Hyde Amendment

In U.S. politics, the Hyde Amendment is a legislative provision barring the use of federal funds to pay for abortion except to save the life of the woman, or if the pregnancy arises from incest or rape. Before the Hyde Amendment took effect in 1980, an estimated 300,000 abortions were performed annually using taxpayer funds.
The original Hyde Amendment was passed in 1976 on September 30 by the House of Representatives with a 312–93 vote to override the veto of a funding bill for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). It was named for its chief sponsor, Republican Congressman Henry Hyde of Illinois. The measure represents one of the first major legislative gains by the United States anti-abortion movement, especially the National Committee for a Human Life Amendment led by lobbyist Mark Gallagher, after the striking-down of anti-abortion laws following the 1973 Supreme Court case "Roe v. Wade". Congress subsequently altered the Hyde Amendment several times. The version in force from 1981 until 1993 prohibited the use of federal funds for abortions "except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term." On October 22, 1993, President Clinton signed into law the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1994. The Act contained a new version of the Hyde Amendment that expanded the category of abortions for which federal funds are available under Medicaid to include cases of rape and incest.
Legislation, including the Hyde Amendment, generally restricts the use of funds allocated for the Department of Health and Human Services and consequently has significant effects involving Medicaid recipients. As of 2016, Medicaid currently serves approximately 15.6 million women in the United States, including 1 in 5 women of reproductive age (women aged 15–44). In 2018, 37% of Americans said that the practice of abortion should be illegal in most cases, while 58% said it should be legal in most cases, results consistent with prior years. A minority of U.S. adults take an absolutist position, that abortion should be either illegal (15%) or legal (25%) in all cases. The Hyde Amendment itself was supported by 57% of voters and opposed by 36%, as of 2016.
The 2016 Democratic platform marked the first time the party included an explicit call to repeal the Hyde Amendment in its platform. On January 24, 2017, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 7, which, according to the press office of Speaker Paul Ryan, "makes the Hyde Amendment permanent." The bill failed to pass the Senate and did not become law.
Background.
The Hyde Amendment was introduced by anti-abortion Congressman Henry J. Hyde and first passed by Congress in 1977, four years after "Roe vs. Wade". Implementation of the initial amendment was blocked for almost a year by an injunction in the "McRae v. Matthews" case. During this case, the Reproductive Freedom Project, the Center for Constitutional Rights, and Planned Parenthood collectively represented a pregnant Medicaid recipient and health care providers who challenged the Hyde Amendment. The United States Supreme Court vacated the injunction in August 1977, leading abortions financed by federal Medicaid to drop from 300,000 per year to a few thousand. Other bans were modeled after the Hyde Amendment, extending to other annual spending bills in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This eventually led federal funds to be banned in federal worker health plans, women in federal prisons, women in the military, peace corps volunteers, and international family planning programs that use non-U.S. funds to perform or advocate for abortion.
The Hyde Amendment has been reenacted every year since 1976, but exceptions have varied.
For example, the 1978 Amendment presented new exceptions for rape survivors and incest cases. However, in 1980, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the original Hyde Amendment language with a 5–4 vote in "Harris v. McRae". The majority found that the Hyde Amendment did not violate the Establishment Clause under the First Amendment or due process/equal protection provided by the Fifth Amendment. This case decided the single exception for the Amendment would be in cases where the woman's life is endangered. This decision was upheld from fiscal years 1981–1993. While the Supreme Court came close to reintroducing exceptions for cases of rape or incest in "Webster v. Reproductive Health Services of Missouri", President George H.W. Bush succeeded in vetoing the bill despite an attempted House override. This decision left the Amendment with the sole exception of concern being endangered life of the mother. The language was not altered until the Clinton Administration in 1993. At this time, the Hyde Amendment was once again expanded to include exceptions for rape and incest cases.
Later in "Williams v. Zbaraz" (1980), the United States Supreme Court upheld that states could constitutionally make their own versions of the Hyde Amendment.
Currently, 17 states extend abortion coverage to women enrolled in Medicaid through their own budgets, and 6 states extend abortion coverage when a woman's health is at risk. The remainder of the country abides by the Hyde Amendment. South Dakota expands on the Hyde Amendment and restricts funding even in cases of rape or incest. As of 1994, federal law mandates all states to pay for abortion cases involving rape or incest, proving South Dakota's actions to be problematic.
On January 24, 2017, the House voted to make the Hyde Amendment (H.R. 7) permanent. Speaker Paul Ryan (R-WI) stated that "We are a pro-life Congress," and he reaffirmed the government's commitment to restricting tax money to funding abortions. The bill failed to become law after it was never brought to a vote in the Senate.
Supporting arguments.
Proponents of "Hyde" state that it is supported by 57% of the American public and opposed by 36%, as of 2016.
Opposing arguments.
Critics say the Hyde Amendment disproportionately affects low-income women, women of color, younger women, and immigrants, as an estimated 42% of abortion recipients live below the poverty line. Since the passage of the Hyde Amendment, more than one million women were not able to afford abortions and as a result carried fetuses to term, sometimes dying as a consequence. Eighteen to 33 percent of Medicaid-eligible women who desire abortions have also given birth because they live in states that do not provide funding.
Opponents also say that people should be legally allowed to make their own choices about their bodies. With the Hyde Amendment in effect, 60% of Planned Parenthood's 2.4 million patients who rely on public health programs like Medicaid and Title X for their health care are unable to use their health benefits for abortion.
Effects and implications of the Hyde Amendment.
The Hyde Amendment restricts abortion coverage for federally-funded healthcare recipients, specifically women enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid, Native American women, U.S. servicewomen and veterans, women in Peace Corps, federal employee families, D.C. women residents, and women in immigration detention facilities and prisons. The Hyde Amendment does not preclude women who receive healthcare through the U.S. government the option of paying for the procedure out of pocket. According to a 2014 national survey of abortion patients, women in states without Medicaid coverage of abortion were three times as likely to pay for their abortions out of pocket and five times as likely to rely on financial assistance from an abortion fund compared to women in states with Medicaid coverage.
State actions.
Despite widespread efforts to further restrict abortion coverage at the state level, some states are striving to ensure coverage of abortion services in the face of funding bans.
Even with the passage of the Hyde Amendment, some 17 states have a policy to use their own Medicaid funds to pay for abortion beyond the Hyde Amendment requirements, and an estimated 20% of abortions are paid through Medicaid.
There are currently 16 states who use their own state funds to pay for elective abortions and similar services. These states include Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.
Consequently, the cutoff of federal Medicaid funds prompted some states to provide public funding for abortion services from their own coffers. Over time the number of states doing so has gradually expanded, either through legislation or consequent to judicial rulings mandating equal access to health care for low-income women.
Currently, 15 states restrict coverage in accordance with the Hyde Amendment. Specific stipulations have been put in place by some state governments. Some of these provisions remove restrictions that have been put in place at the federal level while others are used to further extend the reach that Hyde Amendment has put into place. For example, in Iowa, in order to receive an abortion under the Medicaid program, approval must be given from the governor. In Iowa, Mississippi, and Virginia, a provision has been made for the case of fetal impairment.
Further developments.
Stupak-Pitts 2010.
The Stupak–Pitts Amendment, an amendment to the Affordable Health Care for America Act, was introduced by Democratic Rep. Bart Stupak of Michigan. It prohibits use of Federal funds "to pay for any abortion or to cover any part of the costs of any health plan that includes coverage of abortion" except in cases of rape, incest or danger to the life of the mother, and was included in the bill as passed by the House of Representatives on November 7, 2009. However, the Senate bill passed by the House on March 21, 2010 did not contain that Hyde Amendment language. As part of an agreement between Rep. Stupak and President Obama to secure Stupak's vote, the President issued Executive Order 13535 on March 24, 2010 affirming that the Hyde Amendment would extend to the new bill.
Hillary Clinton 2016.
The 2016 Democratic platform marked the first major political party platform to include an explicit call to repeal the Hyde Amendment. The platform states:
We believe unequivocally, like the majority of Americans, that every woman should have access to quality reproductive health care services, including safe and legal abortion—regardless of where she lives, how much money she makes, or how she is insured. We believe that reproductive health is core to women's, men's, and young people's health and well being. We will continue to stand up to Republican efforts to defund Planned Parenthood health centers, which provide critical health services to millions of people. We will continue to oppose—and seek to overturn—federal and state laws and policies that impede a woman's access to abortion, including by repealing the Hyde Amendment.
Hillary Clinton advocated for a repeal of the Hyde Amendment throughout her 2016 Presidential campaign. She was quoted as saying, "Any right that requires you to take extraordinary measures to access it is no right at all" at a campaign rally in New Hampshire. The Democratic vice presidential candidate Tim Kaine reportedly stood with his running mate on the issue, despite formerly having been a supporter of the Hyde Amendment.
2018.
In 2018, Republicans proposed adding the Hyde Amendment to the Affordable Care Act in the 2018 spending bill in exchange for increased funding to reduce insurance premiums and adding reinsurance. However, this was rejected by Democrats. Former Speaker Paul Ryan had said that he would not bring measures to the floor on reducing ACA premiums without adding the Hyde Amendment language.


John Fisher Stokes

John Fisher Stokes (19 September 1912, Bexhill, Sussex – 11 May 2010) was a physician and surgeon, who earned a footnote in the history of the Royal College of Physicians by becoming part of the first married couple who were both elected FRCP.
Biography.
After education at Haileybury School, John Fisher Stokes matriculated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1937 MB MChir (Cantab.) after medical study at University College Hospital Medical School. In 1937 he qualified MRCS, LRCP from University College Hospital (UCH), where he was a house physician and house surgeon. At UCH he successively became a resident medical officer and a medical registrar. In 1939 he qualified MRCP. Stokes joined in 1942 the RAMC, served as a physician in Burma Campaign, was mentioned in dispatches, and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was a consultant physician at UCH from 1946 until he retired in 1977. In 1947 he graduated MD and was elected FRCP. In 1975 he was elected FRCPE.
Stokes gave the Bradshaw Lecture in 1973 and the Harveian Oration in 1981. For many years he was a trustee of the Leeds Castle Foundation, a private charitable trust.
In 1940 he married the microbiologist Joan Stokes née Rooke, who was elected FRCP in 1947. They were married for 69 years and John died a few months after Joan died. They were survived by a son, a daughter, five grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. For a number of years, John and Joan Stokes lived next door to, and were friends of, the actor Alastair Sim and his wife, Naomi.


Hugh E. Scully

Dr. Hugh E. Scully is a Canadian surgeon who is involved with motorsport medical care. He was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 1991 for his contributions to motorsport worldwide.
Scully earned his medical degree at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He trained in cardiac surgery at hospitals affiliated with the University of Toronto and Harvard University.
Scully founded the Ontario Race Physicians and the Professional Association of Internes and Residents of Ontario, performed surgery at Toronto General Hospital, and was professor of surgery at the University of Toronto. Scully served as a president of the Ontario Medical Association, the Canadian Medical Association and the International Council of Motorsport Sciences.


Polar body biopsy

Polar body biopsy is the sampling of a polar body of an oocyte. It was first applied clinically in humans in 1987 after extensive animal studies. A "polar body" is a small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but which generally does not have the ability to be fertilized.
After sampling of a polar body, subsequent analysis can be used to predict viability and pregnancy chance of the oocyte, as well as the future health of a person resulting from such a pregnancy. The latter use makes it a form of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). Compared to a blastocyst biopsy, a polar body biopsy can potentially be of lower costs, less harmful side-effects, and more sensitive in detecting abnormalities.
Techniques.
The first polar body is removed from the unfertilised oocyte, and the second PB from the zygote, shortly after fertilization. The biopsy and analysis of the first and second polar bodies can be completed before fertilization, which is the moment from which the zygote is generally considered an embryo and may become protected by law.
By screening the first polar body for chromosomal anomalies, non-viable eggs can be reliably identified, though eggs with normal first polar bodies can still be affected by errors. This method was initially performed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), then by hybridizing a sample into lymphocytes to observe it in metaphase, and more recently by microarrays, which are fully automated and make it easier to distinguish between chromosome vs. chromatid abnormalities.
The main advantage of the use of polar bodies in PGD is that they are not necessary for successful fertilisation or normal embryonic development, thus ensuring no deleterious effect for the embryo. One of the disadvantages of PB biopsy is that it only provides information about the maternal contribution to the embryo, which is why cases of autosomal dominant and X-linked disorders that are maternally transmitted can be diagnosed, and autosomal recessive disorders can only partially be diagnosed. Another drawback is the increased risk of diagnostic error, for instance due to the degradation of the genetic material or events of recombination that lead to heterozygous first polar bodies. It is generally agreed that it is best to analyse both polar bodies in order to minimize the risk of misdiagnosis. This can be achieved by sequential biopsy, necessary if monogenic diseases are diagnosed, to be able to differentiate the first from the second polar body, or simultaneous biopsy if FISH is to be performed.
In theory, molecular analysis of polar bodies may include epigenetic profiling in the near future.
Target diseases.
Aneuploidy.
Several studies have suggested that polar body screening for aneuploidy may not be optimal. When the majority of errors occur in chromatids rather than entire chromosomes (a condition correlated with the age of the mother), screening only the first polar body will fail to detect a large percentage of defective eggs. As mentioned earlier, chromosomal abnormality in the first polar body can result in a healthy embryo, meaning that eggs may in fact be wasted as a result of the screening. Polar body testing will also be unable to detect post-zygotic errors in an oocyte.
Because euploid polar bodies contain the same chromosomes as the oocyte, they can be used as a source of genetic material that is easily accessed without destroying the egg. This presents a research advantage by minimizing damage to the oocytes under investigation.
Usage.
Polar body biopsy is used mainly by two PGD groups in the USA and by groups in countries where cleavage-stage embryo selection is banned.


List of medical schools in Syria

This is a list of medical schools located in Syria.


NHS.net

NHS.net is a Microsoft Outlook Web App email, diary and directory system for National Health Service (NHS) employees in England and Scotland. The system is not for patients of the NHS. Retired NHS staff do not have access.
Faxes used to be able to be sent, but this was phased out at the end of March 2015.
NHS Scotland have announced their intention to phase-out the use of NHSmail for users in Scotland between July 2020 and September 2020, with NHS Scotland users migrating to Microsoft 365. NHS Scotland plans to adopt the nhs.scot domain.
Background.
History.
NHS.net e-mail initially offered 64Mb of storage. In 2006 it was improved and storage space was unlimited. Storage space has since been reduced to 400MB or 1GB depending on account service level. In 2013 the storage was doubled for all users in response to feedback from them.
Underlying technology.
The NHSmail system uses a customised version of Microsoft Exchange (2013).
Client-side access.
Web interface.
The web interface uses Outlook Web Access. The login URL for the webmail service is https://www.nhs.net.
Microsoft exchange.
NHSmail may be accessed from the internet by Microsoft Outlook on Windows or Microsoft Entourage on Mac OS X. Auto-configuration is available if the user's e-mail address is provided.
A zip file containing Microsoft Outlook 2002 manual setup details can be downloaded from Tools->Outlook setup
Mobile devices which support Exchange email and calendar can use NHSmail email and calendar functions, either with native capability or by installing third party software. Whilst no mobile phones are officially supported by NHSmail the following devices are able to connect:
IMAP.
Standards-compliant IMAP was available only from within the NHS internal network until around August 2018 when it was reintroduced into the Internet.
The server is imap.nhs.net. The internal SMTP server is send.nhs.net.
Standards-compliant connectivity over the internet was previously provided via the IMAP server imapmail1.nhs.net and the SMTP server smtp1.nhs.net. Standards-compliant internet access was removed in September 2009, breaking linux accessibility from the internet. A Windows-only tunnelling application can restore internet access to IMAP. This application is Whale Communications (a Microsoft subsidiary) Intelligent Application Gateway and is publicly accessible at https://client.nhs.net. The application is not available for 64-bit platforms.
Security and insecurity.
NHSmail has been approved for securely exchanging patient information by non-IT groups such as the British Medical Association (BMA), the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) and the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP).
Emails that may contain personally identifiable information, sensitive information, or medical information have been assessed by the UK Government's Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG) as requiring protection to Business Impact Level 4 (B-IL 4). This was assessed in reference to CESGs guidance on Technical Risk Assessment for the UK Cabinet Office published as HMG IA Standard No 1 (IA1 – Technical Risk Assessment), and defined by the potential distress or embarrassment a breach of the system could cause NHS patients, as given in the Impact Level table on p. 54 of the Standard.
The current NHSmail services have (with a waiver allowing access from uncontrolled end points over the internet) been assessed as providing a level of security consistent with B-IL 3. The B-IL 3 rating will be maintained with the introduction of NHSmail2, however this rating is not consistent with CESG's requirements for protecting personal information of this sensitivity.
The service can be used to email a range of other Government email services such as the Home Office, secure local government services, police, MoD etc. Access to e-mail accounts can be provided voluntarily through a delegate option in Microsoft Outlook. Access without the mailbox owner's permission can be granted after local sign off from an HR director or CEO and the Programme Head for NHSmail.
Tag lines.
Mail sent through NHS.net may have a 15-line tag essay appended to the end of the message.
NHSmail 2.
In 2013 the owning organisation (then NHS Connecting for Health) announced that they wished to replace the existing NHSmail service as the contract was due to come to an end. In January 2014 the Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) confirmed that a business case for replacing the service had been approved by The Department of Health and Treasury. The current service will run until the new one is procured, with transition due to take place during 2016.


Randall B. Griepp

Randall B. Griepp is an American cardiothoracic surgeon who collaborated with Norman Shumway in the development of the first successful heart transplant procedures in the U.S. He has an international reputation for contributions to the surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection and in heart and lung transplantations. He has received nearly $8 million in grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute todate.
He is currently a Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.
Life and career.
Griepp earned his medical degree from Stanford University Medical School, then completed residencies at both Stanford Hospital and Bellevue Hospital Center. He also did a fellowship in cardiothoracic surgery at Stanford Hospital.
In 1985, Griepp succeeded Robert S. Litwak as Chief of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital. Under Griepp's direction, Cardiothoracic Surgery was made an independent department at both the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Hospital, and Griepp was its first chairman. A heart and lung transplant program commenced in 1990.
Griepp stepped down as chairman in 2001 to pursue research and clinical interests, and was succeeded by David H. Adams.
Publications.
Partial list:


Passenger virus

A passenger virus is a virus that is frequently found in samples from diseased tissue, such as tumours, but is not a contributing factor in causing the disease.
Experimental demonstration of passenger status.
Proving that a virus has no causative role can be difficult. Although none of the following signs is definitive, evidence that a virus found in diseased tissue might be passenger only rather than a causative agent includes:
Examples.
A well-established example is lactate dehydrogenase virus, which is often found in mouse tumours. GB virus C and Chandipura virus are possible examples in humans. It has also been suggested that a virus related to Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 is a passenger virus that, unlike AHV1 itself, doesn't cause bovine malignant catarrhal fever. The discredited Duesberg hypothesis posits that HIV is a passenger virus in the etiology of AIDS.


Teofil Simchowicz

Teofil Simchowicz (3 June 1879 - 31 December 1957) was a Polish neurologist who was born in Ciechanowiec near Warsaw, Poland. He studied medicine at the Imperial University of Warsaw, and received a medical degree in 1905. In years 1907-1910 he worked in Munich under Alois Alzheimer, studying neuropathological changes in dementia. During World War II he emigrated to Palestine.
He discovered granulovacuolar degeneration (of Simchowicz), observed in hippocampal pyramidal cells in Alzheimer's disease.


Pierre Fouquier

Pierre Éloi Fouquier (26 July 1776 – 1850) was a physician and professor of medicine.
Fouquier was born in Maissemy. He died in Paris.
Titles and works.
He was a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine in 1820, and its president in 1842.
He was a member of the High Commission for Medical Studies.
He was the doctor of Charles X (1757-1836) and of Louis-Philippe (1773-1850) in 1840.
He was in 1847.
He is a translator of the "Treatise on Medicine" by Celse and the "Elements of Medicine" by Brown.
George Engelmann (1809-1832) named in his honor the genus " Fouquieria ".


Crura of superficial inguinal ring

The superficial inguinal ring is bounded below by the crest of the pubis; on either side by the margins of the opening in the aponeurosis, which are called the crura of the ring; and above, by a series of curved intercrural fibers.


Nippon Foundation

 of Tokyo, Japan, is a private, non-profit grant-making organization. It was established in 1962 by Ryoichi Sasakawa, a far-right politician, suspected war criminal and businessman. The foundation's mission is to direct Japanese motorboat racing revenue into philanthropic activities, it uses this money to pursue global maritime development and assistance for humanitarian work, both at home and abroad. In the humanitarian field, it focuses on such fields as social welfare, public health, and education. Its financial support, in the 1990s, for Peru's forced sterilization program of poor Incan women has led to accusations of genocide.
The current chairman is Yohei Sasakawa, World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador for Leprosy Elimination, Special Envoy of the Government of Japan for National Reconciliation in Myanmar, and the son of the foundation's founder, Ryoichi Sasakawa.
History.
Examples of major initiatives.
In 1962, The Nippon Foundation was established under the auspices of the Japanese Motorboat Racing Law. The law and the foundation were initiatives of Ryoichi Sasakawa who, as chair, used them to both help rebuild the Japanese shipbuilding sector, and to conduct philanthropic activities around the world. This system of using gambling revenue to provide aid to needy sectors was a novel one in Japan at that time, and came under intense scrutiny. In response, the foundation strove for transparency in conducting its activities, making its records publicly accessible from its earliest days.
Initiatives pursued in this period include research for the development of super tankers and their engines, direct support for the shipbuilding industry, and the protection of safety in the Strait of Malacca—vital to Japan's national security, due to the fact that more than 80 percent of her oil passes this way.
In the field of public welfare, the foundation pursued such youth-oriented initiatives as the building of sports facilities, the building of day care centers and the promotion of traffic safety education. In addition, it began donating mobile clinics and blood-mobiles, as well as constructing blood banks around the country.
In the 1970s, the foundation continued to pursue its efforts to improve social services through such measures as the distribution of ambulances, training in the use of fire fighting equipment, the development of preventative measures for earthquakes and PR for the fire-fighting sector. It also donated medical ships to provide medical aid for people living on remote islands in Japan's inland sea.
In 1971, it began its overseas work, and in 1974 established the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation for the purpose of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem—an effort that has resulted in its elimination in all but 1 of the 122 countries where the disease was initially prevalent.
Support for the maritime world remained an important focus in the 1980s, building on the work of the previous decade. Examples of projects include "Swift Wings", which was a sail system designed for modern cargo ships, and research toward a "Techno Superliner", a 1,000-ton cargo vessel that could attain speeds of up to 50 knots.
On the international cooperative support front, the foundation involved itself heavily in disaster relief, sending aid to help the victims of major disasters in countries around the world, and establishing the United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Relief.
Health initiatives that began in this decade include the establishment of the WHO Sasakawa Health prize and a massive project to aid the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear power disaster, under which the foundation spent a total of more than US$50 million over ten years, screening over 200,000 children for thyroid cancer.
Up until 1988, the foundation went by the name the Japanese Shipbuilding Industry Foundation (JSIF), and even donated some supposedly $500,000 worth of fireworks to the Los Angeles 1984 Organizing Committee for use in those Olympics. It was much more than the LA Organizing Committee wanted to use, and they were forced to come up with a 25-minute fireworks show to accommodate the gift and NOT slight the Foundation. Sometime around 1988–1989, the foundation dropped that moniker and went by several other names including the all-inclusive "Nippon" Foundation.
In response to the Ethiopian famine of the mid-1980s, the foundation began a program of agricultural education throughout sub-Saharan Africa that eventually reached 14 countries, improving farmers’ yields by up to six times in some places.
Finally, as a part of its human resources development program, the foundation created the Sasakawa Young Leaders’ Fellowship Fund, a program that would eventually establish million-dollar funds at a total of 68 major universities around the world.
In the 1990s, on the home front, the Nippon Foundation invested heavily in the elderly of Japan, pushing for the improvement of retirement homes, building model retirement homes, and helping the nation to develop its hospice system nearly from the ground up. Related to this field, the foundation also began donating specially equipped vehicles to social welfare facilities and groups, enabling them to provide mobility services to the elderly and those with disability.
The decade also saw one of Japan's worst earthquakes of the 20th century, and the disorganization of volunteer groups in the wake of the quake lead the foundation to put special attention on bringing these many groups together under one umbrella—the volunteer support center—a central body that coordinated volunteer effort in the event of a major disaster.
In the maritime development field, the foundation began to turn its eye to the disparity in the level of training received by maritime experts in various countries. As a result, it provided funding for a scholarship for people from developing countries to attend the World Maritime University, in Malmö, Sweden. In perhaps an even broader effort, it created the International Association of Maritime Universities, uniting 50 institutions around the world, in an effort to standardize both the level of education and the materials used.
The past years have seen the foundation continue to build on its work of the first four decades, working in the maritime, welfare and international cooperation fields.
Since its origins, the foundation has been interested in aiding the nation's shipbuilding and maritime efforts, leading it to support both a display of a North Korean spy vessel that had been sunk by the Japanese Self Defense Forces, and a survey of Okinotori Island.
In addition, the foundation is providing support toward the establishment of a user-pays system to help the nations surrounding the Strait of Malacca in their efforts to both police the waters and maintain their environmental integrity.
In international affairs, the foundation has most recently built more than 100 elementary schools in Myanmar and 100 in Cambodia. It has established a novel program to provide Mongolian nomadic families with boxes full of traditional medicines that can be replenished, at the cost only of those medicines used, a few times a year, when they come to market.


Plantar fascial rupture

A plantar fascial rupture, is a painful tear in the plantar fascia. The plantar fascia is a connective tissue that spans across the bottom of the foot. The condition plantar fasciitis may increase the likelihood of rupture. A plantar fascial rupture may be mistaken for plantar fasciitis or even a calcaneal fracture. To allow for proper diagnosis, an MRI is often needed.
Types.
Complete.
Complete tears of the plantar fascia are often due to sudden trauma or injury. Often, the rupture will be accompanied by a popping sound and painful snapping sensation. The bottom of the foot often bruises and swells. Former NFL athlete Peyton Manning suffered a complete rupture in 2015.
The surgical procedure known as a plantar fascia release actually involves the purposeful infliction of a complete tear of the plantar fascia. This is intended to relieve plantar fasciitis symptoms when the tissue recovers by building more tissue, elongating the previously tight plantar fascia.
Partial.
Partial tears are seemingly even less common than complete tears. They are more likely to arise from overuse from activities like daily running. The bottom of the foot may be swollen or bruised.
Treatment.
Full recovery from both complete and partial tears typically takes 12 weeks or more. However, activities may gradually resume after 6-8 weeks when the plantar fascia will be mostly recovered. Surgery is typically a last resort. At home, it might be advisable to follow the RICE method to reduce inflammation and ease pain.
Immobilization.
For the first 2-4 weeks after diagnosis, patients are often instructed to use a walking boot to immobilize and protect the foot.
Physical therapy.
During the immobilization period, it is important to keep the foot flexible by lightly stretching the foot and calf regularly.
As the plantar fascia recovers, physical therapy exercises help stabilize the ankle and correct gait patterns that may have contributed to the tear. Stretching and strengthening exercises decrease the chance of reinjury.
Other treatments.
Platelet-Rich Plasma injections may be used to help accelerate recovery and decrease the chance of reinjury.
Cortisone injections may ease pain.


James E. Collins

James E. Collins (born 1953, in Saint Paul, Minnesota) is an American veterinary physician and academic. He is the professor of medicine at the University of Minnesota and its Director of the veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
Collins has written several research papers and articles in the field of veterinarian medicine.
Biography.
Collins’ interest for veterinarian medicine was influenced by his brother who is also a veterinarian and a veterinary microbiologist at the University of Wisconsin. He went to the University of Minnesota to study veterinary science, later earning a Doctorate of veterinary medicine. In 1978, after completing his degree and a one-year practise, Collins began pursuing a master's degree in veterinary pathology at Michigan State University. In 1980, he started his Ph.D. in Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology. During his Ph.D., he was hired by Martin Berglund at South Dakota State University to help with swine diagnostic pathology.
Career.
In 1986, Collins completed his Ph.D. and followed up as an associate professor in the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota with Berglund. During his research, Collins discovered a particular type of injury in pigs. This discovery led him to experimentally reproduce the disease in collaboration with fellow researchers and then create related vaccines and diagnostic tests known as “Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome” or PRRS. Collins was then recognized for this particular discovery.
In 1998, Collins became the director of the University of Minnesota's Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. During his tenure, he contributed to the creation and upgrade of the molecular diagnostic lab. He has been an important part of Zepto Life Technology as he has assisted the company's staff with diagnostic methodology selection and development.
In September 2015, Collins resigned from his position of director of the University of Minnesota's Veterinary Diagnostic Lab.
Patents.
Collins is the author of numerous patents filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office during his career. Here is below a list of his patents granted in USA, the European Union, Canada and Danemark.


David Chadwick (physician)

David L. Chadwick (September 12, 1926 – January 19, 2020) was an American clinical and research pediatrician, author, founder of the Chadwick Center for Children and Autism Discovery Institute in San Diego, and director emeritus at Rady Children's Hospital. He became an international pioneer in identifying, treating and preventing child abuse and a recognized expert in the field who started a movement.
Early life and education.
Chadwick grew up the youngest of three siblings in San Pedro, California, and attended the private Chadwick School founded by his parents, headmistress Margaret Lee Chadwick and Comdr. Joseph Chadwick, a career Naval officer. Chadwick attended the University of California, Berkeley, and after completing the bachelor's degree course work in two years, he enrolled in the V-12 Navy College Training Program that trained medical personnel. At the end of his service, he used the G.I. bill to complete his medical education to become a doctor.
Career.
Chadwick began his career in 1949 working as a medical student intern under Dr. Henry Kempe, an early leader in identifying and treating child abuse, at the University of California-San Francisco. The following year, while at UCSF's Department of Pediatrics in the Medical School, Chadwick was awarded a five-year, $35,000 scholarship from the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation for a research program seeking the causes of post-infection encephalitis.
He then joined Children's Hospital Los Angeles in 1958 as a faculty pediatrician after Helen Boardman, a social worker who once served on the founding board of Parents Anonymous recruited him to look at child abuse. Chadwick also worked as a pediatrician, as well as a researcher and lecturer, at the University of Southern California Medical School. He contributed to the 1962 original model for the Child Abuse Reporting Law, which became one of the nation’s first mandatory abuse-reporting laws.
Chadwick left Los Angeles in 1968 to become the first employed pediatrician at San Diego Children’s Hospital, rising as its first chief medical officer before leaving hospital administration to focus on founding its Center for Child Protection.
He wrote an editorial in 1972 for the "San Diego County Medical Journal" suggesting that Children's Hospital University of California-San Diego, Mercy Hospital, Kaiser Permanente, and the United States Navy combine their resources into a single world-class children's hospital. By 1985, Chadwick had founded the Center for Child Protection at Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego.
Chadwick spoke before the U.S. Congress in September 1985 about the Child Health Incentive Reform Plan, on behalf of the Western Association of Children's Hospitals.
He also co-founded in 1986 the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, serving as its second president.
He spoke at a California State Senate task force in 1989 about Senate Resolution 7, for a statewide implementation of a Family Relations Division which would have coequal status with criminal and civil divisions.
He was a researcher on shaken baby syndrome in the 1990s and a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics's child abuse and neglect committee. He also served as director of the Center for Child Protection at what is now Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego.
He served as chair of the American Medical Association’s National Advisory Council on Family Violence. After his retirement from San Diego Children’s Hospital in 1997, he worked half time as a research professor of pediatrics at the University of Utah's department of pediatrics and at the Primary Children’s Center for Safe and Healthy Families in Salt Lake City.
After leaving his positions in Salt Lake City, Chadwick suffered a stroke that left him with a hemiparesis. He learned voice transcription and authored the "Child Abuse Doctors". He also developed the Cooperative Scientific Knowledge Exchange (CSKE), whose mission is to develop a system for dissemination of scientific knowledge about violence and abuse at the lowest cost.
The Rady's Center for Child Protection in 2004 was renamed after Chadwick, its founder, as the Chadwick Center for Children and Families.
In retirement, Chadwick continued as director emeritus at the Chadwick Center, and his work and co-writing continued to appear in periodicals and magazines, including the "European Journal of Epilepsy" in 2016.
The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, in its online tribute, called Chadwick a “life-long rebel and innovator who made the world a better place through his thinking, sharing, and action.”
Awards and scholarships.
In 1950, Chadwick was awarded the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation scholarship for research.
In 2002, he received the C. Anderson Aldrich Award for "outstanding service to maltreated children."
In 2010, the American Medical Association presented him the Scientific Achievement Award for his pioneering work in child abuse treatment and prevention.
In 2016, Chadwick received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children.
In 2017, he was a recipient of the Distinguished Scholar Award by the Academy on Violence and Abuse.
In October 2018, Chadwick was given the 2019 Distinguished Alumnus Award from Chadwick School, from which he graduated in 1942.
Personal life.
Chadwick and his second wife, Michele West Chadwick, had two adult children, Teddy Chadwick and Kate Morgan Chadwick. With his first wife, Lois Bartholomew, Chadwick had four adult children, Joseph, Cathleen, James, and David (Bart). Chadwick died on January 19, 2020, in his La Mesa, California home with his wife Michele and his children by his side.


William S. Forbes

William Smith Forbes (10 February 1831–17 December 1905) was an American physician who served as demonstrator of anatomy at Jefferson Medical College. He is known as the "Father of the Anatomical Act" in Pennsylvania.
Biography.
William Smith Forbes (born in Falmouth, Stafford Co., Va., Feb. 10, 1831; he traveled north to Philadelphia, Pa., where he attended Jefferson Medical College [M.D., 1852]. After graduation he was a resident physician at Pennsylvania Hospital, 1853–1855. By then the Crimean War was raging, and after completing his residency he promptly sailed for Turkey to assist the British and to expand his medical knowledge. He served as a volunteer surgeon at the English Military Hospital in Scutari, Constantinople, and among his colleagues was the famous nurse Florence Nightingale. By Sept. 1856, he was back in Philadelphia, where he settled permanently and in 1857 opened the College Avenue Anatomical School. He married in Havertown, Delaware Co., Pa. [Nov. 3, 1859] Celanire Bournidi Sims [born in Pa., July 24, 1837; died May 18, 1909].
In 1862 he joined the Union army as a surgeon, and early in 1863 he was appointed Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Major. He reported for duty at General Grant's headquarters at Young's Point, La., on April 5, 1863, as the Vicksburg campaign was entering a critical phase. Forbes was promptly assigned the post of Medical Director of the 13th Army Corps commanded by Maj. General A. J. McClernand. For the next five months, he had frequent contacts with General Grant, all of which became material for the valuable article which he later published, “Recollections of General Grant During the Siege of Vicksburg.”
Looking back on the service of Dr. Forbes as a surgeon in the Union army, we may contrast the service of his older brothers Francis and James in the Confederate army. This marks an extremely rare example of Washington-descended brothers fighting on opposing sides in the Civil War. His older brother, James Fitzgerald Forbes, while serving as an aide to General A. P. Hill, CSA, was mortally wounded at Chancellorsville in the same volley of “friendly fire” that mortally wounded General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. His younger brother, Alfred Thornton Forbes, was twice wounded but survived the war. Both served in the 9th Va. Cav., CSA.
After the war, Forbes resumed his career as an eminent physician in Philadelphia, where he was Demonstrator of Anatomy at Jefferson Medical College and Senior Surgeon at Episcopal Hospital. He achieved a certain notoriety from a strange chain of events. During the dead of night on Dec. 4, 1882, the superintendent of the Lebanon Cemetery in Philadelphia, together with three accomplices, was arrested by police as they were furtively digging up a corpse in the cemetery. On Dec. 5, they were arraigned and formally charged with grave-robbing. Public feelings ran so high on that occasion that a large mob assembled and threatened to lynch “the graveyard ghouls.” A subsequent police investigation led to charges that the miscreants now under arrest were actually working for none other than Dr. [George] William Smith Forbes. He was arrested ca. Dec. 15, 1882, and bail was set at $5,000.
On March 13, 1883, Forbes went on trial for conspiracy in the grave-robbing charge. He explained that the public demanded that physicians have a thorough knowledge of anatomy and through public laws the courts used malpractice charges to punish those physicians who were deficient. At the same time, strict laws made it impossible for medical students in anatomy courses to obtain legal cadavers in the numbers required. This inevitably gave rise to medical schools paying professional grave robbers or “resurrectionists” to provide bodies to medical schools under a kind of “don’t ask/don’t tell” policy.
Forbes, who never had any direct dealing with the “resurrectionists,” was acquitted of conspiracy, and the unpleasant controversy had a salutary effect. A new law, incorporating amendments authored by Forbes, was finally passed by the Pennsylvania legislature in June 1883. The result was a state board to regulate and deal with the problem. Within four years, Forbes was promoted to the post of Professor of Anatomy and placed in charge of the General Surgical Clinic at Jefferson College. There he continued to teach anatomy and surgery for more than fifteen years. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 17, 1905).
Forbes also brought suit against the executors of the estate of Robert Lenox Kennedy to recover $5,000 after he accompanied Kennedy to Europe as his physician, where the family said it was as a friend. The New York Supreme court sided with the Kennedy family.
Forbes is the subject of the 1905 painting "Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes" by Thomas Eakins.


Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from the Greek -, "cell," and -, "large") is a genus of viruses in the order "Herpesvirales", in the family "Herpesviridae", in the subfamily "Betaherpesvirinae". Humans and monkeys serve as natural hosts. The 11 species in this genus include "human betaherpesvirus 5" (HCMV, human cytomegalovirus, HHV-5), which is the species that infects humans. Diseases associated with HHV-5 include mononucleosis, and pneumonia. In the medical literature, most mentions of CMV without further specification refer implicitly to human CMV. Human CMV is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses.
Taxonomy.
Within the "Herpesviridae", CMV belongs to the "Betaherpesvirinae" subfamily, which also includes the genera "Muromegalovirus" and "Roseolovirus" (human herpesvirus 6 and "human betaherpesvirus 7"). It is also related to other herpesviruses within the "Alphaherpesvirinae" subfamily, which includes herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus, and the "Gammaherpesvirinae" subfamily, which includes Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.
Several species of "Cytomegalovirus" have been identified and classified for different mammals. The most studied is "human cytomegalovirus" (HCMV), which is also known as "human betaherpesvirus 5" (HHV-5). Other primate CMV species include "chimpanzee cytomegalovirus" (CCMV) that infects chimpanzees and orangutans, and "simian cytomegalovirus" (SCCMV) and "Rhesus cytomegalovirus" (RhCMV) that infect macaques; CCMV is known as both "panine beta herpesvirus 2" (PaHV-2) and "pongine betaherpesvirus 4" (PoHV-4). SCCMV is called "cercopithecine betaherpesvirus 5" (CeHV-5) and RhCMV, "Cercopithecine betaherpesvirus 8" (CeHV-8). A further two viruses found in the night monkey are tentatively placed in the genus "Cytomegalovirus", and are called "herpesvirus aotus 1" and "herpesvirus aotus 3". Rodents also have viruses previously called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus "Muromegalovirus"; this genus contains "mouse cytomegalovirus" (MCMV) is also known as "murid betaherpesvirus 1" (MuHV-1) and the closely related "Murid betaherpesvirus 2" (MuHV-2) that is found in rats.
Species.
The genus consists of these 11 species:
Structure.
Viruses in "Cytomegalovirus" are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150–200 nm. Genomes are linear and nonsegmented, around 200 kb in length.
Genome.
Herpesviruses have some of the largest genomes among human viruses, often encoding hundreds of proteins. For instance, the double‑stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of wild-type HCMV strains has a size of around 235 kb and encodes at least 208 proteins. It is thus longer than all other human herpesviruses and one of the longest genomes of all human viruses in general. It has the characteristic herpesvirus class E genome architecture, consisting of two unique regions (unique long UL and unique short US), both flanked by a pair of inverted repeats (terminal/internal repeat long TRL/IRL and internal/terminal repeat short IRS/TRS). Both sets of repeats share a region of a few hundred bps, the so-called “a sequence”; the other regions of the repeats are sometimes referred to as “b sequence” and “c sequence”.
Life cycle.
Viral replication is nuclear and lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Humans and monkeys serve as the natural hosts. Transmission routes are dependent on coming into contact with bodily fluids (such as saliva, urine, and genital secretions) from an infected individual.
All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods. Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals.
Genetic engineering.
The CMV promoter is commonly included in vectors used in genetic engineering work conducted in mammalian cells, as it is a strong promoter and drives constitutive expression of genes under its control.
History.
"Cytomegalovirus" was first observed by German pathologist Hugo Ribbert in 1881 when he noticed enlarged cells with enlarged nuclei present in the cells of an infant. Years later, between 1956 and 1957, Thomas Huckle Weller together with Smith and Rowe independently isolated the virus, known thereafter as “cytomegalovirus”. In 1990, the first draft of human cytomegalovirus genome was published, the biggest contiguous genome sequenced at that time.
In January 2020, scientists at Rockefeller University led by Jean-Laurent Casanova discovered that there may be a link between a deficiency in nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and fatal cases of CMV. This finding may lead to new treatments for patients with CMV and new genetic screening approaches to discover those who are vulnerable to the virus due to a deficiency in NOS2.


Anil Kumar Bhalla

Anil Kumar Bhalla, also known as Dr. (Prof.) A K Bhalla is an Indian kidney transplant surgeon from Delhi, currently holds the position of Co-Chairman, Department of Nephrology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital. Bhalla was awarded the Padma Shri in 2010 for his contribution to the medical field science. The Padma Shri award is the fourth highest civilian honor in Republic of India. Dr. Bhalla also has served as a secretary of The Peritoneal Dialysis Society of India (PDSI) and he still holds the position of Chairperson of Industrial Liaison committee.
In the year 2019, he was awarded the Dr. B. C. Roy National Award for his work in medical field.


Burl Ives

Burl Icle Ivanhoe Ives (June 14, 1909 – April 14, 1995) was an American singer, musician, actor, and author.
Ives began his career as an itinerant singer and guitarist, eventually launching his own radio show, "The Wayfaring Stranger", which popularized traditional folk songs. In 1942, he appeared in Irving Berlin's "This Is the Army," and became a major star of CBS Radio. In the 1960s, he successfully crossed over into country music, recording hits such as "A Little Bitty Tear" and "Funny Way of Laughin'". Ives was also a popular film actor through the late 1940s and '50s. His film roles included parts in "So Dear to My Heart" (1948) and "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1958), as well as the role of Rufus Hannassey in "The Big Country" (1958), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Ives is often associated with the Christmas season. He did voice-over work as Sam the Snowman, narrator of the classic 1964 Christmas television special "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Ives also worked on the special's soundtrack, including the songs "A Holly Jolly Christmas" and "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", both of which continue to chart annually on the "Billboard" holiday charts into the 2020s.
Life and career.
Early life.
Ives was born in Hunt City, an unincorporated town in Jasper County, Illinois, near Newton, to Levi "Frank" Ives (1880–1947) and Cordelia "Dellie" (née White; 1882–1954). He had six siblings: Audry, Artie, Clarence, Argola, Lillburn, and Norma. His father was first a farmer and then a contractor for the county and others. One day, Ives was singing in the garden with his mother, and his uncle overheard them. He invited his nephew to sing at the old soldiers' reunion in Hunt City. The boy performed a rendition of the folk ballad "Barbara Allen" and impressed both his uncle and the audience.
From 1927 to 1929, Ives attended Eastern Illinois State Teachers College (now Eastern Illinois University) in Charleston, Illinois, where he played football. During his junior year, he was sitting in English class, listening to a lecture on "Beowulf," when he suddenly realized he was wasting his time. As he walked out of the door, the professor made a snide remark and Ives slammed the door behind him, shattering the window in the door. Sixty years later, the school named a building after its most famous dropout. Ives was a member of the Charleston Chapter of The Order of Demolay and is listed in the DeMolay Hall of Fame. He was also initiated into Scottish Rite Freemasonry in 1927. He was elevated to the 33rd and highest degree in 1987, and was later elected the Grand Cross.
On July 23, 1929, in Richmond, Indiana, Ives made a trial recording of "Behind the Clouds" for the Starr Piano Company's Gennett label, but the recording was rejected and destroyed a few weeks later. In later years Ives did not recall having made the record.
1930s–1940s.
Ives traveled about the U.S. as an itinerant singer during the early 1930s, earning his way by doing odd jobs and playing his banjo. He was jailed in Mona, Utah, for vagrancy and for singing "Foggy Dew" (an English folk song), which the authorities decided was a bawdy song. Around 1931, he began performing on WBOW radio in Terre Haute, Indiana. He also went back to school, attending classes at Indiana State Teachers College (now Indiana State University). In 1933, Ives also attended the Juilliard School in New York. He made his Broadway debut in 1938 with a small role in Rodgers and Hart's hit musical, "The Boys from Syracuse". In 1939, he joined his friend and fellow actor Eddie Albert, who had the starring role in "The Boys from Syracuse", in Los Angeles. The two shared an apartment for a while in the Beachwood Canyon community of Hollywood.
In 1940, Ives named his own radio show, "The Wayfaring Stranger", after one of his ballads. Over the next decade, he popularized several traditional folk songs, such as "Foggy Dew", "The Blue Tail Fly" (an old minstrel tune now better known as "Jimmy Crack Corn"), and "Big Rock Candy Mountain" (an old hobo song). He was also associated with the Almanacs, a folk-singing group which at different times included Woody Guthrie, Will Geer, Millard Lampell, and Pete Seeger. The Almanacs were active in the American Peace Mobilization (APM), a far left group initially opposed to American entry into World War II and Franklin Roosevelt's pro-Allied policies. They recorded such songs as "Get Out and Stay Out of War" and "Franklin, Oh Franklin".
In June 1941, after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, the APM abandoned its pacifist stance and reorganized itself into the pro-war American People's Mobilization. Ives and the Almanacs rerecorded several of their songs to reflect the group's new stance in favor of US entry into the war. Among them were "Dear Mr. President" and "Reuben James" (the name of a US destroyer sunk by the Germans before US entry into the war).
In early 1942, Ives was drafted into the U.S. Army. He spent time first at Camp Dix, then at Camp Upton, where he joined the cast of Irving Berlin's "This Is the Army." He attained the rank of corporal. When the show went to Hollywood, he was transferred to the Army Air Forces. He was honorably discharged, apparently for medical reasons, in September 1943. Between September and December 1943, Ives lived in California with actor Harry Morgan. In December 1943, Ives went to New York to work for CBS radio for $100 a week. In 1944, he recorded "The Lonesome Train", a ballad about the life and death of Abraham Lincoln, written by Earl Robinson (music) and Millard Lampell (lyrics).
In 1946, Ives was cast as a singing cowboy in the film "Smoky".
In 1947, Ives recorded one of many versions of "The Blue Tail Fly", but paired this time with the popular Andrews Sisters (Patty, Maxene, and LaVerne). The flip side of the record was a fast-paced "I'm Goin' Down the Road". Ives hoped the trio's success would help the record sell well, which it did, becoming both a best-selling disc and a "Billboard" hit.
His version of the 17th-century English song "Lavender Blue" became his first hit and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for its use in the 1949 film "So Dear to My Heart".
Music critic John Rockwell said, "Ives' voice ... had the sheen and finesse of opera without its latter-day Puccinian vulgarities and without the pretensions of operatic ritual. It was genteel in expressive impact without being genteel in social conformity. And it moved people".
1950s–1960s.
Ives was identified in the 1950 pamphlet "Red Channels" and blacklisted as an entertainer with supposed Communist ties. In 1952, he cooperated with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and agreed to testify, fearful of losing his source of income. Ives' statement to the HUAC ended his blacklisting, allowing him to continue acting in movies, but it also led to a bitter rift between Ives and many folk singers, including Pete Seeger, who accused Ives of naming names and betraying the cause of cultural and political freedom to save his own career. Forty-one years later, Ives, by then using a wheelchair, reunited with Seeger during a benefit concert in New York City, having reconciled years earlier. They sang "Blue Tail Fly" together.
Ives expanded his appearances in films during this decade. His movie credits include the role of Sam the Sheriff of Salinas, California, in "East of Eden", Big Daddy in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", roles in "Desire Under the Elms", "Wind Across the Everglades", "The Big Country", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, "Ensign Pulver", the sequel to "Mister Roberts", and "Our Man in Havana", based on the Graham Greene novel.
He was the Mystery Guest on the August 7, 1955 and February 1, 1959 episodes of "What's My Line".
1960s–1990s.
In the 1960s, Ives began singing country music with greater frequency. In 1962, he released three songs that were popular with both country music and popular music fans: "A Little Bitty Tear", "Call Me Mister In-Between", and "Funny Way of Laughin'".
Ives had several film and television roles during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1962, he starred with Rock Hudson in "The Spiral Road," which was based on a novel of the same name by Jan de Hartog. He also starred in Disney's "Summer Magic" with Hayley Mills, Dorothy McGuire, and Eddie Hodges, and a score by Robert and Richard Sherman. In 1964, he played the genie in the movie "The Brass Bottle" with Tony Randall and Barbara Eden.
Ives' "A Holly Jolly Christmas" and "Silver and Gold" became Christmas standards after they were first featured in the 1964 NBC-TV presentation of the Rankin/Bass stop-motion animated family special "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Johnny Marks had composed the title song (originally an enormous hit for singing cowboy Gene Autry) in 1949, and producers Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass retained him to compose the TV special's soundtrack. Ives voiced Sam the Snowman, the banjo-playing "host" and narrator of the story, explaining how Rudolph used his "nonconformity", as Sam refers to it, to save Christmas from being cancelled due to an impassable blizzard. The following year, Ives rerecorded all three of the Johnny Marks hits which he had sung in the TV special, but with a more "pop" feel. He released them all as singles for the 1965 holiday season, capitalizing on their previous success.
Ives performed in other television productions, including "Pinocchio" and "Roots."
He starred in short-lived "O.K. Crackerby!" (1965–66), a comedy which costarred Hal Buckley, Joel Davison, and Brooke Adams, about the presumed richest man in the world, replaced Walter Brennan's somewhat similar "The Tycoon" on the ABC schedule from the preceding year.
He played Walter Nichols in the drama "" (1969–72), a segment of the wheel series "The Bold Ones".
Ives occasionally starred in macabre-themed productions. In 1970, for example, he played the title role in "The Man Who Wanted to Live Forever", in which his character attempts to harvest human organs from unwilling donors. In 1972, he appeared as old man Doubleday in the episode "The Other Way Out" of Rod Serling’s "Night Gallery", in which his character seeks a gruesome revenge for the murder of his granddaughter.
In honor of Ives' influence on American vocal music, on October 25, 1975, he was awarded the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit. This award, initiated in 1964, was "established to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year who has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression."
When America Sings opened at Disneyland in 1974, Ives voiced the main host, Sam Eagle, an Audio-Animatronic.
Ives lent his name and image to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's "This Land Is Your Land – Keep It Clean" campaign in the 1970s. He was portrayed with the program's fictional spokesman, Johnny Horizon.
Burl Ives was seen regularly in television commercials for Luzianne tea for several years during the 1970s and 1980s, when he was the company's commercial spokesman.
In 1982 he played Carruthers, a dog trainer, in Samuel Fuller's controversial and critically acclaimed film "White Dog".
In 1989, Ives officially announced his retirement from show business on his 80th birthday. However, he continued to do occasional benefit concert performances on his own accord until 1993.
Broadway roles.
Ives' Broadway career included appearances in "The Boys from Syracuse" (1938–39), "Heavenly Express" (1940), "This Is the Army" (1942), "Sing Out, Sweet Land" (1944), "Paint Your Wagon" (1951–52), and "Dr. Cook's Garden" (1967). His most notable Broadway performance (later reprised in a 1958 movie) was as "Big Daddy" Pollitt in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1955–56).
Author.
Ives' autobiography, "The Wayfaring Stranger", was published in 1948. He also wrote or compiled several other books, including "Burl Ives' Songbook" (1953), "Tales of America" (1954), "Sea Songs of Sailing, Whaling, and Fishing" (1956), and "The Wayfaring Stranger's Notebook" (1962).
Boy Scouts.
Ives had a long-standing relationship with the Boy Scouts of America. He was a Lone Scout before that group merged with the Boy Scouts of America in 1924. The organization "inducted" Ives in 1966. He received the Boy Scouts' Silver Buffalo Award, its highest honor. The certificate for the award is on display at the Scouting Museum in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Ives often performed at the quadrennial Boy Scouts of America jamboree, including the 1981 jamboree at Fort A.P. Hill in Virginia, where he shared the stage with the Oak Ridge Boys. There is a 1977 sound recording of Ives being interviewed by Boy Scouts at the National Jamboree at Moraine State Park, Pennsylvania. Ives was also the narrator of a 28-minute film about the 1977 National Jamboree. In the film, which was produced by the Boy Scouts of America, Ives "shows the many ways in which Scouting provides opportunities for young people to develop character and expand their horizons."
Civic awards.
Ives was inducted as a laureate of the Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the state's highest honor) by the governor of Illinois in 1976 in the area of the performing arts.
Ives was inducted into the DeMolay International Hall of Fame in June 1994.
Material loss.
On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Burl Ives among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.
Personal life.
On December 6, 1945, Ives married 29-year-old script writer Helen Peck Ehrlich. Their son Alexander was born in 1949.
Ives and Helen Peck Ehrlich were divorced in February 1971. Ives then married Dorothy Koster Paul in London two months later. In their later years, Ives and Paul lived in a waterfront home in Anacortes, Washington, in the Puget Sound area, and in Galisteo, New Mexico, near the Turquoise Trail. In the 1960s, he had another home just south of Hope Town on Elbow Cay, a barrier island of the Abacos in the Bahamas.
Death.
Ives, a longtime smoker of pipes and cigars, was diagnosed with oral cancer in the summer of 1994. After several unsuccessful operations, he decided against further surgery. He fell into a coma and died from the disease on April 14, 1995, at his home in Anacortes, Washington, just two months before his 86th birthday. He was buried at Mound Cemetery in Hunt City Township, Jasper County, Illinois.


Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis

The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis or SRS-A is a mixture of the leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. Mast cells secrete it during the anaphylactic reaction, inducing inflammation. It can be found in basophils.
It induces prolonged, slow contraction of smooth muscle and has a major bronchoconstrictor role in asthma. Compared to histamine, it is approximately 1000 times more potent and has a slower onset but longer duration of action.


Post-intensive care syndrome

Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) describes a collection of health disorders that are common among patients who survive critical illness and intensive care. Generally, PICS is considered distinct from the impairments experienced by those who survive critical illness and intensive care following traumatic brain injury and stroke. The range of symptoms that PICS describes falls under three broad categories: physical impairment, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric impairment. A person with PICS may have symptoms from one or multiple of these categories.
Improvements in survival after a critical illness have led to research focused on long-term outcomes for these patients. This improved survival has also led to the discovery of significant functional disabilities that many survivors of critical illness suffer. Because the majority of literature in critical care medicine is focused on short-term outcomes (e.g. survival), the current understanding of PICS is relatively limited. Recent research suggests that there is significant overlap among the three broad categories of symptoms. Also, sedation and prolonged immobilization seem to be common themes among patients who suffer from PICS.
The term PICS arose around 2010, at least in part, to raise awareness of the important long-term dysfunctions resulting from treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). Awareness of these long-term functional disabilities is growing, and research is ongoing to further clarify the spectrum of disabilities and to find more effective ways to prevent these long-term complications and to more effectively treat functional recovery. Increased awareness in the medical community has also highlighted the need for more hospital and community-based resources to more effectively identify and treat patients with PICS after surviving a critical illness.
Grouping these impairments together within a syndrome was done to increase awareness of post-critical illness issues. However, an updated definition was required to accommodate new knowledge on PICS. A current and holistic definition of PICS is the new or worsening impairment to the physical, mental, cognitive, employment, and/or social domains of health following critical illness. These five impairments are the defining characteristics of PICS and will be discussed below.
Origins.
Before the term PICS was created, there was recognition of the ramifications of critical illness. In 1892, Olser was the first to note the “rapid loss of flesh”, or muscle wasting, in patients with prolonged sepsis (Osler, 1892, as cited in Jolley et al., 2016, p. 1129). In 1998, researchers found that critically ill patients experienced poorer mental health and more post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, than non-critically ill patients. In 1999, it was discovered many survivors of critical illness suffered from cognitive impairments. As research on the impairment to physical, mental, and cognitive health resulting from critical illness accumulated, the significance and relationship of these long-term issues was recognized. This resulted in the 2010 multidisciplinary conference where the term PICS was created. The impairments to physical, mental, and cognitive health grouped within PICS increased awareness, research, and education on consequences observed in survivors of critical illness.
 As intended, PICS research continued and additional impairments became evident. In the 2010’s, researchers noted social dysfunction in survivors of critical illness. Impaired employment following critical illness has appeared in the literature since 1995. However, the recognition that unemployment due to critical illness can negatively affect well-being and quality of life, is a recent finding. Despite the evidence of impairment to employment and social health following critical illness, there has been a reluctance to include these impairments within the PICS definition. This demonstrates the original PICS definition is outdated and overly focused on the biomedical model of health. In order to care for PICS, clinicians and researchers need to recognize all impairments experienced by survivors of critical illness. Using a holistic perspective, these social and employment impairments can be recognized within PICS and attended to appropriately.
Conditions.
The most recognized form of the syndrome is the physical dysfunction commonly known as ICU-acquired weakness. The other physical, cognitive, and mental health impairments are less well recognized and need further research to be better understood.
Physical impairment.
ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), sometimes called critical illness polyneuropathy, is the most common form of physical impairment, and is estimated to occur in 25 percent or more of ICU survivors. It is thought to be an effect of long-term immobility and deep sedation that many critically ill patients experience while in the ICU. In addition, severe infections and inflammation are significant risk factors for developing ICU-AW.
ICU-AW often presents as difficulty performing activities of daily living (e.g. moving around the living environment, using the bathroom, ability to make meals or do laundry). Inability to effectively perform these tasks can be particularly distressing to patients. The deficits associated with ICU-AW have a direct and negative effect on a person’s independence. The natural course of ICU-AW is variable, but some patients recover within a year.
Other physical impairments include joint contractures due to long periods of immobility while hospitalized. The elbow and ankle are the most commonly affected joints, followed by the hip and knee. Some physical weakness may result from malnutrition during critical illness. Though nutrition may be provided by tube-feeding or parenteral nutrition, the initiation of parenteral nutrition may be delayed, and interruptions in feeding often occur due to gastrointestinal intolerance or the performance of procedures that require an empty stomach. In people who experience acute respiratory distress syndrome and are treated with mechanical ventilation, lung function is often compromised for months to years. The most commonly impaired lung function is diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, as well as reduced lung volumes and spirometry.
Cognitive impairment.
Cognitive impairments include deficits in memory, attention, mental processing speed, and problem-solving. These impairments affect up to 80% of individuals who survive a critical illness. Impairments in memory and executive function have the most profound effect in terms of prohibiting people from engaging in the tasks and behaviors needed to function effectively in daily life and carry out complex cognition. The effect of cognitive dysfunction is significant – unemployment is not uncommon because of difficulties with tasks of executive function (e.g. completing regular tasks like balancing a checkbook, and remembering facts or events). Among individuals with PICS-associated cognitive impairments, most patients improve or completely resolve over the first year.
Major risk factors for cognitive impairment following ICU admission due to critical illness include delirium, prior cognitive deficit, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is currently believed that many factors can play a role in causing cognitive impairment following critical illness. Some possible mechanisms for include poor blood supply to the brain due to low blood pressure from sepsis, poor oxygen supply to the brain due to respiratory distress and impairment, inflammation of the brain, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the areas of the brain that are involved in executive function and memory
Psychiatric impairment.
Depression and anxiety are the two most common mental health disorders seen in individuals with PICS. The range of possible mental health problems, however, is far wider. Dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and persistent delusional behavior are also manifestations of the syndrome. Although not completely understood, the anxiety and delusions seen in patients with PICS are likely linked to delusional memories that some individuals acquire during their stay in the ICU, rather than recall of factual memories. It is thought that medically-induced sedation may contribute to the formation of delusional memories by raising the risk of delirium and hallucinations.
Risk factors are similar to those for cognitive impairment following critical illness, and include severe sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, trauma, hypoglycemia, and hypoxemia. Like ICU-acquired weakness, long-term immobility and deep sedation have been known to play an important part in the development of mental health problems seen in PICS. Sleep pattern disturbance, a common problem in the ICU, is also a likely culprit. Age under 50 years, female gender, lower education level, pre-existing disability, alcohol use disorder, pre-existing anxiety, depression, and PTSD are also risk factors for PICS-related mental health disorders.
The natural history for mental health disorders following critical illness is not well known, likely due to lack of recognition that these psychiatric symptoms may be related to a remote ICU admission. With proper psychological and psychiatric help, mental illness related to PICS can be successfully managed, but research favors preventative strategies as the most effective management. While there are ongoing studies focused on determining the best way to treat and prevent psychiatric problems following critical illness, daily diaries, so-called “ICU diaries” seem to be the most promising. These ICU diaries appear to be effective in treating the delusional, false memories that some of these individuals develop. Healthcare providers, especially clinical social workers who specialize in medical care, can be very helpful in advocating these practices and facilitating them for patients and families.
Social impairment.
Social impairment in PICS is a negative change to a patient’s social health. This is exhibited in people living with PICS as avoiding socialization, loss of previous social roles, reduced social confidence, or perceiving themselves as a social burden. Despite recognition of this impairment in research, many authors omit social impairment from the PICS definition. Without recognition of these impairments, critical care survivors may not be provided with education, resources, and support regarding new PICS social dysfunctions
Employment impairment.
Employment impairment in PICS is the patient’s inability to return to their previous position of employment as a result of critical illness. This is a well-documented impairment that has not previously been included in the definition of PICS. Employment is critical to health and wellbeing as it provides daily structure, financial security, identity, autonomy, opportunities for development, and regular social engagement. When considering PICS holistically, it can be recognized employment impairment is significant an individual’s life and needs to be considered within the PICS definition.
PICS-Family (PICS-F).
Episodes of critical illness also impact families and caregivers which in turn can affect those recovering from their critical illness. Increasing awareness of PICS has also brought to light a set of psychological symptoms that family members of critically ill patients often suffer. Recognition of these set of symptoms has given rise to the term PICS-Family (PICS-F). Up to 30% of family and caregivers experience stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression that fall under the category of PICS-F.
The symptoms seen in PICS-F are largely the same set of mental health symptoms that patients with PICS suffer and may have some basis in the anxiety and false memories that these family members develop during the course of the critical illness. These symptoms can cause caregivers to stop maintaining their own health. Family members can also feel overwhelmed when they are asked to make unexpected life and death decisions about the care of their loved ones. After discharge from the ICU, persistence symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD is the rule rather than the exception for PICS-F. But like the mental health problems in PICS, PICS-F symptoms can be successfully managed with proper recognition and treatment. As in PICS, self-care is an important part component of preventing PICS-F. Patients' families often suffer from some of the similar stresses as the ICU patients themselves, including sleep deprivation and severe psychological stresses an unfamiliar and uncomfortable environment – Particular attention from healthcare workers, especially medically trained clinical social workers and critical care nurses, can be helpful to identify those families who are at risk and to provide advice and resources whenever possible.
Treatment.
Prevention.
Although there are promising methods for treating PICS, prevention should be the primary focus. When strategies at primary prevention have failed, recognizing the syndrome and its long-term effects have been a significant step in effectively treating PICS.
Limiting deep sedation and immobility and bed-rest have had the largest impact in preventing the long-term functional deficits seen in PICS. Attention to sleep hygiene while in the ICU also seems to be an important part of prevention. Early recognition and treatment of delirium appears to decrease the incidence of PICS. Early, aggressive physical and occupational therapy have had a positive effect. In addition, a focused effort by the ICU health care team should reinforce the importance to family and patients regarding maintaining self-care including hygiene, adequate sleep and nutrition during and after the course of ICU stay.
Other treatments, long-term follow-up measures and resources.
Because PICS represents a range of disorders, no single treatment is likely to adequately address all the symptoms associated with the syndrome. Care can be sought from a variety of professionals, including primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, physical and occupational therapists, dietitians, clinical social workers trained in medical social work, psychiatrists and psychologists. In addition, there is a growing trend of dedicated follow-up clinics for ICU patients that show some promise for recognizing and triaging patients. They often offer support groups for patients and families affected by PICS and PICS-F.
Patients and caregivers should look for signs and symptoms associated with PICS or PICS-F including muscle weakness, fatigue, trouble with daily activities, memory or thinking problems, anxiety and depression, or nightmares and unwanted memories after leaving the ICU. If these symptoms are recognized, consulting a primary care doctor or other caregiver can help. Many other specialists can be enlisted to help patients recover including occupational or physical therapists, dietitians, medically trained clinical social workers, psychiatrists or psychologists, and speech therapists. Patients and families who have questions or concerns regarding PICS or PICS-F should refer to their local hospital and ICU for available resources.
A Holistic Understanding of PICS.
The original definition of PICS, including impairment to physical, mental, and cognitive health, is focused on physical and biological health. However, the impairments faced by survivors of critical illness extend beyond biomedical health, as evidenced by impairment to social health and employment. A patient’s social and economic conditions are considered to be social determinants of health and can affect their daily life, well-being, and health. For example, an individual with PICS may find themselves physically recovered with lasting deficits in memory and concentration (cognitive impairment), an inability to return to work (employment impairment), and an inability to participant in social situations (social impairment). Their social impairment may damage their social support system. Unemployment could lead to stress, financial issues, and poor mental health. Social and employment impairment could significantly alter their life. By defining PICS holistically, to include the five impairments previously outlined, research and education can be catered towards preventing, mitigating, or resolving these issues.
A holistic understanding of PICS can assist in educating patients and families on life after critical illness. For example, the social isolation and vulnerability felt by many survivors of critical illness, could be mitigated through educating patients on PICS social impairment and providing appropriate resources. Education can empower patients and families. By providing comprehensive education on PICS impairments, ICU patients and families will be aware of symptoms to monitor for post-discharge and understand resources are available as needed. In a UK study, PICS patients reported not accessing mental health resources they needed due to lack of education. While this may be reflective of mental health stigma, it also demonstrates the important role education can play in a PICS patient’s recovery. Informed patients and families have a better opportunity to advocate for themselves, access appropriate resources, and be involved in their care.
Implications to Nursing.
The basic nursing assessment requires a holistic and patient-centered perspective. This is one reason nurses are suited to holistically assess patients for PICS and create individualized care plans. PICS is not a medical diagnosis, but rather a syndrome. As such, nurses can assess patients for PICS impairments, identify their goals for recovery, and provide appropriate resources or referrals. These nursing actions can take place at any point in the patient’s recovery. For example, the ICU nurse may put in a long-term disability referral for a patient who is likely to survive ICU with new physical deficits. Furthermore, a home care nurse could suggest a peer-support group for a PICS patient with new social dysfunctions. Nurses are in an opportune position to assist PICS patients with their holistic needs and help them navigate the healthcare system.
PICS encompasses the impairment to physical, mental, cognitive, employment, and social health following critical illness. The understanding of PICS has evolved from its original, biomedical definition. A holistic perspective is required for PICS in order to recognize the full range of impairments experienced after critical illness. Nurses are equipped with a holistic and patient-centered perspective that is useful in the care, education, and research regarding PICS. The comprehensive, holistic, and modern definition of PICS can improve the care of critical illness survivors from this day forward.


William Russell (physician)

William Russell FRCPE (22 April 1852 – 11 August 1940) was a Scottish pathologist and physician who became Professor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He was the first to describe the cellular inclusion particles known as Russell bodies. He was an early supporter of medical education for women.
Early life.
Russell was born on 22 April 1852 in Douglas, Isle of Man, the son of Isabella Ross Russell (née McPhail) and her husband, William Russell, a fishery officer, who were both originally from Caithness. When the family moved back to Caithness he went to school at Wick then to Thurso High School.
He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh graduating with an MD in 1875. He was awarded a gold medal for his thesis. He worked as house physician at the General Hospital, Wolverhampton and as honorary physician at the Carlisle Dispensary in 1882. He was appointed lecturer on pathology at the Extramural School of Medicine, Edinburgh and in 1890, was appointed pathologist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. He then went on to pursue a career in clinical medicine as assistant physician at the Royal Infirmary in 1892, and as a full physician from 1908. In 1892 he studied with Robert Koch in Berlin. He was awarded the Cartwright Prize by the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh awarded him the Cullen Prize and appointed him a Gibson Lecturer.
Medical career.
The paper which was to bring him eponymous fame was published in 1890. In this he gave the first description of what are now known as Russell bodies. He described what he thought was ‘a characteristic organism of cancer', believing it to be a fungus. These intracellular particles were accepted into the literature of pathology, but subsequent studies have revealed that these are not specific to cancer, being also found in chronic inflammatory conditions and consist largely of immunoglobulins.
He published papers on the nature of heart murmurs, and the successful treatment of pleural empyema by aspiration. He later focussed on blood pressure, exploring the role of arterial constriction and peripheral resistance in hypertension.
He was an ardent supporter of medical education for women, teaching at both the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women and the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women, and was one of the first physicians in the Royal Infirmary to open his wards to women students. His enthusiasm for the teaching standards of the extramural school of the Royal Colleges was such that he went so far as to describe it as 'the best training ground for professors and lecturers in the Empire'.
In 1911 he was living at 3 Walker Street in Edinburgh's West End.
In 1913 he was appointed the first Moncrieff Arnott professor of clinical medicine at the University of Edinburgh.
He was elected President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1916, and during his presidency lobbied for the proper care of disabled soldiers. He continued to support the cause of women in medicine by allowing women to become members of the College.. His friend and colleague Byron Bramwell, who succeeded him in both the chair of medicine and as president of the RCPE described Russell, in an obituary as ‘somewhat egotistical at times . . . an attractive trait, for one never knew whether or not he was laughing at himself’.
He retired from the University in 1919 being succeeded by Prof Francis Darby Boyd.
Family and death.
At the age of 42, he married Beatrice Ritchie (1873-1962), aged then 21, who had been one of his pupils in the extramural school. She had attended Sophia Jex-Blake's School of Medicine for Women and qualified with the Triple Qualification of the Scottish Royal Colleges. During WW1 she worked in Edinburgh for the Scottish Women's Hospitals, which had been founded by her fellow student Elsie Inglis. In 1925 she helped found the Elsie Inglis Memorial Maternity Hospital.
Of their six children four became doctors. Their infant son Ivan died of tuberculosis during the epidemic of tuberculous mastitis which had a particularly high incidence in Edinburgh. Their third daughter emigrated to Russia.
Russell died in Edinburgh on 11 August 1940. He is buried in the grave of his father-in-law, James Ritchie CE (1828-1913) in Dean Cemetery. The grave lies near the south path of the Victorian north extension and was restored in the winter of 2017/18.


Pilomatrixoma


English Association of Snooker and Billiards

The English Association of Snooker and Billiards (EASB), based in Surrey, England, was launched by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) in 1993 with the aim of the EASB becoming the governing body for amateur snooker and English billiards. It was funded by the WPBSA until 2002, when as one of the measures that the WPBSA took to cut costs, it was given a final one-off payment of £50,000. The link with the professional association had meant that the EASB was not recognised by Sport England as an amateur body.
It became recognised by Sport England as the National Governing Body for snooker and English Billiards in England. It actively promoted these sports, arranging competitions and fostering talent through coaching and development. The EASB organised a substantial number of events for amateur players each season; the flagship events being the English Amateur Championship and the Paul Hunter English Open. The EASB actively sought to acquire new player members and aimed to develop the talent of players of all ages through competition experience and coaching, allowing players to develop significantly and build towards a professional career. EASB tournaments were often a stepping stone to success in professional snooker and the EASB was dedicated to providing aspiring players with a platform for elite competition.
The English Partnership for Snooker and Billiards has been responsible for the governance of amateur snooker in England since June 2019, when a resolution was passed by the English Association of Snooker and Billiards to transfer its assets and operations to the EPSB.


Kenneth Gordon Lowe

Kenneth "Ken" Gordon Lowe (1917–2010) was a Scottish physician who did pioneering research as a nephrologist and as a cardiologist.
Biography.
After education at Arbroath High School, he studied medicine at the University of St Andrews and the Dundee Royal Infirmary (DRI). In 1941 he graduated MB ChB from the University of St Andrews and shortly thereafter married Nancy Young, a medical student in his graduating class. He worked at the DRI and assisted with Daniel F. Cappell's pioneering blood transfusion service in Dundee. In 1942 he became a captain in the RAMC; for about two years he specialised in tropical diseases and served in the Caribbean, India, Egypt and Panama.
Based upon his work with Bull and Joekes, Lowe graduated in 1950 with an MD degree from the University of St Andrews with an MD (Honours) thesis, which won the University's Rutherford gold medal. In 1952 he was appointed senior lecturer in medicine at St Andrews and honorary consultant physician at DRI. He developed a metabolic clinic with William Kinnear Stewart and the medical biochemist Henry Gemmell Morgan.
Lowe was elected FRCPE in 1954 and FRCP in 1963. In 1967 he published with Hamish Watson and Donald Emslie-Smith an important paper on intra-cardiac electrocardiography of the bundle of His; this was part of a research effort leading to therapeutic cardiac ablation techniques and improved cardiac pacemakers.
In 1961 Lowe stopped teaching to become a full-time consultant in the health service, but continued in the University of St Andrews as honorary reader and then honorary professor. He was in 1959 a member of the committee, lead by Dr A. A. Fitzgerald Peel, that founded the Scottish Society of Physicians, and he served as the Society's president in 1973.
Lowe was appointed in 1971 physician to the Queen in Scotland. When he retired in 1982 he was made Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). His wife died in 1999. Upon his death in 2010 he was survived by a daughter Alison, two sons Gordon and Graham, and five grandchildren.


Jerome Jaffe

Jerome H. Jaffe (born July 6, 1933) is a clinical professor and was the drug Czar under the administration of President of the United States Richard Nixon.
Career.
Many American soldiers used heroin during the Vietnam War. According to Representative Robert Steele in a report for the House Foreign Affairs Committee, there was little use in the Army until late 1969. But by 1971, 10 to 15 percent of the troops in Vietnam were using heroin from the Golden Triangle. It was about this time that based on the efforts of Jaffe, methadone clinics were established in the U.S., partly to treat addicted veterans.
Under the administration of President Nixon, Jerome Jaffe was the chief of the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP), an executive agency created by President Nixon, a member of the Republican Party of the United States. During his career, he popularized the use of methadone treatments for heroin addicts, stating that "There was evidence that methadone treatment was effective. There were some good controlled studies." He also initiated "methadone programs, detoxification programs, and therapeutic communities." Jaffe was a powerful opponent of Ibogaine trials to treat drug dependency, concentrating instead on lifelong replacement therapies with alternative opiates like methadone and buprenorphine.
Currently, Jaffe is a clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore, where he works in the Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse.
He lives in Maryland and has three grandchildren.