Lucky Wijayaratne

Major General Chulabhaya Lakshman 'Lucky' Wijayaratne RWP, RSP, M.Sc, LI was a Sri Lankan army officer, who was one of the most distinguished Generals in the Sri Lanka army. Major General Wijayaratne died on 18 December 1990 at the 10th milepost along Trincomalee-Anuradhapura road due to a landmine explosion. He was the commander of 22 brigade based in Trincomalee at the time of his death and played a pivotal role in the government’s counter terrorism offensive in the district. Major General Wijayaratne was the senior most Sri Lankan military officer to die from a terrorist attack up to that time.
Early life and career.
Lucky Wijayaratne was born on 30 October 1944 to a well respected family in Galle and his father was a reputed ayurvedic physician in the area. He was educated at Mahinda College, Galle, where he was a member of the school Cadet Corps. After finishing the school education he opted for the military service on 26 March 1964, after joining the Sri Lanka Army as a Cadet Officer in the Sri Lanka Military Academy.
After completing the initial training successfully he was proceeded to the Pakistan Military Academy for advanced training. He followed many military courses, both in Sri Lanka and overseas and his high performance levels at those military training centres earned him a scholarship for postgraduate studies (MSc.) in Strategic Warfare at Aberdeen University in Scotland.
During his military career, he began to perform well since the early days he joined as a commissioned officer in the Sri Lanka Light Infantry. After he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel on 20 July 1985, he had the opportunity to serve as the Commandant of Infantry Training School at Minneriya, Staff Officer-I at Joint Operations Headquarters, Coordinating Officer for Uva, Matara and Trincomalee, Commanding Officer, 1 SLLI, etc. Lucky Wijayaratne was an officer who believed in strict discipline, commitment and dedication to achieve success in all assignments he was entrusted.
He was well endowed with a keen foresight which helped him to pre-empt many possible impending enemy attacks with the operations he carefully planned and carried out in the battlefield, specially against the LTTE.
Death.
The Tamil Tigers always felt the heat of his strong presence in the east and treated him as threat to their activities in the Eastern province. Although they could not take his life several times as planned, one of the deadly landmine blasts of the LTTE finished the life of the valiant battle-hardened army officer Lakshman Wijayaratne on 18 December 1990, while he was serving as the Area Commander of the 22 Brigade in Trincomalee. Major General Lakshman Wijayaratne, Police Superintendent Richard Wijesekara and six army soldiers were killed, when the vehicle they traveled was hit by a LTTE land mine at Morayaya along Trincomalee-Anuradhapura road. They were returning from a refugee camp near Horowupatana in Tricomalee, where they had met with refugees to ask them to return to their villages after LTTE had been driven out of the area.
Awards.
Major General Lakshman Wijayaratne was awarded with several medals and decorations by the government of Sri Lanka and Sri Lanka Army, including Rana Wickrama Padakkama (RWP), Rana Sura Padakkama (RSP), Vadamarachchi Operation Medal, Purna Bhumi Medal and President’s Medal to commemorate his valuable dedication and service to the country.


Thomas Oakes (engineer)

Thomas Oakes (died 1823) was the Chief Engineer of the Schuylkill Navigation Company. He was responsible for the design and early construction of the Navigation's Schuylkill River canals in the early 19th century. Oakes was also instrumental in the design of the Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia, and its original three waterwheels in particular.
The Oakes Canal (reach) of the Schuylkill Navigation is named for him, as well as the nearby village of Oaks, Pennsylvania.
Oakes died after the completion of the Oakes Reach in 1821, from the typhoid fever that was plaguing the canal workers.


List of flute makers

The following are flute makers who produce a wide variety of flutes from an equally wide variety of materials:


Ashiqur Rahman

Ashiqur Rahman is a Bangladeshi television director, film maker, and screenwriter. He has directed five action films: "Kistimaat", "Gangster Returns", "Musafir", "Operation Agneepath" and "Super Hero" . He wrote all except "Kistimaat".
Early life.
Ashiqur Rahman was born in Dhaka. He completed his Bachelor in Civil Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). Later Ashiqur Rahman graduated from University of Technology Sydney in Master of Civil and Environmental Engineering and from the University of Dhaka he completed Master in Television & Film Studies.
Ashiqur Rahman is member of BFDC Cinematographers Association and Member of BFDC Film Directors Association.
He is also a member of Australian Director Guild and Engineers Australia.
Career.
In April 2013, Rahman began shooting for TV a script he coauthored with Shimon Mahmud. The action story drama serial, tentatively titled "Gangster", starred Ziaul Faruq Apurba, was being produced by Intract Film and Media, and was planned to be broadcast on satellite channel Asian TV. When Asian TV saw clips of the first phase of shooting, they suggested it be made as a movie instead, produced jointly by Asian TV and Saiful Azim. By November, the project was retitled "Gangster Returns".
Meanwhile, Rahman began shooting action film "Kistimaat", which was released in 2014. "Gangster Returns" eventually released on 27 November 2015.
Rahman's third film, which he also wrote, is action thriller "Musafir". It released on 22 April 2016, and was well received by audiences. Fahmim Ferdous of "The Daily Star" praised the attempt to tell an original story, the dialog, and cinematography, but found that some scenes were unnecessary, and the plot didn't entirely hold together. He wrote, "Ashiqur Rahman has shown promise, and one can only hope he gets better." The Rahman-directed short musical film "Sarangshe Tumi" also premiered in April. After four years away from TV production, Rahman directed the action drama "Princess" for Asian TV. Late in 2016, he was filming "Operation Agneepath".
Filmography.
Career in documentary making
Career in music video production


Metal Shading Language


USS Baron DeKalb

USS "Baron DeKalb" (1861) was a gunboat constructed for the Union Navy by James B. Eads during the American Civil War.
USS "Baron DeKalb", named after General Baron DeKalb of Hüttendorf near Erlangen, in present-day Bavaria, was originally named Saint Louis, and was one of seven City-class ironclads built at Carondelet, Missouri and Mound City, Illinois, for the Western Gunboat Flotilla.
These ironclads were shallow draft with a center driven paddle wheel. They were partially armored and slow and very hard to steer in the currents of rivers. This ironclad was also vulnerable to plunging fire and also by hits in their un-armored areas. Called "Pook Turtles" for the designer, they did yeoman service through four years of war and were present at almost every battle on the Mississippi River and its tributaries.
Built in St. Louis, Missouri in 1861.
Originally built as "St. Louis", the stern wheel casemate gunboat was built by James B. Eads, at the Union Marine Works at Carondelet, Missouri, for the U.S. War Department. She was launched in St. Louis, Missouri, October 12, 1861 and joined the Western Gunboat Flotilla.
Civil War service.
Assigned to Union Army operations.
During 1862 "St. Louis", under the command of Lieutenant L. Paulding USN, was attached to Rear Admiral Andrew Hull Foote's squadron and participated in the Battle of Lucas Bend and the capture of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River (February 6, 1862). She served as flagship for the squadron when it assisted the Union Army at the capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (February 14–16, 1862). Between April and June 1862, she operated against Fort Pillow, Tennessee.
"St. Louis" was renamed "Baron De Kalb" September 8, 1862. This change was apparently in anticipation of the vessel's transfer from the War Department to the Navy Department, there already being a in commission with the Navy.
Reassigned to the Union Navy.
On October 1, 1862 "Baron De Kalb" was transferred to the Navy Department. During December 21–28 she took part in the Yazoo Expedition and participated in the action at Drumgould's Bluff (December 28). Four of "Baron De Kalb's" sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the expedition: Ordinary Seaman Peter Cotton, Captain of the Forecastle Pierre Leon, Boatswain's Mate John McDonald, and Boatswain's Mate Charles Robinson.
During 1863 "Baron De Kalb" took part in the capture of Arkansas Post (January 10–11); expedition up the White River (January 12–14); Yazoo Pass Expedition (February 20 – April 5); action at Fort Pemberton (March 11–13); action at Haines' Bluff (April 29–2 May, May 18); action at Yazoo City, Mississippi (20–23 May); and the Yazoo River Expedition (24–31 May).
Sunk by mine.
On July 13, 1863 "Baron De Kalb" was sunk by a mine (then called a "torpedo") in the Yazoo River, one mile below Yazoo City, Mississippi.
Armament.
Like many of the Mississippi theater ironclads, "Baron Dekalb" had its armament changed multiple times over life of the vessel. To expedite the entrance of "Baron DeKalb" into service, she and the other City-class ships were fitted with whatever weapons were available; then had their weapons upgraded as new pieces became available. Though the Dahlgren smoothbore cannons were fairly modern most of the other original armaments were antiquated; such as the 32-pounders, or modified; such as the 42-pounder "rifles" which were in fact, old smoothbores that had been gouged out to give them rifling. These 42-pounder weapons were of particular concern to military commanders because they were structurally weaker and more prone to exploding than purpose-built rifled cannons. Additionally, the close confines of riverine combat greatly increased the threat of boarding parties. The 12-pounder howitzer was equipped to address that concern and was not used in regular combat.


James Allen (Army engineer)

James Allen (February 15, 1806 – August 23, 1846) was a U.S. Army officer who organized the Mormon Battalion and was commander of Fort Des Moines (1843–1846), the fort from which the City of Des Moines grew. He was also in charge of improvements to the harbor of Chicago as well as producing maps of the U.S. frontier.
Allen was born in Ohio. He graduated from West Point in 1829. In 1832, he accompanied Henry Schoolcraft on an expedition to the headwaters of the Mississippi River, which led to Allen producing the first accurate map showing the lakes and streams of the headwaters. In 1833 he was assigned to the First Regiment of Dragoons, where he served as an engineer in the exploration of the Indian country of the Southwest. Allen oversaw improvements to the harbor of Chicago in 1834. In 1842 he was transferred to Iowa, taking charge of the Sac and Fox Agency ("Fort Sanford") and then Fort Des Moines No. 2. After Fort Des Moines No. 2 was abandoned in 1846, it became the core of what is now the modern City of Des Moines.
He was sent to Mt. Pisgah, Iowa, to a camp of homeless Latter-day Saints who had been driven from their homes by anti-Mormon mobs, to recruit a battalion of 500 men to fight in the Mexican–American War. Initially the Mormons were suspicious of him, but after he met with Mormon leader Brigham Young, Young fully endorsed the plan.
Allen served as the commanding officer (with the acting rank of lieutenant colonel) of the Battalion from the July 16, 1846 until his death on August 23, 1846. He was the first officer buried at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery.


Mae Reeves

Mae Reeves (October 29, 1912 – December 14, 2016) was a pioneering milliner who was famous for her custom-made hats. She was active in her field from 1940 until 1997.
Early life.
Mae Reeves was born Lula Mae Grant, on October 29, 1912, in Vidalia, Georgia, to Samuel and Bessie Grant. She was the second oldest of 6 siblings.
Education.
When she was 16 years old Reeves enrolled in Georgia State Teacher's College, in Savannah. After receiving her teaching credential, she began work as a teacher in Lyons, Georgia. She also wrote for the Savannah Tribune about social, school and church issues. Reeves attended the Chicago School of Millinery during her summers away from teaching, learning how to make "one of a kind" handmade hats.
Career.
In 1934 Reeves moved to Philadelphia to work at a women's clothing shop on South Street. She created many hats while employed there, but her dream was to open her own hat shop, which she did in 1942.
Reeves received a $500 bank loan from Citizens and Southern Bank, and at the age of 28 she opened "Mae's Millinery Shop," located at 1630 South Street. By so doing she became one of the first African American women to own her own business in downtown Philadelphia.
Her clients included celebrities such as Ella Fitzgerald, Lena Horne, Eartha Kitt, Marian Anderson, and socialites from illustrious families, including the DuPonts and the Annenbergs. Women from all professions and from church also came to purchase hats from Reeves. She made trips to New York City and Paris to procure materials for her specialty, custom-made hats.
In 1953 Reeves opened a second shop near other successful businesses at 41 North 60th Street. She continued to create hats until 1997, when she was 85 years old. That year the hat shop closed, and several years later Reeves moved to a retirement home. Reeves' daughter Donna Limerick arranged for the contents of the shop to be donated to the Smithsonian.
Community life and professional organizations.
Reeves and her husband Joel belonged to Our Lady of the Rosary Church for 40 years. She was a member of the Ladies Auxiliary of the Knights of Columbus, the National Association of Fashion and Accessory Designers, and the NAACP. She was also the president of the 60th Street Business Association.
Honors and recognition.
July 27, 2010 was declared "Hats Off to Mae Day," by the city of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter awarded her the prestigious Philadelphia Liberty Bell prize. The celebration was organized by the Philadelphia Retail Marketing Alliance and hosted by the African American Museum of Philadelphia.
She was honored with the "Pioneer" award from the Philadelphia Multicultural Affairs Congress on October 29, 2010, on her 98th birthday.
Smithsonian.
The Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture obtained Reeves' collection of vintage hats, and antique furniture from her millinery shop, in addition to other personal items, in 2009. In 2016 the museum opened with a permanent exhibit of Reeves' extensive collection, including the shop's original red-neon sign, sewing machine, and antique furniture.
Personal life.
Reeves was first married to William Mincey, whom she met while teaching in Lyons. Together they had one son, William "Sonny" Mincey, Jr. In 1944 she married Joel Reeves, who worked at the Philadelphia Inquirer and also owned a catering company. They had two children together, Donna Limerick Pitsenberger,(former NPR producer) and Reginald Reeves.
When Reeves died on December 14, 2016 she was survived by nine grandchildren, thirteen great-grandchildren, and eight great-great grandchildren.


Connecting rod

A connecting rod is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces from the piston. In its most common form, in an internal combustion engine, it allows pivoting on the piston end and rotation on the shaft end.
The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of the water wheel into reciprocating motion.
The most common usage of connecting rods is in internal combustion engines or on steam engines.
Origins.
The earliest evidence for a connecting rod appears in the late 3rd century AD Roman Hierapolis sawmill. It also appears in two 6th century Eastern Roman saw mills excavated at Ephesus respectively Gerasa. The crank and connecting rod mechanism of these Roman watermills converted the rotary motion of the waterwheel into the linear movement of the saw blades.
In Renaissance Italy, the earliest evidence of a − albeit mechanically misunderstood − compound crank and connecting-rod is found in the sketch books of Taccola. A sound understanding of the motion involved displays the painter Pisanello (d. 1455) who showed a piston-pump driven by a water-wheel and operated by two simple cranks and two connecting-rods.
By the 16th century, evidence of cranks and connecting rods in the technological treatises and artwork of Renaissance Europe becomes abundant; Agostino Ramelli's "The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines" of 1588 alone depicts eighteen examples, a number which rises in the "Theatrum Machinarum Novum" by Georg Andreas Böckler to 45 different machines.
An early documentation of the design occurred sometime between 1174—1206 AD in the Artuqid State (modern Turkey), when inventor Al-Jazari described a machine which incorporated the connecting rod with a crankshaft to pump water as part of a water-raising machine.
Steam engines.
The 1712 Newcomen atmospheric engine (the first steam engine) used chain drive instead of a connecting rod, since the piston only produced force in one direction. However, most steam engines after this are double-acting, therefore the force is produced in both directions, leading to the use of a connecting rod. The typical arrangement uses a large sliding bearing block called a crosshead with the hinge between the piston and connecting rod placed outside the cylinder, requiring a seal around the piston rod.
In a steam locomotive, the cranks are usually mounted directly on the driving wheels. The connecting rod is used between the crank pin on the wheel and the crosshead (where it connects to the piston rod). The equivalent connecting rods on diesel locomotives are called 'side rods' or 'coupling rods'. On smaller steam locomotives, the connecting rods are usually of rectangular cross-section, however marine-type rods of circular cross-section have occasionally been used.
On paddle steamers, the connecting rods are called 'pitmans' (not to be mistaken for pitman arms).
Internal combustion engines.
A connecting rod for an internal combustion engine consists of the 'big end', 'rod' and 'small end' (or 'little end'). The small end attaches to the gudgeon pin (also called 'piston pin' or 'wrist pin'), which can swivel in the piston. Typically, the big end connects to the crankpin using a plain bearing to reduce friction; however some smaller engines may instead use a rolling-element bearing, in order to avoid the need for a pumped lubrication system.
Typically there is a pinhole bored through the bearing on the big end of the connecting rod so that lubricating oil squirts out onto the thrust side of the cylinder wall to lubricate the travel of the pistons and piston rings.
A connecting rod can rotate at both ends, so that the angle between the connecting rod and the piston can change as the rod moves up and down and rotates around the crankshaft.
Materials.
The materials used for connecting rods widely vary, including carbon steel, iron base sintered metal, micro-alloyed steel,
spheroidized graphite cast iron. In mass-produced automotive engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel. In high performance applications, "billet" connecting rods can be used, which are machined out of a solid billet of metal, rather than being cast or forged.
Other materials include T6-2024 aluminium alloy or T651-7075 aluminium alloy, which are used for lightness and the ability to absorb high impact at the expense of durability. Titanium is a more expensive option which reduces the weight. Cast iron can be used for cheaper, lower performance applications such as motor scooters.
Failure during operation.
During each rotation of the crankshaft, a connecting rod is often subject to large and repetitive forces: shear forces due to the angle between the piston and the crankpin, compression forces as the piston moves downwards, and tensile forces as the piston moves upwards. These forces are proportional to the engine speed (RPM) squared.
Failure of a connecting rod, often called "throwing a rod", is one of the most common causes of catastrophic engine failure in cars, frequently driving the broken rod through the side of the crankcase and thereby rendering the engine irreparable. Common causes of connecting rod failure are tensile failure from high engine speeds, the impact force when the piston hits a valve (due to a valvetrain problem), rod bearing failure (usually due to a lubrication problem, or incorrect installation of the connecting rod.
Cylinder wear.
The sideways force exerted on the piston through the connecting rod by the crankshaft can cause the cylinders to wear into an oval shape. This significantly reduces engine performance, since the circular piston rings are unable to properly seal against the oval-shaped cylinder walls.
The amount of sideways force is proportional to the angle of the connecting rod, therefore longer connecting rods will reduce the amount of sideways force and engine wear. However, the maximum length of a connecting rod is constrained by the engine block size; the stroke length plus the connecting rod length must not result in the piston travelling past the top of the engine block.
Master-and-slave rods.
Radial engines typically use master-and-slave connecting rods, whereby one piston (the uppermost piston in the animation), has a master rod with a direct attachment to the crankshaft. The remaining pistons pin their connecting rods' attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod.
Multi-bank engines with many cylinders, such as V12 engines, have little space available for many connecting rod journals on a limited length of crankshaft. The simplest solution, as used in most road car engines, is for each pair of cylinders to share a crank journal, but this reduces the size of the rod bearings and means that matching (ie. opposite) cylinders in the different banks are slightly offset along the crankshaft axis (which creates a rocking couple). Another solution is to use master-and-slave connecting rods, where the master rod also includes one or more ring pins which are connected to the big ends of slave rods on other cylinders. A drawback of master-slave rods is that the slave pistons' strokes will be slightly longer than that of the master piston, which increases vibration in V engines.
One of the most complicated examples of master-and-slave connecting rods is the 24-cylinder Junkers Jumo 222 experimental airplane engine developed for World War II. This engine consisted of six banks of cylinders, each with four cylinders per bank. Each "layer" of six cylinders used one master connecting rod, with the other five cylinders using slave rods. Approximately 300 test engines were built, however the engine did not reach production.
Fork-and-blade rods.
Fork-and-blade rods, also known as "split big-end rods", have been used on V-twin motorcycle engines and V12 aircraft engines. For each pair of cylinders, a "fork" rod is split in two at the big end and the "blade" rod from the opposing cylinder is thinned to fit into this gap in the fork. This arrangement removes the rocking couple that is caused when cylinder pairs are offset along the crankshaft.
A common arrangement for the big-end bearing is for the fork rod to have a single wide bearing sleeve that spans the whole width of the rod, including the central gap. The blade rod then runs, not directly on the crankpin, but on the outside of this sleeve. This causes the two rods to oscillate back and forth (instead of rotating relative to each other), which reduces the forces on the bearing and the surface speed. However the bearing movement also becomes reciprocating rather than continuously rotating, which is a more difficult problem for lubrication.
Notable engines to use fork-and-blade rods include the Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 aircraft engine and various Harley Davidson V-twin motorcycle engines.


Harold Enlow

Harold Enlow began woodcarving in the 1960s while stationed in Okinawa, Japan. He has become one of America's leading wood carvers. He is a member of Caricature Carvers of America.


American Gear Manufacturers Association

AGMA Today.
AGMA is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to write all U.S. standards on gearing, including terminology, nominal dimensions, tolerances, and tools for manufacturing and control. In 1993, AGMA became the Secretariat for Technical Committee 60 (TC 60) of ISO. TC 60 is the committee responsible for developing all international gearing standards. In addition to the position of Secretariat, AGMA also chairs one-third of the active ISO Working Groups related to gearing.
AGMA hosts the industry's trade show, Motion & Power Technology Expo (MPT Expo), every two years. MPT Expo is the only trade show dedicated to the complete gear manufacturing process.
The AGMA Fall Technical Meeting provides paper presentations on the latest applied technical research in the gear and power transmission industry. The FTM is held annually at a different location in the United States each year. It is often held in conjunction with the Gear Expo.


William Lloyd (engineer)

William Lloyd (12 October 1822 – 15 July 1905) was a British railway engineer who was instrumental in the construction of several railways in the Americas.
Career.
William Lloyd started his engineering career while serving five years pupilage to Mr Joseph Gibbs. He was given this position by Gibbs to make a survey of ironworks at Marquise in France and to lay out a railway line to the port of Ambleteuse. After completing this line he was given the post of Resident Engineer on a section of the French Northern Railway. He returned to England in 1844 where he worked on various rail projects for eight years under Mr George Stephenson and Mr George Parker Bidder.
In 1853 he was employed by the Swedish Government Railways to undertake surveys and was elected a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers on 7 March 1854
In 1863, on the recommendation of Mr Robert Stephenson, Lloyd was appointed engineer to the government of Chile to carry out construction of railways in Chile and Peru, including the Santiago to Valparaiso line. An account of this construction was presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1864 and he was awarded a Telford medal and premium for this.
When the Chilean Railway was completed in 1864, William Lloyd was appointed Director for the construction of a Mexican railway. The line was to be 300 miles long starting from Mexico City and finishing in Veracruz and featured a gradient of 1:25 for some 23 miles. Most of the line was completed until the Mexican Revolution stopped further work.
Lloyd went on to complete projects in Argentina and Guatemala as well as undertaking an extensive exploration and survey for the Brazilian Government. This project was 1,000 miles in length from Curitibe to Matto Grosso, going through unknown and dense primeval forest. A copy of this report and survey is also in the Library of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
In 1881 Lloyd became Director of the Valparaiso Drainage Company, completing many works within the city. An Anglican church constructed in 1858 called Inglesia Anglicana San Pablo which stands on the Cerro Concepcion, was built by William Lloyd, this church was made a national monument in 1979.
In 1888, Lloyd went to California and Arizona reporting on the mines in these states.
He returned home in st Johns Wood, London where he died on 15 July 1905 at the age of 82.
He wrote a book titled "A railway pioneer : Notes by a civil engineer in Europe and America from 1838 to 1888".


Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster

The Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster was a large-scale incident of occupational silicosis as the result of the construction of the Hawks Nest Tunnel near Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, as part of a hydroelectric project. This project is considered to be one of the worst industrial disasters in American history.
Tunnel.
To generate electricity for a plant downstream at Alloy, Union Carbide's Kanawha and New River Power Company subsidiary decided to divert the New River to improve its power generation ability. Beginning in 1927, its contractor Rinehart & Dennis began construction of the tunnel carrying the river under Gauley Mountain. A dam was constructed immediately below Hawks Nest to divert most of the New River flow into the tunnel. It then re-enters the river near Gauley Bridge leaving a section known as "the Dries" in between.
Silica.
During the construction of the tunnel, workers found the mineral silica and were asked to mine it for use in electroprocessing steel. Facing widespread unemployment during the Great Depression, about three thousand men came to West Virginia to dig the tunnel. They worked ten- to fifteen-hour shifts, using drills and dynamite to mine the sandstone, which has a high silica content. The workers completed the project more than twice as fast as original projections. They were not given any masks or breathing equipment to use while mining, although management wore such equipment during inspection visits. They were denied breaks and even forced to work at gunpoint. As a result of the exposure to silica dust, many workers developed silicosis, a debilitating lung disease caused by the effects of silica dust in the lungs. A large number of the workers eventually died from silicosis, in some cases as quickly as within a year.
There are no definitive statistics as to the death toll from the Hawks Nest disaster. According to a historical marker on site, there were 109 admitted deaths. A Congressional hearing placed the death toll at 476. Other sources range from 700 to over 1,000 deaths amongst the 3,000 workers. Many of the workers at the site were African-Americans from the southern United States who returned home or left the region after becoming sick, making it difficult to calculate an accurate total.
Hawks Nest Workers Memorial and a Grave Site.
"Hawks Nest Workers Memorial and a Grave Site" is located at 98 Hilltop Drive in Mount Lookout, near Summersville Lake and U.S. Route 19 (). The site is located several miles from Martha White’s farm at Summersville where many of the black miners were buried, since they were not allowed to be buried in "white" cemeteries. The Memorial has the following text:
 This Memorial honors an estimated 764 tunnel workers who died from mining a 3.8 mile tunnel through Gauley Mountain to divert water from the New River to a hydroelectric plant near Gauley Bridge in 1930-31. The tunnel cut through almost pure silica in some areas and exposed the unprotected workers to silica dust that quickly caused acute silicosis, a fatal lung disease. This disaster is considered America's worst industrial accident. Workers in the tunnel were primarily migrant workers, mostly black, who were paid a few dollars per day. When they became sick, many were driven out of the camps to die elsewhere. Those African Americans who died in the camps could not be buried in local "white" cemeteries. A few were sent by rail back to their families. More were taken at night under the cover of darkness to Summersville and buried unceremoniously on a farm. Later these graves had to be moved to widen US Route 19. The remains were disinterred in 1972 and transported several miles to the present site. The decomposed remains we placed in child size coffins and reburied here, resulting about 48 small grave depressions seen at this grave site.
The memorial was created at the site, unmarked for 40 years, where Department of Highways reburied the bodies of about 48 miners while widening U.S. Route 19. The location of the site was rediscovered with help of West Virginia State University professor Richard Hartman, after local couple George and Charlotte Neilan spearheaded effort to build the memorial in 2009. The Memorial was dedicated on September 7, 2012.
There is also a "Historical Marker" at nearby Hawks Nest State Park, which reads:
Construction of nearby tunnel, diverting waters of New River through Gauley Mt for hydroelectric power, resulted in state's worst industrial disaster. Silica rock dust caused 109 admitted deaths in mostly black, migrant underground work force of 3,000. Congressional hearing placed toll at 476 for 1930-35. Tragedy brought recognition of acute silicosis as occupational lung disease and compensation legislation to protect workers.


Grand-Moulin station

Grand-Moulin is a commuter rail station operated by Exo in Deux-Montagnes, Quebec, Canada.
It is served by the Deux-Montagnes line.
History.
The station opened in 1925 as the original Gare Deux-Montagnes. The station took on its present name in 1995 after the modernization of the Deux-Montagnes line was completed and a new Deux-Montagnes station was built close to boul. Deux-Montagnes.


Spherical pendulum

In physics, a spherical pendulum is a higher dimensional analogue of the pendulum. It consists of a mass "m" moving without friction on the surface of a sphere. The only forces acting on the mass are the reaction from the sphere and gravity.
Owing to the spherical geometry of the problem, spherical coordinates are used to describe the position of the mass in terms of ("r", "θ", "φ"), where "r" is fixed, "r"="l".
Lagrangian mechanics.
Routinely, in order to write down the kinetic formula_1 and potential formula_2 parts of the Lagrangian formula_3 in arbitrary generalized coordinates the position of the mass is expressed along Cartesian axes. Here, following the conventions shown in the diagram,
Next, time derivatives of these coordinates are taken, to obtain velocities along the axes
Thus,
and
The Lagrangian, with constant parts removed, is
The Euler–Lagrange equation involving the polar angle formula_14
gives
and
When formula_18 the equation reduces to the differential equation for the motion of a simple gravity pendulum.
Similarly, the Euler–Lagrange equation involving the azimuth formula_19,
gives
The last equation shows that angular momentum around the vertical axis, formula_22 is conserved. The factor formula_23 will play a role in the Hamiltonian formulation below.
The second order differential equation determining the evolution of formula_19 is thus
The azimuth formula_19, being absent from the Lagrangian, is a cyclic coordinate, which implies that its conjugate momentum is a constant of motion.
The conical pendulum refers to the special solutions where formula_27 and formula_28 is a constant not depending on time.
Hamiltonian mechanics.
The Hamiltonian is
where conjugate momenta are
and
In terms of coordinates and momenta it reads
formula_32
Hamilton's equations will give time evolution of coordinates and momenta in four first-order differential equations
Momentum formula_37 is a constant of motion. That is a consequence of the rotational symmetry of the system around the vertical axis.
Trajectory.
Trajectory of the mass on the sphere can be obtained from the expression for the total energy
by noting that the vertical component of angular momentum formula_39 is a constant of motion, independent of time.
Hence
which leads to an elliptic integral of the first kind for formula_14
and an elliptic integral of the third kind for formula_19
The angle formula_14 lies between two circles of latitude, where


Edward C. Harwood

Edward C. Harwood (October 28, 1900 – December 16, 1980) was a 20th-century economist, philosopher of science, and investment advisor who is most known for founding the nonprofit American Institute for Economic Research (AIER) in 1933, which survives today in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. AIER is a scientific research organization specialized in economics. It is one of the oldest nonprofit research organizations in the U.S. It is the parent of a for-profit subsidiary, American Investment Services, Inc.
Harwood also established the Behavioral Research Council (BRC) in the early 1950s with two sociologists, George A. Lundberg and Stuart C. Dodd, both professors at the University of Washington. BRC was taken over by AIER in 1984, but some of its work continues tangentially at another nonprofit entity Harwood created called the Progress Foundation (PF), now based in Zurich, Switzerland. More specifically, today PF concerns itself with "conducting and disseminating independent research that fosters greater understanding of the factors that contribute to human progress".
Early life and education.
Harwood was born near Boston, Massachusetts, on October 28, 1900. His family moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, when he was a child. His undergraduate work took place at West Point, from which he graduated as a military engineer in 1920. Before and after two four-year stints on army bases in North Carolina and the Territory of Hawaii, he spent several years at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) earning his three degrees, a B.S., a M.Eng., and an M.B.A. In the early 1930s, he was appointed assistant professor of military science and tactics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts. After four years there, he was sent to Boston, where he oversaw the widening of the Cape Cod Canal for the War Department's Corps of engineers. Meanwhile, he was also appointed acting corps area engineer for the Works Project Administration's Civilian Conservation Corps program.
Career.
While living in the Cambridge area, Harwood associated with a number of businessmen and academics who were interested in his business cycle research. One of them was Vannevar Bush, then vice president of MIT, who, along with others, encouraged him to found the scientific research nonprofit AIER. He did so in 1933 and began publishing a newsletter for the educated layperson. The newsletters described the ramifications of current economic events and the results of statistical research on the business cycle and various market sectors. AIER's first booklet publication was "What Will Devaluation Mean To You?" Soon, AIER registered with the SEC and began publishing investment advice and managing a few customer accounts. Today, this work is carried on by a wholly owned subsidiary, American Investment Services, Inc.
Harwood became a popular speaker on the problems with monetary inflation and began touring the country and speaking to bankers associations and other professional groups. He retired from military service in 1938 and took up full-time economic and philosophical research at AIER, which was now housed in a building just off the Harvard campus in Cambridge.
His research and writing activities were interrupted in 1941, when he re-enlisted in the army to serve two years in England and two more in the Pacific on the islands of Leyte and Luzon under General "Pat" Casey and General Douglas MacArthur. Harwood advanced to the rank of colonel and earned the Legion of Merit and a Bronze Star Medal.
After his return, he devoted the rest of his life to his work in economics, investing, and scientific methodology. He resided for the most part in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and also spent time in Bermuda; Lugano, Switzerland; and Montecito, California.
He was married twice, first to Harriet Haynes with whom he had three children (Marjorie, Edward, and Richard) and then to Helen Fowle with whom he had four children (William, Eve, Frederick, and Katherine). When he died, he had thirteen grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
Economics and philosophy of science.
Harwood was an autodidact in economics in the style of Henry George, although he got two Masters degrees from RPI, one in civil engineering and one in business administration. Harwood's private studies on economics and on the philosophy of science began as a vocation in his early twenties, in the well-stocked libraries of the various Army bases where he resided. By 1928, he had become so learned that his articles on business and monetary conditions were published in well-known financial periodicals of the day such as "The Annalist" [sic] (a New York Times Company publication later sold to "Business Week"), "Barron's", the "Wall Street Magazine", "Coast Investor & Industrial Review", "Bankers Magazine", and others. By the time he was 40, more than 80 articles had been published.
His study of banking history and of the American economy convinced him in the late 1920s that the U.S. was headed for a crisis, and he predicted this in a number of his articles (see a few listed below). In 1932 he wrote his first full-length book, "Cause and Control of the Business Cycle", and it was published by the Financial Publishing Company of Boston, Massachusetts. For its exposition of monetary phenomena in clear layperson's language, the book earned a recommendation of the Book-of-the-Month Club and was used as a college text by professors at Dartmouth and Stanford. The book sets forth his economic theories and gives Harwood's intricately derived but simply illustrated graph (the Harwood Index of Inflating) showing the amount of purchasing media in circulation, divided into various subcategories that are either "inflationary" or "noninflationary," according to clearly explained definitions.
Harwood's detailed analysis of statistics and economic history led him to a number of what he considered to be "warranted assertions". One of these was the following: that two market-evolved monetary mechanisms functioned relatively well together, and they were the cornerstones of several healthy national economies, at least up until the creation of the Federal Reserve System. These two mechanisms were (1) the gold standard, and (2) what he called "sound commercial banking". Sound commercial banking, in his view, required three things: (1) the separation of the commercial banking function from the investment banking function; (2) that commercial banks be the only entities allowed to create and issue self-liquidating money (or what he preferred to call "purchasing media") based only upon commercial transactions for things coming to market in the short term; and (3) that investment banking departments should not create money, but rather only issue credit based on real savings, which are, in fact, claims on existing things, i.e. delayed consumption. Harwood's analysis brought him to the further conclusion that the abandonment of the gold standard, the loss of sound commercial banking principles, and the subtle growth of the Federal Reserve's powers to create money in place and stead of the commercial banks would, in the long run, disrupt monetary equilibrium and undermine the U.S. dollar.
He defined purchasing media for the academic community in very specific terms. However, for the layperson, he recommended that people think of purchasing media as coins, paper currency, or checks that are claims on goods or services, much as is implied in the expression "promissory notes." He used the metaphor of a baggage claim check. Banks issuing paper notes should only do so, he claimed, in direct ratio to the amount of gold in their vaults (under a gold standard) and to the things their customers were bringing to market; and any issuance above that amount would be, by definition, "inflationary," i.e. it will tend to cause price increases over and above those caused by direct cause-effect relationships among normal supply and demand forces. Such "inflationary" price increases are different from those caused, for example, by a shortage of supply or by a rise in demand, because they are caused by a devaluation of the purchasing media itself through excessive issuance.
Not only did Harwood predict the Great Depression, but he was one of the first investment advisors to steer his clients into gold-related investments before the 1970s dollar devaluation and abandonment of the gold standard. By the late 1950s Harwood had concluded that monetary policy would lead to the depreciation of the dollar. By 1958 his research noted an outflow of gold from the U.S. and the beginning of an increase in the gold price on the London market. By September 1958 he was predicting another devaluation of the dollar and began recommending the purchase of gold mining shares to protect one's savings. This fact probably makes him one of the original Gold Bugs of the 20th century.
BRC, the nonprofit Harwood created with Lundberg and Dodd, set forth a set of rules for the methodology to be used in the social (otherwise known as behavioral) sciences (e.g., psychology, sociology, economics), which rules are similar to those so effectively used in the harder sciences (e.g., physics, biology, chemistry). What BRC referred to as the "transactional approach" (not to be confused with Transactional Analysis), followed very specific procedures of inquiry best described by John Dewey and Arthur F. Bentley in their book, "Knowing and the Known". Harwood also studied and adhered to some of the work of Charles Sanders Peirce and William James.
Early in his life, Harwood developed great respect for the Founding Fathers of America and for their forebears, who had developed a wise reverence for certain individual liberties, property rights, the sanctity of contracts, and the necessity to limit government from its own expansive tendencies; and for the protections of all of these that are embodied in the U.S. Constitution. His clear explanations of complicated monetary phenomena helped thousands of readers understand economic events and enabled them to preserve the value of their savings throughout the 20th century's monetary experiments on and off the gold standard. A couple of years before his death, Harwood was honored by becoming the first of three living economists to have his likeness engraved on a gold piece. The others were Nobel prizewinner Friedrich Hayek and well known economics author Henry Hazlitt. Harwood's colleagues nicknamed him "the George Washington of the modern sound money movement". AIER continues to serve the public today.


Jingdong Hua

Jingdong Hua is the Treasurer and Vice-President of the World Bank Group, appointed on 1 January 2019. He also serves as the Pension Finance Administrator of the World Bank Group.
Education.
Hua holds a bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from Qingdao University of Science and Technology, an MBA in Finance from the University of Texas at Arlington and an MPA from School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University.
Career.
Jingdong Hua started his career in 1983 with China National Chemical Construction Corporation. He then held a number of positions in the treasury departments of the Asian Development Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and the African Development Bank.
In 2009, he became Deputy-Treasurer of the Asian Development Bank. In 2011, he was appointed vice-president and Treasurer of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), where he worked on the establishment of a global treasury and the development of local currency debt capital markets.
In 2019, Hua succeeded Arunma Oteh as vice-president and Treasurer of the World Bank Group. In this position, he oversees the capital markets operations and is responsible for the World Bank's US$200 billion debt portfolio as well as an asset portfolio of nearly US$200 billion. Hua is also responsible for the debt issuance of the World Bank and the International Development Agency.


Charles Hawksley

Charles Hawksley (1839–1917) was a British civil engineer. Hawksley was born in Nottingham, England in 1839 and was the son of civil engineer Thomas Hawksley. He studied at University College London and after graduating entered into apprenticeship with his father's firm, which had been established in 1852 and specialised in water related projects. From 1857 Hawksley was, with his father, an adviser to the Great Yarmouth Waterworks Company and in 1866 became a partner in his father's firm. Hawksley worked extensively in the water industry and clients included the Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company, Sunderland and South Shields Water Company, Consett Waterworks, Weardale and Shildon District Waterworks and Durham County Water Board. Hawksley, with his father, built the Catcleugh Reservoir in Northumberland for the Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company between 1899 and 1905. In addition to his work on reservoirs, pipes and other infrastructure for the water companies he also undertook work for the Bishop Auckland District Gas Company.
Hawksley became a member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers in 1897 and would serve as their president in 1911. He also served as the 38th president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1901 to November 1902. In holding that office he followed in the footsteps of his father who had been the 16th president from December 1871 to December 1873. On 12 July 1907 Charles Hawksley established the Thomas Hawksley Fund on the centenary of his father's birth to provide a lasting memory for Thomas who had died in 1893. The fund was given to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, of which whose council he was a member, which used it to provide an annual lecture and medal the first of which was presented on 5 December 1913. Hawksley gave £4000 to Imperial College London's department of civil engineering which was used to construct a hydraulics laboratory shortly after the First World War. Charles Hawksley died in 1917. The Institution of Civil Engineers awards the Charles Hawksley Prize in his honour.
References.
Bibliography.


Travis Bean

Clifford Travis Bean (21 August 1947 – 10 July 2011, aged 63) was an American luthier and machinist from California.
In 1974, he partnered with Marc McElwee and Gary Kramer to start Travis Bean Guitars, which made high-end electric guitars and basses featuring machined aluminum necks. This was an unusual design, departing from more traditional wood necked instruments. The aluminum center section ran through the instrument body, with the pickups directly mounted to the aluminum. The majority of these instruments featured solid koa wood bodies and humbucker pickups. Though praised for their sound, the aluminum necks made Travis Bean guitars heavier than other electric guitars. Models included the Artist, Standard, Wedge (rare), and TB500 (rare) with single coil pickups.
Kramer and Bean parted ways in 1975, with the former starting Kramer Guitars. The first series of Kramer guitars were redesigned aluminum-necked instruments but utilizing wooden inserts along the back of the neck to cut down on weight and provide a more traditional feel; these modifications also avoided patent infringement of Travis Bean's original neck design.
Around 3,600 guitars and basses were produced between 1974 and 1979.
In the late 1990s, Bean teamed with master machinist/designer B. Kelly Condon and produced a run of 24 high end, custom instruments. These guitars and basses were aluminum-neck instruments, each machined from a 125-pound billet of 7075 aluminum. The pans weighed just over 4 pounds when finished and all were serial numbered and identified inside the pan.
A documentary called "Sustain" about Travis Bean guitars and the individuals that built these historic instruments and the players that play them (past and present) was reportedly in development in 2009.


Ethel Stein

Ethel Stein (1917–2018) was an American textile artist who lived in Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. While her work was primarily in weaving, her best known piece is the puppet Lamb Chop.
Early life and education.
Stein was born as Ethel Levy on June 22, 1917, to Tanya Levy in New York City. She was raised by her aunt and Uncle, Ella and Abbo Ostrowsky, in Croton-on-Hudson. Stein attended Hessian Hills school and was taught woodworking by sculptor Wharton and painting by painter/muralist/lithographer George Biddle In the latter half of the 1930s, she worked as an assistant at the Educational Alliance Art School where her uncle, Mr. Ostrowsky, was the director. While working there, Stein learned from sculptor Chaim Gross studying with Louise Nevelson. In the late 1930s Stein moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts where she studied with Josef Albers (husband of the weaver Anni Albers) and others who were associated with the Bauhaus movement. It was here that she met her husband, the architect Richard G. Stein, while he was doing his master's at Harvard. He served in World War II, after which the couple settled in Croton-on-Hudson.
Career.
Stein started out as a sculptor. In the 1960s she exhibited as a member of the Vectors artist group in New York City. After meeting Milton Sonday, the curator of textiles at Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, she became increasingly interested in textiles and studied the museum's collection of textiles. Stein studied historical textile techniques using a microscope to see how the textile was formed and sketching the treads. She used these techniques, along with her knowledge of loom technology, to experiment to create new and different works. Her woven works included geometric abstract works and figurative images, using bright colours, muted colours and monochromatic black/grey/white.
In Ikat, Stein created a technique that combined satin binding pattern with double ikat, such that the resist dyed warp and weft threads created a variation of colour intensity, and the weft-based pattern created a higher contrast than traditional ikat weavings.
As a weaver, Stein's professional circle included textile artists such as Lenore Tawney and Mary Walker Phillips.
Even into her 90s, Stein wove everyday in her studio.
Puppets.
Ethel Stein created puppets out of old socks, initially for her son's nursery school, before starting a business of it. She sold the puppets through a Manhattan department store. In 1953, one puppet went to television puppeteer, Shari Lewis, and became known as Lamb Chop. Stein created several puppets for Shari Lewis.
Death and legacy.
Ethel Stein died of complications from pneumonia on Friday, March 9, 2018 in Cortlandt, New York at the age of 100. Jack Lenor Larsen, a textile designer and author said of Stein, "Ethel Stein did not shun an audience; rather, she sidestepped the pervasive marketing focus of others." Daniel Walker, of the Art Institute of Chicago, called her a "weaver's weaver".
Work.
Major exhibitions.
Ethel Stein exhibited in group shows at major institutions in the United States including Cooper Hewitt, the American Craft Museum in New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, as well as exhibiting in England, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
In 2014, Ethel Stein had her first solo exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago at the age of 96.
Public collections.
Cooper-Hewitt


Philip Belt

Philip Ralph Belt (2 January 1927 - 11 May 2015) was a pioneering builder of pianos in historical style, in particular the 18th century instruments commonly called fortepianos. His pianos were modeled on instruments made by historical builders, particularly Johann Andreas Stein and Anton Walter. Belt's pianos played a role in the revival of performance on historical instruments that was an important trend in classical music in the second half of the 20th century and continues to this day.
Life.
Sources for Belt's life and work include a brief web-posted autobiography from 1996, as well as biographical articles prepared by Luis Sanchez (a fortepianist and academic), Peter O'Donnell (a fellow instrument builder), and journalists Thomas Kunkel and Rachel Sheeley. A brief article about Belt by Sanchez appears in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
Early life.
Belt grew up on a farm on the outskirts of Hagerstown, Indiana, a town of about 2,000 people. In his family there were two younger sisters and an older brother, who was killed in the Second World War. While young Belt showed a mechanical bent; starting at age 11 he built hundreds of model airplanes; eventually not from kits, but from scratch. According to O'Donnell, "In high school he took four years of metal shop, and even made a working one-cylinder engine." Sheeley continues, "His first job after graduating from Hagerstown High School in 1945 was to deliver cattle and horses to war-torn Poland. Back home, he began working in a New Castle music store." He first repaired band instruments, then learned the craft of piano tuning from a local tuner, then moved into maintenance and repair of pianos. His curiosity then led him to experiment with pianos, trying "with various kinds of wire and soundboard modifications to learn what he could about things that might affect a piano's sound" (O'Donnell).
Finding his métier.
His career as builder was launched by accident (Sheeley): "It was during Belt’s tenure with the ... music store that he was assigned to tune a piano in the [nearby] Cambridge City home of a childhood sweetheart. On that day in 1959, his former sweetheart showed him a family treasure, an antique German square piano brought to America by the family in the 1700s". The piano had been made by the German builder Christian Ernst Frederici in 1758. O'Donnell writes: "He made drawings, learned what he could about its origin, and decided to build a piano using it as the model: 'Something just clicked in my mind -- that's what I'd like to do.'"
Belt in the meantime left his home town and changed jobs, working in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in a wood shop making fine cabinetry. It was in Oak Ridge in the early 1960s that he succeeded in making a copy of the Frederici instrument. The Frederici copy led to the next step in Belt's career: in 1965 he was invited by Scott Odell, a curator of musical instruments at the Smithsonian Institution, to disassemble, measure, and make drawings of a fortepiano there, the work of Johann Lodewijk Dulcken. When Belt later took up production of replica instruments, the Dulcken provided the detailed measurements that he needed to serve as his first model.
Later in 1965, Belt moved with his family to Waltham, Massachusetts, where he served apprenticeships with two pioneers of historical harpsichord construction, first briefly with William Dowd, then for two years with Frank Hubbard. Belt built a number of harpsichords under Hubbard's direction, but he also "moonlighted", setting up a workshop in his basement to work on fortepianos.
At the end of the apprenticeship (1967) he relocated his family to Center Conway, New Hampshire, where using the proceeds of his first fortepiano sale (see below) he bought "a 3 acre property with a ten room house and a huge barn attached." The barn became his workshop, where he produced several fortepianos, all based on the Smithsonian Dulcken. His daughter Elizabeth Ross Belt, aged about 7 at the time, later reminisced:
My sister and I spent many happy hours in my father’s workshop, ‘helping’ him in his work. He always seemed to find something that we could do. People of all walks of life, curious about his work, would visit us at our rambling old ten room house, where my father set up shop in an attached barn. We entertained many types, from those in suits to the hippies of the day. Of all of them, I preferred the hippies, because they were the most fun.
O'Donnell continues: "Knowledge of Philip's expertise was growing and he was asked to restore the authentic 1784 Stein piano in the Toledo (Ohio) Museum of Art." The process of restoration provided an intimate look at a historical instrument from a leading maker and the foundation for an accurate replica.
Belt's pianos achieve success.
Soon, Belt's instruments were being purchased by prominent scholars and performers. Of his first sale, Sanchez writes in the New Grove:
Harvard University professor Luise Vosgerchian purchased Belt’s first fortepiano in 1967 and used it in a concert with violinist Robert Koff, including works by C. P. E. Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. This performance on a replica was unprecedented in the United States; Belt had broken ground in what would become a new era in historical keyboard performance.
In 1968 Belt loaded his second Dulcken copy into his hearse (Belt's vehicle of choice for transport) and showed it, receiving expert approval, at universities in the Midwest. The following year, he loaned the Dulcken copy to Malcolm Bilson, then an assistant professor at Cornell University, who spent a week in intensive practice preparing for a concert, altering his technique and interpretive approach to match the new instrument. (Fortepianos pose challenges to performers trained on modern instruments: the touch is extremely light and very sensitive, the decay time of notes is far shorter, and the key spacing is usually narrower.) Bilson clearly found his encounter with the fortepiano to be gripping; that same year he bought his own Dulcken replica from Belt and launched a new career focusing on the fortepiano. Bilson's (quite successful) career raised the prominence of the fortepiano in the musical world, as well as the reputation of Belt's instruments. Bilson later said of Belt:
There were several builders both here and in Europe engaged in trying to build these instruments, but Philip Belt stands out as the only one at that time to build a totally convincing, well-balanced instrument. It was in no case a curiosity, but a piano as perfect in its own way as any modern piano.
Bilson also became an articulate advocate of the fortepiano in his writings and demonstration videos, arguing that historical pianos are often better suited to the performance of the music of their own time (for Belt's instruments this would include the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven), and permit a more complete fulfillment of the music's potential.
Another fortepianist influenced by Belt was Steven Lubin, who in the 1960s visited Belt's Center Conway workshop to learn about the fortepiano. Lubin eventually built his own fortepiano replica (with the help of a piano technician friend, Lee Morton, who had served as Belt's apprentice), and pursued a successful solo career with it.
Thomas Kunkel, writing a brief biography of Belt, also provided an intuitive assessment of the aesthetic contributions of the revival fortepiano:
Not long after I first met Philip Belt, I fished out a tape he had given me and popped it into my dashboard cassette player. It was a recording of acclaimed pianist Malcolm Bilson performing the majestic Mozart piano concerto No. 13 in C Major (K. 415) on one of Belt's fortepianos. The sound seemed extraordinarily bright. Toward the end of the opening allegro, for instance, the notes in the cadenza come in dazzling torrents. Yet, despite the speed with which Bilson played, every note was clear and distinct. To feel the difference, I dusted off an old LP of the same piece, record by another world-famous performer on a modern concert grand. The playing was beautiful but, compared to the fortepiano, the sound seems almost muted, the rapid passages of the allegro slurred. It was like listening to Bilson's version with earmuffs on.
Replicas vs. historical instruments.
Belt's replicas were not the first historically-styled pianos used in 20th century performance of earlier music; earlier efforts had employed actual historical instruments, restored by technicians to playing condition. This approach proved problematic, as harpsichord builder Carey Beebe has explained:
"Modern interest was aroused in the possibilities of the early piano by European pioneers like Paul Badura-Skoda and Jörg Demus. The recordings of these players were initially confined to too-often tinny and out of tune original instruments, far past their prime or poorly ‘restored’ or prepared: This was sadly characteristic of the 60s and 70s, and despite the impeccable intentions of the musicians concerned, probably spoilt the concept for many otherwise open-minded listeners."
Beebe goes on to say that it was the introduction of pristine-condition replica instruments, as made by Belt and others, that enabled a far more successful revival of historical practice. Similar remarks were made earlier by the musicologist Robert Winter, who like Carey criticizes Badura-Skoda and Demus's use of dilapidated old instruments. Winter also lavished praise on an early recording of Mozart's music (Golden Crest CRS 4097) that Bilson made with the Dulcken replica he purchased from Belt:
The sound [of the Belt Dulcken replica] is ravishing in its clarity and expressive powers. Much of this has to do with an apparent handicap under which American collectors suffer, which has been transformed into an enormous asset by Philip Belt. ... For Europeans it is a great deal easier to locate, purchase, and restore old instruments. These items are scarce in this country, and often the only alternative is to build a copy. If the builder is a master craftsman, the result is a new creation which retains all the virtues of the old. On the Dulcken reproduction one hears nothing of clattering actions or the death-rattles of sainted strings.
For further information on historical piano replicas and their role in contemporary performance see "Historically informed performance" and "Piano history and musical performance".
Recordings.
Further recordings on Belt instruments followed the one praised by Winter. Perhaps the most notable were the set of all of Mozart's piano concertos with Bilson and the English Baroque Soloists conducted by John Eliot Gardiner. The noted critic Joseph Kerman praised the recordings and described as "beautiful" the 1977 Walter replica by Belt that Bilson owned and used in the recordings.
A Belt discography appears at the end of this article.
Scholarship.
Philip Belt was a scholar as well as a builder; his research included extensive study and measurement of historical instruments, both in the Smithsonian Institution (see above) and in the historical musical instrument collections of Europe. Much of this scholarly work was done in collaboration with Maribel Meisel, a trained musicologist who became Belt's fifth wife in 1973. The newlyweds took their honeymoon in Europe, visiting instrument museums, and the work paid off with measurements of a 1781 Stein in Gothenburg, Sweden, as well as a far more famous instrument, the early 1780s Walter instrument owned by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and kept in Mozart's birth home in Salzburg. A stroke of luck paid off for them, as O'Donnell narrates:
In the late sixties he had written to the Mozart Museum in Salzburg in hope of gaining access to the instrument. The reply was curt -- only "scientists and specialists" were permitted a close viewing and no measurements were permitted. He sent a second letter and included photos of some of his work. The reply suggested he could examine the Walter but there would be no measuring, and building a replica was absolutely out of the question. So it was that Philip and ... Maribel Meisel arranged to see the piano one morning before the museum was open to the public. A curator took them to the piano and, during their conversation, it developed that Maribel had something in common with him. Her brother had worked with Wernher von Braun (noted German and later American rocket scientist) years before and so had the museum official. 'Boy, he was just elated to find someone who was associated with Dr. von Braun,' Philip says. 'He looked around and said, "I think it would be all right if you want to take a few measurements of the instrument.'"
The measurements served as the initial basis for Belt's Walter replica, which became his most popular instrument.
Belt and Meisel prepared coauthored scholarly writings on the historical piano, which appeared as chapters in the extensive "Pianoforte" article in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians; the full article was later published as an independent book with Belt as first author.
Historical scholarship played a role in Belt's professional relationship with Malcolm Bilson. The replica of the Mozart Walter that Belt built for Bilson was based, necessarily, on incomplete information. As further research (by others) on this instrument brought more information into public view, Belt continually altered Bilson's piano to reflect this research. Bilson writes:
No one would claim—least of all Belt himself—that [the Mozart Walter copy he first built] was 'an exact copy of Mozart's piano'. Important to the story, however, is the fact that each time information on the Mozart Walter became available, Belt would take my piano into his shop and rework it. ... He completely reworked the action with new parts, new balance points, etc. The bridge was changed, and not only was the instrument releathered but a new type of leather buildup was installed, etc. Yet the soul (if I may use the word) of the instrument never changed—that had been built into the box at the beginning.
Kits.
Belt also ventured into the area of user-built kit instruments, following the lead of Wolfgang Zuckermann, who had introduced a hugely successful harpsichord kit, and Frank Hubbard, who had created a more demanding but more historically authentic harpsichord kit. Belt sold his first pianoforte kit to Hubbard in 1972. Later on (1975-1979), Belt went to work for Zuckermann Harpsichords, by then under the leadership of David Jacques Way, where he collaborated with Way on a kit based on the Mozart Walter replica. The kit was only modestly successful: it went into production in 1979 with a run of about 200 copies, which eventually were sold over a period of ten years.
During this time Belt was living in two locations: Battle Ground, Indiana (1971-1975), to which he moved to escape the cold winters of New Hampshire, then Pawcatuck, Connecticut, a small town not far from Way's headquarters in nearby Stonington.
Later life.
Belt eventually had a falling out with the Zuckermann firm, departing in 1979. He had some difficulty finding employment at the time, and in 1982 was divorced from Meisel. The same year he traveled to the Philippines to meet his pen pal, Merlinda Dador, and the two were married there. In fall 1982, they were living in Pawcatuck, and Belt found stable employment as a piano tuner and technician in New Haven, 60 miles away. He also set up his own workshop in New Haven on the premises of the old New Haven Clock Company, and a few new commissions came his way. The arrangement persisted until the music store at which Belt worked went bankrupt.
Belt spent the years 1986 to 1993 with Merlinda in the Philippines. Again he set up a workshop, this time following local custom by consulting a witch doctor, who obtained the approval of the "unseen people" and offered advice on location and size. The period was not very productive, in part due to inaccessibility of proper woods for building, though Belt did succeed in making a Dulcken-model instrument from locally available Narra wood, later acquired by Case Western Reserve University. He also built an instrument for Peter O'Donnell with a soundboard made of mahogany, another tropical wood (historical and replica instruments typically employ spruce or cypress for their soundboards). Belt's eventual return to the United States was motivated in part by the wood issue.
On his return Belt settled briefly in rural Oregon near Eugene then with Merlinda and their three children in his old home town of Hagerstown. He reestablished his workshop in the farrowing pen of a hog barn on the farm of his sister Lucille, and continued to build instruments for a number of years. Near the end of his life, a stroke forced him to retire.
In general terms, it seems that with the passage of time Belt was unable to sustain his initial success at the same level. The peak of his worldly success may have been in 1974, when he had a list of five orders to fill; but when a severe recession hit, three of the orders were cancelled and he was soon without business and forced to work for others. Later on, competing builders entered the field, often sophisticated and with strong scholarly credentials. Over the years, there were again periods without orders. In the end, Belt's lifetime output amounted to fewer than 50 instruments, little more than one per year.
Near the end of Belt's life, Bilson offered a defense of his work in light of later developments:
“The early work of Philip Belt can hardly be overestimated in helping the entire musical endeavor move forward. There are now many fine builders, producing copies of virtually all the greatest masters of the past, makers whose pianos were praised and treasured by Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin and Liszt. One of those fine builders was in my house recently, and I played him a recording I had made in 1972 on my first Belt piano. His mouth fell open, and he said, ‘My whole idea of this movement has changed. I thought that no one could make such a good piano before the mid-1980s!’”
Belt was honored in his old age (2007) when the Midwestern Historical Keyboard Society invited him to their conclave in St. Paul and (as reported by Gregory Crowell) "made a special presentation to
him in recognition of his pioneering work on the revival of the fortepiano ... The presence and participation of Belt at the meeting was especially heart warming for all present."
He died in Hagerstown at age 88 on 11 May 2015. His survivors included "his wife of 33 years, Merlinda Belt; eight children, ... and numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren."
Personal traits.
Here are impressions of Belt from people who knew him. Peter O'Donnell, who first met Belt at a scholarly meeting in 1996, called him "outspoken, ... single-minded, self-effacing, eccentric and feisty." An apprentice from the early 1970s called him "kind, intelligent, funny and gifted," and noted that he shared his knowledge with his apprentices freely, ignoring the possibility of future competition. Wolfgang Zuckermann met Belt on a visit to his workshop in Center Conway, part of the research for his book "The Modern Harpsichord" (1969). Along with a positive review of Belt's professional work, Zuckermann (a steadfast New Yorker) remarked that Belt "had the air of a farmer about him". Given where Belt chose to live, it seems indeed likely that he preferred rural locales.
Belt loved his instruments and found it difficult to relinquish them to their new owners.
He could not read music, nor was he able to play his instruments other than (in Kunkel's words) to "strike a few pleasant chords". He also had perfect pitch, and could tune an instrument by ear alone, although sometimes he would use a middle "C" tuning fork to get his bearings.
His biographers (Sanchez, Sheeley, O'Donnell, Kunkel) mention an interest in "spiritual" matters. Sanchez observed that at the time of his interview with Belt the builder had been reading a book by the medium Elwood Babbitt. Kunkel notes that Belt's upbringing had been in fundamentalist Protestantism, and he struggled for some time before arriving at convictions that suited him more closely.
According to Kunkel and Sheeley, Belt believed in reincarnation. Sheeley wrote, "His relationship with music and musical instruments is spiritual for him and he believes his past lives helped shape his work. He said that as a boy in a past life, he worked in a piano-maker’s shop carving tiny and delicate pieces." Belt suggested to Kunkel that he had lived a previous life as Nannette Streicher (the daughter of Stein and herself a distinguished builder) and told another witness that he had lived as Bartolomeo Cristofori, the inventor of the piano.
Often overlooked was his interest in woodworking. Many beautiful cabinets, shelves, and dressers were built during his lifetime, and are still in use.


Birchmount stop

Birchmount is a surface light rail transit (LRT) stop under construction on Line 5 Eglinton, a new line that is part of the Toronto subway system. It will be located in the Ionview neighbourhood at the intersection of Eglinton Avenue and Birchmount Road. It is scheduled to open in 2022.
The stop is located in the middle of Eglinton Avenue on the east side of its intersection with Birchmount Road. The stop has side platforms which will be accessed from the pedestrian crossing on the east side of the signalized street intersection. On the east side of this stop, there are two separate crossovers, one trailing point and the other facing point.
Surface connections.
The following routes would serve this station according to the report presented at the board meeting on February 25, 2016:


Armin Schlieps

Armin Schlieps (1931–2005) was an archetier and luthier. He studied the craft with his father, George Schlieps.
Armin Schlieps was born on June 25, 1931, in Wipuri, Finland. In 1950, the Schlieps family (George, Alma, Mira and Armin) immigrated to New York City, where George and his son Armin, both violinmakers, were invited to work for Rembert Wurlitzer as restorers. Soon after in 1952, they established their own shop in Carnegie Hall. He later moved to Seattle where he ran a successful shop.
Armin Schlieps was trained in the Wurlitzer shop in New York City and became widely known for his repair work in the Seattle area from 1970 onward. He made instruments and over 200 bows as of 1986.
He died in 2005.


Manggahan station

The Manggahan station is an under construction station on the Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 7 in Metro Manila, Philippines. The station will be located along Commonwealth Avenue in Commonwealth, Quezon City.
The station's previous working name is "North Batasan" since it is at the north end of the Batasan Road. Closest landmarks include the Commonwealth and Litex Public Market and the Commonwealth Elementary and High School.


William H. Smith (Connecticut politician)

William H. Smith (June 11, 1842 – February 19, 1915) was Warden of the Borough of Norwalk, Connecticut from 1882 to 1885.
He was the son of William Duff Smith and Susan E. Smith of Norwalk.
He was for some time in partnership with William C. Street in the hardware business.
He was a member of the Norwalk City Council in 1896.


List of bagpipe makers

This is a list of bagpipe makers. It covers both family-based and commercial outfits from the 17th century to the present era. In the 1950s, the bagpipe traditions of Europe were revived. The market is increasing in size as the popularity of the instrument is increasing, and the list of bagpipe makers is rising.


Alpheus Babcock

Alpheus Babcock (September 11, 1785 – April 3, 1842) was a piano and musical instrument maker in Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the early 19th century. Babcock is best known for patenting a complete iron frame in a single casting used to resist the strain of the strings in square pianos, he also patented a system of stringing in squares, and improvements in piano actions.
Biography.
Babcock was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, and worked for musical instrument maker Benjamin Crehore (d.1828) before 1809. He established a workshop and music warehouse in Boston with brother Lewis at 44½ Newbury Street, but by 1812 they entered a partnership with organ maker Thomas Appleton (1785–1872) with workshops at 6 Milk Street. Following Lewis' death in 1814 the surviving partners formed a brief partnership with brothers Charles and Elna Hayt, the business was taken over by Mackay & Co., with Crehore's former partner, organ maker William Goodrich (d. 1834) as one of the partners, and by 1817 reorganized as The Franklin Music Warehouse with Joshua Stevens as foreman, continuing at Milk street under John Rowe Parker through 1823. Babcock may have worked during this period in Philadelphia, but by 1822 worked at the rear of 11 Marlboro street, Boston and moved the following year to Parkman's Market, Cambridge street. The Mackays continued an association with Babcock throughout the 1820s, with many of the instruments labelled "for G. D. Mackay" and "for R. Mackay".
Babcock received a silver medal at the 1824 Exhibition of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, as well as in 1825, and in 1827 a silver medal and special mention for a square with his patented solid cast-iron frame (1825).
In 1830 he relocated to Philadelphia, at the time the largest producer of pianos in the United States, where he patented what he called "cross stringing", and introduced resilient cloth hammer coverings. He was associated with instrument maker and seller John C. Klemm, his former agent, and by late 1832 worked as foreman for piano maker William Swift, at whose warehouse at 142 Chestnut street, he advertised in The Daily Chronicle in 1833, one could see iron framed pianos for which he claimed sole manufacturing rights. Babcock won honors at the 1833 Franklin Institute exhibition, along with C. F. L. Albrecht of Philadelphia, and Nunns & Co. of New York.
Babcock returned to Boston in 1837 employed by Chickering & Mackays who had formed a partnership in 1830. Babcock's improvements helped Chickerings lead the American piano industry through the 1850s.


Eugene Reybold

Eugene Reybold (February 13, 1884 – November 21, 1961) was distinguished as the World War II Chief of Engineers who directed the largest United States Army Corps of Engineers in the nation's history.
Reybold was born in Delaware City, Delaware.
He graduated from Delaware College in 1903.
Commissioned in the Coast Artillery Corps in 1908, Reybold was assigned to military housing and coast defense construction work.
Stationed at Fort Monroe throughout World War I, he became commandant of the Coast Artillery School in 1919.
He then transferred to the Corps of Engineers in 1926 and served as District Engineer in Buffalo, New York; Wilmington, North Carolina; and Memphis, Tennessee.
In the last assignment he successfully battled record Mississippi River flood crests.
He was appointed Southwestern Division Engineer (1937–40) and War Department Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4 (1940–41).
Appointed Chief of Engineers shortly before Pearl Harbor, General Reybold directed the Corps' tremendous range of activities throughout the war and became the first Army officer ever to attain the rank of Lieutenant General while serving in the position of Chief of Engineers.
General Reybold retired on January 31, 1946, and died November 21, 1961, in Washington, D.C.
He was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster.
References.
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Philip Rhodes

Philip Leonard Rhodes (1895–1974) was a naval architect known for his diverse yacht designs. He designed a wide variety of vessels from 123' motor-sailors to 7' dinghies, from hydrofoil racers to giant motor yachts. His work also included commercial and military vessels such as minesweepers and police boats. His clients ranged from Rockefellers to Sears & Roebuck. His 12 Meter class "Weatherly" (USA-17) won the America's Cup in 1962.
Rhodes was born in 1895 in Thurman, Ohio. He attended MIT, graduating in 1918 in naval architecture and marine engineering. He worked for the US Army Corps of Engineers during World War I. After the war he began work as a shipfitter in Lorain, Ohio. He later moved to New York where he opened a small office as a marine architect.
Philip Rhodes joined the design firm of Cox & Stevens in 1934. He became head naval architect for the firm after the death of lead designer Bruno Tornroth in 1935. In 1946 the firm of Philip L. Rhodes succeeded Cox & Stevens Inc. It closed in 1974, following Rhodes's death.


M. H. Mohamed

Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed (15 June 1921 – 26 April 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. Mohamed served as the 14th Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka as well as being a former member of Parliament and government minister. Mohamed was the first Sri Lankan Moor to hold office as Mayor of Colombo from 1960 to 1962
Early life.
Born 15 June 1921, Mohamed was educated at Wesley College, Colombo. After completing his schooling, he joined Cargills Ltd., where he became active in trade union activities. Later he joined the family shipping firm, Nagoor Meera and Sons. His grandfather Marhoom Abdur Rahman was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.
Political career.
Mohamed entered politics having been elected to the Colombo Municipal Council from the Maligawatte Ward and served as Mayor of Colombo from 1960 to 1962. He contested the 1965 general elections as the United National Party candidate in the Borella electorate and was elected to parliament defeating the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) candidate Vivienne Goonewardena. He lost his seat in the 1970 general elections to LSSP candidate Kusala Abhayavardhana by 16,421 votes to 15,829 votes. He was re-elected to parliament in the 1977 general elections and would retain his seat until 2010 in the consecutive elections that followed. In 1977, he was appointed to the Cabinet by J.R. Jayawardena as Minister of Transport.


Erenora Puketapu-Hetet

Erenora Puketapu-Hetet (née Puketapu, 28 January 1941 – 23 July 2006) was a noted New Zealand weaver and author. She was a key figure in the Māori cultural renaissance and helped lift Māori weaving from a craft to an art.
Biography.
Of Te Atiawa descent, Puketapu-Hetet was born in Lower Hutt on 28 January 1941. Her parents were Vera May Puketapu (née Yeates), who was Pākehā, and her husband Ihaia Porutu Puketapu.
Puketapu-Hetet grew up in the Te Atiawa tribal settlement at Waiwhetū marae near Lower Hutt and married Rangi Hetet, one of the carvers who had worked on the marae. Rangi's grandmother, Rangimārie Hetet, taught Erenora the art of whatu kākahu korowai (cloaks). Erenora wove the first kahu kiwi for the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute when she and Rangi worked there in the late 1970s: she tutored weaving there from 1978 to 1981. In the early 80s the couple returned to the Hutt Valley, where they led the decoration of Wainuiomata Marae. Later the couple worked at Te Papa as Maori Protocol Officer/Advisor. Part of her work at Te Papa involved bridge-building between the Māori world and the European cultural institutions, leading to her featuring in a number of weaving-related works. A number of her works are in the collection at Te Papa.
In common with other Māori artists, she believed that art had a spiritual dimension and hidden meanings:
She wove using materials such as muka (prepared fibre of New Zealand flax), paua shell, stainless steel wire and feathers, including kiwi feathers.
Puketapu-Hetet died at Lower Hutt on 23 July 2006.
A survey exhibition of the work of Erenora Puketapu-Hetet and Rangi Hetet, "Legacy: The Art of Rangi Hetet and Erenora Puketapu-Hetet", was staged at The Dowse Art Museum in 2016.
The British Museum holds a pair of poi made by Puketapu-Hetet in 1995 and a kete muka (woven bag) made in 1994. The kete is made of flax fibre dyed black, woven in double-row twining, and decorated with a taniko border in black, brown, yellow and white, and has two rows of pheasant feathers along the bottom.
Puketapu-Hete's daughters Veranoa Hetet and Kataraina Hetet are also weavers.
Awards and recognitions.
In 1990, Puketapu-Hetet was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. She was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2002 New Year Honours, for services to weaving. She was appointed to the board of the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute in 2004. She was a member of the Queen Elizabeth Arts Council of New Zealand.


Field Telegraph Corps

Field Telegraph Corps (), designation Ing 3, was a Swedish engineering unit within the Swedish Armed Forces which served in various forms between 1902 and 1937. The main part of the unit was located in the Stockholm Garrison in Stockholm, Uppland.
History.
The Field Telegraph Corps was established in 1902 and was organized by the Fields Telegraph Company of the Svea Engineer Battalion, in connection with the battalion's reorganization into Svea Engineer Corps, together with a newly established Field Telegraph Company. The unit changed after a few years the designation to Ing 3. A detachment from the Field Telegraph Corps was during the years 1912-1916 deployed at Axevalla heath and Malmen and formed the backbone of the army air force. The detachment was reorganized in 1916 into the Field Telegraph Corps' 5th Company, the Air Company, which was deployed at Malmen from 1916 to 1926 when the Swedish Air Force was established.
In the Signal Workshop in Sundbyberg ("Signalverkstaden i Sundbyberg", SIS) was included in the Field Telegraph Corps, which in 1940 added the newly established Defense Department's Engineering Committee ("Försvarsväsendets verkstadsnämnd").
The Field Telegraph Corps was disbanded in 1937 and formed the backbone of the Signal Regiment (S 1).
1914 organisation.
In accordance with the 1914 Defense Resolution the Field Telegraph Corps consisted of:
Commanding officers.
Commanders of the Field Telegraph Corps:


Steering linkage

A steering linkage is the part of an automotive steering system that connects to the front wheels.
The steering linkage which connects the steering gearbox to the front wheels consists of a number of rods. These rods are connected with a socket arrangement similar to a ball joint, called a tie rod end, allowing the linkage to move back and forth freely so that the steering effort will not interfere with the vehicles up-and-down motion as the wheel moves over roads . The steering gears are attached to a rear rod which moves when the steering wheel is turned. The rear rod is supported at one end.
Technology.
Most modern cars have a full mechanical steering linkage system, but a recent innovation is the steer by wire system.


Big end


Hyatt Roller Bearing Company

Hyatt Roller Bearing Company was a manufacturer of roller bearings from 1892 to 1916, when it was acquired by General Motors. It continued as a distinct division of GM for many years. The company struggled at first, then entered a phase of profitable growth under the leadership of Alfred P. Sloan (later president of General Motors). The innovative design of Hyatt's roller bearings made them more durable and efficient than others. They were widely used in early automobiles by various manufacturers, and in industrial vehicles and equipment.
Foundation.
John Wesley Hyatt was a printer by trade and a prolific inventor who secured over 250 patents, the first issued in 1861 for a knife grinder. His chemical experiments led to the invention of celluloid.
In 1888 he was working on a mill for crushing sugar cane, but lacked adequate bearings. His solution was a roller bearing where the rollers were made from coiled strips of steel, and he patented his invention.
The helical-shaped rollers made from flat spring steel were more flexible than solid-cylinder rollers, did not heat up and lock due to friction, and lasted longer.
Later Hyatt introduced refinements, with the bearings assembled within a closed cage.
Seeing broad potential for the invention, he founded the Hyatt Roller Bearing Company in 1892.
The company was originally based in Newark, New Jersey, but soon moved to Harrison, New Jersey.
Early years.
In 1895 the company had about 25 employees and sold about $2,000 of bearings each month.
That year Hyatt hired the 20-year-old Alfred P. Sloan as a draftsman.
Sloan had recently obtained a degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
He had been struggling to find a job, and was recommended to Hyatt by John E. Searles, president of the American Sugar Refining Company, a friend of his father and a major investor in Hyatt.
Sloan wrote later,
Although the company was mismanaged and financially insecure, Sloan saw that the spirally-wound flexible roller bearing product had real potential.
At that time machine parts did not have precise dimensions, so the flexibility of the Hyatt bearing was a valuable quality.
However, Sloan left Hyatt in 1897 to take a better-paying job with which he could afford to marry his fiancée, Irene Jackson.
He joined another start-up company named Hygienic Refrigerator, which was trying to develop an electric refrigerator.
Hyatt bearings for automobiles were first produced in 1896 for use in the Haynes-Apperson car of Elwood Haynes.
Expansion.
In 1899 John Searles, the largest investor in Hyatt, decided to cut his losses. Sloan's father joined forces with another investor to buy out Searles for $5,000.
They gave Sloan the job of turning the company around, with a six-month deadline. Sloan became general manager in charge of production. The company bookkeeper, Pete Steenstrup, was made sales manager. Under the new discipline imposed by Sloan and Steenstrup the company made a profit of $12,000 in the first six months, more than exceeding expectations.
In the summer of 1900 the company received a breakthrough order of 120 bearings for the rear axles of 30 automobiles from the Olds Motor Works of Ransom E. Olds.
The Olds Motor Works had plans to build over 1,000 vehicles in 1901, and would use Hyatt bearings if the test vehicles were successful.
Sloan was appointed president of Hyatt in 1901, and oversaw rapid and profitable growth of the company.
Sloan and his family invested over $50,000 in the company.
Hyatt moved to new premises and became a large, modern industrial operation.
Sloan was awarded patents for shafting hangers and hanger boxes, and for improvements to these inventions.
Sloan learned an important lesson early in his tenure from Henry M. Leland, general manager of Cadillac, then an independent company. Leland refused to accept the first shipment of Hyatt's bearings since they were not accurate to within . Given the importance of the contract for immediate revenue and for Hyatt's reputation as a quality supplier, Sloan at once travelled to Detroit to discuss the problem. At first Sloan defended his products, but then listened as Leland forcibly explained the importance of uniform precision in automobile parts. He said "Mr. Sloan, Cadillacs are made to run, not just to sell." Sloan now asked for Leland's advice. He later said, "I was determined to be as fanatical as he in obtaining precision in our work. An entirely different standard had been established for Hyatt Roller Bearings."
Soon Hyatt bearings were used in axles and transmissions by a number of manufacturers.
Hyatt supplied bearings to the Covert Motor Vehicle Company, founded by B. V. Covert, who also co-founded the Harrison Radiator Company.
Later Sloan would bring Harrison Radiator into the United Motors Company.
Hyatt supplied bearings to the Lincoln Steel and Forge Company for use with the axles of coal mine car frames, Lincoln's highly successful main product.
Henry Ford became a major customer.
By 1916 the Ford Motor Company had almost half the market for new automobiles, selling 577,036 vehicles that year.
Hyatt also became a critical supplier of bearings to component manufacturers who supplied General Motors.
James D. Mooney, later to become head of General Motors Overseas, was hired by Hyatt and worked there before enrolling in the army in 1917 during World War I.
General Motors subsidiary.
In 1916 General Motors purchased Hyatt for $13.5 million as part of a drive by William C. Durant, co-founder and president of General Motors, to bring key suppliers in-house.
Other suppliers were acquired at this time and assembled in the "United Motors" parts and accessories company with Alfred Sloan as president.
They were Hyatt, New Departure Manufacturing (bearings), Westom-Mott Axle, Remy Electric Company, Periman Rim Company, and Dayton Engineering Laboratories.
United Motors was merged into General Motors in 1918. Sloan would become president of GM in 1923.
As of 1934 Hyatt Roller Bearings were being used in industrial equipment for mining, oil fields, textiles, steel mills, road building, power transmission, farm machinery and railroad cars as well in automobiles.
The New Departure Division and the Hyatt Bearing Division were merged into the New Departure-Hyatt Bearing Division in 1965.
In 1986 this division stopped making commercial ball bearings but continued to manufacture high-precision bearings for aircraft engines.
After further divisional mergers, bearing manufacture ceased in 1993.
As of 2013 the Hyatt brand was owned by General Bearing Company of New York.