Constant-velocity joint

Constant-velocity joints (also known as homokinetic or CV joints) allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a variable angle, at constant rotational speed, without an appreciable increase in friction or play. They are mainly used in front wheel drive vehicles. Modern rear wheel drive cars with independent rear suspension typically use CV joints at the ends of the rear axle halfshafts and increasingly use them on the drive shaft.
Constant-velocity joints are protected by a rubber boot, a "CV gaiter", usually filled with molybdenum disulfide grease. Cracks and splits in the boot will allow contaminants in, which would cause the joint to wear quickly as grease leaks out. (Parts in contact would not get proper lubrication, small particulates would cause damage and scratching, while water ingress causes metal components to rust and corrode.) Wear of the boot often takes the form of small cracks, which appear closer to the wheel, because the wheel produces most of the vibration and up and down motions. Cracks and tears in the areas closer to the axle are usually caused by external factors, such as packed snow, stones or uneven rocky off-road paths. Aging and chemical damage can also cause boot failure.
History.
The universal joint, one of the earliest means of transmitting power between two angled shafts, was invented by Gerolamo Cardano in the 16th century. The fact that it failed to maintain constant velocity during rotation was recognized by Robert Hooke in the 17th century, who proposed the first constant velocity joint, consisting of two Cardan joints offset by 90 degrees, so as to cancel out the velocity variations. This is the "double Cardan". Many different types of constant-velocity joints have been invented since then.
Early automotive drive systems.
Early front wheel drive systems such as those used on the 1930s Citroën Traction Avant and the front axles of Land Rover and similar four wheel drive vehicles used universal joints, where a cross-shaped metal pivot sits between two forked carriers. These are not CV joints as, except for specific configurations, they result in a variation of the angular velocity. They are simple to make and can be tremendously strong and are still used to provide a flexible coupling in some propshafts, where there is not very much movement. However, they become "notchy" and difficult to turn when operated at extreme angles.
The first CV joints.
As front wheel drive systems became more popular, with cars such as the BMC Mini using compact transverse engine layouts, the shortcomings of universal joints in front axles became more and more apparent. Based on a design by Alfred H. Rzeppa which was filed for patent in 1927 (a CV joint, the Tracta joint, designed by Pierre Fenaille at Jean-Albert Grégoire's Tracta company was filed for patent in 1926), constant velocity joints solved many of these problems. They allowed a smooth transfer of power despite the wide range of angles through which they were bent.
Tracta joints.
The Tracta joint works on the principle of the double tongue and groove joint. It comprises only four individual parts: the two forks (a.k.a. yokes, one driving and one driven) and the two semi-spherical sliding pieces (one called male or spigot swivel and another called female or slotted swivel) which interlock in a floating (movable) connection. Each yoke jaw engages a circular groove formed on the intermediate members. Both intermediate members are coupled together in turn by a swivel tongue and grooved joint. When the input and output shafts are inclined at some working angle to each other, the driving intermediate member accelerates and decelerates during each revolution. Since the central tongue and groove joint are a quarter of a revolution out of phase with the yoke jaws, the corresponding speed fluctuation of the driven intermediate and output jaw members exactly counteracts and neutralizes the speed variation of the input half member. Thus the output speed change is identical to that of the input drive, providing constant velocity rotation.
Rzeppa joints.
A Rzeppa joint (invented by Alfred H. Rzeppa in 1926) consists of a spherical inner shell with 6 grooves in it and a similar enveloping outer shell. Each groove guides one ball. The input shaft fits in the centre of a large, steel, star-shaped "gear" that nests inside a circular cage. The cage is spherical but with ends open, and it typically has six openings around the perimeter. This cage and gear fit into a grooved cup that has a splined and threaded shaft attached to it. Six large steel balls sit inside the cup grooves and fit into the cage openings, nestled in the grooves of the star gear. The output shaft on the cup then runs through the wheel bearing and is secured by the axle nut. This joint can accommodate the large changes of angle when the front wheels are turned by the steering system; typical Rzeppa joints allow 45°–48° of articulation, while some can give 54°. At the "outboard" end of the driveshaft a slightly different unit is used. The end of the driveshaft is splined and fits into the outer "joint". It is typically held in place by a circlip.
Birfield joints.
The Birfield joint is a type of constant-velocity joint based on the Rzeppa joint, but with the six balls confined using elliptical tracks rather than a cage. They have improved efficiency and are widely used in modern cars for the outboard driveshaft joints. The Birfield joint was developed by Birfield Industries and came into widespread use with the development of front-wheel drive cars such as the Mini.
Weiss joints.
A Weiss joint consists of two identical ball yokes which are positively located (usually) by four balls. The two joints are centered by means of a ball with a hole in the middle. Two balls in circular tracks transmit the torque while the other two preload the joint and ensure there is no backlash when the direction of loading changes.
Its construction differs from that of the Rzeppa in that the balls are a tight fit between two halves of the coupling and that no cage is used. The center ball rotates on a pin inserted in the outer race and serves as a locking medium for the four other balls. When both shafts are in line, that is, at an angle of 180 degrees, the balls lie in a plane that is 90 degrees to the shafts. If the driving shaft remains in the original position, any movement of the driven shaft will cause the balls to move one half of the angular distance. For example, when the driven shaft moves through an angle of 20 degrees, the angle between the two shafts is reduced to 160 degrees. The balls will move 10 degrees in the same direction, and the angle between the driving shaft and the plane in which the balls lie will be reduced to 80 degrees. This action fulfills the requirement that the balls lie in the plane that bisects the angle of drive. This type of Weiss joint is known as the Bendix-Weiss joint.
The most advanced plunging joint which works on the Weiss principle is the six-ball star joint of Kurt Enke. This type uses only three balls to transmit the torque, while the remaining three center and hold it together. The balls are preloaded and the joint is completely encapsulated.
Tripod joints.
Tripod joints are used at the inboard end of car driveshafts. The joints were developed by Michel Orain, of Glaenzer Spicer of Poissy, France. This joint has a three-pointed yoke attached to the shaft, which has barrel-shaped roller bearings on the ends. These fit into a cup with three matching grooves, attached to the differential. Since there is only significant movement in one axis, this simple arrangement works well. These also allow an axial 'plunge' movement of the shaft, so that engine rocking and other effects do not preload the bearings. A typical Tripod joint has up to 50 mm of plunge travel, and 26 degrees of angular articulation. The tripod joint does not have as much angular range as many of the other joint types, but tends to be lower in cost and more efficient. Due to this it is typically used in rear wheel drive vehicle configurations or on the inboard side of front wheel drive vehicles where the required range of motion is lower.
Double Cardan.
Double Cardan joints are similar to double Cardan shafts, except that the length of the intermediate shaft is shortened leaving only the yokes; this effectively allows the two Hooke's joints to be mounted back to back. DCJs are typically used in steering columns, as they eliminate the need to correctly phase the universal joints at the ends of the intermediate shaft (IS), which eases packaging of the IS around the other components in the engine bay of the car. They are also used to replace Rzeppa style constant-velocity joints in applications where high articulation angles, or impulsive torque loads are common, such as the driveshafts and halfshafts of rugged four wheel drive vehicles. Double Cardan joints require a centering element that will maintain equal angles between the driven and driving shafts for true constant velocity rotation. This centering device requires additional torque to accelerate the internals of the joint and does generate some additional vibration at higher speeds.
Thompson joint.
The Thompson constant velocity joint (TCVJ), also known as a Thompson coupling, assembles two cardan joints within each other to eliminate the intermediate shaft. A control yoke is added to keep the input and output shafts aligned. The control yoke uses a spherical pantograph scissor mechanism to bisect the angle between the input and output shafts and to maintain the joints at a relative phase angle of zero. The alignment ensures constant angular velocity at all joint angles. Eliminating the intermediate shaft and keeping the input shafts aligned in the homokinetic plane greatly reduces the induced shear stresses and vibration inherent in double cardan shafts. While the geometric configuration does not maintain constant velocity for the control yoke that aligns the cardan joints, the control yoke has minimal inertia and generates little vibration. Continuous use of a standard Thompson coupling at a straight-through, zero-degree angle will cause excessive wear and damage to the joint; a minimum offset of 2 degrees between the input and output shafts is needed to reduce control yoke wear. Modifying the input and output yokes so that they are not precisely normal to their respective shafts can alter or eliminate the "disallowed" angles.
The novel feature of the coupling is the method for geometrically constraining the pair of cardan joints within the assembly by using, for example, a spherical four bar scissors linkage (spherical pantograph) and it is the first coupling to have this combination of properties.
The coupling earned its inventor, Glenn Thompson, the Australian Society for Engineering in Agriculture Engineering Award.
Malpezzi joints.
Designed and patented by Antonio Malpezzi (at the time owner of a CV remanufacturing company in Italy) in 1976, this joint consists of a cage with a spherical inner with a shaped mouth. The input shaft fits on the centre of a sphere with two rectangular grooves. To assemble it, the spherical driving ball is inserted in the cage by matching the two grooves with the narrowest part of the cage's mouth, rotated 90°. Then two steel blocks are inserted in the grooves and locked in place with a bolt running through the cage's side.
This joint was extensively tested for possible automotive application but proved to be unable to cope with the articulation needed for such a use. It was widely used in Italy in agriculture, as it was better suited than a Cardan joint to rotate at high speed and cheaper than a Rzeppa joint. By the early '90s, with the appearance on the market of Rzeppa joints produced in Asia, its production became uneconomic and it was discontinued.


Oehler system

The Oehler system (also spelled Öhler) is a system for clarinet keys developed by Oskar Oehler. Based on the Müller system clarinet, the system adds tone holes to correct intonation and acoustic deficiencies, notably of the alternately-fingered notes B♭ and F. The system has more keys than the Böhm system, up to 27 in the Voll-Oehler system (full Oehler system). It also has a narrower bore and a longer, narrower mouthpiece leading to a slightly different sound. It is used mostly in Germany and Austria. Major developments include the patent C♯, low E-F correction, fork-F/B♭ correction and fork B♭ correction. Fingering charts can be found for example in this reference.
In the case of finger systems for the clarinet, which are based on the Oehler system, one speaks today mostly of the "German system", and of finger systems that are based on the Boehm system (clarinet), of the "French system."
Oehler system clarinet makers.
Oskar Oehler had three students: F. Arthur Uebel, Ludwig Warschewski and K.F. Todt. Uebel and Todt are legendary clarinet makers in Germany, while Warschewski moved to Stockholm and became the solo clarinetist of Stockholm Philharmonic. Warschewski bought semi-finished Uebel clarinets and worked on the bore and mechanics. His clarinets are used by famous clarinetists like Dieter Klöcker. Uebel clarinets were used by Karl Leister when he first joined the Berlin Philharmonic; later he changed to Herbert Wurlitzer Clarinets made before the 1970s sounded very much like the Uebel clarinets while the bigger bore gave them better intonation. After the 1970s, Wurlitzer made some modifications to their design. Wurlitzer clarinets are now used in the great majority of German orchestras. They are very expensive, but some Wurlitzer apprentices are producing similar clarinets for less.


Associated British Hat Manufacturers

Associated British Hat Manufacturers Ltd was a holding company formed in 1966, by merging five of Britain's largest felt hat manufacturers. The intention was to rationalize a struggling industry that faced a declining market and foreign competition.
After the merger production was concentrated at the Christy factory in Stockport and the Wilson's factory in Denton. In 1980, ABHM sold the entire share capital of its subsidiary Christy & Co to Cadogan Oakley for £1.2 million. This resulted in the closure of the Wilson's factory, and all remaining hat production being consolidated into the Christy factory, which later closed in 1997.


Stewart Pollens

Stewart Pollens is an expert on historical musical instruments. His work includes restoration, analysis, and scholarly publication; and it embraces keyboard instruments (the harpsichord and fortepiano) as well as historical stringed instruments such as the violin and cello. Andrew Manze has called him "one of the world’s foremost authorities on musical instruments."
Life and career.
Stewart Pollens was born in New York in 1949 and trained as a violin and keyboard-instrument maker. In the 1970s he apprenticed with harpsichord builder John Challis and studied violin-making with Mittenwald faculty at the University of New Hampshire. From 1976 to 2006 he served as the Conservator of Musical Instruments at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. His work there included the restoration and maintenance of the museum's encyclopedic collection of over 5,000 instruments, as well as research, writing, and lecturing on the collection.
After leaving the Metropolitan Museum, Pollens formed Violin Advisor, LLC, a consulting firm that authenticates and evaluates fine violins. In addition to his work there, Pollens restores stringed and early keyboard instruments for private collectors and museums (including an early New York piano for the Merchant's House Museum, an English bentside spinet for the Van Cortland House, and a Viennese fortepiano for the Morris-Jumel Mansion). He has done keyboard restoration and recording preparation work for Leonard Bernstein, Paul Badura-Skoda, John Browning, Mieczyslaw Horszowski, Byron Janis, Igor Kipnis, and many others. Among the more unusual instruments that he has restored are an accordion once owned by Alice "In Wonderland" P. Liddell and a tambourine painted by Toulouse-Lautrec.
Throughout his two careers as museum conservator and independent conservator and consultant, Pollens has carried out extensive historical research (see sections below for his books and a list of scholarly articles); and he is a contributor to "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" and "The Strad."
Pollens is married to the concert violinist Stephanie Chase.
Research.
Pollens's research findings include the source of the design for the decorative inlay of Stradivari 's "Greffuhle" violin and a chemical analysis of Stradivari's violin varnish. In 1999, Pollens challenged the authenticity of the world's most famous violin, the Ashmolean Museum's Messiah Stradivarius, in a series of articles published in the "Journal of the Violin Society of America". The controversy initiated by these articles and presentations at the Violin Society of America and the American Federation of Violin Makers was widely reported.
Books.
"The Violin Forms of Antonio Stradivari" (1992) contains life-size photographs of all of the extant wood forms and patterns used by Stradivari in the construction of his violins, violas, and cellos, and includes an analysis of their geometry. It was described by one reviewer as "the standard work on the evolution of Stradivarius's designs."
"Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù" (1994) features 200 life-size color photographs taken by Pollens and complete technical documentation of the twenty-five Guarneri violins that were displayed in the "Masterpieces of Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù" exhibition held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1994. Containing newly discovered biographical and historical information, this is the most thorough study to date of this great maker and his work. Pollens contributed the chapter on dendrochronology, a scientific procedure used to determine the age of the wood used in making violins.
"The Early Pianoforte" (1995) traces the history of the piano from its invention up to the mid 18th century. It offers thorough coverage of the career of Bartolomeo Cristofori, widely acknowledged as having invented the piano in Florence around 1700, but rather contentiously suggests that Cristofori should not be called the instrument's inventor. In support of this claim it carefully goes through the threads of evidence that can be found for the existence of piano-like instruments dating as far back as 1440. The book examines the work of makers including Henri Arnaut de Zwolle, Cristofori, Giovanni Ferrini, Domenico del Mela, Henrique Van Casteel, Joachim José Antunes, Francisco Pérez Mirabal, Gottfried Silbermann, and Christian Ernst Friederici.
In "François-Xavier Tourte: Bow Maker" (2001) Pollens and co-author Henryk Kaston provide a technical description of Francois Tourte's working methods and offer new biographical facts based upon previously unpublished documents discovered in French archives.
"Stradivari" (2010) includes new biographical information and detailed analyses of Stradivari's workshop materials preserved in the Museo Stradivariano in Cremona.
"The Manual of Musical Instrument Conservation" (2015) is the first comprehensive guide to the care and maintenance of historic instruments.
"Bartolomeo Cristofori and the Invention of the Piano" was published by Cambridge University Press in 2017. It is the first comprehensive study of the life and work of Bartolomeo Cristofori, the Paduan-born harpsichord maker who is credited with having invented the pianoforte around the year 1700 while working in the Medici court in Florence. Through thorough analysis of documents preserved in the state archive of Florence, Pollens has reconstructed Cristofori's working life between his arrival in Florence in 1688 and his death in 1732. All of his extant instruments are described in technical detail.
"A History of Keyboard Instruments" will be published by Cambridge University Press in 2020.


Delbert Daisey

Delbert Lee "Cigar" Daisey (March 6, 1928 – April 19, 2017), known as "Cigar" Daisey, was an American waterfowl wood carver and decoy maker. He was the son of Herbert Lee Daisey and Emma Jane Daisey. He was born, lived and worked in Chincoteague, Virginia, and was the resident carver at the Refuge Waterfowl Museum. His decoy carvings are recognized for both their artistic value and functionality as working pieces for waterfowl hunting. His works include black ducks, mallards, redheads, ruddys and red-breasted mergansers and often crafted in drake (male) and hen (female) pairs. He had carved about 1900 ducks in total and he generally used cork or wood as his medium. He carved his first duck out of balsa wood in 1940 at his father's wood shop. The Smithsonian has his works in their collection. He was given his nickname in 1945 by John Buckalew, Federal Game Warden and first manager of the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge because Daisey would leave cigar butts to taunt game wardens while poaching ducks on Assateague Island. Later in life, Daisey was an avid conservationist.
One of the most valuable pieces he ever made was a pintail in 1973, as a present for his wife. That was the only fully decorative decoy he had ever made, and was featured in "National Geographic" magazine, June 1980, page 826. The decoy was estimated to be worth $150,000.


Engineer Light Ponton Company

An Engineer Light Ponton Company was a combat engineer company of the United States Army that served with U.S. Army ground forces during World War II. It was primarily a highly mobile pontoon bridge construction unit, though it also provided both M2 assault boats and a selection of infantry support bridging, ferries, and rafts.
Mission.
The combat engineer unit was organized and trained to transport and maintain its stream-crossing equipage, to construct floating bridges and rafts with this equipage, to guard and maintain completed bridges, to regulate traffic thereon, and to dismantle bridges and rafts. They are responsible for construction of floating bridges and rafts assisted by general engineer troops. Light ponton companies may be attached to divisions engaged in stream-crossing operations in accordance with the tactical situation.
Capabilities.
Company capabilities included, but were not limited to:
Organization.
The light ponton company consisted of a headquarters platoon, two bridge platoons, and a light equipage platoon. Its equipment included:
Headquarters Platoon.
This platoon consisted of company headquarters and a service and repair section. Company headquarters-officer personnel consisted of the company commander and an administrative officer. Enlisted personnel handle routine administration, mess, and supply functions for the company. Service and repair section.-This section was commanded by a lieutenant. Personnel includes enlisted specialists for maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and heavy mechanical equipment, and operators of mechanized equipment and vehicles.
Bridge Platoon.
The bridge platoon consisted of platoon headquarters and a ponton section. Platoon headquarters-The platoon headquarters supervised and controlled activities of the ponton section, and was responsible for installation, maintenance, and operation of its field telephone equipment. The ponton section transports one unit of bridge equipage.
Light Equipage Platoon.
This platoon consisted of platoon headquarters, an assault boat section, a raft section, and a footbridge section. The platoon headquarters was responsible for the care and safe transportation of the equipage assigned to the platoon. The assault boat section cared for and transported M2 assault boats. The raft section cared for and transported the infantry support rafts and ferry sets. The footbridge section was responsible for maintaining and transporting footbridge units.
Equipment.
The company was equipped with basic engineer tool sets, including a motorized air compressor, a truck-mounted crane, and tractor-mounted angledozers. They also supported stream-crossing equipment stocked in engineer depots. This included:
Preparation and responsibilities.
Transportation.
The light ponton company had sufficient organic transportation for simultaneous movement of all personnel, equipment, and supplies.
Armament.
Individual weapons included carbine and pistol. Supporting weapons included .30 caliber heavy machine guns and .50 caliber machine guns.
Training.
Unit training included care and operation of transportation and heavy equipment assigned to the company, and nomenclature, use, repair, and maintenance of bridge equipage and light stream-crossing equipage. Engineers were trained in use of pontoon equipage including employment of outboard motors and training in repair of equipage is confined to repairs readily accomplished.
They engaged in frequent drills and field training in safe and rapid transportation of bridge equipage to crossing sites; in unloading and launching of equipage; in construction of bridges and rafts; in operational maintenance, care, guarding, and dismantling of bridges and rafts; and in loading of component parts on company vehicles.
Special effort was made in training to keep the bridge clear of drift and other floating objects, especial attention being given to anchor cables. Training in guarding bridges is of vital importance to insure uninterrupted flow of traffic.
Training all personnel in road movements including organization of columns, movements under cover of darkness, secrecy and discipline, security, and other fundamental principles prescribed in Army Field Manual FM 25-10. They were also trained in concealment of vehicles.
Combat training included the use of individual and supporting weapons for local security. Proficient gun crews were to be developed for employment of machine guns under defensive combat conditions.
Duties.
The light ponton company normally performed the following duties when in bivouac:
The light ponton company normally performed the following duties when not in bivouac:
References.
"This article incorporates text from the U.S. Army public domain publication FM 5-6 Engineer Field Manual. Operations of Engineer Field Units (23 April 1943)."


Peter Quince

Peter Quince is a character in William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream". He is one of the six mechanicals of Athens who perform the play which Quince himself authored, "The Most Lamentable Comedy and Most Cruel Death of Pyramus and Thisbe" for the Duke Theseus and his wife Hippolyta at their wedding.
Titania's Fairies also watch from a distance: Moth, Peaseblossom, Cobweb and Mustardseed.
His name is derived from "quines" or "quoins", which are wooden wedges used by carpenters.
Characterization.
Quince's amateurish playwriting is usually taken to be a parody of the popular mystery plays of the pre-Elizabethan era, which were also produced by craftspeople. His metrical preferences refer to vernacular ballads. Despite Quince's obvious shortcomings as a writer, Stanley Wells argues that he partly resembles Shakespeare himself. Both are from a craftsmanly background, both work quickly and both take secondary roles in their own plays. Robert Leach makes the same point.
In performing the play Quince recites the prologue but struggles to fit his lines into the meter and make the rhymes. The noble audience makes jocular comments, whilst the rest of the mechanicals struggle (except for Bottom, who rather confidently improvises).
Traditionally, Peter Quince is portrayed as a bookish character, caught up in the minute details of his play, but as a theatrical organizer. However, in the 1999 film version of "A Midsummer Night's Dream", he is portrayed by Roger Rees as a strong character extremely capable of being a director. It is he who leads the search party looking for Nick Bottom in the middle of the play.
Cultural references.
The character is named in the title of a Wallace Stevens poem, "Peter Quince at the Clavier", which is written in the first person as if spoken by Quince.


Christian Vater

Christian Vater (11 October 1679 – 25 January 1756) was a German organ and harpsichord builder.
He was born in Hanover; his father Martin Vater was an organ builder and gave him his first instruction in the craft. He went on to work for Arp Schnitger as a journeyman between 1697 and 1700. He worked independently from c.1702. He was organist to the court of the Elector of Hanover from 1708–1709, and became organ builder to the court in 1714, a role in which his son Johannes would follow him. By 1717 he had built or renovated thirty-three organs. He mainly worked in Hanover and surrounding places: Osnabrück and Oldenburg. Outside this area, he worked in Kassel and Darmstadt; he also built an organ for the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam, 1724–1726, and rebuilt an organ in the Westerkerk in 1726.
Aside from organs, he made harpsichords and clavichords. Only one harpsichord of his has survived, dated 1738, it has a single manual, two 8' choirs and a buff stop, is of short scale and strung in brass. It has a characteristic german double bentside and is rather modestly decorated with gilded geometric knots on the cheek an betstide. The instrument is well preserved (Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nüremberg, Germany) and of good quality, making it a popular model for copying.
His surviving organs are at Bockhorn, Oldenburg (1722); Oude Kerk, Amsterdam (1726); Wiefelstede, Oldenburg (c.1729); St Nikolai, Gifhorn (1748) and Hohenrode, Bad Hersfeld (1749); remnants such as cases and pipework survive elsewhere. His organs have well-balanced specifications and are typical of the late northern German Baroque organ.
Parisian harpsichord maker Antoine Vater was his brother, and taught Henri Hemsch.
See also.
List of historical harpsichord makers


Ball Square station

Ball Square station is an under-construction light rail station on the MBTA Green Line E Branch in the Ball Square neighborhood of Somerville and Medford, Massachusetts. Ball Square will consist of one island platform, which will serve the E Branch's two tracks.
History.
Railroad station.
The Boston and Lowell Railroad opened through Somerville and Medford in 1835, although local passenger stops were not added until several years later. By 1855, no station was yet opened at Broadway on the Somerville/Medford border. However, it soon became an unloading point for cattle bound for the Brighton Abattoir; the railroad built a cattle station in 1859, and passenger operations likely followed. By 1875, the station was named Willow Bridge and located on the west side of the tracks just north of Broadway. It was renamed North Somerville in the mid-1880s.
A southbound freight train derailed at the station on June 25, 1916, blocking the line for over 24 hours and attracting 10,000 onlookers.
Horsecars, and later streetcars consolidated under the Boston Elevated Railway, cut sharply into local railroad traffic. All stops inbound from North Somerville were closed prior to the 1950s. On April 18, 1958, the Public Utilities Commission approved a vast set of cuts to Boston and Maine Railroad commuter service, including the closure of North Somerville, Tufts College, and Medford Hillside stations. The three stations were closed on May 18, 1958, amid the first of a series of cuts. The station building, modified for other uses, remained standing until around 1990.
A Ball Square commuter rail station – either in addition to a Green Line station or in lieu of it – was listed as a possibility in 2012 as an interim air quality mitigation measure in response to delays in building the Green Line Extension. However, such a station would have been costly to build and could not have been completed by the 2015 deadline, and was thus not supported by MassDOT.
Green Line station.
In December 2016, projected completion of the station was delayed to 2021. Construction of the platform foundation was underway by August 2020.
Public art at the station will include "Tour Jeté Series" by Christine Vaillancourt – colored geometric glass forms located on the elevator tower – as well as historic images and views of Vaillancourt's artwork on panels on the station signs. , the station is expected to open in December 2021. Original plans called for the D Branch to be extended to Medford/Tufts. However, in April 2021, the MBTA indicated that the Medford Branch would instead be served by the E Branch.


Nick Smith (milliner)

Nick Smith (born 9 November 1979 in Liverpool, England) is a British milliner, fashion designer and socialite.
Biography.
Smith is best known as a hat designer or milliner. He is also a designer, socialite, author, recording artist, actor, venture capitalist and philanthropist.
Smith studied fashion design and technology at the London Institute London College of Fashion and specialized in accessories and millinery. His millinery company is based out of London, England; his central offices are based on Fifth Avenue, New York City and Liverpool, England.
Career.
Millinery.
Smith presented his début collection at the Cafe de Paris during the 2001 London Fashion Week.
In 2005 Smith presented an environmentally friendly clothing line at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Los Angeles using modal and other organic environmentally friendly fabrics.
In 2006 Smith won the Societas Style Award for designer of the year which recognized his visionary talent of environmental ethical clothing.
2008 fashionspace.com reported that Vogue announced Smith's return to London Fashion Week with Murder by Millinery, a collection which features vintage Jimmy Choo shoes worked into bonnets, to raise money for charity and become a touring exhibition after the end of LFW. Smith told Vogue that "the collection mixes both couture and art". Later this year Smith won the prestigious World Style Award for Accessory Designer of the Year.
2010 Smith launched the “Wonderland” collection in Dallas Texas. Inspired by Alice in Wonderland, Smith took the collection on a charitable “Tea Party Tour” of North America to promote the Nick Smith Foundation.
Other ventures.
2007 Smith tried his hand at yet another venture, launching the world’s first organic, dairy free, gourmet designer chocolate: "couture du chocolat" in Selfridges.
2007 Smith was a Judge of Miss Deaf UK along with Linzi Stoppard, Liz Fuller and Bobby Davro; which was filmed by the BBC as a fly-on-the-wall three-part one-hour documentary series.
2008 Smith launched the Nick Smith Foundation, an American 501(c)(3) non profit charitable organization, striving to assist children and families with chronic diseases through eating disorders.


Ashburn station (Washington Metro)

Ashburn is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States, on the Silver Line. Originally planned to begin operation in 2018, the station is now planned to open in early 2022. Ashburn will be the western terminus of the line; the current western terminus is Wiehle–Reston East station, which opened with phase one of the Silver Line in July 2014.
In April 2015, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority approved the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors' name for the stop.
Ashburn station is located at the median of the Dulles Greenway (SR 267) east of Old Ryan Road (SR 772). It will be the furthest station from the Washington city center, and the closest to West Virginia, being only by road from Keyes Gap.
Station layout.
The station will have two pedestrian bridges leading to either side of the Dulles Greenway, with bus bays and kiss and ride lots on both sides, as well as 1,650 parking spaces on each side. Bicycle racks are planned for both sides of the highway and five bike lockers are planned for the north entrance.
Construction delays.
In April 2009, Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project officials projected that Phase 2 of the Silver Line, including Ashburn Station, would open in 2016.
In April 2015, project officials pushed back the opening date for the station to late 2019, stating that stricter requirements for stormwater management caused much of the delay. Per officials, the line also had to incorporate improvements to the system's automated train controls that were a late addition to the project's first phase.
In August 2019, project officials reported that they expected construction on the second phase of the Silver Line to be done by April 17, 2020, and service to begin for riders by July 16. MWAA stated that service should be able to begin within two weeks of the July 16 projection "unless unexpected problems develop."
In February 2020, project officials projected that station would open in the spring of 2021.
In December 2020, Metro executive vice president of capital delivery Laura Mason projected that the station would open in the fall of 2021, but warned that there is a lot of uncertainly even about that date.
On February 11, 2021, Metro announced that it would need five months to test the Phase 2 extension of the Silver Line after construction was substantially completed by MWAA, extending the previously announced testing timeline of 90 days.
On March 5, 2021, the MWAA announced that substantial completion of the Phase 2 extension should be complete by Labor Day. Metro general manager Paul Wiedefeld said in a statement, “Today’s announcement enables Metro to begin planning and budgeting for the start of service in early 2022.”


Magnetic gear

A magnetic gear resembles the traditional mechanical gear in geometry and function, using magnets instead of teeth. As two opposing magnets approach each other, they repel; when placed on two rings the magnets will act like teeth. As opposed to conventional hard contact backlash in a spur gear, where a gear may rotate freely until in contact with the next gear, the magnetic gear has a springy backlash. As a result magnetic gears are able to apply pressure no matter the relative angle. Although they provide a motion ratio as a traditional gear, such gears work without touching and are immune to wear of mating surfaces, have no noise, and may slip without damage.
A magnetically coupled gear can be used in vacuum without lubrication, or operations involving hermetically sealed barriers. This can be an advantage in explosive or otherwise hazardous environments where leaks constitute a real danger.
Design.
Magnetic gear systems typically use permanent magnets. They may also use electromagnets for specialized cases including changeable gear ratio. Magnetic gear coupling can be configured in several ways. Parallel input and output axes, similar to spur gears, have magnetic attraction or repulsion between cogs, such as the north pole magnets on the driving gear attracting the south pole magnets of driven gear or north pole cogs on a driving gear tending to center between north pole cogs of driven gear. The cogs may be inter meshed to improve coupling. Another configuration is In-line axes that use "flux coupling". A stationary intermediate ferromagnetic cylinder allows a motion ratio due to harmonic relationship between the number of poles input compared to output. There is no equivalent mechanical gear system, since the two rotating gears are physically isolated from each other and only interact magnetically.
In addition, there are "cycloidal drive" gears with a gear ratio similar to planetary drives, also called "epicyclic" or "eccentric" gears.
Magnetic gears advantages:
The magnetic gear is a magnetic coupling device that renders a mechanical ratio between two magnetically-coupled devices such that:
A magnetic gear is composed of magnets of the type permanent, electromagnetic or otherwise magnetically induced fields. It consists of two or more elements that are usually rotating but can be linear or curve linear in nature.
The classical gear is defined as a ratio of pole pairs. Where the Pole pairs are magnets N-S and S-N in nature. For the ratio to be affected there must be at least two elements. with Magnetic pole pair pieces.
Such devices were invented Armstrong, C. G., 1901, “Power Transmitting Device”, U.S. Pat. No. 0,687,292 and developed further from the 1940s
Gearing modes.
There are four basic magnetic gearing modes.
First-order device.
A defined ratio of magnets on one driving element and one driven element, exactly like normal gears. First order gears can be implemented at angles, and through non-magnetic barriers, because they do not require a coupler component.
Second-order device.
Second order magnetic gears use a ratio of magnetic pole pairs between inner and outer magnetic rotors, where the rotor with less magnets rotates at a higher rate than the rotor with more magnets. An intermediate ferromagnetic pole "stator" is usually held stationary between the rings, to direct the concentration of the magnetic lines between the high speed rotor and the low speed rotor.
The gear ratio between the rotors is the number of magnetic pole pairs on the high speed rotor to the number of magnetic pole pairs on the low speed rotor. Since the number of pole pairs is twice the number of magnets, there must be an even number of magnets on both rotors.
The Ferromagnetic stator allows for two alternative modes. The first uses the sum of the number of pole pairs of the two rotors as the number of ferromagnetic stator rods, which will drive the secondary rotor the opposite direction of rotation of the primary. The second mode has the number of stator pieces equal the difference between the pole pair counts of the rotors, which drives the secondary rotor the same direction as the primary. The table below shows the relationship between magnets in the rotors, the number of pairs, the number of iron stator rods, the gear ratio and the output direction for a pair of imaginary motors.
Third-order device.
A rotational device, where a mode 2 device is modified to have external field coil(s). The external coils create a "harmonic flux" when powered with multiple phase AC, which behaves like a variable number of stator rods- thus effecting a variable transmission or variable ratio magnetic gear. This type of gear consumes approximately 25% of its input power in the process, causing current in the external coils. This renders the variable magnetic gearbox to less than 75% efficiency, below the typical efficiency of most gear sets. The lower maintenance and the torque limiting characteristics may find suitability in some applications, however.
Fourth-order device.
The mode 4 device is a modification to the mode 3 device where a low torque variable speed input, a high torque mechanical input, and a high torque mechanical output. As with the mode 3 device, it consumes approximately 25% of the energy to supply the variable input, however if the variable input is held stationary the device functions as a mode 2 device. Such a device can be termed a torque multiplier.


Lucien Heath

Lucien Heath (May 10, 1819 – December 19, 1888) was an American farmer, merchant, and politician in Oregon. A native of New York, he was raised there and in Michigan before immigrating to the Oregon Territory. A Democrat, he served as the first Oregon Secretary of State after Oregon entered the Union in 1859, and was also the mayor of Salem. After moving to Santa Cruz County, California, he was elected to the California Assembly for two terms as a Republican.
Early life.
Lucien Heath was born on May 10, 1819, in the state of New York near Buffalo to a merchant father. The family moved to Michigan when Heath was young where he farmed. In 1849, he married there to Jane Edwards of Ohio, and they had two sons and a daughter. In 1852, the family of Jane, Lucien, and son Henry (the daughter Lina had already died), moved to the Oregon Territory over the Oregon Trail.
Career.
Heath and the family settled in Polk County in the Willamette Valley where he started a farm. In 1854, he was appointed as the clerk of the territorial court. He later became a trustee of the La Creole Academy that was started in 1856 in Dallas. Heath then served as clerk of Polk County. After Heath moved to Salem he became a merchant. He also served as the recording secretary for the State Agricultural Society in Marion County where Salem is located. In this position, Heath became the first financial secretary of the Oregon State Fair, held at Oregon City.
In 1858, he was elected as a Democrat to serve as Secretary of State once Oregon was admitted to the Union. Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859, with the news of acceptance arriving in Oregon weeks later. Heath took office on March 3, 1859, replacing outgoing territorial secretary Benjamin F. Harding. He moved to Salem and served in office until leaving on September 8, 1862. He also was mayor of Salem, the state capitol, in 1861. He then served as the clerk to the Oregon Supreme Court from 1862 to 1864. He served as a Republican legislator in the California State Assembly twice. Heath was elected in November 1882 and re-elected in 1884 to represent district 50.
In 1866, Heath moved south to Santa Cruz County, California, where he continued to farm. He also was a hardware merchant and then president of the Santa Cruz County Bank. The hardware store was on Pacific Avenue in Santa Cruz and partly owned by John Byrne. Later he entered the real estate business as a partner with Samuel Drennan.
Personal life.
Heath died on December 19, 1888, at the age of 69 while on a trip to the East Coast and was buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Santa Cruz. Heath’s brother Albert was a captain for the Union Army during the American Civil War, and son Frank was a landscape artist while the other son Henry followed in his father’s footsteps as a merchant.


Longju Road station

Longju Road () is a station under construction on the future Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Longju Road and Pudong Avenue in Pudong, the station is scheduled to open with the rest of Line 14 in 2020.


TrueSpace

TrueSpace (styled as trueSpace) was a commercial 3D computer graphics and animation software developed by Caligari Corporation, bought-out by Microsoft. As of May 2009, it was officially discontinued, but with some 'unofficial support' up to February 2010.
History.
The company was founded in 1985 by Roman Ormandy. A prototype 3D video animation package for the Amiga Computer led to the incorporation of Octree Software in 1986. From 1988 to 1992, Octree released several software packages including Caligari1, Caligari2, Caligari Broadcast, and Caligari 24. Caligari wanted to provide inexpensive yet professional, industrial video and corporate presentation software. In 1993 Octree Software moved from New York to California and became known as Caligari Corporation. In 1994 trueSpace 1.0 was introduced on the Windows platform. In 1998 an employee inadvertently left a copy of the trueSpace 4.0 sourcecode on the company website's public FTP server. The source code was released to the internet by the piracy release group REVOLT.
In early 2008, the company was acquired by Microsoft and trueSpace 7.6 was released for free.
As of May 19, 2009, Ormandy announced that TrueSpace had been discontinued:
Elsewhere he thanks everyone, urges people to download all the free software as soon as possible.
After 2010, many of the talented developers helped develop Microsoft's 3D Builder application available for free in the Windows Store. There are many similarities between 3D Builder and the original TrueSpace product even though the former is aimed at a consumer level.
Overview.
TrueSpace was a modeling/animation/rendering package. It featured a plug-in architecture that allowed the user to create tools to enhance the core package. TrueSpace was at the last release version 7 (also known to its users as tS7). Point upgrades had brought it up to version Rosetta Beta 7.61 and had added new modeling features. It also had an interface that beginners found easy to learn.
Caligari had enhanced the modeling, surfacing and rendering capabilities of TrueSpace, and the latest version TrueSpace7 allowed all aspects of real-time design, modeling and animation within a virtual 3D space shared by remote participants over the broadband internet. The TrueSpace7 collaboration server enables multiple participants to connect to a shared 3D space to create and manipulate shared content in real-time.
Features.
One of the most distinctive features of trueSpace is its interface, using mainly 3D widgets for most common editing operations. trueSpace can also be scripted, using Python for creating custom scripts, tools and plugins. trueSpace7 introduces the use of VBScript and JScript as scripting tools for developing plugins and interactive scenes. trueSpace is also known for its icon-heavy interface which was drastically overhauled for version 7 onwards. While staff at Caligari had originally made them 'inhouse' during the creation process of earlier releases, trueSpace 7 had a new set of icons made by Paul Woodward, a freelance designer and illustrator.
Capabilities of the software include creating visualizations and animations with realistic lighting (through the use of radiosity, HDRI and Global Illumination) and organic modelling using NURBS, subdivision surfaces and metaballs.
The software has several native formats: RsScn for scenes, RsObj for objects, RSMat for materials, rsl for layouts, RsLgts for lighting, etc. Older formats native to trueSpace6.6 and earlier are also supported, e.g. one for standalone objects (with the file extension .cob), and another for the scenes (with the file extension .scn). Objects in trueSpace can be embedded in Active Worlds. In addition to its native formats, trueSpace can also import and export several additional model types.
Rendering and surfacing.
Currently TrueSpace has two native internal rendering engines and also support for DX9 pixel shader output quality images alongside the traditional style Render engines. These engines are:
TrueSpace7 also includes support for the VRay rendering engine.


Ball and Roller Bearing Company

The Ball and Roller Bearing Company, also known as American Family Crafts and the Joseph Nutt House and Machine Shop, is a historic industrial complex at 20-22 Maple Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut. The complex includes three buildings, two of which are wood frame and one which is brick. The two wood frame buildings include the Queen Anne-style former home of Joseph Nutt, who established a machine shop providing services to Danbury's hat making industry in 1886. Nutt's home also served as his company's office, and is attached to a single-story monitor-roofed brick structure. The factory is most notable as the location where Lewis Heim, owner of the Ball and Roller Bearing Company, invented the modern centerless grinding machine in 1917.
The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1989.


William Starling Burgess

William Starling Burgess (December 25, 1878 – March 19, 1947) was an American yacht designer, aviation pioneer, and naval architect. He was awarded the highest prize in aviation, the Collier Trophy in 1915, just two years after Orville Wright won it. In 1933 he partnered with Buckminster Fuller to design and build the radical Dymaxion Car. Between 1930 and 1937 he created three America's Cup winning J-Class yachts, Enterprise, Rainbow and Ranger (the latter in partnership with Olin Stephens).
Biography.
Burgess was born in Boston, Massachusetts on Christmas Day, the son of yacht designer Edward Burgess and Caroline "Kitty" Sullivant. Both of Burgess' parents died within weeks of each other when he was 12, leaving him and his 3-year-old brother to be raised by relatives.
Like his father, Starling had a great mechanical and mathematical ability and a refined sense of line, form and spatial relationship. From his mother he received a love of literature and poetry, which he regarded as the foundation for all accomplishment.
After the death of his parents, Burgess was mentored by many of his father's colleagues, including Nathanael Greene Herreshoff. This relationship was terminated by Herreshoff when Burgess confided his aspiration to become a yacht designer himself.
Education.
Starling attended Milton Academy, a progressive boarding school near Boston, where he became interested in aviation, designed his first sailboat, Sally II, and patented a sophisticated lightweight machine gun. Burgess graduated from Milton Academy in 1897 and entered Harvard College with the Class of 1901. As Burgess began life at Harvard, tension was building between Spain and the U.S. The sinking of an American battleship, the USS Maine, on February 15, 1898, increased the drumbeat for war, and war was declared on April 11, 1898. Starling Burgess was one of a hundred Harvard undergraduates (out of 2,400) to volunteer for military service. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy, and because of his proven expertise in weapons design, was promoted to the rank of Gunner’s Mate. He received credit for the courses he missed during this period by special vote of the Harvard faculty. For reasons not entirely clear, he left Harvard without completing his degree, and opened his own yacht design office in Boston.
Yacht Design.
During the Spring Term of his senior year, in March 1901, The Rudder published the following notice: “We are glad to welcome into our company of advertisers Mr. Starling Burgess, a son of the celebrated designer. Mr. Burgess has opened an office at 15 Exchange Street, Boston, and is busily engaged in getting out the designs for several boats, among them being a yawl for Mr. Walter Burgess, whose many boats have been among the most interesting exhibits in this magazine. To the designing end Mr. Burgess has added the business of brokerage, and our readers will find several craft offered for sale in his advertisement.”
A year later he partnered with Alpheus Appleton Packard to found Burgess & Packard, Naval Architects and Engineers. In the same year he designed the revolutionary 52 LOA feet scow sloop "Outlook", a highly radical racing yacht which featured a steel truss along the deck midline allowing the hull to be flat, low and light by the standards of the day. The design featured a large, balanced, club foot, self-tacking jib set on an 8 feet bowsprit supported by a dolphin striker. It was very fast and a winner against the more conventional keel boat designs of the day. In 1905 he established a yacht yard in Marblehead, Massachusetts and began designing and building yachts and boats.
In the eyes of the rich and famous Starling was part of the "Four Hundred"-the group of long established and very rich American who were devoted to sailing as a recreation. However Starling had an awkward relationship with this rich and powerful group due to his relative lack of capital.
In 1924, the Boston pilot boat "Pilot", was designed by Burgess to replace the pilot-boat "Louise", which was withdrawn from pilot service on December 9, 1924. She was built for the pilots at the J. F. James shipyard at Essex, Massachusetts. The "Pilot" was a spoon-bowed schooner equipped with twin-screw diesel engines.
In 1928, Burgess designed the Atlantic one-design class, one of his most enduring designs, with approximately 50 boats in use as of 2020.
Airplane Designer.
In 1908 he became interested in aviation and in 1909 joined with airplane designer Augustus Moore Herring who had left Glenn Curtiss to form the Herring-Burgess Company. The Herring-Burgess Co. built the biplane Flying Fish, which flew over Plum Island on April 17, 1910, the second fully powered and controlled flight in New England. In 1911 Burgess built several planes licensed by the Wright Brothers. He crashed one while demonstrating at College Park Airport in June 1911. Norman Prince and his friends hired Burgess in 1912 to build a plane for them to race in the Gordon Bennett Cup Race.
Herring left in 1910 and Greely S. Curtis and Frank H. Russell joined Burgess to form Burgess Company and Curtis, Inc. In 1914 the renamed Burgess Company built its first hydroplane designed by J. W. Dunne and soon was selling the Burgess-Dunne hydroplanes to the U.S.Army and the U.S. Navy. In addition, the Royal Canadian Air Force purchased a Burgess Dunne hydroplane in 1914. Burgess received the 5th Collier Trophy to be issued, in 1915 for his hydro-aeroplane. With its 800 employees, Burgess Company became the largest employer in Marblehead.
At some point in this decade, Burgess designed what was almost certainly his most popular boat, the 14-foot "Brutal Beast." Simple enough for inexpensive mass-production, the Beasts became the dominant instructional craft of Marblehead—and other communities—into the forties.
When the U.S. entered World War I, the Burgess Company was sold to John N. Willys (who then sold it to Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company). Burgess joined the Navy, became a Lieutenant Commander and designed planes for the Navy.
Return to Naval Architecture.
After the war he returned to boat design and construction and later designed three successful J-class yacht defenders of the America's Cup: Enterprise in 1930, Rainbow in 1934, and Ranger in 1937.
In 1922 he and A. Loring Swasey and Frank C. Paine formed the design firm Burgess, Swasey & Paine in Boston. Lewis Francis Herreshoff worked with them. They designed several yachts, including the Advace for John S. Lawrence, the Gosson for Charles Francis Adams III, the Columbia (schooner) that was designed to beat the Bluenose in the International Fisherman's Cup; and the ELLEN for Charles Foster. In 1926 he dissolved Burgess, Swasey & Paine and joined the firm Burgess & Morgan, Ltd in New York City. In 1930 he was commuting to NYC and living in Darien, Connecticut with his wife Else and 2 children.
Burgess was friends with Buckminster Fuller and helped him in designing and building his aluminum Dymaxion car.
In 1935 he became a consulting naval architect for the Aluminum Company of America with his office at the Bath Iron Works, where he promoted the use of corrosion resistant alloys for ships. He designed the Alumette which was built at the Bath Iron Works. He also designed the sailing yacht Ranger with aluminum masts for Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and he worked closely with Geerd Hendel.
During World War II he was employed as a civilian engineer and worked for the Anti-Submarine Development Detachment of the US Atlantic Fleet. In 1946 he was working at the Stevens Institute of Technology on damage control research.
He died on 19 March 1947 at his home in Hoboken, New Jersey. Burgess was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2013.
Possible authorship of Times New Roman.
Former head of typographic development at Mergenthaler Linotype Mike Parker has argued that Burgess originally drew the typeface that would become Times New Roman around 1904. This claim is controversial, with the biographer of Stanley Morison, who is typically considered the co-designer of the typeface along with Victor Lardent, claiming that the theory is based on a fabrication. In 2009, Parker released Starling, a typeface based upon Burgess' alleged drawings housed at the Smithsonian Institution.
Marriages.
Burgess married five times. His first marriage was to Helene Adams Willard (1882–1902) in 1901. Helene, who suffered from spina bifida, committed suicide the following year. Burgess published a volume of poetry in response to this tragedy, "The Eternal Laughter and Other Poems", in 1903, with an introduction by Julian Hawthorne (Nathaniel Hawthorne's son).
In 1904 Burgess married Rosamond Tudor (b. 1878), an artist and granddaughter of Frederic Tudor, immediately following her divorce from one of Burgess' best friends and clients, Alex Higginson. Rosamund Burgess was independent and strong-willed, one of the few American amateurs who gained their engineer's license to operate a steam launch, serving the necessary apprenticeship by firing their boat "Ox". Tudor and Burgess had three children: sons Edward (1905–1914), who drowned in Marblehead Harbor June 24, 1914, after falling off their boat and Fredrick (b. 1907) and daughter Starling (1915–2008). Starling later became a well known illustrator and children's author under the name of Tasha Tudor. After the couple's divorce in 1925 the children went to live with family friends, Gwen Hawthorne Mikkelson and Michael Mikkelson. Gwen was the daughter of Julian Hawthorne.
Burgess married Else Foss in 1925, closed his office in Boston, and moved to New York. The couple had two children, Diana and Ann.
He subsequently wed Nannie Dale Biddle in 1933. Ms. Biddle was the principal financial backer of the Dymaxion Car project, on which Burgess had been working with Buckminster Fuller.
In 1937, Burgess hired Marjorie Young (1913-2005), a talented designer 25 years his junior. With his encouragement, she designed and built a 25' sloop, "Pomelian" for her own use. Rudder Magazine proclaimed her "the only female naval architect in America" in 1940. the couple worked together on projects for the Navy throughout World War II, and married in 1945. A friend of Ms.Young described Burgess: "With all his brilliance, he is a child, and that is part of his charm. He will not face hard facts, but will hide from them and will love the person who shields him from them."


Munster/Dyer Main Street station

Munster/Dyer Main Street is a planned South Shore Line rail station located at the foot of Main Street on the border Munster and Dyer, Indiana. The station will be constructed adjacent to the CSX Monon Subdivision, but will utilize new tracks. Intended to serve as the southern terminus of the West Lake Corridor, it is expected to open to revenue service in 2025. Dyer Amtrak station is located about to the south.


Alex Diamond

Alex Diamond is the name of an art project that was initiated in 2004 by the Hamburg artist Jörg Heikhaus (born 29 November 1967 in Cologne). Jörg Heikhaus is also the founder of the gallery 'heliumcowboy' (since 2002) in Hamburg, whose operation was temporarily suspended in 2013 to devote himself better to his own work as an artist. Until 2012, the project was promoted without a direct link to the artist himself, which made it unknown who was behind the pseudonym. The purpose of this secrecy was to perform various self-presentations and explore the extent to which an artist without an explicit identity can establish itself. At the beginning of 2010, the artist dropped his anonymity and uses Alex Diamond as a pseudonym. Following the end of the project with an exhibition at in 2012, Heikhaus continued to use the Alex Diamond artist name.
Work.
Alex Diamond's work focuses mainly on working with wood. Characteristic of his works are dynamic figures and a strict and reduced coloring. Both are often found in the woodcuts, wall sculptures, installations, as well as the furniture and wood prints of the artist. Typical for his stage sets are layered, meticulously crafted and detailed sculptural woodcuts mixed with various painting and dyeing techniques. At the center of his artistic activity is the woodcut, which he does not understand as a mere printing instrument, but already as a work in itself. The artist sees himself mainly as a 'story teller'. The main part of his work is devoted to the analysis and interpretation of contemporary culture and its recurrent patterns of recognition, with an artistic focus on the study of the social and cultural aspects of human coexistence.
Solo exhibitions.
Solo exhibitions in chronological order:
Group exhibitions.
Selection of group exhibitions in chronological order:
Publications.
Selected publications in chronological order:


Zhongning Road station

Zhongning Road () is a station under construction on the future Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Zhongning Road and Wuning Road in the city's Putuo District, the station is scheduled to open with the rest of Line 14 in 2020.


Xavier Ract-Madoux

Xavier Ract-Madoux was a French hydraulician. He joined Electricité de France (EDF) in 1947 and remained with them for the rest of his working life. He became Controller General of EDF in 1973, and later became a vice-director. He was a member of the Société Hydrotechnique de France and the General Secretary of the French Committee of Large Dams.


2020 Kerala human chain

Manushya Maha Sringhala (Mega Human Network) was a human chain formed on 26 January 2020 across the Indian state of Kerala to protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act and the proposed National Register of Citizens. The chain was formed by approximately 6 to 7 million people and extended for a distance of 700 kilometres (435 miles) stretching north to south from Kasaragod to Kaliyikkavila.
The Left Democratic Front led by the Communist Party of India had organized the human chain. The chain was completed at 16:00 Indian Standard Time (+5:30 GMT) when the participants read out the preamble of the Constitution of India and swore an oath to protect it. The chain was formed on the Republic Day of India.
Background.
The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December. India does not have a law to define refugee status and all undocumented individuals in India are considered illegal migrants. The act grants Indian citizenship to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians who claim to be from Pakistan, Bangladesh or Afghanistan and reduces the period of naturalization. The Ministry of Home Affairs has also introduced the proposal for implementing a National Register of Citizens (NRC) for all citizens of India. The NRC was first implemented in Assam, which excluded 1.9 million individuals who were declared illegal immigrants and sent to detention camps. The individuals in question were predominantly Hindu or Muslim. The NRC was criticized for being deeply flawed and acting on the basis of guilt until proven innocent thereby providing the possibility of genuine citizens being rendered stateless by the process.
The passage of the CAA led to widespread protests across India, leading to at least 25 dead with the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party being accused of religious discrimination in providing citizenship, violent suppression of dissent and attempting to disenfranchise and segregate millions of Muslims with the continued insistence on implementing a nationwide NRC. The Act has received criticism from across the world with the UN calling it "fundamentally discriminatory" and a resolution was moved in the EU Parliament against it. Four Indian states passed a resolution against it. Several Indian states also declared that they will not implement either the CAA or the NRC or both of them.
In Kerala, the ruling Left Democratic Front coalition and the opposition United Democratic Front coalition granted joint support to the protests across India. The Legislative Assembly of Kerala passed a resolution against the act. Following the resolution, the government of Kerala filed a lawsuit against the government of India for violating the provisions of fundamental rights and secularism granted by the Constitution of India. The government also stopped work related to the National Population Register which has been reported to be utilized for the conduction of the NRC. The state of Kerala has experienced widespread protests against CAA and NRC while Pinarayi Vijayan, the Chief Minister of Kerala has stated that the state will remain at the forefront to defend the Constitution of India.
Protest.
On 24 January 2020, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) announced that it would organize a human chain from Kasaragod to Thiruvananthapuram passing through 10 out of 14 districts with adjoining chains from Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts on Republic Day. The chain was proposed to follow roads on the right side. Police officers were employed to prevent traffic disruption on the roads. The LDF convener, A. Vijayaraghavan stated that they welcomed participation from everyone regardless of political affiliation excluding communal and extremist forces. The opposition United Democratic Front however provided no clear indication of support while the LDF was able to disseminate the message that the chain was not to be linked to any electoral interests other than the protection of the constitution and the secular fabric of the country.
On 26 January 2020, the 71st Republic Day of India, the Left Democratic Front organized one of the largest event of protest with a continuous human chain pledging to defend the Constitution of India which stretched from the northernmost end of the administrative border of Kerala to the southernmost end. The chain when formed directly passed through 12 districts of Kerala, those being Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts, respectively in sequence. The chain extended till the border of Tamil Nadu at Kaliyakkavilai. The districts of Wayanad and idukki were not a part of the main chain but separate parallel chains were formed in them.
The human chain was organised with the help of transportation provided by the Left Democratic Front to connect the less populated parts along national highways. At 15:30 Indian Standard Time (3:30 PM), leaflets of the pledge were distributed and a rehearsal was held with directions issued through microphones. At 16:00 Indian Standard Time (4:00 PM), the chain was formally formed when the participants read out the preamble to the Constitution of India and then took the pledge. The chain was dispersed at 16:15 Indian Standard Time (4:15 PM) and public meeting were held at 250 locations in the state. The Left Democratic Front claimed that 7.5 million people had participated in the chain. A worker from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh attempted to commit suicide during the demonstration, who was later found out to be psychologically unstable.
Various prominent personalities participated in the human chain. S. Ramachandran Pillai, General-Secretary of the All India Kisan Sabha was the first link in the chain and M. A. Baby, former Minister of Education (Kerala) was the last link. Chief Minister, Pinarayi Vijayan and Communist Party of India state secretary, Kanam Rajendran joined the chain in the capital of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram at Martyr's square, Palayam. The whistleblower ex-num Lucy Kalappurakkal joined the chain in Wayanad district. Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami, a former member of legislative assembly of Jammu and Kashmir joined the chain at Malappuram.
Reactions.
Indian Union Muslim League: The IUML which is part of the opposition United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition while had given joint support with the ruling coalition to the protests suspended one of its local leaders for participating in the human chain, following friction in the UDF resulting from alignment with their political rivals.
United Democratic Front (Kerala): In response to the human chain, the opposition UDF coalition too formed human maps of India, in 12 out of 14 districts (excluding Wayanad and Kozhikode) in Kerala.


PMZ-40 mine

The PMZ-40 was a circular metal-cased Soviet multi-purpose landmine used during the Second World War. It was similar in design to the earlier Finnish Panssarimiina m/36 which was used during the Winter War. The mine had a serrated lower edge that allowed it to be deployed on sheet ice. The pressure plate was held over the fuse by four sheer bolts, rotating the pressure plate allows it to rest directly on the fuse, making it sensitive enough to be used as an anti-personnel mine.
The mine proved to be too dangerous to use, and was replaced by the TM-41 anti-tank mine.


Moodie station

Moodie is a station on Ottawa, Ontario, Canada's transitway served by OC Transpo buses. It is located in the western transitway section near the interchange of Moodie Drive and Highway 417 near Crystal Beach. The station opened on December 24, 2017 as a bus rapid transit (BRT) station, with later plans to convert it to light rail transit (LRT).
Service.
The following routes serve Moodie station as of October 6 2019:


Edilberto Evangelista

Edilberto Evangelista (February 24, 1862 – February 17, 1897) was a Filipino civil engineer and a revolutionary.
Early life and career.
He was born in Sta. Cruz, Manila, on February 24, 1862. Evangelista finished his Bachelor of Arts at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1878. He was awarded a medal of excellence in Mathematics. Poor health made him to drop his idea of studying medicine. After this, he became a teacher, a cattle dealer, a tobacco merchant between Cebu and Manila, and later a contractor of public works. He soon went to Madrid in 1890. It was during this time that he befriended many Filipino patriots, including José Rizal, who advised him to study engineering in Belgium. He therefore enrolled at the University of Ghent, one of the world’s top engineering schools, and finished civil engineering and architecture with highest honors. He then received profitable offers of employment from several institutions in Europe but he declined because of his zeal to serve his country.
Philippine Revolution.
He returned to the Philippines in September 1896, shortly after the start of the Philippine Revolution. He was arrested and imprisoned, since the Spanish authorities suspected many people of the revolution and he had in his possession Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, but he escaped. He joined General Emilio Aguinaldo’s command on October 22, 1896. At the Imus Assembly on December 31, 1896, Evangelista had submitted his draft of a constitution as requested by both Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the KKK. He was elected Lieutenant General in the said meeting, now in the ranks of Artemio Ricarte. Aguinaldo later utilized General Evangelista’s engineering skills. He planned and built forts and barricades in Bacoor, Binakayan, Cavite Viejo, Munting-ilog, Silang, Dasmariñas, Imus, Salitran, Lumang-bayan, and Noveleta, to serve as protection against Spanish forces. One Spanish general commented that the fortifications were the "fortifications of the future." Aguinaldo himself publicly recommended Evangelista to head the revolutionary government that would be established in lieu of the Katipunan, for he was "the most educated" in the organization. Aguinaldo also said that Evangelista could "command the respect of the Spaniards". He was part of the Magdalo government, serving as assistant overall captain general to Aguinaldo. Though in the actual sense, he was neutral in the Magdalo-Magdiwang feud.
Evangelista was calm but fatalistic, a characteristic misinterpreted as bravery. He was drawing trenches on the ground with a stick while the enemy fired cannons at their forces. One time, a shell dropped very near him yet he did not flinch nor run, instead he brushed the dust off his coat and continued to draw. His life soon ended, as well as hopes for him by fellowmen, when he died, along with Captain Mariano San Gabriel and Captain Mariano Ramírez, on February 17, 1897 during the Battle of Zapote Bridge. His post was succeeded by his protégé, Miguel Malvar.
Legacy.
A military camp in Cagayan de Oro was named after him, Camp Edilberto Evangelista. However, local lawmakers in the area have recently filed House Bill No. 4735, suggesting to change the name into Camp Jose Montalvan. Camp Edilberto Evangelista is the largest military camp in Mindanao with an area of 129 hectares. It houses the 4th Infantry Division of the Philippine Army.
There are two major streets named after Evangelista: one in Quiapo, Manila; the other in Bangkal, Makati. The streets that bear his name are now famous for its thrift and second-hand shops.
The main street in Bacoor City, was also named after him, from Zapote to Mabolo [Gen. Evangelista St.]
House Bill No. 5659, passed on December 18, 2008 by seven lawmakers, sought to rename the Alabang-Zapote Road in Las Piñas to General Edilberto Evangelista Avenue for the latter's fearless exploits during the Philippine Revolution.


Martin Burgess

Edward Martin Burgess FSA FBHI (born 21 November 1931), known as Martin Burgess, is an English horologist and master clockmaker.
Early life.
Burgess was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, between 1944 and 1949, where he was a member of Farfield. His exact contemporaries at Farfield included Robert Aagaard, later a furniture maker and conservator who founded the youth movement Cathedral Camps.
Burgess's memories of Gresham's during the freezing months of January to March 1947, the coldest British winter on record, are quoted at length in "I Will Plant Me a Tree: an Illustrated History of Gresham's School" (2002). Not only was the winter icy cold, but because of fuel-shortages the school was unheated. Burgess recalls that "Periods were held in full overcoats and scarves and gloves. If it happened now the School would be closed, but such a step was not even thought of then. In any case, the roads were blocked... One day the School was called out to dig out a farm, or was it a small village? Hurrah! No periods! In the afternoon everyone prayed there would be periods, it was so cold. A man had died."
Career.
After a first career as a restorer of Egyptian antiquities, Burgess turned to horology and clock-making and has specialised in building innovative and gigantic clocks, often with a variety of unusual escapements.
He is also a leading expert on John Harrison, the 18th-century horologist who built the first ever successful marine timekeeper (the forerunner of the marine chronometer) leading to the possibility of an accurate measurement of longitude.
Burgess coined the term "sculptural horology" in the 1960s.
Notable clocks.
Burgess's First Sculptural Clock with Bells, from 1963, has the dimensions high, wide, and deep. It is generally known as the Broxbourne Clock, after the house in Hertfordshire for which it was made. It was exhibited in the Former Time Museum of Rockford, Illinois, but is now in a private collection.
His magnificent Second Sculptural Clock, made in 1965, is now owned by the American graphic artist Donald Saff. The clock (which appeared on the cover of the "Horological Journal" for August 2001) has a massive compound pendulum which beats at 2.5 seconds and an escape wheel which turns in five minutes. A limited edition of thirty-five half-size replicas, known as ‘'Concord clocks'’, Harrison style with grasshopper escapement and compound pendulum, was made by E. Dent and has the dimensions high, wide, deep.
Burgess's Third Sculptural Clock, generally known as the Hares and Tortoises clock, was the most ambitious to date, and was his first speculative venture. It draws influences from Jost Bürgi, Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe and John Harrison. It is 35 inches (880 mm) tall and 37 in (950 mm) wide. The wheels are in Duralumin, while the frame is iron. It runs with minimal lubricants. Visually, the clock is dominated by three large wheels, which are pierced out to represent aspects of time, the left hand wheel (used for hour striking) having its crossing in the form of hares and tortoises, to echo Aesop's fable . The escapement embodies Burgess's improved version of a Grimthorpe gravity escapement. The clock has ting-tang quarter striking and hour striking. It is now in a private collection.
The Schroder clock was commissioned by the merchant bank Schroder Wagg in 1969, for a new building at 120 Cheapside. It was designed to cover a large part of a wall in the entrance lobby. Its principal feature is a duralumin wheel of 10 feet (3 metres) in diameter, which rotates once in 24 hours, showing world time. The clock was recognised in the Guinness World Records for having the largest clock wheel in existence. The clock uses a gravity escapement similar to that employed by Frank Hope-Jones, providing an impulse each minute to an 80 kg pendulum. The clock was later moved and is now displayed at Citigroup Centre, London.
His Gurney Clock was given to the people of Norwich by Barclays Bank to mark the 200th anniversary of the founding of what is now Barclays by the Gurney family in Norwich in 1775, which was also the anniversary (significant for Burgess) of the publication of John Harrison's 'A Description Concerning such Mechanism...'. The clock is in the shape of a golden lion automaton in a golden castle (the lion and castle are two of the heraldic symbols of Norwich) and has a weight-driven precision clock movement based closely on one designed in the 1740s by John Harrison. On the hour, bronze balls are taken by the lion and travel down a track to a set of scales (a symbol of Barclay's Bank) and on into the castle. The clock took eleven years to build and was housed in a public park, but by 1992 it had been badly vandalised. After a long campaign by the Norwich Society, it was then restored and installed in the Castle Mall, Norwich, inside a massive glass and metal case. It was removed from the Mall in 2015 and placed in storage.
A second, nearly identical clock movement, "Clock B", was built to test John Harrison's claim that his clock designs were capable of maintaining time to within 1 second over 100 days. This was an improvement on the state of the art for land-based clocks almost as dramatic as his seagoing designs. Indeed, it was only reached at the beginning of the 20th century with evacuated pendulum clocks such as the Riefler and Shortt.
Clock B lay incomplete in Burgess' workshop until 2009, when Donald Saff acquired the unfinished movement and arranged for it to be completed (with much input from Burgess) by Charles Frodsham and Company.
In March 2014, the clock was moved to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich for testing and further adjustments were made during 2014. Finally, in a 100-day test between 6 January and 16 April 2015, it lost 5/8 of a second to claim the title of the most accurate mechanical clock with a pendulum swinging in free air.
Documentary film.
The documentary "Clock-maker" (1971), directed and produced by Richard Gayer, is a profile of Burgess. It focuses on the building of one of his gigantic clocks, an open mechanism eighteen feet high, driven by weights and weighing some 350 kilograms, or 760 pounds avoirdupois.


Christina Wirihana

Christina Hurihia Wirihana (b 1949) is a New Zealand weaver from Te Arawa, Ngāti Maniapoto, Ngāti Pikiao, Ngāti Rangiunora, Ngāti Raukawa, Tainui iwi.
Biography.
Wirihana was born in Rotorua in 1949. Her mother is the renowned weaver Matekino Lawless. Wirihana attributes Dame Rangimarie Hetet, Diggeress Te Kanawa and Emily Schuster as major influences but states her mother as being her most significant teacher.
Wirihana was commissioned to weave an installation of harakeke panels that was part of a touring exhibition called "Anō te Ātaahua - Honouring the Gifts of our Elders" (2000-2002) that was presented in Auckland, Waikato, Rotorua and Whangārei.
Wirihana is currently a senior lecturer at Toihoukura, a Māori visual arts school within the Eastern Institute of Technology, and has previously been fibre tutor at the Waiariki Polytechnic in Rotorua. The significant international touring exhibition was co-curated by Wirihana.
Her weaving is often an exploration of natural materials and processes. "In my weaving I am continually inspired by the surrounds of my maunga (mountain) Matawhaura, moana tapu Rotoiti (Lake Rotoiti), my marae Taurua and especially my whanau (family)."
Recognition.
Wirihana is the Chairperson of Te Roopu Raranga Whatu o Aotearoa (National Collective of Māori Weavers in New Zealand). In 2014 this collective of weavers exhibited 49 tukutuku panels in "Kāhui Raranga: The Art of Tukutuku" at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. These panels are to be installed early 2015 at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York.
Wirihana has received numerous funding from Creative New Zealand to develop new work and travel overseas for residencies, the most recent being a 2014 artist residency in Hawaii. In 2003 Wirihana received Te Tohu Toi Kē from Te Waka Toi Creative New Zealand for making a positive development within Māori arts. Wirihana is a lifelong member of the Māori Women’s Welfare League.
Notable works.
The British Museum holds five kete whakairo made by Wirihana in 1993. One is described as plaited from undyed kiekie leaf strips in an all-over twilled pattern of horizontal bands of diamonds. There is a band of check plaiting at the rim and handles made of braided muka. A second is also decorated with a diamond pattern, the third with decorative plaiting bands alternating with bands of twill, with a check weave at base and rim; the fourth has a vertical zigzag pattern known as "koeaea," which is a type of whitebait); the fifth has horizontal bands of pattern with openwork.
Exhibitions.
Wirihana has exhibited, attended symposia and residencies both nationally and internationally including:


Nate Thayer

Nate Thayer (born April 21, 1960) is an American freelance journalist, whose journalism has focused on international organized crime, narcotics trafficking, human rights, and areas of military conflict. He is notable for having interviewed Pol Pot, in his capacity as Cambodia correspondent for the "Far Eastern Economic Review".
Publications, honors and awards.
Thayer has written for "Jane's Defence Weekly", "Soldier of Fortune", Associated Press and for more than 40 other publications, including "The Cambodia Daily" and "The Phnom Penh Post". Thayer's reporting earned him the 1998 Francis Frost Wood Award for Courage in Journalism, given by Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York to a journalist "judged to best exemplify physical or moral courage in the practice of his or her craft." He was a visiting scholar at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University as well as the first recipient of the Center for Public Integrity's ICIJ (International Consortium of Investigative Journalists) Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting in November 1998. Upon awarding Thayer the ICIJ Award, the judges noted:
According to Vaudine England of the BBC, "Many of the region's greatest names in reporting made their mark in the pages of the "Review", from the legendary Richard Hughes of Korean War fame, to Nate Thayer, the journalist who found Cambodia's Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot."
Thayer was also the first person in 57 years to turn down a prestigious Peabody Award, because he did not want to share it with ABC News' "Nightline" who he believed stole his story and deprived him and the "Far Eastern Economic Review" of income.
Since 1999 Hofstra University's Department of Journalism and Mass Media Studies in the School of Communication has awarded the Nate Thayer Scholarship to a qualified student with the best foreign story idea. Winners are selected on the basis of scholastic achievement or potential as well as economic need.
Career.
Thayer was born in 1960 in Massachusetts, the son of Harry E. T. Thayer who was United States Ambassador to Singapore from 1980 to 1985. He studied at the University of Massachusetts Boston. From 1980 to 1982 he was involved with the Boston-based Clamshell Alliance, acting as spokesman during protest events at the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant as well as anti-draft protests.
He began his career in Southeast Asia on the Thai-Cambodian border, taking part in an academic research project in which he interviewed 50 Cham survivors of Khmer Rouge atrocities at Nong Samet Refugee Camp in 1984. He then returned to Massachusetts where he worked briefly as the Transportation Director for the state Office of Handicapped Affairs. Thayer himself noted, "I got fired. I was a really bad bureaucrat."
He later worked for "Soldier of Fortune" magazine reporting on guerrilla combat in Burma, and in 1989 he began reporting for the Associated Press from the Thai-Cambodian border. In October 1989 he was nearly killed when an anti-tank mine exploded under a truck he was riding in. In 1991 he moved to Cambodia where he began writing for the "Far Eastern Economic Review".
In August 1992 Thayer traveled to Mondulkiri Province and visited the last of the FULRO Montagnard guerrillas who had remained loyal to their former American commanders. Thayer informed the group that FULRO's president Y Bham Enuol had been executed by the Khmer Rouge seventeen years previously. The FULRO troops surrendered their weapons in October 1992; many of this group were given asylum in the United States.
In April 1994 Thayer participated in (and funded) the Cambodian Kouprey Research Project, a $30,000, two-week, 150 km field survey to find the rare Cambodian bovine known as the kouprey. Thayer later wrote: "After compiling a team of expert jungle trackers, scientists, security troops, elephant mahouts and one of the most motley and ridiculous looking groups of armed journalists in recent memory, we marched cluelessly into Khmer Rouge-controlled jungles along the old Ho Chi Minh trail."
On July 3, 1994 Thayer was asked help negotiate Prince Norodom Chakrapong's release and safe passage to the airport after the prince had been accused by Prime Minister Norodom Ranariddh of plotting a coup d'état. Thayer was subsequently expelled from Cambodia by Prince Ranariddh, but he returned anyway.
In early 1997 he was again expelled from Cambodia for exposing connections between Prime Minister Hun Sen and heroin traffickers. Thayer then decided to pursue a fellowship at Johns Hopkins University.
Thayer at Pol Pot's Trial.
Nate Thayer became world-famous in July 1997 when he and Asiaworks Television cameraman David McKaige managed to visit the Anlong Veng Khmer Rouge jungle camp inside Cambodia where Pol Pot was being tried for treason. Thayer had hoped for an interview but was disappointed:
Thayer noted, "Every ounce of his being was struggling to maintain some last vestige of dignity."
Thayer believed that the trial had been staged by the Khmer Rouge for him and McKaige:
"Nightline" controversy.
According to Thayer, Ted Koppel of ABC News made a verbal agreement with Thayer to use footage from the trial on "Nightline", then violated that agreement:
ABC News responded that they had "agreed to pay Nate Thayer the sizable sum of $350,000 for the rights to use his footage of former Cambodian dictator Pol Pot. Despite the fact that ABC provided prominent and repeated credit and generous remuneration for his work, Mr. Thayer initiated a five-year barrage of complaints coupled with repeated demands for more money." In 2002 Thayer sued Koppel and ABC News for $30 million in punitive damages and unspecified compensatory damages.
Interview with Pol Pot.
In October 1997, Thayer returned to Anlong Veng and became only the second western journalist (after Elizabeth Becker in 1978) ever to be granted an interview with the former dictator and, along with McKaige, was certainly the last outsider to see him alive. Thayer recounted the story of his interview with Pol Pot in his unpublished book "Sympathy for the Devil: Living Dangerously in Cambodia – A Foreign Correspondent's Story". Pol Pot told Thayer:
Thayer and the death of Pol Pot.
Thayer visited Anlong Veng again on April 16, 1998, only a day after Pol Pot had died. After photographing the corpse he briefly interviewed Ta Mok and Pol Pot's second wife Muon, who told Thayer, "What I would like the world to know is that he was a good man, a patriot, a good father." Thayer was then asked to transport Pol Pot's body in his pickup truck to the site a short distance away where it was later cremated.
Thayer claims that Pol Pot committed suicide by drinking poison because of his belief that the Khmer Rouge were planning to "hand him over to the Americans".
Interview with Kang Kek Iew.
In April 1999 Thayer, alongside photojournalist Nic Dunlop, interviewed Kang Kek Iew (Comrade Duch) for the "Far Eastern Economic Review" after Dunlop had tracked Duch to Samlaut and suspected strongly that he was the former director of the notorious S-21 security prison. Dunlop wanted Duch to provide clues that would reveal his identity, and Thayer began probing Duch's story that he was Hang Pin, an aid worker and a born-again Christian:
Duch surrendered to the authorities in Phnom Penh following the publication of this interview. Dunlop and Thayer were first runners-up for the 1999 SAIS-Novartis Prize for Excellence in International Journalism, presented by The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, for "exposing the inside story of the Khmer Rouge
killing machine."
Subsequent work.
Nate Thayer has also covered Albania, Indonesia, Mongolia and the Philippines. In 2003 he reported on the Iraq War in a five-part series for "Slate" magazine. He also covered the Bangkok 2010 Redshirt riots. During 2011 he worked for the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists' Center for Public Integrity writing a three-month investigation on North Korea as a rogue state financed by criminal activity. In December 2011 he came out in opposition to the International Treaty to Ban Landmines.
KKK and white supremacists.
In 2015, Thayer was the author of a controversial series of articles about race demonstrations in Charleston, South Carolina, in the wake of shootings carried out by Dylann Roof. The stories, which were first published in MarxRand, eventually attracted attention from the mainstream press. In particular, a story called "Patriot Games" was picked up by mainstream news organizations after being published on MarxRand, and subsequently commissioned as a separate story run in "Vice" later the same week. In the original version of the story, Thayer claimed that a Ku Klux Klan leader named Chris Barker was doubling as an undercover FBI operative "working for and protected by the U.S. Joint Terrorism Task Force." As a result of Barker's outing, Thayer wrote in September 2015 that "Mr Barker (has called and) hung up the phone several times, sent me incendiary emails and made threatening phone calls, and has since gone on White Nationalist internet forums to try to denounce the articles and defend his reputation" and that other Klan members had "threatened to decapitate my dog."
Plagiarism controversy.
Blogger Jeremy Duns accused Thayer of plagiarism on March 7, 2013, a claim that was echoed in "New York" magazine. Mark Ziegler, author of the article in question, told the "Columbia Journalism Review" that he was "not ready to accuse Thayer of plagiarism," and said "I have no reason not to respect him as a fellow journalist." Ziegler said he was "not completely satisfied with the way [his article] was ultimately attributed" even in the corrected version of "25 Years of Slam Dunk Diplomacy".
The "Columbia Journalism Review" concluded that Thayer's "attribution was sloppy and he represented quotes that were said in other places as if they were said to him" but that it did not appear to be a case of plagiarism. The CJR interviewed Thayer's sources, and at least one confirmed he was interviewed extensively by Thayer.


Edward Kottick

Edward (Leon) Kottick is a leading expert on the harpsichord, the author of three widely read books on the subject. He is a retired musicology professor at the University of Iowa in Iowa City and is an experienced builder of harpsichords.
Biography.
Kottick gives the outline facts of his life thus:
I was born in Jersey City, NJ, in 1930, and was brought up in Brooklyn, NY, where I studied the trombone. I later became a music major at NYU. Following two years in the army, where I conducted a band, I went to New Orleans, LA, to play in the symphony; but after a few years of that I decided to go to graduate school at Tulane University, where I was introduced to musicology and renaissance music. The combination made a deep impression on me, and after my MA I went to the University of North Carolina for my PhD. (It was there that I saw my first kit harpsichord.) I continued to play the trombone, which helped me support my wife and two daughters, but by this time I had become a dedicated musicologist. After a series of teaching posts around the midwest I ended up at the University of Iowa, where I have happily remained ever since. I ran the collegium musicum at Iowa for many years, and also played recorder in a baroque trio ensemble. I retired from teaching in 1992.
In his years since retiring Kottick has been active as a scholar, a builder of harpsichords, and as a performing musician; he is currently (2015) the music director of the Old Capitol Opera in Iowa City and conducts musical theater and opera. He has built many instruments and has served as an agent for the Zuckermann harpsichord firm. In more recent years he has written the construction manuals for Zuckermann and designed an instrument for them (a small virginals intended for portable use); it is sold as a kit.
Harpsichord scholarship.
Kottick is the author of three important books about the harpsichord.
"A History of the Harpsichord" received a generally positive review from the builder-scholar Denzil Wraight, who made numerous criticisms of individual points but concluded, "This book has obviously been written to be accessible to the general reader, [but] I do not think its influence will end there: even the specialist can profit from the view Kottick affords us from the mountaintop which has been steadily climbed with the successive efforts of numerous authors. We understand the significance of the particular by fitting it into its place in the whole; to this aim Kottick has made a substantial contribution." Charles Mould, reviewing for the "Galpin Society Journal", says "Kottick has succeeded in producing a masterpiece. ... Those with little knowledge of the instrument can be assured that they will learn a tremendous amount quite painlessly, while the expert, who may not find his or her specialism dealt with "in extenso" will almost certainly gain further insight into other areas with which they felt they were conversant."
Kottick's journal publications include work on harpsichord acoustics.
Honors.
In 2006 received the Curt Sachs Award from the American Musical Instrument Society, noting his "distinguished work as a scholar, author, lecturer, builder, and designer."
Bibliography.
For a listing of journal articles see .


William Stumbels

William Stumbels lived and worked as a clockmaker in Totnes, Devon, from around 1700 to 1769. Two of his clocks can be found in Totnes Museum. A 14 foot high longcase clock made by him between 1743 and 1747, for which he charged £105, can be seen in the Marble Hall of Powderham Castle.


Yuyuantan East Gate station

Yuyuantan East Gate station () is a station under construction on Line 16 of the Beijing Subway. The station will open in 2021.
Station Layout.
The station has an underground island platform.