Respiratory gas humidification

Respiratory gas humidification is a method of artificially conditioning respiratory gas for the patient during therapy, and involves humidification, warming, and occasionally filtration of the gas being delivered. If these three measures are not performed to compensate for the natural conditioning of air by the respiratory system, lung infections and lung tissue damage may occur. This is particularly problematic in high gas-flow therapies such as [mechanical ventilation], in patient populations with highly sensitive respiratory tracts (i.e. asthmatics), or among those requiring ventilation for longer periods of time. The two methods currently available for this purpose are active or passive respiratory gas humidification.
Active respiratory gas humidifiers.
An active respiratory gas humidifier ensures that patients on mechanical ventilation are supplied with optimally conditioned respiratory gas. In active humidifying processes, moisture and heat is input to respiratory gas by an electrically powered humidifier. Performance data and safety-related requirements for active respiratory gas humidifiers are specified by the standard ISO 8185. According to that standard, the minimum water content of inspired respiratory gas is ca. 33 mg/dm³ and the maximum respiratory gas temperature is ca. 42 °C.
The aggregation of water in the gas produced by an active respiratory gas humidifer may be a suspension, or aerosol, which is produced by a nebulizer; or particulate water, output from an evaporator or bubble humidifier.
Nebulizers.
Nebulizers generate aerosols consisting of droplets of various sizes that are admixed to the inspired respiratory gas. Types of nebulizers currently on the market include
The high density mist produced by nebulizers is useful in decreasing the viscosity of respiratory secretions in those suffering from conditions such as cystic fibrosis, croup, epiglottitis, and bronchiectasis.
Evaporators.
Evaporators enrich the inspired respiratory gas with water vapor. In a throughflow evaporator, the inspiration flow is led through a warmed up water bath, in case of a surface evaporator however the inspiration flow is guided along the surface of the water level. Consequently, a surface evaporator transports only water vapor and no water droplets into the patient. The advantage of it is, water vapor doesn't carry any germs. Therefore, the risk of passing on germs by surface evaporators is minimal.
Bubble humidifiers.
In a bubble humidifier, or bubble bottle as they are affectionately known by respiratory therapists, the inspiration flow is guided through a capillary system. In this capillary system warmed up water is circulating. Although the humidifying capacity of a bubble respiratory gas humidifier is rather low, it may be improved by increasing the water temperature. A bubble bottle is mostly used in oxygen therapy with high flow rates via a mask or nasal cannula in order to prevent drying of the mucous membranes in the nose and mouth.
Passive respiratory gas humidifiers.
Passive respiratory gas humidifiers are independent from any external energy source or external water supply. They function as heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) and are placed like an artificial nose between a tube and Y piece. Here they withdraw heat and moisture from expirations, which they resupply to the inspired gas during the following inspiration. As there are significant functional differences among the various HMEs on the market, respiratory therapists should test the efficacy of each individual model. The ideal HME has high reversible water retention capacity, small internal volume, and low flow resistance.
To enable the absorption of sufficient amounts of water and heat, the expiratory stream of respiratory gas must be fully filtered through the HME. Leakages in the system, such as may be caused by bronchial fistulae, will render this system less effective. Other negative effects of this technology include increased secretions (i.e. mucus) and nosebleeds, either or which may clog an HME. In such cases, the application of active respiratory gas humidifiers is recommended.


Alix Joffroy

Alix Joffroy (16 December 1844, in Stainville – 24 November 1908) was a French neurologist and psychiatrist remembered for describing Joffroy's sign. He studied in Paris, earning his doctorate in 1873, becoming médecin des hôpitaux in 1879 and agrégé in 1880. He worked at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital from 1885 and succeeded Benjamin Ball as professor of clinical psychiatry in 1893.
Jean-Martin Charcot encouraged him to study neurology, and together they demonstrated atrophy of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord in poliomyelitis in 1869.


Kurt Hermann Thoma

Kurt H. Thoma (December 2, 1883 – June 5, 1972) was an American Oral Surgeon known as the founder of the American Board of Oral Pathology. He was also the Editor-in-chief for the Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology Journal for 22 years. To many Kurt was recognized as the Father of Oral and maxillofacial pathology and the defender of Oral and maxillofacial surgery and a great teacher of Oral medicine .
Life.
He was born in Basel, Switzerland and attended the Institute of Technology in Switzerland where he studied architecture. He eventually moved to USA in 1908 and received his dental degree from Harvard School of Dental Medicine in 1911. He then returned to Switzerland to learn usage of Procaine in Dental anesthesia. He returned to United States later on and served as Professor of Oral Pathology and Oral Surgery at Harvard. He also taught at Boston University and Pennsylvania Dental School. He served as the editor in chief for Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology for 22 years.
Dr. Thoma wrote several textbooks and wrote over 300 scientific articles during his career. Thoma was consultant for the United States Public Health Service, the Veterans Administration, Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. He was the oral surgeon to the Brooks Hospital in Brookline, Massachusetts for 50 years and was on staff of many Boston area hospitals. In 1912, he married Louise Bird and they had two children, Kurt Richard Thoma and Richard S. Alles.


Pneumothorax ex vacuo

Pneumothorax ex vacuo is a rare type of pneumothorax which forms adjacent to an atelectatic lobe. It is seen preferentially with atelectasis of the right upper lobe and is the result of rapid atelectasis producing an abrupt decrease in the intrapleural pressure with subsequent release of nitrogen from pleural capillaries.
Treatment.
Treatment consists of bronchoscopy rather than chest tube drainage. Radiographically, pneumothorax ex vacuo is suggested when an atelectatic lobe or lung, particularly right upper lobe atelectasis, is surrounded by a focal pneumothorax.
Related illness.
"Trapped lung" presents in the same way as pneumothorax ex vacuo and can occur in patients with visceral pleural thickening and following drainage of an effusion.


Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma

Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma is typically a skin colored or lightly pigmented patch or plaque with hypertrichosis.


Boonshoft School of Medicine

The Boonshoft School of Medicine (formerly known as Wright State University School of Medicine) is the medical school at Wright State University. It is located in Dayton, Ohio, and serves the Miami Valley region of southwestern Ohio.
Instead of operating a university-based hospital for clinical training, Wright State is affiliated with six major teaching hospitals in the Greater Dayton area and has formal affiliation agreements with more than 25 other health care institutions in the Miami Valley.
Admission to Wright State University's School of Medicine is competitive among the many students who apply; in 2019, 6,182 students applied for admission to the school, and 119 matriculated.
The Boonshoft School of Medicine is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME).
History.
In 1972, Congress passed the Veterans Administration Medical School Assistance and Health Manpower Training Act, also known as the Teague Cranston Act, which provided financial support for establishing five new U.S. medical schools, including one at Wright State University. The VA awarded the school a $19.5 million, seven-year grant for faculty support and facilities. Other major founding donors included Mrs. Virginia Kettering, who contributed $1 million in unrestricted funds, and the Fordham Foundation, which provided $500,000 for a medical library. The school was established by the Ohio General Assembly in 1973.
The school's charter class began studies in 1976 and graduated in 1980. Since then, more than 2,820 physicians have graduated from the School of Medicine. Wright State alumni are practicing in almost every state in the nation.
In 2005, the school changed its name to the Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine in recognition of the Oscar Boonshoft family, which gave Wright State's largest philanthropic gift to the medical school.
In 2009, the school became the first medical school in the United States to debut its own medical student-produced radio program, dubbed Radio Rounds.
Education.
Major teaching affiliates.
The school's major teaching affiliates include:
Apart from the above list, the medical school also has 26 other minor affiliates.
Research.
The school houses National Centers of Research Excellence including the National Center for Medical Readiness; the Lifespan Health Research Center, which houses the nation’s largest and oldest study of human growth and development; the Wright State University and Premier Health Partners Neuroscience Institute at Miami Valley Hospital; and the Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research. In fall 2007, five researchers associated with the Neuroscience Institute won a prestigious Program Project Grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The $4.8 million grant is the first Program Project Grant Wright State University has received. In the fiscal year of 2010, Wright State University received 610 research awards for a total of $94,111,241. The region’s leader in biomedical research, the Boonshoft School of Medicine received 158 awards for a total of $22,440,827 during that same time period. Federal grants were received from the Department of Health and Human Services and various National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, NASA and the Department of Education.
The Department of Community Health at Boonshoft School of Medicine ranks 10th out of 129 accredited M.D.-granting U.S. medical schools for the total amount of research funding it has received from the National Institutes of Health in the area of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.
Degree programs.
Along with the traditional MD degree, students can also complete several different dual degree programs. The National Center for Medical Readiness (NCMR), housed at the Boonshoft School of Medicine, is a response organization for large scale emergencies, such as a weather disaster, terrorist attack or hazmat situation. The Center was established by the Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine and has been certified as a National Disaster Life Support Foundation (NDLSF) Regional Training Center.


Walter Douglas Boyd

Walter Douglas Boyd, M.D. is a notable Canadian cardiothoracic surgeon.
born in Ottawa, he is a graduate of Carleton University, and the University of Ottawa for his medical degree. In 1999, he Boyd completed the world's first closed-chest, beating-heart coronary artery bypass surgery with the use of the ZEUS Robotic Surgical System, and has conducted pioneering work in cardiothoracic surgery and the use of robotic surgical systems. Dr. Boyd is also recognized for performing the first human extracellular matrix xenograft implant for cardiovascular repair in March 2006.
He was the head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Cleveland Clinic in Florida from 2002 to 2009. In August, 2009 he was named Professor of Surgery, and Director of Robotics and Biosurgery at the University of California, Davis.
Current areas of research include pioneering work in cardiac tissue regeneration with extracellular matrix/stem cells, and remote presence surgery including the development of remote telerobotic surgery systems with supervised autonomy.
He has a wife, Lee and two children.


ADAM complex


Robert Curran (physician)

Robert Crowe Curran FRCP FRCPath (28 July 1921 – 5 September 2006) was a British pathologist, Leith Professor of Pathology, Birmingham University, 1966–1986.
He served as President of the Royal College of Pathologists from 1981 to 1984.
Life.
He was born in Wishaw in central Scotland the son of John Hamilton Curran, ex-foreman of the local steelworks, and his wife Sarah Carson Crowe. His brother was the physicist Sir Samuel Crowe Curran. He was educated at Wishaw High School then studied Medicine at Glasgow University graduating in 1943. From 1945 until 1947 he served as a physician with the Royal Army Medical Corps in India.
From 1950 to 1955 he lectured in Pathology at Glasgow University. In 1955 he became Senior Lecturer in Pathology at Sheffield University before receiving a Professorship from St Thomas' Medical School in London in 1958. In 1966 he moved to the chair in Pathology at Birmingham University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh but resigned in October 2000.
He died on 5 September 2006.
Family.
He married Margaret Marion Park in 1947 following demobilisation from the army. They had one son, Andrew Curran, and one daughter, Marjorie Curran.


Johann Adam Schmidt

Johann Adam Schmidt (12 October 1759 – 19 February 1809) was a German-Austrian surgeon and ophthalmologist who was a native of Aub, a town near Würzburg.
He began his medical career as an army "Unterchirurg" (under surgeon), and later studied ophthalmology under Joseph Barth (1745–1818) in Vienna. In 1795 he became a professor at "Josephs-Akademie" in Vienna, where he gave lectures on several subjects in medicine.
He performed pioneer research of iritis, and in 1801 was the author of a significant work on the disorder titled "Über Nachstaar und Iritis nach Staaroperationen" (On Post-Cataract and Inflammation of the Iris following Cataract Surgery). In 1802, together with Karl Gustav Himly (1772–1837) he founded "Ophthalmologische Bibliothek", which was the first German magazine of ophthalmic medicine. In 1811 his "Lehrbuch der Materia Medica" was published posthumously, which was a work on medicinal plants and their properties. In this book the term "pharmacognosy" is originally coined.
Schmidt is best remembered as a personal physician of Ludwig van Beethoven, whom he attended to from 1801 until 1809. Beethoven dedicated the trio for piano, violin and cello in E-flat major opus 38 (arrangement of the Septet opus 20) to Schmidt.


Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University

The Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University () is a medical school located in Phitsanulok, Thailand. The first 10 years of establishment was designed based on the cost-effective principle: the Faculty of Medicine responds for academy in pre-clinical years and the Ministry of Public Health hospitals conduct the academic instruction during the clinical years. Thereafter, the Faculty of Medicine will build and develop its own teaching hospital. The faculty's primary teaching hospital is Naresuan University Hospital with 6 Medical Education Centers cooperation.
History.
In 1992, the Cabinet decided that Thailand health system needed more medical doctors especially in upcountry. Naresuan University was included the plan as an active node for the production of doctors. Official agreement between the Ministry of Public Health and Naresuan University was signed on February 18, 1993.
The first batch of 33 medical students started education in 1994 and entered the clinical year at Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok Hospital Medical Education Center and finally all were graduated in 2001.
The need to produce more medical doctors has been emphasized. The number of medical students in a batch has reached the maximum of 60. In 1999, the Cabinet approved to include Uttaradit Hospital (another Ministry of Public Health hospital), which located in Uttaradit as the second medical education center for Faculty of Medicine Naresuan University. In 2002, 30 clinical students were placed at Uttaradit Hospital.
In 2004, the Cabinet approved a new plan of Naresuan University to include 3 more Ministry of Public Health hospitals as Medical Education Centers (Phrae Hospital in Phrae, Phichit Hospital in Phichit and King Taksin Memorial Hospital in Tak). This time, medical students have been recruited from health personnel (bachelor's degree holders) who are serving at the Ministry of Public Health facilities. In 2005, about 30 clinical medical students were attached to Phrae, Phichit and King Taksin Memorial Hospital.
After the completion of Naresuan University Hospital, a faculty's primary teaching hospital (Renaming from "Health Sciences Research Institute Naresuan University" in 2005), it is ready for 30 medical students to enter the clinical year in 2007.
Its vision is to be a top medical school with international standards networked throughout the health care community to promote health in Thailand and ASEAN.
Departments.
The faculty of Medicine consists of 15 academic departments.
Programs of study.
The Faculty of Medicine is responsible for five programs of study:
Undergraduate program.
Doctor of Medicine (MD).
In year 1 of the six-year study, the medical students study the general education courses with other students of the university. In years 2–3, the medical students study the pre-clinical level courses managed by Faculty of Medical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine. These courses are designed and integrated from the principle of "Problem-Based Learning (PBL)". In years 4–6, or clinical years, the academic instructions are managed primarily by the Naresuan University Hospital, with cooperated resources from affiliated hospitals.
Postgraduate programs.
Master of Science (MSc) in Family Medicine.
This program is a two-year full-time study focusing on both clinical practise and research of advanced family medicine.
Master of Science (MSc) in Medical Education.
This program is also a two-year full-time study which taking in all bachelor's degree holders for the taught courses and individual research thesis on medical education.
Master of Science (MSc) in Health Security Financing and Management.
This international program is a two-year part-time study for the highly structured taught courses and the individual independent study related to health security issues.
Doctorate program.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Health Systems and Policy.
This international three-year full-time program accepts research students to undertake research to provide evidence at local or national level leading to policy related recommendations.
Address.
99 Moo 9, Phitsanulok-Nakhon Sawan Road, Tha Pho, Mueang Phitsanulok, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand


Laterocaudal thalamic vein

The paired (right and left) laterocaudal thalamic veins () originate each from the lateral caudal part of the corresponding half of the thalamus. Benno Shlesinger in 1976 classified these veins as belonging to the lateral group of thalamic veins ("").


List of Ivy League medical schools

This list of Ivy League medical schools outlines the seven universities of the Ivy League that host a medical school. Only one Ivy League university, Princeton University, does not have a medical school. All Ivy League medical schools are located in the Northeast region of the United States and are privately owned and controlled. Only two of the schools, at Dartmouth and Penn, are located adjacent to the undergraduate campuses. The schools at Brown, Columbia, Harvard, and Yale, are located on separate campuses in the same metropolitan area as the university. The school at Cornell, Weill Cornell Medicine, is located in New York City, far from the main Ithaca campus.
Reputation.
Ivy League medical schools have some of the best reputations among medical schools in the United States. They are some of the oldest institutions of medical education. Some publications' most recent rankings of medical schools at these institutions are shown below.


Pseudoallergy

A pseudoallergy is a condition named for its similar presentation to a true allergy, though due to different causes.
It may be due to alterations in the metabolism of histamine.
It can be the cause of some forms of food intolerance.


Ward Cates

Willard "Ward" Cates Jr. (November 16, 1942 – March 17, 2016) was an American epidemiologist and public health advocate known for his work on HIV/AIDS and women's health. In 1974, he began working at the Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), where he researched the epidemiology of abortion. He served as director of the CDC's Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases from 1982 to 1992. In 1994, he began working at FHI 360, where he became president of the Institute for Family Health in 1998. He was a member of the Institute of Medicine and served as president of both the Society for Epidemiologic Research and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals.


National Clinical Coding Qualification (UK)

The National Clinical Coding Qualification (UK) (NCCQ) is a professional examination for clinical coders working in the United Kingdom.
Currently, it is the only clinical coding qualification recognised by the NHS. Having the NCCQ is a requirement of being admitted to the National Clinical Coding Trainer and Auditor Programmes run by NHS Digital. In order for an acute trust to obtain level 2 of the Information Governance Toolkit (IGT) requirement 510, they are expected to support coding staff in attaining the NCCQ.
Upon passing the examination a clinical coder is awarded the designation Accredited Clinical Coder (ACC).
Development.
In 1998 the Chief Executive of the former NHS Centre for Coding and Classifications (NHS CCC) initiated work to establish a national clinical coding qualification appropriate for the NHS. The NHS CCC developed a prototype assessment with results reported at the end of February 1998. On 10 March 1998, the NHS CCC hosted a workshop with educational organisations and other stakeholders to define the objectives of a qualification, scope of the syllabus, the quality assurance standards and validation processes. The results of the prototype assessment were also presented. The findings from the pilot formed the basis for the development of a national qualification.
Following meetings between the NHS CCC and the Institute of Health Records and Information Management (IHRIM) early in 1998, it was agreed the NHS CCC and IHRIM would work together to establish a National Clinical Coding Qualification for the UK. The original objectives of this work were to:
The first NCCQ examination was held in May 1999, and has continued to date with examinations held twice a year, typically in March and September.
Purpose.
The National Clinical Coding Qualification (UK) was designed to support the need for good quality clinical information, as outlined in the Information for Health and the NHS Plan.
The NCCQ (UK) is designed for clinical coders working in the NHS, to support the production of high quality coded clinical data, to recognise competence, and value the skills and knowledge of clinical coders.
Exam.
The NCCQ (UK) examination consists of two written papers that are both taken over the course of one day. The level of attainment for each paper is
Paper 1 – Practical coding.
In the morning there is a three-hour practical paper, which is split into three sections:
The coder is allowed bring their copy of the ICD-10 & OPCS-4 Tabular Lists and Alphabetical Index for this paper. These may be annotated with information from the National Clinical Coding Standards Reference Books and Coding Clinic. In addition, a copy of the British National Formulary (BNF) may be brought in. Medical dictionaries are not allowed.
The passmark for the practical paper is 90%. A distinction is awarded for a score over 95%.
Paper 2 – Theory.
In the afternoon the three-hour theory paper test the coder’s knowledge of the theory of ICD-10, OPCS-4, SNOMED CT, data quality, coding audit, medical terminology, and anatomy and physiology. Coders are not allowed to bring any additional materials into this exam.
The passmark for the theory paper is 60%. A distinction is awarded for a score over 80%.
Resitting.
Resits are possible. The coder is able to retake individual papers but must pass within the next 3 examinations or they will have to retake both papers again.
Requirements.
Because clinical coding training varies across the countries of the UK, there is no minimum competency for sitting the NCCQ. However; IHRIM recommend that a candidate has completed a clinical coding foundation course, has at least 2 years experience as a coder, and undergone a coding refresher course or NCCQ revision workshop before sitting the exam.
The coder must be a member of IHRIM at the time of registering for and taking the NCCQ. Membership is charged in addition to the exam fees. Though, once the coder has passed, there is no requirement to remain an IHRIM member to be able use the ACC post-nominal letters.


Professional Bowls Association

The Professional Bowls Association is an international organisation which promotes Bowls worldwide and organises competitions, including the World Indoor Bowls Championships with other Bowls Associations. It also operates as the world governing body for Bowls.
History.
Beginnings.
In 1990 the sport was under a period of fragmentation following the loss of the television coverage connected with the World Indoor Championships. John Hall the President of the English Bowls Association unsuccessfully called for closer co-operation between the indoor and outdoor game. In addition there were 20 national associations and authorities, a crown Green Association and short mat rules. In 1992, a player led organisation formed the Professional Bowls Association (PBA), during the 1992 World Indoor Bowls Championship, which were held in the Preston Guildhall to promote Bowls worldwide and on television.
Formation of the WBT.
On 1 January 1997, under the then chairman Richard Corsie, the PBA created the World Bowls Tour and after the 1997 championship replaced the World Indoor Bowls Council as the leading indoor organisation. The purpose of the World Bowls Tour was to set up and create championships and competitions to further the aims of the PBA.
Organisational Structure.
Branches & Location.
The PBA has branches across the world, within Europe, in the UK (where the organisation was set up). It also has branches including in the United States, Australia, New Zealand,Canada, Israel, South Africa and Hong Kong.
The PBA Committee.
The PBA Committee is the main organ of the Professional Bowls Association.


College of Medicine, Rangsit University

The College of Medicine, Rangsit University () is the first private medical school and the ninth oldest medical school in Thailand.
History.
The Faculty of Medicine, Rangsit College was founded on 1 May 1989, following a successful proposal to the council of Thai Universities. On 1990, following the name change of Rangsit College to Rangsit University, the name changed to Faculty of Medicine, Rangsit University. On 15 March 1994, the university made an agreement with the Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health to provide medical teaching facilities at Rajavithi Hospital and the Children's Hospital (now Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health). In February 1996, the university made an agreement with Harvard Medical School of Harvard University to improve medical education and set up a conference, of which all medical schools in Thailand attended.
On 1 May 2002, the faculty became the College of Medicine, Rangsit University, following the management model of Harvard University. In 2013, Lerdsin Hospital became affiliated to the college as a teaching hospital. Students applying to study medicine through the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools Examination (กสพท), can select to study at two different hospital groups (Rajavithi and Queen Sirikit, or Lerdsin).
References.
Article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Thai Wikipedia.


Match Day (medicine)

Match Day is a term used widely in the graduate medical education community to represent the day when the National Resident Matching Program or NRMP releases results to applicants seeking residency and fellowship training positions in the United States. Match Day for the NRMP Main Residency Match is on the third Friday of March each year, and Match Day ceremonies occur at many of the 155 medical schools in the United States where those results are announced. Match Days for the NRMP Fellowship Matches occur throughout the year because each Fellowship Match has its own schedule of dates. Other national matching plans like the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), American Urological Association, and the San Francisco Match (Ophthalmology and Plastic Surgery) have dates on which they release their results. By participating in a national matching plan, applicants contractually agree to attend the residency, internship or fellowship programs to which they match. The same agreement applies to the programs; they are obligated to train the applicants who match to them. In 2017, Match Day hit a record-high as 35,969 U.S. and international medical school students and graduates vied for 31,757 residency positions.
Background.
In the United States, applicants and programs that register with the NRMP participate in a process known as "the Match." Applicants for the NRMP Main Residency Match usually begin the application process in the summer, and programs review applications and invite selected candidates for interviews held between October and February. After the interview period is over, applicants submit to the NRMP a "rank-order list" of programs where they wish to train. Similarly, residency programs submit a rank order list of applicants they prefer to train. The process is blinded so that neither applicants nor programs see each other's rank order lists. Aggregate Match results can be found on the NRMP public website.
The two parties' rank order lists are processed using the NRMP's matching algorithm, which creates stable (a proxy for optimal) matches between applicants and programs.
On the Monday prior to Match Day for the Main Residency Match, applicants find out from the NRMP if (but not where) they matched. Applicants who match to a training position must wait until the Match Day on Friday to learn the location of that position. Applicants who do not match to a training position in the Main Residency Match may be eligible to obtain an unfilled position through the Match Week Supplemental Offer and Acceptance Program that concludes on Thursday, the day prior to Match Day.
Although the majority of U.S. medical school seniors match to one of their top three program choices, applicants may match to programs lower on their rank order list, especially when their preferred specialty for training is among competitive specialties such as Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology, Urology, Orthopaedics, Otolaryngology, and Radiation Oncology.
Osteopathic.
The American Osteopathic Association (AOA) sponsors a similar but separate Match for osteopathic students and graduates, the results of which are announced in February, before release of the NRMP results. Osteopathic physicians (DOs) may participate in either the NRMP or AOA matching plan and obtain positions in programs accredited by either the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine American Osteopathic Association (AOA). The AOA Match is being phased out in favor of a single accreditation system; by 2020, all residency programs in the U.S. will be accredited by the ACGME.
Military.
Members of the U.S. military participate in their own selection process for programs located at military hospitals, clinics, and bases. The military selection usually occurs in mid-December to allow students who did not match to participate in other national matching plans.


Deanery (NHS)

An NHS Deanery is a regional organisation responsible for postgraduate medical and dental training, within the structure of the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 2013, restructuring of the NHS in England led to its deaneries being incorporated into new bodies, known as Local Education and Training Boards (LETBs), that have taken over these functions.
Role.
Each Deanery is responsible for coordinating postgraduate medical and dental education within a given region, to standards that are set by the General Medical and Dental Councils. Deaneries are each advised by a "Specialty Training Committee" (STC), which includes Consultants.
Postgraduate medical education begins as doctors start their initial Foundation Programme (F1/F2) jobs, where they are closely supervised and their progress is monitored across two years of training. The recruitment of doctors into Speciality Training Programmes is managed by deaneries. Once a doctor accepts a post on a training programme the deanery allocates specific jobs, arranges educational supervision and provides the assessment of whether the doctors in training have demonstrated sufficient progress.
Criticisms.
Deaneries have been criticised in the past for not providing accurate and detailed information to applicants who have no alternative methods of finding employment within the UK, in particular for failing reliably to tell applicants exactly when and where jobs will start, what hours will be, and what their salary will be. The BMA have observed "It's hard to imagine another profession where you could start salaried employment without knowing how much you'll be paid in six months' time. That's been the reality for junior doctors for years, but it may be about to change."
As of June 2008, the Employment Agency Standards Inspectorate have ruled that deaneries should be legally classified as employment agencies, which calls into question the legality of existing recruitment processes. This has led Remedy UK to call for junior doctors, who are currently employed on a series of short-term contracts, to be given a single unified contract covering the whole process.
EU applicants.
Recent changes in UK legislation mean that Deaneries must give preference to applicants from the UK or the European Union. This is likely over the medium term to change the make-up of the hospital registrar workforce, in which over recent years candidates from developing countries in Asia and Africa have been strongly represented.


Harry Colebourn

Harry D. Colebourn (April 12, 1887 – September 24, 1947) was a Canadian veterinarian and soldier with the Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps best known for donating a bear cub named "Winnie" (short for "Winnipeg") to London Zoo. Winnie later inspired the creation of A. A. Milne's famous children's book character Winnie-the-Pooh.
Early life.
Harry Colebourn was born in Birmingham, England and emigrated to Canada when he was 18. He attended the Ontario Veterinary College in Guelph, Ontario, receiving his degree in veterinary surgery, and moved west to Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Winnie and World War I.
As he was heading across Canada by train to the training camp at Valcartier, Quebec where he was to embark for overseas duty during World War I, Colebourn came across a hunter in White River, Ontario who had a female black bear cub for sale, having killed the cub's mother. Colebourn purchased the cub for $20, named her "Winnie" after his adopted home town, and took her across the Atlantic with him to Salisbury Plain, where she became an unofficial mascot of the Fort Garry Horse, a militia cavalry regiment. Colebourn himself was a member of the Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps, attached to the Fort Garry Horse as a veterinarian. While Colebourn served three years in France, attaining the rank of major, he kept Winnie at the London Zoo to which he eventually donated her.
It was at the London Zoo that A. A. Milne and his son Christopher Robin Milne encountered Winnie.
Christopher was so taken with her that he named his teddy bear after her, which became the inspiration for Milne's fictional character in the books "Winnie-the-Pooh" (1926) and "The House at Pooh Corner" (1928). Milne also included several poems about Winnie-the-Pooh in the children’s poetry books "When We Were Very Young" and "Now We Are Six". All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard. Winnie remained at the zoo until her death in 1934.
After the war.
After the war, Colebourn did post-graduate work at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in London, England and then, in 1920, he returned to Canada and started a private practice in Winnipeg. He retired in 1945 and died in September, 1947. He is buried in Brookside Cemetery in Winnipeg. There are statues of Colebourn and Winnie in Winnipeg's Assiniboine Park Zoo and at the London Zoo.


Western Journal of Medicine

The Western Journal of Medicine was a peer-reviewed medical journal. It was established in 1856 as the "Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California". It was renamed "California State Journal of Medicine" in 1902 and volume numbering was restarted at 1. In 1924 it was renamed "California and Western Medicine" and in 1946 "California Medicine". In 1974, it obtained its final title, "Western Journal of Medicine", which was styled as "wjm" from 1999 on. In 1985, the journal absorbed "Arizona Medicine". It ceased publication in 2002 because it was not financially viable any more. The journal was lastly published by the BMJ Group with Michael Wilkes as its editor-in-chief.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal was abstracted and indexed by EBSCO databases, Gale databases, MEDLINE, ProQuest, PubMed, and Scopus.


Marc Potenza

Marc Nicholas Potenza (born April 27, 1965) is an American psychiatrist who specializes in addiction psychiatry. He is Professor of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neurobiology at the Yale University School of Medicine, where he also serves as director of the Problem Gambling Clinic and the Center of Excellence in Gambling Research. He is also the director of the Women and Addictive Disorders Core of Women's Health Research and the Program for Research on Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders, both at Yale University. In 2016, he received the Lifetime Research Award from the National Council on Problem Gambling.


Andrzej Trzebski

Andrzej Trzebski (2 February 1928 – 5 July 2017) was a Polish physiologist and neurophysiologist. Since 1971 professor in Medical University of Warsaw. A member of: Warsaw Scientific Society (since 1981), Polish Academy of Sciences (1983) and Polish Academy of Learning (since 1990). Doctor honoris causa of Jagiellonian University.
He was decorated with a Gold Cross of Merit (1971), a Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta (1981) and a Commander's Cross of Polonia Restituta (1998).
He died on 5 July 2017 at the age of 89 in Warsaw.


Jonathan Ogden (surgeon)

Jonathan Ogden (died 1803) was a Canadian surgeon and chief justice of Newfoundland.
Born in Nova Scotia, Ogden was sent to St. John's in 1784 as assistant surgeon for the Royal Navy. In 1794, he was appointed magistrate for St. John's and then in 1798 as magistrate of all of Newfoundland and deputy naval officer under Richard Hatt Noble. In 1802, Ogden was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a position he had resigned the following year.


Interspecies quorum sensing

Interspecies quorum sensing is a type of quorum sensing in which bacteria send and receive signals to other species besides their own. This is accomplished by the secretion of signaling molecules which trigger a response in nearby bacteria at high enough concentrations. Once the molecule hits a certain concentration it triggers the transcription of certain genes such as virulence factors. It has been discovered that bacteria can not only interact via quorum sensing with members of their own species but that there is a kind of universal molecule that allows them to gather information about other species as well. This universal molecule is called autoinducer 2 or AI-2.
AI-2 was first discovered in the light producing system of the bacteria "Vibrio harveyi". The pathway that induces "Vibrio harveyi" luminescence is controlled by two parallel pathways. The first pathway uses a typical AI-1 homoserine lactone signaling molecule. However the bacteria were also found to recognize a second auto inducer AI-2. Scientist also found that "V. harveyi" luminescence could be induced by 75 other bacterial species AI-2 molecules.
This discovery led to the proposal of AI-2 as a universal form of communication between bacteria species. In addition to information about cell densities AI-2 can provide information on the growth phase and prosperity of cells in a population. It has a greater ability to store information than other quorum sensing molecules because its production is tied to cell growth. The production of AI-2 peaks in late log phase for many bacteria. The structure of AI-2 was discovered recently to be a fused 2-member ring with boron bridging the gap between the diesters.
The enzyme LuxS is responsible for AI-2 synthesis. The gene encoding for LuxS has been detected in 35 of the 89 bacterial genomes sequenced and in all of the bacteria the gene had little variation. In every bacterium found so far that produces the AI-2 signaling molecule the LuxS gene was also found. There are three enzymes that make DPD (4,5-dihydroxy 2,3 pentanedione) which is the substrate LuxS uses to make AI-2. The pathway for synthesizing AI-2 was found to be identical in "V. harveyi", "E. coli", "Salmonella typhimurium", "V. cholerae", and "Enterococcus faecalis" providing further evidence that this molecule may be a universal signal among bacteria.
"Shigella flexneri" use AI-2 to mediate virulence. The major virulence factor in "Shigella" is the plasmid vir B. The AI-2 signaling pathway was shown to be responsible for the observed peak of vir B. Although it was determined that AI-2 is not crucial for virulence that it does increase the expression of the plasmid. AI-2 also regulates the virulence of Enteroinvasive and Enterohemoragic E.coli. It is likely the high concentrations of AI-2 produced by normal gut flora effect the production of AI-2 in "Shigella" and its subsequent virulence.
AI-2 is required for the biofilm formation in "P. ginivalis" and "S. gordonii". "S. gordonii" is a major cause of dental plaque and its adherence is essential for many other pathogenic bacteria to also adhere to teeth. "P. ginivalis" causes periodontal disease. If neither bacteria possess a functional copy of the LuxS gene they cannot form a biofilm. However, if either one of the bacteria has the LuxS gene they can form biofilms suggesting again this molecule is used for communication between unrelated species.
Other bacterial uses for AI-2
Since the LuxS enzyme is not present in eukaryotes it is a good potential target for antibiotics. Also AI-2 signaling seems to control many virulence factors in bacteria so blocking this signal could lead to new ways to control bacterial infections such as cholera. Since the AI-2 molecule seems to be involved in the virulence cascade if we could block the uptake of AI-2 then we could potentially stop the virulence cascade.
Fungi also communicate with one another. Quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) from fungi include farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol, and tryptophol. QSMs have been studied in "Candida albicans", "C. dubliniensis", "Aspergillus niger", "A. nidulans", and "Fusarium graminearum". QSMs can include morphogenesis, germination, apotopsis, pathogenicity, and biofilm structures.


Maurice Cassidy

Sir Maurice Alan Cassidy GCVO CB (29 February 1880 – 22 October 1949) was a British doctor, physician to the King from 1937 until his own death.
Maurice was born the eldest son of David McKay Cassidy, a doctor at the Lancaster Mental Hospital in Lancashire and was educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School and Clare College, Cambridge. He then entered St Thomas' Hospital in London as a medical student, qualifying M.B. in 1906 and M.D. in 1909.
After working there for several years, including two as Resident Assistant Registrar, he was elected in 1913 a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and joined the honorary staff of St Thomas'. In 1914 he delivered the Goulstonian Lecture to the College of Surgeons on the subject of rheumatoid arthritis.
During the First World War he spent two years in a Calais hospital, where he contracted pulmonary tuberculosis and had to be repatriated. In addition to his commitments at St Thomas' he was for some time Chief Medical Officer to the Metropolitan Police and was knighted C.B. on his retirement from the post in 1929.
Although he had withdrawn from active duty at St Thomas' prior to the Second World War he nevertheless returned to duty for the duration of the war, retiring finally in 1945. He delivered the Harveian Oration to the Royal College of Physicians in 1946 on the subject of coronary disease. From 1946 to 1948 he served as President of the Royal Society of Medicine.
In 1930 he had been appointed Physician to the Royal Household, and later Physician in ordinary to both King George V and King George VI. He was created first K.C.V.O. and then G.C.V.O..
He died at his home in London in 1949 following a car accident. He had married Elsie, daughter of Frederick Relfe but left no children.


Charles Skinner Hallpike

Charles Skinner Hallpike, CBE, FRS (19 July 1900 – 26 September 1979) was an English otologist.
He was born in Murree, India, a hill station now in Pakistan, the son of Frank Hallpike. The family returned to the UK when he was 3 years old. He attended St Paul's School (London) as a classical scholar and then Guy's Hospital in 1919 on an Arts scholarship. He qualified MRCS and LRCP in 1924. He then obtained an MB of the University of London in 1926 and was elected FRCS in 1931.
He was House Surgeon at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of Guy's Hospital and the Cheltenham General Hospital.
He became a Research Fellow at the Middlesex Hospital in 1929 where he specialised in the physical aspects of hearing and balance.
In 1940 he moved to join the Medical Research Council team at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Queen Square, London as Assistant Aural Surgeon and later Aural Physician, which post he held till his retirement in 1967.
He published with Sir Hugh Cairns in 1938 a ground-breaking paper on the causes of Ménière's disease. He is best remembered for describing the Dix-Hallpike test used in the diagnosis of benign positional vertigo.
In 1935 he had married Barbara Lee Anderson; they had two sons and a daughter.


American College of Sports Medicine

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, is a large sports medicine and exercise science membership organization. Founded in 1954, ACSM promotes and integrates scientific research, education, and practical applications of sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and enhance physical performance, fitness, health, and quality of life. Members of the ACSM work in a wide range of medical specialties, allied health professions, and scientific disciplines, and are committed to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sports-related injuries and the advancement of the science of exercise. International, National and Regional chapter members hail from more than 80 countries around the world.
ACSM also offers certifications and continuing education for fitness professionals as well as clinicians.
Strategic initiatives include: Exercise is Medicine, ACSM American Fitness Index, National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute, and ActivEarth.
Leadership.
The current (2019–2020) ACSM elected offices are held by:
ACSM History.
The founding meeting of the "Federation of Sports Medicine" took place in New York City at the Hotel Statler on April 22, 1954, as part of the afternoon program of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER). The following year, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was officially incorporated, and 11 individuals were designated as founders. This group was composed of seven men and one woman with careers in physical education, and three physicians. The physical educators were Clifford Brownell, Ph.D. Ernst Jok, M.D., Peter Karpovich, M.D., Leonard Larson, Ph.D. Grover Mueller, M.S., Neils Neilson, Ph.D, Josephine Rathbone, Ph.D. and Arthur Steinhaus, Ph.D. Although they had training in physical education or were employed in departments of physical education, Jokl, Larson, Karpovich, and Steinhaus were primarily involved in research dealing with the physiology of exercise. The physicians were Louis Bishop, M.D., Albert Hyman, M.D., and Joseph Wolffe, M.D. All three were practicing cardiologists.
The ACSM national headquarters moved to Indianapolis in 1984, joining organizations such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the National Federation of State High School Associations, and national sport-specific governing bodies.
Membership.
ACSM members represent more than 70 disciplines in sports medicine and exercise science. ACSM membership is offered in four categories:
Regional chapters.
ACSM has 12 regional chapters throughout the United States that ensure easy access to regional educational meetings.
ACSM journals, books and publications.
The American College of Sports Medicine has a publishing program made up of books and journals dating back to 1975. The five journals, several books and various multimedia resources serve ACSM's diverse audiences.
Journals.
ACSM's five leading scholarly journals provide access to cutting-edge research, relevant clinical reports and recent health-and-fitness information.
Books.
ACSM publishes several books and multimedia resources to serve a variety of readers across the spectrum of students and teachers, researchers, M.D.'s and clinicians, public health professionals and those in the health and fitness industry. ACSM is best known for ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, first published in 1975.
Some of ACSM's most popular titles include:
Certifications.
ACSM offers eight different certifications for fitness and clinical exercise professionals.
Foundation.
The American College of Sports Medicine Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization affiliated with and developed to support the American College of Sports Medicine, Inc. Each year the ACSM Foundation awards approximately $100,000 in research awards and scholarships. To sustain and build these funds, the Foundation conducts ongoing fundraising efforts.


Bug Holliday

James Wear "Bug" Holliday (February 8, 1867 – February 15, 1910) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball for ten seasons, in the 1885 World Series and from through . He was the first player to make his major league debut in post-season play, with the Chicago White Stockings in 1885. He played the rest of his career with the Cincinnati Reds, both when they were in the American Association and in the National League. He twice led the league in home runs, and was among the leaders in various other offensive categories throughout his career. After his playing career was over, he was an umpire for one season.
Career.
Holliday was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and became the first player in major league history to make his debut in the post-season when he was called up, at the age of 18, by the Chicago White Stockings when they needed another outfielder for Game 4 of the 1885 World Series. He played in one game, and had no hits in four at bats.
Holliday made his regular-season major league debut in 1889 for the Cincinnati Red Stockings of the American Association. In his first season with the Red Stockings, he led the league in home runs with 19, while finishing in the top ten in many offensive categories. He was fifth in batting average with .321, fifth in runs batted in (RBIs) with 104, third in hits with 181, and ninth in doubles with 28.
Before the season, the Red Stockings transferred their team over to the National League and officially became the Reds. Holliday picked up where he left off the previous season, with an opening day home run off Bill Hutchinson in a 5–4 loss to the Chicago Colts. But after that, his season's power numbers dropped significantly, as he hit only four home runs, tallied 75 RBIs, and had a .270 batting average.
He bounced back the following season, when he hit nine home runs, which was fourth in the league, batted .319 to finish second in the league, and totalled 84 RBIs, which was ninth. He followed the campaign with an even better  season, when he played in 153 games, batted 602 times, scored 114 runs, and tripled 16 times, all career highs. He also claimed his second home run title that season, with 13, and finished in the top ten with 176 hits as well.
Both and saw Holliday continue his batting production; although his home runs dipped to five in 1893, he still batted .310, totaled 84 RBIs, and scored 108 runs. But statistically, 1894 was his greatest season, when his .372 batting average was his career-high, as well as his 119 runs scored, 190 hits, 119 RBIs, .420 on-base percentage and .523 slugging percentage.
During the first six years of his career, he slugged 63 home runs, which was second to only Roger Connor during the same span; but in he had an appendectomy, and was never the same player after that. In his last four seasons he was never more than a part-time player.
In 930 games over 10 seasons, Holliday posted a .312 batting average (1141-for-3658) with 735 runs, 162 doubles, 72 triples, 65 home runs, 621 RBI, 252 stolen bases, 360 bases on balls, .377 on-base percentage and .449 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .934 fielding percentage primarily as an outfielder.
Post-career.
When Holliday's professional baseball career was over, he played for fellow Cincinnatians Julius and Max Fleischmann on their semi-professional Mountain Athletic Club in 1899. In 1903, he was a National League umpire for the season, officiating in 53 games that season. He was involved in one incident in which Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates and Cincinnati Reds second baseman Jack Morrissey became engaged in words, which led to Wagner being surrounded by other Reds players. Holliday ejected Wagner from the game to quell the possibility of an altercation on the field.
He continued to live in Cincinnati, and worked in a pool room while also covering horse racing for a local newspaper. He died at the age of 43 in Cincinnati of gangrene of foot and leg, and is interred at Spring Grove Cemetery, also in Cincinnati. "The New York Times" reported his illness on February 3, 1910, and as a result, Reds manager Clark Griffith ordered all of the Cincinnati players to be vaccinated before they left for training camp.
Personal life.
Holliday married Mary Thurman, daughter of Ohio politician Allen G. Thurman and the former wife of William S. Cowles, in 1894.


Antoni de Gimbernat

Don Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós (1734–1816) was a Spanish surgeon and anatomist. He is known for laying the groundwork for modern techniques of inguinal hernia repair. He also described in detail the anatomy of the inguinal and femoral regions of the human body.
The lacunar ligament is named after Antonio de Gimbernat.
Gimbernat was born in Cambrils, (Tarragona), and died in Madrid. His son Don Antonio Gimbernat FRSE (1765-1834) closely followed in his footsteps and was First Surgeon to the King of Spain.


Subglottis

The subglottis or subglottic region is the lower portion of the larynx, extending from just beneath the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea. The structures in the subglottis are implicated in the regulation of the temperature of the breath. Narrowing of the subglottis is known as subglottic stenosis and may require a tracheotomy to correct.


Thomas Fagan

Thomas Kevin Fagan (born February 25, 1943) is Professor and Director of the School MA/EdS Program in the Department of Psychology at the University of Memphis.


John Ash (physician)

John Ash (1723 – 18 June 1798), was an English physician and founder of Birmingham General Hospital.
Biography.
Ash was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, the son of a brewer, and was educated at Trinity College, Oxford; was B.A. in 1743, M. A. in 1746, M.B. in 1750, and M.D. in 1754. He settled at Birmingham, and soon acquired a large practice. Birmingham General Hospital was founded chiefly through his influence, and he was its first physician. While actively engaged in practice he became affected with temporary mental derangement, for which it is said he found a cure in the study of mathematics and botany. He was admitted a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians on 22 December 1786, and in the following year resigned his office in Birmingham and removed to London. He became fellow of the College of Physicians on 22 December 1787, and afterwards practised with success in London. He filled the offices of censor of the college in 1789 and 1793; was Harveian orator in 1790, Gulstonian lecturer in 1791, and Croonian lecturer in 1793. He died on 18 June 1798, and was buried in Kensington Church (since rebuilt). His portrait, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, once in the hospital at Birmingham, was acquired by Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery in 2012. It was engraved by Bartolozzi in 1791. In the picture, above his right elbow is the foundation block of the then medical school, on Holloway Head. This became part of the Accident Hospital, since redeveloped as apartments. He is also commemorated by a blue plaque, affixed to the House of Fraser store in Temple Row, Birmingham.
Works.
Ash was a Fellow of the Royal Society, described as a physician of great skill, and of considerable other attainments. He founded the social and literary Eumelian Club. The name was a punning allusion to the ash tree (Greek or , i.e. with an ashen spear). It was referred to in James Boswell's "Life of Johnson", in a note to the last chapter. He wrote:


Ali Ahmed S Kazi

Dr Ali Ahmed S Kazi (1896–1970) was one of the few physicians when Sindh was created as a province in British India in 1936.
Family.
He was born in 1896 and was a nephew of the great intellectual Allama I. I. Kazi and his illustrious wife Elsa Kazi. His father, Sharafuddin Kazi died when he was still quite young.
Career.
Dr A. S. Kazi played a pioneering role initially in creating the Liaquat Medical College now the Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences from the existing medical school at Hyderabad. Subsequently he directed his attention to the strengthening and consolidation of the Dow Medical College at Karachi. He was appointed as the first Medical Superintendent of Civil Hospital Karachi in 1949. Subsequently in 1952, he was appointed Director [presently Director General] Health Services for the Sindh province. He retired from service in 1955.
Life after retirement.
He devoted his time to writing books on clinical subjects and psychology. One of his books on psychology is a textbook for the Masters in Psychology course at the University of Sindh.
Death.
Dr Kazi died in 1970 leaving behind his widow Ayesha, a son - the late Mr Ahmed Hussain A Kazi - a civil servant who was a Secretary to the Government of Pakistan from 1974–1979, three grandchildren Nilofer Qureshi, Safdar Kazi and Ghulam Nabi Kazi.


American Association of Diabetes Educators

The American Association of Diabetes Educators, or AADE, is a multidisciplinary membership organization for healthcare professionals who specialize in teaching patients about diabetes and how to self-manage the disease.
Founded in 1973, AADE works to define the practice of diabetes education, increase patients' access to the services of diabetes educators, and provide members with the support and tools to become leaders in the field of diabetes care.
AADE represents and supports diabetes educators by providing members with the resources to stay abreast of the current research, methods and trends in the field and by offering opportunities to network and collaborate with other healthcare professionals.


Bill Hackett

William Charles Hackett (December 9, 1923 – June 2, 1995) was an American football guard at Ohio State University. He was a consensus All-American in 1944. After college, he became a doctor of veterinary medicine and played a part in the founding of the Cincinnati Bengals.
Playing career.
Hackett attended Ohio State University, where he played for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team from 1942 to 1944 under coach Paul Brown and in 1945 under coach Carroll Widdoes. He was a member of the Buckeyes' 1942 national championship team. In 1944, as a 5'9", 191-pound guard, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the Associated Press (AP), Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), and "Collier's Weekly" (Grantland Rice).
After college football.
After his undergraduate career at Ohio State, Hackett studied to become a veterinarian earning a D.V.M. in 1947 from Ohio State. Hackett moved to London, Ohio, and practiced general veterinary medicine for 10 years. In 1957, he took a job at Orleton Farms, Inc. as the livestock director. In 1963, he became the first veterinarian to serve on the Ohio State Racing Commission. While on the commission, he helped crack down on prohibited use of stimulants and depressants in race horses by establishing Ohio's race testing laboratory. In 1967, as founder and president of Ohio Feed Lot in South Charleston, Ohio, he focused on environmental cattle feeding operation. In conjunction with Searle Agriculture, Inc., he helped design and operate the first 150,000-ton capacity cattle waste fermenter for processing animal waste.
Hackett died On June 2, 1995. For his many accomplishments, he was honored several times including being named to the Ohio State University Athletic Hall of Fame and named Distinguished Alumnus by The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
Founding of the Cincinnati Bengals.
Hackett played a part in the founding of the Cincinnati Bengals. While visiting his former coach Paul Brown in La Jolla, California, Hackett urged Brown to try to become the NFL commissioner the next time the job became vacant. Brown told Hackett that what he really wanted was to own a pro franchise. Brown explained that, his son, Mike Brown, thought Cincinnati would be a good place for a franchise. Hackett forwarded the idea to Ohio Governor, Jim Rhodes, and John Sawyer, president of Orelton Farms in London, Ohio, to gain political and financial support for the franchise. He served on the team's board of directors for many years.


Anterior colliculus

The anterior colliculus is the anterior portion of the medial malleolus of the distal tibia, forming part of the ankle mortise. It has an attachment of the anterior tibiotalar ligament.


Robin Eady

Robin Anthony Jeffrey Eady (29 November 1940 - 2 August 2017) was a British dermatologist and the world's longest surviving kidney patient after receiving dialysis from the 1960s.


Emma Reid

Dr. Emma Reid is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera "Doctors", portrayed by Dido Miles. Emma made her first appearance on 2 October 2012. Emma's storylines in the soap have included her romances with Sam Reid (Grant Masters), Howard Bellamy (Ian Kelsey) and Jasmine Dajani (Lara Sawalha), dealing with Sam's assisted suicide, having a miscarriage, grieving over Howard, lying to the police and being the victim of a homophobic assault. Emma is the first pansexual character to be featured in a British soap opera.
Development.
It was first announced that Miles was to play a new regular character on her official credits in June 2012. Described as "attractive", "more than qualified", and set to "cause quite a stir" by Digital Spy, Miles' casting was confirmed on 23 September 2012. Emma is introduced as knowing Howard Bellamy (Ian Kelsey), but when she arrives, her and Howard both "clearly decide not to acknowledge that they know each other at all". Although Emma is only meant to be a temporary replacement, The Mill is suffering from staffing issues, so Howard is "forced to accept defeat", despite him not being pleased that Emma has arrived. On her official BBC profile, it describes Emma as "fun", "flirty", "teasing" and "selfish", adding that she uses "charm to get what she wants". Nathan Wright, who plays Emma's onscreen son Chris, said that Miles is "wonderful". "She's a fine actress and a joy to work with. We have a strong friendship off screen which naturally makes our job easier and more enjoyable. We live together in Birmingham and love naff TV shows".
Of Chris and Emma's family, the BBC said, "mother to Chris and wife to the ailing Sam, her difficult relationship with her son is a constant thorn in her side, since she feels that she was never the best wife or mother. Her husband, Sam has sanctioned her to have flings. Emma doesn't wear a wedding ring to work which can cause confusion – something she enjoys". In 2013, Sam expresses that he wants to end his life due to his disability and depression. Actress Miles described the storyline as "great", and that "from an acting point of view, it's a real luxury to have that opportunity. It's been fantastic to work on". She added that she was nervous to film the scenes, stating "you want to get it right. You want to do it justice, so I had nerves and excitement in equal measure when we started on this storyline". On Emma dealing with his depression, she commented: "I think Emma has an idea of how depressed Sam is, but I think she's slightly in denial. She wants to make it right and wants to find a way through it for him". She also confirmed that the storyline's repercussions would be played out over a long time, There isn't a definite cut-off point to this story - it goes on and feeds into other things. You'll see that as it unfolds."
In 2020, when asked who Emma's "dream date" would be, Miles responded that it would be Howard, who died in 2014. She stated that Emma "never really got over him", and that if Howard were to live, Emma's life "would have been different". When asked by "Inside Soap" if Emma is like anybody that Miles knows in real life, she compared her character to her own GP. She also noted how Emma loves 1970s Motown music, and would love to party at the The Nightingale.
Storylines.
Emma is introduced alongside husband Sam (Grant Masters) and son Chris (Nathan Wright). Sam allows Emma to have relationships with other people, since he is disabled and wants her to feel fulfilled. She begins an on-off relationship with Howard Bellamy (Ian Kelsey), and the pair embark on a number of dates. When Sam's pain caused by his disability increases, he develops depression. He expresses that he wishes to end his life, and convinces Chris to assist him in committing suicide. After the death of Sam, Emma initially struggles to move on, but continues her relationship with Howard. The relationship does not work out, but when Emma discovers that she is pregnant, they agree to try again. However, she suffers a miscarriage, and moments later, Howard has a brain aneurism and dies.
Emma explores her sexuality by getting into a relationship with female friend Lena Baker (Josephine Butler), despite Lena being married. However, the pair split. In 2017, Bren Lee (Andrea Gordon), the mother of Emma's colleague Ayesha (Laura Rollins), is brought into custody at the police station. Emma does not check over Bren's health, as she physically appears to be fine; Emma is shocked to find that Bren has died in police custody. Rob Hollins (Chris Walker), the sergeant on shift at the time, had a blackout when he was due to be checking over Bren, and he confides in Emma that he feels responsible. Emma lies to the investigating officer, stating that Rob performed all of the checks diligently. Rob later confesses, and Emma is brought in for a hearing about her job, where she is almost suspended. Ayesha struggles to forgive Emma, due to feeling that Emma is trying to cover up police brutality, although they later become friends again.
Emma gets into a relationship with Gareth Regan (Edward MacLiam), but when she discovers that he is a drug addict and he attempts to rape her best friend Zara Carmichael (Elisabeth Dermot Walsh), the relationship ends. Emma later begins dating colleague Jasmine Dajani (Lara Sawalha), which causes confusion for Valerie Pitman (Sarah Moyle), who is unsure about Emma's sexuality. Emma confirms that she is pansexual. When Emma and Jasmine are assaulted in a homophobic attack, the pair break up. Emma opens up about the attack on a radio show with Tammy Beckworth (Amy Anderson), and after the success of her segment, Tammy offers her a regular radio show. Emma begins a relationship with restauranteur Aashiq Sawney (Raj Ghatak), but when Valerie sees him with wife Monita Sawney (Perveen Hussain), she informs Emma that he is cheating on her. Emma forms a plan with Zara, who dresses up in a disguise to flirt with Aashiq, and when he reaches in for a kiss, Emma walks in and ends their relationship. Monita also sees the events, and ends her marriage with him. When Aashiq begs for Emma's forgiveness, she insists that they are over.
Reception.
In a poll conducted by Digital Spy, the five main soaps in the United Kingdom, "EastEnders", "Coronation Street", "Emmerdale", "Hollyoaks" and "Doctors" storylines were judged by viewers of the website, with the "Doctors" storyline of Emma's arrival coming last with 1.7% of the vote.
In 2013, Miles won the award for Best Acting Performance at the RTS Awards. Later that year, Miles was nominated for Best Female Dramatic Performance at the British Soap Awards, after her involvement in the assisted suicide storyline. She also stated that following the storyline, she received numerous letters "from people who live with that situation", praising Miles for her portrayal of the storyline. In 2015, she was nominated again for Best Acting Performance at the RTS Awards. Then in 2016, she was nominated for Best On-Screen Partnership alongside Ian Kelsey at the British Soap Awards. In 2020, Miles was nominated for Best Daytime Star at the "Inside Soap" Awards.


Joel N. Blankson

Joel N. Blankson is a professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases. Blankson is an expert on HIV infection, particularly HIV latency and long-term control of HIV infection. He is a lead investigator in studies on these topics and is frequently interviewed in the scientific and popular press. Blankson also practices internal and infectious diseases medicine in Lutherville, Maryland.
Training and career.
In 1995, Blankson received an MD he earned at the Cornell University Medical School, now known as Weil Cornell, in New York City, New York. His PhD was awarded by Rockefeller University in 1996 as part of a joint MD-PhD program with Cornell and Memorial Sloan-Kettering. At Rockefeller, Blankson conducted immunology research with Stephen S. Morse.
Blankson completed residencies in infectious diseases and internal medicine at Johns Hopkins. He has practiced medicine in Delaware and Maryland. He is currently a professor in the Johns Hopkins Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and has an appointment in the Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology.
Research.
After his PhD research on immunology and residencies at Johns Hopkins, Blankson investigated HIV at Johns Hopkins with Robert Siliciano. Their work together has included research on HIV pathogenesis, immune reconstitution, control of viremia, and HIV viral reservoirs. They also reviewed the concept of "structured therapeutic interruption."
More recently, Blankson has led investigations of "elite suppressors" of HIV-1 infection. Elite suppressors are people who are infected with HIV-1 but naturally suppress the amount of virus in their blood to very low, almost undetectable levels without use of antiretroviral drugs. Only 1 HIV-positive person out of approximately 300 is in this category. Blankson and other investigators suggest the biological mechanisms of this rare phenomenon may hold the key to new treatments for HIV. As of 2019, Blankson had published more than 50 scientific articles related to elite suppressors, and he has been interviewed extensively in the popular and scientific press.


Sudanese Red Crescent

The Sudanese Red Crescent (SRC) is the biggest and most decentralized and widespread humanitarian organization operating in Sudan. The society developed out of the Sudan branch of the British Red Cross Society and was established in 1956. Upon Sudan's independence in March 1956 received official recognition as an independent National Society following the Sudanese Council of Ministers decree No. 869. The National Society covers nearly the entire country with 15 State branches and several sub-branches/units in the provinces/localities and administrative units, with a nationwide community-based network of 35,000 active volunteers and another 300,000 who can be deployed as need arises. It has well-established working relations with public authorities at federal, state and local levels, and good partnership and collaboration with Movement partners and UN specialized agencies and national and international NGOs working in Sudan.
The SRCS law has been proclaimed by the authority in June 2010, giving the National Society a strong legal base and clear mandate to run First Aid, emergency response, health interventions and other humanitarian operations. The Society is well known by the public for its humanitarian work and community service through many years of emergency relief and community-based programming, and through close collaboration with national and international organizations as well as relevant government departments.
Over the past four years, the National Society has taken significant steps to address fundamental structural and organizational change. A process of decentralization and the establishment of autonomous state branches, as well as the development of an active and participatory community-based volunteer network has been initiated to make the National Society more accessible, responsible and accountable.
Vision.
Thriving organization, civil society leader, an effective partner and a trust service provider, active throughout Sudan.
Mission.
Improve the quality of life of vulnerable groups by promotion and strengthening capacities of local communities.
Strategic Core Areas
The core areas could be summarized in the following:
With the support of the ICRC and other Movement Partners, in 2010–2011, the SRCS successfully managed the largest humanitarian operations it ever had in relation to the National Election and Referendum of South Sudan. The NS mobilized over 20,000 trained and equipped volunteers and 75 ambulances.
In the context of the recent conflict that has broken in three Protocol Areas, in several places which has created new displacement. Access has been severely limited for many humanitarian actors, yet the SRCS has intervened through the emergency action teams and remained one of the few humanitarian agencies with thousands of trained volunteers providing relief assistance without discrimination to all affected people, with in-kind support from both RC/RC movement and External partners.
Projects.
Sudanese Red Crescent implements various humanitarian programmes and projects that include but not limited to:
Health.
Sudanese Red Crescent (SRC) is prioritizing various health services, community health programs (health education, sanitation, awareness campaigns and community based activities (first-aid and HIV/AIDS) as well as response activities to the emerging diseases and epidemics. Drinking water and sanitation projects are also being carried out by SRCS in order to provide safe, adequate drinking water and sanitation facilities as well as taking relevant topics in health education. SRCS is using training manuals for Community Based First Aid (CBFA), Primary Health Care (PHC) and Home Nursing. Trainers are the backbone of the process. SRCS has motivated and dedicated trainers in the branches as well as the HQ, and continue to organize training of trainers workshops to maintain the required number of trainers.
First Aid.
Community Based Health First Aid (CBHFA) is one of the core competencies of the SRCS. Poor health services coverage (40 – 60 percent) of the population and primary health care with coverage of 10 to 30 percent demonstrates the needs in the rural level with community health care. The purpose of CBHFA in the community is to empower the communities to improve their health situation and encourage healthier and safer lifestyles through behaviour change. The volunteer trained in CBHFA is part of the community. CBHFA activities are based upon a core of knowledge and skills as well as some optional ones according to the specific health profile of the community.
Epidemic Preparedness.
Irregular outbreaks and high prevalence of communicable diseases such as malaria, meningitis, water related diseases, low coverage of vaccine preventable diseases demonstrate the role health promotion prevention and disease surveillance can play in the communities in Sudan. The community health volunteers receive training on prevention and control of prevailing infectious and endemic diseases in their own community. Volunteers organize their communities to identify the health problems and find possible solutions to their problems. They l coordinate with the authorities and work with the community leaders to obtain their support.
Mine Risk Reduction.
Sudanese Red Crescent (SRC) and its partners work towards mine-risk reduction through various activities that include ; mine detection, mine clearance, destroying or disposing of landmines, and providing mine-risk education.
Tracing.
Since its establishment, SRCS has been mandated to assist victims in time of war, and the 1949 Geneva Conventions are the main legal basis for this mandate. Tracing is carried out to locate family members who may have been separated, lost contact, taken as prisoners or gone missing as a result of wars, natural disasters, political upheavals or social problems. After being located this program enables them to reestablish contact, and if possible reunited, with their family members and relatives.
Disaster Management.
Sudanese Red Crescent (SRC) focuses on community-based disaster preparedness, which based on the belief that the first people to respond to a disaster are those living the area. This community should be able to start rescue and relief operations on their own. Projects developed by SRCS assist communities to reduce their vulnerability to disasters and also strengthen their capability.
Aids Program.
The Sudanese Red Crescent is an active member of the Sudan National AIDS Control Programme (SNAP) and the Country Theme Group (CTG) as well as the Sudan Aids Network (SAN), which is a consortium of Non Governmental Organizations working on HIV/AIDS control.
In addition, the Sudanese Red Crescent has specific service agreements and works closely with the Ministry of Health and has an important and expanding role to continue to support the most vulnerable - especially youth, women and children - through the delivery of well-targeted programmes in the areas of communicable disease control, HIV/AIDS education and reproductive health.
Community Health Volunteer Program.
The objectives of the program are to address the basic health needs of the most vulnerable communities, increase awareness among the high risk groups and the community on health care, provision and first aid, reduce the number of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters, reduce the number of illnesses and impact from diseases and public health emergencies and prevention and control of water borne diseases.
Water and Sanitation.
This programme aims at contributing to integrated, healthy, peaceful Sudanese communities in all Sudan states by addressing the most urgent unmet humanitarian needs in the sector of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The programme also works to improve the environmental health conditions through increased access to and utilization of water, sanitation and hygiene awareness rising services.


Phenotypic testing of mycobacteria

In microbiology, the phenotypic testing of mycobacteria uses a number of methods. The most-commonly used phenotypic tests to identify and distinguish "Mycobacterium" strains and species from each other are described below.
Tests.
"Media": KH2PO4 (0.5 g), MgSO>4*7H20 (0.5 g), purified agar (20 g), distilled water (1000 ml). The medium is supplemented with acetamide to a final concentration of 0.02M, adjusted to a pH of 7.0 and sterilized by autoclaving at 115°C for 30 minutes. After sloping, the medium is inoculated with one loop of the cultures and incubated. Growth is read after incubation for two weeks (rapid growers) or four weeks (slow growers).
Arylsulfatase enzyme is present in most mycobacteria. The rate by which arylsulfatase enzyme breaks down phenolphthalein disulfate into phenolphthalein (which forms a red color in the presence of sodium bicarbonate) and other salts is used to differentiate certain strains of Mycobacteria. 3 day arylsulfatase test is used to identify potentially pathogenic rapid growers such as M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. Slow growing M. marinum and M. szulgai are positive in the 14-day arylsulfatase test.
Most mycobacteria produce the enzyme catalase, but they vary in the quantity produced. Also, some forms of catalase are inactivated by heating at 68°C for 20 minutes (others are stable). Organisms producing the enzyme catalase have the ability to decompose hydrogen peroxide into water and free oxygen. The test differs from that used to detect catalase in other types of bacteria by using 30% hydrogen peroxide in a strong detergent solution (10% polysorbate 80).
Sole carbon source
Growth on Löwenstein–Jensen medium (LJ medium)
Sole carbon and nitrogen source
The growth rate is the length of time required to form mature colonies visible without magnification on solid media. Mycobacteria forming colonies visible to the naked eye within seven days on subculture are known as rapid growers, while those requiring longer periods are termed slow growers.
The ability to take up iron from an inorganic iron containing reagent helps differentiate some species of mycobacteria.
Lebek is a semisolid medium used to test the oxygen preferences of mycobacterial isolates. Aerophilic growth is indicated by growth on (and above) the surface of the glass wall of the tube; microaerophilic growth is indicated by growth below the surface.
Niacin is formed as a metabolic byproduct by all mycobacteria, but some species possess an enzyme that converts free niacin to niacin ribonucleotide. "M. tuberculosis" (and some other species) lack this enzyme, and accumulate niacin as a water-soluble byproduct in the culture medium.
Mycobacteria containing nitroreductase catalyze the reduction from nitrate to nitrite. The presence of nitrite in the test medium is detected by addition of sulfanilamide and n-naphthylethylendiamine. If nitrate is present, red diazonium dye is formed.
Some mycobacteria produce carotenoid pigments without light; others require photoactivation for pigment production. Photochromogens produce non-pigmented colonies when grown in the dark, and pigmented colonies after exposure to light and re-incubation. Scotochromogens produce deep-yellow-to-orange colonies when grown in either light or darkness. Non-photochromogens are non-pigmented in light and darkness or have a pale-yellow, buff or tan pigment which does not intensify after light exposure.
Grows on Sauton agar containing picric acid (0.2% w/v) after three weeks
Some mycobacteria produce carotenoid pigments without light; others require photoactivation for pigment production (see photoreactivity, above).
The deamidation of pyrazinamide to pyrazinoic acid (assumed to be the active component of the drug pyrazinamide) in four days is a useful physiologic characteristic by which "M. tuberculosis"-complex members can be distinguished.
Growth on LJ medium containing 5% NaCl
The growth of "M. bovis" and M. africanum subtype II is inhibited by thiophene-2carboxylic acid hydrazide; growth of "M. tuberculosis" and "M. africanum" subtype I is uninhibited.
A test for lipase using polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, a detergent). Certain mycobacteria possess a lipase that splits it into oleic acid and polyoxyethylated sorbitol. The test solution also contains phenol red, which is stabilised by the polysorbate 80; when the latter 80 is hydrolysed, the phenol red changes from yellow to pink.
With an inoculation loop, several loopfuls of mycobacteria test colonies are transferred to 0.5 mL of urease substrate, mixed to emulsify and incubated at 35 °C for three days; a colour change (from amber-yellow to pink-red) is sought.


Vijay Anand Reddy

Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy (born 20 October 1959) is an Indian oncologist known for his contributions to the field of Cancer. He serves as the director and senior consultant oncologist at Apollo Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad. He is also the past President of Association of Radiation Oncologists of India & Chairman of Indian College of Radiation Oncology.
Life and career.
Reddy was born in the Hyderabad city in Telangana state. He graduated in medicine (MBBS) from the Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad in 1982. His master's degree was also obtained from the same institution in 1992. He also secured a DNB in Radiation Oncology National Board of Examinations, New Delhi.
He also served as a consultant ocular oncologist at the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute from 1998. In 2002, he was appointed as the director & senior consultant at Apollo Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad. In 2003 he founded CURE foundation for the poor so they could avail the best of cancer care.
He has served as a member on numerous prestigious committees and bodies, including the American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, European Society of Medical Oncology, Union for International Cancer Control, Indian Society of Oncology and others. He has also received international fellowships from Clinical Oncology Fellowship of the Meyerstein Institute of Clinical Oncology, London; Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Foundation Fellowship of the New York Hospital, New York; Ocular Oncology Fellowship at Wills Eye Hospital and Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, and, Head and Neck Oncology Fellowship at Peter McCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne.


Gustavo Bounous

Gustavo Bounous was a research medical doctor.
He was born in Luserna, Italy on July 10, 1928. He was educated at the University of Turin and at the University of Genoa. Then, he worked as a research fellow in surgery at the Indiana Medical Center. In 1963 he moved to Canada. He became a professor of surgery, successively at the Université de Sherbrooke, 1973–1985, after that, at McGill University, 1985–1993. He died at the age of 83 on December 29, 2011.
Research development.
In 1978 he began research at McGill on a dietary protein source that would boost immune system performance. Bounous contends that a deficiency in the protein glutathione is linked to several diseases, and that a lack of innate cysteine that inhibits glutathione production.
Cysteine-Rich Protein Reverses Weight Loss in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy Molecular pathogenesis and prevention of prostate cancer. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment. The use of a whey protein concentrate in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma: a phase I-II clinical study. Competition for glutathione precursors between the immune system and the skeletal muscle: pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome.


Claude Malhuret

Claude Malhuret is a French politician. He represents the department of Allier in the French Senate. Previously, Malhuret served as the mayor of Vichy, France.
He was born on 8 March 1950 in Strasbourg. After completing his doctorate in medicine at the University of Paris, he worked as a hospital intern. In 1973, Malhuret participated in some voluntary overseas work with Coopération Française, before being employed by the World Health Organization.
Malhuret was elected president of Médecins Sans Frontières in 1977. Malhuret's humanitarian aid was beginning to be noticed, and in 1978 he became the President of France's overseas relief agency. He was the Secretary of State for Human Rights from 1986 to 1988 in the French government.
Malhuret was elected mayor of Vichy and President of the Vichy Urban District in 1989. He initiated a massive programme to modernize and restore the glory of the town, alongside other economic partners. This included the construction of a vast pedestrian area, upgrading of various hotels and renovation of the spas and Opera House.
Malhuret stepped down to Vice-President of the Vichy Urban District in 2001, but remains the mayor of Vichy.
He was elected to the French senate on 28 September 2014.


Umbilical ring

The umbilical ring is a dense fibrous ring surrounding the umbilicus at birth. At about the sixth week of embryological development, the midgut herniates through the umbilical ring; six weeks later it returns to the abdominal cavity and rotates around the superior mesenteric artery.
Dense embryonic connective tissue encircles the attachment of the umbilical cord. It forms an umbilical ring of mesodermal condensation surrounding the coelomic portal, and is present in the 16 mm. embryo, but more emphatically so in the 23 mm. embryo. The compact tissue first appears in the stalk mesoderm, situated superficial to the allantoic vessels. Cranially it lies ventral to the umbilical vein and on each side extends into the tissue of the lateral pillars of the cord bounding the coelom. When the myotomic downgrowths reach the ventral aspect, their anterior portions (i.e. the sheaths of the recti muscles) become continuous with the tissue of the umbilical ring.
Umbilical Hernia.
When the umbilical ring has failed to close during the gestation (pregnancy) which results in a central defect in the lineal alba. Umbilical hernias are smaller than one centimeter in size that it is present at birth but will only close in four to five years of life. In some cases, hernias don't need any surgical repair but when it is larger in size that protrusion is blighting to the parent and the child, it would require to get an early surgical repair. It is more common in women with increased intra-abdominal pressure during pregnancy.


Arnold Ludwig Gotthilf Heller

Arnold Ludwig Gotthilf Heller (1 May 1840 – 1913) was a German anatomist and pathologist who was a native of Kleinheubach am Main, Bavaria.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Erlangen, Berlin and Leipzig, and as a student had as instructors Friedrich Albert von Zenker (1825-1898), Carl Ludwig (1816-1895) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). In 1866 he received his medical doctorate, and in 1869 was habilitated at Erlangen. In 1872 he became professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy at the University of Kiel.
In 1899 Heller proved that syphilis was a cause of aortic aneurysm, and with his assistant Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle (1855-1928), he described syphilitic aortitis, a condition sometimes referred to as "Döhle-Heller syndrome".
In 1869 he demonstrated how lymph propulsion takes place in the lymph vessels.


Jacob Hines

Jacob Albert "Doc" Hines (May 1, 1927 – March 3, 2020) was an American politician, veterinarian, and beef farmer.
Hines was born in West Salem, Ohio on May 1, 1927, and graduated from Homer High School in Homerville, Ohio. Hines served in the U.S. Army from 1945 to 1947 before returning to attended college. He received a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Ohio State University in 1953.
Hines moved to Oxford, Wisconsin, where he worked as a veterinarian and beef farmer. He served on the school board for the Westfield School District from 1969 to 1981. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 2001 special election. He won re-election in 2002, 2004, and 2006. He was defeated in the 2008 election by Democrat Fred Clark.
Hines retired from his veterinary practice in 2004. In 2012, Hines moved to Texas and died there at the age of 92 on March 3, 2020.


Lynn Ponton

Dr. Lynn Elisabeth Ponton (born 3 October 1951) is a child and adolescent psychiatrist and professor at the University of California, San Francisco. She is the author of the books "The Sex Lives of Teenagers" and "The Romance of Risk". Her work in the area of adolescent risk-taking has had a high profile at a time of newfound sexual conservatism. Her media publications include MTV, "Salon.com", "60 Minutes", and many more.


Donald F. Klein

Donald Franklin Klein (September 4, 1928 – August 7, 2019) was an American psychiatrist known for his work on anxiety disorders.
From 1976 until his emeritate in 2006, he was professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York and medical director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute.
He is well known for his approach to psychopharmacological dissection, which, he argued, allowed one to 'pierce through the fascinating, confusing web of symptoms and dysfunctions to tease out the major participant variables by attending to specific drug effects'.


Naval Medical Research Unit Four

Naval Medical Research Unit Four (NAMRU-4) was a research laboratory of the US Navy which was commissioned 31 May 1946 at the Naval Hospital in Dublin, Georgia as the Mcintire
Research Unit for Rheumatic Fever, which was named for the Surgeon General of the United States Navy Ross T. Mcintire. Initial staffing was 4 physicians, 4 laboratory technicians and 4 laboratory helpers under the command of LCDR John R. Seal. Eighteen months after commissioning the Navy transferred Dublin Naval Hospital to the Veterans Affairs system and the Secretary of the Navy re-established NAMRU-4 at Great Lakes Naval Base on the grounds of the Naval Hospital to study acute respiratory diseases in military personnel with a focus on their prevention. Lieutenant Commander Seal remained the Officer in Charge. The location at Great Lakes made it ideal as this was a large recruit training command with members arriving from all over the United States and being housed in military barracks and therefore would be expected to experience outbreaks of respiratory illness periodically. Diseases studied included:
In 1954 NAMRU-4 would be the first microbiology lab to ever isolate influenza virus in tissue culture. In the same year they would be the first lab to ever identify influenza B virus.
NAMRU-4 was disestablished in 1974.
References.
Navy Research timeline
Naval Medical Research Unit No 4. History and accomplishments: an introduction to NAMRU-4. Great Lakes, IL: Naval Medical Research Unit No. 4; 1972.
Epidemiology and Prevention of Acute Respiratory Disease in Naval Recruits
[ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/55/1/67.pdf AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS PATTERNS
IN NAVY AND MARINE CORPS RECRUITS]
FIELD TRIAL OF THE EFFICACY OF A PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED REGIMEN USING MINOCYCLINE AND RIFAMPIN SEQUENTIALLY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF MENINGOCOCCI FROM HEALTHY CARRIERS
Protection of a Military Population From Rheumatic Fever


Ralph Crystal

Ralph M. Crystal is an American psychologist, professor and author, currently the Wallace Charles Hill Professor of Rehabilitation Education at University of Kentucky, and his books have been collected by libraries worldwide.


William T. Beaver

William Thomas Beaver (January 27, 1933 – November 12, 2020) was an American medical researcher and educator. He was a professor at Georgetown University. He is best known for his role in drafting the first versions of the rules governing clinical studies in the United States, and for his research into medical usage of painkilling drugs.
Education and career.
Beaver was born in Albany, New York on January 27, 1933. He received an undergraduate degree from Princeton University in 1954. He went on to the Cornell University medical school for his MD, which he completed in 1958.
After a few years as an instructor and assistant professor at Cornell, Beaver moved to the Washington, D.C. area in 1968, where he began work at Georgetown University as an associate professor of pharmacology and anesthesiology. He remained at Georgetown through his career, and upon his retirement in 1997, was given the title of professor emeritus.
Beaver died from complications of COVID-19 in a care facility in Leesburg, Virginia on November 12, 2020.
Work.
Beaver is known for his research during the 1970s on the clinical use of painkillers, which helped to establish evidence-based guidelines for the use of painkillers in treatment of post-surgical and chronic pain.
While a clinical pharmacologist at Georgetown University, Beaver created the first version of the rules governing "adequate and controlled" clinical studies.


Sir John Broadbent, 2nd Baronet

Sir John Francis Harpin Broadbent, 2nd Baronet FRCP (16 October 1865 – 21 January 1946) was an English physician at St Mary's Hospital, London.
He was the elder son of the neurologist Sir William Henry Broadbent, 1st Baronet and his wife Eliza "née" Harpin. John was educated at Rugby School and Hertford College, Oxford. He entered St. Mary's Hospital while his father was still an active staff member. He was dean of the Medical School from 1910 to 1920. In 1908 he was secretary of the Section of Medicine at the Sheffield Meeting of the British Medical Association.
With his father William, John wrote "Heart Disease and Aneurism of the Aorta" in 1897, fourth edition in 1906.
He contributed the and articles for the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.