Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada

Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a statute requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first requires reasonable suspicion of criminal involvement, and does not violate the Fifth Amendment if there is no allegation that their names could have caused an incrimination.
Under the rubric of "Terry v. Ohio", , the minimal intrusion on a suspect's privacy, and the legitimate need of law enforcement officers to quickly dispel suspicion that an individual is engaged in criminal activity, justified requiring a suspect to disclose his or her name. The Court also held that the identification requirement did not violate Hiibel's Fifth Amendment rights since he did not articulate a reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him; however, the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment privilege might apply in a situation where there "was" an articulated reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating.
The "Hiibel" decision was narrow in that it applied only to states that have stop and identify statutes. Consequently, individuals in states without such statutes cannot be lawfully arrested solely for refusing to identify themselves during a Terry stop.
Background of the case.
Nevada has a "stop-and-identify" law that allows police officers to detain any person they encounter "under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime"; the person may be detained only to "ascertain his identity and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his presence abroad." In turn, the law requires the person detained to "identify himself", but does not compel the person to answer any other questions put to him by the officer. The Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted that "identify himself" to mean to merely state his name. As of April 2008, 23 other states have similar laws.
On the evening of May 21, 2000, the sheriff's department in Humboldt County, Nevada received a report that a man had assaulted a woman in a red and silver GMC truck on Grass Valley Road. The responding deputy found a truck parked on the side of the road. A man was smoking a cigarette beside the truck, and a young woman was sitting inside it. The deputy observed skid marks in the gravel behind the vehicle, leading him to believe the vehicle had come to a sudden stop.
The deputy explained to the man that there had been a report of a fight between the man and the young woman, and asked the man if he had any identification on him. The man protested that he had no reason to provide identification, and became ill-tempered when the deputy continued to press him for his identification. The man then asked the deputy what crime he was being accused of, as the deputy continued his requests for identification, stating that he was "conducting an investigation". The man persisted in his refusal to provide identification, asking instead to be handcuffed and taken to jail. The deputy continued to ask for the man's identification, stating that the man would face arrest if he did not cooperate and provide identification.
In response, the man declared he would not cooperate because he had not committed any crime. He then turned around and was arrested by the deputy.
That man was Larry Dudley Hiibel, the petitioner in this case, and the young woman was his daughter Mimi Hiibel. Larry Hiibel was charged with "willfully resist[ing], delay[ing], or obstruct[ing] a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office." In the Justice Court for Union Township, Nevada, Hiibel was convicted of this charge and fined $250. He appealed to the Sixth Judicial District Court, which affirmed the conviction. He then appealed to the Nevada Supreme Court, arguing that the requirement that he identify himself to any police officer upon request violated the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures and his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. The Nevada Supreme Court rejected these arguments, and Hiibel asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case.
Majority opinion.
Stop-and-identify laws have their roots in early English vagrancy laws under which suspected vagrants were subject to arrest unless they gave a "good account" of themselves; this practice, in turn, derived from the common-law power of any person to arrest suspicious persons and detain them until they gave "a good account" of themselves. Modern stop-and-identify laws combine aspects of the old vagrancy laws with a guide for police officers conducting investigatory stops, such as those authorized under "Terry v. Ohio", .
However, the Court has identified a constitutional difficulty with many modern vagrancy laws. In "Papachristou v. Jacksonville", , the Court held that a traditional vagrancy law was void for vagueness because its "broad scope and imprecise terms denied proper notice to potential offenders and permitted police officers to exercise unfettered discretion in the enforcement of the law." In "Brown v. Texas", , the Court struck down the application of Texas's stop-and-identify statute against Brown. They held that the Fourth Amendment requires reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual had committed, was committing, or was going to commit a crime before an individual can be required to identify himself, and that the presence of an individual in a known drug area cannot establish reasonable suspicion without more. And in "Kolender v. Lawson", , the Court struck down a California stop-and-identify law that required a suspect to provide "credible and reliable identification" upon request. The words "credible and reliable" were vague because they "provided no standard for determining what a suspect must do to comply with [the law], resulting in virtually unrestrained power to arrest and charge persons with a violation."
"The present case begins where our prior cases left off. Here there is no question that the initial stop was based on reasonable suspicion, satisfying the Fourth Amendment requirements noted in "Brown". Further, the petitioner has not alleged that the statute is unconstitutionally vague, as in "Kolender". Here the Nevada statute is narrower and precise." The Nevada Supreme Court had held that the Nevada statute required only that the suspect divulge his name; presumably, he could do so without handing over any documents whatsoever. As long as the suspect tells the officer his name, he has satisfied the dictates of the Nevada stop-and-identify law.
The narrow requirements of Nevada's stop-and-identify law meant that it did not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment. "In the ordinary course a police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the Fourth Amendment." Since "Terry", it has been clear that a police officer who reasonably suspects that a person is involved in criminal activity may detain a person long enough to dispel that suspicion. Questions related to a person's identity are a "routine and accepted part of many "Terry" stops." Knowing a person's identity may, of course, help to clear a suspect and divert the attention of the police to another suspect. On the other hand, knowing the suspect's name may just as quickly confirm to the officer that the person is wanted for another, unrelated crime. In cases such as this, where the police are investigating a domestic dispute, officers "need to know whom they are dealing with in order to assess the situation, the threat to their own safety, and possible danger to the potential victim." "The request for identity has an immediate relation to the purpose, rationale, and practical demands of a "Terry" stop. The threat of criminal sanction helps ensure that the request for identity does not become a legal nullity." Balancing the intrusion into the individual's privacy against the extent to which the stop-and-identify law promotes legitimate government interests, the Court concluded that the Fourth Amendment did not prohibit Nevada from making it a crime for a person detained under conditions of "Terry" to refuse to disclose his name to a police officer upon request.
Furthermore, the officer's request that Hiibel identify himself did not implicate Hiibel's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. There was no "articulated real and appreciable fear that [Hiibel's] name would be used to incriminate him, or that it 'would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute' him." Because Hiibel did not articulate reasonable belief that his name could be used as an incriminating piece of evidence, he could not invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege in refusing to disclose it.
Dissenting opinions.
Justice Stevens opined that the Court's precedent required it to strike down Nevada's stop-and-identify law. Under the Court's "Terry" jurisprudence, a suspect has always had the right to refuse to answer questions put to him by police officers during a "Terry" stop. And the Fifth Amendment privilege had always attached during custodial interrogations because information extorted by the police during such interrogations is unavoidably testimonial. Why else would the police ask for a person's name, if not to determine whether that person was either wanted for committing a crime or directly suspected of committing a crime? "The officer in this case told [Hiibel] that he was conducting an investigation and needed to see some identification. As the target of that investigation, [Hiibel], in my view, acted well within his rights when he opted to stand mute. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent."
Justice Breyer noted that
the Court wrote that an 'officer may ask the ["Terry"] detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer's suspicions. "But the detainee is not obliged to respond".' "Berkemer v. McCarty", (emphasis added)... the Court's statement in "Berkemer", while technically dicta, is the kind of strong dicta that the legal community typically takes as a statement of the law. And that law has remained undisturbed for more than 20 years. There is no good reason now to reject this generation-old statement of the law.
Justice Breyer also expressed a "slippery-slope" concern that the majority's opinion would lead to allowing the police to ask follow-up questions, such as what the person's license number is, or where a person lives, without running afoul of constitutional protections.


Family Planning Association

FPA (Family Planning Association) was a UK registered charity (number 250187) working to enable people to make informed choices about sex and to enjoy sexual health. It was the national affiliate for the International Planned Parenthood Federation in the United Kingdom. It celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2010. Its motto was "Talking sense about sex". The charity was placed into liquidation on 15 May 2019, but the FPA name continues as a limited company selling sexual health resources.
History.
FPA was founded in 1930 when five birth control societies merged to form the National Birth Control Council (NBCC). Charles Vickery Drysdale FRSE was critical within its foundation. Its stated purpose was "that married people may space or limit their families and thus mitigate the evils of ill health and poverty". The NBCC changed its name to the National Birth Control Association (NBCA) in 1931, and then to the Family Planning Association (FPA) in 1939. Since 1998 it has been known as FPA.
The FPA was heavily invested in guaranteeing and standardising the various contraceptive methods it prescribed using modern science and medicine. From its inception, the association invested heavily in developing and implementing tests for chemical efficacy and safety and rubber quality. These findings were published after 1937 in its annual Approved List of contraceptives.
Originally only offering a service to married couples, during the 1950s FPA clinics began to offer pre-marital advice to women, although proof, such as a letter from a vicar or family doctor, was often required before contraceptive supplies were provided.
During the 1960s, social and sexual attitudes changed dramatically. The combined pill was first prescribed in FPA clinics in 1961 and within ten years was being used by over one million women. This highly reliable method brought a new sense of sexual freedom to men and women.
By 1970, FPA clinics were offering advice and treatment, without restriction. In 1974, FPA handed their network of over 1,000 clinics to the NHS when contraception became free for all. Family planning is still part of the health service.
Leadership.
The organisation's first administrator was Margaret Pyke OBE. Following Pyke's death in 1967, Jean Medawar took over as chairwoman.
As of 2010, the President of FPA was Baroness Gould of Potternewton; Vice Presidents include Jacqui Lait, Joan Ruddock MP, and Baroness Tonge and the charity is supported by a number of patrons. Additionally FPA is steered by a Board of Trustees of 12; the Chair is Dr Val Day and the Vice Chair is Paul Woodward. In January 2008, Julie Bentley became the Chief Executive, taking over from Anne Weyman OBE, who previously led the organisation for 11 years.
Dr Audrey Simpson OBE became Chief Executive of FPA in October 2012, taking over from Julie Bentley who had led the organisation for five years.
Current activities.
FPA aims to improve the public's knowledge of sexual health. The organisation runs training courses and projects for professionals, grandparents, parents, carers and young people, and provides an information and press service to communicate sexual health information more widely.
FPA runs an enquiry service providing confidential information and advice on contraception; common sexually transmitted infections; pregnancy choices; abortion and planning a pregnancy. The enquiry service is made up of its helpline and Web Enquiry Service (Ask WES).
FPA also provides clinic details of contraception, sexual health and genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics and sexual assault referral centres. In Northern Ireland, where abortion is difficult to obtain, FPA offers an unplanned pregnancy counselling service.
FPA is also funded by the Department of Health (England) to provide a wide range of booklets on individual methods of contraception, common sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy choices, abortion and planning a pregnancy. These are distributed freely across England to sexual health services and GPs.
Campaigning is a core part of the work of FPA. It played a role in obtaining the provision of free contraception on the NHS across the UK and campaigns around abortion to preserve consumer rights and choices. In May 2008, FPA and other pro-choice groups prevented a reduction of the 24-week time limit for abortion, which was debated in the House of Commons. The organisation is now trying to modernise abortion laws throughout the UK.
In 2010, FPA celebrated 80 years and rebranded with a new logo to reach more people with sexual health and sex and relationships information. During the same year it also founded an Achievers' Club to recognise people who have made significant contributions to improving the sexual health of the UK. "My contraception tool", an online tool to help people choose contraception, was launched by FPA and Brook. In October 2010, FPA also held the first all-Ireland conference on abortion for medical practitioners.
At the Charity Awards 2010, "All about us", an FPA CD-ROM for people with learning disabilities, won the Disability category.
Criticisms.
Due to the emotive nature of some topics addressed by FPA – for example, abortion – the charity has been criticised by a number of religious, political and pro-life groups. These groups generally protest on the grounds that all foetuses have a right to life; that sexual health education leads to promiscuity; that contraception is against the teachings of the Bible; and for other similar reasons. In the early years of the charity, objects were thrown at clinics and volunteers were threatened. At the present time, opponents frequently hold protests outside the FPA Belfast office.


Olga Deterding

Olga Maria Deterding (23 August 1926 – 31 December 1978) was a wealthy heiress and socialite who regularly featured in the gossip columns of London society during the Sixties and Seventies.
She inherited an estimated £50 million from her father Sir Henri Deterding, the founder of Royal Dutch Petroleum following his death in 1939. Her mother was Deterding's second wife, the White Russian Lydia Pavlovna Koudoyaroff (1904–80), a former mistress of his rival Calouste Gulbenkian. Olga Deterding grew up at Buckhurst Park at Winkfield in Berkshire and was later educated at Oxford University. In 1956, she became an unpaid volunteer at Albert Schweitzer's leper colony in Lambarene, West Africa.
Without any medical training, she worked in the kitchen and at other tasks but refused to see even visitors she knew. Deterding remained with Schweitzer for a year until she became ill with a tropical disease. After this, she lived in Tahiti for six months. In Beirut, a city she apparently disliked, Deterding found that a flight to Paris was a week away, but the option of flying around the world to reach Paris meant that she could leave at once. Deterding arrived back in Paris later than if she had remained in Beirut.
From 1966 to 1969, she had a relationship with the broadcaster Alan Whicker, with whom she was for a time engaged, and made Whicker her heir in a will (later changed). By now, subject to mood swings, she was suffering from bulimia and an addiction to tranquillisers. Shortly after attempting to commit suicide in Whicker's flat, she suddenly left.
Later she became involved with Jonathan Routh, best remembered for his role on the British version of "Candid Camera"; their relationship lasted for several years from 1971. Jennifer Paterson, later one of the "Two Fat Ladies", had by now become a close friend. She suggested that the two women might live together and become "the most famous lesbian couple in London."
In 1976, Deterding put in an unsuccessful bid to buy "The Observer" newspaper, then in a serious financial position. Deterding was an eccentric partygoer and died in a nightclub on New Year's Eve after choking on a sandwich.


Charles Marion

Charles Louis Pierre Marion (14 January 1887 – 16 November 1944) was a French horse rider who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and in the 1932 Summer Olympics.
In 1928 he and his horse Linon won the silver medal in the individual dressage competition.
Four years later he and his horse Linon won the silver medal in the individual dressage competition again. They were also part of the French dressage team which won the gold medal in the team dressage event.
Charles Marion served as a general and a prefect for the government of Vichy France. He was tried in 1944 and sentenced to death, but while awaiting execution he was kidnapped and murdered by French partisans.


Wes DeMott

Wes DeMott is an American political thriller writer who was born in Roseburg, Oregon. He honorably served in the U.S. Navy, is a former FBI agent, private investigator, and has worked as an actor.


Suicide weapon

A suicide weapon is a weapon or object that is used in a suicide attack, typically based on explosives.
History.
Suicide weapons have been used both in conventional warfare, as well as in terrorism.
Moro Muslims who performed suicide attacks were called "mag-sabil", and the suicide attacks were known as "Parang-sabil". The Spanish called them "juramentado". The idea of the juramentado was considered part of Jihad in the Moro's Islamic religion. During an attack, a Juramentado would throw themselves at their targets and kill them with bladed weapons such as Barongs and Kris until they themselves were killed. The Moros performed juramentado suicide attacks against the Spanish in the Spanish–Moro conflict, the Americans in the Moro Rebellion, and against the Japanese in World War II. The Moro Juramentados aimed their attacks specifically against their enemies, and not non-Muslims in general. They launched suicide attacks on the Japanese, Spanish, Americans and Filipinos, but did not attack the non-Muslim Chinese since the Chinese were not considered enemies of the Moro people. The Japanese responded to these suicide attacks by massacring all the relatives of the attacker.
Muslim Acehnese from the Aceh Sultanate performed "holy war" known as "Parang-sabil" against invaders such as Americans in the attack on Joseph Peabody's ship "Friendship", the First Sumatran expedition and the Second Sumatran expedition, and against the Dutch in the Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra and most notably during the Aceh War, where they performed suicide attacks as part of "parang sabil". It was considered as part of personal jihad in the Islamic religion of the Acehnese. The Dutch called it "Atjèh-moord", ("Acehmord", "Aceh mord", "Aceh-mord") or (Aceh Pungo). The Acehnese work of literature, the "Hikayat Perang Sabil" provided the background and reasoning for the "Aceh-mord"- Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch, . The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh (Aceh pungo) or Aceh gila (Aceh mord).
"Atjèh-moord" was also used against the Japanese by the Acehnese during the Japanese occupation of Aceh. The Acehnese Ulama (Islamic clerics) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association ( PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese. The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school. During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November. On May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.
The original Jawi script Acehnese language work Hikayat Perang Sabil (w:ace:Hikayat Prang Sabi, w:id:Hikayat Prang Sabi) has been transliterated into the Latin alphabet and annotated by Ibrahim Alfian (Teuku.) published in Jakarta. Perang sabi was the Acehnese word for jihad, a holy war and Acehnese language literary works on perang sabi were distributed by Islamic clerics ('ulama) such as Teungku di Tiro to help the resistance against the Dutch in the Aceh War. The recompense awarded by in paradise detailed in Islamic Arabic texts and Dutch atrocities were expounded on in the Hikayat Perang Sabil which was communally read by small cabals of Ulama and Acehnese who swore an oath before going to achieve the desired status of "martyr" by launching suicide attacks on the Dutch. Perang sabil was the Malay equivalent to other terms like Jihad, Ghazawat for "Holy war", the text was also spelled "Hikayat perang sabi". Fiction novels like Sayf Muhammad Isa's "Sabil: Prahara di Bumi Rencong" on the war by Aceh against the Dutch include references ro Hikayat Perang Sabil. Mualimbunsu Syam Muhammad wrote the work called "Motives for Perang Sabil in Nusantara", "Motivasi perang sabil di Nusantara: kajian kitab Ramalan Joyoboyo, Dalailul-Khairat, dan Hikayat Perang Sabil" on Indonesia's history of Islamic holy war (Jihad). Children and women were inspired to do suicide attacks by the Hikayat Perang Sabil against the Dutch. Hikayat Perang Sabil is also known as "Hikayat Prang Sabi". Hikayat Perang Sabil is considered as part of 19th century Malay literature. In Dutch occupied Aceh, Hikayat Perang Sabil was confiscated from Sabi's house during a Police raid on September 27, 1917.
In the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese used suicide bombing against the Japanese with explosive vests. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at Sihang Warehouse. Chinese troops strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers obliterated four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles. The Pacific War of World War II bore witness to the Japanese kamikaze suicide attack pilots ("kamikaze" was not a term used by the Japanese themselves). Late in the war, as the tide turned against Japan, kamikaze pilots were deployed to attempt to crash their aircraft into American and allied ships in the Pacific. The Japanese even developed specialized aircraft for the tactic, such as the Yokosuka Ohka flying bomb. A successful kamikaze attack would both kill the plane's pilot and damage the target ship, possibly even sinking it. Related tactics included the kaiten suicide minisub, a human torpedo which a single Japanese pilot would steer into an Allied ship.
North Korean tanks were attacked by South Koreans with suicide tactics during the North Korean conquest of the South.
American tanks at Seoul were attacked by North Korean suicide squads, who used satchel charges. A North Korean soldier named Li Su-Bok, who exploded an American tank with a suicide bomb, is hailed as a hero in North Korean propaganda.
Certain aircraft built or projected for the "Luftwaffe" during the time of the Allied bombing before the surrender of Nazi Germany in World War II, such as the Bachem Ba 349, "Fliegende Panzerfaust", Sombold So 344, Zeppelin Rammer or the Blohm & Voss BV 40 are sometimes listed as suicide weapons. However, they were not intended as such, even though the chances of survival would have been very limited for the pilots of such dangerous artifacts. In those years Nazi authorities considered the use of "selbstopfer" (suicide) planes such as the Messerschmitt Me 328 and the Fieseler 103.
During the Cold War, it was argued that the doctrine of mutual assured destruction turned nuclear weapons into suicide weapons. The idea of a Doomsday weapon took this to its logical extreme.
Political groups using suicide weapons in the post-Cold War era include mainly outfits affiliated to Islamic terrorism, among which even children have been used in order to escape detection when carrying out suicide attacks. However, non-Islamic groups, such as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, also have been prone to use suicide weapons. Today, the most common suicide weapons used to carry out terrorist attacks are car bombs or truck bombs, as well as antipersonnel bombs carried by a single person. Suicide bombers strap explosives, often covered with nails, screws, or other items intended to act as fragments, to their bodies or otherwise carry them into populated areas and detonate them. The Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka are known for having made high-profile use of this method in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. Similar methods have been also used by Palestinian terrorist groups in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, among others.
Kamikaze attacks were mimicked in the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which a group of mostly Saudi terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon by flying hijacked jet airliners into them. It was the first and only time in history that hijacked jet airliners filled with fuel were used as cruise missiles against targets of such magnitude.


Seweryn Rzewuski

Seweryn Rzewuski (; 13 March 1743 in Podhorce – 11 December 1811 in Vienna) was a Polish nobleman, writer, poet, general of the Royal Army, Field Hetman of the Crown, Voivode of Podolian Voivodeship and one of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation.
Biography.
Early life and studies.
His father was Hetman Wacław Rzewuski, while his mother was Anna Lubomirska. He firstly studied in Warsaw. Starting from 1754, Rzewuski's educator was L. A. Caraccioli, and under his care, all of the children in the family were educated abroad (Rzewuski visited, most notably, Austria, Italy and France).
Political and military career.
As voivode, he signed the election of Stanisław II Augustus in 1764, and was later an envoy to the Repnin Sejm. Because of his opposition to the Russian ambassador there, he and his father, Wacław Rzewuski were kidnapped on the night of 13/14 October 1767 by Russian forces under the command of General Iosif Igelström and imprisoned in Kaluga. He returned to Poland in 1773. On 4 September 1775, both received in restitution from the king the Orders of St. Stanislaus and the White Eagle, but this was not enough to reconcile Seweryn, who blamed Poniatowski for his ordeal.
He was an envoy at the Four-Year Sejm, at which he was one of the leaders of the Hetmans' Party, opposing all reforms. He was especially against any changes to the power of the hetmen, having been one since 1774. He was later stripped of this rank by the Sejm for not answering the letters of the Military Commission. In 1791 he went to Russia, where he helped Catherine II with her pretense of only interfering with the affairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after being pleaded with to help by their citizens. He was one of the founding leaders of the Targowica Confederation, having previously been involved in the Radom Confederation in 1767.
In 1793, after Russian and Prussian plans for the Second Partition of Poland became known, he moved to the Galicia and Lodomeria, the land taken from the Commonwealth by Austria in the First Partition of Poland and gave up politics. During the Kościuszko Uprising he was sentenced to death and the confiscation of belongings "in absentia" by the Supreme Criminal Court and executed in effigy on 29 September 1794.
He was married to Konstancja Małgorzata Lubomirska and had three children, Wacław Rzewuski, Izabella Rzewuska and Maria Rzewuska.


J. Harold Grady

Joseph Harold Grady (February 27, 1917 – January 9, 2002) was a judge and the mayor of Baltimore, Maryland from 1959 to 1962.
Prior to running for mayor, he was an FBI agent and state's attorney for Baltimore city.

Founding.
Built in 1324, some 26 years before the city of Ayutthaya was officially founded, the temple must have been partly connected to early settlements in the area. These notably allegedly included a 200-strong refugee community from Song Dynasty China.
The large "wihan", the highest building within the temple complex, houses an immense gilded 19 meter high seated Buddha from 1334 CE. This highly revered Buddha statue is called "Luang Pho Tho" () by Thais, and "Sam Pao Kong" () by Thai-Chinese. The statue is regarded as a guardian for mariners. Allegedly, prior to the destruction of Ayutthaya by the Burmese in 1767 CE, "tears flowed from the sacred eyes to the sacred navel". The statue has been restored several times in history. King Mongkut named the statue "Phra Puttha Thrai Ratana Nayok" after its restoration in 1854 CE.
Visit by Zheng He.
The temple was visited in 1407 CE by Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim eunuch admiral from Yunnan who leading his second Ming imperial voyage. He bestowed gifts upon the temple in a great ceremony that included Siamese royal participation, and is today remembered by Thai-Chinese visitors who still visit the temple in his honour.
Visiting information.
Wat Phanan Choeng is located in Khlong Suan Plu Sub-district, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya District, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand, 13000.
It is open daily from 8 am to 5 pm. The entrance fee is 20 baht, paid at a small booth at the entrance.
The temple may be reached brom Bangkok by road Asia (Highway 32).
Via public transit, the temple may be reached from New Mor Chit station, where there are many buses to Ayutthaya every day. It may also be reached by vans at the Victory Monument or Future Park Rangsit. One may also take a motorcycle taxi or auto rickshaw to Wat Phanan Choeng.
By train, after going from Bangkok railway station to Ayutthaya railway station, one may take a motorcycle taxi or auto rickshaw to reach the temple.


Nida Lighthouse

Nida Lighthouse (Lithuanian: "Nidos švyturys") is located in Nida, on the Curonian Spit in between the Curonian Lagoon (to the east) and the Baltic Sea (to the west).
History.
The original lighthouse in Nida was constructed in the 1860s and 1870s during the German Unification. Twenty-seven metres high and built of red brick, it had 200 steps, which have survived to this day. It was planned to be 51.4 metres high, on raised ground, and built by prisoners. It was first lit on October 24, 1874.
In 1944, at the end of the Second World War, German soldiers blasted the lighthouse, destroying it. It was rebuilt in 1945 and renovated in 1953. The current lighthouse is built of reinforced concrete with horizontal red and white stripes.


Odessa Botanical Garden

Odessa Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in Odessa, Ukraine. It is subordinated to Odessa University and consists of two territories: old territory and new territory.
History.
The Botanical Garden in Odessa was established in 1820, on the initiative of Governor-General Alexander Fedorovich Langeron, an expert in culture of the Sharlem Dessementom rose. In 1834–1848 it was further developed under the lead of Alexander von Nordmann, and a Central School of Gardening with a Department of Sericulture were also established.


Sengawa Theater

Sengawa Theater is a municipal theater in Sengawa Town, Chofu, Tokyo.
The culture and performing arts quarter known as the "ACT+ (Act Plus) district", located in the city's urban development area, along with Art Museum and City House Sengawa, totaling 432 meters in length, are part of the large-scale urban development project planned by architect Tadao Ando, opened in March 2008.
As for the management of the theater, the artistic director is employed to manage, with fifty percent of his time out of the year, sponsoring the theater's own productions. As a civil service and one not limited to theatrical performances, events are planned in cooperation with nearby shopping districts, educational institutions, and civic groups. Sengawa Theater Ensemble is associated with the Stage Team, which is made up of professional actors and staff, as well as public staff.
Access.
Address: Chofu, Tokyo 〒 182-8511 Sengawacho 1-21-5


Hotel Charlottetown

The Rodd Charlottetown is a historic hotel built in 1931 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
History.
After Charlottetown's main hotel, the Victoria Hotel, was destroyed by fire in 1929, the business leaders of the town appealed to the Canadian National Railway to construct a replacement. The Charlottetown Hotel was constructed by the CNR (through their lodging division, Canadian National Hotels) and opened on April 14, 1931.
Its most notable guests were Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who stayed at the hotel during Prince Edward Island's centennial Confederation celebrations in July 1973.
Canadian National Hotels sold the property to David Rodd's Rodd Hotels and Resorts in 1982. He operated it for many years as The Charlottetown, A Rodd Classic Hotel. Rodd funded a renovation and restoration project in 1999. The hotel was eventually renamed Rodd Charlottetown.


Visitation of Mary Church (Ljubljana)

Visitation of Mary Church () is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana, located on Rožnik Hill in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
History.
A church was already recorded on Rožnik Hill in a 1526 document, stating that it had to provide a copper chalice and three pounds of hellers for the war effort. This church was razed in 1740, and a new church was built in 1746 according to plans by Candido Zulliani (1712–1769) and consecrated by Bishop Ernest Attems (1742–1757) in 1747. The church was damaged by artillery fire during the Napoleonic siege of Ljubljana, and after its 1814 renovation it was given a Neoclassical facade. Management of the church was taken over by the Franciscans in 1826, and in 1836 it was transferred to the order as a chapel of ease. New altars were installed in the church in 1895.


La Perla Spa

La Perla Spa is a seaside resort created by the unification of five smaller spas along La Perla beach in Mar del Plata, Argentina. The architectural project was designed by Clorindo Testa, and completed in 1985.


Kageras

Kageras is a late medieval era fort in Sudan. Located in Upper Nubia, it lies on the eastern side of the Nile, about half way between the third and second cataract. During the tenth or eleventh century, a church was built here. A defensive wall was added in the late Middle Ages. The wall was once about high and is still well preserved. On every corner, there are round towers. In the north, there is an entrance. It is doubtful whether this wide site was inhabited continuously. It appears to be more like a refuge for Christian from attacking nomads. A 1966-1969 American - Swiss expedition examined the site.


Independence Monument, Lome

The Monument de L'Independance was built as a tribute to Togo’s independence from France on April 27, 1960. The structure is composed of a human silhouette carved within it and surrounded by promenades, palm trees, manicured lawns, fountains and a black gold iron fence.


Teatro ABC

The Teatro ABC was the last of four theatres built in the Parque Mayer theatre district of the Portuguese capital of Lisbon. It opened in January 1956 and closed in 1995.
Located on land adjacent to the "Teatro Maria Vitória" that had previously been used for restaurants, a skating rink, and an open-air cinema, the "Teatro ABC" was built by the businessman José Miguel, who directed it from its opening in 1956 until 1971, the year of his death. It was the only heated theatre in the Parque Mayer area, which was considered to be the Broadway of Lisbon. "Teatro ABC" suffered a fire on 13 August 1990, with the show being presented at the time being transferred to the nearby "Teatro Capitólio". It was rebuilt and re-opened in 1993 but proved unviable and was closed definitively in 1997, being finally demolished in 2015.
The theatre mainly offered what is known in Portugal as "Teatro de Revista" (revues), but also put on shows for children. In its lifetime it presented 47 different revues, with some lasting for several months. Performers to appear at the theatre included António Silva, Hermínia Silva, Nicolau Breyner, José Raposo, and Simone de Oliveira. From 1972, beginning with the revue, "O Fim da Macacada" (The end of stupidity), it was able to make significant changes to the contents of the revues presented, firstly as a result of a more liberal approach to censorship under the new president, Marcelo Caetano, and, more importantly, after the "Estado Novo" dictatorship was overthrown in April 1974. For the first time, excerpts from a show were broadcast on the radio. However, some of the uncensored performances brought the performers into conflict with the management of the theatre company and some of the actors moved to the "Teatro Ádóque" in Lisbon.


Namulonge Airport

Namulonge Airport, also referred to as Namulonge Airstrip, is an airstrip serving the Namulonge Agronometeorology Station near the town of Namulonge in the Wakiso District of Uganda, north of central Kampala. The narrow runway is also used as a road and is surrounded by plowed fields of the agricultural research station.
The station has an automated airport weather station (AWOS) system installed. The "HUNA" ICAO airport code may be no longer active.


The City Guard in Osijek

The City Guard () is the name of the building which formerly housed the city guard of Osijek, Croatia. It is located in Tvrđa.
Today, the building houses the Archaeological Museum Osijek, a local museum focusing on the history of the city.
History.
The structure was built from 1728 to 1729. It was recently renovated in 2006.
Description.
The building has 2 floors. Located on Holy Trinity Square, the facade of the City Guard building features a prominent arcade . The building also includes a bell tower with an attached terrace, from the top of which the entirety of Tvrđa is visible.
The building was renovated in 2006; during the renovation a steel-glass structure was also added, as designed by Branko Silađin.


Istana Terengganu, Kuala Lumpur

The Istana Terengganu is the official city-residence of the Sultan of Terengganu and the royal family, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is located at Jalan Tun Razak, close to the Royal Selangor Golf Club. Neighbouring next to it is the Istana Perlis.
The building is modern, but has traditional Malay motifs and designs incorporated into it.
Since 2006, Mizan Zainal Abidin, 17th Sultan of Terengganu is the official 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong until 2011. As king of Malaysia, he and the immediate royal family reside at the Istana Negara instead.


Room 222

Room 222 is an American comedy-drama television series produced by 20th Century Fox Television that aired on ABC for 112 episodes, from September 17, 1969, until January 11, 1974. The show was broadcast on Wednesday evenings at 8:30 (EST) for its first two seasons, before settling into its best-remembered time slot of Friday evenings at 9:00, following "The Brady Bunch" and "The Partridge Family", and preceding "The Odd Couple" and "Love, American Style".
In 1970, "Room 222" earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series, while Michael Constantine and Karen Valentine won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, respectively.
Overview.
Based on the setup of 1967 film "To Sir With Love" the series mainly focused on an American history class in Room 222 of the fictional Walt Whitman High School, an extremely racially diverse school in Los Angeles, California, although it also depicted other events at and outside the school, such as the home lives of students and faculty. The class is taught by Pete Dixon (Lloyd Haynes), an idealistic African-American school teacher. Other characters featured in the show were the school's compassionate guidance counselor, Liz McIntyre (Denise Nicholas), who is also Pete's girlfriend; the dryly humorous school principal, Seymour Kaufman (Michael Constantine); and the petite and enthusiastic Alice Johnson (Karen Valentine), a student teacher (and later full-time teacher) whom Pete mentors. Patsy Garrett played Mr. Kaufman's secretary, Miss Hogarth. In addition, many recurring students were featured from episode to episode.
Pete Dixon delivers gentle lessons in tolerance and understanding to his students. They admire his wisdom, insight, and easygoing manner. The themes of the episodes were sometimes topical, reflecting the contemporary political climate of the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s, such as the Vietnam War, women's rights, race relations, and Watergate. However, most plots were timeless and featured themes still common to modern-day teenagers. For example, the 1969 episode "Funny Boy" deals with a class clown who is self-conscious about being overweight, the 1971 episode "What Is a Man?" deals with a student who is mistakenly the victim of anti-gay harassment and the 1974 episode "I Didn't Raise My Girl to Be a Soldier" with parent–teenager issues.
Background.
The program was filmed at 20th Century Fox studios. Exterior shots of Los Angeles High School were shown behind the opening credits and for some outdoor scenes in the early seasons.
"Room 222"'s initial episodes garnered weak ratings, and ABC was poised to cancel the program after one season. However, the show earned several nominations at the 1970 Emmy Awards, and ABC relented. In the spring of 1970, "Room 222" won Emmy Awards for Best New Series; Best Supporting Actor (Michael Constantine); and Best Supporting Actress (Karen Valentine). The following year, Constantine and Valentine were again nominated in the supporting acting awards category. After the shaky first season, "Room 222" nevertheless managed to receive respectable ratings during its next three years. Ratings peaked during the 1971–72 season, during which it held a #28 viewership ranking. By the start of the 1973–74 season, ratings had fallen drastically, and ABC canceled the show at mid-season. After the series ended, the program entered syndication and was rerun on several television stations throughout the United States.
The theme song was written by film composer Jerry Goldsmith, written in a 7/4 time signature. 7/4 is, itself, uncommon, but Goldsmith's theme subdivides the meter as 4+3/3+4, 3+4/4+3. His theme and two episode scores for the series ("Richie's Story" (the pilot) and "The Flu") were later issued by Film Score Monthly on an album with his score for the film "Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies".
The show draws some comparisons to a theatrical movie which premiered during the show's first season, "Halls of Anger". In that movie, a new, black teacher joins a southern California high school; an attractive, sympathetic black female member of staff shows romantic interest; a militant black student is frequently involved in situations; issues of racism and integration are featured. The film and television show also share actors (Ta-Tanisha, Helen Kleeb, Rob Reiner). However, while "Room 222" is a comedy-drama, milder in tone, "Halls of Anger" is purposefully aggressive, using deliberately controversial language and some forceful violence to highlight the real and dangerous potential of unresolved racial conflict.
Books and comics.
A series of novels based on characters and dialog of the series was written by William Johnston and published by Tempo Books in the early 1970s. Dell Comics published a comic book for four issues during 1970 and 1971.
Home media.
Shout! Factory has released the first two seasons of "Room 222" on DVD in Region 1.


Vesalius Research Park

The Vesalius Research Park is a science park located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium and it is being managed by the Brussels Regional Investment Company. The research park provides a business incubator for spin-offs of universities and space for companies active in research and development.


Dushantsi Reservoir

The Dushantsi reservoir (Bulgarian: Душанци язовир) is settled in the Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria.
The dam wall can be easily reached by car, driving along the old road to Burgas. The area around the reservoir is used for outgoings, picnics, water sports and fishing.
The Topolnitsa River feeds the reservoir, and is another suitable place for fishing.


Hotel Intourist Palace

The Hotel Intourist Palace is a luxury hotel in Batumi, Georgia.
The hotel is located in the very centre of Batumi, on the seaside Ninoshvili boulevard on the Black Sea. Established in 1939, the hotel has since been an accommodation for over 450,000 foreign travellers, politician, diplomats, businessmen, and sportsmen. International conferences, symposiums and forums have also been held in the hotel.
The hotel has a notable casino, two restaurants, an open-air pool, an ATM in the lobby, a spa with sauna, Turkish bath, fitness centre and a range of massages.


Nekemte Airport

Nekemte Airport is an airport serving Nekemte, Ethiopia.


Pasaka Cinema

Pasaka Cinema () is a former Art Deco style movie theater in Kaunas, Lithuania. At that time of the opening, the cinema was amongst the most modern in Kaunas.


Palacio arzobispal de Santiago

The Palacio arzobispal of Santiago is the administrative seat of the Arquidiócesis de Santiago de Chile. It stands, along with the Parroquia El Sagrario and the Catedral Metropolitana, on the west side of the Plaza de Armas, in the historical downtown of the city.
History.
Its construction started in 1852, when the architect Claudio Brunet de Baines was commissioned by the government. Brunet de Baines died in 1855 and the construction was stopped until 1869, when the construction was resumed, this time led by the French architect Lucien Hénault. The works were finished in 1870 and an elevator was installed in the 1930s.
The Palacio arzobispal was declared as a national monument by the Ministerio de Educación in 1975.
References.
[[Category:Baroque Revival architecture in Chile]


Ampang Park

Ampang Park shopping centre was a shopping centre located on Jalan Ampang in Kuala Lumpur, also was called as Ampang Park. It was the first shopping centre to be built in Malaysia. It is designed by the architect of Singapore's People's Park Complex, the Design Partnership, in conjunction with Kuala Lumpur-based architect Thomas A.S. Tiang. The developers were the Low Keng Huat Brothers Realty Sdn Bhd. Ampang Park was closed on 31 December 2017 and demolition has begun in May 2018 to make way for the MRT construction along with new developments.
Features.
The mall opened in 1973. It was planned for a site, at the junction of Jalan Ampang and Jalan Pekeliling, in the fashionable Ampang residential district. In contrast to the tradition of shop lots which are oriented towards the street, the modern architecture faced inwards to an internal street, or atrium. It was initially planned to be fully air-conditioned, but as built, the atrium was cooled via natural cross-ventilation.
It was features include a carpark for 450 vehicles, a children's playground, an entertainment deck, an exhibition gallery, a "theatrette", and escalators and lifts.
It was the opening volley in a series of shopping centers that would make Kuala Lumpur renown for its stores.
Transit.
The mall is connected to the Kelana Jaya Line by the Ampang Park LRT Station. Ampang Park is also a bus hub for Ampang-bound buses, namely routes 300 and 303 which connect Ampang Park to KLCC and Ampang LRT station. It will also be integrated with future MRT SSP's Ampang Park MRT Station.
Demolition plans.
In October 2015, news broke out that the iconic mall will be demolished to make way for MRT2 project. The tenants and shop owners of the mall is suggesting that the proposed MRT station be built underneath a field, behind the shopping centre. Subsequently, "Save Ampang Park" campaign was set up to urge the government to reconsider the demolition.
MRT Corp has given two options for the strata owners; land acquisition or mutual agreement whereby the MRT Corp would demolish Ampang Park Shopping Centre and build a new shopping centre for the owners once the Ampang Park MRT project is completed in seven years. On 6 November 2015, MRT Corp announced that the mall is spared from demolition, following a new design option for its Ampang Park station. However, with the new design, a full physical integration between the MRT Ampang Park station and the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Ampang Park station could not be constructed.
On 18 January 2017, Court of Appeal dismissed a judicial review application by 39 strata owners of the shopping centre against the land acquisition for the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Ampang Park station project.
Closure and demolition.
As a result of following the review dismissal, demolition or potential land acquisition for Ampang Park proceeded. On 29 November 2017, all tenants were notified that Ampang Park will cease operations on 31 December, as the power and water supplies will be cut off at midnight. By Christmas, 70% of tenants have moved out, while others opted to remain until the last day of operations.
In the final days leading up to its closure, Ampang Park was well crowded, with visitors taking their last pictures while some others were taking their advantages of clearance sales.
Ampang Park was closed for good after almost 45 years of operation on 31 December 2017; dismantling works began immediately soon after. In January 2018, ceiling, fixtures and electrical wiring were being removed in the mall's interior, which was raising public safety concerns. On 23 January 2018, MRT Corp released a statement disassociating itself from any dismantling works in the mall, as the land acquisition for Ampang Park was still ongoing. A police report was made before the statement released. After the land acquisition completed, Ampang Park was surrounded by fences before the demolition begin in May 2018 and demolition completed in September 2018.
In popular culture.
Featured in The Amazing Race.
The shopping complex was featured in the third season of "The Amazing Race" as a location that contestants must reach (specifically, a photography shop known as "Citifoto") to develop photographs of the Petronas Twin Towers. Teams had a hard time finding this shopping mall, so they asked local Malaysians to help them to get there.


University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt

The University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt (, FHWN for short) is an Austrian Fachhochschule founded in 1994. It has eight areas of specialization. The main campus is in Wiener Neustadt and two smaller campuses are located in Wieselburg and Tulln (both in Lower Austria).
Austria's first and largest Fachhochschule for business and engineering, the University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, also called FHWN.
Degree Programs.
The business school also offers a course called "Business Consultancy International", a bachelor's degree program, which is exclusively taught in English.
Another program taught in English is the "Aerospace Engineering" Master program. This program features an intensive theoretical education but also many possibilities for hands-on learning. One of the most famous example of this approach is the "Small Sat Program". In this program the students develop so-called CubeSats. The first CubeSat of the FHWN was launched in June, 2017 and is since then operating successfully in space (See also https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(Satellit,_2017)). Several other CubeSats are in preparation.
Its "“MedTech”" program is also an innovative unique master's degree programme in Europe, taught exclusively in English and organized as a part-time and consequence distance learning study. "“MedTech”" combines technical and physical aspects of functional imaging, image processing and therapy planning with its applications in a medical environment.


Akobo Heritage and Memorial University

Akobo Heritage and Memorial University (AHMU) is a university in South Sudan.
Location.
The university is located in the town of Akobo, in Akobo County, Eastern Bieh, in northeastern South Sudan, close to the International border with Ethiopia. This location lies approximately , by road, northeast of Juba, the capital and largest city in the country.


JW Marriott Kuala Lumpur

The JW Marriott, Kuala Lumpur is a hotel of the Marriott Hotel Group in Kuala Lumpur's central business district. It is 23 stories tall with 491 rooms, 20 meeting rooms- of total meeting space.
History.
YTL Corporation bought over the Kuala Lumpur JW Marriott hotel and two other properties in Kuala Lumpur through its subsidiary, YTL Land in 1999. The total purchase price was $85 million (RM323 million).
Location.
The JW Marriott Hotel is located in Kuala Lumpur's Golden Triangle.


North End tube station

North End (commonly referred to as Bull and Bush) is a never-completed underground station, on the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR, now part of the London Underground's Northern line). The station was to have been built at North End on the boundaries of Hampstead Heath and Golders Hill Park and is located on the Edgware branch between Hampstead and Golders Green.
History.
The original Royal Assent for the construction of the CCE&HR was granted under the "Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway Act, 1893" but gave permission for a railway only as far north as Hampstead. Financing difficulties meant that no work had begun by the beginning of the 20th century and the company was bought out in 1900 by a syndicate led by American financier Charles Yerkes. Following the purchase, plans were revised to continue the route under the Heath to Golders Green where a depot could be constructed and where open farmland offered opportunities for property development.
The new proposals met with strong opposition from residents of Hampstead and users of the Heath who feared that the construction of tunnels would detrimentally affect the Heath's ecology. The Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead also initially objected but relented and parliamentary approval was granted for the extended route in the "Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway Act, 1903".
One of the conditions for construction of the extended route was the provision of an intermediate station at North End, which would have been located on Hampstead Way. The station would have served a new residential development being planned to the north of the heath, but Henrietta Barnett instigated the purchase of the land in 1904 to form the Hampstead Heath Extension instead.
Tunnelling for the CCE&HR had begun in 1903 and the construction of the station continued to the extent that the larger diameter station tunnels and low-level passageways were excavated. However, it became apparent that the cancellation of the proposed residential development would significantly reduce the number of passengers using the station.
Works on the station were ended in 1906 before the lift shafts were dug and before any work on a surface building was done. The approach road to the station was built and now forms the first part of Hampstead Way. Services began on the CCE&HR on 22 June 1907, running through the abandoned station. The uncompleted platforms and lower passageways remain, with access to the tracks. During World War II these were used to store secret archives with access only available from the cabs of passing service trains.
During the Cold War a shaft was dug down to the lower passageways and the abandoned station became part of the London Underground's civil defence preparations. As the tunnels were the deepest in the network it was an ideal site. The role of the control centre was to manage the emergency floodgates placed throughout the tube network at the start of World War II. During this period, the building at the top was disguised as an electricity substation through the appropriate signage. The exits from the platform tunnels are now marked as emergency evacuation routes from the Underground system, and its function is now publicly acknowledged.
Due to its location near the top of a hill, the station would have been, at 221 feet (67 m), the deepest below ground on the entire Underground network. The current deepest is the adjacent Hampstead station to the southeast.
The station's alternative name derives from its proximity to the nearby famous Bull and Bush public house.


Plumb Point Lighthouse

Plumb Point Lighthouse is an active 19th century heritage lighthouse, located on the Palisadoes a narrow peninsular that connects Port Royal to the mainland. The light helps guide shipping into Kingston Harbour.
Built in 1853 it is claimed that the light at the lighthouse has gone out only once since then, during the 1907 earthquake. The stone and cast iron tower with lantern and gallery shows a white light visible for about over the entrance of the eastern navigable channel and a red light over the south channel which is visible for .
The entire lighthouse is painted white and is in the historic Port Royal Protected Area, which the government hopes to develop as a tourist attraction. It is positioned about east of Port Royal and the entrance to Kingston Harbour near Norman Manley International Airport.
It is maintained by the Port Authority of Jamaica, an agency of the Ministry of Transport and Works.


Murinsel

The Murinsel (German, literally "Mur island") in Graz, Austria, is an artificial floating "island" in the middle of the Mur river and links the two banks on both sides. At night the blue navigation lights that surround the structure light up. This landmark of Graz was designed by New York City artist Vito Acconci on the occasion of Graz becoming the 2003 European Capital of Culture.
Described by the artist as "A bowl that morphs into a dome that morphs into a bowl…" Mur Island is in the form of a giant sea shell and measures in length. Two footbridges connect it with both banks of the Mur. The center of the platform forms an amphitheatre. Below a twisted round dome there is a café and a playground.
External links.
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Robert Wan Pearl Museum

The Robert Wan Pearl Museum is the world's only museum dedicated to pearls. It is in Papeete, Tahiti, the capital of French Polynesia.
Overview.
The Pearl Museum recounts the history of the pearl throughout the world, the fascination it aroused in important persons, the legends, the habits, and the technical sides of perliculture. Robert Wan's private collection is on exhibit, featuring the largest Tahitian pearl in the world.