List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP

This article lists French regions and overseas collectivities by gross domestic product (GDP).
Introduction
INSEE and affiliate statistical offices in the overseas collectivities produce estimates of GDP in France's 13 regions and 5 overseas collectivities every year, and in some overseas collectivities where GDP estimates are made only every few years.
In 2011, France (whose territory in the national accounts refers to Metropolitan France plus the four old overseas regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and Réunion, but excludes Mayotte and the six overseas collectivities) had a GDP of US$2,778 bn, 98.2% of which was produced in Metropolitan France, and 1.8% in the four overseas regions.
Dynamics.
Île-de-France (the Paris Region) has a much higher GDP per capita than the rest of France, due to its position as one of the "command centres" for the global economy, as well as its relatively low share of retirees. Outside Île-de-France, the 12 other regions of Metropolitan France show remarkably little disparity in their GDPs per capita.
The "poorest" region of Metropolitan France outside Île-de-France in 2016, Hauts-de-France, had a GDP per capita which was four fifths the level of the richest region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. This is in contrast to most neighbours of France where regional disparities are much more marked (East Germany vs West Germany, southern Spain and Italy vs northern Spain and Italy, Wallonia vs Flanders).
Overseas, only Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and New Caledonia have GDP per capita at the level of Metropolitan French regions. All other overseas regions and collectivities have GDP per capita noticeably lower than the Metropolitan French regions. The lowest is found in Mayotte, where GDP per capita was slightly less than a quarter of Metropolitan France's level in 2009, although it has been increasing a lot in recent years with the accession of Mayotte to overseas department and region status (and soon outermost region of the European Union, thus eligible for EU structural funds from 2014 on).
Gross domestic product.
Nominal GDP in euros and CFP francs has been converted to US dollars at the €/US$ purchasing power parity rate of each given year.
Per capita GDP.
Figures are in US dollars at purchasing power parity (PPP).
Departments by GDP.
All 95 Departments of Metropolitan France by GDP and GDP per capita in 2015.


Plovdiv Province

Plovdiv Province (: "Oblast Plovdiv", former name Plovdiv okrug) is a province in central southern Bulgaria. It comprises 18 municipalities (общини, "obshtini", sing. общинa, "obshtina") on a territory of with a population, as of February 2011, of 683,027 inhabitants. The province is named after its administrative and industrial centre — the city of Plovdiv.
Geography.
Plovdiv Province includes parts of the Upper Thracian Plain, the Rhodopes, Sredna Gora, the Sub-Balkan valleys and Stara Planina, including its highest peak, Botev (2,376m). The main rivers in the province are Maritsa, Stryama, Pyasachnik. There are numerous dams, the most important of which is Pyasachnik. Mineral springs are abundant; there are several major spa resorts — Hisarya, Narechen, Banya and minor spas at Klisura, Asenovgrad, Kuklen, Rosino, Krasnovo, Stoletovo and others. There are many natural landmarks, especially in the Central Balkan National Park, including the spectacular waterfall Raysko Praskalo, the highest in the Balkans.
Municipalities.
Plovdiv Province (Област, "oblast") contains 18 municipalities (singular: община, "obshtina", plural: Общини, "obshtini"). The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town or village (towns are shown in bold), and the population of each as of December 2009.
Towns.
The province's capital is the city of Plovdiv; other towns include Karlovo, Sopot, Klisura, Kalofer, Hisarya, Saedinenie, Rakovski, Brezovo, Stamboliyski, Krichim, Perushtitsa, Sadovo, Parvomay, Asenovgrad, Laki, Katunica, Yiagodovo.
Population.
Plovdiv Province had a population of 715,904 (715,816 also given) according to a 2001 census, of which were male and were female.
As of the end of 2009, the population, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 701,684 of which are over 60 years of age.
The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:
Ethnic groups.
Total population (2011 census): 683 027
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 620 373 persons:
A further 60,000 persons in Plovdiv Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
Ethnic groups according to the 2001 census, when 715 816 people of the population of 715,904 of Plovdiv Province identified themselves (with percentage of total population):
Religion.
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:
Economy.
The economy of the province is of great importance. The agricultural production is intensive and efficient with high levels of irrigation. The major crops are fruit (apples, plums, pears, cherries), grapes, melons and watermelons, vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, carrots, cabbage, potatoes), wheat, rice, barley and others. Industry is very well developed: ferrous metallurgy near Plovdiv; thriving electronics industry in Plovdiv, Saedinenie, Voivodinovo, Radinovo and other villages in the area; agricultural machinery (tractors) in Karlovo; weapon and military plants in Sopot, Karlovo, Plovdiv; chemical industry in Plovdiv, Asenovgrad; food industry is developed almost everywhere, most notably in Plovdiv and Asenovgrad (wines). Tourism is a growing industry with the rich cultural heritage of the province and the numerous mineral springs which are of international importance.


Dobrich Province

Dobrich Province (, , former name Dobrich okrug) is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Southern Dobruja geographical region. It is bounded on east by the Black Sea, on south by Varna Province, on west by Šumen and Silistra provinces, on the north by Romania. It is divided into 8 municipalities. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 186,016.
The province was part of Romania between 1913 and 1940.
Municipalities.
The Dobrich province (област, "oblast") contains eight municipalities (singular: - plural: , ). The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town (in bold) or village, and the population of each in December 2009.
Population.
The Dobrich province had a population of 215,232 (215,217 also given) according to a 2001 census, of which were male and were female.
At the end of 2009, the population of the province, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 199,705 of which are inhabitants aged over 60 years.
The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:
Ethnic groups.
Total population (2011 census): 189 677
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 173 899 persons:
A further 15,000 persons in Dobrich Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
Religion.
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:
Towns and villages.
The place names in bold have the status of town (in Bulgarian: град, transliterated as "grad"). Other localities have the status of village (in Bulgarian: село, transliterated as "selo").
Balchik municipality.
Albena | Balchik | Bezvoditsa | Bobovets | Bryastovo | Dabrava | Dropla | Gurkovo, Hrabrovo | Karvuna | Kranevo | Kremena | Lyahovo | Obrochishte | Prespa | Rogachevo | Senokos | Sokolovo | Strajitsa | Trigortsi | Tsarichino | Tsurkva | Tuzlata | Zmeevo
Dobrich municipality (city).
Dobrich
Dobrichka municipality (rural).
Altsek | Batovo | Bdintsi | Benkovski | Bogdan | Bojurovo | Branishte | Cherna | Debrene | Dobrevo | Dolina | Donchevo | Draganovo | Dryanovets | Enevo | Feldfebel Denkovo | General Kolevo | Geshanovo | Hitovo | Jitnitsa | Kamen | Kamen Bryag | Karapelit | Kotlentsi | Kozloduytsi | Kragulevo | Lomnitsa | Lovchantsi | Lyaskovo | Malka Smolnitsa | Medovo | Metodievo | Miladinovtsi | Novo Botevo | Odrintsi | Odurtsi | Opanets | Orlova mogila | Ovcharovo | Paskalevo | Pchelino | Pchelnik | Plachidol | Pobeda | Podslon | Polkovnik Ivanovo | Polkovnik Minkovo | Polkovnik Sveshtarovo | Popgrigorovo | Prilep | Primortsi | Rosenovo | Samuilovo | Slaveevo | Sliventsi | Smolnitsa | Sokolnik | Stefan Karadja | Stefanovo | Stojer | Svoboda | Tsarevets | Tyanevo | Vedrina | Vladimirovo | Vodnyantsi | Vrachantsi | Vratarite | Zlatia
General Toshevo municipality.
Aleksandar Stamboliyski | Balkantsi | Bejanovo | Chernookovo | Dabovik | General Toshevo | Goritsa | Gradini | Izvorovo | Jiten | Kalina | Kardam | Konare | Kraishte | Krasen | Kupinovo | Loznitsa | Lyulyakovo | Malina | Ograjden | Pchelarovo | Petleshkovo | Pisarovo | Plenimir | Preselentsi | Prisad | Ravnets | Rogozina | Rosen | Rositsa | Sirakovo | Snop | Snyagovo | Spasovo | Sredina | Surnino | Uzovo | Vasilevo | Velikovo | Vichovo | Yovkovo | Zograf
Kavarna municipality.
Belgun | Bilo | Bozhurets | Balgarevo | Chelopechene | Hadzhi Dimitar | Irechek | Kamen Bryag | Kavarna | Krupen | Mogilishte | Neykovo | Poruchik Chunchevo | Rakovski | Seltse | Septemvriytsi | Sveti Nikola | Topola | Travnik | Vidno | Vranino
Krushari municipality.
Abrit | Aleksandria | Bistrets | Dobrin | Efreytor Bakalovo | Gaber | Kapitan Dimitrovo | Koriten | Krushari | Lozenets | Ognyanovo | Polkovnik Dyakovo | Poruchik Kurdjievo | Severnyak | Severtsi | Telerig | Zagortsi | Zementsi | Zimnitsa
Shabla municipality.
Bojanovo | Chernomortsi | Durankulak | Ezerets | Gorichane | Gorun | Granichar | Krapets | Prolez | Shabla | Smin | Staevtsi | Tvarditsa | Tyulenovo | Vaklino | Zahari Stoyanovo
Tervel municipality.
Angelariy | Balik | Bezmer | Bojan | Bonevo | Brestnitsa | Chestimensko | Glavantsi | Gradnitsa | Guslar | Jeglartsi | Kableshkovo | Kladentsi | Kochmar | Kolartsi | Mali izvor | Nova Kamena | Onogur | Orlyak | Polkovnik Savovo | Popgruevo | Profesor Zlatarski | Surnets | Tervel | Voynikovo | Zurnevo


Lower Normandy

Lower Normandy (, ; ) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Lower and Upper Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
Geography.
The region included three departments, Calvados, Manche and Orne, that cover the part of Normandy traditionally termed "Lower Normandy" lying west of the Dives River, the Pays d'Auge (except a small part remaining in Upper Normandy), a small part of the Pays d'Ouche (the main part remaining in Upper Normandy), the Norman Perche, and part of the "French" Perche. It covers 10,857 km2, 3.2 percent of the surface area of France.
The traditional districts of Lower Normandy include the Cotentin Peninsula and La Hague, the Campagne de Caen, the Norman Bocage, the Bessin, and the Avranchin.
History.
The traditional province of Normandy, with an integral history reaching back to the 10th century, was divided in 1956 into two regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.
During the Roman era, the region was divided into several different city-states. That of Vieux was excavated in the 17th century, revealing numerous structures and vestiges bearing testimony to the prosperity of the Caen region.
The region was conquered by the Franks in the 5th century.
In the 9th century, the Norman conquests devastated the region. Much of the territory of Lower Normandy was added to the Duchy of Normandy in the 10th century.
In 1066, Duke William Il of Normandy conquered England. He was buried in Caen. After his death, Normandy went to his eldest son and England went to his second son, separating the two possessions.
The victory of Tinchebray in 1106 gave Normandy to the kings of England again. Nearly one hundred years later, in 1204, King Philip II Augustus of France conquered the region, apart from the Channel Islands. Then, during the Hundred Years' War, it was regained by the Plantagenets. However, the French recovered the mainland part of the region between 1436 and 1450. By 1453, the French monarchy controlled much of modern France apart from Calais, which remained in English hands.
During the Second World War, the main thrust of Operation Overlord was focused on Lower Normandy. The beaches of Calvados were the site of the D-Day landings in June 1944. Lower Normandy suffered badly during the War, with many of its towns and villages being destroyed or badly damaged during the Battle of Normandy.
Economy.
The region's economy is heavily agricultural, with livestock and dairy farming, textiles and fruit production among its major industries. The region is the leader in France in the sectors of butter, fromage frais, soft cheeses, cider apples, cider, leeks, turnips, and flax. The region also breeds more horses than any other in France. The western part of the region is used mainly for farming, because of the prairies. Iron ore is mined near Caen. Tourism is also a major industry. The region has direct ferry links to England (via the port of Cherbourg and Caen Ouistreham).
Culture.
In addition to French, Normandy has its own regional language, Norman. It is still in use today in Lower Normandy, with the dialects of the Cotentin more in evidence than others. Lower Normandy has also been the home of many well-known French authors, including Guy de Maupassant, Marcel Proust, Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly. Notable Norman language authors connected especially with Lower Normandy include Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve, and Côtis-Capel.
In terms of music, composer Erik Satie also hailed from this region. In the visual arts, Jean-François Millet was a native of La Hague. Eugène Boudin was born in Honfleur and Fernand Léger in Argentan. Important events include Deauville Asian Film Festival and Deauville American Film Festival.


Utena County

Utena County () is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the country's most sparsely populated county. The capital and the largest city in the county is Utena, which is from Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished. Since that date, Utena County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
History.
Utena is one of the oldest settlements in Lithuania and is mentioned in historical chronicles as early as in 1261.
Municipalities.
It is divided into six municipalities:
Economy.
The county has a well-developed network of roads. Main branches of economy are textile, food and timber processing, beer and wine production, power engineering.
Tourism.
Utena County is the second most popular tourism destination in Lithuania (after the seaside). Approximately 31% of territory is covered with forests. There are 1002 lakes in the county. They are connected by rivers and provide good opportunities for water tourism. One of the biggest tourism attractions is Aukštaitija National Park. In addition, the county has six other regional parks. There are a number of unique places of interest that can be found only in Utena county, e.g., Asveja, the longest lake in Lithuania and Lake Tauragnas, the deepest one; Horse Museum, Ancient Beekeeping Museum, Ethnocosmological Museum, narrow gauge railway, a burial mound exposition, an exhibition of stone dust pictures.


List of Italian regions by GRP per capita

This article is about the gross regional product (GRP) per capita of Italian regions in nominal values. Values are shown in EUR€. For easy comparison, all the GRP figures are converted into US$ according to annual average exchange rates. All values are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Note: Trentino-South Tyrol has separate values measured for the two self-governing provinces that make up the region—the Province of Trento, commonly known as Trentino, and the Province of Bolzano, commonly known as South Tyrol. These are shown in the table below in italics.


Armorial of Spanish autonomous communities

This gallery of coats of arms of the autonomous communities of Spain shows the distinctive coats of arms of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain (constitutionally they are the nationalities and regions in which Spain is territorially organized), plus the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla.


Kavala Prefecture

Kavala Prefecture () was one of the prefectures of Greece. Its capital was Kavala. It was established in 1915, soon after its territory was incorporated into Greece in the Balkan Wars. The prefecture was disbanded on 1 January 2011 by the Kallikratis programme, and split into the regional units of Kavala and Thasos.


Province of Cuneo

Cuneo (Italian) or Coni (Piedmontese) is a province in the southwest of the Piedmont region of Italy. To the west it borders on the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (departments of Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes). To the north it borders with the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the east it borders with the province of Asti. To the south it borders with the Ligurian provinces of Savona and Imperia. It is also known as "La Provincia Granda", Piedmontese for "The Big Province", because it is the fourth largest province in Italy (following the provinces of Sassari, South Tyrol and Foggia) and the largest one in Piedmont. Briga Marittima and Tenda were part of this province before cession to France in 1947.
Administration.
Its capital is the city of Cuneo. Of the 250 communes in the province, the largest by population are:
Economy.
Companies active in the province include:
Many important industrial groups have branches in the province: Michelin (Cuneo and Fossano), Saint-Gobain (Savigliano), Valeo (Mondovì), Asahi Glass Co. (Cuneo), ITT Galfer (Barge), Diageo (Santa Vittoria d'Alba) and Nestlé (Moretta).


Gmina

The gmina ( , plural "gminy" , from German "Gemeinde" meaning "commune") is the principal unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. As of January 1, 2019, there were 2477 communes throughout the country, encompassing 940 cities and over 43,000 villages.
The gmina has been the basic unit of territorial division in Poland since 1974, when it replaced the smaller gromada (cluster). There are three types of gminy:
Some rural gminy have their seat in a town which is outside the gmina's division. For example, the "rural" Gmina Augustów is administered from the town of Augustów, but does not include the town, as Augustów is an "urban" type gmina in its own right.
The legislative and controlling body of each gmina is the elected municipal council ("rada gminy"), or in a town: "rada miasta" (town assembly). Executive power is held by the directly elected mayor of the municipality, called "wójt" in rural gminy, "burmistrz" in most urban and urban-rural gminy, or "prezydent" in towns with more than 400,000 inhabitants and some others which traditionally use the title. A gmina may create auxiliary units ("jednostki pomocnicze"), which play a subordinate administrative role. In rural areas these are called sołectwa, in towns they may be dzielnice or osiedla and in an urban-rural gmina, the town itself may be designated as an auxiliary unit. The only gmina which is statutorily obliged to have auxiliary units is Warsaw, which is divided since 2002 into 18 boroughs of a status similar to the urban gminas, although they are not considered as separate division units. For a complete listing of all the gminy in Poland, see "List of Polish gminas".
Three or more gminas make up a higher level unit called powiat. Each and every powiat has the seat in a city or town, which can be an urban gmina or be a part of an urban-rural one. However, several urban gminas that are the major Polish cities and towns (including all voivodeship seats) have the special status of urban powiats ("miasto na prawach powiatu, powiat grodzki"), and as of 2020 there are 66 of them. Such town or city is a separate single-gmina powiat and even if it is the seat of a regular one, it does not belong to it administratively. In the urban powiats, the roles of the powiat organs are fulfilled by the ones of the urban gmina it is made of.
Types of administrative tasks and objectives.
Each gmina carries out two types of tasks: its own tasks and commissioned ones. Own tasks are public tasks exercised by self-government, which serve to satisfy the needs of the community. The tasks can be twofold:
Own objectives.
Own high objectives include matters such as spatial harmony, real estate management, environmental protection and nature conservation, water management, country roads, public streets, bridges, squares and traffic systems, water supply systems and source, the sewage system, removal of urban waste, water treatment, maintenance of cleanliness and order, sanitary facilities, dumps and council waste, supply of electric and thermal energy and gas, public transport, health care, welfare, care homes, subsidised housing, public education, cultural facilities including public libraries and other cultural institutions, historic monuments conservation and protection, the sports facilities and tourism including recreational grounds and devices, marketplaces and covered markets, green spaces and public parks, communal graveyards, public order and safety, fire and flood protection with equipment maintenance and storage, maintaining objects and devices of the public utility and administrative buildings, pro-family policy including social support for pregnant women, medical and legal care, supporting and popularising the self-government initiatives and cooperation within the commune including with non-governmental organizations, interaction with regional communities from other countries, etc.
Commissioned tasks.
Commissioned tasks cover the remaining public tasks resulting from legitimate needs of the state, commissioned by central government for the units of local government to implement. The tasks are handed over on the basis of statutory by-laws, charters and regulations, or by way of agreements between the self-government units and central-government administration.
Overall number of gminy by type.
Abbreviations used for voivodeships:

LS: Lower Silesian Voivodeship, KP: Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, LBL: Lublin Voivodeship, LBS: Lubusz Voivodeship,
 ŁD: Łódź Voivodeship, LP: Lesser Poland Voivodeship, MS: Masovian Voivodeship, OP: Opole Voivodeship,
 SK: Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PD: Podlaskie Voivodeship, PM: Pomeranian Voivodeship, SL: Silesian Voivodeship,
 ŚWK: Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, WM: Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, GP: Greater Poland Voivodeship, WP: West Pomeranian Voivodeship.


Thessaloniki (regional unit)

Thessaloniki ( "Periferiakí Enótita Thessaloníkis") is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki.
Geography.
The regional unit stretches from the Thermaic Gulf in the southwest to the Strymonic Gulf in the east. Two bodies of water are located in the north, Lake Koroneia in the heart of the regional unit and Lake Volvi in the east. There are farmlands throughout the west and southwest, with fewer in the northeast, north and along the Axios River valley. Mountainous areas include the Chortiatis in the west-central part, the Vertiskos in the north and parts of the Kerdylio mountains in the northeast. The regional unit borders on the Imathia regional unit to the southwest, Pella to the west, Kilkis to the north, Serres to the east and Chalkidiki to the south.
Its climate includes hot Mediterranean summers and cool to mild winters in low-lying areas and plains. Winter weather is very common in areas 500m above sea level and into the mountains.
History.
The area that was to become the Thessaloniki regional unit was annexed by Greece in 1912, during the First Balkan War. The area was struck by an earthquake in 1978, and by flooding due to rainfall in October 2006. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern Turkey, was born in "Salonica", the name for the city of Thessaloniki when it was part of the Ottoman Empire.
Administration.
Municipalities.
The Thessaloniki regional unit is subdivided into 14 municipalities. These are:
Prefecture.
The Thessaloniki Prefecture () was created when the area was annexed by Greece during the First Balkan War in 1913. At that time. its area was the largest prefecture in the country, covering about 7% of the total land. The prefectures of Pella and Kilkis were split off in 1930 and 1937 respectively, and after World War II in 1947, Imathia and Pieria were additionally created from land belonging to the Thessaloniki Prefecture.
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the prefecture was transformed into a regional unit within the Central Macedonia region, without any change in boundaries. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.
Provinces.
"Note:" Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.
Transport.
Roads and highways.
The regional unit of Thessaloniki is connected with the following roads and highways.
History.
Until the A1/E75 motorway (constructed during the 1970s) and the A2/E90 motorway (constructed during the 1990s) were constructed, GR-1 and GR-2 were the main road links connecting the regional unit of Thessaloniki with other parts of the country.
Furthermore, parts of GR-67 (in the near future to form part of the A25) linking Chalkidiki, and GR-65 linking Kilkis, were converted into motorways during the 2000s.
Communications.
Most of the stations are in the city (see Thessaloniki#Communications). Here are list of stations outside the city:


Lejre Municipality

Lejre Municipality is a municipality in Region Zealand.
The current municipality was established on 1 January 2007 as a result of "Kommunalreformen" ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), merging the former Lejre Municipality with Bramsnæs Municipality and Hvalsø Municipality to form a new Lejre Municipality.
28 September 2016 Carsten Rasmussen took over as mayor from Mette Touborg, who was leaving for a new job. She had been the mayor since 1 January 2010. She was the only one from the left wing Socialist People's Party to hold the highest political position in a municipality, whereas he is from the Social Democrats.
Local companies include the chocolate manufacturer Friis-Holm.
Settlements.
The municipality consists of the following settlements (populations as of 2011):
and
Politics.
Municipal council.
Lejre's municipal council consists of 25 members, elected every four years. Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007.


Province of Arezzo

The province of Arezzo () is the easternmost province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Arezzo. The province is bordered by the regions of Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, and the provinces Siena and Florence of Tuscany. It has an area of , a total population of about 344,000 in 36 "comuni" (singular: "comune")
The north of the province of Arezzo contains the Pratomagno and Casentino mountain ranges and valleys, and the southern areas of the region contain the fertile Tiber and Chiana valleys. The province capital Arezzo was a major Etruscan urban centre known as "Aritim", and a wall was built around the province in this period of rule. In Roman times, the settlement was given the latinized name "Arretium" and expanded down from the hills. Arretium assisted Ancient Rome in the Punic Wars against Ancient Carthage. After attacks from barbarians, the settlement mostly disappeared in around 400 AD.
Towards the end of the 11th century, the settlement grew again into a city, despite being located near the powerful nations of Siena and Florence. Its location led to its ownership changing repeatedly; Florence owned the province after the Battle of Campaldino, later lost authority over it, and then annexed it again in 1384. Florence possessed the province until 1859, when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia during the "Risorgimento". The province is in close proximity to Camaldoli, ancestral seat of the Camaldolese monks.
Communes.
The main "comuni" by population are:


Upper Normandy

Upper Normandy (, ; ) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Upper and Lower Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
History.
It was created in 1956 from two departments: Seine-Maritime and Eure, when Normandy was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. This division continued to provoke controversy, and many people continued to call for the two regions to be reunited. The two regions were finally merged on 1 January 2016. The name "Upper Normandy" existed prior to 1956 and referred by tradition to territories currently included within the administrative region: the Pays de Caux, the Pays de Bray (not that of Picardy), the Roumois, the Campagne of Le Neubourg, the Plaine de Saint-André and the Norman Vexin. Today, most of the Pays d'Auge, as well as a small portion of the Pays d'Ouche, are located in Lower Normandy. Rouen and Le Havre are important urban centers.
Major communities.
Rouen is the regional capital, historically important with many fine churches and buildings, including the tallest cathedral tower in France. The region's largest city, in terms of municipal population, is Le Havre, although Rouen is by far the most populous urban area and metropolitan area. The region is twinned with the London Borough of Redbridge in England. Its economy is centered on agriculture, industry, petrochemicals and tourism.
Bernay
Dieppe
Évreux
Fécamp
Le Grand-Quevilly
Le Havre
Le Petit-Quevilly
Louviers
Mont-Saint-Aignan
Rouen
Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray
Sotteville-lès-Rouen
Vernon


Western Harbour (Mariehamn)

The Western Harbour (Swedish: "Västerhamn", Finnish: "Länsisatama") is one of two harbours in the port of Mariehamn, the regional capital of Åland, in the Archipelago Sea part of the Baltic.
Passenger traffic and duty-free sales.
Most cruiseferry routes between southern mainland Finland and Sweden, as well as between Estonia and Sweden, call at Mariehamn. This is largely due to Åland being outside of the EU customs regime, which allows vessels calling at an Åland port to sell duty-free goods.
With an average of 15 daily ferry sailings, and approximately 20 international cruise ships visiting Mariehamn each year, the Western Harbour is the third-busiest international passenger port in Finland with 1.25 million annual passenger arrivals (2.5m total passenger movements) in 2018.
Navigation.
The shipping lane into the Western Harbour has a maximum depth of and a minimum navigable width of .
The harbour remains ice-free most winters, or is only covered by thin ice.
Attractions.
The museum ship "Pommern", a four-masted iron-hulled sailing ship built in 1903, is moored in the Western Harbour as an exhibit of the Åland Maritime Museum.
Mariehamn's other harbour, the Eastern Harbour (Swedish: "Österhamn", Finnish: "Itäsatama"), is mainly used for smaller leisure boats and yachts, and is one of the largest leisure marinas in the Nordic region.


Darmstadt (region)

Darmstadt is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany, located in the south of the state. The other two Regierungsbezirke are Giessen and Kassel
Economy.
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 207.7 billion € in 2018, accounting for 6.2% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 47,800 € or 159% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 127% of the EU average. This makes it one of the wealthiest regions in Germany and Europe.


Utena District Municipality

Utena District Municipality is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania.
Structure.
District structure:
Population of largest Molėtai District Municipality elderships (2001):


Blansko District

Blansko District () is one of seven districts ("okres") within South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the town of Blansko.
List of municipalities.
Adamov -
Bedřichov -
Benešov -
Blansko -
Borotín -
Bořitov -
Boskovice -
Brťov-Jeneč -
Bukovina -
Bukovinka -
Býkovice -
"Černá Hora" -
Černovice -
Cetkovice -
Chrudichromy -
Crhov -
Deštná -
Dlouhá Lhota -
"Doubravice nad Svitavou" -
Drnovice -
Habrůvka -
Hodonín -
Holštejn -
Horní Poříčí -
Horní Smržov -
Jabloňany -
"Jedovnice" -
Kněževes -
Knínice -
Kořenec -
Kotvrdovice -
Kozárov -
Krasová -
Křetín -
Krhov -
Křtěnov -
"Křtiny" -
Kulířov -
Kunčina Ves -
Kunice -
Kuničky -
Kunštát -
Lazinov -
Lažany -
Letovice -
Lhota Rapotina -
Lhota u Lysic -
Lhota u Olešnice -
Lipovec -
Lipůvka -
Louka -
Lubě -
Ludíkov -
Lysice -
Makov -
Malá Lhota -
Malá Roudka -
Míchov -
Milonice -
Němčice -
Nýrov -
Obora -
Okrouhlá -
Olešnice -
Olomučany -
"Ostrov u Macochy" -
Pamětice -
Petrov -
Petrovice -
Prostřední Poříčí -
Rájec-Jestřebí -
Ráječko -
Roubanina -
Rozseč nad Kunštátem -
Rozsíčka -
Rudice -
Šebetov -
Sebranice -
Šebrov-Kateřina -
Senetářov -
Skalice nad Svitavou -
Skrchov -
"Sloup" -
Šošůvka -
Spešov -
Štěchov -
Stvolová -
Sudice -
Suchý -
Sulíkov -
Světlá -
Svinošice -
"Svitávka" -
Tasovice -
Uhřice -
Újezd u Boskovic -
Újezd u Černé Hory -
Úsobrno -
Ústup -
Valchov -
Vanovice -
Vavřinec -
Vážany -
Velenov -
Velké Opatovice -
Vilémovice -
Vísky -
Voděrady -
Vranová -
Vysočany -
Závist -
Zbraslavec -
Žďár -
Žďárná -
Žernovník -
Žerůtky


Districts of Malta

Malta is for non-local government purposes divided into districts as opposed to the local government localities. The three main types of such districts – statistical, electoral at national level, and policing – have no mainstream administrative effect as the local councils form the first-tier – moreover only administrative tier – divisions of the country.
Statistical districts and regions.
Six districts exist, used for statistical purposes and which are, in turn, grouped into three regions: Gozo, Malta Majjistral and Malta Xlokk. Each district consists of several localities. The Northern Harbour District, Western District and Northern District together form the North Western Region ("Malta Majjistral"). The South Eastern District and Southern Harbour District form the South Eastern Region ("Malta Xlokk"). The Gozo and Comino District is a Region in its own right.
Southern Harbour District.
The Southern Harbour District forms part of Malta Xlokk. It contains 14 local councils including the all but western suburbs of the capital Valletta and the small cities Birgu, Cospicua, Senglea and Żabbar. Its largest locality is Żabbar; its smallest, Xgħajra. The District's population is 80,170 (as of 31 December 2016) across its 26.1 km2. Thus it then ranked second-most populous and had the fifth-largest extent.
Northern Harbour District.
The Northern Harbour District forms part of the Central Region. It contains 13 local councils including the city of Qormi, with the largest locality being Birkirkara ( 22,314). The smallest one is Ta' Xbiex (pop. 1,657). The population of the District is 131,056 (as of 31 December 2016) across its 24.1 km2. It is the most populous and yet the smallest.
South Eastern District.
The South Eastern District forms part of Malta Xlokk. It contains 11 local councils including the city of Żejtun, with the largest locality being Marsaskala ( 12,281) while the smallest one is Ħal Safi (pop. 2,168). The population of the District is 68,044 (as of 31 December 2016) across its 54.3 km2. It is the fourth-largest district by population and area.
Western District.
The Western District forms part of Malta Majjistral. It contains 10 local councils including the cities of Mdina, Siġġiewi and Żebbuġ, the most populous locality being Żebbuġ ( 11,759). The smallest one is Mdina (pop. 229). The population of the District is 59,817 (as of 31 December 2016) across its 72.5 km2. Thus it was the fifth-largest by population and has the second-largest extent.
Northern District.
The Northern District forms part of the Northern Region. It contains 6 local councils but no cities, with the largest locality being St. Paul's Bay ( 29,843); its smallest is Għargħur ( 2,743). The population of the District is 69,467 (as of 31 December 2016) across its 73.6 km2. It is the third most populous and is the largest.
Gozo and Comino District.
The Gozo and Comino District is also the Gozo Region. It contains 14 local councils including the city of Victoria (or Rabat). This is also the largest locality ( 6,211) while the smallest one is Għasri (pop. 418). The population of the District is 31,879 (as of 31 December 2016) across its 68.7 km2. It is the least populous district and the third biggest.
Electoral districts.
There are currently 13 Electoral Divisions for the unicameral (single-assembly) parliament. Each consists of a number of localities (although there is no requirement that electoral boundaries follow the boundaries of localities).
District 13.
This district consists of the islands of Gozo and Comino
Police districts.
There are 11 police districts, each having its own police headquarters.


Teplice District

Teplice District () is one of seven districts ("okres") located within the Ústí nad Labem Region in the Czech Republic. Its administrative center is the city of Teplice. The Teplice District takes up only about a twelfth of the Ústí nad Labem Region but its central part in a basin between Ore Mountains and hills of the České středohoří is heavily urbanised and densely populated.
Complete list of municipalities.
Bílina -
Bořislav -
Bystřany -
Bžany -
Dubí -
Duchcov -
Háj u Duchcova -
"Hostomice" -
Hrob -
Hrobčice -
Jeníkov -
Kladruby -
Košťany -
Kostomlaty pod Milešovkou -
Krupka -
Lahošť -
Ledvice -
Lukov -
Měrunice -
Mikulov -
Modlany -
Moldava -
Novosedlice -
Ohníč -
Osek -
Proboštov -
Rtyně nad Bílinou -
Srbice -
Světec -
Teplice -
Újezdeček -
Zabrušany -
Žalany -
Žim
Notable cities and towns.
Teplice.
The largest city in the district with a population of about 55,000. It is also the administrative center of the district. Teplice is the second largest spa town in the Czech Republic, Teplice is also known for FK Teplice, the local football team playing the Czech First League.
Duchcov.
Duchcov is a small town to the south of Teplice. A historical landmark of Duchcov is the Castle of Dux, where Giovanni Casanova spent his final years.
Osek.
Similar in size to Duchcov. The Gothic monastery in Osek has appeared on Czech stamps.
Bílina.
Bílina is one of the largest towns besides Teplice. The Bílina River flows through the town.
Dubí.
Dubí is located just north of Teplice, close to the German borders.


Sliven Province

Sliven Province (, former name Sliven okrug) is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre — the city of Sliven. It embraces a territory of that is divided into four municipalities, with a total population, as of December 2009, of 204,887.
Municipalities.
The Sliven province contains four municipalities. The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town or village (towns are shown in bold), and the population of each as of December 2009.
Main city.
Sliven is situated at the foot of the unique rock massif "Sinite Kamani" (The Blue Rocks), very close to mineral springs. The town is famous for its clean fresh air, clean water sources, mild winters and cool summers.
Sliven is the only Bulgarian town that has never changed its Slavonic name, though it is one of the oldest settlements in Europe. Thracians, Romans, Slavs, and Ancient Greeks have all lived in the region. The first Roman settlement on this place, Tuida (3rd century BC), was a famous trade centre. Sliven was mentioned as a big town for the first time in 1153 by the Arab traveler Muhammad al-Idrisi.
Population.
As of the end of 2009, the population of the province, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 204,887 of which are inhabitants over 60 years old.
The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:
Ethnic groups.
Total population (2011 census): 197 473<br>
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 173 206 persons:
A further 24,000 persons in Sliven Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
According to the 2001 census, the province had a population of 218 474 inhabitants, of whom 163 188 were Bulgarians, 26 777 Romani, 22 971 Turks, etc.
Religion.
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:
Nature Park "Sinite Kamani" - The Blue Rocks.
The Sinite Kamani Nature Park is famous for its nature landmarks. Halkata — the arc-shaped rock garland, possessing, according to the legends, magic force — is one of the symbols of the town of Sliven. The forms that the nature has sculptured in the cave Zmeevi dupki – Zmeyat, Orelat and Vladishkiyat tron are amazing.
The ancient beech forest in the vicinity of the Kushbunar spring in the region of Karandila is picturesque.
The specific climate and lay conditions of the nature park determine the great diversity of flora and fauna. The plant species are more than 1000, about 900 of which are representative of high species.
The invertebrate animals are represented by 235 species — eight species of fish, nine species of amphibians, nineteen species of reptiles, 165 species of birds and 34 species of mammals.
The lay is of typical mountain type — steep and ravine slopes and between 290 and 1181 meters above sea level. The north and northwest winds, called bora, famous as the wind of the town of Sliven and the night breeze are typical for the region. Through the park flow many rivers and their beds form numerous shoots, pools and waterfalls.


Province of Piacenza

The province of Piacenza () is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Piacenza. As of 2016, it has a total population of 286,572 inhabitants over an area of , giving it a population density of 111.38 inhabitants per square kilometre. The city Piacenza has a population of 102,269, as of 2015. The provincial president is Patrizia Barbieri and it contains 48 "comuni" (singular: "comune"). The province dates back to its founding by the Romans in 218 BCE.
History.
Piacenza was founded by the Romans for military purposes in 218 BCE. It was conquered by Carthaginian Hasdrubal II in 207 BCE and the city was sacked in 200 BCE by the Gauls. A key city in the region, it was destroyed by barbarians but the town was rebuilt under the rule of bishops in the 10th century. By the 12th century, the city was a free "comune" and it later fought against Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor as part of the Lombard League. In the Renaissance period it passed from French, to papal, to Viscontis, to Sforzas rule. Pope Paul III formed the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and Piacenza became part of this duchy. It voted for a union between it and Piedmont in May 1848; this union was enacted in 1859.
In October 2012, it was confirmed that the Province of Piacenza would be merged with the Province of Parma in 2014 to become the Province of Piacenza and Parma, despite controversy over the chosen name. However, after the dismissal of premier Mario Monti, the provincial union was cancelled.
Geography.
The province of Piacenza is the westernmost of the nine provinces in the region of Emilia-Romagna in northwestern Italy. It is bounded on the east by the Province of Parma, and to the north by the Province of Cremona, the Province of Lodi, and the Province of Pavia in the region of Lombardy. The Province of Alessandria lies to the west in the region of Piedmont, and to the south lies the Province of Genoa in the region of Liguria.
The northernmost part of the province is largely flat but the southernmost two thirds are hilly and extend to the Ligurian Apennine Mountains; the highest point in the province is the peak of Monte Bue which is above sea level. The alluvial Po Plain is agricultural land and there are many vineyards growing grapes from which the eighteen wines of the region are made. There is some light industry, mostly in the mechanical sector, and some of this is linked to the agriculture sector.


Meurthe (department)

Meurthe () is a former department of France created in 1790. Its prefecture (capital) was Nancy. It ceased to exist following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany in 1871.
General characteristics.
The department of Meurthe was created on 4 March 1790, during the French Revolution, out of a part of the former province of Lorraine. It took its name from the river Meurthe flowing through it.
As of 1866, Meurthe had 714 communes. Its area was 6,070 km2 (2,344 sq. miles). It was divided into 5 arrondissements: Nancy, Château-Salins, Lunéville, Sarrebourg and Toul.
History.
After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the northeastern part of the Meurthe department was annexed to the German Empire by the Treaty of Frankfurt. On 18 May 1871 about one-third of the Meurthe, corresponding approximately to the arrondissements of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg in the northeast of the department, were detached from Meurthe and annexed to the German Department of Lorraine, becoming part of the "Reichsland" of Alsace-Lorraine.
The remaining two thirds of Meurthe were merged with one fifth of the Moselle department (arrondissement of Briey, in the extreme west of Moselle, to the northwest of Meurthe) which had escaped German annexation, and on 7 September 1871 the merger gave birth to the new Meurthe-et-Moselle department (area: 5,246 km2, compared to 6,070 km2 for the former Meurthe), with its prefecture at Nancy.
In 1919, with the Allied victory in the First World War, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France by Germany at the Treaty of Versailles. However, the old departments of Meurthe and Moselle was not recreated by reverting to the old department borders of before 1871. Instead, Meurthe-et-Moselle was left untouched, and the one-third of Meurthe and the four-fifths of Moselle that had been formed the German region of Lorraine in 1871 were reinstituted as the new department of Moselle, which shares the name of the old department of Moselle but which has quite different borders.
Population.
At the 1866 French census, the Meurthe department had a population of 428,387 inhabitants. In 1872, after the annexation and merger, the new Meurthe-et-Moselle department had a population of 365,137 inhabitants.
At the 1999 French census, if Meurthe still existed it would have had a population of 647,307 inhabitants. On the other hand, in 1999 Meurthe-et-Moselle had a population of 713,779 inhabitants (the industrial area of Briey and Longwy merged in 1871 is more populated than the rural areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg lost in 1871).


List of districts of Germany

Germany is divided into 401 administrative districts; these consist of 294 rural districts ( [in North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein] and ), and 107 urban districts ( or, in Baden-Württemberg only, – cities that constitute districts in their own right).


Flags of Estonian counties

The flags of the 15 counties of Estonia are all white and green, with the coat of arms of the respective county on the white part. This design was first established in 1938. The list also includes the historical flag of Petseri County, which in 1944 was occupied by Soviet forces and became Pechorsky District in Pskov Oblast, present-day Russia. The district was claimed by Estonia after the re-establishing of independence in 1991, but the claim was dropped in 1995.


County Wexford

County Wexford () is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella ("Uí Ceinnsealaigh"), whose capital was Ferns. Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 149,722 at the 2016 census.
History.
The county is rich in evidence of early human habitation. "Portal tombs" (sometimes called dolmens) exist at Ballybrittas (on Bree Hill) and at Newbawn — and date from the Neolithic period or earlier. Remains from the Bronze Age period are far more widespread. Early Irish tribes formed the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnsealaig, an area that was slightly larger than the current County Wexford.
County Wexford was one of the earliest areas of Ireland to be Christianised, in the early 5th century. Later, from 819 onwards, the Vikings invaded and plundered many Christian sites in the county. Vikings settled at Wexford town near the end of the 9th century.
In 1169, Wexford was the site of the invasion of Ireland by Normans at the behest of Diarmuid Mac Murrough, King of Uí Cheinnsealaig and king of Leinster (Laigin). This was followed by the subsequent colonisation of the country by the Anglo-Normans.
The native Irish began to regain some of their former territories in the 14th century, especially in the north of the county, principally under Art MacMurrough Kavanagh. Under Henry VIII, the great religious houses were dissolved, 1536–41; in County Wexford this included Glascarrig Priory, Clonmines Priory, Tintern Abbey, and Dunbrody Abbey.
On 23 October 1641, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland, and County Wexford produced strong support for Confederate Ireland. Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentarian Army arrived in 1649 in the county and captured it. The lands of the Irish and Anglo-Normans were confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers as payment for their service in the Parliamentarian Army. At Duncannon, in the south-west of the county, James II, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, embarked for Kinsale and then to exile in France.
County Wexford was the most important area in which the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was fought, during which significant battles occurred at The Battle of Oulart Hill during the 1798 rebellion. Vinegar Hill (Enniscorthy) and New Ross. The famous ballad "Boolavogue" was written in remembrance of the Wexford Rising. At Easter 1916, a small rebellion occurred at Enniscorthy town, on cue with that in Dublin. During World War II, German planes bombed Campile. In 1963 John F. Kennedy, then President of the United States, visited the county and his ancestral home at Dunganstown, near New Ross.
Geography and political subdivisions.
Wexford is the 13th largest of Ireland's thirty-two counties in area, and 14th largest in terms of population. It is the largest of Leinster's 12 counties in size, and fourth largest in terms of population. The county is located in the south-east corner of the island of Ireland. It is bounded by the sea on two sides—on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. The River Barrow forms its western boundary. The Blackstairs Mountains form part of the boundary to the north, as do the southern edges of the Wicklow Mountains. The adjoining counties are Waterford, Kilkenny, Carlow and Wicklow.
Towns and villages.
County Wexford is known as Ireland's "sunny southeast" because, in general, the number of hours of sunshine received daily is higher than in the rest of the country. This has resulted in Wexford becoming one of the most popular places in Ireland in which to reside. The county has a mild, but changeable, oceanic climate with few extremes. The North Atlantic Drift, a continuation of the Gulf Stream, moderates winter temperatures. There is a meteorological station located at Rosslare Harbour. January and February are generally the coldest months, with temperatures ranging from on average. July and August are generally the warmest months, with temperatures ranging from on average. The prevailing winds are from the south-west. Precipitation falls throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is . Generally, the county receives less snow than more northerly parts of Ireland. Heavy snowfalls are relatively rare, but can occur. The one exception is Mount Leinster, visible from a large portion of the county, which is frequently covered with snow during the winter months. Frost is frequent in winter months, less in coastal areas.
Mountains and hills.
Largely low-lying fertile land is the characteristic landscape of the county. The highest point in the county is Mount Leinster at , in the Blackstairs Mountains in the north-west on the boundary with County Carlow.
Other high points:
Notable hills include: Carrigbyrne Hill; Camross (or Camaross) Hill, ; Carrigmaistia, ; Bree Hill, ; Gibbet Hill; Vinegar Hill; Slievecoiltia; Forth Mountain, ; and Tara Hill.
Rivers and lakes.
The major rivers are the Slaney and the Barrow. At in length, the river Barrow is the second-longest river on the island of Ireland. Smaller rivers of note are the Owenduff, Pollmounty, Corrock, Urrin, Boro, Owenavorragh (also spelt Ounavarra), Sow and Bann rivers.
There are no significant fresh-water lakes in the county. Small seaside lakes or lagoons exist at two locations – one is called Lady's Island Lake and the other Tacumshin Lake.
The "Wexford Cot" is a flat-bottomed boat used for fishing on the tidal mudflats in Wexford, also a canoe shaped Punt fitted with a gun, called a "Float" in Wexford is used traditionally to shoot game birds in the North Slob mud flats.
Islands.
The Saltee Islands lie offshore from Kilmore Quay, while the smaller Keeragh Islands are offshore from Bannow.
Soil.
Most, but not all, of the county was covered with the ice sheet during the last Ice age. As the ice retreated, County Wexford would have been one of the first areas to be covered with glacial drift (a mixture of boulders, clay, sand and gravel) that blanketed the existing bedrock. This has led to high quality soils, suitable for a wide range of agriculture. A very detailed soil survey of the county was published in 1964, as part of the 'National Soil Survey of Ireland'. It classifies each area of the county according to its specific soil type.
Most of the county is covered with soil called "brown earths", described as well-drained and having a wide use range. After that, "gleys" (poorly to imperfectly drained with a limited use range) are the next major soil type, primarily located in the south-east of the county and east of Gorey (along the coast). Gleys are dotted elsewhere around the county in small areas, and where they occur they generally form bogland. The last major soil type is "brown podzolics", located mainly near the edges of the Blackstairs Mountain range and around Bunclody and in the baronies of East Shelmalier and South Ballaghkeen. Though there are areas covered with other soil types, these are of limited extent.
Flora.
Common species of tree include oak, ash, sycamore, alder, blackthorn, hawthorn, beech and birch. Less common (but plentiful) are wild cherry and Scots pine (also called red deal). Elm is now far less common, due to the devastating effects of Dutch elm disease. Gorse (or furze) is very common. A priority habitat in Wexford is the grey dune, on which many native wild flora grow, including bee orchid and pyramidal orchid. Despite the designation of much of this habitat as a Special Area of Conservation, it remains threatened by destruction for agricultural intensification. There is very little natural forest in the county. Most natural trees and vegetation grow on hedgerows.
Fauna.
South-eastern Wexford is an important site for wild birds—the north side of Wexford Harbour, the North Slob, is home to 10,000 Greenland white-fronted geese each winter (roughly one third of the entire world's population), while in the summer Lady's Island Lake is an important breeding site for terns, especially the roseate tern. The grey heron is also seen.
Throughout the county pheasant, woodpigeon and feral pigeons are widespread. Mute swan, mallard, kingfisher, and owls (the long-eared owl, the short-eared owl, and the barn owl) are less common - but plentiful. Red grouse, once common, is now extremely scarce. The species has been in decline for some decades. Threats include habitat degradation, disease, predation and over-hunting. Red grouse in Ireland are now considered threatened. The corncrake, also once very common, is now almost never seen. Smaller birds—such as crows, swallows, robins, wrens and so on—are very common. The first magpies in Ireland were recorded by Robert Leigh, of Rosegarland, County Wexford, as having appeared in the County of Wexford about 1676.
Land mammals include badger, rabbit, otter, hedgehog, red fox, mink, bats, squirrels (red and grey), rats (brown and black - both introduced species), and mice (wood (or field) and house). Two types of hare—the Irish (or mountain) hare and the less common brown (or European) hare—are found. Hare is not nearly as common as rabbit. The stoat ("Mustela erminea hibernica") is also reasonably common. Locally the stoat is just as often incorrectly called a weasel.
Only two types of seal are found on County Wexford's coast—Atlantic grey seals are very plentiful in coastal areas, but the slightly smaller common (or harbour) seal is less common, yet plentiful. The "small tortoiseshell butterfly" (reddish-orange colour, with black markings) is the most common species of butterfly in the county. Various types of moth are also common. The common frog is plentiful, and is the only type of frog found.
Local government.
Wexford County Council has thirty-four members. The Wexford constituency is represented by five deputies in Dáil Éireann: James Browne (FF), Paul Kehoe (FG), Brendan Howlin (Lab), Michael W. D'Arcy (FG) and Mick Wallace (Ind).
Demographics.
In 2016, the county had a total population of 149,722 people. Of these, 61.4% (91,969 people) lived in rural areas and 38.6% (57,753 people) lived in urban areas. 83.8% of the population stated their religion as Roman Catholic, 7.1% other religions, and 7.5% stated they had no religion. Between 2006 and 2011, the population increased by 10%, slowing to 3% between 2011 and 2016.
Culture.
Since 1951, an opera festival, Wexford Festival Opera, takes place every year in the Theatre Royal in Wexford town and runs for several weeks. In 2008, a new Opera House replaced the old one on the same site, once called the Wexford Opera House, but in 2014 being designated as Ireland's National Opera House. It consists of two theatres, the O'Reilly Theatre and the Jerome Hynes Theatre.
There is a renowned singing tradition in County Wexford. Having an abundance of traditional songs, many of which relate to the rebellion of 1798, the county has for many years had a strong presence in the Irish traditional singing scene. Noted singers include All-Ireland Fleadh Champions Paddy Berry, Seamus Brogan and Niall Wall. Paddy Berry has also collected and published a number of songs from Wexford.
Beaches in Curracloe, County Wexford were used to film the opening scenes of the movie "Saving Private Ryan", which depicted the D-day assault on Omaha Beach. "The Count of Monte Cristo", directed by Kevin Reynolds, was partly filmed in the village of Duncannon in 2000 — Duncannon Fort being used for one of the main scenes. The movie Brooklyn (film) was partially filmed in Enniscorthy and featured some of the locals as extras.
Media.
Two radio stations are based in the county: South East Radio and Beat FM.
The county's main newspapers include "Wexford People", "New Ross Standard", "Gorey Guardian", and "Enniscorthy Echo".
Places of interest.
The scenic Bannow Drive, popular amongst tourists, is a signposted route through four Wexford villages: Duncormick, Cullenstown, Bannow and Wellingtonbridge.
Ballyteigue Burrow, located near Duncormick, is one of the finest protected sand dune systems in Ireland. Rich in wildflowers, wildlife and butterflies, this 9 km (6 mile) coastal stretch is a protected nature reserve by the golden sands of Ballyteigue Bay, with spectacular scenery.
The Hook Peninsula is noted for its many beaches and spectacular scenery. It features the medieval Hook Head lighthouse and the historic townland of Loftus Hall.
Popular beaches are located at Courtown, Curracloe, Carnsore Point, Duncannon and Rosslare Strand.
Other places of interest include:
Economy.
Agriculture.
The economy is chiefly agricultural. Cattle, sheep, pig rearing and some horse breeding are the main types of husbandry practiced. Poultry rearing, once popular, has very much declined. Wheat, barley, rapeseed, and oats are grown, as are potatoes. Sugar beet is no longer grown due to the withdrawal of EU subsidies. The numbers involved in farming have been declining for many years and many of the seasonal workers are now eastern Europeans. Mushrooms are also grown indoors. Tomatoes are grown under glass, for example at Campile.
Wexford strawberries are famous and can be bought in shops and wayside stalls throughout the summer. Every year, near the end of June, a 'Strawberry Fair' Festival takes place in the town of Enniscorthy, and a "Strawberry Queen" is crowned. Dairy farming forms an important part of the agricultural industry. Locally produced milk is on sale in many supermarkets. Wexford Irish Cheddar is a brand, and Carrigbyrne, a full-flavoured soft cheese, is produced near New Ross.
Forestry.
Evergreen tree species are extensively cultivated, especially in more recent years—Norway spruce and Sitka spruce are the most common varieties planted. These are generally sown on poorer quality soils (mainly in bogs and on hills or mountainsides). A small amount of deciduous trees are also planted, though these require better soils.
Mining.
Silver was once mined at Clonmines—primarily in Tudor times. Lead was mined at Caim, 1818 - c. 1850—this mine also contains zinc; the two are usually found together. Copper ore (malachite) is found at Kerloge, just south of the town of Wexford. Iron is found in small quantities at Courtown Harbour. The county is not noted for mineral reserves. No significant mining activity is currently practised, with the exception of quarrying for stone. In 2007, a significant oil find was made off Hook Head in County Wexford.
Energy.
Carnsore Point made the national headlines in the late 1970s after a proposal was made to build a nuclear energy plant there; the plans were abandoned after extensive protests from the public, due to environmental and health concerns.
Great Island Power Station opened in 1967 and was operated by the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) until it was sold to Endesa in January 2009. It is an electricity-generating station fueled by heavy fuel oil and rated at 240 MW. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Barrow and Suir, near Campile. Before its sale, the station was scheduled to close by 2010. Endesa propose building a 430 MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) gas fired plant on the site. The project would need a new gas pipeline from the existing transmission network at Baunlusk, south of Kilkenny City. A wind farm has now been built on the site, featuring 14 wind turbines generating electricity. It was completed in November 2002 and was the first wind farm on the east coast of Ireland. Wind farms now exist at a few other locations in the county, such as Ballywater Wind Farm, at Cahore (near Kilmuckridge), on the county's east coast, and Richfield wind farm, located in the southeast of the county.
Sport and events.
Gaelic games.
In recent years the county Football team has been making rapid advances. Camogie, a women's version of hurling, is also played, and Wexford won the All Ireland in 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Wexford Park is the county's main GAA pitch, holding 25,000 supporters. Also, handball is played on a limited basis; there are a number of handball alleys located throughout the county.
As a county, Wexford are most noted for hurling have won the Leinster Senior Hurling Championships a total of 21 times, first in 1890 and most recently in 2019.
In the All Ireland Senior Hurling Championships, Wexford have won 6 times, first in 1910 and most recently in 1996, beating Limerick in the final.
Football.
Wexford Youths F.C., formed 2007, renamed as Wexford FC in 2017, is the major football club in the county, currently playing in the League of Ireland First Division.
Golf.
There are numerous golf clubs in the county - including Rosslare (a Links course), and Enniscorthy. Two more are located near Gorey - Ballymoney Golf Club and Courtown Golf Club - are 18 hole golf courses. Bunclody Golf and Fishing Club, boasting Europe's only golf lift, is situated just inside County Carlow. There are also a few others. New Ross Golf Club, however, is actually located in County Kilkenny - about 1 km (1,000 yards) from New Ross town.
There are also many par-3 courses in the county, such as Scarke Golf Course & Driving Range, located about east of New Ross, the 'Abbey Par 3' course, at Winningtown, Fethard-on-Sea, Blackwater Par 3 Golf Course, Kilnew, Blackwater, located a few kilometres northeast of Wexford town, Garrylough Golf Course and Driving Range, Screen, and Rathaspeck Manor Golf Course, Rathaspeck, near Rosslare (there are also few Par-4 holes on this course). There are also a number of other Par-3 courses in the county.
Fishing.
Much maritime activity takes place - especially at Kilmore Quay and Slade, but also on a smaller scale at many other locations. Common fish species include herring, mackerel, cod, monkfish, whiting, bass, perch, gurnard, haddock, mullet, pollock, John Dory, sole, conger eel, shad, salmon, trout, pike, carp, and tench. Shellfish include mussels, cockles, periwinkles, clams, and oysters.
Racing.
Wexford Racecourse (horse racing) is located at Wexford town
and there is a Greyhound Racing track at Enniscorthy.


Outer London

Outer London is the name for the group of London boroughs that form a ring around Inner London. Together, the inner and outer boroughs form London, the capital city of the United Kingdom.
These were areas that were not part of the County of London and became formally part of Greater London in 1965. An exception is North Woolwich, which was in the County of London but was transferred to Newham in 1965.
London Government Act 1963.
The Outer London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963. The main difference between Inner and Outer London boroughs between 1965 and 1990 was that the outer boroughs were local education authorities. The statutory Outer London boroughs are:
ONS definition (statistics).
The Office for National Statistics and the Census define Outer London differently, excluding Haringey and Newham (which are defined as Inner London), and including Greenwich. This is reflected in the (NUTS) classification. Under this classification, Outer London consists of Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Sutton, and Waltham Forest.
Figures here are for the Office for National Statistics defined Outer London (in its 2001 limits), whose land area is 1,254 km2 (484 sq. miles). Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are midyear estimates, with those for 2002 to 2009 having been revised during 2010. These mid-year estimates are more accurate than the censuses themselves, which are known to underestimate the population of London.
Outer London continued to grow as population moved from Inner London, reaching a peak in 1951 at 4,517,588. The population of Greater London as a whole then started to decline, and the Outer London population fell to 4,230,000 in 1991, before starting to increase again, passing the 1951 peak with a population of 4,942,040 in 2011.
Strategic planning.
For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Outer London consists of the statutory Outer London boroughs, with the exception of Newham.
Other definitions.
From 1990 to 2000 London used two telephone area codes with separate codes for 'Inner London' and 'Outer London' (originally 071 and 081 respectively, becoming 0171 and 0181 in 1995). The area covered by the 'Outer London' code was widely different from all of the above definitions.
In 2000, London returned to using a single 020 area code and all official distinctions between 'inner' and 'outer' London numbers ceased at this time.


Teleorman County

Teleorman County () is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in the historical region Muntenia, with its capital city at Alexandria.
The name "Teleorman" is of Cumanic (Turkic) origin. It literally means "crazy forest" (Deli orman) and, by extension, "thick and shadowy forest" in the Cuman language. It can be encountered in other toponyms, such as the Turkish name of the Ludogorie Plateau in northeastern Bulgaria.
Demographics.
In 2011, the county had a population of 360,178 and the population density was 62.2/km².
Geography.
Teleorman County has a total area of .
Two distinctive elements can be found:
Beside the Danube, the main river crossing the county is the Olt River which flows into the Danube close to the village of Islaz. Other important rivers are: the Vedea River, the Teleorman River, and the Călmățui River.
Economy.
The predominant industries in the county are:
Agriculture is the main occupation in the county. Both extensive agriculture, and small scale — vegetables and fruits for the Bucharest markets — is practiced. The area is well suited for irrigations.
Tourism.
The county doesn't have many spectacular attractions, but its cultural folk heritage is very rich. Many Romanian personalities have been born here, some of them later describing the life in a village in a very picturesque way. Also, the area was one of the places where the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 unfolded.
The main tourist destinations are:
Politics.
The Teleorman County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition:
Administrative divisions.
Teleorman County has 3 municipalities, 2 towns and 93 communes
People.
Teleorman County is home to many Romanian personalities including:
Historical county.
Historically, the county was located in the southern part of Greater Romania, in the southwestern part of the historical region of Muntenia. Its capital was Turnu Măgurele. The county was bordered on the west by the counties Romanați County and Olt County, to the north by Argeș County, to the east by Vlașca County, and in the south across the Danube River by the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Its territory coincides in large part with that of the present county.
Administration.
The county was originally divided into five administrative districts ("plăṣi"):
Subsequently, the county established three more districts:
The county contained four urban communes: Turnu Măgurele, Alexandria, Roșiorii de Vede, and Zimnicea.
Population.
According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 347,294 inhabitants, ethnically divided as follows: 98.1% Romanians, 1.4% Romanies, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population was 99.0% Eastern Orthodox, 0.6% Adventist, 0.1% Muslim, as well as other minorities.
Urban population.
In 1930, the county's urban population was 58,632 inhabitants, comprising 94.4% Romanians, 3.3% Romanies, 0.4% Hungarians, 0.4% Jews, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was composed of 98.1% Eastern Orthodox, 0.6% Muslim, 0.4% Jewish, 0.4% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities.