The More the Merrier

The More the Merrier, a 1943 American comedy film made by Columbia Pictures, makes fun of the housing shortage during World War II, especially in Washington, D.C. The picture stars Jean Arthur, Joel McCrea and Charles Coburn. The movie was directed by George Stevens. The film script — from "Two's a Crowd", an original screenplay by Garson Kanin (uncredited) — was written by Richard Flournoy, Lewis R. Foster, Frank Ross and Robert Russell.
This film was remade in 1966 as "Walk, Don't Run" starring Cary Grant, Samantha Eggar and Jim Hutton. The setting was changed to Tokyo which had experienced housing shortages due to the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Plot.
Retired millionaire Benjamin Dingle arrives in Washington, D.C. as an adviser on the housing shortage and finds that his hotel suite will not be available for two days. He sees an ad for a roommate and talks the reluctant young woman, Connie Milligan, into letting him sublet half of her apartment. Then Dingle runs into Sergeant Joe Carter, who has no place to stay while he waits to be shipped overseas. Dingle generously rents him half of his half.
When Connie finds out about the new arrangement, she orders them both to leave, but she is forced to relent because she has already spent the men's rent. Joe and Connie are attracted to each other, though she is engaged to bureaucrat Charles J. Pendergast. Connie's mother married for love, not security, and Connie is determined not to repeat her mistake. Dingle happens to meet Pendergast at a business luncheon and does not like what he sees. He decides that Joe would be a better match for his landlady.
One day, Dingle goes too far, reading aloud to Joe from Connie's private diary, including her thoughts about Joe. When she finds out, she demands they both leave the next day. Dingle takes full blame for the incident. Connie allows Joe to remain in the apartment as he has only a few days before being shipped out to Africa. Joe asks Connie to go to dinner with him. She is reluctant to do so, but decides to go if Pendergast does not call for her by 8:00 that evening. At 8:00, she and Joe are ready to leave, but her nosy teenage neighbor seeks her advice and delays her until Pendergast arrives. Joe spies on the two of them from the window. When the young neighbor asks what he is doing, Joe flippantly tells him he is a Japanese spy.
Dingle calls Joe to meet him for dinner. There, Dingle bumps into the couple (Pendergast and Connie) and pretends he is meeting Connie for the first time, forcing Joe to do the same. Dingle engages Pendergast in talk about his work, eventually maneuvering him up to his hotel room so that Connie and Joe can be alone together.
Joe takes Connie home. The two talk about their romantic pasts and even kiss. From their separate rooms, Joe confesses that he loves her. She tells him she feels the same way, but refuses to marry him, as they will soon be forced apart when he leaves for Africa. Their talk is interrupted by the arrival of the FBI, who have been called to investigate Joe for spying, thanks to the young neighbor. Joe and Connie are taken to FBI headquarters. They identify Dingle as a fellow apartment occupant who can testify that they are only roommates. Dingle arrives, bringing Pendergast as a character witness. It comes out during questioning that Joe and Connie live at the same address. When they ask Mr. Dingle to tell Pendergast that their living arrangement is purely innocent, he denies knowing them.
Outside the station, Dingle says he lied to protect his reputation. Taking a taxi home, they discuss what to do to avoid a scandal. Connie grows angry when Pendergast thinks only of himself. When another passenger in the shared cab turns out to be a reporter, Pendergast runs after him to try to stop him from writing about the cohabiting situation. Dingle assures Connie that if she marries Joe, the crisis will be averted, and they can get a quick annulment afterwards. The couple follow his advice and wed after flying to South Carolina, where a license can be more quickly obtained than in DC. Returning home, Connie allows Joe to spend his final night in her apartment. As Dingle had foreseen, Connie's attraction to Joe overcomes her prudence; the intimacy is facilitated by the fact that the wall separating Connie's and Joe's bedrooms has vanished, presumably thanks to Dingle. Outside, Dingle puts up a card on the apartment door, showing that it belongs to Sgt. and Mrs. Carter.
Production.
With the original working title, "Merry-Go-Round", principal photography took place for the film, from September 11 to December 19, 1942, with additional "inserts" filmed in late January 1943. Working under a special three-film contract with Columbia Studios, George Stevens completed the last of directorial duties with "The More the Merrier". The other two films were "Penny Serenade" (1941) and "The Talk of the Town" (1942).
Under fire at Columbia for turning down too many projects, Jean Arthur and her husband Frank Ross's friend, Garson Kanin offered to write a screenplayfor $25,000that they could pitch to studio boss Harry Cohn as a free vehicle for Arthur, which might placate Cohn. Kanin's "Two's a Crowd", with Robert W. Russell co-writing, received Cohn's go-ahead. Other titles considered included "Washington Story", "Full Steam Ahead", "Come One, Come All" and "Merry-Go-Round", which actually tested best with audiences. Washington officials objected to the title and plot elements that suggested "frivolity on the part of Washington workers". "The More the Merrier" was finally approved as the title.
Reception.
Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" enjoyed "The More the Merrier", calling the film "as warm and refreshing a ray of sunshine as we've had in a very late spring". He praised all three leads, the writers, and the director, singling out Coburn as "the comical crux of the film" who "handles the job in fine fettle". "Variety" called it "a sparkling and effervescing piece of entertainment." "Harrison's Reports" wrote, "Excellent entertainment! George Stevens' masterful direction, and the fine acting of Jean Arthur, Joel McCrea and Charles Coburn, make this one of the brightest and gayest comedies to have come out of Hollywood in many a season." David Lardner of "The New Yorker" wrote, "As is the case with a lot of madcap comedies, this one tends to fall part somewhat toward the end, when all the accumulated mixups are supposed to be resolved without a complete sacrifice of logic but by no means are. As long as these mixups are purely being established, however, and nobody's worrying about clearing them up, everything is fine."
"TV Guide" characterizes it as "a delightful and effervescent comedy marked with terrific performances" and praises Coburn as "nothing short of superb, stealing scene after scene with astonishing ease". "Time Out Film Guide" notes, "Despite a belated drift towards sentimentality, this remains a refreshingly intimate movie."
It has a 94% fresh rating on the Rotten Tomatoes website based on 16 reviews.
Awards.
Coburn won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor while Arthur was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role. Other nominations included Best Director, Best Picture, Best Writing, Original Story (although Kanin is not credited) and Best Writing, Screenplay.
Home media.
The film was released on Region 1 DVD.
References.
Notes
Citations
Bibliography


Alton Benes


Marie-Antoinette Mobutu

Marie-Antoinette Mobutu (born Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Gogbe Yetene; c. 1941 in Banzyville), also known as Mama Mobutu was the first wife of Mobutu Sese Seko and First Lady of Zaire.
Biography.
Marie-Antoinette was born in Banzyville (modern-day Mobayi-Mbongo) in Équateur Province in 1941 while the Congo was still under Belgian colonial rule. She was an ethnic Ngbandi. She met and married Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, a member of the same ethnic group and then a non-commissioned officer in the Force Publique, in 1955 at the age of 14. That same year, she gave birth to their first son, Jean-Paul "Nyiwa". She attended Catholic mission schools and had supported the Roman Catholic Church despite her husband's later struggle with the Catholic clergy.
Some claimed Marie-Antoinette was actually younger than fourteen when she was married and that her official age was changed to avoid a scandal although there has not been any proof to defy this. In the mid-1970s, she was tasked with overseeing all ministries relating to social welfare. She also refused to adopt an "authentic" African name, as required by her husband's regime in 1972, preferring instead to keep the name "Marie-Antoinette".
Children.
Marie Antoinette bore the most out of all of Mobutu's wives, a total of nine children:
Death.
Marie-Antoinette died of heart failure on 22 October 1977 in Genolier, Switzerland, at the age of 36. A vast mausoleum was raised in her honor. She is buried in the Gombe commune in Kinshasa, where the president's residence is placed.


Zhang Ruifang

Zhang Ruifang (15 June 1918 – 28 June 2012) was a Chinese film and theatre actress. She is considered one of China's greatest actresses.
Life.
Zhang was born on 15 June 1918 in Baoding in Hebei Province. She studied painting in the Western style at Beiping's National Arts School. She completed the course in 1935. After joining the Communist Party in 1937 she joined the Chinese Drama Society and after she completed her course in 1936 she was employed on the stage. During the war with Japan she performed to support the national effort to resist the Japanese invasion. During the war she took the lead in her first film. The director Sun Yu cast her as a double agent in the film "Baptism of Fire". By 1943 she was married for the second time to
Jin Shan who served as a spy for the communist party.
Her next role was not until after the war in 1946 when her performance in "On Songhua River" was well received. Zhang modelled her acting persona on her role model Ingrid Bergman.
In 1963, Zhang won Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actress for her household character in comedy "Li Shuangshuang". She is considered to be of the "four great drama actresses" in China (), along with Bai Yang, Shu Xiuwen and Qin Yi. Zhangs portrayal and the film were praised by the premier Zhou Enlai. Zhang played a character who took an equal role to the men in the story.
She completed ten more films before she retired from acting in 1982. After she retired she took an interest in politics. She served on the National Committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference three times. She was also on national committees for women and another for art and literature.
During the Cultural Revolution Zhang was imprisoned for a year but she suffered less than some of her contemporaries as some spent six years in captivity.
Zhang rejected capitalism when she started a retirement home in 2000 in Changning in Shanghai. She explained that her purpose was to create a community for 40 people and not to make a profit.
In 2007 she was again honoured at the Golden Rooster Awards when she was given a lifetime achievement award by the China Film Associaction. Zhang died in Shanghai in 2012.


Murder of Maina Sunuwar

The Maina Sunuwar murder case concerns the murder of Maina Sunuwar, a 15-year-old girl killed by the Nepalese Army in February 2004 during the Nepalese Civil War, at Birendra Peace Operations Training Center, Panchkhal, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal.
Incident.
According to a report by the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights in Nepal, on 17 February 2004, Nepalese Army officers arrested and took Sunuwar from her home in Kharelthok, Kavrepalanchowk District, to the Birendra Peace Operations Training Centre in Panchkhal. The army had gone to the village acting on information provided by Maoist cadre Bimala BK, who had been arrested by police in the Palanchok area, and told the army in the course of the interrogation that Debi Sunuwar and her daughter Maina Sunuwar were in contact with the Maoist party. At the Training Centre, she was brutally tortured in the presence of seven officers and soldiers, including two captains. Under the orders of the then Lt. Col. Babi Khatri, her head was repeatedly submerged in a large pot of water.
The soldiers then gave electric shocks to her wet hands and feet, repeated four or five times. The torture continued for 90 minutes, after which she was detained in a building on the premises of the Training Center. There she was left blindfolded and handcuffed; she later began vomiting and foaming at the mouth and died before medical assistance arrived.
The officers and soldiers involved attempted to cover up her death. Her body was shot in the back and buried inside the Training Center. The colonel in charge then fabricated a report stating that Sunuwar had been shot while trying to escape military custody.
In September 2005, after intense public and international pressure, three officers were brought before a court martial and sentenced to six months' imprisonment for failing to follow proper procedures when disposing of Maina Sunuwar's body.
In April 2017, a court sentenced three more soldiers to 20 years in jail for the killing. Human rights groups fear the three soldiers may not serve their sentences.


Wei Jianxing

Wei Jianxing (; 2 January 1931 – 7 August 2015) was a senior leader in the Communist Party of China, most active during the 1980s and 1990s. He successively held a number of important offices, including member of the Politburo Standing Committee, the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Communist Party Secretary of Beijing and the chairman of All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
Biography.
Wei Jianxing was born in Xinchang County, Zhejiang Province. He moved to Shanghai and entered Guanghua University High School in 1947, where he became close to fellow Zhejiang native and Guanghua alumnus Qiao Shi, who was a leader of the student movement of the underground Communist Party of China (CPC). Wei joined the CPC in March 1949.
Wei later enrolled in Dalian University of Technology and graduated in 1952, majoring in mechanics. From 1952 to 1953, he studied Russian language in Fushun. Wei was then sent to the Soviet Union to study industrial management until 1955. In the early stages of the Cultural Revolution he was politically disgraced and performed manual labour, but regained favour in 1970 and became the head of the revolutionary committee of the factory he worked at. Between 1981 and 1983 he served as Mayor of Harbin.
Wei was then transferred to work at the All-China Federation of Trade Unions where he served on the organization's Secretariat. He then rose to become head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China. His work gained recognition from then party General Secretary Hu Yaobang. In 1987 Hu was oustered in a power struggle by conservative forces within the party and Wei, being branded a Hu loyalist, was transferred out of the organs of power to serve in a relatively unimportant position of Minister of Supervision. While serving at the ministry Wei played an important role in developing China's civil servant supervision programs as well as rules and regulations on the discipline of government officials.
In October 1992, at the 14th Party Congress, Wei was named to the Politburo, in addition to becoming a Secretary of Central Secretariat, and the Secretary of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). During Wei's term as CCDI chief, some 680,000 disciplinary cases were processed. The most prominent case was that against Beijing party chief Chen Xitong, who was investigated for corruption beginning in July 1994 and expelled from the party a month later. In the wake of Chen's disgrace Wei himself took over at Beijing party chief and stayed in the position for two years. In 1993, he also became Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and served for two terms. At the 15th Party Congress held in 1997, Wei earned a seat on the elite seven-man Politburo Standing Committee and continued to serve as CCDI Secretary.
Wei retired in 2002 and left public life. He has attended some official functions sporadically since then. He died in Beijing on 7 August 2015.


Dylan McAvoy

Dylan McAvoy is a fictional character from "The Young and the Restless", an American soap opera on the CBS network, portrayed by Steve Burton. Dylan first appeared on January 29, 2013. He is initially involved in a story arc involving Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins), his former lover who believes he died during the war in Afghanistan. Avery is stunned by Dylan's return, but remains in a relationship with Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). Burton noted the extreme differences between Dylan and his "General Hospital" character Jason Morgan. The actor was able to have a new wardrobe and look. While Jason was confined and "Stone Cold", Dylan has been credited by Burton as allowing him to portray his lighter side in addition to more of his own personality. The character was later paired with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan); their short-lived romance and marriage received negative reviews from viewers and critics alike.
In October 2013, it was revealed that Dylan is in fact the long-lost son of Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott), Nicholas' mother, making them half-brothers. In June 2014, it was revealed that Dylan's biological father is Nikki's childhood friend, and chief of police, Paul Williams (Doug Davidson). Later, Dylan establishes a relationship with Nicholas' former wife, Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), whom he eventually marries. Burton's performance earned him a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2014 and 2016, winning the award in 2017. In October 2016, Burton announced his decision to not renew his deal with "The Young and the Restless". He made his final appearance on January 27, 2017.
Casting.
In October 2012, Burton departed the role of fan favorite Jason Morgan on ABC Daytime's "General Hospital". That November, news broke that "The Young and the Restless" put out a casting call for a character named Dylan, who was slated to "hit the airwaves" in early 2013. The casting call described him as a "rugged, dynamic, energetic man in his mid-30s" who "comes from humble, blue-collar beginnings, was studying to be an architect when his construction/contractor father was injured and Dylan had to drop out of college to take over the business. He's done two tours of duty in the Middle East, army special ops. The war left a mark on him. He's done his best to bury it with optimism and a wry, sometimes offbeat sense of humor".
After the casting call was issued, there was brief speculation that the character was a recast for Chance Chancellor, who was also a war veteran. Later, Burton's name was attached to the role. During an appearance on "The Talk" the following January, Burton officially confirmed that he was cast as Dylan. The episode of "The Talk" was described as "phenomenal"; Burton had no idea it would have been "New Year's Eve kinda crazy." After one of the show's co-hosts Julie Chen made the announcement of his casting and welcomed Burton to the CBS family, confetti dropped while another co-host Sheryl Underwood did a "wild happy dance". Burton said, "I had no idea about the CBS badge or the welcome basket, or anything. That’s not how I think. I understood why CBS did it, because it’s a big deal. I get it. It’s so strange for me, because I have never been one for all this publicity. They have been so gracious to me, and it was so overwhelming that they would do something like that." Burton made his first on-screen appearance during the episode dated January 29, 2013. He attributed much of his success going back to the 1990s when he studied acting at Theater Theater in Hollywood, California, coached by Chris Aable.
Burton's casting attracted a significant amount of media attention. "The Hollywood Reporter"s Lesley Goldberg noted that it reunited Burton with executive producer Jill Farren Phelps, who was previously the executive producer of "General Hospital". Speaking about the decision to cast him, Phelps told "TV Guide" that the casting department were seeing several actors for the role, and the thought of Burton was "just a dream". She then contacted his manager and together they were "able to make it work out so that Steve could continue to have the life he wants in Nashville."
Discussing his decision to join "The Young and the Restless", Burton said on "The Talk", "I told my manager if I can keep my family there and I can spend time with them and come back and forth, I would do that in a second. Without hesitation, CBS Daytime made that deal. Really quickly. This is crazy, but I'm just so happy to have the best of both worlds for my family, because before, I couldn't." Burton was happy with the flexibility of his "short term" contract, "I'll get a lot of long weekends and frequent weeks off so I can get back to Nashville. I don't want to work five days a week like I did at "GH"", he said during a "TV Guide" interview. The actor said he had "those first-day-of-school jitters" when he first arrived at the CBS building, but was welcomed by everyone. A week before Burton's debut on the series, a promotional ad aired, teasing his arrival with the slogan "Daytime's Hottest Soap Just Got Hotter!". In November 2014, Burton announced he had re-signed for another year with the soap.
On October 6, 2016, Burton announced via-social media that he would not renew his deal with the soap, and would exit the role of Dylan.
Development.
Characterization and portrayal.
Burton "loved the idea" of playing a character "very different" from Jason Morgan, who was characterized as "Stone Cold". The role of Dylan allowed him to wear colors other than black, which he was famed for at "General Hospital". Of returning to daytime television without Jason Morgan's "uniform" and "black T-shirt", Burton described the experience as "refreshing". Explaining his wardrobe process, he said: "I never had to try stuff on. I'm not used to wardrobe fittings. I had to try on about 20 different outfits! That was really grueling. It was important to shake the leather coat and black t-shirt and do my hair different, because I know people are always going to see me as Jason."
Burton revealed that Dylan is "a lot more" like himself. "Jason was so stoic and didn't really get to show a lot of personality, unless it was with Spinelli or Sam," he said. Dylan has a sense of humor, and the actor felt that it would bring out a "lighter side" of his acting. In addition to his "entire makeover" which included a new hairstyle, Burton lost weight to play Dylan, as the costume department wanted him to look younger. Burton admitted during an interview with "Entertainment Weekly" that he was worried about how Dylan would be received, considering the "persona" of Jason is out there; he hoped "people will buy" Dylan, although some people would say "You are Jason and that's it." Burton told Yahoo! that: "[Dylan is] extremely different. That's the biggest thing for me, that after playing a character, which I loved, for 21 years, coming here and trying to do something different - 'cause I know fans are always gonna see me as that character if they watch the show and if they watch both shows... So, it's definitely a challenge because I was so used to playing that character." Jason's "confined" ways allowed Dylan to have a "little more" of Burton's own personality.
Before his debut, Phelps revealed that Dylan was "greatly traumatized by what happened to him in Afghanistan" and had been "severely injured" but rescued, which is why people believed he had died. Along with being a war veteran, Dylan takes over his family's construction business.
Relationships.
Upon Burton's casting, it was revealed by MSN that Dylan, who was described as "the mysterious ex Avery keeps bringing up" by Jillian Bowe of Zap2it, would be involved in a love triangle with his ex-girlfriend Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins) and her current lover, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). Of Dylan's storyline and involvement in the love triangle, Phelps said: "Dylan does come to town to find Avery but this story has much more complexity than that [...] What you think is going to happen is not what's going to happen." She noted that Avery was the "great love of his life", though she may not have "the same feelings for him." Avery believed that Dylan died during war; TVLine commented that "such a resurrection" would "surely" derail her romance with Nick. During an interview with MSN, Burton said, "Nick and Dylan will definitely fight for her, but ultimately, it's going to be her choice." Dylan and Avery had an affair while she was still married to her ex-husband, but still had a "great relationship", which was shown through flashbacks. Dylan's primary goal in coming to Genoa City was to make sure she was happy, and if she wanted to get back together. Burton said that Dylan can't get Avery off his mind despite the fact that she had moved on.
Fans of the show speculated that Dylan would be paired with Nick's ex-wife, Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), to which Case responded by stating, "Everybody’s speculating about Dylan, the new character coming to town but, all I can say is, I think it’s fun because it’s a hoot to speculate". Luke Kerr of Zap2it noted how fast Dylan met Sharon, and said they could potentially be a "popular pairing with fans". Of working with Case, Burton stated: "Sharon Case is actually very fun, and she makes me laugh. So half the time in scenes where I am laughing, I am really laughing at Sharon! She has that personality where she makes me laugh." He also noted that fans of the show on Twitter have seen how "comfortable" and "easy" the character's on-screen relationship is. Dylan later shares a one-night stand with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), who was pregnant with Adam Newman's (Michael Muhney) child; she decides to pass the baby off as Dylan's, and the two later marry. Egan described the character's decision to keep the child's paternity a secret as a "ticking time bomb". Burton stated that Dylan is "not the sharpest tool in the shed", since he believed what Chelsea was telling him. When asked about the child, Burton said: "This kid is everything to him, so once we figure out whose it is, if it’s not his, it’s not going to be a good situation for anybody." When asked if Dylan could forgive Chelsea, Burton added: "That’s a tough one. I don’t know what kind of mental state this is going to put Dylan in, to even think about that."
Maternity reveal.
In October 2013, it was revealed on-screen that Dylan is in fact the long-lost son of Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott). Scott had previously previewed her upcoming storyline in an interview with "On-Air On-Soaps", stating: "I love this story! Now, I don’t know how it’s all going to turn out, but the premise, the people I get to work with, and the writing, has been spectacular. That’s all you need; good actors performing a good script, and our fabulous new directing team, and I love them all. I have not been this happy at work in a while."
Burton stated in an interview that he enjoyed the plot twist, and compared it to Jason Morgan being Monica Quartermaine's (Leslie Charleson) son on "General Hospital". He said that he felt a connection while working with Scott, stating: "There is vulnerability there between us, and it’s not on purpose. It’s just something that is there. It was actually kind of there before it happened that we were on-screen mother and son." In a separate interview with Michael Logan of "TV Guide", Scott stated: "Nikki thinks she has come up with a good way of having everyone informed in the kindest way possible. If it were me, I would think, "I can only go through this once. It's too emotional! Let's sit everybody down at the same time and get it over with." Nikki had intended to reveal the news privately to Dylan but that opportunity never comes up." Speaking of how the revelation would affect Nicholas, Scott added, "She feels very badly about Nick losing Avery but not bad enough that she doesn't expect Nick to play nice and accept this man — not necessarily as a brother but still as a member of the family. She expects him to find a way to be civil. She wants everyone to be happy together." Speculation also arose that Nikki's son could be Dylan's best friend Stitch Rayburn (Sean Carrigan), to which Scott teased, "Maybe that's coming. Nikki had cult twins! You never know. I think Sean Carrigan could believably play my son. I think he looks a little like me, probably more like me than Steve Burton does."
Storylines.
Dylan McAvoy grew up in Darien, Connecticut, and befriended Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford) during his childhood. He moved to Chicago and as a young adult took over his father's construction company after he became injured in an accident. He did construction work for Phyllis' sister, defense attorney Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins). Avery's husband, Joe, neglected her and she began an affair with Dylan. Before being deployed overseas with the U.S. Army, Dylan buys Avery a ring and asks her to leave her husband for him, but she refuses, wanting to work on her marriage. Later, Joe finds out about the affair and divorces Avery. While reading a newspaper months later, Avery discovers that Dylan had been killed in Afghanistan during the war. She moves to Genoa City and begins a relationship with Phyllis' ex-husband, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). After acting mysterious about her past, Avery admits to Nick that she had an affair with Dylan, who had died.
In 2013, Dylan arrives in Genoa City, having survived the war and wanting to make sure Avery is happy. He runs into Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), Nick's ex-wife who gives him directions to Nick's club, The Underground. While posing under the name "Mack", Dylan gets a job as bartender at The Underground, so he could see Avery from afar. During The Underground's opening night, Avery sees a rock which she gave to Dylan years ago sitting on the bar. She later goes to the basement and comes face to face with Dylan. In a state of confusion, shock and disbelief, Avery hides her emotions when Nick closely follows. Later, she confronts Dylan at his apartment, angry for not telling her he was alive earlier. She tells Nick about this, who fires Dylan. Despite spending a friendly night with Dylan, Avery chooses to remain with Nick, leaving Dylan shattered.
While driving out of town, Dylan's car collides with Sharon's during a major snowstorm. She calls an ambulance, as Dylan shouts for someone named "Sully". Dylan is taken to the hospital where it is revealed Sully was Sullivan, a friend of his who was shot and killed in Afghanistan while trying to shove Dylan a weapon. Sharon hires Dylan as a contractor to fix her roof, and entire kitchen, after it is damaged by the storm. Dylan bonds with Sharon's daughter Faith Newman (Alyvia Alyn Lind). During a hike in the snow with Dylan and Faith, Sharon injures her leg and Faith goes missing briefly; Dylan manages to find her. Sharon and Dylan grow closer.
Later, Dylan's father's (Steve Gagnon) condition worsens, and Dylan brings him to Genoa City so he can keep an eye on him while working on Sharon's kitchen. His father dies, and he finishes Sharon's kitchen, and decides to leave town. However, he has a one-night stand with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), who is already pregnant and considering finding a fake father for her child, as she was divorcing the child's real father, Adam Newman (Michael Muhney). Dylan comforts Avery when she is being followed by men working for Marcus Wheeler (Mark Pinter), as a result of a dangerous case she is working on. Later, Dylan gets into a fight at Jimmy's Bar and is arrested. Avery pays his bail, but he can't leave town for another month until his hearing date, angering Nick. Chelsea then decides to pass her child off as Dylan's, and the two begin a genuine relationship despite Adam's suspicions that the child is actually his. Dylan later moves Chelsea into his new loft and proposes to her, to which she accepts, and he then arranges an impromptu wedding. Following the ceremony, Chelsea goes into labor and Dylan delivers the child, whom they name Terrence Connor McAvoy, after Dylan's father. However, the marriage ends when Dylan learns that Connor is Adam's son, not his. He also gets another shock when he discovers that he was adopted, and that his birth mother is none other than Nick's mother, Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott).
Reception.
Casting.
In December 2012, while Burton's casting was only rumored, Deanna Barnert of MSN's TV Buzz Blog wrote: "Assuming Burton actually comes to "The Young and the Restless", the biggest question on everyone's mind is whether the former mob hit man will show up as a good guy, play another a toughie with a heart or go pure villain." Barnert also said it would be "interesting" to see whether "[Burton's] legion of fans from Port Charles will follow him to Genoa City." Jill Farren Phelps developed a reputation and "bad rap" because she "uses people" according to Mark Pinter, an actor and friend of Phelps who had been hired by her to portray Marcus Wheeler on "The Young and the Restless". Barnert noted that Burton is "someone who has made his allegiance to Phelps clear" which is why "many fans" had expected him to show up in Genoa City "eventually". "TV Guide"s Michael Logan had also weighed in on the rumors, calling Burton's "willingness" to work in Los Angeles after leaving "General Hospital" to live in Nashville a "puzzler". Logan suggested that there could have been more to his decision to quit "General Hospital". Stephen Nichols, who had portrayed Tucker McCall on "The Young and the Restless" for over three years, was fired that December. Logan said Phelps, who was "under orders" to trim the show's budget, may have fired Nichols in order to afford Burton in lieu of him.
Once news of Burton's official casting broke, fans of "General Hospital" reacted with disappointment and mixed feelings, unaware of his reasoning. While some fans were willing to support his move, others felt "duped". Burton felt that reactions from people who knew the story were "good", but it was at first "difficult".
When asked by "TV Guide" if he would've remained on "General Hospital" had the show's producers "tried harder" to accommodate his personal life, Burton stated: "I don't want to point fingers. I know there are a lot of disappointed fans. They don't really understand what goes on behind the doors. They don't understand why I wouldn't go back to play Jason if I'm ready to work again. But what happens at "GH" should stay at "GH"." Phelps dismissed rumors that she has "lured" Burton away from "General Hospital". While clarifying rumors about him leaving "General Hospital" because of Phelps' appointment as executive producer of "The Young and the Restless", Burton described them as "interesting". He told "On-Air On-Soaps" that he knew people would try to put "two and two together", but it was never his intention to leave "General Hospital" purposely, as he just couldn't reach a contractual agreement with the show. "It’s just like a sports player...when a deal does not work out with his team, there might be another team out there that might want him," Burton said. During the week Burton debuted on the series as Dylan, the show experienced an increase of over 105,000 viewers, averaging 4.7 million viewers. Michael Fairman, during an interview with Burton, noted the "significant increase" in viewers, which Burton was a "big reason" for.
Performance and storylines.
Burton's portrayal of Dylan has been generally well received. The character's romance with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), however, garnered a negative response from viewers and critics alike. Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that their storyline was "everyone’s favorite storyline for curing insomnia". Despite negative reviews, Burton's portrayal during the storyline was praised, specifically by journalist Connie Passalacqua Hayman, who wrote: "But it was Steve Burton as Dylan who stole the show with Dylan’s tearful and very sensitive reaction to the news, as his character loves what he believed to be his baby very much." When the truth about the paternity of Chelsea's child was revealed, Michael Fairman of "On-Air On-Soaps" remarked (in reference to Burton), "When the truth came out it provided some meaty material for this fan favorite." Sara Bibel of Xfinity gave a mixed review when Dylan was revealed as Nikki's son, writing: "However, the foreshadowing that Dylan (Steve Burton) is going to turn out to be Nikki’s long-lost son is so heavy-handed that it seems hard to believe that the show is going in any other direction. Dylan is the right age. He looks like he could be related to Nikki. The character is in desperate need of a more ties to the canvas; being Avery’s ex is not enough to keep him in town, much less front-and-center. My big objection to this twist is, what’s the actual story? We have spent months learning every single thing about this character who probably would not exist if "Y&R" hadn’t jumped at the chance to poach Burton from "GH"." She added: "Dylan would get a mother to replace his father that passed away. Nikki would get a child who can use his carpentry skills to build her a nice bookcase. That’s sweet, but it’s a situation, not a plot. There really aren’t any consequences. Nick would be angry that the guy he’s convinced Avery still loves is his half-brother, but he already has one half-brother he despises. Another one really isn’t a big deal." Burton's portrayal earned him a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2014 and 2016.


Corruption in Zimbabwe

Corruption in Zimbabwe has become endemic within its political, private and civil sectors. Zimbabwe ranks joint 160th out of 180 countries in the 2016 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index. On a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean), the Corruption Perceptions Index marked Zimbabwe 22. This marks an increase in corruption since 1999, when the country ranked 4.1 (out of ten).
Corruption in the public sector.
The findings of a 2000 survey commissioned by Transparency International Zimbabwe found that Zimbabwean citizens regarded the public sector as the most corrupt sector in the country. In this survey respondents favoured the police as being most corrupt followed by political parties, parliament/legislature, public officials/civil servants and the judiciary. In 2008, a Transparency International director announced that Zimbabwe loses US$5 million to corruption every day.
Diamond trade.
In 2011, Finance Minister Tendai Biti claimed that at least US$1 billion in diamond-related revenue owed to the national treasury remains unaccounted for. Biti has blamed corruption, misappropriation and a lack of transparency for the systematic underselling of diamonds and the failure to recoup losses. In an address to parliament, Biti said “it is worrying that there is no connection whatsoever between diamond exports made by Zimbabwe and the revenues realised thereof”.
President Robert Mugabe and his politburo have also come under criticism for making personal benefits by assigning lucrative concessions in the Marange diamond fields to Chinese firms and the Zimbabwean military. The Zimbabwean military, which oversees the Marange fields, has been accused of systematic human rights abuses and smuggling of diamonds to neighbouring Mozambique.
ZimBank Lottery.
In January 2000, Fallot Chawaua, the Master of Ceremonies of a promotional lottery organised by the Zimbabwe Banking Corporation, announced that Robert Mugabe won the Z$100,000 first prize jackpot. The lottery was open to all clients who had kept Z$5,000 or more in their ZimBank accounts.
Indigenisation bills.
In March 2008, President Mugabe formally approved the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Bill, which gave the government the right to seize a controlling 51% stake in foreign and white-owned businesses. There are wide concerns that the beneficiaries of this Bill will be members of the ruling Zimbabwean elite, particularly after the enforcement of the Land Acquisition Act of 1992 and the Land Reform and Resettlement Programme Phase 2 of 1998 led to the misappropriation of commercial farm land and violent land invasions.
Anti-corruption efforts.
Anti-corruption efforts in Zimbabwe are governed by the following legislation:
The Zimbabwean Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) was established after the passing of the Anti-Corruption Commission Bill in June 2004.
The Commission is a signatory to the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Protocol as well as the African Union (AU) and United Nations Convention on Anti-Corruption. However, according to a 2009 report by Global Integrity, the Commission is highly inefficient and “has very little authority to take steps aimed at stopping corruption in Zimbabwe”. Out of 147 corruption cases reviewed by the Commission in 2006, only four were completed. The ACC is currently chaired by Denfor Chirindo, who was appointed on 1 September 2011.
List Of Corruption Scandals In Zimbabwe.
Here is a list of reported corruption scandals in Zimbabwe since 1980:


Scramble (comics)

Scramble (Lionel Jeffries), also known as Scramble the Mixed-Up Man, is a fictional supervillain and Canadian mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Specifically, he was an enemy of Alpha Flight, but for a brief time he was alternately their ally. Scramble is the brother of Madison Jeffries.
Publication history.
Scramble first appeared in "Alpha Flight" #30 (February 1986) and was created by Bill Mantlo and Mike Mignola.
Fictional character biography.
Lionel Jeffries and his older brother Madison were mutants: Madison with the ability to alter metallic surfaces and Lionel able to manipulate organic matter. Lionel utilized his power to become a successful surgeon, and later both he and Madison were among the many thousands of Canadians to enlist in the United States Army during the Vietnam War. Madison, who loathed being a mutant, served as a first class mechanic, whereas Lionel craved the opportunity to use his powers for good as a medic. However, Lionel's inability to resurrect many of his fellow soldiers after an explosion dismembered their squad caused him to go insane, and Madison had to use his own powers to assist in restraining him.
In the years following the war, Madison had his raving brother committed to Montreal General Hospital, where he was kept in restraints, before he himself joined the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight. Shortly afterwards, Alpha Flight leader Heather Hudson found Lionel, discovering his existence on the team's Alphanex computer system (only after bypassing a security lock on Madison's file). Since Madison never informed his teammates of Lionel's existence, Heather assumed the man was a doctor at the hospital, and travelled there in an effort to determine if he was a mutant, and if so recruit him into Alpha Flight. When she discovered Lionel was, in fact, a patient, she was further horrified to behold what she believed to be terrible mistreatment on behalf of the medics who restrained him. However, when Heather attempted to introduce herself as Madison's friend with a handshake, Lionel made physical contact with her and used his powers to brutally warp her body, freeing himself in the process and overtaking the hospital. He now went by the name of Scramble, the Mixed-Up Man, and soon went about altering the hospital staff and patients into hideously deformed zombies (unintentionally resurrecting Deadly Earnest, a deceased Alpha Flight foe, in the process). The insane Scramble believed himself to be little more than a doctor caring for his patients. Alpha Flight soon arrived on the scene to rescue Heather (after tracing her path via Alphanex), and wound up in a brawl with the mutates. Soon, the Jeffries brothers reunited in the hospital morgue, and there Madison fully realized the depth of Scramble's insanity, while also believing there was still good in him. The two brothers clashed, but eventually Madison manipulated Scramble into using his own organic-warping powers on himself, healing his brain from psychosis. The "cured" Scramble reverses much of the damage he did, including Heather's transformation, and vows to return to medicine after getting discharged from the hospital.
Scramble eventually headed the New Life Clinic, an organization that medically assisted Alpha Flight on several occasions, becoming a strong ally of the team in the process. However, gradually, his madness began to return, and he began a secret campaign to create a race of genetic superhumans. He found a partner in Box (Roger Bochs), an Alpha Flight member in his care who also had been suffering from severe psychosis. The vengefully jealous Box requested Scramble to use his powers to repair his damaged legs in an effort to secure the love of his girlfriend and teammate Aurora. Eventually, it was revealed that Scramble did not use Bochs' excess fatty tissue to repair the man's legs, but rather used manipulated corpse flesh. Despite this odd betrayal, the demented pair still joined forces in Scramble's quest to procure his intended super race. Scramble and Bochs then physically amalgamated into a hideously-deformed creature known as Omega, and attacked Alpha Flight and their trainees Beta Flight when the teams caught on to their plans, first mutating Madison and Lionel's own lab assistant Whitman Knapp (causing Knapp's latent mutant powers to trigger) and then overpowering the rest of the teams. Madison warps and then dons Box's armor and uses it to fight Omega, during which time the Scramble persona became dominant and killed the Bochs half after the Bochs persona found sanity and attempted to end the battle. After Alpha Flight recovers and defeats Omega (thanks in large part to the efforts of Beta Flight's mind controller the Purple Girl), Madison realized the only way to prevent a future meltdown from his dangerous brother is to kill him. He then proceeded to do so, using weaponry conjured from his Box armor.
Powers and abilities.
Scramble was a mutant with the ability to manipulate organic matter via physical contact with varying effects, including physical transmutation and healing of ailments and injuries. He was able to use these powers on himself as well, which allowed him to temporarily cure himself of mental illness and later to merge his physical essence with Roger Bochs' to form the entity Omega.
As Omega, Scramble/Bochs maintained Scramble's organic manipulation powers, and also appeared to possess superhuman strength and endurance. Omega's fluid form also enhanced the being's ability to elude and attack opponents.
Scramble was an excellent doctor and surgeon, thanks in no small part to his mutant abilities.
Scramble also appeared to have a certain empathic link with his brother Madison, the pair being able to sense each other's proximity and general state of mind.
Other versions.
House of M.
In the "House of M" reality, Scramble and his brother Madison were in Magneto's mutant army. Magneto positioned them in the Central American country of Santo Rico (after overthrowing its previous dictator El Toro) where they ruled it with an iron fist and experimented on its residents. Scramble absorbed Bulldozer and Piledriver into his body before being killed by the Hood.


Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

From 1969 to early 2011, the politics of Libya were determined "de facto" by Muammar Gaddafi, who had been in power since his overthrow of the Kingdom of Libya in 1969.
Gaddafi abolished the post-1951 Libyan Constitution and introduced his own political philosophy, based on his "Green Book" published in the 1970s. Gaddafi's system was known as "Jamahiriya" and was notionally legally based on the legislative General People's Congress (GPC), consisting of 2,700 representatives of Basic People's Congresses, and the executive General People's Committee, headed by a General Secretary.
The Jamahiriya Sector was overseen by the Revolutionary Sector. This was headed by Muammar Gaddafi as "Brotherly Leader of the Revolution", the Revolutionary Committees, and the surviving members of the 12-person Revolutionary Command Council established in 1969. This "revolutionary sector" held office by virtue of having led the revolution and therefore was not subject to election. As a consequence, although Gaddafi held no governmental post after 1980, he maintained absolute control over the country until the collapse of his regime during the Libyan Civil War.
History of Libyan politics under Gaddafi.
For the first seven years following the 1969 revolution, Colonel Gaddafi and 12 fellow army officers, the Revolutionary Command Council, began a complete overhaul of Libya's political system, society, and economy. On 2 March 1977, Gaddafi convened a General People's Congress (GPC) to proclaim the establishment of "people's power," change the country's name to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and to vest, theoretically, primary authority in the GPC.
Gaddafi remained the "de facto" chief of state and secretary general of the GPC until 1980, when he gave up his office. He continued to control all aspects of the Libyan government through direct appeals to the masses, a pervasive security apparatus, and powerful revolutionary committees. Although he held no formal office, Gaddafi exercised absolute power with the assistance of a small group of trusted advisers, who included relatives from his home base in the Sirte region, which lies between the rival provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica.
During his rule, Gaddafi took increasing control of the government, but he also attempted to achieve greater popular participation in local government. In 1973, he announced the start of a "people's revolution" in schools, businesses, industries, and public institutions to oversee administration of those organizations in the public interest. The March 1977 establishment of "people's power" —with mandatory popular participation in the selection of representatives to the GPC— was the culmination of this process.
In the 1980s, competition grew between the official Libyan Government and military hierarchies and the revolutionary committees. An abortive coup attempt in May 1984 apparently mounted by Libyan exiles with internal support, led to a short-lived reign of terror in which thousands were imprisoned and interrogated. An unknown number were executed. Gaddafi used the revolutionary committees to search out alleged internal opponents following the coup attempt, thereby accelerating the rise of more radical elements inside the Libyan power hierarchy.
After the 1986 bombing of Libya by the United States Air Force, Gaddafi decreed that the word "Great" should be appended to the beginning of the name, rendering its official name "Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma", or Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
In 1988, faced with rising public dissatisfaction with shortages in consumer goods and setbacks in Libya's war with Chad, Gaddafi began to curb the power of the revolutionary committees and to institute some domestic reforms. The regime released many political prisoners and eased restrictions on foreign travel by Libyans. Private businesses were again permitted to operate.
Around the same time, Gaddafi began to pursue an anti-fundamentalist Islamic policy domestically, viewing fundamentalism as a potential rallying point for opponents of the regime. Ministerial positions and military commanders are frequently shuffled or placed under temporary house arrest to diffuse potential threats to Gaddafi's authority.
Despite these measures, internal dissent continued. Gaddafi's security forces launched a preemptive strike at alleged coup plotters in the military and among the Warfalla tribe in October 1993. Widespread arrests and government reshufflings followed, accompanied by public "confessions" from regime opponents and allegations of torture and executions. The military, once Gaddafi's strongest supporters, became a potential threat in the 1990s. In 1993, following a failed coup attempt that implicated senior military officers, Gaddafi began to purge the military periodically, eliminating potential rivals and inserting his own loyal followers in their place.
Political sectors under Gaddafi.
Revolutionary sector.
Organs of a military junta were first put into place in 1969. These organs were never dissolved throughout the period of Gaddafi's rule, though after the proclamation of the "jamahiriya", they were reorganised. The "revolutionary sector" of Gaddafi's "jamahiriya" was officially under the control of "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution" Muammar Gaddafi after 1979.
Beginning in 1977, Gaddafi had introduced "revolutionary committees" assigned the task of "absolute revolutionary supervision of people's power"; that is, they were to guide the people's committees and "raise the general level of political consciousness and devotion to revolutionary ideals". In reality, Gaddafi's revolutionary committees were used to survey the population and repress any political opposition to Gaddafi's autocratic rule. Reportedly 10 to 20 percent of Libyans worked in surveillance for these committees, a proportion of informants on par with Saddam Hussein's Iraq or Kim Jong Il's North Korea.
Prominent members.
Until the Libyan Civil War, General Abdul Fatah Younis may have been second to Gaddafi in the government hierarchy and was also interior minister. He resigned on 22 February 2011.
On 1 March 2011, Quryna reported Gaddafi sacked his right-hand man, information chief Abdullah Senussi, who was responsible for the brutality against the protestors.
Interpol on 4 March 2011 issued a security alert concerning the "possible movement of dangerous individuals and assets" based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 (travel bans and assets freeze). The warning lists Gaddafi himself and 15 key members of his regime:
Jamahiriya sector.
The term Jamahiriya ( "") is generally translated as "state of the masses". It is intended to describe a state following the political philosophy expounded by Gaddafi in his "Green Book". The term does not occur in this sense in Gaddafi's "Green Book" itself, although the text does dwell on the concept of the "masses" ().
The concept was presented as the materialization of the Third International Theory, proposed by Gaddafi to be applied to the entire Third World. The term in practice has only been applied to the Libyan state, of which Gaddafi was the "Caid" (translated "Leader"; strict transliteration ""). Although Gaddafi no longer held public office or title after 1980, he was accorded the honorifics "Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" or "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements and the official press.
The government of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya declared Libya a direct democracy without political parties, governed by its populace through local popular councils and communes (named Basic People's Congresses).
Making up the legislative branch of government, this sector comprised Local People's Congresses in each of the 1,500 urban wards, 32 Sha’biyat People's Congresses for the regions, and the National General People's Congress. These legislative bodies were represented by corresponding executive bodies (Local People's Committees, Sha'biyat People's Committees and the National General People's Committee/Cabinet).
Every four years the membership of the Local People's Congresses elected by acclamation both their own leadership and secretaries for the People's Committees, sometimes after many debates and a critical vote. The leadership of the Local People's Congress represented the local congress at the People's Congress of the next level and has an imperative mandate. The members of the National General People's Congress elected the members of the National General People's Committee (the Cabinet) by acclamation at their annual meeting.
While there was discussion regarding who would run for executive offices, only those approved by the revolutionary leadership were actually elected. The government administration was effective as long as it operated within the directives of the revolutionary leadership. The revolutionary leadership had absolute veto power despite the constitutionally established people's democracy and alleged rule of the people. The government controlled both state-run and semi-autonomous media, and any articles critical of current policies were requested and intentionally placed by the revolutionary leadership itself, for example, as a means of initiating reforms. In cases involving a violation of "these taboos", the private press, like "The Tripoli Post", was censored.
There was no separate defense ministry in Gaddafi's Libya; all defence activities are centralised under the presidency. Arms production was limited, due to extensive imports from the Soviet Union, and manufacturers were state-owned.
Legislative branch.
The General People's Congress ("Mu'tammar al-sha'ab al 'âmm") consisted of 2,700 indirectly elected representatives of the Basis People's Congresses. The GPC was the legislative forum that interacted with the General People's Committee, whose members were secretaries of Libyan ministries. It served as the intermediary between the masses and the leadership and was composed of the secretariats of some 600 local "basic popular congresses."
The GPC secretariat and the cabinet secretaries were appointed by the GPC secretary general and confirmed by the annual GPC congress. These cabinet secretaries were responsible for the routine operation of their ministries.
Judicial system.
The Libyan court system consisted of four levels: summary courts, which try petty offenses, the courts of first instance, which tried more serious crimes; the courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court, which was the final appellate level. The GPC appointed justices to the Supreme Court. Special "revolutionary courts" and military courts operated outside the court system to try political offenses and crimes against the state. Libya's justice system was nominally based on Sunni law.
Political parties and elections.
Political parties were banned by the Prohibition of Party Politics Act Number 71 of 1972, including Hizb ut-Tahrir. The establishment of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was allowed under the Association Act of 1971. As they are required to conform to the goals of the revolution, however, the number of NGOs in Libya was small in comparison with neighboring countries. Unions did not exist as such. However, the numerous professional associations were integrated into the state structure as a third pillar, along with the People's Congresses and Committees, though they did not have the right to strike. Professional associations sent delegates to the General People's Congress, where they have a representative mandate.
The General People's Congress ("Mu'tammar al-sha'ab al 'âmm") consisted out of circa 2700 representatives of the Basis People's Congresses.
Before Gaddafi's "coup", general elections were held in the 1950s and 1960s. Although political parties contested the 1952 elections, they were subsequently banned and all other elections were carried out on a non-partisan basis.


Shipyard Railway

The Shipyard Railway was an electric railroad line, rapidly constructed during World War II to transport workers to and from the Kaiser Shipyards located in the city of Richmond, California.
The Shipyard Railway was funded by the United States Maritime Commission and was built and operated by the Key System, a local transit company in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. The Key System also provided commuter rail service between San Francisco and the East Bay over the Bay Bridge.
The Shipyard Railway ran from a specially constructed depot at 40th Street and San Pablo Avenue in Emeryville, up San Pablo Avenue northward (along the Key System's No. 2 San Pablo Avenue line streetcar tracks) to Grayson Street in Berkeley then two blocks west to Ninth Street, then a far stretch north along Ninth (along the recently abandoned Interurban Electric Railway's No. 5 Ninth Street line's tracks), across a bridge over Codornices Creek, then diagonally northwest across Albany Village, a federal housing project for war workers, then up and over a specially constructed trestle above the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Eastshore Highway, thence continuing northwest along the bayshore in Richmond, and terminating in a loop line serving the four massive shipyards of Kaiser.
The line was built from scrap and available materials, as the war made regular construction materials unavailable. The rails were reused from abandoned streetcar lines. The railroad across the Bay Bridge no longer needed overhead wire, as the Key bridge units operated over the bridge using a third rail and both the Southern Pacific (IER) and Sacramento Northern Railway had discontinued service. For the trestle over the Southern Pacific Railroad, bridge beams were fashioned out of used Southern Pacific turntables, and timbers were reused from those ferry moles no longer in use due to the Bay Bridge.
The United States Maritime Commission searched and found obsolete New York City "El" elevated cars awaiting scrap. These wood-bodied cars had been built in 1890 for the New York City IRT Second Avenue Line, initially pulled by steam locomotives and equipped with traction motors and controls prior to 1900. The cars were configured for high-level platforms and third rail, and were roughly adapted to street operation from overhead wire. The Key System did not possess enough pantographs for every car, so they placed one on each married pair of cars. This too proved challenging, as the old wood roofs could not support the weight of a pantograph. Some high level platforms were built, and the Key System's newest cars, "Bridge Units", were operated on the line while a limited number of New York cars were equipped with makeshift steps to street level. These cars became the symbol of the Shipyard Railway.
At the end of World War II, the Shipyard Railway was offered to the Key System, but they declined, viewing the line as unprofitable. Service ended on September 30, 1945, and the line was quickly dismantled.
Shipyard cars #561 and #563, a married pair, are preserved at the Western Railway Museum. #561 is restored and is believed to be the oldest operational electric car in the United States. #563 is under restoration.


Hunger in Zimbabwe

Hunger in Zimbabwe was first recorded by the United Nations in 2004. It has, however, a longer history that dates back to early 2000. Since the country's independence, Zimbabwe has experienced a variety of obstacles that have contributed to the country's extreme famine issue. These obstacles include but are not limited to: inflation, dependency ratios, high unemployment rates, and SAP failures. In addition to this, the Zimbabwean government, NGOs within Zimbabwe and international actors have numerous different strategies they want to implement within the nation in order to increase economic growth. However, these conflicts add little to no change within the nation.
The beginning of urbanization.
Colonial period.
Before independence, urbanization was slow and poverty within urban areas was infrequent. Laws imposed by colonial powers were implemented in order to keep unemployed Zimbabweans out of urban areas which resulted in less food insecurity amongst these areas. However, this changed in the 1970s during Zimbabwe's liberation period. Rural areas within Zimbabwe were extremely dangerous during the fight for liberation, this resulted in refugees from these areas migrating to urban ones such as Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. With the arrival of new citizens, jobs were hard to acquire and there was an insufficient amount being made. This ultimately resulted in the rise of poverty rates within urban areas.
Independence and postindependence.
In 1980, Zimbabwe obtained liberation but their economic situation continued to suffer. Restrictive laws implemented by former powers were removed and this allowed all Zimbabwean citizens to move into urban areas.
The government sustained independence by improving expenditures on healthcare, education and infrastructure. However, other economic issues such as income distribution remained a problem within Zimbabwe and in an attempt to fix their economic failure, these redistribution policies were prioritized and the idea of growing the economy was stunted. This resulted in 50% of GDP consisting of government expenditures by 1990 and a sharp increased of unemployment that skyrocketed from 8% in 1980 to 26% in 1990. This made it difficult for citizens to purchase their basic needs.
Environmental issues.
Agriculture and drought.
Zimbabwe has experienced its fair share of agricultural and trade issues. Drought is a huge contributing factor to Zimbabwe's national famine and it occurs often, it results in the decrease of food-stocks & cash flow coming into the country. This shed light on the nation's dependency problems and essentially forced the nation to adopt government SAPs from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in 1991.
Water cuts and shortages.
1.7 million people, 408,000 of those being women and 935,000 of those being children, lack the access to safe and clean water. Within rural areas, only 50% of water pumps are functional.
Structural adjustment programs.
These structural adjustment programs were implemented in order to promote economic growth, mediate their debt and facilitate trade, liberalization, domestic deregulation/investment promotion and reduce government expenditures. However, little progress was made and analysts actually suggest this was Zimbabwe's downfall. The measures implemented resulted in the closure of numerous factories, unemployment and increased consumer prices. This decreased the standard of living within urban areas because of "their dependence on the cash economy."
Economic meltdown.
Zimbabwe has experienced a severe economic decline since 2000. During 2003, the largest poverty rate was recorded in urban areas, at a whopping 65% increased since 1995 and a 45% increase in rural areas. With poverty rates being at the highest it as ever been, in 2008, life expectancy within the nation reached an all time low of 37 years old, as opposed to age 61 at independence in 1990.
Fast track land redistribution.
In 2000, a program was implemented by the regime in order to redistribute land to indigenous black farmers. With this program, white farmers were stripped of their land and 1.2 million black farmers benefitted. However, at the end of 2002 productivity took a turn for the worst. Production levels were extremely low because the new farmers lacked financial resources, equipment and practice. Production levels increased in 2004 but they did not make up for the loss had a few years earlier. Ultimately, this resulted in the dependency Zimbabwe has on food imports and urban areas suffered the most because they relied on food imports the. Unfortunately, importation is slow due to the lack of foreign currency Zimbabwe acquires.
Operation Murambatsvina.
In 2005, the Zimbabwe regime imposed Operation Murambatsvina. This operation essentially shutdown all smaller, unofficial businesses such as flea markets, backyard houses, vending stalls and other "informal businesses." The government stated they had done this in order to eliminate "illegal" activity.
Impacts.
This operation imposed by the government resulted in several unfortunate outcomes. Former works lost their homes, jobs income and livelihood. In addition to this, many people also lost great sources of basic needs.
Criticism.
Despite what the government had stated about shutting down these businesses, critics speculate the government implemented this operation because it "provided a breeding ground for revolution against the government." After this, civil society struggled to remain visible and present.
Hyperinflation.
Zimbabwe's path toward hyperinflation began at the beginning of its independence in the 1970s. In 2000, inflation within Zimbabwe hit its peak at the time, being at 230 percent. In 2019, Zimbabwe has an inflation rate of about 300% which is the world's highest. Recently, inflation has exceptionally high some citizens refer to the currency as valueless and actually turn down money from the WFP, longing for food instead.
Government and conflict.
In May 2004, the government ordered 3 UN "crop assessment teams" to halt their services within rural areas. Robert Mugabe, former President of Zimbabwe, reiterated, in his General Assembly Speech, that "Zimbabwe would be self sufficient in food this year." However, most Zimbabweans and other observers do not trust these claims. The Food & Agriculture Organization believed the opposite of Mugabe's claims and suggested that Zimbabwe would most likely face an "overall food deficit of 1 million tons." James Morris, the head of the World Food Programme (WFP), stated he was "personally overwhelmed," about the hunger crisis when visiting Zimbabwe in June, 2004. Lastly, the Opposition Movement for Democratic Change is convinced the government plans to use food as a political tool in order to sway voters.
With an evident pattern, in November, 2008, Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of Zimbabwe's Movement of Democratic Change, stated that "a million Zimbabweans could starve to death in a year." It is also stated that the government placed the country in a "state induced famine," in order to exploit and control citizens for voting purposes.
Future accommodations.
As of 2019, Zimbabwe citizens fear returning to the inflation problem they experienced last decade. In addition to the government offering affordable, subsidized meals to the community, the government has made promises to distribute monthly rations and spend 180 million Zimbabwe dollars a month on subsidies in order to keep foods such as maize meal at a stable price by January of 2020.
Outcomes.
The UNICEF stated there has been a "widespread of chronic malnutrition" and about 600,000 children need "therapeutic feeding," as of 2004. Citizens have also resorted to dangerous techniques of survival such as, poaching, prostitution and theft.
As of 2019, according to Hilal Elver an independent UN human rights expert, 60% of the nation's population is "food insecure, living in a household that is unable to obtain enough food to meet basic needs."


Summer of My German Soldier (film)

Summer of My German Soldier is a 1978 American television film based on the 1973 novel of the same name written by Bette Greene. Set during World War II, it stars Kristy McNichol as a Jewish-American girl and Bruce Davison as the German prisoner of war whom she befriends.
Plot.
Twelve-year-old Patty Bergen lives in the small American town of Jenkinsville, Georgia, during World War II. Patty's family owns the local clothing and general supplies store, in which Patty occasionally works. Patty's abusive father and uncaring mother have little time for her, instead favoring her younger sister Sharon. However, Patty does have a friend in Ruth, the family's black, middle-aged housekeeper.
The U.S. government opens a prisoner-of-war (POW) camp for captured German soldiers in the town. One day, Patty meets one of the POWs - Anton Friedrich Reiker (one of the few prisoners able to speak English), when the POWs are allowed to buy supplies from her family's store. Soon after, Anton escapes from the POW camp and is on the run. He is about to escape on a train when Patty sees him and scuppers his plans. Rather than inform the authorities, Patty hides the young soldier in some abandoned rooms above the family's disused garage and brings him food. Anton shows Patty a warmth and respect that she never had from her cold family and the two become close friends.
Anton is almost exposed when he sees Patty's father beating her one day and nobly runs out of hiding to protect her, but she shouts for him to go back before he is seen. However, Ruth sees Anton. She does not approve of Patty harboring him, but agrees to keep her secret and helps by giving Anton food. Before long, the FBI begins conducting a thorough search of the town looking for Anton. When they call at the Bergens' home, Patty runs out to the garage to warn Anton that he must leave immediately or he will be caught. Anton flees from the garage after thanking Patty for her help and gives her a valuable ring that belonged to his grandfather. However, while trying to leave the town that night, the FBI finds Anton and he is shot dead trying to escape. The FBI return to the Bergens' house that night and relay the news of Anton's death to Patty, who is utterly devastated.
Appalled to hear that his own daughter aided a German prisoner, her father virtually disowns her and tells her that she is dead to him. She is also alienated by the small-minded townsfolk who now view her as a traitor. The only person who still talks to her is Ruth, who has now been fired from her job as housekeeper. Ruth tries to comfort Patty in her grief and tells the townsfolk to leave Patty alone as only God has the right to stand in judgment of her.
Awards.
"Summer of My German Soldier" was nominated for three Emmy awards in 1979, including Best Drama or Comedy Special, Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series or Special, and actress Esther Rolle was nominated and won the award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Ruth.
Differences from the novel.
The film differs from the original 1973 novel in various ways:


Ernst Werner Techow

Ernst Werner Techow (12 October 1901 – 9 May 1945) was a German right-wing assassin. In 1922, he took part in the assassination of the Foreign Minister of Germany Walther Rathenau. After his release from prison Techow initially joined the Nazi party, but soon fell out with the movement and dropped into obscurity. Late in World War II he joined the Volkssturm. He was killed after being captured by the Soviet Red Army near Dresden on 9 May 1945. Legend has it that Techow changed his political beliefs after his release from prison, joined the French Foreign Legion under the name of "Tessier" and later embarked on helping Jews escape from occupied France. This completely unfounded narrative can be traced back to hearsay that American journalist George W. Herald had turned into a story for Harper's Magazine in 1943.
Early life.
Techow came from a distinguished magistrate's family in Berlin; his grandfather had been one of the heroes of the liberal revolution of 1848. In 1918 Techow volunteered for the German navy. After the German revolution of November 1918 he came into contact with counter-revolutionary forces. He joined Marinebrigade Ehrhardt and participated in the Kapp Putsch. After the dissolution of the Free Corps he connected himself with the Organisation Consul, the secret follow organization of the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. Like many of his comrades he was also a member of the violently antisemitic Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund.
Assassination of Walther Rathenau.
On 24 June 1922, two months after the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo, 1922, Rathenau was assassinated by two members of the secret, far-right Organisation Consul, Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer. On that morning, he was driving from his house in Grunewald to the Foreign Office in the Wilhelmstraße, as he did nearly daily. During the trip his vehicle was passed by another in which three men were sitting. While passing, Kern shot Rathenau with an MP 18 submachine gun and Fischer threw a hand grenade into the car, before Techow quickly drove them away. A memorial stone in the Koenigsallee in Berlin-Grunewald marks the scene of the crime. Rathenau was fervently mourned in Germany. The news of his death lead to turmoil in the Reichstag and prompted millions of Germans to rally against terrorism.
Arrest and trial.
Since a confidant bragged about the plot in public, the assassins were identified within days. Techow was turned in by relatives on 29 June. Kern and Fischer managed to escape their pursuers until they were cornered in the Thuringian castle Saaleck on July 17. After Kern was killed by a stray bullet, Fischer took his own life. So at the murder trial in October 1922 Techow was the only defendant indicted for murder. He narrowly escaped capital punishment, when in a last-minute confession he convinced the court that he had acted under duress, as Kern threatened to kill him when he tried to withdraw from the murder plot. Thus he got away with 15 years in prison for accessory to murder. He also may have benefitted by a letter which had been written by Mathilde Rathenau, the victim's mother, to Techow's mother: In grief unspeakable, I give you my hand. You, of all women, the most pitiable. Say to your son that in the name and spirit of him who was murdered, I forgive, even as God may forgive, if before an earthly judge he makes a full and frank confession of his guilt, and before a heavenly one repent. Had he known my son, the noblest man earth bore, he had rather turn the weapon on himself than on him. May these words give peace to your soul...
Techow's sentence was reduced by an amnesty in 1928. Upon his release from prison in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt on 7 January 1930 he was welcomed by delegations of the local chapters of "Der Stahlhelm", the German National People's Party and the NSDAP. Techow himself joined the Nazi party, the SA and the editorial staff of the Berlin Nazi newspaper "Der Angriff" in early 1931. Alienated by Hitler's politics he took part in the Stennes Revolt and was expelled from the party in April 1931. His last noted public appearance was in October 1933, when a monument for his fellow assassins Fischer and Kern was unveiled in Saaleck. In 1934 he published an apologetic pamphlet about Rathenau's assassination.
During the following years Techow worked for the . In May 1941 he enlisted in the German navy. He was a war correspondent, until he was severely injured while the ship he was on was sunk in October 1942. Shortly before the end of the war he joined the Volkssturm. He was taken prisoner of war at the military training ground of Königsbrück near Dresden and allegedly killed by a Soviet soldier because of a misunderstanding. The certified date of his death is 9 May 1945.
The legend of "Tessier".
In April 1943 the American journalist George W. Herald published the story "My favorite Assassin". He claimed to have met a captain of the French foreign legion with the name of Tessier in 1940. This captain, Herald claimed, turned out to be Ernst Werner Techow. He had been deeply moved by Mathilde Rathenau's letter, abstained from antisemitism and joined the French foreign legion. In 1941, Herald further reported, Techow-Tessier helped save hundreds of Jews in Marseilles.
Although this story was soon called into question because of some major inconsistences it still took on a life of its own. By reconstructing Techow's biography historian Martin Sabrow has proved the story to be completely unfounded.


Zhongshan Park (Dalian)

Dalian Zhongshan Park (in ) is a public park in the Shahekou District of Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, named after Sun Zhongshan, the first president of the Republic of China.
Occupying of land, the park was established in 1911 in honor of Prince Shotoku during the period that Japan leased Dalian from the Qing Dynasty government. It was renamed Zhongshan Park in 1946.


The Gentle Gunman

The Gentle Gunman is a black-and-white 1952 Ealing Studios drama film, directed by Basil Dearden and starring John Mills and Dirk Bogarde. The film is based on a 1950 play by Roger MacDougall that was televised by the BBC in September 1950.
Plot.
Terence (John Mills) and Matthew (Dirk Bogarde) Sullivan are two IRA men in London during World War II. Terry starts questioning the worth of the IRA's war against the United Kingdom that involves planting bombs in a crowded London Underground station and becomes marked for death by the IRA. In addition to Terry's questioning of the IRA's methods, Matt is affected by a mother whose husband and son had joined the IRA with fatal results. Though Matthew escapes capture in London, his comrades-in-arms Connolly (Liam Redmond) and Patsy (Jack MacGowran) are captured by the British police. Both Terry and the IRA leader Shinto (Robert Beatty) vow to free the men and bring them from their trial in Belfast to safety in the Republic of Ireland, but Shinto favours more violent methods than Terry.
Critical reception.
The British magazine "Time Out" thought the film was "stiff" and "overplotted", while the British Film Institute thought the film struggled to "find the right tone" and culminated with a "car-crash of an ending". "The New York Times" thought that the film had "failed to search beneath the surface" of the screen-play and described much of the content as "superficial".
Quotes.
"Englishman": "The situation in England is serious, but it's never hopeless"<br>
"Irishman": "The situation in Ireland is hopeless but it's never serious"


Little Boy (film)

Little Boy is a 2015 World War II war-drama film directed by Alejandro Gómez Monteverde. The screenplay is by Monteverde and Pepe Portillo, and the film was produced by Eduardo Verástegui and Leo Severino, and edited by Joan Sobel and Fernando Villena. The film stars Jakob Salvati, Emily Watson, David Henrie, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Michael Rapaport, Ben Chaplin, Eduardo Verástegui, Ted Levine, Abraham Benrubi, and Tom Wilkinson. The title is a reference to Little Boy, the code name for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, as well as a reference to the main character Pepper's height. The film was co-produced by Metanoia Films and Santa Fé Films and was released on April 24, 2015, by Open Road Films. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18, 2015, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. The film received negative reviews from mainstream critics and earned $17 million on a $20 million budget. An Indian adaptation of the film, titled "Tubelight" and starring Salman Khan in the lead role, opened to mixed reviews in 2017.
Plot.
In the seaside town of O'Hare, California, an 8-year-old boy who is small for his age, Pepper Flynt Busbee (Jakob Salvati), has a very close relationship with James, his loving father, which begins from the very moment he is born when his father cradles him in his arms and notices how small he is. When Pepper asks a doctor if he has dwarfism, the doctor tells him, "For now, Pepper, let's just say you're a 'little boy'," this expression would become Pepper's nickname. He would learn to despise those two words and always make a problem when someone would call out his nickname.
However, when World War II begins, Pepper's older brother is declared ineligible for military service because of flat feet and their father joins in his place, which devastates Pepper. Not long after his father leaves for war, Pepper hears the Bible verse, "Truly I tell you, if you have faith as small as a mustard seed, you can say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move" (Matthew 17:20), he becomes determined to get enough faith to bring his father home. Nevertheless, as his friend and mentor Father Oliver tells him, faith is useless to anyone who harbors hatred. Father Oliver tells Pepper to befriend a Japanese man named Hashimoto.
At first, the anti-Japanese sentiment Pepper has internalized – which has become prevalent in his society – makes him hesitant to follow this advice, but as he gets to know Hashimoto, he begins to value their friendship and learns from Hashimoto to stand up to those who bully him about his height. Father Oliver gave Pepper a list of tasks to complete. When Pepper's father is reported missing in action, Pepper's mother (Emily Watson) struggles to keep her family together in the face of these overwhelming hardships. His brother London, and Sam – one of the townspeople that lost a son – go to Hashimoto's home and attack him one night, leading to his being hospitalized. London is initially arrested, but Hashimoto decides not to press charges and he is released.
An Army representative brings the news that Pepper's father has been killed and is buried in the Philippines. Hashimoto goes to the memorial service at the O'Hare Cemetery to pay his respects. Pepper and Hashimoto sit on a bench and discuss their mutual losses of family and believing in something. Pepper goes back to the cemetery to visit his father's grave and place the list on top of his grave marker. Pepper and his mother go to the doctor, where the town doctor, Dr. Fox tries to hit on her and invite himself over to the house that evening under the pretext of talking about what could possibly be the cause of Pepper's short stature.
Later that day, a spokesperson from the Army arrives to tell her that her husband didn't die after all. The man that actually died had stolen Pepper's father's boots, with his dog tags attached to the laces, when he fell after being shot, so he was misidentified as Pepper's father. The family leaves town to visit James in the hospital and Pepper takes him the boots that James had been eyeing for some time, which Pepper bought for him after he went off to war. Upon arriving, they realize that James has suffered from mild amnesia due to an injury to the head. However, Pepper calls his father by his longtime nickname, "partner", and presents him his gift. James holds the boots, then hugs Pepper and touches the faces of the rest of his family. They all kneel around his chair and share a group hug, before driving him back to O'Hare.
Production.
On August 4, 2011, it was announced that Metanoia Films would produce the film, with Ben Chaplin and Emily Watson joining the cast. On August 6, 2011, Kevin James, David Henrie and Jakob Salvati joined the cast. On June 20, 2014, Open Road Films picked up distribution rights to the film. On July 2, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on February 27, 2015.
On April 22, 2015, producer and star Eduardo Verástegui told the Catholic News Agency, "It was going to be a very, very difficult film to produce, but at the same time we were in love with the story which is about believing in the impossible." It was clear to Verástegui that it would be very difficult to produce an independent film totally outside the system. More than 1,000 children were auditioned for the role of Pepper. Eventually, Jakob Salvati won the role at seven years of age, even though he had only acted on television. During the film, Salvati was frequently found praying by himself that the scene would go well. Actor David Henrie was seeking such a film as this one after emerging as a Disney star, and in the process of returning to the Catholic Church. Henrie told BreatheCast.com that the film's producers were instrumental in his conversion. "I will forever be grateful for Little Boy because it was the film that saved my life," he said. "The theme really spoke to my heart in a big way. I think it's a very foundational element and theme that everyone deals with, do you put your faith in yourself to find your own existence or do you put your theme in something bigger than you?"
Release.
The film was theatrically released on April 24, 2015 by Open Road Films and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18, 2015 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.
Reception.
"Little Boy" has received negative reviews from mainstream critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 24% based on 54 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 4.43/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-meaning but manipulative on a horrifically misguided scale, "Little Boy" is the rare faith-based film that many viewers may find legitimately offensive." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Alan Scherstuhl, writing for "The Village Voice", describes "Little Boy" as a "cynical, poisonous, deeply stupid film." Tim Drake of the "National Catholic Register" said the film "mirrors the Holy Trinity. ... [Jakob] Salvati brings an endearing delight to his role. He is a pleasure to watch. ... The film is a nostalgic parable about faith. Yet it's not what would be described as a faith-based film. Rather, it's a mature story containing Catholic elements. It treats both the faith of Father Oliver and the lack of religious faith of Hashimoto with respect." However, Drake does object to the way in which it treats the atomic bombing of Japan. Kathryn Jean Lopez of the "National Review" said that the film's message is "subtle and luminous", and the film is "remarkably sweet in the least saccharine but also most humane way... a tender movie that inspires hope." She summarized it as a "heart-wrenching and encouraging movie dealing with life and death, and with faith, hope and love." Adam R. Holz, editor for the entertainment reviewing arm of "Focus On The Family" "Plugged In", reviews: ""Little Boy", then, can certainly serve as a solid (and delightfully entertaining!) launching pad for discussions about what it means to believe, and how we navigate the specifics of why we believe what we believe about miracles and God's sustaining hand in the midst of danger and tragedy. It also powerfully addresses the way we (should) treat those we think are our enemies."


Submarine Boat Company

Submarine Boat Company (Submarine Boat Corporation) was a large-scale World War I ship manufacturing shipyard, located at Newark, New Jersey's Port of Newark. Submarine Boat Company operated as a subsidiary of the Electric Boat Company, now General Dynamics Electric Boat. Submarine Boat Company was founded in April 1915 to meet the demand for ships for World War I. Submarine Boat Corporation built the Design 1023 ships, this was a steel-hulled cargo ship. Submarine Boat Company built merchant cargo ships from 1917 to 1922. Submarine Boat Company was to able to complete ships quickly as they had other shipyards prefabricate about 80% of the hull. Submarine Boat Company worked with: Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation in Bristol, Pennsylvania, and American International Shipbuilding, in Hog Island, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During World War I, at its peak, the shipbuilding the company employed 25,000 people. The Submarine Boat Company received a 150 shipbuilding contract from the United States Shipping Board (USSB)'s Emergency Fleet Corporation, and 118 ships were completed before the contract was canceled. Submarine Boat Company built and sold the last 32 ships on their own for the Transmarine shipping line. After the war in 1920, Submarine Boat built 30 206-ton barges for Transmarine. With no more contracts, the shipyard closed in 1922 and the company went into receivership in 1929. For World War II the shipyard was reopened by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. Federal Shipbuilding operated its main shipyard north of the Submarine Boat Company shipyard, where Uncommon Carrier Inc. in Kearny, New Jersey is now located. The location of the former Submarine Boat Company shipyard is at the Toyota Logistics Services Inc. automobile terminal, 390 E. Port Street, Newark, just south of Interstate 78. Notable ships: , , and SS "Coast Farmer".
While Submarine Boat Company ended shipbuilding in 1922, due to its good working with steel, in 1923 it received a construction contract from the Newton Amusement Corporation to build a 1,000-seat stadium theater. Submarine Boat Company supplied 50 tons of steel columns. This was the last project before closing.
Background.
The Submarine Boat Company did not build any submarines, its name was given from its parent company Electric Boat Company, which was started in 1899 by Isaac Rice. The Electric Boat Company build a submarine based on John Philip Holland designs. These were based on Lewis Nixon's designs at the Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Electric Boat Company first submarine was the , commissioned by the United States Navy on April 11, 1900, becoming the first US Navy submarine commissioned.
Transmarine Corporation.
Submarine Boat Company operated the Transmarine Corporation (Transco) or Transmarine Lines a shipping company from 1922 to 1930, with 32 ships and 29 barges they had built. Providing east coast, west coast, Texas, Cuba and South America with cargo shipping services. With the barges working on the New York State Canal System with five tugboats. Barges moved cargo from New York City to Buffalo, New York in seven to nine days.
Atlantic Port Railway.
The Submarine Boat Corporation incorporated, on May 4, 1920, the The Atlantic Port Railway Corporation, to move cargo to and from Transmarine Lines. The company was a common carrier rail line, it owned no property right of ways. Atlantic Port Railway operated standard-gage steam railroad, at the Port Newark with rail lines that connected to the Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to Transmarine docks. Atlantic Port Railway had about of tracks and of yard tracks and sidings.
Submarine Boat Company ships.
Cargo ship 3,642 DWT.
Submarine Boat Company built ship,s Cargo 1023 ships with 3,642 DWT:
Cargo ship 3,545 DWT.
Submarine Boat Company built ship,s Cargo 1023 ships with 3,545 DWT:
Transmarine barges.
Submarine Boat Company built Transmarine Barge with 206 DWT, these were used for east coast coastal transport by Submarine Boat Company, subsidiary Transmarine:


Cardinal (comics)

Cardinal (also known as Harrier) is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is African American.
Publication history.
Cardinal first appeared in "New Warriors" #28 and was created by Fabian Nicieza and Darick Robertson.
Cardinal has appeared in the pages of "New Warriors", "Night Thrasher", and "Thunderbolts".
Fictional character biography.
Donald Joshua Clendenon is a Vietnam War veteran. While on a mission in Rhodesia, he conceives a child named Valerie Barnhardt with fellow mercenary buddy Sprocket (Amelia Barnhardt). At some point, Clendenon is outfitted with a powered suit of armor and took the name Cardinal. Cardinal first appeared as a bodyguard for arms smuggler Jeremy Swimming-Bear (aka "Sea Urchin"). The plot was foiled by the New Warriors. Broken out of prison by his allies, the Air Force, he and the team went after the New Warriors, but were defeated and sent back to prison.
Some time later, Air Force was dispatched to attack Dwayne Taylor and a group of high-powered corporate officials on a jet bringing humanitarian aid to the people of Bosnia-Herzogovina. Taylor, secretly Night Thrasher, defeated Air Force and blackmailed them into assisting in relief efforts in middle Africa.
In Africa, Air Force were moved by the humanitarian disaster and began to earnestly help transport food and other aid to the starving peoples of the region. Protocol and his Soldiers of Misfortune attempted to interfere with the rescue missions and decimated Air Force, killing two of their members. Cardinal was badly injured in the battle. With the destruction of Air Force and frustrated with his attempt to do good, Clendenon repaired the Cardinal armor and vowed to continue to work on his own as a mercenary-for-hire.
Cardinal joined the Crimson Cowl's version of the Masters of Evil. The Thunderbolts defeated the Masters of Evil and destroyed the Crimson Cowl's weather machine which threatened the whole world. Cardinal was again incarcerated in Seagate Prison.
To clear her criminal record, Cardinal's daughter Valerie becomes a member of the government Redeemers program and is given the name Meteorite along with a special fighting suit. She is murdered along with several of her teammates during a battle with the villain Graviton. Josh didn't know he had a daughter until after her death and a paternity test is done after her corpse is retrieved from space by S.H.I.E.L.D. Hawkeye and the Thunderbolts' connection to the Redeemers is what the Crimson Cowl uses to get Cardinal to rejoin her Masters of Evil. Hawkeye tracks the Masters of Evil down and convinces them that most of them were infected by a deadly biotoxin with which the Crimson Cowl sought to control them. Hawkeye makes a deal with them for the four Masters of Evil to join him, Songbird, and Plant-Man to stop the Crimson Cowl. They accept and form a new team of Thunderbolts. Cardinal takes the new name of Harrier. The team defeats Crimson Cowl and the rest of her Masters of Evil. They are able to neutralize the biotoxin.
Soon after, Citizen V contacts the team explaining that the engines of the "Vanguard", the V-Battalion's airship, had created a white hole. This threatens to fuse the whole Northern Hemisphere into glass within two hours time. He explains he needs the Thunderbolts' muscle to fill the white hole with as much material as necessary. Surprisingly, the core Thunderbolts team, who had been missing on Counter-Earth, emerge from the void. The two teams close down the anomaly void and flee the V-Battalion. The Thunderbolts reorganize and Harrier voluntarily returns to prison.
Powers and abilities.
Clendenon has no superhuman powers. As Cardinal he wears a suit of powered armor that gives increased strength, body armor, flight and the ability to function underwater. The suit incorporates a number of offensive weapons including energy blasters, grenade launcher and tar gun.
In other media.
Cardinal appeared in "" episode "Command Decision" voiced by Peter Wildman. He is seen as a member of Baron Helmut Zemo's Masters of Evil.