Beverly Marshall

Beverly Robinson (also Marshall) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". Upon her introduction on 6 July 1987, the character was played by Lisa Armytage. Following Armytage's decision to quit the role in 1988, producers chose to recast the role to Shaunna O'Grady. O'Grady relocated from Sydney to Melbourne for filming and her first scenes as Beverly aired on 16 March 1989.
Beverly took on the role of the serial's local GP, and became a love interest for established regular Jim Robinson (Alan Dale). After a bad start, Beverly and Jim realise that they have many shared interests and they eventually marry. However, their marriage falls apart due to Beverly's desire to have a child of her own. Producers decided not to renew O'Grady's contract and Beverly departed on 5 September 1990.
O'Grady reprised the role in 2005, along with several former cast members for a cameo appearance in the serial's 20th anniversary episode "Friends for Twenty Years". She reprised the role again on 19 March 2019, as Beverly is brought back to Erinsborough by her former stepson Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis). The character has since made sporadic appearances to treat patients, and had a brief relationship with fellow doctor Clive Gibbons (Geoff Paine).
Casting.
Beverly Marshall was originally played by Lisa Armytage. Armytage quit the role in 1988, and the script writers decided to send the character off to a conference for a few months. This allowed them time to cast Shaunna O'Grady in the role. O'Grady took over the role of Beverly in March 1989, after she successfully passed a screen test when she dropped into Grundys while passing through Melbourne. O'Grady relocated to Melbourne from Sydney to be closer to the studios. She described taking over the role from Lisa Armytage as "very strange".
On her experience of joining the cast she said, "It really was fun, as I recall. Cast and crew were friendly, and we laughed a LOT". However, she found it hard taking on the role as she had not seen the show before, and no one told could tell her about Beverly. There was a notable difference between the two actresses, O'Grady was blonde while Armytage was a brunette. Of this, O'Grady said "We don't look at all alike, obviously we aren't the same person and there's been no attempt to make me look like Lisa". She also added, "I think I will just be recognised as a different actor and go from there".
Development.
Introduction and marriage to Jim Robinson.
Beverly was introduced as the show's new GP, following Clive Gibbons' (Geoff Paine) departure, and a love interest for Jim Robinson (Alan Dale). An "Inside Soap" writer described her as having a "prickly persona", while O'Grady said she was "very buttoned-down". Beverly and Jim are brought together by Jim's cousin Hilary Robinson (Anne Scott-Pendlebury), after she learns that Beverly will be in Erinsborough for a conference. Hilary asks Jim to take care of her friend for a few days. Of Beverly and Jim's early relationship, Armytage stated: She's not even interested in him to start off with. Jim thinks he has been set up by his cousin Hilary, which makes him very much on the defensive. He's prepared for us to go out to lunch, but he treats Beverly so abominably, and she is very huffy when she realises what he thinks. So it takes a while before they start to relate to each other properly." Jim soon learns that he has many interests in common with Beverly, including golf and fishing, and they start a relationship, which was described as being "intense and frequently difficult" by Neil Wallis and Dave Hogan of "The Neighbours Factfile".
When Beverly saves the life of Jim's mother-in-law Helen Daniels (Anne Haddy), she earns Jim's "undying gratitude". Jim and Beverly marry at Number 26 Ramsay Street in February 1988, and Beverly became the show's first female character to refuse to take her husband's name. The pair have a low-key wedding and Dale told Amanda Zachary from "TV Week" that "it is one of those family affairs - just a nice quiet wedding at home." Dale admitted that he was in shock when he learned the two characters would marry. Dale also explained that Jim's "life is turned upside down" after he marries Beverly. Writers used their marriage to reengineer Jim's characterisation, giving him more "basic warmth and affection". He credited a good rapport with Armytage for making Jim's persona change happen with ease.
The couple's marriage is strained by Beverly's desire to have a child. Josephine Monroe, author of "Neighbours: The First 10 Years", wrote that Beverly became a "hormonal mess" as her desperation for a baby increased. Jim thought caring for her niece and nephew was enough, but he eventually agrees to try for a baby. Beverly falls pregnant, but suffers a miscarriage. She then considers adoption, but Jim is rejected for being too old. Beverly briefly fosters an abandoned child, but when he is taken away, she "fell to pieces". O'Grady liked this storyline and how Beverly "was on the edge", but she was disappointed when it "petered out" and thought it could have been more interesting.
Departure and returns.
When O'Grady's contract came up for renewal, producers took the decision not to renew it. O'Grady said that she would have continued with "Neighbours" if it had been up to her. Beverly's exit storyline began with the introduction of her former boyfriend Ewan O'Brien (Peter Sumner), who works with her on some research, causing further problems in her marriage. Jim and Beverly are driven apart and their marriage soon ends. They divorce and Beverly decides to leave Erinsborough.
In July 2005, O'Grady joined several former cast members for a cameo appearance in the serial's 20th anniversary episode "Friends for Twenty Years".
On 22 January 2019, Filiz Mehmedova of Digital Spy confirmed that O'Grady would be reprising her role once again, after fans noticed a name card for Beverly in a photograph of a table read. The character returned on 19 March 2019. Beverly is contacted by her former stepson Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis), who asks for her help in determining whether Finn Kelly (Rob Mills) is lying about having amnesia, as Beverly is now a specialist in psychological trauma caused by brain injuries. Paul also has "an ulterior motive" for contacting Beverly, as he wants to be close to those who had a connection with Jim, who he saw in a vision at Christmas. Beverly returns the following month to lead a hypnotherapy session with Andrea Somers (Madeleine West). She later helps Andrea's mother Heather Schilling (Kerry Armstrong) to recall the traumatic birth of her daughters.
Producers later paired Beverly with Clive Gibbons, shortly after ending his relationship with Sheila Canning. Beverly and Clive attend a wine-tasting event, which "goes awry" when Beverly accidentally bumps into Sheila, who, believing it was deliberate, then throws wine over Beverly. Sheila's jealousy leads her to gatecrash a dinner party that David Tanaka (Takaya Honda) and Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) are throwing for Beverly and Clive, as she wants to know more about their relationship. This then leads to a love triangle storyline, as Clive kisses Sheila when he walks her back home. The pair have an affair for a few weeks, until Clive eventually breaks up with Beverly. However, when Sheila apologises to Beverley about the affair, it emerges that Clive only mentioned that he as reuniting with Sheila. A "scorned" Beverley pours a bucket of manure over Sheila's head in revenge. Claire Crick of "What's on TV" questioned whether this would lead to Beverly's exit, saying "With Beverley's life torn apart by Clive and Sheila's lies, is this the last we have seen of her? Or is her manure dumping just the start of her plan to get revenge?" The character returns the following year.
Storylines.
Beverly accepts an invitation from Hilary Robinson, to come to Erinsborough for a visit. Hilary tries to set Beverly and her cousin, Jim Robinson up together and Beverly falls for Jim. She sets up a surgery in the medical practice following the departure of Clive Gibbons and moves to Erinsborough permanently. Beverly helps deliver Daphne Clarke's (Elaine Smith) son, Jamie (S.J. Dey), after she goes into labour while on a fishing trip with her husband Des (Paul Keane), Jim and Beverly. Beverly's former boyfriend Stephen Armstrong (Peter Adams) comes back into her life and she chooses him over Jim. However, Stephen is violent towards her and she throws him out. Beverly begs Jim to take her back and he proposes to her.
Beverly and Jim marry at Jim's house on Valentine's Day. Their honeymoon plans are dashed when Beverly's niece and nephew, Katie (Sally Jensen) and Todd Landers (Kristian Schmid) run away. When they are found, they reveal that their parents Annette (Tania Uren) and Bob (Robin Harrison; Bruce Kilpatrick) are having marital problems. Beverly and Jim agree to let Katie and Todd stay with them. Beverly worries if Jim's mother-in-law Helen Daniels will accept her, however, Helen is happy that Jim has found someone. Beverly asks Jim if they can try for a baby, but Jim is reluctant after having raised four children of his own. However, he agrees and Beverly discovers she is pregnant, but she suffers a miscarriage after being mugged on the way home from the surgery.
When Debra Turner (Daisy Cameron), a young single mother leaves her baby son, Rhys (Anna and Evie Kasmatis) at Beverly's surgery, Beverly takes the child home and decides to apply for legal guardianship of him. However, Debra returns to town with the child's father, Adam Delaney (Joel Richardson) and they begin blackmailing Beverly. Jim finds out when he notices that large amounts of money is missing from their bank account. Beverly tells him everything and Jim calls the police. Rhys is taken away and put up for adoption. Beverly's former partner Ewan O'Brien (Peter Sumner) asks her to help with a research paper and Jim becomes jealous of him. The tension between Beverly and Jim eventually forces Beverly to take a reluctant Todd and move to the flat above her surgery.
Beverly then discovers she is pregnant again and she reconciles with Jim, but she miscarries again. She is told that she cannot carry a child to full term. When Ewan asks Beverly to join him in Perth, Beverly decides to leave Erinsborough. Just before she leaves, Jim tells her that he wants to remain friends. Beverly and Jim divorce the following year. Years later, when Annalise Hartman (Kimberly Davies) returns to Ramsay Street to show the residents a documentary she has made, Beverly features in it and she says she owes her professional confidence to her time on Ramsay Street.
Beverly returns to Erinsborough after nearly thirty years away to meet with Paul and assess Finn Kelly, who is believed to be suffering from retrograde amnesia. Beverly asks Paul why he contacted her, and he tells her that he knows she has changed her speciality to the psychiatric effects of serious brain injuries. She presses him further and he explains that he has been thinking about everyone connected with Jim. After talking with Finn, Beverly recommends that they tell him the circumstances that led to him being hospitalised. Beverly then tells Finn that he was pushed off a cliff by Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) during an altercation. Beverly carries out an EEG on Finn and she is confident of the amnesia diagnosis.
Beverly is called to give her medical opinion about Finn's brain injury and memory loss at his sentencing hearing. Beverly explains that the head injuries Finn suffered while he was held hostage some years before caused an aneurysm in his brain, and that the trauma from the torture he endured likely led to his destructive personality. Beverly says that Finn was not born a psychopath and that his amnesia diagnosis is conclusive. Beverly bonds with Paul's son and fellow doctor David Tanaka over Finn's case, and thinks psychiatry or neurology could be a good speciality for him. Beverly meets with Andrea Somers at Lassiters Hotel for a hypnotherapy session, and causes her to recall a memory from her childhood. Beverly goes to a wine tasting at The 82 with her date, Clive Gibbons. She bumps into Clive's former partner Sheila Canning, spilling her wine. Sheila believes that Beverly did it deliberately and she throws a glass of wine at her.
Beverly congratulates David on his research paper about Finn, and asks if he would like to speak at a neuropsychology symposium in Canberra. David invites Beverly and Clive over for dinner, which is interrupted by Sheila. David's husband Aaron Brennan admits that Sheila wanted him to get intel on Beverly and Clive, and Beverly calls out Sheila's childish behaviour. Clive supports Beverly when she learns her niece has been in a car accident. A few weeks later, Clive breaks up with Beverly for Sheila. The two women meet in the complex and Sheila admits that she and Clive have actually been having an affair, leading Beverly to dump a bucket of manure over her head.
Reception.
Beverly was named as a "firm favourite with viewers" in John Kercher's 1989 book, "Neighbours: Facts, Features, Interviews With Your Favourite TV Stars". Kercher also named Beverly's relationship with Jim as "an intriguing storyline". Ruth Deller named Beverly as Ramsay Street's "superdoc". In another feature, Lowculture called Beverly the "resident awesome all-powerful "Neighbours" doctor who came in between Clive Gibbons and Karl Kennedy". The BBC said Beverly's most notable moment was "When she slapped one of her patients."


Alveolar macrophage

An alveolar macrophage (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage, a professional phagocyte, found in the pulmonary alveoli, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall.
Activity of the alveolar macrophage is relatively high, because they are located at one of the major boundaries between the body and the outside world. They are responsible for removing particles such as dust or microorganisms from the respiratory surfaces.
Alveolar macrophages are frequently seen to contain granules of exogenous material such as particulate carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces. Such black granules may be especially common in smoker's lungs or long-term city dwellers.
The alveolar macrophage is the third cell type in the alveolus, the others are the type I and type II pneumocytes.
Function.
Alveolar macrophages are phagocytes that play a critical role in homeostasis, host defense, and tissue remodeling. Their population density is decisive for these many processes. They are highly adaptive and can release many secretions, to interact with other cells and molecules using several surface receptors. Alveolar macrophages are also involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic and necrotic cells. They need to be selective of the material that is phagocytized to safeguard the normal cells and structures. To combat infection, the phagocytes facilitate many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to help recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of pathogenic microorganisms. PAMPs all have the common features of being unique to a group of pathogens but invariant in their basic structure; and are essential for pathogenicity (ability of an organism to produce an infectious disease in another organism). Proteins involved in microbial pattern recognition include mannose receptor, complement receptors, DC-SIGN, Toll-like receptors(TLRs), the scavenger receptor, CD14, and Mac-1. PRRs can be divided into three classes:
The recognition and clearance of invading microorganisms occurs through both opsonin-dependent and opsonin–independent pathways. The molecular mechanisms facilitating opsonin-dependent phagocytosis are different for specific opsonin/receptor pairs. For example, phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized pathogens occurs through the Fcγ receptors (FcγR), and involves phagocyte extensions around the microbe, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, complement receptor-mediated pathogen ingestion occurs without observable membrane extensions (particles just sink into the cell) and does not generally results in an inflammatory mediator response.
Following internalization, the microbe is enclosed in a vesicular phagosome which then undergoes fusion with primary or secondary lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome. There are various mechanisms that lead to intracellular killing; there are oxidative processes, and others independent of the oxidative metabolism. The former involves the activation of membrane enzyme systems that lead to a stimulation of oxygen uptake (known as the respiratory burst), and its reduction to reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), molecular species that are highly toxic for microorganisms. The enzyme responsible for the elicitation of the respiratory burst is known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, which is composed of five subunits. One component is a membrane cytochrome made up of two protein subunits, gp91phox and p22phox; the remaining three components are cytosolic-derived proteins: p40phox, p47phox, and p67phox. NADPH oxidase exists in the cytosol of the AM when in a quiescent state; but upon activation, two of its cytosolic components, p47phox and p67phox, have their tyrosine and serine residues phosphorylated, which are then able to mediate translocation of NADPHox to the cytochrome component, gp91phox/p22phox, on the plasma membrane via cytoskeletal elements.
Compared to other phagocytes, the respiratory burst in AM is of a greater magnitude. Oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms are based on the production of acid, on the secretion of lysozymes, on iron-binding proteins, and on the synthesis of toxic cationic polypeptides. Macrophages possess a repertoire of antimicrobial molecules packaged within their granules and lysosomes. These organelles contain a myriad of degradative enzymes and antimicrobial peptides that are released into the phagolysosome, such as proteases, nucleases, phosphatases, esterases, lipases, and highly basic peptides. Moreover, macrophages possess a number of nutrient deprivation mechanisms that are used to starve phagocytosed pathogens of essential micronutrients. Certain microorganisms have evolved countermeasures which enable them to evade being destroyed by phagocytes. Although lysosomal-mediated degradation is an efficient means by which to neutralize an infection and prevent colonization, several pathogens parasitize macrophages, exploiting them as a host cell for growth, maintenance and replication. Parasites like Toxoplasma gondii and mycobacteria are able to prevent fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, thus escaping the harmful action of lysosomal hydrolases. Others avoid lysosomes by leaving the phagocytic vacuole, to reach the cytosolic matrix where their development is unhindered. In these instances, macrophages may be triggered to actively destroy phagocytosed microorganisms by producing a number of highly toxic molecules and inducing deprivational mechanism to starve it. Finally, some microbes have enzymes to detoxify oxygen metabolites formed during the respiratory burst.
When insufficient to ward off the threat, alveolar macrophages can release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to call forth a highly developed network of defensive phagocytic cells responsible for the adaptive immune response.
The lungs are especially sensitive and prone to damage, thus to avoid collateral damage to type 1 and type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages are kept in a quiescent state, producing little inflammatory cytokines and displaying little phagocytic activity, as evidenced by downregulated expression of the phagocytic receptor Macrophage 1 antigen (Mac-1). AMs actively suppress the induction of two of the immunity systems of the body: the adaptive immunity and humoral immunity. The adaptive immunity is suppressed through AM's effects on interstitial dendritic cells, B-cells and T-cells, as these cells are less selective of what they destroy, and often cause unnecessary damage to normal cells. To prevent uncontrolled inflammation in the lower respiratory tract, alveolar macrophages secrete nitric oxide, prostaglandins, interleukin-4 and -10(IL-4, IL-10), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).
Nitric oxide.
NO is a major source of immunomodulation in rodents, and is produced by enzyme nitric oxide synthetase type 2 (NOS2) in the alveolar macrophage. NO inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of the kinases involved in production of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, the expression of which is fundamental for T cell proliferation. In humans, however, NOS2 activity has been difficult to verify.
There are two explanations for the lack of responsiveness in the promoter of human inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) to NO activation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) + interferon gamma (IFNγ). The first is that there are various inactivating nucleotide variations in the human counterpart of the enhancer element that regulates LPS/IFNγ induced expression of the mouse NOS2 gene. The second is because of the absence of a nuclear factor in human macrophages that is required for optimum expression of gene NOS2 (LPS-inducible nuclear factor-kappa B/Rel complex). It is assumed that the difficulty in verifying NOS2 is due to a much more tightly controlled expression in human AMs as compared to that in the rodent AMs. NOS2 is part of an autoregulatory feedback loop, wherein an allergen or provoker stimulates inflammatory cytokine production, which in turn stimulates NO production, and NO down-regulates cytokine production. In rats, NO inhibits the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-mediated maturation of dendritic cells, and in humans it inhibits the TNF-alpha-mediated maturation of human dendritic cells, through cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. NO prolongs the ability of human dendritic cells to internalize antigens at sites of inflammation, therefore modulating the beginning steps leading to antigen-specific immune responses.
NO production has been implicated as relevant to the pathology of asthma. Patients with asthma show an increased expression of iNOS in airway epithelial cells and an increased level of nitric oxide in exhaled air.
Prostaglandin endoperoxide 2 (PGE2).
Many other immunomodulating factors have been isolated, the most important of which are prostaglandins and cytokines. PGE2 was the first immunomodulator to be derived from macrophages and described. PGE2 functions in amplifiying peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-10 transcription and protein production; as well as in deactivating macrophages and T-cells. PGE2 is an immunomodulatory eicosanoid derived from the cell membrane component, arachidonic acid, and is processed in the arachidonic acid cascade: the successive oxygenation and isomerization of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and PGE2 synthase enzymes. The regulation of target cells by PGE2 occurs via signaling through four cell membrane-associated G-protein-coupled E-prostanoid (EP) receptors, named EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. PGE2 inhibits bacterial killing and ROI production by AM by impairing Fcγ-mediated phagocytosis through its ability to stimulate the production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) effectors via EP2 and EP4 receptors signaling. EP2 and EP4 receptors signal primarily through stimulatory G protein (Gs), increasing adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity and subsequent cAMP formation. cAMP is a second messenger that influences multiple cellular functions via the activation of two downstream effector molecules, protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac-1 and -2). Epac-1 and PKA are both important factors involved in the inhibition of AM bacterial killing. The effects of PKA results from its ability to phosophorylate serine and threonine residues on many cellular proteins, especially transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). cAMP/PKA/CREB axis mediates the inhibition of TNF-alpha release. The killing of phagocytosed bacteria by AMs is dependent upon several distinct microbicidal mechanisms, like the reduced NADPH oxidase-mediated release of ROI. ROI generation by NADPH oxidase is an important bactericidal mechanism after FcR-mediated phagocytosis. PGE2 activates both Gs-coupled EP2 and EP4 receptors by ligation, stimulating cAMP production and subsequent activation of downstream cAMP effectors, PKA and Epac-1; both which in turn impair the phosphorylation and phagosomal membrane translocation of NADPH oxidase component, p47phox, thereby inhibiting the respiratory burst.
Interleukin-4 and -10.
IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in the development of T helper type 2(Th2) cells. IL-4 is important for the differentiation of naïve CD4-T cells into mature Th2 type cells; as well as for Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching to IgE and IgG4 during the development of immune responses. Ig is a class of antibody found only in mammals that plays an important role in allergy response and defense against many kinds of pathogens by protecting the body against them by complement activation, opsonization for phagocytosis, and neutralization of their toxins.
IL-4 and IL-10 have both been shown to reduce the production of metalloproteinases (endopeptidases which break down collagen and other extracellular proteins) by human AMs. IL-4 has dual effects upon macrophage biological function, which may be either stimulatory or inhibitory. It enhances MHC class II antigen (extracellular protein complex that interacts exclusively with CD4-T cells as part of the exogenous pathway) and Mac-1(surface receptor as part of innate complement system) expression, thus promoting phagocytosis. IL-4 has also been shown to inhibit the production of PGE2 by reducing the expression of the enzyme, prostaglandin H synthase -2 (PGHS-2), which is critical in the production of PGE2. However, IL-4 inhibits production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 and -6, which are all important cytokines in the proinflammatory response).
IL-10 inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and INF-gamma, thus suppressing the proliferation of T-cells, NK cells, and AM. IL-10 shares similar immunomodulating mechanisms to TGF-β. It is thought that both cytokines reduce the rate of apoptosis in human alveolar macrophages, thus indirectly enhancing alveolar macrophage-mediated inhibition of T-cell proliferation. There is a significant increase in the basal rate of apoptosis upon activation by bacterial products. Apoptosis is particularly regulated by the presence of cytokines: IFNγ increases the rate of apoptosis, whereas IL-10 and TGF-β decrease it. However, IL-10 has counterproductive effects on the immune system, and has been shown to actually promote infection by foreign pathogens. The role of IL-10 in bacterial and parasitic infection has been discovered as a strategy to evade host immune systems. There are bacteria which parasitize AMs by invading through their membranes, and thrive by growing and replicating inside of them, exploiting AMs as host cells. Normally, this infection can be eliminated by T-cells, which activate enzymes in alveolar macrophages that destroy the bacteria; but these bacteria have been shown to alter the cytokine signaling network to their advantage. As an inhibitory cytokine, IL-10 facilitates the infection of human alveolar macrophages and monocytes by completely reversing the protective effect of IFNγ against intracellular Legionella pneumophila replication. Yersinia enterocolitica has also been shown to releases virulence antigen LcrV, which induces IL-10 through Toll-like receptor-2 and CD14 (an accessory surface protein of TLR4-mediated LPS-signaling), resulting in the suppression of IFNγ and TNF-alpha suppression.
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).
In normal conditions, alveolar macrophages adhere closely to alveolar epithelial cells, thus inducing the expression of the αvβ6 integrin. Integrins are dimeric cell-surface receptors composed of alpha and beta subunits, which activates TGF-β.< TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine that modulates a variety of biological processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, extracellular matrix synthesis, inflammation, and immune responses. TGF-β tightly regulates anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thereby inhibiting T-lymphocyte function. Integrins avβ6 and avβ8 sequester latent TGF-β to the cell surface, where activation can be tightly coupled to cellular responses to environmental stress in the maintenance of homeostasis; integrins also localize activated TGFβ in the vicinity of the macrophages. Normally mature TGFβ is secreted as a latent complex with its N-terminal fragment, latency-associated peptide (LAP), which inhibits its activity. The latent complex is covalently linked to the extracellular matrix by binding to latent TGF-β-binding proteins. TGF-β is activated by diverse mechanisms in the lung, ultimately involving either proteolysis or conformational alteration of the LAP. αvβ6 integrin is able to mediate activation of TGF-β by binding to TGF-β1 LAP, which serves as a ligand binding site for the integrin, and is an essential component of the TGF-β activation apparatus.
Once activated, TGFβ leads to the suppression of macrophage functionality (cytokine production and phagocytosis). Binding of activated TGF-β to its receptors expressed on alveolar macrophages induces a downstream signaling cascade, including phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (R-SMAD)homologs 2 and 3. Phosphorylated SMAD-2 and -3 then form heteromeric complexes with common-mediator SMAD 4 (co-SMAD-4). Once assembled, the complexes translocates into the nucleus via the nuclear pore with the assistance of importins alpha/beta. Once in the nucleus, these complexes accumulate and eventually act as a transcription factors, regulating the expression of TGF-β target genes. Thus TGF-β signaling involves a direct pathway from the receptors on the surface of a cell to the nucleus.
Activation.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling PRRs, capable of recognizing various bacterial proteins. Although bacteria have evolved means of evading host defense mechanisms, they express PAMPs, such as lipoglycans and lipoproteins that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system through the TLRs. Upon binding of PAMPs to TLRs, the TLR triggers inflammatory and defensive responses in the host cell, inducing actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages (a crucial component in endocytosis and motility). Actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages causes the suppression of integrin expression, which in turn causes the deactivation of TGF-β and the downregulation of the basal phosphorylation level of SMAD 2/3; subsequently leading to the activation and detachment of alveolar macrophages from the alveolar epithelial cells [15]. Upon activation, macrophages become primed for phagocytosis and begin to secrete proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6).
The priming of macrophages involves the enhancement of respiratory burst activity by IFN-γ and TNF-α. IFNγ induces both an increased affinity of the NADPH oxidase for NADPH in macrophages, as well as an increased rate of gene transcription and message expression for gp91phox protein. TNF-α acts as an autocrine stimulus by increasing the expression of both p47phox and p67phox transcripts. The ROIs produced during the respiration burst response, in turn, enhance production of TNF-α by macrophages.
Deactivation.
Gas exchange must be restored as quickly as possible to avoid collateral damage, so activated lymphocytes secrete IFNγ to stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 by macrophages. AMs have been reported to produce MMP-9 partly via PGE2-dependent PKA signaling pathways, which are the pathways involved in the inhibition of phagocytosis. MMP-9 activates latent TGF-β, reinducing expression of αvβ6 integrins on alveolar epithelial cells, thereby returning the alveolar macrophage to a resting state. Activation of TGF-β is also advantageous because its production stimulates collagen synthesis in interstitial fibroblasts, which is necessary for restoring alveolar wall architecture.


Anthony Dawson (physician)

Sir Anthony Michael 'Tony' Dawson (8 May 1928 – 25 September 1997) was a British gastroenterologist. He was consultant physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. He studied at King’s College London in the Strand for his pre-clinical training, then for clinical work went to the old Charing Cross Hospital, qualifying in 1951.


Carl Breus

Carl Breus (12 April 1852 – 1914) was an Austrian obstetrician born in Vienna.
He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, earning his doctorate in 1876. Afterwards he was an assistant at the Vienna Maternity Clinic, and in 1883 received his habilitation.
In 1892 he described a rare condition now known as "Breus' mole", defined as a massive subchorionic hematoma of the placenta that takes place in a stillbirth. He is credited with the design of an obstetrical forceps (Breus' forceps) that was once widely used in German hospitals.


Johannes Bohn

Johannes Bohn (July 20, 1640 – December 19, 1718) was a German physician who was a native of Leipzig.
He studied medicine at the University of Leipzig and the University of Jena, and received his doctorate in 1665. In 1668 he was promoted to the anatomical chair at Leipzig, and in 1690 succeeded Gottfried Welsch (1618–1690) as "Stadtphysikus" for the city of Leipzig. In 1691 he was appointed city-physician, and in 1691 professor of therapeutics. He later held the office of rector at the University of Leipzig (1693–94).
Bohn was known for his pioneer work as a medical-legal officer in forensic medicine. He introduced the policy of thorough autopsies of the deceased, and specialized in the investigation of lethal wounds. He also did early research concerning the physiology of the circulatory system.
Many of Bohn's scientific writings were burned prior to his death, as stipulated in his will. Two of his important medical works that survived are:


Alternative veterinary medicine

Alternative veterinary medicine is the use of alternative medicine in the treatment of animals. Types alternative therapies used for veterinary treatments may include, but are not limited to, acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy, ethnomedicine and chiropractic. The term includes many treatments that don't have enough evidence to support them being a standard method within many veterinary practices.
Definition.
The terms "alternative veterinary medicine", "complementary veterinary medicine", "complementary alternative veterinary medicine," "holistic veterinary medicine", and "integrative" veterinary medicine may be used as synonyms. The task force for complementary and alternative veterinary medicine for the American Veterinary Medical Association says that:
The American Veterinary Medical Association also refers to it as a “heterogeneous group of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic philosophies and practices” which would imply greater acceptance of alternative veterinary medicine than the above quote.
Background.
The American Veterinary Medical Association includes various modalities under this the title of alternative veterinary medicine. Some forms of alternative veterinary medicine include photon therapy (laser), acupuncture, homeopathy, veterinary manipulative therapy, phytotherapy, integrative nutrition, acupuncture, botanical medicine, chiropractic, homeopathy, massage therapy, and nutraceuticals. Oftentimes different modalities of alternative veterinary medicine will be used in conjunction with one another for the best results, such as integrative nutritional being used with physical rehabilitation.
Interest in alternative veterinary medicine amongst pet owners has increased in recent decades, although there is not yet a governing body to mandate what aspects of alternative medicine are taught in veterinary medicine schools. One barrier to the advancement of alternative veterinary medicine is simply the lack of research and evidence backing up many modalities of treatment. However, many veterinary practices are encouraging staff to be familiar with alternative veterinary medicine because if a primary veterinarian can’t provide information, pet owners may turn towards unprofessional methods of healing or listen to advice from those who are unqualified.
A veterinarian interested in alternative treatments may be a member of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association (AHVMA). The modalities comprising alternative veterinary medicine vary in their evidence for effectiveness. While they may vary in effectiveness based on evidence, the AHVMA does say that holistic medicine is humane. Use of blood tests, X-rays, and similar objective diagnostic techniques are minimized. Nearly every form of medicine and therapy used in alternative medicine for humans is also used in holistic veterinary medicine.
Treatments.
Integrative Nutrition.
Integrative nutrition combines both aspects of alternative veterinary medicine as well as traditional western veterinary medicine. As with other aspects of alternative veterinary medicine, it has become an increasingly popular topic within veterinary clinics amongst pet owners and their veterinarians. This approach typically analyzes the benefits and drawbacks to popular diets such as grain free, raw, vegetarian, vegan, or home-prepared diets. Integrative nutrition is more and more common within the agriculture industry as well because of the increased amount of production and growth that can come with altering the diet of cattle, chicken, hogs, or other livestock. There's even evidence to suggest that changing the diets of cattle can change the rates of metabolic and infectious disease rates.
Some information about diet is already known, such as cats suffering if denied meat because they don't have all the necessary amino acids to create proteins. However, dogs don’t experience the same lack of essential proteins when they eat vegetarian diets. As with other aspects of alternative veterinary medicine, more research needs to be done to definitively say what diets are best, although it is likely that different diets are best for different pets, depending on species, activity level, pre-existing health conditions, and financial stability and time commitment of owners.
Physical Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine.
Physical rehabilitation and sports medicine is typically treated as an umbrella term referring to underwater treadmill therapy, photobiomodulation or laser therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, therapeutic ultrasound, shockwave therapy, and personalized exercise plans. This form of alternative veterinary medicine has permeated traditional western veterinary medicine with great success, likely because of its similarity to treatments that humans receive. Many types of physical rehabilitation and sports medicine treatments have been studied in humans and in animals enough to have some sort of evidence to support its usage.
Underwater treadmill therapy has various reports of efficacy, but it can be used for both rehabilitation and conditioning. Photobiomodulation hasn’t yet been proved to be a legitimate treatment plan but there are tentative connections to benefits. This therapy refers to when stimulation occurs via light and reportedly increases energy and antioxidant production. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy functions in a similar way to photobiomodulation therapy and lacks legitimacy as well.
Therapeutic ultrasound provides deep tissue thermal stimulation to increase range of motion and tendon strength and is often used to help heal deep injuries. Shockwave therapy uses acoustic sound waves to alter tissue mechanics and inflammation. Lastly, personalized exercise plans often are proven to be very effective, although some exercises have not been researched extensively. This treatment is used for pets who are recovering from injury, surgery, or for other reasons need to build strength or increase range of motion.


Samuel Peploe Wood

Samuel Peploe Wood (1827–1873) was an English sculptor and painter. His sculpture can be seen on many churches and public buildings in England, and there are a number of his sketches and watercolours at Staffordshire County Museum.
Early life and education.
Samuel Peploe Wood was born in Great Haywood, Staffordshire on 17 February 1827, the youngest of seven children of Joseph and Alethea Wood, and younger brother of the painter Thomas Peploe Wood (1817-1845). In 1841 he was bound as an apprentice to the Trubshaws, local architects but did not complete his apprenticeship. Instead, in 1846 he went to Milan, Italy to train in the studio of the sculptor Rafaelle Monti(1818-1881). While studying in Milan, Wood joined Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces and saw some service in 1848.
Career.
He was back in England by 1851 and began his career as a sculptor, setting up a studio in Lichfield, Staffordshire. Wood undertook work on many Staffordshire and west Midlands buildings, including the reredos at All Angels' Church, Colwich; corbels and bosses at St. Stephen's Church, Great Haywood, an oak lectern for Stowe by Lichfield; and a crucifixion and resurrection at Ashbourne, Derbyshire. He also sculpted fireplaces at Bishton Hall, Staffordshire, the figure of Victory on Burslem Town Hall and worked on the facade of Birmingham Town Hall.
In 1866 he carved a large and elaborate memorial cross to his brother and other members of his family, still standing in the churchyard of St. Michael and All Angels Church, Colwich.
Personal life.
He married Amelia Illingworth at Bispham, Lancashire on 28 August 1853, and they had one child, Florence, born in Lichfield, Staffordshire in 1855. Samuel Peploe Wood died on 30 July 1873 from cancer of the tongue and was buried at Colwich, Staffordshire.
He is the grandfather of the Scottish nationalist Wendy Wood (1892-1981) and great grandfather of the musician Spike Hughes (1908-1987) and physicist J. B. Gunn (1928-2008).


Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton

Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D) is a biomedical research laboratory of the United States Navy in Dayton, Ohio. It is one of seven subordinate commands of the Naval Medical Research Center and incorporates two research divisions. The Environmental Health Effects Laboratory was established in 1959 in Bethesda, Maryland, and moved to Dayton in 1976. The Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory's predecessor activities date back to 1939 in Pensacola, Florida, and it moved to Dayton in 2010. Despite being a Navy activity, NAMRU-D was set up on the grounds of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base so it could be co-located with similar Air Force activities.
History.
The U.S. Navy Toxicology Unit was established in January 1959 in response to air quality issues within the USS "Nautilus" as well as toxicity concerns about replacements for flammable hydraulic fluids. It was initially based at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, and by 1965 had 22 personnel. Around that time, its building was condemned because of structural deficiencies, but due to funding difficulties for a new building they continued to occupy it through 1976, when the building was about to be lost to termites. In May 1975, the Navy Toxicology Unit was incorporated into the Naval Medical Research Institute. The following year it was relocated to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, increasing collaboration with the Air Force toxicology program.
An aviation medicine research and training unit was established in 1939 at Naval Air Station Pensacola, which in 1946 became part of the newly established Naval School of Aviation Medicine, later called the Naval Aerospace Medical Institute. In 1974 it was separated into its own independent command as the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. In 2010, it moved to Ohio and merged with the Environmental Health Effects Laboratory to form NAMRU-D as part of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process.


Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

In the human body, the lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments is a pair of ligaments stretching from the lower lateral angles of the sacrum to the transverse processes of the first coccygeal vertebra.
Together with the anterior, posterior, and intercornual sacrococcygeal ligaments, they stabilize the sacrococcygeal symphysis, i.e. the joint between the sacrum and the coccyx.
They complete the foramina for the last sacral nerve
There are up to three lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments on either side of the sacral hiatus.


Deep sulcus sign

In radiology, the deep sulcus sign on a supine chest radiograph is an indirect indicator of a pneumothorax. In a supine film, it appears as a deep, lucent, ipsilateral costophrenic angle within the nondependent portions of the pleural space as opposed to the apex (of the lung) when the patient is upright. The costophrenic angle is abnormally deepened when the pleural air collects laterally, producing the deep sulcus sign.
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may exhibit deepened lateral costophrenic angles due to hyperaeration of the lungs and cause a false deep sulcus sign.


Hamao Umezawa

 was a Japanese scientist who discovered several antimicrobial agents and enzyme inhibitors.
After graduating from the Musashi Junior and Senior High School, Umezawa completed his medical degree at the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine in 1937. After serving in the Japanese army during World War II Umezawa did work on tuberculosis which led to his discovery, in 1956, of antibiotic kanamycin. By this stage Umezawa was heading the Institute of Microbial Chemistry in Tokyo where his main focus was antimicrobial agents manufactured through fermentation processes. Also in the mid-1950s Umezawa discovered kasugamycin, a compound useful in combating rice molds. In the early 1960s he discovered the cancer drug bleomycin.
The Hamao Umezawa Memorial Museum in Setagaya, Tokyo was named in his honour.


Hall Render

Hall Render is an American health care-focused law firm. The firm concentrates on health law and other areas in the health care industry, serving health systems, hospitals, physician organizations, post-acute and ancillary providers, ambulatory surgery centers, provider-sponsored health plans, and other health care industry partners.
Hall Render was founded in 1967 in Indianapolis and most recently opened its 10th office in Annapolis, Maryland.
History.
William S. Hall started Hall Render in 1967 as general counsel to the Indiana Hospital Association. The firm has continued to focus on health care law, becoming Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman in 1984 and gradually expanding to 9 offices across the United States.
Hall Render now has 150 attorneys serving health care industry clients.
Services.
Hall Render attorneys provides services in the health care industry in the following areas:
Office Locations.
Hall Render has offices in Anchorage, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Raleigh, Seattle and Washington, DC.
Rankings and Awards.
In November 2016, Hall Render was named in "U.S. News & World Report and Best Lawyers®" 2017's "Best Law Firms" rankings. The firm received a national first-tier ranking in health care law and metropolitan first-tier rankings in health care law in Colorado, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, and Troy, as well as construction law in Louisville. Hall Render attorneys are annually selected by their peers for inclusion in "Best Lawyers"' The Best Lawyers in America listing and included in "Super Lawyers" listings in several markets across the nation.
In June 2016, "Modern Healthcare" named Hall Render as the second largest health care law firm in the country. The publication is known for providing the industry with competitive rankings and practical information for all areas of the health care industry. In its June 27/July 4, 2016 issue, the rankings were released and reflect results based on the number of attorneys spending at least 50 percent of their time on health law.
Hall Render has also been recognized as an advocate of diversity in the legal field, being named on Law360's list of best firms for female attorneys.
Leadership.
The president of the firm is John P. Ryan, and each office has a managing partner with connections in the regional health care community. William H. Thompson currently serves as the board chairman, and was a former president of the firm as well as a former student of firm founder, John Render. Chairman of the Firm Bill Thompson received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health Alumni Association in 2015. The firm values honesty, mutual respect and the uncompromised personal integrity of its employees. The attorneys in the Denver office work with clients on health care, employment and antitrust matters.


James Petrie

Prof James Colquhoun Petrie (18 September 1941 – 31 August 2001) was a Scottish medical doctor, Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, from 1985, and Head of the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, from 1994 at the University of Aberdeen.
He studied Medicine at Aberdeen University.
A keen skier, in 1976 he founded the Lecht Ski Company. In 1986 he founded the Health Services Research Unit.
In 1996 he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to medicine.
He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh from 1997 to 2001.
In 2000 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Charles D. Forbes, Gordon Whitby, Graeme Catto and Laurie Prescott.
He died of glioblastoma on 21 August 2001.
Family.
In 1964 he married fellow medical student Xanthe and they had four children.


Otto Michael Ludwig Leichtenstern

Otto Michael Ludwig Leichtenstern (14 October 1845 – 23 February 1900) was a German internist born in Ingolstadt.
In 1869 he received his doctorate from the University of Munich, later working as an assistant of clinical medicine in Munich under Karl von Pfeufer (1806–1869) and Joseph von Lindwurm (1824–1874). After the death of Felix von Niemeyer (1820–1871), he served as interim head of the medical clinic in Tübingen prior to the appointment of Carl von Liebermeister (1833–1901) as Niemeyer's permanent replacement. Leichtenstern remained at the Tübingen clinic for several years, afterwards serving as head physician of internal medicine at the city hospital in Cologne (1879–1900).
Leichtenstern is remembered for publishing articles on almost every facet of medicine. In the field of helminthology, he made contributions in his investigations of hookworm ("Ancylostoma duodenale").
In 1898 he suspected that the compound 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) was involved in human bladder tumorigenesis. With Adolph Strümpell (1853–1925), the eponymous "Strümpell-Leichtenstern encephalitis" is named, a disease also known as acute hemorrhagic encephalitis.


Minnesota Nurses Association

The Minnesota Nurses Association (MNA) is a labor union representing 22,000 registered nurses in the state of Minnesota. MNA represents the majority of bedside nurses in the state of Minnesota, as well as nurses in Wisconsin and Iowa. They are affiliated with National Nurses United, a national nurses union promoting guaranteed nurse-to-patient staffing ratios and single payer healthcare.
On June 10, 2010, the MNA staged a one-day walkout strike to protest wage freezes and pension decreases, and to advocate for guaranteed nurse-to-patient staffing ratios. The MNA said it was the largest nurses strike in United States history, with more than 12,000 union members involved.


Thaddeus Dryja

Thaddeus P. Dryja is an American ophthalmologist and geneticist known for his role in the 1986 discovery of the Rb tumor suppressor gene. He was the David G. Cogan Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard University and was the Global Head of Ophthalmology Research at Novartis. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1996.
Education.
Dryja graduated from Yale College in 1972 with a B.A. in chemistry and from Yale University Medical School in 1976. He interned at Waterbury Hospital in Connecticut from 1976 to 1977. He was a research fellow in experimental eye pathology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School from 1977 to 1978. He completed an ophthalmology residency at Harvard Medical School in 1981. From 1981 to 1983 he was a research fellow in genetics and ophthalmology at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
Career.
In 1983 Dryja joined the faculty of the Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, becoming a full professor in 1992. In 1992 he also became director of the David G. Cogan Pathology Laboratory at the Massachesetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. In 1993 he became the David Glendenning Cogan Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School.
In 1996 Dryja was elected to the American National Academy of Sciences. The citation states that "Dryja is a pioneer in the molecular genetics of human eye disease. He has made seminal discoveries relating to the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma and retinitis pigmentosa and identified the mutant genes causing these conditions". His inaugural article was "Gene-based approach to human gene-phenotype correlations".
In 2006 Dryja became the head of Translational Medicine in Ophthalmology at Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), the Novartis research institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 2009 to 2017 he was the global head of ophthalmology research, supervising a research group of over 200. In 2017 he returned to Harvard Medical School as a clinical professor and eye pathologist.


Chandan K. Sen

Chandan K. Sen is an Indian-American scientist who is known for contributions to the fields of regenerative medicine and wound care. He is currently a Indiana University Distinguished Professor. At Indiana University, Sen is the director of the Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), J. Stanley Battersby Chair and Professor of Surgery and as the Associate Dean of Research. He is an Editor-in-Chief of the "Antioxidants & Redox Signaling" as well as the "Advances in Wound Care". Sen is known for his co-invention of the tissue nanotransfection technology for in vivo tissue reprogramming. His work has included the study of the electroceutical management of infection, and tocotrienol form on natural vitamin E. Sen has an H-index of 97.
Education.
Chandan Sen received his BS and MS from the Rajabazar Science College at Calcutta University where he received his Bachelor of Sciences (Honors in Physiology) in 1987 and his Masters of Science in Human Physiology in 1990.
Sen then moved to Finland for further studies. In 1994, he received his PhD in Physiology from the School of Medicine at the University of Eastern Finland - Kuopio Campus. In January 1995, Sen went to the University of California Berkeley for his postdoctoral studies on redox signaling in the Molecular and Cell Biology department (1995-1996). In 1997, Sen received his first faculty position at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley California.
Career and discoveries.
In 2000, Sen joined The Ohio State University. Here, he was promoted to full professor with tenure in 2004. Later he was recognized with the John H & Mildred C Lumley endowed chair of Surgery. At Ohio State, Sen also served as the Associate Dean of Research. He was the founding Executive Director of the OSU Comprehensive Wound Center, and the founding Director of the OSU Center for Regenerative Medicine & Cell-Based Therapies While at The Ohio State, his primary areas of research interest included tissue injury, repair, regeneration, and infection that he studied through his research in stroke, tissue reprogramming, and cutaneous wound healing. This research led to the pioneering of Tissue Nanotransfection (TNT) technology in regenerative medicine. This in vivo tissue reprogramming technology was published in Nature Nanotechnology. The technology won a 2018 Edison Awards for Innovation. Sen’s work has also led to electroceutical management of tissue infection, which received the Frost & Sullivan award for new product innovation.
In 2018 Sen was called “one of the world’s leading experts in the nascent field of regenerative medicine” by the "Indianapolis Business Journal" after he joined Indiana University as the Director of Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), Executive Director of IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, J. Stanley Battersby Chair and Professor of Surgery, Associate Vice President of Research, Associate Dean for Entrepreneurial Research. He brought a staff of 30 researchers and $10 million in research grants. Sen is also Professor of Biomedical Engineering by courtesy of the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue University. His research currently focuses on the use of nanotechnology in tissue regeneration.
During the 2020 pandemic, Sen’s work discovered that electrical field can inactive coronavirus and that such approach can be used to develop person protective equipment employing an electroceutical fabric.


Partnerships in Care

Partnerships in Care is a British provider of mental health and social care services.
In June 2013, the Care Quality Commission failed the firm’s Annesley House hospital in Nottingham against all five standards of care. Patients said some staff were “brilliant” but others had “mocked and humiliated them”. Bullying on wards was a persistent problem at the service, which provides low secure and rehabilitation wards for female patients.
In June 2014 Partnerships in Care was acquired by Acadia Healthcare in the US from Cinven (a British Private Equity company) and by June 2015 had added over 500 new beds. The company now has over 1800 beds.
In May 2015 the company bought the mental health assets, consisting of 322 beds, from Care UK.
Elysium Healthcare took over ten of its sites in 2017.


William Rawlins Beaumont

William Rawlins Beaumont (1803 – October 12, 1875) was a surgeon who was educated at London's St Bartholomew's Hospital where he studied under the distinguished surgeon, John Abernethy.
While at St Barts, which was a modern medical school, Beaumont was a student with James Paget. He also studied in Europe and returned to England to practice. Failing to receive a commission in the Army Medical Service, he came to Toronto in 1841 as an already a highly trained surgeon. He became professor of surgery at King's College in 1843, attending physician and surgeon to the Toronto General Hospital and its consulting physician and surgeon when Christopher Widmer died in 1858.


The New Jewish Home

The New Jewish Home (formerly Jewish Home Lifecare among other prior names) is an American nonprofit older adult health care system based in New York City. The organization serves older adults of all religions and ethnicities at its three campuses in Manhattan, The Bronx, and Mamaroneck in Westchester County. It provides rehabilitative services, skilled nursing, senior housing, and numerous home health programs, including a certified home health agency and a home care agency. The organization was founded in 1848 by Hannah Leo of the B'nai Jeshurun Ladies' Benevolent Society.
History.
1848–1878: Foundation and the establishment of first home.
Hannah Leo and other women of the B'nai Jeshurun congregation founded the B'nai Jeshurun Ladies' Benevolent Society for the Relief of Indigent Females on November 21, 1848. In its early years, the society struggled to accumulate funds for its philanthropic endeavors. Through various fundraising efforts, the society had accrued around $5,000 by the late 1860s. The organization was officially incorporated on March 13, 1866. On May 24, 1870, it opened a home for elderly women in a ten-room house it had rented at 215 West 17th Street in Manhattan. The home, also referred to as the Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews, initially housed four to seven women. It was one of the first nursing homes or eldercare facilities of its kind. Founder Hannah Leo passed soon after the home opened, but her son, Simeon N. Leo, served as attending physician for many years.
In 1872, the organization was re-incorporated as the Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews. In March 1872, the home was moved to a building on West 32nd Street and served 14 women at that time. Accommodations proved inadequate there, and, in May 1873, the home was moved to a 5-story building on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 63rd Street that was capable of housing 50 individuals. At the time, the home housed 28 women and 6 men, all of whom were elderly or ill. In 1875 or 1876, the institution acquired a mansion at Avenue A and 86th Street that had previously been used as an eldercare facility.
1879–1922: Moving to main campus and subsequent growth.
In 1879, administrators began coordinating with the B'nai B'rith service organization about the prospect of finding a plot of land to build a new facility. The two organizations agreed to a partnership to build a new home in January 1880. Later that year, 8 adjoining lots on 105th and 106th Streets in Manhattan were purchased. The cornerstone on the new building was laid in May 1882, and it was completed in 1883 at a cost of $200,000, much of which was paid via donations. Nine more adjoining lots were later purchased. The construction of an annex on that land was completed in November 1889. The apartments in the annex were reserved for the most ill residents. Another adjoining property was purchased in 1894, and construction of a new wing began in 1895. At that time, the home had 163 residents.
The new wing and a general expansion of the facility were completed in 1896, increasing the capacity to 300 residents. In 1902, the association had paid off all debts, and around 220 people were living at the facility. A 4-story extension to the campus was approved in 1907. Since its founding in 1917, the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York (now, the UJA-Federation of New York), has continually supported the work of the home. A few years later in 1920, the home celebrated its 50th anniversary. At the time, Dr. Simeon N. Leo was still the attending physician and surgeon, and the facility housed 350 residents. In 1921 Dr. Frederic D. Zeman, a Mount Sinai physician, developed the first patient-centered model of care at Jewish Home, where he also served as Medical Director for 45 years. In January 1922, a 4-story addition that could house up to 75 new individuals was completed.
1922–1987: Hospital accreditation and continued expansion.
After Dr. Simeon N. Leo's death in the 1920s, the facility added full-time medical staff. In the 1940s, the organization received accreditation as a hospital from the Joint Commission and was one of the only geriatric hospitals of its kind in the United States. To address the shortage of institutional care for the aged, in 1948 Jewish Home became the country's first organization to provide home care for older adults helping them remain in their own homes for as long as possible.
In June 1950, the Kingsbridge House annex located at Kingsbridge Road and University Avenue in the Bronx was completed at a site that was once the Hebrew Infant Asylum. The six-building facility was capable of housing around 100 individuals (all of whom could receive care from their own private doctors) and cost roughly $3 million to build. That amount was largely paid by the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York (now, the UJA-Federation of New York). Upon the completion of the annex, the home became the "largest nonprofit voluntary agency serving the needs of older persons in the U.S."
Around 1964, the home changed its name to the Jewish Home and Hospital for Aged. A new facility—called the Friedman Building after former trustees Sol and Amelia G. Friedman—was completed on West 106th Street in November 1967. The 8-story building featured an auditorium, physical medicine and recreational therapy departments, club rooms, a synagogue, and conference and teaching rooms, among others. In 1970, a modern senior housing facility called "Kittay House" (now, Kittay Senior Apartments) was opened on Webb Avenue in the Bronx. These apartments, which are Mitchell-Lama independent living residences, did not have 24-hour nursing care, but emergency medical help was available as needed.
In September 1972, a new addition to the Jewish Home was completed. The Greenwall Pavilion—named after philanthropist Frank Greenwall—was capable of housing 320 additional residents and cost $12 million to complete. By 1979, the Jewish Home was caring for over 1,800 elderly people. In 1983, under the direction of Leslie S. Libow (professor of geriatrics at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the medical director at the Jewish Home), the country's first geriatric fellowship program was established. The program with Mount Sinai Hospital allowed doctors to conduct joint research and to teach and train as geriatric specialists. In 1987, the Kingsbridge facility in the Bronx developed a program for aiding blind and vision-impaired individuals.
1988–present: Modernization and relocation attempts.
In 1991, the Sarah R. Neuman Nursing Home in Mamaroneck, New York was purchased by the Jewish Home and Hospital for Aged. In 1997, the Jewish Home's Bronx campus at Kingsbridge Road and University Avenue underwent a major expansion with support from the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York and a donation from the Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Foundation of Baltimore. In the same year, Jewish Home launched a Managed Term Care (MLTC) plan, pre-PACE program (Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly) with the support of Mount Sinai Hospital and the Metropolitan Council on Jewish Poverty. The entity later became Senior Health Partners.
In the early 2000s, the organization's name was changed to the Jewish Home and Hospital Lifecare System. In 2005, the Kenneth Gladstone Building, the second low-income senior housing facility constructed by the organization after the Riverdale House, was completed on University Avenue in the Bronx. In 2006, to address the growing shortage of health care workers, Jewish Home established its Geriatrics Career Development (GCD) program. The donor supported program trains students ages 14 to 24, from “under-resourced high schools”. As early as 2007, there was a plan to demolish two buildings on the main campus in Manhattan and replace them with towers that would feature an increase in private suites, bathrooms, and kitchens. Around 2008, the name of the network was changed again to Jewish Home Lifecare.
In June 2010, another affordable senior housing residence, Weinberg Gardens, was completed on Webb Avenue in the Bronx (near Kittay Senior Apartments, Riverdale House, and the Gladstone Building), making it the third Housing and Urban Development Section 202 supportive housing building for older adults. A 72-unit assisted living residence (dubbed the "University Avenue Assisted Living Program") was opened in the Bronx in 2013. The facility provides affordable housing and care to New York state residents age 62 or older.
A new plan to relocate the Manhattan campus to a plot on West 100th Street was unveiled in 2011. The plan called for a 24-story building to be built using the "Green House" model founded on "person-directed care" with apartment-like accommodations and shared living spaces. An amended plan that called for a similar 20-story building on West 97th Street was approved by the New York Public Health and Health Planning Council's Committee on Establishment and Project Review in 2012. Legal issues delayed construction of The New Jewish Home's Manhattan campus on 97th Street. In December 2015, The New York State Court of Appeals upheld the Appellate Division of The New York State Supreme Court's decision in favor of The New Jewish Home on a challenge to the environmental impact study of the 97th street site conducted by the Department of Health. In a separate case in October 2018, however, the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court revoked The New Jewish Home's building permit for the 97th street site due to zoning issues. The court's unprecedented ruling overturned key decisions by two New York City agencies – the NYC Department of Buildings and the Board of Standards and Appeals.
In the fall of 2016, Jewish Home sold its skilled nursing facility at its University Heights campus in the Bronx to SentosaCare. In June 2017, the organization signed a 20-year lease for modern office space at 1200 Waters Place in the Bronx adjacent to the Montefiore Hutchinson campus. The goal of that facility is to consolidate the Jewish Home's Adult Day Health Care programs that resided at the Sarah Neuman Nursing Home in Westchester and its Kingsbridge facility in the Bronx. In December 2017, Jeffrey I. Farber took over as President and CEO, replacing Audrey Weiner who had been CEO for over 15 years. In October 2018, the state Supreme Court's Appellate Division overruled the city's Department of Buildings and the Board of Standards and Appeals which had granted permits to The New Jewish Home to build its facility on West 97th Street.
Operations.
The New Jewish Home operates across three campuses: a skilled nursing facility, short-term rehab, and Adult Day Program in Manhattan; Kittay Senior Apartments and independent and assisted living programs in the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx; the Sarah Neuman Skilled Nursing Facility and Short-Stay Rehab facility in Westchester County; and an Adult Day Health Care facility off the Hutchinson River Parkway in the Bronx. The organization provides rehabilitative services, including a substance abuse rehabilitation program, the first program to offer short-stay rehab patients substance abuse recovery services. It also offers skilled nursing, independent and low-income senior housing, long-term nursing and home care, adult day health care programs, and other home care programs throughout the New York metro area. The organization serves over 10,000 older adults at its facilities and in patient homes annually.
References.


Louis Gallavardin

Louis Gallavardin (1875, Lyon – 2 December 1957, Lyon) was a French physician and cardiologist remembered for the Gallavardin phenomenon.
Biography.
Louis Gallavardin studied medicine at the Lyon medical school, becoming "interne" in 1895 and "Médecin des Hôpitaux de Lyon" in 1902. He published 360 papers on cardiovascular medicine from 1898 to 1945, covering the whole subject apart from congenital malformations. Until 1910 his papers were concerned with general medicine, and after 1910 he focused on cardiology.
His book "La Tension artérielle en Clinique", published in 1910, was the standard text on the measurement of blood pressure. He realised the importance of electrocardiography, and published on arrhythmias, particularly ventricular tachycardia. He described a type of aortic stenosis which was not rheumatic in origin, and described effort syncope in the condition. He studied angina pectoris, describing the syndrome in "Les Angines de Poitrine" in 1925; he maintained the belief that coronary artery disease was the cause.
He founded an independent school of cardiology in Lyon at a time when Louis Henri Vaquez dominated cardiology in France.


Wade Hampton Frost

Wade Hampton Frost (March 3, 1880 – May 1, 1938) was born in Marshall, Virginia. He was the son of a country doctor. Before college, he was first homeschooled by his mother, and then spent the final two years in boarding school. He received his B.A. in 1901 and his M.D. in 1903, both from the University of Virginia.
He was the first resident lecturer at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and was later professor of epidemiology. Frost served as Chair of the Department of Epidemiology from 1919 until 1938 and served as Dean of the School from 1931 until 1934. His work included studies of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis, influenza, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. In 1906, Frost assisted in the first successful arrest of a yellow fever epidemic in the United States. He also helped field investigations regarding typhoid outbreaks and water pollution by applying his knowledge of microbiology laboratory techniques. Frost's personal life is rarely touched on, but one of the presumed reasons that he focused on tuberculosis was because he was diagnosed with incipient pulmonary tuberculosis when he was in his thirties. He had to spend several months in a sanatorium when diagnosed. He is often considered the father of modern epidemiology. Frost's bibliography consists of 57 scientific publications.


Ferdinand Karewski

Ferdinand Karewski (5 November 1858 – 31 October 1923) was a German surgeon born in Stettin.
He studied medicine in Berlin, where one of his instructors was James Israel (1848–1926). He worked as a surgeon at the Jewish Hospital ("Jüdischen Krankenhaus") in Berlin as an assistant, and later as director of the policlinic. He is remembered for experiments involving the effects of puerperal secretions.


Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska

Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska (1854-1918) was the second Polish woman to become a doctor, and the first female Polish doctor to practice in Poland. She obtained her medical degree in 1877 in Zurich.
During her fifth year of study in Zurich she worked as an assistant to Professor Edward Hitzig (a German neurologist and psychiatrist) in the Institute for the Mentally Ill.
After obtaining her medical degree she worked in Berlin and Vienna for a short time. However, she was not allowed to pass the state exam, which would have given her the right to practice medicine in Poland, and she was refused as a member of the Polish Society of Medicine because she was a woman.
She moved to St. Petersburg and passed the state exam there. This allowed her to practice women's health and pediatric medicine within the Polish Kingdom and Russia. In 1882 an epidemic of infection during childbirth broke out in Warsaw, and a few maternity shelters were opened; shelter number 2 (on Prosta Street) was given to Anna to lead, and she led it until 1911. In 1896 she became the first to perform a Caesarean section in Warsaw.
She was also one of the founders of the Society of Polish Culture.
Further reading.
"Anna Tomaszewicz Dobrska: A Leaf from Polish Medical History" by Zbigniew Filar. (Warsaw: Polish Society of the History of Medicine, 1959).


Hacettepe University Medical School

Hacettepe University Medical School is a medical school located at Hacettepe University Medical Center in Ankara, Turkey.
History.
Hacettepe University Medical School began with the establishment of The Child Health Department affiliated with Ankara University Medical School on February 2, 1954.
Official seal.
The emblem of the University was designed in 1967 by Dr. Yücel Tanyeri, then a second year medical student, in the likeness of a stag – the symbol of a Hittite deity discovered at the royal tombs in Alacahöyük. Inspired by this archeological symbol common to the region, the Stag was chosen as the symbol of the University, and was abstracted to represent a lowercase "h" – the first letter of the university's name.
Achievements.
On February 24, 2011, Turkish surgeon Dr. Serdar Nasır and his team successfully performed the country’s second full face transplant at the university's hospital in Ankara after almost one month the first transplant of its sort in Turkey. The 25-year-old patient, Cengiz Gül's face was badly burnt in a television tube implosion accident when he was two years old. The donor was 40-year-old N. A. (his family did not allow his identity to be revealed), who experienced brain death two days before the surgery following a motorcycle accident which occurred on February 17.
The surgery team accomplished at the same time another transplant, world's first-ever double-arm and double-leg limb transplant on 25-year old Şevket Çavdar using the organs of the same donor.


Donald Mackay Medal

Dr. Donald Mackay was deputy Director of the Ross Institute at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He worked for many years in tropical occupational health, especially on the tea plantations of South Asia. He died in 1981.
Donald Mackay Medal.
The Donald Mackay Medal is awarded in his honor for outstanding work in tropical health, especially relating to improvements in the health of rural or urban workers in the tropics.
The award criteria are determined by the :
The medal is awarded annually, by the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in even-numbered years by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in odd-numbered years. It was first awarded in 1990.
Recipients.
Medal recipients are:


Benjamin Guy Babington

Benjamin Guy Babington (5 March 1794 – 8 April 1866) was an English physician and epidemiologist.
Life.
He was born on 5 March 1794, the son of the physician and mineralogist William Babington (1756–1833) and his wife, Martha Elizabeth (née Hough) Babington.
After serving as a midshipman and studying at Charterhouse School from 1803 to 1807 and then the East India Company College at Haileybury until 1812, he worked in government at Madras, India. Returning to England, he studied medicine at Guy's Hospital and Cambridge, receiving his doctorate in 1831. He then became Assistant Physician at Guy's but resigned after a disagreement in 1855. During his career, he invented several medical instruments (including the first laryngoscope) and techniques. He performed the first laryngoscopy with his "glottiscope" in 1829. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
He was Secretary to The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland and in March, 1828 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1834–1836 he was President of the Hunterian Society. He was a censor and Croonian Lecturer (1841) at the Royal College of Physicians. In 1850 he was elected the founding President of the Epidemiological Society of London and served in that capacity to within months of his death. At least one authority refers to the founding as the beginning of modern epidemiology. In 1853–1855 he was president of the Pathological Society of London and 1863 was also president of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.
Babington died on 8 April 1866.
Publications.
He wrote several papers, and translated several others, including:
Family.
Babington was named after his father's best friend Benjamin Fayle, and the fact that he was born in Guy's Hospital. He married Fayle's daughter Anna Mary, who gave him four children. He also became a director of B. Fayle and Co. (Merchants) together with his sister-in-law (Charlotte Fayle) and his brother-in-law (Rev. Richard Fayle). Benjamin Guy Babington's son - Stephen Piele Babington also became a director of B.Fayle & Co.


Skin sloughing

Skin sloughing is the process of shedding dead surface cells from the skin. It is most associated with cosmetic skin maintenance via exfoliation, but can also occur biologically or for medical reasons.


J. Aidan Carney

J Aidan Carney born 1934 in County Roscommon, Ireland, is a pathologist associated with the Mayo Clinic. He is best known for describing what became known as Carney syndrome, the separate phenomenon of Carney's triad, and Carney-Stratakis syndrome.
He graduated in medicine from University College Dublin in 1959, and interned in St. Vincent's. After further work in Dublin he moved to the Mayo Clinic in 1962, becoming consultant there in 1966. His doctorate in pathology at the University of Minnesota in 1969 was on the "Morphology of Myosin and Thick Filament Diameter in Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy."


Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz

Zbigniew Kazimierz Lew-Starowicz (born 25 October 1943 in Sieradz) is a Polish psychiatrist and psychotherapist, expert in sexology and national consultant in this field, and professor of medical science.
He has been awarded the Knight's Cross (1997) and the Officer's Cross (2012) of the Order of Polonia Restituta.


Podiatric medical school

"Podiatric Medical School" is the term used to designate the institutions which educate students and train them to be podiatrists, podiatric physicians, podiatric surgeons to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the foot, ankle, and related structures of the leg. In the United States, only schools which are accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education (CPME) may earn the status of being a Podiatric Medical School. The Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree is commonly abbreviated D.P.M. degree. The D.P.M. degree is a prerequisite for an individual to be accepted into a CPME accredited surgical residency, equivalent to the pathways of the M.D and D.O medical schools.
United States.
Podiatric medical education in the United States consists of four (4) years of graduate education with the first two focusing primarily upon the sciences and the last two focusing upon didactic, clinical, and hospital externship experience.[1] After successful completion of these four (4) years of professional education, students are granted a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.) degree. A Doctor of Podiatric Medicine is considered a physician of the foot and ankle.
Residency.
In order to enhance the progression from student doctor to competent podiatric surgeon status, graduates are required to complete a three-year residency program before practicing podiatry. Each individual residency program must be approved by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education of the American Podiatric Medical Association. The American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine provides a complete list of approved Podiatric Residency Programs.
Accreditation and governing bodies.
The American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine governs many aspects of Podiatric Medical Education including a mentor network, a centralized application service for prospective students, the Central Application Service for Podiatric Residencies, and the Centralized Residency Interview Program. Schools are also accredited by governmental agencies.
The American Podiatric Medical Students' Association represents students of podiatry.
Schools in United States.
There are nine podiatric medical schools accredited by the CPME in the United States:
Canada.
There is one podiatric medical school in Canada based in Trois-Rivieres (Quebec) leading to the D.P.M. degree. It is not accredited by the CPME in the United States, but its curriculum is based on the standards established by the CPME and is approved and accredited by the Quebec Order of Podiatrists and L'Office des professions du Québec.
The Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Alberta is currently developing a business plan to establish the second podiatric medical school in Canada by 2012.
Denmark.
Professional education of podiatrists in many European countries, including in Denmark, is much shorter than in North America. The Association of Danish Podiatrists prescribes an 18 month and 1900 hour curriculum in a podiatric technical college, with no prior higher education required, to become licensed by the state as a podiatrist.


Virological failure

Virological failure is defined as non-attainment or non-maintenance of undetectable viral load. It is characterized by a confirmed viral load above 400 copies / ml after 24 weeks or above 50 copies / ml after 48 weeks of treatment or, even for individuals who have reached complete viral suppression, by confirmed rebound of viral load above 400 copies / ml. Non-adherence of HIV antiretroviral therapy increases the risk of drug suppression and resistance (Bangsberg, D. R., Moss, A. R., & Deeks, S. G. (2004)).
After the institution of antiretroviral treatment, basically three aspects of the evolution can characterize failure or therapeutic success: the evolution of viral load, T-CD4 + lymphocyte count and the occurrence of clinical events.
The progressive decline in T-CD4 + lymphocyte counts is characterized by immunologic failure. It should be considered, however, that there is a wide biological variability (individual and interindividual) in the counts of these cells, as well as laboratory variability related to the technical reproducibility of the test. There is also circadian variation of CD4 levels and therefore it is recommended that the sample for the test be obtained in the morning. Variability related to the various motifs described above may result in oscillations of up to 25% in absolute CD4 T-lymphocyte counts, with no clinical significance. It is therefore recommended that reductions greater than 25% in T-CD4 + lymphocyte counts are suspected of immunological failure and confirmation is given.


William Dameshek

William Dameshek (1900 in Voronezh – 1969) was an American hematologist. He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Medical School and spent the early part of his career at Beth Israel Hospital (now Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center). He was the founder of "Blood", the prime core clinical journal of hematology, in 1946. He is also credited with describing the concept of myeloproliferative diseases in 1951. In addition, he participated in the first studies of nitrogen mustard in various hematological malignancies, widely considered the first uses of chemotherapy in malignant diseases. Dr Dameshek was also the first one who described chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a common form of leukemia in adults.
Dr. Dameshek served as president of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) in 1964. He made numerous contributions to ASH as well as the field of hematology and was the first editor of its journal "Blood". Given Dr. Dameshek's accomplishments, ASH has named the Dameshek Prize in his honor. Each year the Dameshek Prize is awarded to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution in hematology.


John W. Colloton

John W. Colloton (born 1931 in Mason City, Iowa) was the Director and CEO for the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from 1971 to 1993. He assumed the title of director emeritus in 2001. He had a great influence in developing the University of Iowa's hospital program. Colloton is the recipient of the Horatio Alger Award for Distinguished Americans.
His son, Steven Colloton, sits as a judge on United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. He was nominated by President George W. Bush in 2003.


AmeriHealth

AmeriHealth New Jersey is a provider of health insurance to employers and individuals throughout New Jersey. Its HMO and POS plans are New Jersey's top-rated health plans in the 2018 New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance HMO Performance Report. AmeriHealth New Jersey is headquartered in Cranbury.
AmeriHealth New Jersey offers nationwide coverage through PHCS, a Preferred Provider Organization (PPO). The company offers insurance through AmeriHealth's wellness benefits and incentive programs.
History.
AmeriHealth, originally known as Delaware Valley HMO, was established in 1995 to provide health coverage to Pennsylvania employers and their staff residing in Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, and Salem counties of New Jersey. It expanded its coverage area to include southern New Jersey and Delaware, and, by 1997, AmeriHealth offered coverage to the entire state of New Jersey. In 2013 AmeriHealth announced it would be offering plans in New Jersey on the federally run health insurance exchange.
Wellness programs.
AmeriHealth New Jersey is a provider of employer on-site health coaching with a nurse wellness specialist to small- and mid-sized New Jersey-based organizations. Workplace wellness services include sending registered nurses to provide a broad spectrum of on-site health education, seminars, screenings, and support. AmeriHealth New Jersey offers an incentive-based wellness program, called Commit2Wellness Rewards, which provides individuals and groups with tools to "support wellness and rewards for living a healthy lifestyle".
Community involvement.
AmeriHealth New Jersey is the name sponsor of the New Jersey Devils’ practice facility, the AmeriHealth Pavilion. At the time this sponsorship was announced, news reports cited AmeriHealth's desire to contribute to the “revitalization of Newark.”
AmeriHealth New Jersey is also a sponsor and participant in Special Olympics New Jersey's annual “Lincoln Tunnel Challenge.” In 2009 the event drew a record crowd of 3,500 runners and walkers to the tunnel. Additionally, AmeriHealth New Jersey sponsors and participates in the “Ben Franklin Bridge Challenge,” which benefits the Larc School for the disabled; and sponsors Rutgers University and several local the minor league baseball teams.
Awards and recognition.
In 2020, AmeriHealth New Jersey was named a Best Place to Work in New Jersey by NJBIZ magazine for the ninth consecutive year. The annual awards program recognizes and honors employers who demonstrate a commitment to enabling professional growth and enhancing the quality of life among their employees. The company ranked 12th, making the Top 20 for the second year in a row.
NJBIZ magazine has recognized AmeriHealth New Jersey in multiple awards programs over the past several years. The company is one of New Jersey's best places to work for five consecutive years, one of the top privately held companies, and one of the 50 fastest growing companies in New Jersey.
The company's managed care plan, AmeriHealth HMO Inc. of New Jersey, has received the highest possible accreditation by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) by meeting NCQA's rigorous evaluation standards.


Chondrocalcinosis

Chondrocalcinosis or cartilage calcification is calcification (accumulation of calcium salts) in hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage. It can be seen on radiography.
Causes.
Buildup of calcium phosphate in the ankle joints has been found in about 50% of the general population, and may be associated with osteoarthritis.
Another common cause of chondrocalcinosis is calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD). CPPD is estimated to affect 4% to 7% of the adult populations of Europe and the United States. Previous studies have overestimated the prevalence by simply estimating the prevalence of chondrocalcinosis regardless of cause.
A magnesium deficiency may cause chondrocalcinosis, and magnesium supplementation may reduce or alleviate symptoms. In some cases, arthritis from injury can cause chondrocalcinosis.
Other causes of chondrocalcinosis include:
Diagnosis.
Chondrocalcinosis can be visualized on projectional radiography, CT scan, MRI, US, and nuclear medicine. CT scans and MRIs show calcific masses (usually within the ligamentum flavum or joint capsule), however radiography is more successful. At ultrasound, chondrocalcinosis may be depicted as echogenic foci with no acoustic shadow within the hyaline cartilage. As with most conditions, chondrocalcinosis can present with similarity to other diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis and gout.


American Association of Mobile Veterinary Practitioners

The American Association of Mobile Veterinary Practitioners (AAMVP) is a non-profit organization in the United States founded in 2010 to help support mobile veterinary practitioners across the nation. It is a national organization which also was international membership. AAMVP offers a national forum to support mobile veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, and the vendors who provide products and services for quality veterinary medicine. AAMVP strives to be a leading resource and offer a robust support community for sharing information, ideas, and encouragement relevant to the mobile veterinary industry.
Dena D. Baker, DVM is the current Founding Director of the American Association of Veterinary Practitioners, and as a founding director has held that position since the organization's inception.


Tom Dantzler

Thomas Middleton Dantzler is an American politician.
Dantzler is a native of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, where he was born on June 6, 1941 to parents Harold and Leila. He completed a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree in 1965 from the University of Georgia and served two years in the United States Air Force, until 1967. Between 1979 and 1981, Dantzler was a member of the Berkeley County Council. He graduated from Clemson University with a bachelor of science in 1982. Between 1995 and 2009, Dantzler was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, serving House District 117 as a Republican. Dantzler was succeeded in office by Tim Scott.


Dermal melanocytosis