in athletics, but as an undergraduate student at Iowa State Teachers College (now called the University of Northern Iowa), he developed an interest in ceramics, painting and other visual arts, and abruptly changed his major. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1960, and a Master of Arts in 1961. In 1960, he married Geraldine Fromm, a writer and literature teacher, with whom he raised six children. In their years together, he and his wife have traveled extensively throughout the world and have often collaborated on books and other projects.
While serving in the U.S. Navy in the early 1960s, he used his shore leaves to visit the studios of world famous potters, notably Shoji Hamada in Japan, and Bauhaus-trained Master Potter Marguerite Wildenhain at Pond Farm near Guerneville, California. He studied with Wildenhain at Pond Farm in 1964, then returned there for two additional summers, serving the third year as her teaching associate. In 1968, he also studied with ceramic artist William Daley at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts.
South Bear School.
In 1970, while at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa (where he taught from 1964 to 1986), Schwarz co-founded South Bear School, an innovative summer arts school (pottery, painting, poetry, et al.) in a former hospital house in Highlandville, Iowa (population 30), adjacent to a trout stream called South Bear Creek. In 1976, South Bear School was relocated to a wooded rural property outside of Decorah in a vacant 65-room nursing home. Marguerite Wildenhain was a frequent visitor both there and at Luther College. In her later years, she advised new students to study first at South Bear before working with her in California.
Ceramic art.
Since the 1960s, Schwarz has been primarily known as an innovative ceramic artist, whose output is prolific. His work is represented in numerous private collections, and in the holdings of museums and universities throughout the world, including, among many others, the Museum of Art and Culture (Wuhan, Hubei, China), University of Nottingham (Nottingham, England), Collection of King Olaf (Oslo, Norway), Pottery Museum (Mikawachi, Japan), Burg Giebichenstein (Halle, Germany) and the White House Collection (Washington, D.C.).
In recent years, after a back injury, Schwarz has had to restrict his activities in the creation of wheel-thrown pottery. The large pots that he now creates are the collaborative effort of himself and his son, Gunnar Schwarz, in which the latter does the wheel-throwing, while Dean Schwarz designs the pots’ surfaces and applies the glazes. In 2007, their work was featured in a large retrospective exhibition of Schwarz pottery (along with representative works by Marguerite Wildehain), titled "Dean and Gunnar Schwarz: Pottery Form and Inherent Expression", at the Gallery of Art at the University of Northern Iowa (Schwarz’s alma mater).
Research interests.
In 1971, Schwarz was awarded a Fulbright-Hays Research Fellowship to study and teach ceramics in South Korea. At various other times, he has studied traditional pottery in Japan, researched Pre-Columbian pots in Panama, and worked as a restorer with an archaeological dig in Israel. In one of his trips, he met with the aging German sculptor Gerhard Marcks, who had been Wildenhain’s form master at the Bauhaus, and, in another, he and Geraldine Schwarz interviewed British potter Bernard Leach. These experiences, not unlike his earlier quest to visit the studios of famous potters, reflect his continuing interest in historical sleuthing, especially as it relates, non-exclusively, to the tradition of ceramic art.
Related to those inclinations, he and/or Geraldine Schwarz (often in collaboration with others) have written, compiled and sometimes published books having to do with historic issues, both local and international. Among these, for example, are "Conversations with the Recent Past" (Luther College Press, 1975), a collection of oral history interviews with rural residents in the vicinity of Decorah, Iowa; and "Paddled Tails from Tattled Tales: An Autobiography of a Family" (South Bear Press, 2001), consisting of archival photographs and oral history interviews of their own family members.
South Bear Press.
In the late 1970s, the Schwarz family launched a small book company called South Bear Press, the first consequence of which was the publication of the third and final book authored by Marguerite Wildenhain, titled "…That We Look and See: An Admirer Looks at the Indians", edited by John Nellermoe and Dean Schwarz (South Bear Press, 1979). In 2004, nearly twenty years after Wildenhain’s death, they produced a second volume pertaining to her life, titled "Marguerite A Diary to Franz Wildenhain", edited by Dean Schwarz, consisting of her diary-like letters (never posted) to her husband, Bauhaus potter "Franz Wildenhain", during their wartime separation in 1940, when his whereabouts were unknown. More recently, in 2007, after more than a decade of research in Europe, UK and the US, Dean and Geraldine Schwarz compiled and edited a large format, 770-page anthology on the history and legacy of the German pottery tradition, titled "Marguerite Wildenhain and the Bauhaus: An Eyewitness Anthology" (South Bear Press). In this volume are essays, memoirs, diaries, letters, interviews and other written documents by or about such Bauhaus- or crafts-related persons as Josef Albers, Ruth Asawa, Theodor Bogler, Lyonel Feininger, Walter Gropius, Trude Guermonprez, Shoji Hamada, Bernard Leach, Otto Lindig, Gerhard Marcks, Daniel Rhodes, Peter Voulkos and Frans Wildenhain.
In 2009, coincident with the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Bauhaus, Dean and Geraldine Schwarz published an essay in book form titled "Centering Bauhaus Clay: A Potter's Perspective" (South Bear Press).


Maritime Law Enforcement Specialist

The Maritime Enforcement Specialist (ME) rating is responsible for law enforcement and force protection in the United States Coast Guard—equivalent to the Navy’s counterpart Master-at-arms (United States Navy). Additionally, these personnel are trained in traditional maritime law enforcement, anti-terrorism, force protection, port security and safety, and unit-level training.
History.
A recent addition to the personnel of the U.S. Coast Guard inventory, Coast Guardsmen in the ME rating are trained and qualified to provide security and law enforcement support for U.S. Coast Guard assets. The first class of Coast Guardsmen graduated from ME "A" School on 14 April 2010.
Training and qualifications.
Personnel selected to attend the 10-week long ME "A" School, located in Charleston, South Carolina at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers must first meet certain eligibility requirements. The following are the eligibility criteria to be selected as an ME:


Special amphibious reconnaissance corpsman

A special amphibious reconnaissance corpsman (SARC) is a United States Navy hospital corpsman who provides MARSOC and other USSOCOM units advanced trauma management associated with combatant diving and parachute entry. Traditionally, they are attached to the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance companies to help support the Command Element of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force in special reconnaissance missions.
Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman.
SARCs are trained and specialized in the same aspects of special operations as their counterparts: amphibious entry, deep recon and direct action. They are also capable of conducting detailed underwater ship-bottom searches. During operational status, the teams will then be dispersed evenly throughout the Marine Recon platoons; usually one SARC per platoon. SARCs have regularly acted as a point man, sharp shooter, radio operator, or even the team leader in the Marine Recon teams/platoons. More recently, SARCs are being deployed with Marine Special Operations Command (MARSOC) and select Naval Special Warfare units such as DEVGRU due to their highly advanced skills in combat trauma care and diving medicine.
Mission.
The environments that Recon Marines and Recon Corpsmen face during a mission are usually hazardous. The Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsmen use their paramedic skills to provide advanced medical support and other emergency medical procedures related to the hazards of swimming, open and closed circuit SCUBA diving, and military freefall during amphibious reconnaissance operations. They also instruct and advise the recon Marines in the prevention and treatment of illnesses, whether in combat or training.
The SARC has the duty of hyperbaric chamber operator: skilled in the operation of recompression chambers for hyperbaric treatment. They are also required to know laws and physics of diving, fundamentals of proper gas mixtures, theory and practice of decompression and the use of decompression tables.
Screening and training.
As of 2016, a male or female hospital corpsman serving in the paygrades of E-1 (hospitalman recruit) to E-6 (petty officer first class) serving in any capacity may apply for candidacy. It is not required to be currently serving with a Fleet Marine unit to apply. Sailors currently attending Hospital Corpsman "A" School may enter the pipeline immediately without first serving time in the fleet by enrolling in the Special Operations Corpsman Program (SOCP), currently held at HM "A" School. This course is designed to prepare sailors for the lifestyle and training required of candidates applying for SARC, Dive Medical Technician (DMT), and Search-and-Rescue (SAR) programs. Candidates must have a current ASVAB general technical score of 100 or higher. They also must have passed their last three physical fitness assessments and be able to achieve a first class swim qualification. A commanding officer endorsement is also required, no non-judicial punishments for 12 months and no courts-martial for 24 months. The extensive training requires a commitment to serve as a recon corpsman for a minimum of three years.
Occupational Classification.
After completion of Phases 1 & 2 listed below, Corpsman will be awarded the NEC L03A. Following Phases 3-9, Corpsman will be awarded the NEC L11A, Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsmen (SARC).
Individual Specialty Training.
Following this pipeline, the corpsman will be assigned to one of the Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions, Force Reconnaissance, MARSOC, or other USSOCOM command in order to be placed with a specific unit. Upon placement, corpsman will receive specialized occupational training in order to become a more qualified component of a team. SARC has many opportunities for schools in their training courses may include; HALO/HAHO military freefall parachuting, Advanced Air Operations: Jumpmaster or Parachute Rigger, Air Assault, Advanced radio communications, Diving Supervisor, Scout Sniper, Advanced Close Quarter Combat/Breacher School, CBRN defense, Language School, Naval Small Craft Instruction and Technical Training School, Surreptitious Entry, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator, Advanced Driving Skills, Tactical Coxswain Course, Tactical Boat Crew Member Course, joint terminal attack controller, Ranger School, and Mountaineering.
SARCs can later gain the Special Operations Independent Duty Corpsman (NEC L02A) qualification. On completion of this advance course, the Corpsman will be able to perform; Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ALCS), advanced paramedical skills, clinical diagnostics, basic surgical anesthesia, basic dental exams, and other routine and emergency medical health care procedures. Supervise and manage critical medical procedures in combat or non-combat environments. This course is similar to the US Army's (SFMS) Special Forces Medical Sergeant (18D) course.


Navy Unit Commendation

The Navy Unit Commendation (NUC) is a United States Navy unit award that was established by order of the Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal on 18 December 1944.
History.
Navy and U.S. Marine Corps commands may recommend any Navy or Marine Corps unit for the NUC that has distinguished itself by outstanding heroism in action against the enemy, but not sufficient to justify the award of the Presidential Unit Citation. A unit must have performed service of a character comparable to that which would merit the award of a Silver Star Medal for heroism, or a Legion of Merit for non-combat meritorious service to an individual. Normal performance of duty or participation in many combat missions does not, in itself, justify the award. An award will not be made to a unit for actions of one or more of its component parts, unless the unit performed uniformly as a team, in a manner justifying collective recognition.
U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S Coast Guard units are also eligible to be awarded the NUC as long as they are directly attached or assigned to U.S. Navy or Marine Corps units during the time period or event for which the award is given. U.S. Army members of units awarded the NUC, wear the Navy Unit Commendation ribbon on the right side of the uniform jacket rather than left side along with any other unit award emblems which are authorized for wear. The NUC may be conferred upon the armed forces of friendly foreign nations serving with the U.S. Armed Forces, provided such units meet the standards established for Navy and Marine Corps units.
Additional awards of the Navy Unit Commendation are denoted by inch bronze stars.


Royal Canadian Mounted Police Foundation

The RCMP Foundation was founded in 1994 as a charitable organization. Since 1994, the RCMP Foundation has contributed more than $10.5 million to support some 1,000 community groups initiatives across the country. "About Us".
Organizational overview.
The RCMP Foundation (legal name: Mounted Police Foundation), is an independent, arm’s-length, self-funded, registered charitable organization that supports community programs across Canada that benefit from voluntary RCMP involvement. The Foundation does not fund RCMP detachments or members, nor does it fund core policing functions.
Funding.
Funds generated include royalties from the licensing program.
What the Foundation Does.
RCMP members have a unique relationship with their communities. They identify ways in which the Foundation can invest and deliver programs that complement their work to make communities safer by reducing violence and diverting youth away from dangerous and criminal activities.
Licensing Program.
As master licensor for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Foundation manages the commercial use of the RCMP name, image and trademarks. In exchange for royalty payments, the Foundation allows companies to produce and market "official" RCMP merchandise.
In June 1999, the Foundation partnered with Regional Maple Leaf Communications under the licensing program to lend their endorsement to The Elementary Safety Book For Children, Drug Facts For Young People and the Teenage Survival Handbook. The three RMC publications are available free of charge to communities across Canada. RMC's fourth publication Green Planet for Kids and all four accompanying websites were included in the endorsement as of April 1, 2013.
The Mountie Shop.
In 2007 the RCMP Foundation took over the on-site retail facilities of the RCMP canteens, rebranding the stores as The Mountie Shop; net profits from the Shop contribute to the foundation.


Cecil H. Coggins

Cecil Hammond Coggins (November 22, 1933–September 19, 2019), who went by Pete, was an American physician who specialized in nephrology, the branch of medicine dealing with the kidneys. He was the editor of the "Annual Review of Medicine" from 1994–2000.
Early life and education.
Cecil Hammond "Pete" Coggins was born on November 22, 1933 in Long Beach, California to parents Dorothy and Cecil Hengy Coggins. Because his father was a physician in the U.S. Navy, Pete traveled widely as a child. He lived in Oroville, California, Washington, D.C., and went to high school in Qingdao, China. He attended Yale University for his bachelor's degree and Harvard Medical School for his Doctor of Medicine. While in Oroville, he was employed by the "Oroville Mercury-Register", the local newspaper.
Career.
Following medical school, he interned at Massachusetts General Hospital. Afterwards, he joined the United States Navy for two years and was stationed abroad in Cyprus. He then completed a residency in internal medicine at Stanford University Medical Center, though moved back to the east coast in 1965 for a fellowship in nephrology at Massachusetts General Hospital. He continued his practice at the hospital in nephrology and internal medicine, then worked at Beacon Hill Practice. From 1965–2015 he was also an instructor at Harvard Medical School.
In 1994, he succeeded William P. Creger as the editor of the "Annual Review of Medicine". He held the editorship until 2000, at which time C. Thomas Caskey became editor.
Personal life and death.
He married Clemency Chase in 1956, daughter of novelist Anya Seton and granddaughter of naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton and suffragist Grace Gallatin Seton Thompson. They had two sons and a daughter together. Coggins enjoyed outdoor activities like camping, hiking, and sailing: in 1991, he sailed on the "Meridian", a sailboat, on a 21-day and journey from Scituate, Massachusetts to Dartmouth, England. He also practiced knot tying. He died on September 19, 2019.


Fleet Marine Force, Pacific

The United States Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC) is the largest maritime landing force in the world. Its units are spread across the Pacific Ocean and reports to the United States Pacific Command. It is headquartered at MCB Camp H. M. Smith, HI and directs and commands all the subordinate elements of the Navy Expeditionary Strike Force and Marine Air-Ground Task Force components that follow under the 3rd, 5th, and 7th Fleet and the Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC). The Commanding General of Marine Corps Forces, Pacific is dual-posted as the Commanding General of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. FMFPAC is under operational control of the Commander, United States Pacific Fleet (COMPACFLT), when deployed.
FMFPac was established by General 'Howling Mad' Smith in 1944 to assume command of very large USMC forces in the Pacific, of the order of 500,000.
Organization.
Reporting directly to the Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (CG FMFPAC) are the Commanding Generals of two Marine Expeditionary Forces (I MEF and III MEF), the Commanding Generals of two Marine Expeditionary Brigades (1st MEB and
3rd MEB), and the Commanding Officers of four Marine Expeditionary Units (11th, 13th, 15th, and 31st MEUs).
The Commanding General, I MEF, exercises operational control over the 1st Marine Division, the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, and the 1st Marine Logistics Group, while the Commanding General, III MEF, exercises operational control over the 3d Marine Division, the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, and the 3rd Marine Logistics Group.
Hierarchy of Fleet Marine Force units.
Commander, United States Pacific Fleet (COMPACFLT).
Camp H. M. SmithSalt Lake, Hawaii


USCGC Campbell

USCGC "Campbell" may refer to more than one United States Coast Guard ship.


Camp Allen

Camp Allen, is a small United States Marine Corps base in Norfolk, Virginia, a satellite of the Naval Station Norfolk. In 1942 the Chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks (now NAVFAC) wanted the first Seabee training center close to an existing Naval training facility with Norfolk being chosen because of the available land that could be purchased. On 25 March 1942 the Commandant of the 5th Naval District announced that the U.S. Naval Construction Training Center, Naval Operating Base Norfolk had been commissioned 4 days prior. The base was named Camp Allen in memory of the CEC Captain Walter H. Allen founder of the naval construction regiment at Great Lakes Naval Training Center during WWI.
Camp Allen later became home to the 3rd Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team (FAST) Companies. The base had a supply warehouse, battalion aid station, and transportation area, but all have been re-purposed. All units are members of the Marine Corps Security Force Regiment, headquartered aboard Naval Weapons Station Yorktown.


Teapot Committee

The Teapot Committee was the codename of the Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee to evaluate strategic missiles of the U.S. Air Force.
Establishment.
In October 1953, the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Air Force for Research and Development Trevor Gardner established the committee to study strategic missiles including the Snark, Navaho, and Atlas all of which were Air Force projects. Gardner recruited eleven of the nation's leading scientists and engineers: Dr. John von Neumann served as chairman, and the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation (forerunner of TRW) was hired to administer the committee's work. The founders and chief officers of Ramo-Wooldridge, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge, were also full members of the Teapot Committee.
Simon Ramo had known Trevor Gardner since before World War II, when both had worked for General Electric at Schenectady, New York. After the war, Ramo joined Hughes Aircraft as head of electronics research and eventually rose to the position of Director of Guided Missile Research and Development; both Ramo and Dean Wooldridge had gained acclaim for their work on the Air Force's Falcon missile. Ramo had become Director of Operations and Executive Vice President when he and Wooldridge, in September 1953, left Hughes to form their own company.
Other members of the Teapot Committee were Clark Blanchard Millikan, Charles C. Lauritsen, and Louis Dunn (all of Caltech); Hendrik Wade Bode (Bell Telephone Labs); Allen E. Puckett (Hughes Aircraft); George Kistiakowsky (Harvard); Jerome B. Wiesner (MIT); and Lawrence A. Hyland (Bendix Aviation). The committee's military liaison was Colonel Bernard A. Schriever, the Air Staff's Assistant for Development Planning and a brigadier general selectee.
Deliberations.
Meeting first in November and twice more afterward, the Teapot Committee rendered its report on February 10, 1954. Originally, the Teapot Committee had favored eliminating the Snark, but in its report recommended only that the Snark's guidance system be simplified and that development continue. Members contended that Snark's primary usefulness was as a decoy for the manned bomber force. Similarly, the Teapot Committee was not enthusiastic about the Navaho as a strategic weapon because of the inadequacies of ramjets. Nonetheless, the committee supported continued research in certain technological areas, especially in the propulsion systems, in which the Navaho project provided direct benefit for ICBM development.
The Teapot Committee centered its attention on the feasibility of developing the major subsystems for the Atlas-that is, propulsion, guidance, airframe, and warhead. Given the reported Soviet lead in intercontinental ballistic missiles and the countervailing advantage offered by the American nuclear breakthrough, the committee concluded that it was imperative to accelerate Atlas development. However, the speed up and early delivery of the Atlas ICBM could be accomplished only by embarking on a "crash program" that would include changing drastically the missile's specifications and creating an entirely new management organization. In its summary, the Teapot Committee called for a "radical reorganization of the . . . project considerably transcending the [existing] Convair framework."
Foremost among the committee's recommendations to accelerate the ICBM program, was the call to revise the Atlas's requirements in conformity with the new realities created as a result of the thermonuclear breakthrough. The promise of lighter, higher-yield weapons was later confirmed during the Operation Castle nuclear test series, that began in March 1954. As a result, the stringent accuracy requirement for Atlas was reduced to between 2 and . This revision would also permit slashing the missile's weight and diameter. As a further benefit, the lower accuracy requirement eased the Atlas's guidance problem and prompted an investigation of an advanced, on board, all-inertial guidance system.
In the management area, Committee had questioned the contractor's ability to complete the Atlas work, based on Convair's current development approach and the competence of its scientific and engineering staff. Further, members recommended that the Air Force undertake a thorough review of up to a year, if necessary, to determine how best to achieve the earliest possible operational capability. Pending such a review, the Air Force should curtail all production of full-scale flight test vehicles and detailed design of the guidance system. On the other hand, the committee members encouraged continuing basic research in guidance systems, North American Aviation's rocket propulsion work, and the preparation of instrument flight test facilities.
At last, the Report concluded that the Atlas program could be accelerated only if it was entrusted to "an unusually competent group of scientists and engineers capable of making systems analyses, supervising the research phases and completely controlling the experimental and hardware phases of the program." Unfortunately, no single company currently employed persons of that caliber; they would have to be recruited from among several industry, university, and government organizations. Looking ahead, the committee also noted that this proposed new development-management group would have to be free "of excessive detailed regulation by government agencies."
Finally, the Committee believed that, if it was assigned such a crash basis priority, the Air Force could obtain an operational Atlas ICBM in 6 to 8 years-that is, sometime between 1960 and 1962.
The Committee recommendations nearly duplicated those of a Rand Corporation study issued two days earlier, on February 8, 1954. The Rand study, headed by Dr. Bruno W. Augustein, was begun in September 1953 for the purpose of finding ways to accelerate ICBM development. Not surprisingly, then, the Teapot Committee used and based much of its findings on Rand data. In connection with these studies, Trevor Gardner advised Assistant Secretary Donald A. Quarles that an emergency operational capability could be attained as early as 1958, if enough money and priority were provided. Gardner meant that, in an emergency, contractor engineers in lieu of Air Force personnel could launch the Atlas. Gardner's claim was facetiously dubbed a "PhD" type capability.


USCGC Chincoteague (WAVP-375)


4 Wing Band