Royal Villa of Monza

The Royal Villa (Italian: "Villa Reale") is a historical building in Monza, northern Italy. It lies on the banks of the Lambro river, surrounded by the large Monza Park, one of the largest enclosed parks in Europe.
The Royal Villa, which is also called the Palace of Monza, is neoclassical palace built by the Habsburgs as a private residence during the Austrian domination of the 18th century.
It became the residence of the viceroy with the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy but it lost this function progressively during the Kingdom of Italy of Savoy, the last Royals to use it. Nowadays, it hosts exhibitions, and a wing hosts also the Artistic High School of Monza.
History.
The building.
The construction of the Villa of Monza was commissioned by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria to be the summer residence for the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. He had initially settled in the Villa Alari of Cernusco sul Naviglio, rented by the Alari Counts. The choice of Monza was due to the salubrity of the air and the amenity of the country, but also because it represents a symbolic link between Vienna and Milan, being the place on the way to the imperial capital.
It was originally built by Giuseppe Piermarini between 1777 and 1780, while the realization of the gardens took a few more years. Later, the young Archduke Ferdinand ordered many additions to the complex, again cured by Piermarini, and used the Villa as his country residence until the arrival of the Napoleonic armies in 1796.
Piermarini took inspiration from Schönbrunn castle and the Royal Palace of Caserta realized by his master Vanvitelli. Schönbrunn’s inverted U-shaped plan is reused and combines the strong scenographic impact that the side wings give to the main façade, the distributional comfort (the central body is used for representation functions, the side wings for private apartments, and the avant-corps for service functions). Unlike the other imperial palaces, the east-west orientation of the facades is preferred here, in place of the classic north-south orientation that guaranteed greater solar radiation. Maybe this choice aimed to ensure a cooler temperature in the villa's rooms or to orient the façade that overlooks the gardens towards the imperial capital. The extension is really vast: 700 rooms for a total of 22,000 m².
Napoleonic Period.
Following the establishment of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the building was used as a Royal Palace and became home to the Viceroy of Italy, Eugène de Beauharnais.
The new Viceroy commissioned the architect Luigi Canonica to improve the structure of the villa, including the construction of the theatre on the north wing.
It was always at the behest of Beauharnais that, between 1806 and 1808, the complex of the Villa and its Gardens was extended in size, through the construction of the vast fenced park called “Monza Park”; in fact, it was between 1807 and 1808 that the current 14 km long wall was built, using the demolition material of the ancient Visconti’s castle.
A new Austrian Period.
With the fall of the First Empire (1815), Austria annexed the Italian territories to the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia and Monza was included in the province of Milan.
The new Viceroy was Ranieri Giuseppe d’ Asburgo- Lorena.
Archduke Ranieri was passionate about botany and thanks to his contribution the Park and the Gardens became rich in new species.
In 1819 a school was opened in the park to train professional gardeners to care for the gardens of imperial residences. The archduke commissioned the architect Giacomo Tazzini to modernize the villa. He worked in particular on the apartments reserved for the archduke's sons and daughters, on the floors, which were enriched with refined decorations, and on the bathrooms.
Ranieri left Monza in 1848 and Marshal Radetzky settled there.
In 1857 Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, the new governor of Lombardy-Veneto, occupied the villa sporadically for only two years, definitively closing the Austrian period of the Royal Villa.
Italian Kingdom.
In 1861, when the new Kingdom of Italy was established, the building became a palace of the Italian Royal House of Savoy.
In 1868 the villa was donated by Vittorio Emanuele II to his son, the future Umberto I on the occasion of his marriage to Margherita of Savoy. The villa was a very welcome gift and was immediately used by the royal couple; after the death of King Vittorio Emanuele, modernization works, cured by the architects Achille Majnoni d'Intignano and Luigi Tarantola, were undertaken.
The Royal Villa was abandoned by the royal family in 1900, after the murder of King Umberto I on 29 July 1900. The King was assassinated in Monza by Gaetano Bresci while he was attending a sports event organized by the club "Forti e Liberi".
After the mournful event, the new King, Vittorio Emanuele III no longer wanted to use the Royal Villa, closing it and transferring most of the furnishings to the Quirinale.
XX century.
In 1934 Vittorio Emanuele III donated most of the Villa to the municipalities of Monza and Milan by Royal Decree.
He still kept the southern portion with the halls of his father's apartment, King Umberto I, but constantly closed in his memory.
During the Italian Social Republic, it was the seat of command of the Republican National Guard.
The events of the immediate post-war period of World War II provoked occupations and the decay of the monument.
Since the birth of the Republic, the south wing has been administered by the State, while the rest of the Villa is jointly administered by the Municipalities of Monza and the Lombardy Region.
XXI century.
In 2012, after a long period of degradation, also due to the fragmentation of the administrations, the renovation work on the central body, on the north and south wings and for the construction of the technical area outside the Villa on the north side and the recovery of the Courtyard of Honor began.
The consolidation of the walls of the ground floor, the restoration and consolidation of vaults and wooden floors, the execution of extraordinary maintenance works for the safety of the court, and the restoration of the pavement, the gate and the south façade of the north area were programmed. In addition, the project provided for the redevelopment of the Belvedere curated by the architect Michele De Lucchi and the restoration of the rooms on the ground floor.
The works ended on 26th  June 2014 and the inauguration was on 8 September 2014.
Now you can visit the royal apartments of Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia that still retain part of the original furnishing, in addition to the representative rooms and other private apartments set up for the visit of the Emperor of Germany Guglielmo II in 1889, for the Prince of Naples, future King Vittorio Emanuele III, and the Duchess of Genoa, Elisabetta of Saxony, mother of Queen Margherita.
The Villa, the Royal Gardens, and the Park are managed by a Consortium (Consorzio Villa Reale and Parco di Monza).
The Royal Villa of Monza is used as branch Offices of Ministries.
Since 23 July 2011, it has hosted the branch offices of four Ministries (Economy and Finance, Reforms, Simplification and Tourism).
On 19 October of the same year, the Court of Rome annulled the decrees establishing the peripheral offices of the ministries at Villa Reale for anti-union conduct since these offices had been established without involving the trade unions and/or without previous activation, as required by law, of consultation with trade unions. With the fall of the Berlusconi IV Government, the branches in question were finally abolished by Prime Minister Mario Monti.
Architecture.
Piermarini creates a neoclassical building adapted to the needs of suburban reality. The palace complex includes the Cappella Reale, or the "Royal Chapel", the Cavallerizza (horse-shed), the Rotonda dell'Appiani, the Teatrino di Corte ("Small Court Theatre") and the Orangerie. The rooms at the first floor include grand salons and halls, and the Royal apartments of King Humbert I of Italy and of Queen Margherita of Savoy. In front of the palace are the Royal gardens, designed by Piermarini as English landscape gardens.
The three main bodies, arranged in U-shape, delimit a large court of honor closed at the end by the two cubic volumes of the Chapel and the Cavallerizza, from which the lower wings of the service buildings start: this defines a rational space, consisting of the orderly arrangement of the volumes that intersect orthogonally and that, progressively, develop in height.
The decoration of the facades, renouncing colonnades and relief tiles, is extremely rigorous. The stylistic essentiality of the building is due not only to precise taste choices but also to political reasons: the court in Vienna preferred to avoid excessive ostentation of wealth and power in an occupied country.
The interiors also accord with the principles of rationality and simplicity that characterizes the entire project. In particular, their functionality is a key point: the corridors, for example, are cut to serve independently various rooms used for different uses.
The interior decoration is entrusted to the main masters of the newly formed Brera Academy, founded by archduke will in 1776. In particular, the stuccoes and decorations of the representative rooms are made by Ticino Giocondo Albertolli, the frescoes and paintings by Giuseppe Levati and Giuliano Traballesi, floors and furniture by Giuseppe Maggiolini.
Orangery of the Oranges.
The greenhouses, called Orangerie in the original Piermarinian project and now commonly known as the Serrone, was built in 1790. Wanted by Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of his wedding to Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este, it was designed on the model of the Orangerie of the Schönbrunn Palace. Located on the north side of the villa, it was connected to the palace via a corridor called "Passage of the Ladies". A small circular room, now called Rotonda dell'Appiani, introduced to the large greenhouse.
The building is exposed and receives light from the south from a long series of windows.
In the second half of the 20th century, right in front of the Serrone, a vast rose garden was established. Here a floral competition, organized by the Italian Association of roses, was held annually in May.
After the restoration, the building is now intended for temporary art exhibitions.
Events in the Royal Villa of Monza.
Annually, on 24 June in conjunction with the patron saint of the city, San Giovanni Battista, a fireworks show is organized to the rhythm of the music on the lawn of the Villa Reale or inside the Park of Monza. There have also been numerous concerts and sporting events attended by famous stars of music, sport and entertainment.
The Consortium.
The Consortium was constituted on the 20th July 2009 to promote an optimal use of the Royal Residence of Monza (Reggia di Monza), consisting of the Royal Palace (Villa Reale) and its surrounding Park. The aim was to restore the Palace and Park and ensure regular conservative maintenance, to enable and improve public fruition. The Consortium began its activities on the 9th of September and it brings together the institutional owners of the various sections of the Palace and Park: the State (the Ministry of Cultural Assets and Tourism), the Region of Lombardy, the Municipality of Monza and the Municipality of Milan. Though the Chamber of Commerce of Monza and Brianza and the Province of Monza and Brianza do not hold ownership rights within the historical site, they adhered from the beginning. In 2014 the Federation of Industries (Confindustria) of Monza and Brianza joined the governance of the Consortium.
The Consortium is a no-profit organization and may cooperate with universities and Italian or foreign institutes to promote and support research applied to the field of the safeguarding and fruition of cultural assets and landscape. It proposes to encourage the development of tourism in the historical buildings of Brianza, in collaboration with businesses and administrations of the territory. Its goals also include the creation of new museums, art exhibitions and performances of particular value. Its nature is not entrepreneurial, but it may produce and sell services that are aligned with its goals and can receive donations and public or private contributions, with possible tax benefits for the donors.


First Reformed Church (Queens)

The First Reformed Church is a historic Reformed church in the Jamaica neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. The church was built in 1859. The church has an early romanesque structure that was designed by Sidney J. Young and built by Anders Peterson. The First Reformed Church has been refurbished as part of the Jamaica Center for Arts & Learning.
The asymmetrical towers, round-arched openings, and corbel tables are examples of an architectural style known as Rundbogenstil.
The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and a New York City Landmark in 1996.


Savoy Hotel, Copenhagen

Savoy Hotel Copenhagen is a 66-room, privately run hotel located at Vesterbrogade 34 in the Vesterbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The hotel is based in the rear wing of the Løvenborg Building, Denmark's first example of Art Nouveau.
The building was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1885. It is owned by Dreyers Fond,
History.
The building was constructed for master joiner Carl Kaas-Rasmussen. In 1906, he demolished the existing buildings at the site. They included a four-storey residential building from 1861. The new building was completed the following year with the assistance of the architect Anton Rosen. It originally contained a cinema and a shop in the ground floor, commercial space in the middle floors, a residential apartment on the fourth floor and a seamstress in the attic.
The building was acquired by the "Bygningsbevaringsfonden" in 1995. It was subsequently restored and refurbished with the assistance of Erik Møller Arkitekter. It received the Europa Nostra Award in 2003.
The building has later been acquired by the Margot and Thorvald Dreyer Foundation.
Architecture.
The building was in several ways a novelty at the time of its construction. It is the first example of the Art Nouveau style in Denmark, Rosen being its main proponent in the country. The facade is richly decorated. Not part of the supporting structure, it is the first example of a curtain wall in Denmark. Still fully functioning, Løvenborg also features the first elevator in Denmark. The building was listed in 1985.
Hotel Savoy.
Hotel Savoy has 66 rooms in the rear wing.


Chapel of D. Fradique

The Chapel of D. Fradique () is a chapel located in the Convent of São Francisco, in the civil parish of Estremoz (Santa Maria e Santo André), in the municipality of Estremoz, in the Portuguese district of Évora.
History.
In 1255 the Royal Convent of Estremoz was founded. The noble Eborense knight, Nuno Martins, first of the cloistered order, who enjoyed royal favour and protection, was buried at the foot of the cross.
D. Fradique was a person of importance in the peninsular politics of the reign of King D. Manuel I. Son of the Counts of Faro, D. Afonso and D. Maria de Noronha, he realized his ecclesiastical career in Castile, where he was educated alongside the Catholic Monarchs. For a time he was the executor of Queen Isabel of Aragon, Bishop of Calahorra, Segóvia, Siguenza and Saragoza. In Saragoza he ascended to the status of Archbishop, and shortly after, he was nominated by King Charles V as Viceroy of Catalonia.
Some time during the 15th century, the chapel of D. Fradique was probably erected, before the region was integrated into the Province of the Algarves (in 1425). This was before the 6 May 1520 papal bull from Leo X that gave license to King Manuel I to construct a convent to the invocation of St. Francis in the village of Estremoz.
An inscription, dated 3 March 1535, was placed over the portico of the chapel of Fradique. In the pavement of the chapel are tombstones marking the members of seigneurial Masters of Vimeiro, including the tombs of Fernando de Noronha (who died in 1552) and Isabel de Melo (1563). The chapel, initially consecrated to the name of St. Francis, shelter after 17th century of the Brotherhood of Senhor Jesus dos Passos. It was this institution that ordered the Mannerist retable that crowned the southern wall, that was damaged by natural causes, and in the 19th century, an era when they opted for imitation marble painting to substitute the original goldleaf.
By order of the reformer, the Archbishop Infante D. Henrique delivered in 1541 the observance of the Province of the Algarves.
The temple was remodelled in 1771.
In 1876, the ceiling of the chapel of D. Fradique was remodelled and repaired.
The first major works carried out by the DGEMN "Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais" ("General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments") began in the middle of the 20th century, with preliminary surveys for the restoration of the chapel of D. Fradique 1963 (that proceeded with the consolidation of the cross and general restoration of the ceiling). Secondary repairs preceded in 1970 and in 1975 in the vaulted ceiling, and in 1980, repairs to the chapel that include cleaning and revision of the ceiling.
Architecture.
The small chapel, open to the third line of the southern flank of the church and Convent of São Francisco. A Manueline structure of artistic quality in the city of Estremoz, constructed by and for a figure of importance to European history.
The chapel of D. Fradique consists of a portico of sculptural work within a perfect arch, framed by two archivolts and highly-ornamented vegetal interlacings, on a fine, two-order, hexagonal-shaped colonnades over circular plinths and vegetal capitals. The rod or vegetal trunk, with hexagonal capitals and fluted ornamentation forms a body with inner archivolt (or similar appearance) and shoulder columns.
The two-section ribbed, ogival vault, with marble silhouettes, is loaded over thin triple columns over hexagonal three-order bases with annular rings and capitals of vegetal crochet. Vegetal buttons close the vault, while in the clasp of a Manueline button is the Noronha heraldry. In the columns of the toral arch, on the side of the gospel, is a parchment letter, carried on a angel's head, with the inscription:
The squat-shaped parallelepiped tombstone, rests on two aggressive lions, forming a lateral retable.
The mounted rider, preceded by a batter, displays the hawk in his left hand and brings a spearman to the stirrup. Around three agitated lebrus and in the background, among the vegetation, a bird of prey. To the sides are two coats of arms, equal and symmetrical, bring by field two cats and in the border eight crescents; On the cap lies the knight, with large beards in caneletes, his head raised by three cushions, holding the sword between his two hands, with a large pleated robe, assisted by a prayerful angel, in a long robe and kneeling, and guarded by two lebrus.
The marble sarcophagus is the inscription in Roman characters:
The sarcophagus has been dated to 1363, a disparity of 38 years, from the original tombstone age; a precipitous interpretation of the tombstone reading led scholars to attribute the sarcophagus incorrectly.


Lake Pampulha

Lake Pampulha (Portuguese: Lagoa da Pampulha, ) is an artificial lake located in Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It is also the name of an administrative region ("região administrativa") of Belo Horizante, and the name of one of 29 neighborhoods ("bairros") within the administrative region of the same name. The lake was built in the early 1940s during the mayoralty of Juscelino Kubitschek, later president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. Pampulha was created as a source of water for the city of Belo Horizonte, but quickly became polluted.
Lake Pampulha covers , has a volume of , and a drainage basin of . It has a mean depth of and reaches a maximum depth of . The lake is fed by 8 small streams, the largest being the Sarandi and Ressaca. 424,000 residents live in the catchment area of the lake.
Landmarks.
Many of Belo Horizonte's cultural landmarks are located around or close to the lake, including the Federal University of Minas Gerais, the soccer stadium Mineirão, the Mineirinho Arena, the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (designed by Oscar Niemeyer) and the Museum of Modern Art.
Kubitschek called on the architect Oscar Niemeyer to design a series of buildings around Lake Pampulha in 1941. These include the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, the Art Museum, the Casa de Baile ("house of dance", in a loose translation) and the Tennis Club. The Burle Marx gardens, paintings by Portinari and sculptures by Ceschiatti, Zamoiski and José Pedrosa complete and enhance the project conceived for the lake. The group of buildings and artwork became a reference point for the development of modern Brazilian art and architecture. In July 2016 the buildings designed by Niemeyer were named a UNESCO World Heritage site. Today these buildings offer visitors the chance to see the 'birth' of modernism in Brazil, as Neimeyer's concepts and use of reinforced, curved concrete became a hallmark of the modernist movement around the world.
By the side of the lake are a number of leisure facilities such as the Governor Magalhães Pinto Stadium (better known as "Mineirão"), the Mineirinho gymnasium, the Botanical Gardens, the Zoo, the Ecological Park, the Equestrian Centre and tracks for cycling and walking.
Environmental conditions.
Lake Pampulha suffers from pollution due to rapid urbanization of the catchment area, the discharge of untreated sewage from the surrounding neighborhoods in Belo Horizonte, and unabated erosion in many points of the drainage basin. Cyanobacterial blooms are a frequent occurrence.
In February 2020, a new amoebic virus named "Yaravirus" was found in the waters of Lake Pampulha, with genes that had never been seen before in any life-form and may be a member of or at least related to NCLDV giant viruses (aka "Nucleocyroviricota"). This finding was preceded by a former one of "Niemeyer virus", a species of genus "Mimivirus" (NCLDV) in 2014
along with two isolates of "Pandoravirus" (NCLDV also) taken from two of the creeks feeding the lake: "P. pampulha from creek and "P. tropicalis" from creek (2019). As these are viruses with unicellular amoeboid hosts and therefore are not known to be harmful for humans.


Irwin T. Catharine

Irwin Thornton Catharine (October 22, 1883 – March 3, 1944) was the chief architect of Philadelphia public schools from 1920 until his retirement in 1937. Buildings built during Catharine's tenure ranged from Gothic Revival, as in the case of Simon Gratz High School, to Streamline Moderne, as in his last project, Joseph H. Brown Elementary School. He died in Philadelphia in 1944.
Catharine succeeded Henry deCoursey Richards as the main school designer in Philadelphia. From 1918 to 1937, his work added 104 new buildings (replacing 37 existing ones), added wings to 26 other schools, and otherwise improved at least 50 other schools.
A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Works (all in Philadelphia) include:
If Catharine has notable works outside of Philadelphia, none are listed on the National Register.


Louis Curtiss

Louis Singleton Curtiss (July 1, 1865 – June 24, 1924) was a Canadian-born American architect. Notable as a pioneer of the curtain wall design, he was once described as "the Frank Lloyd Wright of Kansas City". In his career, he designed more than 200 buildings, though not all were realized. There are approximately 30 examples of his work still extant in Kansas City, Missouri where Curtiss spent his career, including his best known design, the Boley Clothing Company Building. Other notable works can be found throughout the American midwest.
Life and career.
Curtiss was born in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. He studied architecture at the University of Toronto and in Paris before coming to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1887. In 1889 he began an architectural partnership with Frederick C. Gunn that produced over a dozen buildings. When the partnership dissolved in 1899, Curtiss, age 34, continued as a solo architect.
Curtiss designed the Boley Clothing Company Building in Kansas City, which is renowned as "one of the first glass curtain wall structures in the world." The six-story building also features cantilever floor slabs, cast iron structural detailing, and terra cotta decorative elements. The Historic American Buildings Survey described Curtiss' residence for Bernard Corrigan as "an important regional example of the Prairie Style" and "among the earliest residential structures in Kansas City to make extensive use of reinforced concrete."
Curtis designed several buildings for the Fred Harvey Company including the 1906 El Bisonte Hotel in Hutchinson, Kansas, the 1907 Harvey House and hotel in Emporia, Kansas, the 1907 Harvey House and hotel in Wellington, Kansas, the 1908 Sequoyah Harvey House Hotel in Syracuse, Kansas, and the 1909 El Ortiz Hotel in Lamy, New Mexico.
Other Curtiss railroad architecture included the 1910-1912 Union Terminal in Wichita, Kansas, the 1909-1911 Santa Fe Railroad depot in Sweetwater, Texas, the 1909-1911 Santa Fe Railroad depot in Lubbock, Texas, the 1909-1911 Santa Fe Railroad depot in Snyder, Texas, the 1909-1911 Santa Fe Railroad depot in Post, Texas, and the 1910-1911 Joplin Union Depot in Joplin, Missouri. A number of his works are listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.
Curtiss died in 1924 at his studio residence in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. He never married.


Mount Royal Chalet

Mount Royal Chalet () is a building located near the summit of Mount Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The chalet was constructed in 1932 under the mayoralty of Camillien Houde as a make-work project during the Great Depression. The French Beaux Arts structure was designed by Montreal architect Aristide Beaugrand-Champagne (1876-1950).
The building can host various events with room for 300 to 700 patrons. The southside of the building is a bricked courtyard and lookout with a view of Montreal's skyline from Mont-Royal.


Sheffield Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of St Peter and St Paul, Sheffield, more commonly known as Sheffield Cathedral, is the cathedral church for the Church of England diocese of Sheffield, England. Originally a parish church, it was elevated to cathedral status when the diocese was created in 1914. Sheffield Cathedral is one of five Grade I listed buildings in the city, along with the Town Hall, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, and the parish churches at Ecclesfield and Bradfield.
The cathedral is located on Church Street in the city centre, close to the head of Fargate. Construction of the earliest section of the cathedral dates back to c. 1200, with the newest construction completed in 1966; the building is an unusual mixture of medieval and modern architecture. Cathedral tram stop, located outside the front churchyard, opened in 1994 and is today served by all four lines of the Sheffield Supertram network. Most recently, the cathedral underwent an interior and exterior refurbishment in 2013–2014.
Sheffield Cathedral was damaged in a fire on 14 May 2020, an investigation into which is ongoing; a 40-year-old woman has been arrested and charged with arson. The fire destroyed a portion of the cathedral used by a homelessness charity. A previous fire caused damage to the cathedral belltower in 1979.
History.
The site of the cathedral has a long history of Christian use. The shaft of the 9th-century Sheffield Cross, believed to have formerly been sited here, is now held by the British Museum. It is probable that Sheffield's parish church, a satellite of Worksop Priory, was constructed here in the 12th century by William de Lovetot at the opposite end of the town to Sheffield Castle. This established the area of the parish of Sheffield, unchanged until the 19th century. This church was burnt down in 1266 during the Second Barons' War against King Henry III.
Another parish church was completed in 1280, but this church was mostly demolished and rebuilt about 1430 on a cruciform floor plan. The Shrewsbury Chapel was added in the next century, and a vestry chapel (now the Chapel of Saint Katherine) was added in 1777. The north and south walls of the nave were rebuilt in 1790–93 and a major restoration by Flockton & Gibbs, which included the addition of new north and south transepts, was completed in 1880. The church was originally dedicated to Saint Peter, but from some time after the reformation into the 19th century it was dedicated to Holy Trinity; it has since been dedicated to both Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
The parish of Sheffield was subdivided into smaller parishes in 1848. The church is still the parish church for the smaller Parish of Sheffield, but in 1914 it was also made the cathedral church for the newly created Diocese of Sheffield. Plans were drafted by Charles Nicholson to extend the church and reorient it on its axis, but due to World War II these were greatly scaled down. The resulting additions leave the church an awkward shape in plan, but with an impressive south elevation.
1979 fire.
During the early hours of 17 July 1979, a major fire broke out in the belltower of Sheffield Cathedral. The fire began inside the belfry, and subsequently spread down the tower to the ground floor and upwards to the clockroom. At least 35 firefighters from Division Street fire station tackled the fire, narrowly preventing the destruction of the cathedral spire and containing the lower portion of the fire to the belltower and surrounding structures. Thousands of pounds worth of damage was caused by the fire, which destroyed several of the cathedral's bells (including one dating to the 16th century) and much of the clock mechanism. Additionally, burst water pipes caused flooding of the choir stalls, adding to the damage. In the Ringing Room, fire damage was severe, with all records of the cathedral's bellringers dating back 600 years completely destroyed.
Despite severe damage to the contents of the belltower, the structure of the cathedral ultimately suffered only mild damage and the building was never in danger of collapse. The cathedral was back operational by 26 July 1979 at the latest, according to photographs showing the ringing of the remaining bells on this date. Following police investigation of two phone calls made to the "Sheffield Star" newspaper the previous evening, warning that the cathedral was being set on fire, the cause of the fire was determined to be arson, although no perpetrator was ever found.
2015 Royal Maundy.
On Thursday 2 April 2015, the Royal Maundy service was held inside Sheffield Cathedral. As is tradition, The Queen (aged 89 at the time) distributed specially-minted Maundy money to 89 men and 89 women from the Sheffield area of state pension age or above. Recipients were handed two leather pouches, containing Maundy money equivalent in value to 89 pence. It was the first time the Royal Maundy service had ever been carried out in South Yorkshire. More than 12,000 people travelled to Sheffield to witness the service.
2020 fire.
A fire broke out at Sheffield Cathedral during the evening of 14 May 2020; emergency services were called to the cathedral around 18:00 BST after smoke was spotted coming from the side of the cathedral facing Campo Lane. The fire was attended by South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue crews from Sheffield Central fire station on Eyre Street, and extinguished by around 21:40 the same evening. The cathedral was empty at the time, and there were no injuries. A joint investigation between the police and fire service is underway, with the cause of the fire believed to be arson after a smashed window was found around the rear of the cathedral.
The fire caused damage to the interior of the cathedral. Smoke damage affected the entire structure, including the many stained glass windows. The fire is believed to have been started deliberately in a pile of clothes that had been donated to the Cathedral Archer Project, a homelessness charity which occupies part of the cathedral site. The fire destroyed the entire contents of the rooms used by the charity, but was prevented from spreading to other parts of the cathedral.
South Yorkshire Police later arrested a 40-year-old woman in connection with the cathedral fire, charging her with arson with reckless endangerment, burglary and assault of an emergency worker. The woman is accused of spitting at two police officers as they arrested her, which was treated with added severity in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.
The Cathedral Archer Project charity temporarily reduced operations in the aftermath of the fire, as much of their donated stock had been destroyed; increased donations from the public after the fire later allowed them to continue working from a temporary base. Prior to the fire, the charity had been distributing around 180 free meals to homeless people in Sheffield city centre every day, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Art and architecture.
The east end of the current church is the oldest. In the east wall of the sanctuary there are stones from the 13th-century church. Dating from the 15th century are the sanctuary and chancel. The 15th-century cruciform church also included lofts and a rood chapel but these were ordered to be removed by Elizabeth I. Their scars can be seen on the walls.
The chancel roof likely dates to the 16th century and is a hammerbeam roof with gilded angels. The outstretched wings are a modern gift from the 1960s by George Bailey.
In the 1770s, rebuilding included the addition of tracery into the windows and a resurfacing of the walls with moorstone. The addition of the vestry chapel of St Katherine destroyed the cruciform shape of the plan. The Shrewsbury Chapel was constructed in order to house the Tudor monuments of the Earls of Shrewsbury.
The altarpiece in this chapel is considered medieval in date. On the south wall of the Shrewsbury Chapel is the alabaster monument to George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury with its architectural surround, armoured effigy, and Latin inscription. Several members of the family are buried in the vault. The monument on the left towards the sanctuary is to George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury. It is made of fine marble, carved in an Italian style to depict the Earl and his two wives in positions of prayer. They are both fine examples of Tudor monuments. The east window is a monument to James Montgomery.
In the 1880s further reconstruction and rebuilding removed the galleries, moved the organ to the north transept to clear the chancel, and installed new oak pews. The north and south transepts and west end were extended. A screen was constructed by local craftsmen for the Shrewsbury Chapel but was modified and moved to the north aisle in the 1900s. During later restoration work in 2013, it was discovered that a number of the Shrewsbury coffins were missing from the crypt.
Charles Nicholson's design in the 1900s called for a radical realignment of the church axis by 90 degrees. However, funds and World Wars forced the designs to change. Those changes were implemented throughout the 20th century. The bulk of the changes have affected the northern part of the cathedral, which was extensively expanded. Immediately to the north of the nave is the chapel of Saint George, which commemorates the York and Lancaster Regiment. It is furnished with regiment flags and a screen made up of the bayonets and swords of the first regiment. Under the chapel of St George is the vaulted crypt chapel of All Saints and the Te Deum window, which was designed by Christopher Webb. At the furthest north end is the Chapel of the Holy Spirit with a four-part vaulting system and a beautifully painted screen. The main entrance of the church is at the expanded west end, added in 1966 when the church was rededicated. The baptism font is at this end. The lantern tower was an earlier addition to improve light but its glass was replaced by an abstract design designed by Amber Hiscott in 1998–99. In September 2010 it was announced that the cathedral would be applying for a £980,000 Heritage Lottery Fund grant to fund a £1.25 million scheme to make the building more attractive to visitors.
Dean and chapter.
As of 1 January 2021:
Music.
Choir.
On 22 July 2020 the Chapter of Sheffield announced the closure of the cathedral choir. The choir contained around 40 members, and was composed of adult lay clerks and choral scholars and girl and boy choristers from various local schools. The Chapter stated the closure was to enable the creation of 'a Music Department and Choir ready for the exciting future of the mixed urban community in which we live and work.' and that the Chapter is 'committed to retaining the distinctive choral life of an Anglican cathedral, drawing fully on our long heritage of music-making.' The closure was received negatively by the national media.
Organ.
The pipe organ by N. P. Mander Ltd was decommissioned in 1998 with a view to a long-term replacement with another pipe organ. This had not occurred by 2020, when a digital organ by Phoenix Organs was being used. In 2008 negotiations were undertaken with Warrington Borough Council to purchase their Cavaillé-Coll organ from the Parr Hall, but these failed in 2011.
Organists.
The organists were also responsible for direction of the Cathedral Choir.
Change ringing.
As of 2017, The cathedral has 12 bells hung for change ringing, including a flat sixth bell and an Extra Treble. The bells are rung regularly for practice on Thursday and for Sunday services, in the morning and the evening. Also hanging in the cathedral is the stainless steel ship's bell from .
Cathedral Archer Project.
The Cathedral Archer Project is a homelessness charity which operates from rooms around the rear of the cathedral, with a separate entrance from Campo Lane. The charity was founded in 1989, following a decade of economic decline and rising homelessness in Sheffield following the collapse of the local steelworks and coal-mining industries. In 2007, the charity moved into the refurbished rooms to the rear of the cathedral that they occupy today; the rooms include shower and laundry facilities, computer access, lounge areas and a full kitchen for the use of Sheffield's homeless.
In 2013, the charity received Investing in Volunteers status. The Archer Project was the official charity of the Sheffield Eagles rugby league side for the 2018 season. The charity has also worked closely with schools, including a formal fundraising partnership with Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School's sixth form college.
The rooms used by the Archer Project at Sheffield Cathedral were destroyed by fire in an arson attack on 14 May 2020. The charity had previously been distributing 180 free meals per day to the city's homeless amid the COVID-19 pandemic. More than £22,000 was raised for the charity within 24 hours of the fire, including a £1,000 donation from Sheffield Wednesday football club.
Access.
Sheffield Cathedral has its own stop on the Sheffield Supertram network called Cathedral. Located in front of the cathedral at the edge of the churchyard, it is one of three city centre tram stops served by all four lines, and as such can be accessed from any other stop on the network. The tram stop was opened on 17 February 1995. Tram-train services between Cathedral and Rotherham Parkgate commenced on 25 October 2018.

Beyond the tram platforms is Church Street, which since the construction of the tram network now runs westbound only from High Street to West Street. There are two bus stops on Church Street, serving local bus services 7a, 30/30a, 51 and 52/52a as of May 2020. There is no on-street parking on the streets directly surrounding the cathedral; the nearest car park is located on Campo Lane a short walk away, operated by National Car Parks.
Vicars.
Vicars of Sheffield from 1482:


Cain Manor

Cain Manor is an Elizabethan building built in the late 16th century in the parish of Headley, Hampshire England — it sits on broad slopes at the foot of the South Downs National Park centred about away from the village of Churt in Surrey. Its name Manor should be described as Manor House, if its implied manor house status can be proven.
History and architecture.
The building was owned by Cane or Cain, possibly among the bulk of Elizabethan communicants excommunicated Catholic Church on the accession of the queen. He originally named the house 'The Land of Nod' in reference to the biblical story of Cain's banishment. Cain Manor is fitted with cathedral windows and was built with wood believed to be recycled from ship timbers dating before the Elizabethan era. The building, pre-dating 1840, is among a very small number not to have been listed — the reason is not known — most Elizabethan buildings are in the highest possible of the three gradings of listing, grade I (for heritage and/or architecture).
The cornerstone collaborative historians' works, the Victoria County History series, lists two manors and seven hamlets in the parish of Headley and the main residences of the late Victorian age but does not mention this residence nor list this as a manor. However the name may derive from the earliest recorded manorial owner after the 1086 Domesday survey, "In the latter part of the thirteenth century [nearby Broxhead] manor was held of Baldwin de Calne".
Use.
The building is owned by Bijou Wedding Venues and is used to host weddings and other events.


Castle of San Felipe de Lara

The Castle of San Felipe de Lara ("Castillo de San Felipe de Lara") (often referred to simply as the "Castillo de San Felipe") is a Spanish colonial fort at the entrance to Lake Izabal in eastern Guatemala. Lake Izabal is connected with the Caribbean Sea via the Dulce River and El Golfete lake. The fort was strategically situated at the narrowest point on the river. The Castillo de San Felipe was used by the Spanish for several centuries, during which time it was destroyed and looted several times by pirates.
The fort is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List and is a popular regional tourist destination.
Tourism and conservation.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on September 23, 2002 in the Cultural category. The fort is under the administrative care of the Guatemalan Institute of Tourism (INGUAT – Instituto Guatemalteco de Turismo). It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Río Dulce National Park. A significant increase in the number of visiting tourists was recorded in the period 2001–2003, over 90% of whom were Guatemalans. The figures for these period show a jump from 45,652 tourists in 2001 to just over 156,000 visitors in 2003.
The fort was badly damaged by an earthquake on 11 July 1999, suffering a number of cracks in its walls. The river water around the fort has been found to be heavily contaminated with coliform bacteria resulting from local pollution.
History.
San Felipe had continuous occupation from the Mesoamerican Middle Preclassic period (c.1000–400 BC) and was still inhabited when the Spanish first arrived in the region in the mid 16th century.
The Castillo de San Felipe was built to protect the port of San Antonio de las Bodegas on the south shore of Lake Izabal from frequent pirate attacks, mostly by English pirates. After nightfall, passage along the river into the lake was blocked by a large chain that crossed from the fort to the far bank. San Antonio was the main port for receiving Spanish shipping carrying goods for the Captaincy General of Guatemala and was responsible for supplying and garrisoning the fort. Guatemalan records contain details of captains being appointed to the fort well into the 18th century. The position was a joint post, also including the position of mayor of San Pedro de Amatique and San Antonio de las Bodegas. The latter post was in name only, since the towns were soon abandoned due to constant slave raids by the Mosquito Zambo that left the Motagua delta and shores of Lake Izabal largely deserted, with those inhabitants that did not flee being sold into slavery in the British colony of Jamaica. A census taken in October 1776 recorded 122 inhabitants of San Felipe, all of whom were either Spanish or mixed race. In 1797 the garrison numbered 36 infantry.
Construction.
A tower already existed on the site by 1604, when it is recorded as having been destroyed. The fort was built in 1644 under the orders of Diego de Avendaño, then governor of the Kingdom of Guatemala. At the time it was known as Fuerte Bustamente ("Bustamente Fort") and the Torreón de Defensa ("Defence Tower"). The design of the walls was modified by the "oidor" (high judge) Lara y Mogrovejo, from whom it gained the "de Lara" part of its name. It was rebuilt in 1651 under orders of Lara y Mogrovejo. The fort was redesigned in 1687 by Diego Gómez de Ocampo in the style of the French military architect Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. The modified design was implemented in 1689. Three bastions were functioning by 1697 (Nuestra Señora de Concepción, Nuestra Señora de Regla and the San Felipe Keep).
Additional fortifications were designed by engineer José Sierra and added in 1797; they included three artillery batteries known as the batteries of San Carlos, San Felipe and Santiago. Two barracks were also added (Buenavista and Santiago).
Layout.
The fort consists of a semicircular bastion enclosed behind two converging outer walls, each terminating in a roughly square tower. The fort has three storeys. The land approach to the fort was protected by a moat with drawbridge.


Vaendre Hall

Vaendre Hall (or Faendre Hall) is a large detached house in the Cardiff suburb of St Mellons.
Set in of grounds, it is bordered on three sides by St Mellons golf course. It was developed by the shipowner and industrialist John Cory in the mid 19th century in the Jacobethan style after William Burn from a farm and renamed Faendre Hall. It was completed in 1850. Cory hosted the politicians Henry Labouchère and George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, the former Viceroy of India, on their visits to Cardiff and Newport in 1887 and 1888 respectively. It as subsequently owned by the sportsman and brewer William Brain (of Brains Brewery), and the Liberal Party politician Richard Mathias, who was appointed a baronet of Vaendre Hall in June 1917. The house has a separate stable and entrance lodge.
The hall and its 18 acres of land were sold for £7,000 at auction in July 1893 to a Dr. Hughes (). The farm adjoining the hall with two paddocks of land, a three stalled stable, waggon house, granary, two cattle sheds, poultry house, and a 4 roomed cottage was sold at the same sale for £1,150 to a Mr. Richard Davies ().
Vaendre Hall was put on sale in 2013 and 2018 for £2 million; it was subsequently reduced in 2020 to £1.65 million. It was listed as having 7 bedrooms and 5 reception rooms with a billiard hall.
Scenes from the 2014 "Doctor Who" Christmas special, "Last Christmas", starring Peter Capaldi and Jenna Coleman, were filmed at the house.
The house has been listed Grade II since June 1977. In addition to the main hall the lodge and entrance gateway, the former stable block, and a circular garden seat in the grounds are all separately listed Grade II.


Adilman Building

The Adilman Building (built in 1912, expanded in 1921 and renovated in 1949) is a historic building in the Riversdale district of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is one of Saskatoon's remaining examples of Streamline Moderne architecture.
Adilman's Department Store was a cornerstone of the 20th Street shopping district from its opening in 1921 until it closed in 1974. The Adilman family operated the department store from 1921 until Jack Adilman's retirement in 1974. One legacy of the department store was that the estate of Jack Adilman established a fund that each year supports amateur sports in Saskatoon.
Since the department store closed, it has housed an antique store, farmer's market, and bingo hall. The building was renovated in 2012–2013 and is currently occupied by an advertising agency and flower shop/home decor store.


Nave Apartments

The Nave Apartments, located on the 600 block of 8th St. in Lewiston, Idaho, were built in 1913. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
It was designed by architect James H. Nave with Swiss Chalet/Swiss Chalet Revival styling, with Nave possibly influenced by Spokane, Washington architect K.K. Cutter. It has also been known as Wilson Apartments.
It is a three-story stone and brick building, built with dark brown sandstone from the architect's quarry, named Swallow's Nest.