David Shilling

David Shilling (born 27 June 1949) is a self-taught creative artist, English milliner, sculptor, fashion and interior designer. He is best known for designing extravagant hats and clothing displayed on Ladies' Day at Royal Ascot He is known as "The Hatman” and "the Mad Hatter.” He is currently a Prospective Private Astronaut.
Childhood.
David Shilling was born in London and attended St Paul's School, London. By the age of twelve he was designing hats and outfits for his mother, Gertrude, for her to wear to the Ascot horse races until she died in 1999. By the age of thirteen he was creating toys to sell at his local shop, and later, scarves and accessories to major British retailers such as Fenwick, Fortnum & Mason, and Liberty.
Early trading.
Shilling opened his first store in Marylebone High Street in 1976: two days after its opening the store received an order from a rock star's wife for twenty four hats.
His first collection was purchased in America by Bloomingdale's; and other stores began selling his creations soon afterwards. In the late 1970s Bergdorf Goodman charged up to $3,000 for a David Shilling hat.
Later activities.
Shilling subsequently decided to stop the wholesale branch of his hat-making works and focus entirely on made-to-order products.
In 2007 he displayed the first of an expected ten collections of hats (each priced at £1,000,000) at Top Marques Monaco. In November 2009 he held his first show in mainland China at the Ritz-Carlton in Beijing. His work encompasses all areas of art, fashion and design, outdoor sculpture, jewellery, men’s and ladies' bespoke clothing, accessories, home furnishings, theatre, ballet, opera and interior design.
Charitable Work.
Shilling has worked with many charities, including Consortium for Street Children for whom he designed their logo & helped organise their launch at 10 Downing Street, World Horse Welfare, a patron of Action on Addiction, Darwin Centre, Natural History Museum, London, and created a millinery course for HM Prison, The Mount.
Notable events.
1980 BBC British TV series "Arena" created a film on Shilling "How to Get Ahead in Fashion"
1988 Invited by the USSR to show his hats during the first Miss USSR Pageant in Moscow, the first live TV broadcast throughout the USSR, which was viewed by 200 million.
1990 Headed a successful mission for the United Nations in Ecuador which led to other projects as an art and design ambassador with the UN in Africa and Asia.
1994 Invited to design the emblem for Britain's Festival of Arts and Culture; due to this he became a driving force behind the new "Cool Britannia" re-branding of Britain.
1998 Designs for theatre, opera, ballet, film and TV formed an exhibition at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
2005 A series of 40 ft tall stainless steel and aluminum sculptures collectively called "Hope" installed atop Primrose Hill in London's Regents Park as part of "Discover - Positive Elements of Life."
2010 A hat with diamonds created by David in the late 1970s was nominated by the "Guinness World Records" as the most expensive hat in the world in the 21st century.
2018 Launches World Yacht Party, a collection of music videos and recordings.
2012 Preview of a collection of hats designed for men at the Embassy of Monaco, London.
2021 Applies to join a ten-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS) in a mixed crew of professional and privately funded astronauts.
In Collections.
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Los Angeles County Museum
The Louvre's Musée des Arts Décoratifs
Victoria and Albert Museum (London)
British Government Art Collection Acrylic on Canvas (London)
Holdenby House Steel Sculptures, Northampton England


Mike Drummond

Mike Drummond is a New Zealand sailor and yacht designer who is a member of the America's Cup Hall of Fame.
Drummond was born in Christchurch and joined New Zealand Challenge before the 1987 America's Cup and he then helped to design, and sail on, "KZ 1" during the 1988 America's Cup. He remained with the team for the 1992 America's Cup.
He joined Team New Zealand and was part of the design and sailing teams when they won the 1995 America's Cup. He sailed in one race.
Drummond was a navigator and sailed in two races during the 2000 America's Cup as navigator and also sailed in the 2003 America's Cup campaign.
Drummond then joined Alinghi for the 2007 America's Cup.
He later joined Oracle Racing as their design director and was involved in designing "USA 17" for the 2010 America's Cup and the AC45 class for the 2013 America's Cup.
In 2010, he was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame.
Drummond also designs and sails his own International A-class catamaran. He competed in the 2014 World Championships in Takapuna. In 2017 he assisted the NZ Extreme Sailing Team in the 2017 Extreme Sailing Series.


John Harris (railway engineer)

John Harris (16 July 1812 - 20 July 1869) was a railway engineer who worked on the Stockton and Darlington Railway from 1836 to 1847.
Personal life.
He was born on 16 July 1812 in Maryport, Cumbria, the son of William Harris, a sailcloth manufacturer who was bankrupted in the financial crisis of 1816, and his wife Sarah.
He married Mary Ann Mason on 24 September 1838 at the Friends' Meeting House, Penrith, but she died in 1839. He married secondly Mary Wilson on 11 April 1844 at Kendal and they had 5 children:
He died on 20 July 1869 in Kendal after an attack of jaundice.
Career.
He trained under Thomas Storey, Civil and Mining Engineer in St Helen Auckland.
In 1836 he was appointed resident engineer to the Stockton and Darlington Railway, replacing Thomas Storey, a position he held until around 1847. During this tenure he was responsible for the railway approaches to the Middlesbrough Dock and the coal staithes.
He also built a railway bridge across the River Tees at Stockton which was designed by Robert Stephenson, replacing an earlier suspension bridge. He also designed the Middlesbrough and Redcar railway, and the Weardale Extension Railway from Crook to Waskerley, part of the Wear Valley Railway.
He was also involved in the construction of the railway between Wakefield, Pontefract and Goole railway and the Kendal to Windermere Railway.
He was appointed a Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1841.
In 1853 he became involved in the Hope Town Foundry, Darlington, and later went into partnership with Mr. Summerson. From 1863 - 1869, the foundry constructed about twelve steam locomotives. He was also a partner in the South Durham Iron Company.
Later in life he became the principal assistant to Joseph Pease in his political career.
He is thought to have been significantly affected by the collapse of the bank of Overend, Gurney and Company in 1866 which resulted in him selling many of his assets.


Edward Gallenstein

Edward F. Gallenstein (October 9, 1922 – April 7, 2015) was an American woodcarver and editor, who served as the second President of the National Wood Carvers Association, during which time he was also the Editor-in-Chief of the woodcarving magazine "Chip Chats".
Personal life.
Edward Francis Gallenstein was born in Maysville, Kentucky on October 9, 1922. He was the son of Edward Gallenstein and Luella Greenlee. He served in the United States Navy during World War II in the Aleutian Islands, where he was stationed on Attu Island. He belonged to the Cincinnati Carvers Guild. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio on April 7, 2015.
Career.
Gallenstein began his career in journalism working for newspapers in Kentucky and Arizona, before he joined The Cincinnati Enquirer. After retiring from the Enquirer, Gallenstein became Editor-in-Chief of Chip Chats, then a small newsletter, and he made the publication into the then-largest woodcarving magazine. He was elected president of the National Wood Carvers Association in 1971, and he served in this position until his death.
Gallenstein explained basic wood carving to the "Scouting Magazine" in 2002. According to him, there are three distinct ways of wood carving: relief carving, three-dimensional carving, and chip carving.


Spiral bevel gear

A spiral bevel gear is a bevel gear with helical teeth. The main application of this is in a vehicle differential, where the direction of drive from the drive shaft must be turned 90 degrees to drive the wheels. The helical design produces less vibration and noise than conventional straight-cut or spur-cut gear with straight teeth.
A spiral bevel gear set should always be replaced in pairs i.e. both the left hand and right hand gears should be replaced together since the gears are manufactured and lapped in pairs.
Handedness.
A right hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the clockwise direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.
A left hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the counterclockwise direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.
Note that a spiral bevel gear and pinion are always of opposite hand, including the case when the gear is internal.
Also note that the designations right hand and left hand are applied similarly to other types of bevel gear, hypoid gears, and oblique tooth face gears.
Hypoid gears.
A hypoid is a type of spiral bevel gear whose axis does not intersect with the axis of the meshing gear. The shape of a hypoid gear is a revolved hyperboloid (that is, the pitch surface of the hypoid gear is a hyperbolic surface), whereas the shape of a spiral bevel gear is normally conical. The hypoid gear places the pinion off-axis to the crown wheel (ring gear) which allows the pinion to be larger in diameter and have more contact area. In hypoid gear design, the pinion and gear are practically always of opposite hand, and the spiral angle of the pinion is usually larger than that of the gear. The hypoid pinion is then larger in diameter than an equivalent bevel pinion.
A hypoid gear incorporates some sliding and can be considered halfway between a straight-cut gear and a worm gear. Special gear oils are required for hypoid gears because the sliding action requires effective lubrication under extreme pressure between the teeth.
Hypoid gearings are used in power transmission products that are more efficient than conventional worm gearing. They are considerably stronger in that any load is conveyed through multiple teeth simultaneously. By contrast, bevel gears are loaded through one tooth at a time. The multiple contacts of hypoid gearing, with proper lubrication, can be nearly silent, as well.
Spiral angle.
The spiral angle in a spiral bevel gear is the angle between the tooth trace and an element of the pitch cone, and corresponds to the helix angle in helical teeth. Unless otherwise specified, the term spiral angle is understood to be the mean spiral angle.
Comparison of spiral bevel gears to hypoid gears.
Hypoid gears are stronger, operate more quietly and can be used for higher reduction ratios, however they also have some sliding action along the teeth, which reduces mechanical efficiency, the energy losses being in the form of heat produced in the gear surfaces and the lubricating fluid.
Hypoid gears are typically used in rear-drive automobile drivetrains.
A higher hypoid offset allows the gear to transmit higher torque. However increasing the hypoid offset results in reduction of mechanical efficiency and a consequent reduction in fuel economy. For practical purposes, it is often impossible to replace low efficiency hypoid gears with more efficient spiral bevel gears in automotive use because the spiral bevel gear would need a much larger diameter to transmit the same torque. Increasing the size of the drive axle gear would require an increase of the size of the gear housing and a reduction in the ground clearance, interior space, and an increase in weight.
The hypoid gear is also commonly used in some railcars with a diesel mechanic (where the engine and gearbox are similar to those used in trucks and busses) transmission, to allow the input shaft to always rotate in one specific direction (either clockwise or anti-clockwise) while allowing the output shafts to change their rotational direction; thus allowing a vehicle to drive either direction.
Another advantage of hypoid gear is that the ring gear of the differential and the input pinion gear are both hypoid. In most passenger cars this allows the pinion to be offset to the bottom of the crown wheel. This provides for longer tooth contact and allows the shaft that drives the pinion to be lowered, reducing the "hump" intrusion in the passenger compartment floor. However, the greater the displacement of the input shaft axis from the crown wheel axis, the lower the mechanical efficiency.


Type 93 mine

The Type 93 mine was a circular Japanese landmine used during the Second World War. It entered service in 1933. It used a simple fuze with a variable activation pressure, achieved through the use of different thickness shear wires. The main charge could be supplemented with additional explosives buried under the mine.


Henry Peto

Henry Peto (1780–1830) was a British building contractor and uncle to Thomas Grissell (1801–1874) and Morton Peto.
Partnerships and apprenticeships.
Henry Peto was in partnership with another building contractor, John Miles, as Miles and Peto. Thomas Grissell was an apprentice in their business and after Miles' death in 1825, Grissell was invited into the partnership. Morton Peto had also been an apprentice but his apprenticeship ended shortly before his uncle's death.
Private life.
Henry Peto was considered strict with his nephews.
Others besides the nephew were objects of Henry Peto's kindness. One day Henry Peto asked William Woods (an old waiter at his favourite lunch-time dining room, the Rainbow Chophouse in Fleet Street) whether he would like to keep a hotel. Woods replied there was nothing he would like better, but that he could not afford it. Henry Peto installed Woods at a hotel in Furnival's Inn which he had just built and which he owned. "Woods Hotel" was so successful that William Woods retired with pension savings of £180,000. ().
Customs House scandal.
Miles and Peto had tendered to rebuild the Custom House in the City of London. The original estimate had been for £209,000 but Miles and Peto won the contract by giving the lowest tender at £165,000.
John Miles died in the early stages of construction, leaving Peto to deal with the difficulties. To cut costs Peto dramatically reduced the specification of the work he undertook with the outcome that part of the building collapsed. The ensuing investigation found the true extent of the poor workmanship, prompting questions in Parliament in 1825. The Chancellor of the Exchequer declared "the most scandalous frauds had been practiced". Peto was censured "for neglect and poor workmanship that a good builder would carefully have avoided".
Later life.
The stress of the Customs House contract lead to the death of Henry Peto on 15 September 1830.
Although he left a considerable estate, with income of about £12,000 per annum, there were mortgages of between £7,000 and £8,000 per annum and some annuities (i.e. pensions) of about £3,000 per annum, leaving only a small balance. There was also a continuing lawsuit regarding the Customs House. In his will he left his building business to his two nephews, Thomas Grissell and Morton Peto.
The will was contested by Henry's widow on the grounds of undue influence by the two nephews as they and the solicitor were the only people present when Henry signed the will just a few days before his death. Henry's widow eventually lost in the courts and the two nephews, now in partnership as Grissell and Peto were free to begin building up the business.


Feature (archaeology)

In archaeological excavation, a feature is a collection of one or more contexts representing some human non-portable activity, such as a hearth or wall. Features serve as an indication that the area in which they are found has been interfered with in the past, usually by humans.
Features are distinguished from artifacts in that they cannot be separated from their location without changing their form. Artifacts are portable, while features are non-portable. Artifacts and features can both be made from any available material, with the primary distinction being portability.
Features and artifacts differ from ecofacts. Ecofacts are natural remains, such as plants and animals.
Types.
Features are categorized by the time period, as either historic or prehistoric. Prehistoric archaeology refers to the time in history before human life was recorded or documented, while historic archaeology refers to the time period where there was a documented human past.
In relation to site stratigraphy, features generally have a vertical characteristic, such as pits, walls, or ditches. On the contrary, elements that have horizontal characteristic, such as a layer, dump, or surface, is "not" a feature. General horizontal elements are part of the stratigraphic sequence.
Features tend to have an intrusive characteristic or associated cuts. This is not definitive as surfaces can be referred to as features of a building and free standing structures with no construction cut can still be features. Middens (dump deposits) are also referred to as features due to their discrete boundaries. This is seen in comparison to leveling dumps, which stretch out over a substantial portion of a site. The concept of a feature is, to a certain degree, abstract, as it will change depending on the scale of excavation.
Context.
Features have a specific stratigraphic context as well as helping to provide details of context for artifacts. Often times an artifact's provenience can be defined in part by the feature it is associated with (if such a feature exists). In circumstances where a stratigraphic layer cannot be defined by soil color or consistency, such as in the excavation of several features such as wells or cisterns, arbitrary layers can be defined by an archaeologist based on equal levels of depth, allowing for the categorization of artifacts based on relative placement within a feature.
Examples.
Features specific to certain architecture types or eras such as trilithon for the purposes of this article are not considered generic. Generic features are feature types that can come from a broad section in time of the archaeological record if not all of it. Generic types can include:


Marcel Lapierre

Marcel Charles Lapierre (b. 1907 -d.1979) was French bow maker / Archetier who has been described as a "Maker of very fine bows much sought after by soloists."
Born 1907 in Mirecourt, served his apprenticeship in Jérôme Thibouville Lamy from 1921 to 1923. After his apprenticeship he joined Brouiller & Lotte's workshop.
From 1931 to 1936 he worked with Francois Lotte, before joining Louis Bazin and Louis Morizot.
In 1946 he came to Genève and joined the Pierre Vidousez's workshop.
In 1948 he returned to Mirecourt to start his own workshop first at rue Vuillaume and then rue Gambetta.


Mabry Mill

Mabry Mill is a watermill located at milepost 176.2 of Blue Ridge Parkway in Floyd County, Virginia. It is a tourist attraction mainly for the picturesque views of the mill itself. A short trail around the mill connects historical exhibits about life in rural Virginia. The trail allows visitors to view the gristmill, sawmill, and blacksmith shop.
Mabry Mill was built by Edwin Boston Mabry (E.B. Mabry). E.B. Mabry returned to Floyd County in 1903 and began the construction of the mill. It was first a blacksmith and wheelwright shop, then became a sawmill. By 1905 it was in operation as a gristmill. By 1910 the front part of the mill was completed and included a lathe for turning out wheel hubs, a tongue and groove lathe, a planer and a jig-saw. Between 1905 and 1914 E.B. Mabry bought adjacent tracts of land, mostly for the purpose of acquiring more water power.
During peak seasons, demonstrations of crafts are given by National Park Service volunteers at Mabry Mill.


Joseph H. Dickinson

Joseph H. Dickinson was an organ maker and state legislator in Michigan. He served two terms in the Michigan House of Representatives representing Wayne County, Michigan's 1st District from 1897 to 1900. He was born in Canada and moved with his family to Detroit. He married Eva Gould


Yangsan Sports Complex station

Yangsan Sports Complex station() is an under-construction railway station on Busan Metro Line 2 and Yangsan metro of the Busan Metro system.


Albert Street railway station

Albert Street railway station is a railway station currently under construction as part of the Cross River Rail project in the Brisbane central business district.
To be built as an underground station beneath Albert Street, it will consist of two platforms. Construction commenced in October 2019, with it scheduled to open in 2024.


Vincent de Rivaz

Vincent de Rivaz (born 4 October 1953, in Paris) is the former chief executive (CEO) of EDF Energy plc, a British subsidiary of Électricité de France.
Early life.
He studied engineering at the , part of the Grenoble Institute of Technology in the Rhône-Alpes region.
Career.
Électricité de France.
He joined Électricité de France in 1977 as a hydraulic engineer. From 1991-94 he was the managing director of the hydropower department.
He became head of the UK operations in 2002.
EDF Energy.
He was CEO of EDF Energy between 2003 - 2017.
He met Bill Coley, the former chief executive of British Energy, in 2005 to discuss a take-over of British Energy.
In November 2017 he stepped down as CEO and was replaced with Simone Rossi.
Personal life.
He married Anne de Valence de Minardière in 1980. They have three sons. He was awarded the Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (Legion of Honour), and the Melchett Medal in 2006.


Aubrey Luck

Aubrey William George Luck (14 November 1900 – 9 June 1999) was an Australian politician. Born in the West Tamar region of Tasmania, he was educated at state schools before becoming a hardware and building merchant in Devonport. He was involved in local politics as a member of Devonport Municipal Council. In 1951, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Liberal member for Darwin, succeeding the retiring Liberal member Dame Enid Lyons. He held the seat until its abolition in 1955, when he successfully contested the replacement seat of Braddon. He was defeated by Labor candidate Ron Davies in 1958. Luck died in 1999 at the age of 98.


Louis Erard

Louis Erard is an independent Swiss watch manufacturer that was founded in 1929. The company was founded by Louis Erard and André Perret and produced its first watches in 1931.
History.
Founded in La Chaux-de-Fonds as a watchmaking school in 1929, Louis Erard first sold watches under its brand in 1931l. In 1991, the company was sold and production moved to Le Noirmont. By 2003, the company was sold again and relaunched. Using mechanical movements from Sellita and Valjoux, Louis Erard has shipped over 200,000 watches from Le Noirmont, including collaborations with Leeds United Football Club and Ultima Sports sports cars.
Louis Erard continues to make watches with a regulator layout. In this layout, the hour, minute and second hand all pivot around different points. This layout was designed in mid-18th century for master clocks to offer the most accurate time readings available.
In 2020 the brand contracted high-end watchmaker Vianney Halter who then designed "Le Regulateur" complication piece, which features amongst Louis Erard 'Excellence' watch collection.


Giannini

Giannini is a Brazilian musical instruments manufacturing company, based in Salto, São Paulo.
Products currently manufactured by Giannini include electric, steel-string acoustic, nylon-string acoustic and bass guitars. Other string instruments include craviolas, cavaquinhos, viola caipiras and mandolins. Giannini also manufactures bowed string instruments such as violins, cellos and double basses, and strings for those instruments.
History.
The company was founded in 1900 by Tranquillo Giannini (1876–1952), an Italian immigrant with luthier talents. Their first industrial plant was located at Av. Sao Joao in the city of São Paulo.
Today, Giannini's plant is located at Salto, a city in the state of São Paulo (not far from the capital). They currently produce nylon and steel stringed guitars, craviola, viola caipira, cavaquinho, mandolin, violins, electric guitars and basses and some accessories such as guitar tuners and guitar strings.
Craviola.
The Craviola, created by Giannini with Brazilian musician Paulinho Nogueira is one of the most notable guitars made by Giannini due to its unique shape and sound identity. It gained widespread visibility after it was used by Led Zeppelin's guitarist Jimmy Page. From September 1971 to June 1972, Page used a 12-string craviola, model GWSCRA12-P, mostly in Zeppelin's performances of "Tangerine", which was also first recorded using the same craviola. Page received two craviolas (one with six strings and the other, by his request, with twelve) from Giannini itself as gifts, while visiting his NGO at Rio de Janeiro.
The Craviola also received an electric version with Wilkinson pickups. The guitar's wiring has one 3-position key for each of the pickups, which allow them to work with one coil, the other one, both as a humbucker or both separately as single coils, giving a wide range of possible timbres, aside from the regular 3-position key for alternating between both pickups.


Fufengqiao station

Fufengqiao station () is a station under construction on Line 16 of the Beijing Subway. The station will open in 2021.
Station Layout.
The station has an underground island platform.


Johann Baptist Beha

Johann Baptist Beha (1815 - 1898) was a prestigious Black Forest clockmaker born in Oberbränd (Eisenbach). He was trained by his father, the master clockmaker Vinzenz Beha (1764-1868), in his workshop where he built around 365 clocks between 1839 and 1845. At that time V. Beha was already known for the quality of his clocks, he made the so-called Shield cuckoo clocks.
In 1845 Johann B. Beha founded his own clockshop in Eisenbach, beginning the manufacturing of his celebrated clocks.
Contributions to the construction of cuckoo clocks.
The clockmaker introduced the following innovations into the construction of cuckoo clocks:
The cases for Beha clocks came from case/woodcarvers shops located in different towns of the Black Forest such as Waldkirch, Furtwangen, Villingen, Vöhrenbach and Dittishausen.
When signed, the Beha clocks bore two types of identifications; either a stick-on label which would be on the case back-board on the inside of the case or the name "Beha" engraved on one of the two brass fuseé drum ends. However, it is necessary to emphasize that most of the Beha timepieces were not signed and it is almost impossible to identify a Beha based on the case alone. The case makers that supplied Beha with their cases, sold identical cases to other manufacturers too. So today we can find identical cases, but in fact they were not made by the Beha enterprise. For example, Aaron Ketterer and Theodor Ketterer frequently used the Beha designed and their cases are nearly identical. That is why the mechanism is the crucial part to give a positive attribution.
After the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876, Johann B. Beha took his two sons, Lorenz and Engelbert, into his firm as partners and the company was refounded as "Johann Baptist Beha und Söhne".
While the big factories - "Junghans, Kienzle, Philipp Haas und Söhne and Werner, and the smaller firms like Dold, Hilser, Gordian Hettich Sohn, Rombach and Maier"- developed their cuckoo clock production in response to the growing demand of the new middle-class for a cheaper clock, especially cheaper carvings, the Behas followed a contrary strategy. They did not believe in the success of the mass-produced cuckoo clock. A similar strategy was followed by other Black Forest clock manufacturers such as Emilian Wehrle, Winterhalder & Hofmeier, Maurer und Höfler, etc.
When Johann Baptist Beha died in 1898, his sons Lorenz (1865 - 1941) and Engelbert (1866 - 1949) continued with the company in Eisenbach. The manufacturing program consisted of; cuckoo/quail clocks, cuckoo clocks with echo, weight operated clocks, spring powered clocks, trumpeter clocks, monk ringing a monastery bell, calendar clocks, etc.
The largest export market of Beha clocks was to the United Kingdom and Russia. In Saint Petersburg Beha even operated their own warehouse, from there the clocks were marketed to different countries, but with the outbreak of World War I, the St. Petersburg warehouse was closed. The Beha enterprise struggled during the 1920s to recover the lost export market facing extremely difficult economic times and during the 1930s, with the onset of the economic dictatorship of the "Hitler Regime" in the year 1933, the use of brass and copper was strictly rationed, although the production continued on a very limited scale until 1938. But finally after the World War II the production was stopped forever in 1956.
Awards and recognitions.
The company won several awards as well as gold and silver medals for the quality in workmanship and design in different countries, like the Gold Medal of the Vienna World Trade Exhibition of 1873. He was the only Black Forest cuckoo clock maker who was honored in such a way. Former honors at the International exhibition in London 1862, and Paris 1867 and at regional exhibitions in Villingen 1858 and Karlsruhe 1861, had also testified to the excellent quality of the cuckoo clocks of Johann B. Beha. For the clocks shown in Philadelphia in 1876, the firm was honored with the meritory medal by the United States Centennial Commission. Further honors followed at the exhibitions in Karlsruhe 1877, London 1885, Freiburg 1877, Chicago 1893 and Strasbourg 1895.
Johann Baptist Beha represented the typical Black Forest clockmaker of the 18th and 19th century: experimenting, inventing, self-educated, always seeking solutions with limited theoretical knowledge, creating technical miracles beyond any comparison today.
Beha clocks as collector pieces.
The clocks made by the Beha company are sought-after collector pieces and are part of both private collections and the most reputed museums in the world such as the British Museum, the Cuckooland Museum or the Deutsches Uhrenmuseum in Germany.
Beha clocks are offered in auctions und by antique clocks traders.


Leslie Garland Bolling

The sculptor Leslie Garland Bolling (September 16, 1898September 27, 1955) was born in Surry County, Virginia, United States on September 16, 1898, the son of Clinton C. Bolling, a blacksmith, and his wife Mary. His carvings reflected everyday themes and shared values of the Black culture in the segregated South in the early 20th century. Bolling was associated with the Harlem Renaissance and is notable as one of a few African-Americans whose sculpture had lasting acclaim.
Early life.
Leslie Bolling's parents were Clinton C. and Mary Bolling. He was born in Dendron, Virginia, a small community in Surry County. His father was a blacksmith.
Bolling spent two years from 1916 to 1918 attending Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which is now Hampton University and was an institution for upward mobility of African-American youth. Bolling did not have any formal training in art or sculpture although Hampton did have a small arts museum.
In 1919 during the Red Summer of race riots, he enrolled in the Academic Department at Virginia Union University, a historically black university in Richmond. In addition to normal academic courses, he also took "Manual Training", a course which included both freehand drawing and mechanical drawing. This course involved working with tools using both wood and iron as well as blacksmithing.
After graduating from VUU in June 1924 Bolling began working as a porter at the Everett Waddey Company stationery store. Four years after graduation from VUU, in 1928, Bolling married Julia V. Lightner, his first wife. They did not have any children.
Artistic work.
Bolling said he grew up near lumbering operations and was always around trees. Reportedly he enjoyed whittling which would have provided him significant experience with carving various kinds of wood. His carving seems to have been an enjoyable and somewhat profitable hobby, but he viewed himself as a porter or messenger by occupation.
His hobby seems to have taken a serious turn about the time he produced some early figures for a group exhibition sponsored by the YWCA.
About 1928 these first figures attracted the interest of Carl Van Vechten, a patron of the Harlem Renaissance movement. He began teaching wood carving to black youth in Richmond about 1931. He taught at the Craig House Art Center in Richmond until 1941. By 1938 Bolling and others had obtained WPA sponsorship for the Craig House. It was the only WPA sponsored art center in the segregated South for black youth.
His work began to achieve broader recognition as a result of the National Negro Exhibition of 1933 at the Smithsonian. Bolling participated in a number of art tours between 1934 and 1940, managed by the Harmon Foundation to showcase the artistic work of African-Americans.
Reflecting the growing significance of his sculpture, in January 1935, Bolling was honored when the then segregated Academy of Arts in Richmond, now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts produced a one-man show of his carvings. This was followed by a show at the New Jersey state museum. Thomas Hart Benton was interested in his work and visited the extended show. He described Bolling's works as sculptures that "show real merit, and a new kind of form."
In 1936 he exhibited at the Texas Centennial Exhibition. This was followed by a show at the William D. Cox Gallery in New York in June 1937 of 17 pieces including the recently completed sculpture series "Days of the Week" which he had begun in 1933.
In 1940, Alain Locke included a photograph of Bolling's work in "The Negro in Art". Bolling carved a bust of Marian Anderson following an appearance by her in Richmond.
"Science and Mechanics" magazine sponsored a competition in 1942 which Bolling entered and won.
The last known exhibition during his life was a show at State Teachers College at Indiana in 1950.
Bolling's sculpture was included in contemporary books surveying African-American art. His carving was discussed at length in 1940 by E. J. Tangerman. In 2006, the Library of Virginia produced an exhibition of Bolling's work and included material related to 30 of his pieces.
Later life.
Bolling left Richmond in the early 1940s and moved to Pennsylvania. In 1948 he married Ethelyn M. Bailey, his second wife. After moving to New York City he was represented by the Cox Gallery. Bolling died in New York on September 27, 1955. His body was returned to Richmond, Virginia for burial.
List of sculptures.
It is believed Bolling carved 50 to 80 pieces during the two decades he was active. Many of them appear to have been lost. In 2006, the Library of Virginia was able to account for just 30 of his wood sculptures. Following is a partial list of his sculptures.


Tampines North MRT station

Tampines North MRT station is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island line located in Tampines, Singapore.
Upon opening, this MRT station will be in close proximity with IKEA Tampines, COURTS Megastore and Giant Tampines. It will also serve the residents of the future Tampines North New Town.
History.
On 25 January 2019, LTA announced that Tampines North station would be part of the proposed Cross Island line (CRL). The station will be constructed as part of Phase 1, consisting of 12 stations between Aviation Park and Bright Hill, and is expected to be completed in 2030.

Initially expected to open in 2029, the restrictions on the construction due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to delays in the CRL line completion, and the date was pushed to 2030.


Enterprise MRT station

Enterprise MRT station is a proposed Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Jurong Region line in Jurong West, Singapore.
History.
On 9 May 2018, LTA announced that Enterprise station would be part of the proposed Jurong Region line (JRL). The station will be constructed as part of Phase 3, consisting of a total of 7 stations. A 4 station extension to Jurong Pier at Boon Lay and a 3 station extension to Peng Kang Hill from Tawas. It is expected to be completed in 2029.
A contract to design and construct Enterprise Station and its associated viaducts was awarded to China Harbour (Singapore) Engineering Company Pte. Ltd. on 12 May 2021 at a sum of . Construction will start in May 2021, with completion in 2029.
Initially expected to open in 2028, the restrictions on the construction due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to delays in the JRL line completion, and the date was pushed to 2029.
Location.
The station complex will be straddled over the existing Jalan Boon Lay, at the junction with Enterprise Road. It is located in the Jurong West planning area between the Kian Teck and Chin Bee Subzones, surrounded by flatted factories and industrial areas.
Access to the station will be via 4 exits on each side of Jalan Boon Lay.


Moses Samuel

Moses Samuel was a clockmaker, translator of Hebrew works and writer.
Life.
His parents were Emanuel Menachem Samuel and Hanna Hinde; his father moved from Kempen in Posen in Silesia (now Kępno in Poland) to London. Moses with his mother moved to Liverpool around 1805. He went into business, not with any great success, but founding what later became the H. Samuel chain. His older brother Louis (1794–1859) was the father of Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling and grandfather of Sir Stuart Montagu Samuel, 1st Baronet and Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel.
Works.
He was the originally anonymous translator of the Italian Jewish kabbalah text Book of Jasher (Venice, 1625) which later became a para-canonical text in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He later wrote "I did not put my name to it as my Patron and myself differed about its authenticity". The patron was Mordecai Noah, the New York publisher, who purchased the text after the Royal Asiatic Society declined it.
He also translated works of Moses Mendelssohn (notably "Jerusalem," London, 1838) into English. An orthodox Jew, he campaigned against both the Reform Jewish movement, and as author of "An Address to the Missionaries of Great Britain" against Christian efforts to proselytise Jews. He co-edited "The Cup of Salvation - Kos Yeshuot", a magazine in Hebrew and English, with D. M. Isaacs.


Dual coupling

Different types of railroad rolling stock have different couplers depending on the purpose and type of equipment being used and its intended destination. European rolling stock tend to use buffers and chain couplers while American rolling stock uses a Janney coupler or "knuckle coupler". These are incompatible with each other, but where some railroads have obtained older, less expensive used rolling stock from different countries or regions, instead of having to standardize on one form of coupler, it may be useful to be able to use either type of coupler on a piece of rolling stock without having to remove anything.
It is possible to mount both buffers and chain and knuckle couplers on the same car, provided that one can swing out of the way. Alternatively, either a lug to hold the chain is cast in the body of the coupler or a chain is mounted on top of the coupler. This is also done with an SA3 coupler built by SAB WABCO.
Locomotives and some freight cars of the Indian Railways are fitted with a 'transition coupler' that incorporates a screw coupling within a knuckle coupler: the knuckle coupler remains in position and does not swing away when not in use. The screw coupling is mounted on a hinge on the opposite side of the knuckle coupler. Most Indian freight cars use the knuckle coupler alone, without buffers, whereas passenger coaches almost exclusively use screw couplers and buffers. Exceptions are the new LHB coaches imported from Europe, and a few other makes of carriages converted to use knuckle couplers.
Some Russian locomotives and wagons have buffers together with the central coupler. When coupling to Finnish equipment, a short chain with a block that fits in the central coupler is placed on the Russian side, backing up and compressing the buffers so that the chain can be laid on the hook. (That is also the common way of coupling locomotives to or from wagons, faster than unscrewing the link.)
British locomotive-hauled passenger carriages adopted a dual coupling system in the 1950s. They have retractable buffers and a central Buckeye automatic knuckle coupler that lowers to reveal a hook for a screw-type chain coupling. When in use, a pin through the buckeye shank rests in the conventional hook. No chain is provided on dual-coupled vehicles, since the chain on the other vehicle can be used when the knuckle coupler is out of the way (down). Inter-stock coupling was with the automatic coupler (with the buffers retracted), while connection to the locomotive was with the buffer-and-chain system with a screw coupler. Today this dual coupling system has been adopted for all loco-hauled passenger trains in Great Britain to allow faster shunting operations.
External links.
[[Category:Couplers]]


Quarry Park station

Quarry Park is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction will begin in 2022 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment one. The station is located in the largely commercial community of Quarry Park and will also serve the suburban communities of Douglas Glen and Riverbend.
The station will connect one of the largest employment centres along the line, and is host to a number of large corporations and head offices for companies such as Imperial Oil. It will have waiting and station facilities and improved pedestrian and cycling connections. There is also a proposed pedestrian crossing from the station across 24 Street SE leading to the new recreation centre and library.


George Percival Ridout

George Percival Ridout (August 21, 1807 – June 28, 1873) was an English-born merchant and politician in Canada West. He represented Toronto in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1851 to 1854 as an independent Conservative.
George Ridout built a mansion in Dorset Street in Toronto that quickly became a landmark because of its spacious rooms and extensive out buildings. He lived in the property for ten years before moving. After unsuccessfully being converted into a hotel the house fell into disrepair and became known as a bad place in Toronto. After many issues, including the death of a child in the home, the mansion was torn down in 1887.
He was born in Bristol, the son of George Ridout and Mary Ann Wright, and came to Philadelphia with his parents in 1820. With his brother Joseph Davis, Ridout was employed with English iron and hardware merchants Tarratt's. In 1828, he moved to York where he entered the study of law. In 1832, Ridout formed Ridout Brothers and Company, a company dealing in wholesale and retail sales of iron and hardware, with his brother. From 1844 to 1852, he served as president of the Toronto Board of Trade. In 1851, he was elected to Toronto city council and the Toronto public school board of trustees. Ridout also ran unsuccessfully for mayor in 1851. He was defeated when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1854. Ridout retired from the hardware business in 1866. He became governor for the British America Assurance Company in 1853 and became manager for the same company in 1871, serving until his death in Toronto at the age of 65.


Cinco, California

Cinco is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California.
It is located on the southwestern edge of Fremont Valley , east of and at the foot of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) Mountains, south of Red Rock Canyon State Park (California). at an elevation of 2149 feet (655 m). It is southwest of Cantil, California and east of Cross Mountain.
Cinco was founded as a work camp in the early 20th century for workers on the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Owens Valley aqueduct).


Helland (fiddle makers)

The Helland family from Bø in Telemark is a Norwegian dynasty of Hardanger fiddle makers who made the most significant and important contribution to the development of the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle tradition. The celebrated Norwegian fiddler Ole Bull played on Helland fiddles.
During nearly 200 years and four generations the family counted 14 fiddle makers, many of them among the most important in the fiddle-maker tradition in Norway. It may well be the largest fiddle maker family in history.
From Bø in Telemark to Notodden, Skien and Wisconsin.
Olav Gunnarson Helland settled in Notodden, Telemark, Norway in 1896 and established a Hardanger fiddle workshop. His fiddles are considered among the finest within the tradition.
Knut Gunnarsson Helland and Gunnar Gunnarsson Helland emigrated to US in 1901 and settled in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin where they became well known ski jumpers. They opened a fiddle workshop, "Helland Brothers" together. Knut died in 1920 and his brother Gunnar continued the business until 1927.
John Gunnarson Helland settled in Skien, Telemark, Norway and ran a workshop and a music shop until his death in 1977.
The other fiddle makers continued their work in Bø until the last, Knut Knutsson Steintjønndalen died in 1969.
The family 1790–1977.
"Note on older Norwegian names: The second name is a patronymic (meaning literally e.g. "Jon's son" or "Erik's daughter"). The third name is a family name, derived from the farm where they lived, or originated from.
Jon Eilevsson Steintjønndalen.
Jon Eilevsson learned his trade from his father, Eilev Jonsson Steintjønndalen, and became a fine violin maker. But he gave it up at an early age when he left the area. There are still a number of good Hardanger fiddles left by him.
The great Hardanger fiddle player Halvor Jøren from Bø brought one, named "The Troll", with him to the US, where it disappeared.


Highfield station

Highfield is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction will begin in 2022 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment one. The station is located in Calgary's oldest industrial area.
The station will be at-grade, parallel to the existing freight railway tracks, and will have a bus loop. The station is expected to stimulate growth of the industrial park, because of increased transit connections for workers. The area has been identified by the City of Calgary to potentially become a generator for new commercial and high tech incubator development.


Walter J. Phillips

Walter Joseph Phillips (October 25, 1884 – July 5, 1963) was an English-born Canadian painter and printmaker. He is credited with popularizing the colour woodcut in the style of the Japanese, in Canada.
Life.
Phillips was born in Barton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire, England. As a youth, he studied at the Birmingham School of Art. After studying abroad in South Africa and Paris, he worked as a commercial artist in England. In June 1913 he moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where he lived for more than 28 years. Phillips died in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1963.
Career.
Phillips is famous for his woodcuts and watercolour sketches. His artistic career spanned from the 1900s through the 1940s, during which time his work was exhibited throughout North America and Great Britain. Common subjects for Phillips included the lakes of Manitoba—"York Boat on Lake Winnipeg" (1930) is a well-known print—the prairies, and in his later years, the Rocky Mountains, where his ashes were scattered.
In 1940 he was asked to become a resident artist at the Banff Centre, then known as the Banff School of Fine Arts, where he played an important role in the development of their visual arts program. Its Walter Phillips Gallery, which focuses on contemporary art, is named after him. The Glenbow Museum in Calgary, Alberta holds an extensive collection of Phillips works and a research archive.
In 1933, he was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. He was a member of the Canadian Painters Etchers Society; the Manitoba Society of Artists; the Society of Gravers-Painters in Colour, London, England; and the Society of Print Makers of California.
Recognition.
On 17 February 1997 Canada Post issued 'York Boat on Lake Winnipeg, 1930, Walter J. Phillips' in the Masterpieces of Canadian art series. The stamp was designed by Pierre-Yves Pelletier based on a woodcut "York Boat on Lake Winnipeg" (1930) by Walter Joseph Phillips in the National Gallery of Canada. The 90¢ stamps were printed by Ashton-Potter Canada Limited. On May 26, 2010, Phillips' print "Summer Idyll" reached US$30,109 at auction by Heffel Fine Art.


Max Zaritsky

Max Zaritsky (1885-1959) was an American union leader of the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union (UHCMW) as well as co-founder of both the American Labor Party and Liberal Party of New York State.
Background.
Max Zaritsky was born on April 15, 1885, in Petrikov, Russian Empire. His father was a rabbi. In 1906, he immigrated to the US at age 21.
Career.
Union leadership.
Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union.
In 1906, Zaritsky got a job in a hat and cap factory in Boston. In 1911, he became general secretary of the millinery union. In 1919, he became president of the Cloth Hat, Cap and Millinery Workers Union. In 1934, the Cloth Hat, Cap and Millinery Workers Union merged with the United Hatters of North America union to form the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union (UHCMW), headquartered in New York, and in 1936, Zaritsky became its president.
Zaritsky ousted Communist influence from his union.
CIO.
In 1935, United Mine Workers president John L. Lewis formed a "more militant" group within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) called the Committee for Industrial Organizations. He formed it with Zaritsky of UHCMW, Sidney Hillman, head of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America; David Dubinsky, President of the ILGWU, Thomas McMahon, head of the United Textile Workers; John Sheridan of the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers Union; and Harvey Fremming of the Oil Workers Union. They announced the committee's creation on November 9, 1935, and in 1938, after the AFL revoked the charters of these members, they formed the Congress for Industrial Organizations (CIO).
Zaritsky opposed the CIO's break from the AFL and, with David Dubinsky, initiated a "peace move" between the nascent CIO and its AFL parent.
Political leadership.
American Labor Party.
In 1936, Zaritsky had joined Sidney Hillman and John L. Lewis in forming the Labor Non-Partisan League (LNPL), which formed the basis of the American Labor Party (ALP), making Zaritsky an ALP co-founder.
Liberal Party of New York.
In 1944, Zaritsky co-founded the ALP split-off of the Liberal Party of New York.
Later life.
In 1950, Zaritsky retired after 39 years as a labor union official, succeeded by Alex Rose, also a co-founder of the ALP and Liberal Party.
Zaritsky also lectured to colleges and schools on labor issues.
Personal life and death.
Zaritsky married Sophie Pilavin.
Zaritsky was a Labor Zionist and served as treasurer of the National Labor Committee for Palestine as well as the National Committee for a Leon Blum Colony in Palestine (who patrons included Herbert H. Lehman, Fiorello H. LaGuardia, Abraham Cohan, Albert Einstein, Felix Frankfurter, Israel Goldstein, Julian W. Mack, Edward F. McGrady, and Robert F. Wagner and whose officers included Rose Schneiderman and Lucy Lang).
Max Zaritsky died age 74 on May 10, 1959, in Boston, Massachusetts, after leaving New York City two years earlier. He is buried in the Mount Carmel Cemetery of Queens, New York.
In 1991, "American Heritage" magazine carried a reminiscence of Zaritsky (online, lacking author):
Legacy.
At his death in 1959, the "New York Times" declared, "Although his union had only 40,000 members, Mr. Zaritsky won a position of major influence in labor's affairs." His papers are at the Tamiment Library at New York University.


Werburg Welch

Dame Werburg Welch, OSB (1894–1990), born Eileen Welch, was an English artist and Benedictine nun. Born in Cheltenham, her father was a Catholic convert, who sent her to convent schools. She studied art at both Southampton and Bristol, before becoming a nun, then carried on her work beyond.
Biography.
Grace Eileen Welch was born on 17 May 1894 in Cheltenham and known as Eileen until she entered religious life. Her father was John Grindon Welch and her mother Grace Mary Welch had four children, of which Eileen was the eldest.
John Welch had been raised Protestant, but converted to Catholicism after reading Cardinal Newman's works. Eileen was sent to Holy Trinity School, Kidderminster, shortly after it was founded, a school run by nuns exiled from France. In 1906 Eileen and her sister were sent to be schooled at Convent of the Cross. She went on to study at Southampton School of Art and then at the Bristol Art School, when the family settled in Bristol.
In 1913, Eileen entered the Convent of the Religious of the Cross as a postulant, before becoming a novice at Stanbrook Abbey in Worcestershire in 1915, supposedly wearing a fashionable skirt too tight to kneel in. There, she took on the religious name Werburg.
On 30 November 1919 she took her solemn vows and became Dame Werburg, a full Benedictine nun. Intending to give up art, she was persuaded to carry on. Welch continued to study art under Desmond Chute and Eric Gill from whom she derived her angular style.
During World War II, she took on the role of managing orchards, and became an expert on fruit trees, a hobby she carried on until her 80s. She was a sub-prioress of Stanbrook Abbey from 1956 until 1968. She suffered a severe stroke in November 1989 and died on 1 February 1990 at Stanbrook Abbey.
Works.
Welch was known for her designs of liturgical furnishings and took a lead role in the 1929 "Catholic Times"' Arts and Crafts exhibition. Her paintings and wood carvings can be found in many Catholic and Anglican churches in Britain including Farnborough Abbey (Weston-super-Mare) and the University of Birmingham's Catholic Chapel.
She regularly exhibited in the 1930s and 1940s with the Guild of Catholic Artists and Craftsmen using the assumed name of Benedictine of Stanbrook. Her works have appeared in "Art Notes" and "L'Artisan Liturgique". Her best known work was a commission piece called "The Praying Christ".


Qalqaman (Almaty Metro)

Kalkaman () is a planned Line 1 station of Almaty Metro. The construction of the station is expected to start in 2019 and it will be located on Ashimov Street between Elibaev Street and Bayzak Batyr at the intersection of Abay Avenue and Momyshuly Street.


Military engineering of the United States

The United States first formed a military engineering capability on 16 June 1775, when the Continental Congress established an army with a chief engineer and two assistants. Subsequently, on 16 March 1802, the Corps of Engineers was organized by the President. Today, Military Engineers are grouped separately within each of the armed services.
History.
The Revolutionary War and origins.
The prevalence of military engineering in the United States dates back to the American Revolutionary War when engineers would carry out tasks in the U.S. Army. During the war, they would map terrain and build fortifications to protect troops from opposing forces. Examples of military engineering from this period in American history are the fortifications of Saratoga, New York. The knowledge and skills of the military engineers contributed to the success and independence of the American colonies.
Nineteenth century and the Civil War.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers existed sporadically for two decades after its founding. The Army Corps of Engineers would not be revived until European powers posed the threat of war. In 1802, President Thomas Jefferson and Congress reestablished the Corps of Engineers as the Corps at West Point, New York, which served as a military academy devoted to training military engineers. The Corps of Engineers ran the United States Military Academy until 1866 and served as the first American college with an engineering-based curriculum.
Throughout the early 19th century, military engineers in the Army Corps built brick and masonry seacoast fortifications. After 1824, two Army Corps of Engineers existed in the United States. One of them was responsible for building fortifications while the other was responsible for improving the country’s harbors and rivers. The two corps occasionally overlapped, especially during times of war. The two corps united as one and expanded in 1863 in the midst of the American Civil War. With the advancement of warfare technology, the Army Corps of Engineers had to expand their knowledge of building bridges and facilities capable of handling heavier artillery.
Twentieth and twenty-first century.
During World War I and World War II, military engineers built roads, bridges, railroads, ports, fortifications, trenches, and depots in battlefield situations. These engineers emerged as important factors in warfare both on the front lines and behind those lines. Speed became a significant factor in these times of war because of the advancements in equipment and artillery on both ally and enemy lines. The task of building infrastructure in a timely manner became more important as new warfare strategies emerged and mobility became a more dangerous task to maintain. One well-noted example of military engineering during World War II was the construction of a supply road from Ledo, India to the Burma Road in 1944 by Allied forces at a point where the road was still in Chinese territory. This road, opened in 1945, was 478 miles long, and twisted through mountains, swamps, wetlands, and jungles. Some of the most famous projects in American military engineering history were the various facilities used to house the Manhattan Project in the construction of America’s first atomic bombs. Innovative equipment, including armored engineering vehicles that had to be capable of navigating ashore from landing craft, was developed for the allied forces’ amphibious operations. These types of new inventions aided troops in an intricate, complex war fought on land, by sea, and by air.
The Korean and Vietnam Wars brought about new technology for engineers to adapt to. Guerilla warfare on opposing sides in addition to unfamiliar territories and diverse, treacherous topography of foreign land required more mapping and logistic skills than before. Hundreds of miles of roads were laid and landing pads for the newly developed military helicopters were cleared from acres of jungle. While their skills improved, efforts proved to be unsuccessful in comparison to World War I and World War II.
After the United States Air Force separated from the Army in 1947, military engineers found much success in the Cold War against the Soviet Union. From 1947 to 1991, the Cold War increased competition and political tension between nations that had been in opposition in previous wars, including the United States. Little physical combat took place between opposing countries during this time of political hostility. The United States was constantly on the brink of potential warfare. With this potential threat came the need for military engineers to prepare for what was thought to be the beginning of war. Engineers constructed airfields for heavy bombers, launch facilities for intercontinental ballistic missiles, and radar installations to increase communication. They built many of the facilities for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). After the Cold War, military engineering found its place on the front lines again. The Persian Gulf War and wars thereafter brought about new tactics and advancements that required massive logistical support. Military engineers also had a helping hand in the design and construction of military command centers such as the Cheyenne Mountain complex in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which houses the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).
Shortage of military engineers in the 21st century.
The 21st century brought about a problem that existed in the early history of United States military engineering. Careers in military engineering require four-year bachelor’s degrees in specific engineering fields such as civil, mechanical, and electrical along with degrees in mathematical sciences and natural sciences. A shortage in the number of students graduating in these fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, also known as STEM majors, is causing a shortage in military engineers in the United States.
According to Department of Defense STEM officials, social networking, poor credit history, and a lack of interest in engineering contribute to the shortage. Social networking and media release information about potential employees that is accessible world-wide. United States government careers and positions require a significant level of private information to be kept out of public knowledge. Companies and employers, including the United States Department of Defense, use Facebook and other social networking sites to decide employment potential. The Department of Defense believes this jeopardizes the process of employing military engineers.
A poor credit history can affect employment potential for possible military engineers. Credit history can be used as a reference for reliability in workplace environments. According to the Department of Defense, the population of those with poor credit in the early 21st century scores is large, with student debt being a contributing factor.
Department of Defense careers require employees to be United States citizens. Outsourcing military engineering careers to countries with a large number engineering graduates is not an option. According to the Department of Defense, nearly half of engineering graduates in the United States are foreign born, resulting in ineligibility.
Notable military engineering programs.
In a 2012 report by US News, the nation’s three major military academies’ undergraduate engineering programs ranked in the top five. Engineering majors make up 21 percent of the United States Military Academy graduating class.
Notable military engineering programs include:
Notable military engineering organizations.
The oldest military engineering organization in the United States is the Army Corps of Engineers, founded during the American Revolutionary War. Other organizations formed as the need for engineering presence of each expanded branch of military increased.
Notable military engineering organizations include:
Notable projects.
Since the founding of the Army Corps of Engineers, they have been responsible for domestic civil engineering and civil works projects as in addition to military and defense projects. A large-scale project includes the construction, maintenance, and operation of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway on the east and gulf coasts of the United States. The Intracoastal Waterway is an inland navigational waterway excavated in the early Twentieth century that runs over 3,000 miles from Norfolk, Virginia to the Florida Keys and from the Florida Keys to Brownsville, Texas. The waterway has been a source of transportation, commerce, and leisure since its completion.
Another large-scale project carried out by the Army Corps of Engineers is the construction of Hartwell Lake on the border of Georgia and South Carolina. Hartwell Lake was built between 1955 and 1963. The main purposes that the lake serves are flood risk management, water quality, water supply, hydropower production, wildlife protection, and recreation.
The Army Corps of Engineers’ military engineers are responsible for the construction and maintenance of the southern Louisiana levee system. Much of southern Louisiana lies below sea level making the area prone to flooding and land erosion. The levee system serves as a collection of dams along the banks of the Mississippi River that prevent land from flooding.
United States Army.
Military engineers in the United States Army belong to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The motto of the US Army Corps of Engineers is "ESSAYONS", from French "Let "us" try". Army engineers include both combat engineers and support engineers more focused on construction and sustainment. U.S. Army Engineer units outside of USACE Districts fall under the Engineer Regiment of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The vast majority of military personnel in the United States Army Corps of Engineers serve in this Engineer Regiment. The Engineer Regiment is headquartered at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri and commanded by the Engineer Commandant, currently a position filled by an Army Brigadier General from the Engineer Branch. As of 2013, Army Corps of Engineers Military Occupation Specialties (MOS) were:
Enlisted
Warrant Officer
Officer
United States Air Force.
Military engineering in the United States Air Force comes from the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, RED HORSE and Prime BEEF. USAF military engineering occupations consist of:
Enlisted
Officer
United States Navy.
The United States Navy receives military engineering from the Civil Engineer Corps and Seabees. USN military engineering occupations consist of:
Enlisted
Warrant Officer
Officer
United States Marine Corps.
The United States Marine Corps has a requirement for combat engineers in the same way as the Army. Thus, the USMC has United States Marine Corps Combat Engineers. USMC military engineering occupations consist of:
Enlisted
Officer
Enlisted
Officer
United States Coast Guard.
The Coast Guard is the only branch with an unofficial engineer job for enlisted. Although, the Coast Guard does have a Civil Engineering Command: Which consist of a six part regional Civil Engineering offices throughout the Coast Guard executing depot level maintenance projects. This is the most common assignment for a new Civil Engineering officer.
These offices include
Civil Engineering Unit (CEU): Serve as part of the six regional Civil Engineering offices throughout the Coast Guard executing depot level maintenance projects. This is the most common assignment for a new Civil Engineering officer.
Facilities Engineering: An integral part of the management of facilities with a hands on role overseeing the day to day operation of the Bases, Training Centers, and Air Stations.
Shore Infrastructure Logistics Center (SILC): Positions at this command execute program priorities through creating procedures, and overseeing the CEUs.
Facilities Design and Construction Center (FDCC): Execute all new construction projects throughout the Coast Guard. FDCC is responsible for all phases of project execution including planning, design, contracting, and construction.
Coast Guard Headquarters: Serve in the Office of Civil Engineering directly influencing enterprise level policy, program, and organizational management initiatives.
Joint-Expeditionary Engineering:
Redeployment Assistance Inspection Detachments (RAID),
Redeployment Assistance Inspection Detachments or (RAID) consisted of Coast Guard members deployed with the U.S Army and Seabees to support of shipment of materials in and out of war zones. Their mission is to assist the Department of Defense with the safe re-deployment of containerized cargo as well as the storage and segregation of hazardous materials. The Coast Guard's was responsible to ensure that hazardous material was properly prepared and inspected for shipment and re-entry to U.S. ports. The team moved between Forward Operating Bases, making them amongst the few Coast Guardsmen to have been so far forward with the U.S. Army in a combat zone.
Enlisted Rates affiliated with Engineering Detachments:


Linville Falls

Linville Falls is a waterfall located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina in the United States. The falls move in several distinct steps, beginning in a twin set of upper falls, moving down a small gorge, and culminating in a high-volume drop. It is named for the Linville River, which goes over the falls. Linville Falls has the highest volume of any waterfall on the Northern Edge of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Natural history.
Linville Falls marks the beginning of the Linville Gorge, which is formed by the Linville River, which continues on after the falls before finally ending near Lake James.
History.
According to personnel at Linville Falls, the falls were used by local Native Americans to execute prisoners. No one is known to have survived a fall over the final plunge, except for kayaker Pat Keller in 2010. The following is from the CARNEGIE Hero Fund Commission "Charles W. Davis, 23, beekeeper, saved Hallie L. Hartman, 20, from drowning, Linville Falls, North Carolina, August 30, 1928. Miss Hartman fell into the Linville River and was carried 300 feet through swift water and dropped 30 feet over a fall into a pool in which the water was 45 feet deep and very cold. The banks of the pool were high and precipitous. Davis descended high rock ledges with difficulty to a low ledge at the pool, becoming winded. Fully clothed, he swam 40 feet through rough water to Miss Hartman, who was unconscious. Grasping her, he swam 15 feet with great exertion against a strong undercurrent that pulled toward the falls and then swam 65 feet farther to a low point at the bank. As he tried to push Miss Hartman upon the bank, he fell to his knees from fatigue but got to his feet quickly and placed Miss Hartman upon the bank. After prolonged efforts, Miss Hartman was revived."
The falls were donated to the National Park Service in 1952 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. He provided about $100,000 for purchase of the land, including a area surrounding the falls and a part of Linville Gorge, from Giulia Luginbuhl of Des Moines, IA, whose father, F. W. Hossfeld of Morganton, NC, had purchased the property about 1900.
At one time, the upper section of the main plunge was the same height as the lower section, however, flooding caused the upper section to collapse on top of the lower falls, making the lower falls a considerably longer plunge.
Visiting the falls.
The falls is owned by the National Park Service, which operates a visitor center and several miles of non-handicapped accessible trails with 4 overlooks for the falls. The Upper Falls trail leads to the top of the falls, where visitors can see the small twin upper falls and the water spiraling through a small canyon on its way to the main falls. The Erwin's View trail leads to 2 overlooks, the Chimney View overlook (0.7 miles) and the Erwin's View overlook (0.8 miles). The Plunge Basin Trail leads to the Plunge Basin Overlook, which provides a view of the falls from the other side of the river. Finally, the Gorge Trail, which branches off from the Plunge Basin trail, leads to an area near the foot of the falls. Swimming is prohibited at all areas of Linville Falls, as many deaths have occurred.


Hunter Street railway station

Hunter Street railway station is a proposed station on the Sydney Metro West that will serve the Sydney central business district.


Pierre Simon

Pierre Simon (1 December 1808 – 12 December 1881), later known as Paul Simon, was a French archetier or musical bowmaker.
Simon became one of the most important bowmakers of his time. He worked in Paris for Peccatte, Vuillaume and Gand Frères. In 1847 he purchased Dominique Peccatte's business partnering with Joseph Henry until 1851. His bows have two distinct head models, one of his own and the other based on a Peccatte model. Not much is known about his early work. He probably apprenticed from the age of twelve in Mirecourt, working for someone like Pajeot (speculation based on the elegance of his work by P. Child).
He arrived in Paris in 1838. According to experts, Simon started making bows at least as early as 1827. The earliest bow attributed to him, however, according to Raffin & Millant, was made for Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, and dates only to 1845 when he was thirty-seven years old. Simon entered partnership with Joseph Henry from 1848-1851.
Simon was one of the most skilled bowmakers ever. He made bows on several patterns and of varying weights. Sometimes he used a model similar to the Peccatte interpretation of François Tourte, and these heavier Simon bows play similarly to Peccatte bows. On the other hand, the classic, bell-shaped Simon head is derived from an earlier Tourte model. These tend to be lighter and more flexible than the classic Peccatte model. The finest Simon bows have a highly attractive, lithe flexibility and a genuine beauty of tone.
Some of his bows bear the stamp: "Simon a Paris." His best bows are strong, finely balanced sticks which produce a smooth and velvety tone.
Simon is one of the few makers from 1850–1875 to have made octagonal bows either for himself or for Vuillaume. Pierre made few or no viola bows.
The chamfer of a Simon bow follows a large, generous curve which can be seen from the profile. Also, the chamfers are quite symmetrical in a Simon bow. Pierre made bows for Vuillaume, Gand Frères, Gand & Bernardel Frères, George Chanot and Bernardel et Fils. Pierre's brother, Barthélémy, younger by two years, was also a bow maker.


Norwegian coupling

A Norwegian coupling (or meat chopper) is a manual coupling consisting of a central buffer with a mechanical hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer. The system is only found on narrow gauge railways of or less, such as Western Australian Government Railways, the Ffestiniog Railway and the Welsh Highland Railway, where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. Norwegian couplings are not particularly strong, and may be supplemented by auxiliary chains. Not all Norwegian couplings are compatible with one another as they vary in height and width, and may or may not be limited to one hook at a time.
The Norwegian coupling was developed in Norway around 1870, when the main domestic railway net was built to narrow gauge. Later, during the 20th century, these lines were rebuilt into or closed. This meant that the rolling stock needed to be replaced, and buffers and chain coupler got used instead. Only museum railways, such as the Setesdal Line and Urskog–Høland Line, use it in Norway nowadays.
The New Zealand Government Railways, during the 1970s, developed an extremely large and heavy-duty version of the chopper coupler. These were first applied to a fleet of General Electric locomotives (U26C class DX), which had arrived from the United States with Janney couplers. However, they were converted once it was decided that these locomotives would operate on other than just the North Island Main Trunk express freight trains.
On railway lines where rolling stock always points the same way, the mechanical hook may be provided only on one end of each wagon. This was the situation on the Lynton & Barnstaple (L&B), a narrow gauge line in Devon, England, and still applies to railways in New Zealand and on the Isle of Man Railway. Similarly, the hand brake handles may also be on one side of the wagons only. The L&B originally used side chains in conjunction with Norwegian couplers, but these were found to be unnecessary with the slow speeds employed () and were removed within a year or so of the line opening in 1898. The Isle of Man Railway still couples its side chains in operation today.
Kenyan railways, Uganda Railways, Tanzanian Railways and Mountain Railways of India also use the Norwegian coupler.
The Pichi Richi Railway in South Australia uses Norwegian couplers as its standard, and converts Janney coupler to Norwegian as required. The slot in the "buffer beam" where the coupler protrudes appears to be about the same for both types of couplers. As a museum, it is appropriate to use the older type of coupling.


William Jones (haberdasher)

William Jones (c.1545/1550 – January 1615) was a London haberdasher, born in Newland, Gloucestershire, England. He is remembered for his bequests, which led to the establishment of schools in Monmouth and Pontypool, almshouses at Newland, and the so-called "Golden Lectureship" in London.
Life.
Jones was apprenticed in Monmouth, but moved to London at about the age of 20. According to one source, he left Monmouth after being unable to pay a fine, and in London became first a porter and then a factor before setting up business in Hamburg, trading in so-called "Welsh cottons", which were in fact made from cheap woollen fabric. The suggestion that he rose from poverty to great wealth has been questioned. The most recent history of Monmouth School suggests he may have been related to Monmouthshire gentry and suggests; "it seems unlikely that his considerable commercial success could have been achieved without initial capital behind him." He became a successful businessman and trader, and a very wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers. According to the antiquary Charles Heath, writing in 1804, Jones returned to Newland at the height of his prosperity, and "instead of appearing in the character and circumstances of his real situation, he assumed the garb and distress of a pauper." Jones is believed to have died in Hamburg in January 1615.
Legacy.
In his last will and testament, dated 26 December 1614, besides making many bequests to members of his family, he left "nyne thousand pounds to the Company of Haberdashers of London to ordain a Preacher, a Free School and Alms houses for twenty poor and distressed people, as blind and lame as it shall seem best to them, of the Town of Monmouth, where it shall be bestowed". The endowment also included large areas of land in south London, notably around Deptford, much of which was later sold to railway companies; and additional funds were invested by the Haberdashers Company in Kent and Staffordshire.
Jones also bequeathed to the Haberdashers' Company a house in Size Lane, London, "to some learned and faithful preacher, to be appointed by the Company". As part of the endowment, an annual lecture was to be given, originally at the Church of St Margaret in Lothbury. The duty became known, because of its monetary value to the appointed preacher, as the "Golden lectureship". The "Golden Lectures" continue to this day, organised by the Haberdashers' Company and now held in the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less in the City of London.
A book, "A history of the charities of William Jones (founder of the "Golden lectureship" in London), at Monmouth & Newland", by William Meyler Warlow, was published by W. Bennett in 1899.
The original school that he endowed, Monmouth School, has continued to be governed by the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers. Jones also endowed almshouses in his home village of Newland. These ten terraced houses were Grade II listed in 1952.
The Haberdashers' Company continued to administer William Jones' Charity, and by 1890 its annual revenue was £10,000. The original foundation was re-organised in 1891 to support a new girls’ school and an elementary school in the town, as well as a boys grammar school in Pontypool, opened in 1898. The elementary school was transferred to County Council control in 1940, with West Monmouth School at Pontypool following in 1955. This left the William Jones's Schools Foundation responsible for Monmouth School and Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls, both of which later became fully independent schools.