Clwt-y-bont

Clwt-y-bont is a village in Gwynedd, Wales, lying just to the south of Deiniolen. The two villages form one urban unit.
Both were built in the early 19th century to house workers in the Dinorwig slate quarry, and both suffered when the quarry was closed in 1969.
Foundation.
The Welsh word "clwt" means "patch" and "bont" means "bridge".
Both Clwt y bont and Deiniolen were built in the early 19th century to house workers in the Dinorwig slate quarry.
Houses include single houses and terraces from the 1830s.
Clwt y Bont seems relatively unplanned, and has the short terraces built into the slope typical of early Gwynedd industrial settlement.
The plan was dictated by the line of the 1825 Dinorwic Railway.
History.
After the 1860s few new buildings were erected until social housing was built in the 1940s.
In 1870 the village was part of the parish of Llanddeiniolen.
Most of the inhabitants were employed by the Dinorwig-slate quarries.
The novelist Ann Harriet Hughes (1852–1910) married a doctor in Clwt-y-bont, where she lived for a period.
The large Pentre Helen Housing Estate was built in the late 1930s, and had the effect of linking Deiniolen and Clwt y Bont into one village.
The economy suffered badly when the Dinorwic Quarry was closed in 1969.
The locations of some of the mills are still visible, and some of the larger ones are still in use as workshops.
There are limited shops and other facilities in the village.
The Libanus chapel, and its sister chapel Sardis, are affiliated to the Baptist Union of Wales and are under the pastoral care of the minister of Capel Penuel in Bangor.
There are many sites for boulder climbers on the hillside between the Fachwen road and Clwt y Bont.


Buckskin Mining Company


Pike River Coal

Pike River Coal Ltd was a mining company listed on the New Zealand and Australian stock exchanges. Its primary operation was the Pike River Mine, the site of a mining disaster with 29 deaths on 19 November 2010.
The company first listed and began trading on the New Zealand Exchange on 20 July 2007. On 22 November 2010, trading in the company's shares and options was suspended from the New Zealand Exchange at the company's request, pending developments from the mining disaster. On 12 December 2010 the company was placed in receivership.
Pike River Mine is a coal mine located 46 km east of Greymouth in the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. The operation was set up to mine the Brunner seam, a bituminous coal deposit with lower ash and varying sulphur content.
Company management.
Peter W Whittall, a 29-year veteran miner and mining executive, was appointed CEO on 2 October 2010. The Pike River Mine disaster occurred less than two months later. Prior to his role as CEO, Whittall held the position of General Manager Mines and was responsible for on-site construction, mine development and recruitment at the Pike River operation. Whittall became the company spokesperson during the mining disaster.
The previous head of the company was Gordon Ward, who was managing director and CEO from May 2007 until 1 October 2010. Until his departure, Ward had led Pike River Mine from its initial conceptual design for fourteen years.
History.
The company raised NZ$85 million in additional capital for expanding the Pike River Mine in 2007. As of August 2007, over NZ$100 million had already been invested into developing the mine. By June 2010, Pike River Coal had invested a total of $288 million in developing the mine. Pike River Coal reported net operating losses of $39 million in the year to June 2010, and $13 million in 2009.
Prior to the mine disaster, Pike River Coal Ltd had a market capitalisation varying around NZD400M. Pike River Coal was initially held by New Zealand Oil & Gas (29% stake plus options and bonds) as well as the two Indian companies; Gujarat NRE Coke Limited, (17% share), and Saurashtra Fuels Private Limited, (15% share), with the two latter companies intending to buy about half the running production of the mine's coal. After the initial public offering, the percentages changed to NZ Oil and Gas 31%, Gujarat NRE Coke 10%, Saurashtra Fuels 8.5%, private minority shareholders had 7.9% and the remaining 42.5% was sold to the public.
On 12 December 2010, New Zealand Oil & Gas released a statement saying that it had decided to put Pike River Coal into receivership. On 13 December 2010, New Zealand Oil And Gas stated that Pricewaterhouse Coopers had been appointed receivers.
The company was purchased by Solid Energy in 2012, although the government is responsible for investigation and re-entry into the mine.
In July 2013 the company was ordered to pay $110,000 to each of the victims' families and fined $760,000 - but in the end didn't pay the fine and only paid $5000 to each family, saying it didn't have the money. In November 2013 Labour Party leader David Cunliffe said if elected, Labour would ensure the families receive the payouts they were awarded.


Cwmorthin Tramway

The Cwmorthin Tramway was a industrial tramway in North Wales, which connected the Ffestiniog Railway to the Cwmorthin Quarry and later the Conglog Slate Quarry. It was built in the 1840s or 1850s, rising through two inclined planes to reach the main Cwmorthin Quarry mill and its internal incline which rose from floor 1 to floor 8. In 1874, it was extended, rising up through a third incline to the Cwmorthin Lake level and continuing along the valley floor to reach the Conglog Quarry. The tracks to Conglog were abandoned in the 1920s and the rest of the tramway ceased to be used from the onset of the Second World War.
History.
Quarrying of slate in the Cwmorthin Valley, to the west of Blaenau Ffestiniog, began around 1810 but was not particularly successful, in part due to the difficulties of transporting the finished product away from the quarry. After a lull of some ten years, work began again in 1840, and in 1861 the Cwmorthin Slate Company was incorporated. The company bought the freehold to the land on which quarrying took place. At some point, a tramway was built to connect the mill to the Ffestiniog Railway near to the site of station. Boyd suggests that a survey for the line was prepared in the mid-1840s, and that the cost was estimated to be £1,407 and 19 shillings. The line was completed by 1850, when it was mentioned in Cliffe's "The Book of North Wales". However, Richards and Isherwood maintain that the tramway was constructed under the auspices of the 1861 Company, soon after it was established.
The connection to the Ffestiniog Railway was never very satisfactory. A point left the main line, and immediately split into three tracks. Two were used for wagon storage, while the third passed through a gate, beyond which the twin tracks of the first incline began. Empty wagons were delivered to the sidings by the shunting engine from Blaenau Ffestiniog, but to get them up to the quarry, they were shunted by hand back onto the main line, and then onto one of the incline tracks. Loaded wagons followed the reverse procedure, so that they were marshalled in the sidings for collection by the Ffestiniog. Because this process involved moving wagons onto the main line, it could only be done when the single line staff for the track section above Tan y Grisiau was withdrawn from the token machine by the Tan y Grisiau stationmaster. He then supervised the operation of a small ground frame which controlled the points. A Board of Trade inspector visiting the site in 1864 objected to the arrangement, because there were no trap points to protect the main line, and ruled that distant signals must be fitted by the Ffestiniog Railway, that there should be a telegraph installed between the station and the drumhouse at the top of the incline, and that no trains should use the main line while the incline was in operation.
The first incline headed towards the north-east, was some long and raised the level of the track by . It was generally known as the Village incline, and a stone bridge carried the minor road to the hamlet of Dolrhedyn over the lower section. There was a section of stone and earth embankment, and then a shallow rock cutting before the drumhouse was reached. This consisted of a drum which was long and in diameter, but little else, as there was no shelter for the brakesman who controlled its operation. The length of the wire rope differs wildly in different sources, ranging from to . The twin tracks of the incline became a single track as it passed under the drum and then split again to form two tracks where the wagons were marshalled. This section was in a cutting, some deep, which curved around towards the north-west. The track continued through cuttings and on embankments until the marshalling loop at the foot of the Tai Muriau incline was reached.
The second incline raised the level of the track by another to reach the lower mill, which was later known as London Hall. At this point the tramway is on the contour. To the left of the incline, rubbish tramways from the mill served the mill tip. There was a network of tracks around the mill, and a second mill called the Cross Mill, where a 90 degree bend swung the route round to reach the foot of the main quarry incline, which rose in a north-easterly direction. This consisted of two sections, the first rising from floor 1 to floor 6, with a drumhouse as its head, and the second, continuing the same line, rising to floor 8, where there was a second drumhouse. The plan in Boyd shows a third incline on the tramway before the main quarry incline, but this is because the quarry incline is shown too far to the north-west.
Extension.
Quarrying at Conglog, further up the Cwmorthin Valley, began in 1854, and in 1873 the Conglog Slate and Slab Co Ltd was registered, with a capital of £40,000. An agreement was reached in 1868, which would allow Conglog to lay rails down the valley, to connect to the existing Cwmorthin Tramway. All goods using the tramway would be subject to a toll of 6 pence (2.5p) per ton, with an additional amount payable to the Cwmorthin drivers, who operated the inclines. This was not pursued until 1874, when half of the partnership that ran Conglog was taken over by Charles John Sims. The Cwmorthin manager at the time was Joseph F Sims, and although it is not known if they were related, the success of the agreement may indicate that they were, since Rhosydd Quarry had been trying to reach an agreement for a tramway down the valley for years without success. The tramway was covered by a 21-year lease, and a requirement was that it should be no more than above the level of Llyn Cwmorthin by the time it reached Cwmorthin Terrace. This was to allow Cwmorthin Quarry to build a tramway from their Lake Mill across the end of Llyn Cwmorthin, to join with the Conglog tramway.
From the main Cwmorthin Quarry incline, the track was continued a little further up the valley floor to a loop and then a third incline, generally called the Lake incline, but labelled the Lower incline in Hancock. Just beyond the drumhouse, the tracks split, with the right hand branch crossing beside the lake to Cwmorthin's Lake Mill. The left hand branch was built with surplus materials from the Ffestiniog Railway, and reached the Conglog mill by a reversing siding. Beyond the mill, another incline was used to bring rock down from the workings. Under the terms of the lease, Conglog were responsible for operating the Lake incline, but when the lease ran out, Cwmorthin would become the owners of the section below the junction with their Lake Mill branch. They would make a payment for the rails and the incline drum. There is no further evidence for the takeover, but presumably it took place, since the incline was listed in a sale document dating from 1900 for Cwmorthin, when the Conglog Quarry was still operating. The length of the tramway from Conglog to the Ffestiniog Railway was .
Following the 1900 sale of Cwmorthin, it was taken over by Oakeley Quarry, working the same slate veins but from the other side of the Allt-fawr ridge. They began working the quarry through the mountain, and so there were no Cwmorthin men available to operate the inclines. In order to reduce the number of trips across the mountain to operate the tramway, they tried to insist that Conglog must run trains of 10 wagons or more, but this was not easy to achieve, and eventually a compromise was reached, whereby Cadwaladr Roberts, one of the consortium of men working the Conglog Quarry, could operate the inclines himself, at his own risk.
There is no evidence of working at Conglog after the early 1920s, and so presumably the extension tramway was unused after that. The Oakeley Quarry records show that the tramway was refurbished in 1936/37, but at the onset of the Second World War in 1939, Cwmorthin was mothballed, and traffic on the lower section ceased.


Comsteel

Comsteel is an Australian manufacturer of steel products based in the Newcastle suburb of Waratah. It is a subsidiary of American Industrial Partners.
History.
Comsteel was founded as Commonwealth Steel Products in 1918 by Clyde Engineering, Goninan & Co, Pioneer Spring Co and Ritchie Brothers to manufacture wheels, tyres, axles and steel castings for railway use.
A plant was established in the Newcastle suburb of Waratah with Howard Smith acquiring a shareholding. After Vickers acquired a shareholding, in 1923 it was renamed Vickers Commonwealth Steel Products. In the 1930s, BHP gradually bought out the other shareholders and it became the Commonwealth Steel Company. In 1959, a mill was opened in Unanderra for the cold rolling of stainless steel. In 1971, Comsteel was licensed by Midland-Ross to produce couplers, draft gears and freight wagon bogies.
In 1983, Commonwealth Steel Company and the Australian subsidiary of Vickers merged to form Comsteel with BHP and Vickers each holding 38% shareholdings. In 1985 Comsteel was purchased by Australian National Industries (ANI).
It was included in the 1999 takeover of ANI by Smorgon Steel which in turn was purchased by OneSteel in 2007. Since 2016 it has been owned by American Industrial Partners.


El Pilar mine

The El Pilar mine is a large proposed copper mine in Sonora, Mexico. El Pilar is one of the largest copper reserves in Mexico and the world having estimated reserves of 685.8 million tonnes of ore grading 0.28% copper.


Fairbanks mining district

The Fairbanks mining district is a gold-mining area in the U.S. state of Alaska. Placer mining began near Fairbanks in July 1902, after Felix Pedro (real name Felice Pedroni), an Italian immigrant and Tom Gilmore discovered gold in the hills north of the Tanana and Chena Rivers in 1901. Pedro died exactly eight years after finding the richest gold placer he would ever know. By 1903 a new rush started, and prospectors staked thousands of claims. However, mining results were disappointing during the summer of 1903, with little gold recovered. Then Dennis O'Shea struck it rich on Fairbanks Creek, No. 8 Above. This was one of the richest claims in the Fairbanks Mining District and paid as high as $136 to the pan (gold @ $20/ounce). Discoveries on Cleary and Ester Creeks followed, and almost two-thirds of the gold mined in the Tanana hills before 1910 came from these three creeks. Total production of gold was more than $ 30 million. Towns grew on every creek with a combined population of 1,600 residents.
The district was and is a major producer of gold from both placer and lode deposits: placers have produced over 8 million troy ounces (250 tonnes) of gold, lodes have yielded over 4 million ounces.
Ft. Knox mine (operating).
Today, the largest gold producer in Alaska is the Fort Knox Gold Mine, an open-pit mine 26 miles north of Fairbanks in the Fairbanks mining district. Gold occurs in a Cretaceous porphyritic granodiorite pluton as finely-distributed particles in and on the edges of small quartz veinlets and swarms. A NW structural fabric partially controls vein orientations. Sulfide content is low. Ore is low-grade, averaging only 0.024 ounces of gold per ton of ore. Creeks draining the pluton were among the many productive gold placers in the heart of the Fairbanks district, since the early 1900s; and bedrock occurrences of gold or bismuth/telluride minerals were found near the pluton by early miners. Bulk-tonnage potential of the pluton was not known until exploration in the 1980s. Mine construction began in 1995, gold production commenced in 1997 with 3.8 million ounces of gold resource estimated. In 2006 gold reserves equaled 2.7 million ounces with additional resources of 1.6 million ounces of gold. A heap-leaching component is being added to the original carbon-in-pulp vat leaching gold-recovery process. The mine and mill employ approximately 400 people on two shifts, 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. The Fort Knox mine produced 333 thousand troy ounces (10.3 tonnes) of gold in 2006.
The True North mine is a recently developed, and now suspended, open pit operation that delivered its ore to the mill at Fort Knox. It is located 25 miles northeast of Fairbanks, on the northwest flank of Pedro Dome and approximately 11 miles from the Ft. Knox Mine. Both True North and Ft. Knox are owned by Fairbanks Gold Mining Incorporated, a subsidiary of Kinross Gold Corporation.


Coal mining in Wyoming

Coal mining in Wyoming has long been a significant part of the state's economy. Wyoming has been the largest producer of coal in the United States since 1986, and in 2018, coal mines employed approximately 1% of the state’s population. In 2013, there were 17 active coal mines in Wyoming, which produced 388 million short tons, 39 percent of all the coal mined in the US, and more than three times the production of second-place West Virginia. Market forces, including the low price of natural gas from the fracking boom—coal's main competition—contributed to the steep drop in coal production in the 2000s as electricity generation switched from coal to gas.
History.
In 1868, the Union Pacific Railroad opened the first coal mine in Carbon County, and the county was named for its extensive coal deposits.
In 2011 Wyoming's coal mines employed 7,000 people; a high was reached in 1981 when 38,500 Wyomingites were recorded as being employed in the mining industry.
Most of Wyoming's coal mines are in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming, especially in Campbell County. More than 88% of the state's coal production was contributed by mines in the northeast in 1996.
Five ports in Washington and Oregon are considering building export terminals to ship coal to Asia, the coal would come from Wyoming and Montana and be shipped to the Northwest via train. Wyoming has 42 billion tons of reserve recoverable coal, and 1.4 trillion tons total that could become a reserve in the future. Most of the coal from Wyoming is sub-bituminous coal which burns at around 8400–8800 BTUs per pound. The sulphur content of Wyoming coal is quite low, which is important since sulphur dioxide emissions cause acid rain.
After the shale gas boom, economics became stressed for coal, and companies like Peabody filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2016.
Market forces.
At peak production in 2008, 468 million short tons of coal were mined in Wyoming, and the coal-mining industry employed 6,827 people. By 2015, Wyoming annual production had declined 20 percent, to 376 million short tons, and the industry employed 6,635 people.
The price of natural gas fell as production increased dramatically during the shale gas boom from 2007 onward, as advances in technology such as the more efficient horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. In electricity generation, one of the major users of coal in the United States, the increased use of natural gas led to a decrease in the demand for coal.
Use.
Coal power provided 42.7 TWh of Wyoming electricity in 2016, compared to 3.8 TWh for the second largest (wind).
Almost all Wyoming coal is consumed in the United States, In 2015, out of 376 million short tons of coal mined in Wyoming, 52,400 tons were exported, less than one-tenth of one percent. Wyoming coal is shipped out of Wyoming for use in 28 states, from Oregon and Washington on the Pacific coast, to New York and Maryland on the Atlantic coast. As of 2015, the top five states consuming Wyoming coal, other than Wyoming itself, are: Texas, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Iowa, Together, these five states consume more than half the coal shipped out of Wyoming.
Industry structure.
The five largest extractors of coal in Wyoming (in terms of 2015 annual production) are:
Disasters.
On June 30, 1903 coal gas ignited in the Chimney Springs mine, killing 169 of the miners. In 1908, the same mine exploded again, trapping 18 miners inside. The state mine inspector and 40 other men entered the mine to rescue the miners, while the men were at work trying to rescue the miners, another explosion occurred, killing all 59 of those inside.


Edward B. Durham

Edward Benjamin Durham (c. 1870s – c. 1930s) was an American mining engineer and Professor at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley, especially known for his work on mine surveying.
Biography.
Durham received his MA in mining at the Columbia University in 1893, where he was classmate of Halbert Powers Gillette.
Durham started his career as Assistant Mining engineer in 1893. In 1901 back at Columbia University he started lecturing mining, and was eventually promoted to Professor. He had become a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. In 1910 he was also appointed Associate Professor of Mining at the University of California, Berkeley, where he delivered a new special course in surface and underground surveying of mines. In the early 1910s he moved to Berkeley, California.
In 1916 Durham joined the engineering staff of the Mammoth Copper Mining Co., Kennett, California, where he became engaged in the design and erection of an aerial tramway at the Stowell Mine, near Kennett. In 1918 he published one of his latest known articles on "Aerial tramways and cableways" in the Mining Engineers' Handbook.
Work.
"Flow sheets," 1910.
In 1910 Durham published the article, entitled "Flow Sheets" in "The California Journal of Technology'," which is one of the first academic articles on flow charts. Durham explained:
One of the most useful methods of describing the various steps in an operation is by means of “flow sheets.” These took their name from ore-concentrating processes, where they have been long used to describe the flow of ore, or of water through the mills. They closely resemble the old-fashioned family trees, where the relation of the different members to each other were shown, and flow sheets might well be called "process trees."
The principle of flow sheets is of wide application; in business, it can be used to show the organization of the staff and to whom each is responsible; in manufacturing, the passage of the material through the works, from department to department, and even the steps in each department, can be shown; in milling or metallurgical operations, the passage of the material from process to process and the resulting products and their disposal can be shown; in power distribution, the heat generated by coal under the boilers can be followed in its change to mechanical power and its application to various machines.
Flow sheets are useful to give a picture of a technical operation, or process to a non-technical person, and, for such purposes, may be very simple, and details and minor parts of the operation may be omitted. To the engineer, flow sheets are of great value. first, in studying the operation of a plant; second, in describing a process briefly, yet completely, and third, In designing.
In this description Durham talks about features of, what we now know as, both the organizational chart and of the flow chart. Yet, this article might be one of the first articles solely devoted to the flow chart.
"Mine surveying," 1913.
A 1913 review in the "Book Review Digest" summarized that the "author assumes on the part of the reader of this book a general knowledge of surveying. and after a brief summary of the subject in the first chapter, he takes up in turn, equipment for underground surveying, underground traversing, calculations and mapping, special problems and instruments, shaft plumbing, tunnel surveys, exploratory surveys, magnetic surveys."
The reviewer judged that "Prof. Durham has gathered together a large amount of valuable information. The reviewer has not seen any book which surpasses it in the treatment of the subject, or in general arrangement, clearness and brevity of statement. If it could be made slightly smaller, without affecting the size of the type or affecting the ease with which it can be read, it would doubtless be appreciated by those for whose use it is intended."
Beside a section on mine-surveying instruments it also included a section on the history of mining surveying. In his days the book was quite popular.
Selected publications.
Articles, a selection:


Stirling Colgate

Stirling Auchincloss Colgate (; November 14, 1925 – December 1, 2013) was an American physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and a professor emeritus of physics, past president at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech) from 1965 to 1974, and an heir to the Colgate toothpaste family fortune. He was America's premier diagnostician of thermonuclear weapons during the early years at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. While much of his involvement with physics is still highly classified, he made many contributions in the open literature including physics education and astrophysics.
Early life and education.
Colgate was born in New York City in 1925, to Henry Auchincloss and Jeanette Thurber (née Pruyn) Colgate. He attended Los Alamos Ranch School until 1942 when a military delegation along with input from Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest O. Lawrence decided to close the school. Colgate and others in the class were then graduated without notice. The following year he attended Cornell University to study electrical engineering.
In 1944, Colgate enlisted in the merchant marine. After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, the captain of the ship Colgate was serving on called on Colgate to "tell us what it means." At that time what he explained was strictly confidential, most of all the description of nuclear fission.
After being discharged in 1946, Colgate returned to Cornell University, where he completed a Bachelor of Science in 1948 and a PhD in nuclear physics in 1951, then taking up a position as postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley.
The development of the hydrogen bomb.
In 1952 he moved to Livermore National Laboratory. The laboratory had been recently created by Edward Teller with encouragement from the United States Air Force in order to compete with Los Alamos weapons research. For the purposes of developing a hydrogen bomb, Teller assigned Colgate to the diagnostic measurements for their nuclear tests.
Colgate studied the radioactive products of an explosion which were scooped from the atmosphere by specially designed aircraft. His second job was measuring the range of energy of the neutrons and higher frequency gamma rays created by the nuclear tests.
Colgate's work required him to shuffle between Livermore and Los Alamos. During one trip to Los Alamos he met Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, whom he worked with again almost ten years later.
In the 1950s Colgate was in charge of thousands during the Bravo test, the first deliverable thermonuclear bomb, which akin to his earlier work, included the atmospheric sampling Project Ashcan. Upon the success of the detonation, Teller encouraged Colgate to begin research on thermonuclear fusion and plasma physics.
Later career.
In 1956 Colgate and colleague Montgomery H. Johnson were recruited to investigate the resultant radiation and debris from a hydrogen bomb explosion in space. They realized that the X-ray and gamma-ray emissions of supernovae could also set off satellites designed to detect hydrogen bomb explosions.
Colgate's supernova research during this investigation ignited his interest in astrophysics. Colgate and Johnson's first attempts to understand the mechanism of a supernova began with determining the actual cause of one. They assumed that "a shockwave from the core bounce smashes into nuclear ash plummeting inwards due to the inward tug of gravity". The shock wave would turn this matter around, heating it up, causing the supernova. However, this turned out to be wrong, as Richard H. White used computer simulations to show that the shock wave would not be strong enough to trigger the event. Colgate and White began developing models of stars on the verge of collapse. White wrote a computer program combining software used to design bombs with equations of state for a star. In discussions with a friend, Colgate found that neutrinos can develop degeneracy pressure. This pressure aided the shock wave in blowing off the outer shells of an expiring star, leaving a neutron star behind. While this research helped validate Chandrasekhar's work on limits, neutron stars were still purely hypothetical.
In 1959, upon the advice of Los Alamos and Livermore National Laboratories, the State Department recruited Colgate as the scientific consultant on nuclear test ban negotiations in Geneva. It was here that he proposed the detection of nuclear testing by use of spy satellites, specifically the Vela satellites. However, he also raised the possibility of false alarms caused by supernovae.
Despite encouragement by Teller to follow up on the detonation of the 50-megaton Czar bomb which the Soviet Union had just detonated, Colgate decided to continue his prior research on supernovae.
In 1966 his research with Johnson and White finally emerged in a paper carefully edited by Chandrasekhar.
Colgate went on to serve as the president of New Mexico Tech in Socorro, New Mexico from the beginning of 1965 through the end of 1974. While there he conducted research programs in astrophysics and atmospheric physics as well as leading the college.
 Many of his projects had colorful names inspired by the experimental configurations and goals. Some of these included DigAs (a search for early supernova in galaxies with a remote controlled telescope in real time using an IBM 360-44 mainframe computer through a digital microwave link from the New Mexico Tech campus to the school's Langmuir Laboratory)(see the PBS NOVA episode "Death of a Star", 1987, ~ 8 minutes in), Paul Bunyan's Condom (aka PBC—a long plastic tube inflated by a B-26 bomber engine/propeller pumping charged smoke up into a thunder storm cloud), and SNORT (supernova observational radio telescope—a search for radio frequency chirps caused by the dispersive media between the receiver and the distant supernova).
From 1975 until his death, Colgate worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and was a professor emeritus at New Mexico Tech. He continued his research into supernova and received the 2006 Los Alamos medal from LANL. Colgate had a specially-designed laboratory on the New Mexico Tech campus where he continued his research until mid-2013, when he ceased work due to failing health.
In 1984 Colgate co-founded the Santa Fe Institute.


Sijua

Sijua is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.
Geography.
Location.
Sijua is located at . It has an average elevation of 181 metres (593 feet).
The earlier census town was combined with other urban units to form Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2006.
Sijua is part of Ward No. 7 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.
Overview.
The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines in the lowest rung of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The entire area shown in the map is under Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, except Belgaria which is under Baliapur (community development block). The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The DMC area shown in the map is around the core area of Dhanbad city. Another major area of DMC is shown in the map of the southern portion of the district. A small stretch of DMC, extending up to Katras is shown in the map of the western portion. The region is fully urbanised. Jharia (community development block) has been merged into DMC. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Sijua Area, Kusunda Area and Bastacola Area.
Demographics.
 India census, Sijua had a population of 29,797. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Sijua has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 50%. In Sijua, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Economy.
Tata Steel and BCCL are the major coal companies in Sijua.
The Sijua Area of BCCL is composed of: Basdeopur colliery (underground), Kankanee colliery (UG and open cast), Loyabad colliery (UG) (mostly non-functional), Mudidih colliery (UG and OC), Nichitpur Colliery (OC), Sendra Bansjora colliery (UG and OC) and Tetulmari colliery (UG and OC).
Tata Steel leased six coal mines with metallurgical coal in Jharia coalfield between 1910 and 1918, These are grouped in two locations – Sijua and Jamadoba. The Bhelatand colliery of the Sijua Group was then acquired. Subsequently in 1918, Tata Steel acquired Malkera and Sijua as well as Jamadoba, Digwadih and 6&7 Pits Collieries of the Jamadoba Group.In 1993 Tata Steel set up a 1 million tonnes per annum coal washery at Bhelatand.
Transportation.
Sijua is situated at a distance of 12 km from Dhanbad (Railway Track Distance), which is a major city in the adjoining area. It is also situated 4 km from Katras, the local centre for trade and commerce. It is well connected by railways as well as by road. Being is a unique location, Sijua is lucky enough to have railway access along three different railway lines, the corresponding stations being Sijua (under the Dhanbad-Chandrapura line under the Dhanbad Railway Division, East Central Railway), Tetulmari (under the CIC section of Dhanbad Railway Division, East Central Railway) and Tata-Sijua(under the Adra railway division, South Eastern Railway).
Sijua is also connected to Dhanbad via road, courtesy of the JNURM buses and auto-rickshaws plying along the Dhanbad-Katras route.
Train services on the 123-year old and 34 km long Dhanbad-Chandrapura line were closed on June 15, 2017 because of the risk of coal-seam fire. Fourteen stations, including Kusunda, Baseria, Bansjora, Sijua, Angarpathra, Katrasgarh, Tetulia, Sonardih, and Jamunia, were affected.
Education.
De Nobili School, Sijua is one of the major schools (ICSE) which caters to the higher secondary level.
Tata D A V School, Sijua is another higher secondary school. It is run by TATA Steel and D A V organizing committee. It is CBSE based. It is considered as the excellent school of Sijua. It has one library


W. Mont Ferry

William Montague Ferry (March 12, 1871 – January 11, 1938) was an American politician. He was a Utah State Senator and the 17th mayor of Salt Lake City.
Ferry was born in Grand Haven, Michigan, and was the son of Edward P. Ferry and Clara White. Ferry was named after his grandfather, who was a Presbyterian minister and missionary in Michigan.
Ferry moved to Utah and became a mining investor in Utah and Nevada. He was president of the American Silver Producers. He was an associate of United States Senator Thomas Kearns.
In January 1903, Thompson was a signatory of an official protest to the United States Senate of the Utah Legislature's election of Mormon apostle Reed Smoot as a United States Senator for Utah. In 1904, when Kearns failed to be re-elected to the Senate by the Utah Legislature due to the perceived influence of Smoot, Ferry was among the founders of the anti-Mormon American Party. In the 1904 election, Ferry was elected as a member of the city council of Salt Lake City. The mayor, Ezra Thompson, and three other members of the city council were also members of the American Party.
In 1911, the American Party dissolved, and Ferry was elected as a Republican to the Utah State Senate. He served in the State Senate until 1915, when he was elected mayor of Salt Lake City. He served as mayor for one term, until 1919.
Ferry married Edna Tremain in 1896. Ednah Ferry was a delegate from Utah to the 1924 Republican National Convention.


Khiagdinskoye mine

The Khiagdinskoye mine is a large open pit mine located in the southern part of Russia in Buryatia. Khiagdinskoye represents one of the largest uranium reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 22 million tonnes of ore grading 0.05% uranium.


List of mines in India

This list of mines in India is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output. For practical purposes stone, marble and other quarries may be included in this list. In India, the underground mine to surface mine ratio is 20:80 .


Wallyford

Wallyford is a village near Musselburgh and approximately east of Edinburgh in East Lothian, Scotland.
History.
The village was initially populated by coal miners and later grew as an overspill/commuter town for workers in Musselburgh and Edinburgh. A tribute to the miners can be found marked on a stone through the main road (Salters Road) of the village. A coal mine at Wallyford was worked for the profit of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1563 and also supplied coal for her own fire at Holyrood Palace.
The village is overlooked by the restored Fa'side Castle which was destroyed by the English after the Battle of Pinkie in 1546. In 2016, construction began to regenerate the village. A new, replacement Primary School was completed in February 2019. A new village high street/centre will be created alongside a legible hierarchy of roads and footpaths, maximising connections throughout but in particular to the Village Centre and Community Woodland.
Landmarks.
Wallyford has a railway station with a Park and Ride facility, on the Edinburgh to North Berwick railway line, operated by ScotRail.
It has a primary/nursery school, playgroup, community centre, churches, library, post office and a Miners' social club.
Notable people.
Sir William Binning of Wallyford (1627–1711) Lord Provost of Edinburgh 1675–1677.
Victorian writer Margaret Oliphant was born in Wallyford on 4 April 1828. Among her best-known works were "Katie Stewart", "The Carlingford Chronicles" and "Tales of the Seen and Unseen". She died in Wimbledon on 25 June 1897 and was buried in Eton Cemetery near Windsor.
Willie Park, Sr., the first and four-time winner of the Open Championship in golf, was born in Wallyford on 30 June 1833 and died on 25 July 1903.
Former footballer and football manager Jock Wallace, Jr. was born in Wallyford on 6 September 1935. He went on to have a successful career as manager of Rangers.


Letpadaung Copper Mine

The Letpadaung Copper Mine () is a large surface mine in the Salingyi Township of Sagaing Region of Myanmar. Since Myanmar began liberalizing in 2011 the mine has been the site of contentious protest and come to symbolize the shortcomings of political reform. Villagers displaced by the Chinese-operated mine contend that they have not received fair compensation while the company claims that it has been social responsible throughout the process.
Background.
Letpadaung is a large mine project operated by the Wanbao Mining Copper Ltd. company, in cooperation with the Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd (UMEHL) Wanbao, a subsidiary of China North Industries Group Corp. or Norinco, a large arms manufacturer, bought the project from Ivanhoe, a Canadian mining company in 2011. Ivanhoe had won the initial project from the Myanmar government pursuant to a series of agreements and feasibility studies from 1994 to 1996. The joint venture agreement was signed on April 10, 1996. Ivanhoe divested its share of the project in 2011, citing the impact of the negative stigma of working with the military government on its other business throughout the world. The final agreement with Wanbao, reached after protests in 2012, gave it a 30% share of the eventual profits, 19% going to UMEHL, a massive military-owned company and 51% to Myanmar’s government. A later agreement gave 2% of profits to local development. The project is reported to have cost approximately $1 billion to develop.
China.
Through its decades of economic isolation resulting from Western sanctions, Myanmar found China a critical ally and investment partner. However the large projects undertaken with China often served to exacerbate anti-China sentiment in the country, which has always had a contentious relationship with its northern neighbor. Though a substantial ethnic-Chinese population has long been a part of Myanmar’s demographic landscape, an influx of Chinese immigrants with business connections in Northern Myanmar over the past 20 years has caused tensions and anti-Chinese feelings to rise
Like many issues in Myanmar, anti-Chinese feelings have come to the surface and been manipulated since the democratic transition removed censorship and created a new political economy. In September 2011 the Thein Sein government abandoned the Myitsone Dam project in Kachin State. Ninety percent of the electricity produced by the $3.6 billion dam would have gone to China, which, combined with its environmental impact, led to broad protest in Myanmar.
More recently, the Director of Myanmar’s railway ministry, Myint Wai, announced in July 2014 the cancelation of a proposed $20 billion railway link between Myanmar’s oil-producing Rakhine State and China’s Yunnan Province citing “public demand.” Some, however, speculate that the Myanmar government simply decided that the long timescale of the project would not provide it ample revenue, and that the termination of western sanctions has given it other options.
And despite these few lags in the economic relationship between the two countries, A large number of projects are still under way. During a visit to Myanmar in November 2014 by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, China and Myanmar signed investment deals in energy, agriculture, telecommunications, infrastructure and finance worth $7.8 billion. Like Letpadaung, the controversial Kyaukpyu-Kunming oil pipeline has been built despite massive public protest. Many in Rakhine State resent their small share of revenues.
Villager grievances.
Villagers protesting the Letpadaung copper mine have expressed dissatisfaction with the resettlement process, compensation schemes, environmental and health effects, and the destruction of an important religious site. The compensation plan offered to the displaced villagers has been at the center of the protests since the beginning of the project. The agreement between Wanbao and the Myanmar Government held the company to certain standards of compensation, social spending and employment for residents. Wanbao and the Myanmar government have made claims of fairly compensating villagers which villagers and rights groups like Amnesty International have rejected as inadequate.
Geng Yi, Wanbao’s local representative told "The Economist" magazine in May 2014 that the company was spending even more than required by that agreement. He claimed that the company spent $1.8m on “corporate social responsibility” work in 2013, which he said was more than the $1m that the contract requires each year. Additionally, 2% of profits are supposed to be allocated to local villages when the mine is operational.
In December 2014 Wanbao Spokesman Dong Yunfei said in an Interview with the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) that the company intends to offer compensation to all 1,032 villagers affected by the mine. He said that about 70% of villagers have accepted the compensation offered by the company and that they have been working with and listening to affected villagers. For example, through “door-to-door consultations” the company learned that many of those who have not accepted the plan and are protesting want higher compensation. The company has tried to accommodate, he claimed. In July they began a “Livelihood Contribution Plan” to help people who were promised jobs at the mine but which can only be fulfilled once the mine is totally operational.
In statements Wanbao has conceded that about 100 villagers have refused to discuss compensation, despite several attempts. They have refused even to admit Wandbao employs, government officials and police officers into the “three old villages” in which they live. “We learnt that quite a few villagers are actually willing to talk to us, but a few trouble-makers won’t let them,” Dong said, and added that the company would only pursue the matter through peaceful dialogue.
Villagers, international rights groups and Myanmar activists have contested the fairness of the compensation scheme. Amnesty International, estimates that approximately 2,500 villagers have been affected by the project, more than twice the company figure of 1,032 affected, on what villagers say is 8,000 acres of land from 26 villages. The mine and the support industries that have followed it have radically increased the price of land in the area, making it harder for displaced villagers to settle nearby and devaluating their compensation. Amnesty International has said that the community consultation process was inadequate and that villagers who refused to be relocated were excluded from discussion. Wanbao allegedly excluded them from consultation on direction of the Myanmar Government. As recently as November 2014 Amnesty International urged the government to stop work at the project, citing a flawed acquisition process, the presence of environmental and social repercussions and the lack of official accountability regarding violence against protesters at the mine in 2012.
Villagers near the mine claim that the sulfuric acid plant on the mine’s property is rendering the surrounding farmland infertile and leading to an increase in the number of children born blind.
November 2012 white phosphorus.
Accounts of the violence that erupted on the morning of November 29, 2012 vary widely between protesters and rights groups on one hand and the government on the other. Thousands of villagers, monks and activists had been participating in protests at the mine site for the previous three months. Protests had generally taken the form of a sit-in, though in recent weeks protesters had become more daring, possibly emboldened by the recent visit of American President Barack Obama. Recently protesters had begun blockading the sulfuric acid factory that has been the subject of intense condemnation. Protesters had also been blocking bulldozers and trucks. National League for Democracy Chairwoman Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, daughter of Burmese independence leader Aung San and the most popular opposition figure in the country, was to meet with protesters at the mine on the morning of the following day, November 30, to hear their grievances.
Police claim that they repeatedly warned the protesters to leave, saying that they had tolerated the “illegal” protest for a long time but that the addition of people from other areas and “outside groups” had forced their hand. Police Lieutenant Colonel Thura Thwin Ko Ko, 49, one of commanders on duty during the clean-up, claims that protesters were warned fifteen times to disperse. Protesters dispute this narrative, saying that they were taken totally by surprise by the police move. A truckload of police arrived at the site of the protests shortly before the dispersal. Protesters say they formed in ranks to withstand the police action but were put to a run as soon as it began.
Protesters claim that they were fired upon by a combination of water cannons, tear gas, and an unspecific incendiary device. The protesters scrambled as six explosions rang out, fired from what some called flare guns; "They fired black balls that exploded into fire sparks. They shot about six times. People ran away and they followed us," one protester told The Guardian. The incendiary devices exploded, sometimes in the laps of praying monks, throwing sparks and burning material onto the clothes and skin of other protesters. Many of those hospitalized had black spots and burns over much of their bodies, which indicate the use of white phosphorus in the incendiary devices.
Lawyers Network and Justice Trust. an unofficial investigation group, published a report after the event which included lab results from a canister found at the scene indicating the presence of phosphorus. The sticky substance thrown by the canisters stuck to tents and people and could not be extinguished by pulling off, rolling on the ground or dousing with water. Estimates of the number of people injured in the operation range from 68 to over 100, mostly monks. Many of the monks were hospitalized for several weeks in Mandalay, Monyua and Bangkok. Operations at the mine were suspended until a commission could determine what happened.
Two types of munitions were found at the mine after the clearing. One had CS written on it, an abbreviation for 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, the active ingredient in tear gas. The other, smaller munitions bore no marking. Lieutenant Colonel Thura Thwin Ko Ko later claimed that the police thought that the munitions they were firing were all tear gas.
Letpadaung Taung Investigation Commission Report.
In the wake of the November clash a parliamentary investigation commission was established to investigate the clashes and larger problems at the mine. The commission, chaired by Aung San Suu Kyi and made up of ministers, members of parliament and company representative, missed several deadlines before releasing a report containing 42 recommendations concerning land utilization, environment, compensation and society, and religious concerns. It recognized that the mine had not met international environmental or social standards and did not compensate villagers sufficiently.
To the disappointment of many protesters, however, the commission did not recommend the closing of the mine. Though it acknowledged the minimal direct benefit that the mine gave to Myanmar, the commission recommended that the mine remain open, citing Myanmar’s fragile relationship with China and the impact that shuttering such a large project could have on Myanmar’s internal investment climate.
The commission provided for the creation of a Committee for the Implementation of the Letpadaung Report, tasked with implementing the recommendations outlined in the report. That committee has since come under intense criticism for a lack of transparency and sluggishness in implementing changes, not least from Aung San Suu Kyi, who claimed after the shooting in December 2014 that violence had erupted because of the Implementation Committee’s failure to implement the Investigation Committee’s recommendations.
In response to criticisms from Aung San Suu Kyi, Tin Myint, a member of the investigation committee and the secretary of the implementation committee, said on January 8, 2015 that criticisms were unfounded. In its annual report the committee claimed to have already implemented 29 of the Investigation Committee’s recommendations, and to be in the process of implementing the remaining 13.
December 2014 shooting.
On December 22, 2014 approximately 200 villagers were protesting the erecting of a border fence on 1,000 acres of farmland seized by the mine. The land was owned by villagers who had refused to accept the compensation plan offered by the mine. Villagers allegedly protested by throwing rocks and firing slingshots at workers and the police officers brought with them, and by physically blocking the work. In an interview with the Democratic Voice of Burma, a villager from Sete claimed that “The police stood in a line, armed with riot shields, and warned the villagers they would be shot if they did not move…The protestors tried to block them from entering the plots and refused to give in.”
When police opened fire one woman, 56-year-old woman from Mogyopin village, was shot in the head and died shortly afterwards. Another man was shot in the leg. The ministry of information said in a statement that eleven police officers and nine protesters were injured in the clash, though some media sources have questioned that number. The following day renewed protests were met with more resistance from police, who fired rubber bullets into the crowd, injuring two or three protesters.
Wanbao’s public relations manager Cao Desheng expressed regret at the shooting and put blame on the police;
We know nothing about the police’s handling before the accident happened…We made no request for the police to use any kind of violence…On behalf of everyone at Wanbao we extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt condolences to her [Daw Khin Win’s] family and share in their grief at this difficult time…We understand the police were at the scene, and we hope they will start investigating this event.
The Myanmar Ministry of Information issued a report, run in state media outlets, which took a less conciliatory note than the statement made by Wanbao. The report said that tensions erupted when a group of about 30 protesting villagers prevented a bulldozer from clearing a path for an extension of the border fence by lying on the ground. Wanbao employees were:
[Wanbao employees were] targeted by slingshot fire by 15 villagers from the same group, whereby security forces retaliated by firing three warning shots from 12-bolt crowd control guns…Despite efforts to dilute tensions, around 100 villagers who had been disturbing the third work team near Ingyin Hill snatched signal flags off the [Wanbao staff], set those on fire, and surrounded the 10 workers…At 11:15am, security forces demanded the villagers release the 10 workers; in response the villagers demanded the construction vehicles and machinery used in the fence construction be removed from the site…Negotiations failed and tensions rose to the point of danger. The security forces again fired eight shots to disperse the crowd…The security forces then successfully rescued the 10 workers. Eleven police officers and nine villagers were injured in the incident. Daw Khin Win of Mogyopyin died from injuries.
After the incident, Aung San Suu Kyi blamed the administration of President Thein Sein for the shooting and the violence at the mine in general. Referring to the report that the commission she chaired filed after violence at the mine in 2012, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said;
We have provided ample recommendations. They [the Thein Sein administration] have to implement their fair share. If they want [me] to do it all, then hand over administrative power [to me] so that I can do everything…The committee did carry out some recommendations, but it has not fully implemented the recommendations. It has not followed the recommendations to the letter.
On December 29, a week after the shooting of Daw Khin Win, dozens of protesters tussled with police outside of the Chinese embassy in Yangon where they were attempting to lay a wreath to commemorate her death. Protesters also called for an end to violence at the mine. The following morning Nay Myo Zin, an activist and former Myanmar military servicemen, was arrested by waiting police as he began the trip to the Letpadaung site. Though they did not give specific charges, police allegedly told Nay Myo Zin that his arrest was due to his participation in the protests of the night before. Fellow activists Naw Ohn Hla, Daw Sein Htwe and Tin Ptut Paing were apparently arrested the same morning.


Gar mine

The Gar mine is a large iron mine located in eastern Russia in the Sakha Republic. Gar represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 4 billion tonnes of ore grading 41% iron metal.


Skinflats

Skinflats is a small village in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. It is located north-west of Grangemouth, east of Carronshore and north-east of Falkirk. It lies on the A905 road between Glensburgh and Airth, near to the River Carron and the point where it flows into the Firth of Forth.
The United Kingdom 2001 census reported the population as 347, almost unchanged since 1991.
The name of the village is sometimes claimed to be of Dutch origin, supposedly bestowed by Dutch engineers working on land reclamation in the 17th century, but there is no evidence that any such reclamation projects took place in the parish of Bothkennar where Skinflats is located and the place-name is readily explained as Scots in origin, meaning "short flat".
Skinflats was originally a pit village, but no mining has taken place there for many years.
There is an RSPB Nature Reserve at Skinflats which protects saline lagoons and saltmarsh, both types of habitat being increasingly rare in the Forth Estuary. A project was established to increase the extent of these habitats at Skinflats and following years of discussion planning for the project started in 2018 and on Wednesday 3 October 2018 the seawall at the reserve was breached and the project to realign the coast at Skinflats was completed. In 2018 the first recorded successful breeding of pied avocets in Scotland occurred at Skinflats.
The bus service F23 used to connect Skinflats with Falkirk and Stenhousemuir but the local authority deemed it too costly and proposed the cancellation of the service in April 2019.


Faridpur Durgapur

Durgapur Faridpur is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Durgapur subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
History.
Faridpur is an old village. The area was earlier densely forested. Some ancient Buddhist sculptures were discovered in the village of Pratapur under Faridpur police station. Peterson's Gazetteer of 1910 mentions five police stations under Asansol subdivision – Asansol, Raniganj, Kanksa, Barakar and Faridpur.
Geography.
Laudoha, a constituent gram panchayat of Durgapur-Faridpur CD Block, is located at .
The southern part of Durgapur Faridpur CD Block is part of the Ajay Damodar Barakar tract. This area is sort of an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is a rocky undulating area with laterite soil, with the Ajay on the north, the Damodar on the south and the Barakar on the west. The northern part of the CD Block is part of the Kanksa Ketugram plain. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal, in the eighteenth century, led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.
Durgapur Faridpur CD Block is bounded by Dubrajpur and Ilambazar CD Blocks, in Birbhum district, on the north, Kanksa CD Block on the east, Durgapur (municipal corporation), with Barjora CD Block, in Bankura district, beyond it, on the south and Andal and Pandabeswar CD Blocks on the west.
Durgapur Faridpur CD Block has an area of 155.97 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 6 gram panchayats, 88 gram sansads (village councils), 54 mouzas and 48 inhabited villages. Faridpur and New Township police stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Laudoha.
Kunur River, one of main tributaries of the Ajay, 112 km in length, has its origin near Bansgara in the Faridpur police station area. With water from several small streams swelling it during the monsoons, it often floods large areas of Ausgram and Mangalkot police stations. It joins the Ajay near Ujani village.
Gram panchayats of Durgapur-Faridpur block/panchayat samiti are: Gogla, Gourbazar, Ichapur, Jemua, Laudoha and Protappur.
Demographics.
Population.
As per the 2011 Census of India Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had a total population of 115,924, of which 85,370 were rural and 30,554 were urban. There were 60,478 (52%) males and 55,446 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 13,309. Scheduled Castes numbered 36,641 (31.61%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 8,073 (6.96%).
As per 2001 census, Durgapur Faridpur block had a total population of 108,619, out of which 59,253 were males and 49,336 were females. Durgapur-Faridpur block registered a population growth of 19.00 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. Scheduled castes at 35,692 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 8,211.
Census Towns in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Mandarbani (4,592), Banagram (5,635), Sirsha (4,600), Nabaghanapur (5,383), Sarpi (5,549) and Ichhapur (4,795).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets):Shyamsundarpur (6,273), Jemua (5,976) and Madhaipur (5,140).
Other villages in Fardipur Durgapur CD Block are (2011census figures in brackets): Laudoha (2,399), Gogla (1,799), Pratappur (1,644), Tilaboni (1,659) and Jhanjra (2,125).
Literacy.
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 76,080 (74.14% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 43,951 (82.05% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 32,129 (65.50% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.55%.
As per 2001 census, Durgapur-Faridpur block had a total literacy of 67.34 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 77.94 per cent female literacy was 55.14 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion.
As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person's mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, Bengali has decreased its share from 82.3% of the population of Bardhaman district in 1961 to 79.9% in 2001, Hindi has increased its share from 8.5% in 1961 to 10.9% in 2001 Santali has remained steady at around 4.9% during the period, and Urdu has increased its share from 2.4% in 1961 to 2.6% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were: Odiya (0.3%), Punjabi (0.2%), Koda/Kora (0.2%), Telugu (0.1%), Bhojpuri (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%) and Kurukh/ Oraon (0.1%).
As of 2017, CD Block-wise/ other region-wise break-up of mother tongue is not available in census/ other official sources. There have been reports in the media about the Hindi speaking population being substantial in the Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency). Bardhaman district provided attractive livelihood opportunities for immigrants from Bihar/ Jharkhand.
According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws.
The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018. However, as of 2019, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered.
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 98,921 and formed 85.33% of the population in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block. Muslims numbered 16,105 and formed 13.89% of the population. Christians numbered 179 and formed 0.15% of the population. Others numbered 719 and formed 0.62% of the population.
Rural poverty.
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living below poverty line in 2005, rural poverty in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 28.84%.
Economy.
Livelihood.
In Durgapur Faridpur CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 4,405 and formed 10.35% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 11,969 and formed 29.83%, household industry workers numbered 1,044 and formed 2.60% and other workers numbered 22,704 and formed 56.59%. Total workers numbered 40,122 and formed 34.61% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 75,802 and formed 65.39% of the population.
Coalmines are spread across the Andal, Pandaveswar, Raniganj, Jamuria, Barabani and Salanpur region, including municipal areas. Livelihood in this region is coal-centred. The mining area does not produce much of agricultural products. Overall work participation rate, and female work participation rate, in the mining area are low. Interestingly the work participation rate in the predominantly agricultural rural areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district is higher than in the predominantly urbanised mining area. Human development in the mining area does not at all look good. However, in the composite livelihood index the mining area performs much better than the non-mining areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district. The decadal (1991-2001) change in composition of workers shows the growing pressure of population growth, as well as of migrants from adjacent Jharkhand. Durgapur Faridpur is partly coal-mining area and partly agricultural area.
Infrastructure.
All 54 or 100% of mouzas in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block were electrified by 31 March 2014.
All 54 mouzas in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 44 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 26 fair price shops in the CD Block.
Coal mining.
Some underground mines of Eastern Coalfields have been selected for modernisation. Mass production technology has been introduced by deploying continuous miner combined with shuttle car at Jhanjra and Sarpi projects. Tilaboni colliery would also be modernized. and Madhaipur OCP Has Started
See also – Pandaveswar Area of Eastern Coalfields and Jhanjra
Agriculture.
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 16.58%, patta (document) holders 18.72%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.64%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 15.67% and agricultural labourers 44.39%.
In 2003-04 net cropped area in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 10,127 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 4,060 hectares.
In 2013-14, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block produced 3,061 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 2,005 hectares, 22 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from7 hectares, 90 tonnes of wheat from 30 hectares and 1,290 tonnes of potatoes from 43 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.
In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 278.44 hectares, out of which 223.81 hectares were irrigated by canal water, and 54.63 hectares by river lift irrigation.
Banking.
In 2013-14, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks.
Transport.
Durgapur Faridpur CD Block has 31 originating/ terminating bus routes.
Education.
In 2013-14, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had 66 primary schools with 6,574 students, 6 high school with 3,759 students and 6 higher secondary schools with 6,477 students. Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 96 students, 192 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,120 students
Healthcare.
In 2014, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres with total 27 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 15 family welfare subcentres. 1,487 patients were treated indoor and 82,807 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
Laudoha Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Laudoha, is the major government medical facility in the Durgapur Faridpur CD block. There are primary health centres at Lowapur, PO Ichhapur (with 6 beds) and Kantaberia, PO Dhabani (with 10 beds).
Durgapur Faridpur CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.
Politics.
During the period 1967 to 1972, there was an assembly constituency named Faridpur. Ajit Kumar Bandopadhyay of INC won the seat in 1972. Sanat Kumar Banerjee of CPI (M) won it in 1971. Manoranjan Bakshi of Bangla Congress won it in 1969 and 1967.


Munka mine

The Munka mine is one of the largest molybdenum mines in Sweden. The mine is located in Rappen geological district of the Arjeplog Municipality in northern Sweden. It is currently owned by Beowulf Mining and has reserves amounting to 1.7 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.156% molybdenum thus resulting 2,652 tonnes of molybdenum. All exploration work at the mine has been carried out by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU).


Plumas-Eureka State Park

Plumas-Eureka State Park is a California state park located in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range in Plumas County, California.
The park, as a mining museum, shows and protects the history of the active mid-19th century California Gold Rush mining period. As a large natural area it shows and protects the serenity of the mountain's meadows, forests, lakes, and granite peaks. Camping, picnicking, biking, fishing, and hiking are offered.
Mining history.
The historic mining area includes a museum in the miner's bunkhouse, the Mohawk Stamp Mill, Bushman five-stamp mill, stables, a blacksmith shop, the mine office, and a miner’s home "Moriarity House".
A California Historical Landmark marker is located in the park honoring the mining areas of Jamison City, Eureka Mills, Johnstown, and the Eureka Mine.
Natural history.
Plumas-Eureka State Park is in the Sierra Nevada Coniferous Forest ecosystem of the Temperate Coniferous Forests Biome. The park's animals include black bear, deer, weasel, mink, marten, mountain lion, bobcat, fox, and many others. The park is within the Feather River watershed and encompasses some of its headwaters.
Access.
Plumas-Eureka State Park is located about 60 miles north of Lake Tahoe in Northern California. It is five miles west of Blairsden on County Road A-14.
Proposed closure.
This is one of the 48 California state parks proposed for closure in January 2008 by California's Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as part of a deficit reduction program since rescinded following public outcry. Plumas-Eureka State Park, except during the winter season, is open to the public.


Kalanguyskoye mine

The Kalanguyskoye mine is a large mine located in the south-eastern Russia in Primorsky Krai. Kalanguyskoye represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 6.3 million tonnes of ore grading 60% fluorite.


Pittsburgh Coalfield

The Pittsburgh Coalfield (Pittsburgh Coal Region) is the largest of the Western Pennsylvania coalfields. It includes all or part of Allegheny, Fayette, Greene, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties in Pennsylvania. Coal has been mined in Pittsburgh since the 18th century. U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel owned Karen, Maple Creek, and Ellsworth mines. It is not possible to define sharp geographical boundaries for this district for none such exist or are reported differently. The largest company in this field was the Pittsburgh Coal Company, which later became CONSOL Energy. It is bordered on the west by the state of West Virginia, on the south by Panhandle Coalfield and Klondike Coalfield, on the East by Irwin Gas Coalfield, on the North by the Freeport Coalfield and at least one other coalfield. The Darr Mine Disaster occurred in this coalfield in 1907.


New Sharlston


Uranium mining in Australia

Radioactive ores were first extracted in South Australia at Radium Hill in 1906 and Mount Painter in 1911. 2,000 tons of ore were treated to recover radium for medical use. Several hundred kilograms of uranium were also produced for use in ceramic glazes. In 2017, of the world's estimated uranium resources (6,142,600 tonnes), 30% were in Australia (1,673,000 tonnes), ahead of the second largest, Kazakhstan (14% or 842,200 tonnes). In terms of production, Canada is the largest supplier, followed by Kazakhstan and Australia. Australia exported of uranium in the ten years to 2017.
Following the Japanese Fukushima nuclear disaster in early 2011, many countries scaled back their nuclear power production, with some setting deadlines for a complete shutdown of all nuclear power reactors, with a resultant impact on demand for uranium. As of 2013 uranium prices have been very low. New mine developments have received State government approval in Western Australia and Queensland, although it is unlikely that new projects will enter active development until the uranium market price improves.
For several decades uranium mining has been a major part of the Australian political discussion, with opposition groups citing the wide-ranging environmental impacts, indigenous land access and nuclear proliferation as reasons for ceasing or restricting the industry. The debate has resulted in limitations on mining and export activities, with Federal and State governments occasionally backflipping on public policy.
As of 2017, there were three operational uranium mine sites: Olympic Dam (BHP), Ranger (ERA), and Beverley Four Mile (Heathgate Resources).
History.
The occurrence of uranium in Australia had been known since the 1890s. Uranium was produced as a bi-product of radium mining in South Australia at Radium Hill from 1906 and Mount Painter from 1911. A refinery at Hunter's Hill, Sydney processed the ore between 1911 and 1915 for radium bromide and uranium. The radium was used for medical research and the uranium used in ceramic and glass manufacture.
Serious uranium exploration started in 1944 after requests from the United States and United Kingdom governments, and in 1948 tax concessions were offered by the Commonwealth for successful discoveries. A£1,800,000 uranium treatment complex operated by the Government of South Australia at Port Pirie commenced operations in August 1955, processing ore from Radium Hill and Wild Dog Hill (Myponga), south of Adelaide. The complex supplied the UK - USA Combined Development Agency and closed in February 1962.
Uranium deposits were found at Rum Jungle (NT) in 1949 and a mining operation run by the Commonwealth commenced there in 1954. Further discoveries were made at South Alligator River (NT) in 1953, Mary Kathleen (Qld) in 1954, and Westmoreland (Qld) in 1956. In 1954 Radium Hill reopened as a uranium mine and mining operations started at other sites in the late 1950s, including El Sherana, Coronation Hill and Palette.
By 1964, production had mostly ended due to depleted reserves and filled contracts. Export sales during this initial phase included 7,730 tonnes of uranium to the US and UK for their nuclear weapons programs. Much of the sales related to the power generation in overseas countries.
A second wave of exploration activity in the late 1960s occurred with the development of nuclear energy for electricity production. 60 deposits had been identified up to the late 1970s. The Ranger deposit was discovered in 1969, Nabarlek and Koongarra in 1970, and Jabiluka in 1971.
The first of many government inquiries into the industry was tabled in 1976 as the "Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry" (also known as the "Fox Report"), and addressed the question of whether Australia should mine and export uranium. Mining operations ceased while the inquiry was underway but recommenced in 1977 after the government took up a 42% share of Ranger Uranium Mines Pty Ltd. In 1979 the Commonwealth sold its share in the still to be built Ranger operation and at the same time established Energy Resources of Australia Ltd to own and operate the mine. Ranger finally opened for production in 1981.
The Nabarlek (NT) mine operated for four months in 1979. Milling of stockpiled ore commenced in 1980 and produced 10,858 tonnes of uranium oxide up to 1988 with sales to Japan, Finland and France, for civil power generation.
Mary Kathleen closed in late 1982 becoming the site of Australia's first major uranium mine site rehabilitation project. This was completed in 1985. A similar site rehabilitation project at Rum Jungle also took place in the 1980s.
Olympic Dam (SA) at Roxby Downs started operations in 1988, operated by Western Mining Corporation. A large underground mine, it was mainly focussed on copper production, with uranium, gold and silver as by-products. Western Mining Corp was taken over by BHP Billiton in 2005.
Historically, many prospective Australian uranium mines have been constrained by active antinuclear opposition, but state governments have now approved mine development in Western Australia and Queensland. But it is unlikely that any new projects will enter active development until the market improves. As of 2013 uranium prices are very low. Cameco placed the Kintyre project on hold until market prices improve and Paladin has stated that its project proposals (Bigrlyi, Angela/Pamela, Manyingee, Oobagooma, and Valhalla/Skal) need higher uranium market prices before they can proceed. Toro wants to take the Wiluna proposal to the development phase, but has not been successful in attracting equity investors. When market prices go up again, so that mine development is justified, most projects would need at least five years to proceed to production.
Markets.
Generally, there is only one commercial use for uranium: as the source material for nuclear power generation. In February 2009 there were 436 operational nuclear power plants worldwide, with a total generating capacity of nearly 372 gigawatts of electricity. Another 64 nuclear power reactors are expected to be commissioned over the next six years.
There are no nuclear power generation plants operating in Australia and therefore no domestic demand. The High Flux Australian Reactor at Lucas Heights, New South Wales operated from 1958 to 2007. The OPAL research reactor is currently in operation at Lucas Heights.
Australian uranium is mined and sold only for electrical power generation or nuclear research, Almost all the uranium is exported under strict International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards.
Government policy and politics.
Uranium mining in Australia has been highly political, particularly for the Australian Labor Party(ALP) at both state and federal level. Development of projects has often been stymied by a succession of inquiries and the politicisation of the issuing of mining and export licences.
The biennial ALP National conference in 1982 debated the issue vigorously. At the 1984 Conference, the newly elected federal Labor government under Bob Hawke introduced the so-called "Three mine policy". The policy confined Australian uranium mining activities to the three sites already operational: Ranger, Nabarlek and Olympic Dam with a moratorium on new mines opening. Subsequently, reserves at Nabarlek were depleted and the Beverley Uranium Mine became the notional third mine.
The coalition won the 1996 Federal election under John Howard and promptly abandoned the policy.
On 28 April 2007, the Howard government adopted a new uranium strategy which aimed to immediately remove "unnecessary constraints impeding the expansion of uranium mining, such as overlapping and cumbersome regulations relating to the mining and transport of uranium ore" and repeal prohibitions on further nuclear industrial development which had been established in 1999 under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999.
The same day, the Labor party abandoned its "no new mines" policy, while maintaining its opposition to other forms of nuclear industrial development in Australia.
After returning to government in 2008, the ALP approved a fourth uranium mine in July 2009: the Four Mile uranium mine in South Australia, thus ending its 25-year-old policy. Federal Resources Minister Martin Ferguson subsequently declared that increased uranium mining in Australia was inevitable.
State governments opposed to uranium mining have been able to stop the issuing of mining permits, sometimes against the policy of the incumbent Federal government. As of December 2015, the current position of the affected states and territories is as follows:
Recent legislative changes.
The Western Australian ban on uranium mining was removed in 2008.
Queensland's ban on uranium mining was revoked in 2012, when Premier Campbell Newman back-flipped on a pre-election promise. In March 2015 the Palaszczuk government announced that it would be reinstating the ban.
The New South Wales Government passed the Mining Legislation Amendment (Uranium Exploration) Act 2012 No 16 on 4 April 2012. The Act was proclaimed on 14 September 2012. The Act removed the ban on uranium exploration to help gain an understanding of what uranium and uranium-bearing mineral resources may exist in the State. The ban on uranium mining remains in place.
Opposition.
Opposition to uranium mining has been considerable in Australia, and notable anti-uranium activists have included Dr Helen Calidicott, Kevin Buzzacott, Jacqui Katona, Yvonne Margarula, and Jillian Marsh.
In November 2011, Prime Minister Julia Gillard called on the ALP to reverse its policy at the ALP national conference, to allow export of Australian uranium to India. India has not signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.
While being welcomed at the time by State and Federal governments as a major boost to the economy, the proposed Olympic Dam expansion of mining operations did attract criticism. In 2010, local traditional owners and Indigenous communities protested the proposed expansion. In July 2012, more than 400 people joined a "Lizard's Revenge march" to the Olympic Dam site. The anti-nuclear activists, including Elder Kevin Buzzacott, protested against the mine expansion and the uranium industry. They say the company and the government have put short-term economic gain ahead of environmental and health concerns. Organiser Nectaria Calan said police harassed protesters, demanding identification and controlling access to and from their campsite. In August 2012, BHP Billiton announced that the expansion was being postponed indefinitely pending investigation of a "new and cheaper design".
In 2016, BHP Billiton's asset president, Jacqui McGill, announced that the expansion plans would move ahead, "through low-risk, capital efficient underground expansions."
Regulation of uranium mining in Australia.
Federal law.
Mining or milling uranium ore is defined as a 'nuclear action' in Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, s.22(1)(d). This means that an EPBC Act approval is required for uranium mining from the Federal Environment Minister if a corporation or the Commonwealth or a Commonwealth agency is to take a nuclear action that has, will have or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment (s.21(1)).
State and Territory laws.
NSW.
Until 2012, the "Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Act 1986" (NSW) prohibited uranium mining in NSW. In 2012 the O'Farrell government proposed the repeal of selected provisions of this Act, by means of the Mining Legislation Amendment (Uranium Exploration) Bill 2012, which passed on 28 March 2012, and received Royal Assent on 4 April 2012.
The UMNFP Act had made it an offence to prospect for, or to mine, uranium in NSW. (s.7) The 2012 Bill removed the general prohibition on prospecting for uranium in New South Wales. It also enables exploration licences and associated permits (but no other licences or authorities) to be granted under the Mining Act 1992 to prospect for uranium, to apply the State environmental planning policy applicable to other mineral exploration to uranium prospecting, vests all uranium in NSW in the Crown and excludes compensation for that vesting.
The UMNFP Act still prohibits State authorities from constructing or operating nuclear reactors for the production of electricity (s.9).
Queensland.
Mining uranium was banned in Queensland from 1989 to 2012. The ban was repealed by the Newman government, then the Palaszczuk government in 2015 announced that it would be reinstated.
South Australia.
"Radiation Protection and Control Act 1982" (SA) (ss. 5, 27).
"Roxby Downs (Indenture Ratification) Act 1982" (see: Schedule)
On 19 March 2015 the South Australian government established The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission to investigate the expansion of uranium mining and exploration of new uranium deposits in South Australia. On 15 November 2016 the government decided to support all five uranium mining related recommendations made by the commission.
Victoria.
"Nuclear Activities (Prohibitions) Act 1983" - s.5: Prohibition against exploration etc. for uranium or thorium
Western Australia.
In 2017, Western Australia's Environment Minister, Albert Jacob, gave approval for the Wiluna Project, owned by Toro Energy. The company will apply for federal approval later this year. The state also gave approval to Canadian-based company Cameco for the right to mine the Yeelirrie mine.
Mines.
About 96% of known resources are at six sites: Olympic Dam (the world's largest known uranium deposit), Ranger, Jabiluka, Koongarra, Kintyre and Yeelirrie.


Aganozersky mine

The Aganozersky mine is a large mine in the north of Russia in the Republic of Karelia. Aganozersky represents one of the largest nickel reserve in Russia having estimated reserves of 405 million tonnes of ore grading 0.15% nickel, 2.33 million oz of platinum, 1.66 million oz of palladium and 0.43 million oz of gold. The 405 million tonnes of ore contains 0.6 million tonnes of nickel metal.


Abakanskoye mine

The Abakanskoye mine is a large iron mine located in eastern Russia in the Sakha Republic. Abakanskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 172.5 million tonnes of ore grading 38% iron metal.


Wilfred Hodder

Wilfred Hodder (6 May 1896 – 12 November 1957) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s and 1920s, and rugby league administrator. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Talywain RFC and Pontypool RFC, as a lock, i.e. number 4 or 5, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Wigan, as a , or , i.e. number 8 or 10, or, 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums, and he was a member of the board of directors at Wigan RLFC.
Background.
Hodder was born in Abersychan, Wales, he was a miner, hotelier, served in the Royal Field Artillery in World War I, and he died aged 61 in Morecambe/Lancaster, Lancashire.
Playing career.
International honours.
Hodder won 6 caps for Wales (RU) in 1922–1928 while at Pontypool RFC in 1921 against England, Scotland, and France, and won caps for Wales (RL) while at Wigan, including the 34-8 victory over New Zealand at Pontypridd in 1926, and five losses to England.
Club career.
Hodder was in the Wigan team that won the Challenge Cup final when it was played for the first time at the Empire Stadium, Wembley on 4 May 1929. He was one of five Welshmen in the Wigan side. He also won the League Championship in his first season, the Lancashire Cup and League in his second season, the Lancashire League again in 1923/24, the Lancashire League and League Championship in 1924/25 and the Lancashire Cup in 1928/29.
Championship Final appearances.
Hodder played right-, i.e. number 10, in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, and played left-, i.e. number 8, in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926.
County Cup Final appearances.
Hodder played left-, i.e. number 8, in Wigan's 20–2 victory over Leigh in the 1922–23 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1922–23 season at The Willows, Salford on Saturday 25 November 1922, played left- in the 11-15 defeat by Swinton in the 1925–26 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1925–26 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Wednesday 9 December 1925, and played right-, i.e. number 10, in the 5-4 victory over Widnes in the 1928–29 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1928–29 season at The Willows, Salford on Saturday 24 November 1928.


Dakota Territory Resource Corp

Dakota Territory Resource Corp, a Reno, Nevada corporation, is a publicly traded gold development company owning land in the historic Homestake District of the northern Black Hills of South Dakota, an area that once produced the second largest amount of gold in U.S. history. Otherwise known as the Homestake Mine or the Homestake Deposit, the 100-square-mile area yielded approximately 44 million ounces of gold in its 136-year-history, placing it second in U.S. gold production only to the Carlin District of northeast Nevada, and ranking it the largest iron-formation-hosted gold deposit in the world.
During the 1980s and 1990s, Richard Bachman, geologist and now president and director of Dakota Territory Resource Corp, managed a team for Homestake Mining Company that was successful in uncovering and expanding new significant gold mineralization areas. While the mining at the Homestake Mine halted in 2002 due to low gold prices and high mining expenses, from 2011-2014, Dakota Territory Resource Corp acquired crucial sample data as well as mineral acres, broadening its property position in the Homestake District in efforts to restart a gold revitalization there similar to what was done two to three decades earlier. In a venture to continue exploration and development of this precious metals site, today Dakota Territory Resource Corp attempts to breathe new life into this once-profitable gold mining area. They cite a commitment to exploration of gold with sustainable practices.
The total mineral area Dakota Territory Resource Corp owns covers 3,057 acres, including: the Blind Gold, City Creek, and Homestake Paleoplacer Properties. Dakota Territory Resource Corp trades under the symbol DTRC:OTCQB.
History.
During the Gold Rush of the late 19th century, brothers Fred and Moses Manuel and their partners, Alex Engh and Hank Harney, staked out an area in the northern Black Hills of what was then considered Dakota Territory (today Lead, South Dakota). On April 9, 1876, they discovered there an outcropping of a vein of ore, and quickly claimed the property theirs, naming it the "Homestake". Soon other miners followed suit, seeing great gold potential, and a town was built around the Homestake. A year later, three entrepreneurs, George Hearst (father of the famous newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst), Lloyd Tevis, and James Ben Ali Haggin, bought the Homestake from them for $70,000, and founded the Homestake Mining Company. Because of the remote location, mining equipment had to be brought in from Nebraska, but eventually a mill began crushing ore in July 1878. A year later, the three partners sold shares in the Homestake Mining Company, listing it on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which would become one of the longest-listed stocks in the history of the NYSE (NYSE:HM).
Management Team.
Richard Bachman, president and director, previously worked for 22 years at Homestake Mining Company in various capacities including regional geologist, managing an exploration program focused on the discovery of a repeat of the Homestake Mine. Gerald Aberle, vice president, COO, and director, also worked for 22 years with Homestake Mining Company, at the Homestake gold mine in Lead, South Dakota. He also consulted for 14 years with Homestake Mining Co. as well as Barrick Gold Corp. Wm Chris Mathers is CFO, and Anthony Kamin is director.


Coal mining in Saskatchewan

Coal has been mined in Saskatchewan ever since the 1850s when it was used as a source of heat for the early Pioneers in the treeless Great Plains. Today, coal is still mined in Saskatchewan, but it is primarily used to generate electricity.
History.
In 1857, John Palliser found coal during his expeditions across southern Saskatchewan.
The first farmers in southern Saskatchewan also noticed this coal and burning it for heat. During this period, there were no commercial mines; instead farmers would collect coal from exposed seams on the edges of riverbanks and hillsides, or dig small, shallow “gopher hole” mines in their own fields.
By the 1870s, the first commercial coal mines were dug underground along the banks of Willow Bunch Lake. This coal was used for heating, and also for industrial purposes. Underground mines were used in Saskatchewan until 1956. Most of the underground mines were abandoned after their closures, and the numbers of abandoned mines are estimated at 100 around Estevan, 200 around Wood Mountain, and 60 around Shaunavon.
In 1882, the first coal exports from Saskatchewan occurred. Coal from Roche Percee was loaded onto barges on the Souris River, and was sent to Winnipeg to be sold. In 1892, a Soo Line rail spur was built to the coalfields near Estevan which allowed coal to be shipped by rail.
In 1927, the first strip mine was dug in Saskatchewan. Strip mining is the only type of coal mining that still takes place in Saskatchewan today, and occurs mainly in the Estevan area, and to a lesser extent in the Willow Bunch / Wood Mountain areas.
Coal use in Saskatchewan accelerated once it started being used for electricity generation. In 1928, Dominion Electric purchased Estevan Generating Station (EGS) from the municipality and by 1930, they had converted it into a coal-fired facility. The facility was purchased by SaskPower in 1946, and became SaskPower's first major coal power plant. By 1957, the generating capacity of EGS was 70 MW.
Between the 1960s and the 1990s, SaskPower built three more coal-fired power plants: Boundary Dam, Poplar River, and Shand. In 1960, Manitoba Hydro installed two generating units in Selkirk that burned Saskatchewan Lignite, and between 1957 and 1970, they installed five more units in Brandon that burned Saskatchewan Lignite. In 1981 and 1982, Ontario Hydro built two new coal units on their Thunder Bay Generating Station that burned primarily Saskatchewan Lignite, with some sub-bituminous coal mixed in from either Alberta or Wyoming. In 1985, Ontario Hydro built their Atikokan Generating Station, which also burned mainly Saskatchewan Lignite plus a small amount of Alberta or Wyoming sub-bituminous coal.
Today, Ontario has ceased operation of almost all their coal facilities, Manitoba only has one remaining coal facility and it only runs under emergency conditions, and SaskPower has decommissioned the Estevan Generating Station and two of the six generating units at Boundary Dam.
Saskatchewan coal production peaked in 1988 at approximately 12 million tonnes, and production is expected to continue falling until 2030 when all coal plants without CCS technology are mandated to close across Canada.
New Discoveries.
Between 2008 and 2012, significant new coal deposits were discovered north of Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan wrapping around the Pasquia Hills. These deposits are thought to be part of a larger coal trend called the Durango Trend that potentially stretches from Pine River, Manitoba to La Ronge, Saskatchewan.
The coal in this area has a much higher energy density than the lignite in Southern Saskatchewan, and the seams are much thicker. The classification is sub-bituminous, which makes the coal similar to that found in Alberta and the Powder River Basin. Although the energy density is high, the coal in this area contains non-negligible amounts of sodium which prevents it from being used for electricity generation without some form of pre-processing.
The close proximity of these coal deposits to Manitoba make this coal a good candidate for Coal Liquefaction or Gasification. Manitoba has abundant, zero-emission, low-cost hydroelectricity that can make the above processes affordable, while keeping emissions low.
Coal characteristics.
Saskatchewan has three geological formations that contain coal: the Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation which is 55 to 65 Million Years Old, the Upper Cretaceous Belly River / Judith River Formation which is 75 to 80 Million Years Old, and the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group which is 105 to 121 Million Years Old.
The Ravenscrag Formation (which is part of the Fort Union Group) exists across Southern Saskatchewan and has the most-economic lignite seams due to the shallow coal depth and low water table. The formation contains three coal mining regions: Estevan, Willow Bunch / Wood Mountain, and Shaunavon / Cypress Hills.
The coal in the Hudson Bay area is part of the Mannville Group.
Active Mines.
All of the commercial coal mining in Saskatchewan is currently done by Westmoreland Mining LLC. Westmoreland's Estevan Mine currently consists of four active pits, and supplies coal directly to Boundary Dam and Shand. Westmoreland also operates a Char Plant (for making Barbecue Briquettes) and an Activated Carbon Plant, and both plants are fed with coal from the Estevan mine. Westmoreland's Poplar River Mine consists of two active pits, and it supplies coal to Poplar River Power Station via rail.