Dresden-Neustadt station

Dresden-Neustadt station () is the second largest railway station in the German city of Dresden after Dresden Hauptbahnhof and is also a stop for long-distance traffic. It is the junction for rail traffic on the northern side of the Elbe. It was built in 1901, replacing the "Leipziger Bahnhof" (Leipzig line station), which was opened in Leipziger Vorstadt in 1839, and the "Schlesischen Bahnhof" (Silesian line station), which was opened in 1847. The station building in the district of Innere Neustadt (inner new city) was built in the monumental style that was typical of the time, underlining its importance as a stop for long-distance services.
It is linked via the Dresden railway junction and the Dresden Hauptbahnhof (main station) to the Děčín–Dresden railway and to the tracks of the Leipzig–Dresden railway and the Görlitz–Dresden railway, which carry traffic towards Leipzig, Berlin and Upper Lusatia.
Location.
Neustadt station is located in the Innere Neustadt, south-west of the Äußere Neustadt (outer new city) and north of the Elbe, which is crossed 600  metres away by the inner-city railway bridge, the "Marienbrücke" (Maria Bridge, named after Maria Anna of Bavaria). The station is not in danger of being flooded by the nearby river.
Its spacious forecourt is called the "Schlesische Platz" (Silesian place), referring to the "Schlesischen Bahnhof", the terminus of the Görlitz–Dresden railway opened by the "Sächsisch-Schlesische Eisenbahngesellschaft" (Saxon-Silesian Railway Company), which was located here. Federal highway B170 ("Hansastraße") runs next to it, as does the B6 ("Antonstraße"), which links to the major tram hub in Albertplatz, 400 metres away.
The typical German station district with a concentration of hotels, restaurants, a post office, banks and shops has not developed around it. To the east there is an open development with numerous villa-style buildings, while to the west there are factories and dense housing estates in the Leipziger Vorstadt.
Construction.
The two-part station consists of the train shed, which is at an elevation of 6.35 metres, and the entrance building, which is at street level and faces Schlesische Platz. Inside two pedestrian tunnels link the entrance building at its centre with the platforms and connect with Hansastraße at their far ends.
Train shed.
The train shed is 146 metres long, 70.5 metres wide and 19.3 metres high. It houses four platforms, each with two platform tracks (numbered 1 to 8). The middle four tracks are spanned by a 35.24 metre-wide arched hall. On both sides of the arch hall there are sloping roofs, each covering one platform with two tracks. Two crossing tracks for freight run past to the northwest outside the train shed.
Entrance building.
The entrance building was largely built of sandstone under the direction of Otto Peters and Osmar Dürichen and is dominated by the lobby. Its large arched windows and columns are flanked by two imposing entrances. The two side wings, however, are rather simple. The facade of the entrance building on Schlesischen Platz, which has a total length of 177 metres, is a strictly symmetrical structure, with the exception of the balcony-like extension at the right end, which was originally the entrance to the royal apartments. 2,040 cubic metres of sandstone was needed for its construction.
The central foyer dominates the interior of the building. It is 52 metres wide, 30 metres long and 17 metres high. A three-part, slightly curved ceiling covers the lobby. Skylights and a glass pyramid-shaped canopy with a maximum height of 30 metres provide daylight in the lobby. The coats of arms of the Kingdom of Saxony and the city of Dresden and paintings adorn the brightly coloured walls and ceilings.
Originally, the ticket office was between the two portals and the baggage handling facilities were opposite them. Today food stalls offering snacks are located on the street side and a travel centre lies opposite them and a pharmacy is next to it. In addition, businesses supplying travel needs of all kinds operate in the hall.
The south-west wings originally housed waiting rooms for first and second class and one for women, as well as a dining room. Today it contains a discount food store and a fast food restaurant. Premises for rail operations have always been located in the north-eastern wing. It also contained the royal apartments, consisting of a reception room, a room for the royal entourage, a writing room, a dressing room and several adjoining rooms. These spaces are now used for restaurants.
A plaque is attached to the outer wall of the station building on Hansastraße commemorating Karl Theodor Kunz, the builder of the Leipzig–Dresden railway, the first long-distance railway in Germany. It was donated by the "Sächsischen Ingenieurverein" (Saxon Engineering Association) in 1869.
As part of an economic stimulus program announced in November 2008, the entrance building was rehabilitated by DB Station&Service AG to promote energy efficiency. In addition, a new waiting area was built.
Tracks.
The through station, which is oriented in the southwest-northeast direction, is the terminus of three routes. The Děčín–Dresden-Neustadt railway approaches the station from the other side of the Elbe (chainage: 66.333 km) over the Marienbrücke. The Görlitz–Dresden (102.102 km) and Leipzig–Dresden (115.936 km) railways approach from the northeast. The direct line of the tracks forms the connection from the Marienbrücke towards Görlitz. The line from Leipzig connects through a curve from the northwest around 650 metres to the northeast of the station in Bischofsplatz. This connection is the only grade-separated junction in the station area.
Two elevated tracks run in the open to the northwest of the train shed, handling freight traffic to and from Görlitz. Freight trains to Leipzig turn north immediately after the Marienbrücke and run through the Dresden-Neustadt freight yard on the Dresden-Pieschen–Dresden-Neustadt railway. A separate double-track line existed until 2001 for freight trains running on the Görlitz–Leipzig route. In 2002, this was converted to a single-track connecting curve that branched from the northeastern part of the station toward Neustadt freight yard; this existed until 2005. The resulting triangle of tracks was almost opposite the entrance building. Between the connecting curve and the northern approach to the station are disused facilities of the former Dresden-Neustadt locomotive depot ("Lokbahnhof").
Tracks were originally grouped by direction of operation. Tracks 1 to 4 were used by passenger trains leaving Dresden and tracks 5 to 8 were used by trains running into Dresden. The central platforms were reserved for long-distance services. Trains to and from Leipzig and Berlin ran on platform tracks 3 and 6 and trains to and from Görlitz ran on platform tracks 4 and 5. The suburban trains to Arnsdorf ran on platform track 1 and platform track 8 was used in the reverse direction. Platform tracks 2 and 7 were used by suburban traffic to and from Coswig and Meissen. Thus trains to and from the Görlitz line ran on platform tracks 1, 4, 5 and 8 and trains to and from the Leipzig line ran on the other platform tracks. On the northern approach next to track 1 there were storage facilities for suburban trains commencing or ending at the station.
There have been significant changes to the tracks since 2006 during renovations that continue. One aim of this work is to provide separate infrastructure for different routes.
Because some platforms were not available during the reconstruction, additional temporary platforms were built. Outside the train shed the inner of the two freight train tracks was used for platform 9, while the other track remained platform-free. From 2007 to September 2014, a further temporary outside platform called "Dresden-Neustadt Außenbahnsteig (Gleis 10)"—Dresden-Neustadt outside platform (track 10)—was located just a few metres away on the Dresden-Pieschen–Dresden-Neustadt line. Regional express trains on the Leipzig–Dresden route and S-Bahn trains temporarily stopped at platform 10, but only those running towards Dresden Hbf.
History.
Dresden-Neustadt station replaced two earlier station located on the Neustadt side of the Elbe, the "Leipziger Bahnhof" (Leipzig station), and the "Schlesischen Bahnhof" (Silesian station). The latter is considered ita direct predecessor because Neustadt station was built at the same location.
Leipziger Bahnhof.
Inaugurated in 1839 as the terminus of the Leipzig–Dresden railway, the Leipziger Bahnhof was the first station in Dresden. The rapid growth of traffic and connections to the newly built railway lines made major expansions and renovations and the construction of new buildings necessary in the first decades after its opening. In 1901, the newly built Dresden-Neustadt station took over passenger traffic from the Leipziger Bahnhof. Most of its tracks continued to be used for the Dresden-Neustadt freight yard and some are still used.
Schlesischen Bahnhof.
The Schlesischen Bahnhof was built between 1844 and 1847 under the direction and to the design of the Dresden architect Julius Köhler and was opened with its ground-level tracks along with the whole Dresden-Neustadt–Görlitz line on 1 September 1847. Designed as a combined road and railway bridge, the first Marienbrücke (the current road bridge) was already under construction, so the plans envisaged a through station, allowing a connection through the city to the planned station of the Saxon-Bohemian Railway Company. For the present, the southern end of the station only had one turntable to turn the locomotives. There were two laterally-arranged train sheds, with the departure hall facing Antonstraße and the arrivals hall on the opposite side.
The double-sided and symmetrically arranged station building consisted of two protruding wings and a recessed central section. The neo-classical single-storey building included two 96 metres-long train sheds with arched arcades, one covering the arrival platforms and the other the departure platforms. Two other tracks ran between the train sheds that were designed for the movement of rolling stock. The two station buildings differed only with regard to a few functionally-related trifles. The departure platforms could only be accessed through an entrance hall, which contained a ticket office, baggage acceptance facilities and restaurants. In contrast, the arrival platforms were freely accessible and bigger to cope better with the surge of traffic when trains arrived.
From the outset, a connecting track joined the freight yard of the Silesian station with the approach tracks of the Leipzig station. There it connected with a turntable. Operationally, however, this connection was unsatisfactory because only individual carriages could be transferred. A few years after the opening of the station, this connection was replaced by a connecting curve that did not involve a turntable and was located a few metres to the north.
The Marienbrücke, finished in 1852, enabled the connection of the railway tracks in the old town (Altstädt). The tracks running from the Silesian and Leipzig stations joined in front of the bridgehead. Apart from measures to modernise their operations, the grounds of the Silesian station then remained unchanged until the construction of the Dresden-Neustadt station.
Planning.
The original railway installations in Dresden were based on no overall concept. Rather, each private railway company had its own station as the terminus of its main line, so by 1875 there were four different and poorly linked long-distance stations in Dresden. In addition, the many level crossings were creating significant traffic problems by the late 1880s when all the railway companies serving Dresden had been nationalised. It was decided to implement a profound transformation of the Dresden railway node under the auspices of Otto Klette, the commissioner of works ("Baurat").
This transformation included the merger of the Leipziger and Silesian stations. The Silesian Station was chosen as the site for the new Neustadt station. This required a change in route of the last few kilometres of the Leipzig-Dresden railway so that it was realigned on the modern route from Dresden-Pieschen.
Construction and opening.
Construction began in the spring of 1898. A temporary station had already been opened on the forecourt on 1 May 1898 to handle the traffic towards Görlitz during the construction period. Although intended only for a limited period, it was equipped with a pedestrian and baggage tunnel.
The Dresden-Neustadt passenger station was opened at 5:00 AM on 1 March 1901. An express freight train from Görlitz was the first train to pass through the new complex and was the first to use the new Marienbrücke, which was built for railway traffic only. Passenger train 642 from Bautzen began passenger services at 5:29 AM.
In addition to the traffic from Leipzig and Görlitz, the station handled the long-distance traffic from Berlin, which used the last few kilometres of the Leipzig–Dresden railway, and allowed these trains to connect directly with Dresden Hauptbahnhof, which had been opened three years earlier. The construction costs amounted to 4.1 million marks.
Under the timetable at the opening of the station, 162 trains a day departed from Dresden-Neustadt, as follows:
Until the end of World War II.
Only one luxury train ever operated through Dresden-Neustadt. From 1916 to 1918 a section of coaches of the Balkans Express from Berlin to Istanbul ran via Dresden with a stop at Dresden-Neustadt.
On 22 September 1918, a serious train crash occurred during the entry of Dresden-Neustadt station with the loss of 18 lives.
After the abdication of the king of Saxony in 1918, the rooms originally used for royal apartments were used as a railway museum from 1923 to 1945. Exhibits from this collection are now in the Dresden Transport Museum.
From 1936 to 1939, the Henschel-Wegmann Train operated from Dresden Hauptbahnhof to the Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin, covering the route in about 100 minutes. In between the train stopped only in Dresden-Neustadt, which underlines the importance of the station for long-distance passengers. Also diesel multiple units of the Leipzig design briefly operated on the Dresden–Hamburg route via Dresden-Neustadt from 15 May 1939.
During the Second World War, in addition to the civil traffic, extensive military traffic had to be handled. An average of 28 military trains, carrying about 19,600 members of the Wehrmacht passed the station each day in October 1944. A care centre was set up by the National Socialist People's Welfare. At the end of the war, the baggage tunnel was used as shelter for 1,425 civilians and 735 decorated Wehrmacht troops. It was divided by temporary splinter bulkheads and equipped with sanitary areas in wooden crates. The last heavy bombing of Dresden on 17 April 1945, which was mainly aimed at transport facilities that were still intact after the 13 February raid, caused severe damage to the station, particularly in the area around the north-eastern exit.
During the Second World War, the adjacent Dresden-Neustadt freight yard was the starting point of two Holocaust trains. On 21 January 1942, a train left the station with unheated freight cars and 224 Jews from the administrative district of Dresden-Bautzen, reaching the Riga Ghetto four days later. A year later, on 3 March 1943, 293 Jews from Dresden were deported on another train to the Auschwitz concentration camp A memorial plaque on the right entrance of Dresden-Neustadt station is a reminder of this function of Neustadt freight yard
Reconstruction and operations during the GDR.
Reconstruction began soon after the war. The need to provide war reparations to the Soviet Union proved to be much more difficult than the ravages of war. So the formerly four-track line between Dresden-Neustadt and Coswig was dismantled and reduced to a single track and one of the three tracks to Klotzsche was removed. This resulted in considerable restrictions on the order of operations and required that several trains at a time had to be cleared to run in each direction. Only the reopening of a second track between Dresden-Neustadt and Radebeul Ost in September 1964 eased the situation on that line. All four tracks over the Marienbrücke towards the Hauptbahnhof were returned to operation in October 1956. On the northeastern approaches to the station important track connections, overpasses and underpasses are still missing, so that the station has not yet achieved its original capacity. German Unity Transport Project ("Verkehrsprojekte Deutsche Einheit") No. 9 is a continuing project designed to eliminate these bottlenecks among other things and to accelerate traffic. Following the upgrade of the approach tracks, local and regional traffic will be separated again.
Due to the proximity to military installations in Albertstadt, the Neustadt station was used for the movement of the Soviet military after the Second World War. Military officers were seated at specially equipped ticket offices with Cyrillic inscriptions and there was a special Soviet shop, also called "Russenmagazin" in German ("магазин" in Russian).
Electrification began on 28 September 1969. Electric push-pull operation commenced between Meissen-Triebischtal and Dresden Hauptbahnhof via Dresden-Neustadt in 1971. The Dresden S-Bahn opened in January 1973. Also in 1973, motorail operations commenced from Dresden-Neustadt station, the only place where it operated in the DDR. From May 1972, the "Touristen-Express" car-carrying train ran to Varna and, as of May 1973, the "Saxonia-Express" ran to Budapest. After Die Wende, the motorail operations from Dresden-Neustadt were abandoned in 1991. Today a car rental service uses the area next to the former loading ramp which lies to the east of the station building next to the parking facilities.
On 24 September 1977, the last steam express service, D 1076, hauled by 01 2204, left from Dresden-Neustadt station towards Berlin. In contrast, in local passenger and freight transport, class 52 steam locomotives were still seen in 1987.
The station retained its importance even for long-distance traffic. With few exceptions, long-distance trains stopped in both Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Dresden-Neustadt. To avoid the time-consuming reversal of trains at the Hauptbahnhof, some trains operated from Neustadt station. This was true, for example, for the "Städteexpress Fichtelberg" from Karl-Marx-Stadt to Berlin-Lichtenberg.
The station building was extensively renovated in 1971. The two station tunnels and the exits to the platforms were given wall coverings with tiles and mosaic. The former "Mitropa-Keller" bar was given new interiors in a style that was then contemporary and reopened as the "Saxonia-Keller" station restaurant.
The platform facilities experienced minor changes in the 1980s. A supervisory building was built between tracks 5 and 6 and taken into operation on 1 June 1980. It is designed from a purely functional point of view and does not correspond to the architecture of the train shed or the old operations building. For the state visit of Kim Il-sung in July 1984, a platform extension that had been planned for 19 years was realised. The platform between tracks 7 and 8 was extended by the length of two carriage toward the north, so that the delegation did not have cross the gravel. The lobby was renovated for the 150th anniversary of the opening of the first German long-distance railway between Leipzig and Dresden in 1989.
Shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall, 450 trains a day served the station and 50,000 travellers used it daily. Only seven Deutsche Reichsbahn stations handled more trains and only 10 handled more passengers.
Refurbishment and operation following German reunification.
The lobby and train sheds were extensively renovated for the station's 100th anniversary in 2001. The latter received new glazing and a lime green wooden roof. The decorative elements in the gable area were restored.
The lobby received a modern translucent roof and an Art Nouveau ("Jugendstil") painting in ochre and green tones, which had been rediscovered in 1997 under layers of plaster, was reconstructed. In addition, the second-largest image ever made in Meissen porcelain (after the Fürstenzug) is now displayed on an inner wall of the entrance building. The Meissen porcelain factory created the 90 square-metre mural of 900 tiles designed by the painters Horst Brettschneider and Heinz Werner. It shows Saxony's most beautiful castles and gardens in 22 impressions.
InterCity trains stopped for the first time in Dresden-Neustadt in the summer of 1991, as the new federal states had been included in the intercity network. From 1994, Intercity-Express trains ran to Dresden for the first time, stopping until September 1998 in Dresden-Neustadt station, where four platforms were increased temporarily to a height of 55 centimetres above the rail to accommodate them. InterRegio trains ran from 1991 to 2004 via Dresden-Neustadt. They connected Dresden with Wrocław and Warsaw, which could not be reached without changing trains after the abandonment of these services. Since 2009, three pairs of Regional-Expresses have again provided direct services to Wrocław via Görlitz. An InterConnex ran to Berlin (some continuing to Stralsund) from 2002 to 2006. Due to the extensive construction at the station, the EuroCity train on the Berlin-Dresden-Prague route did not stop at Dresden-Neustadt from the timetable change on 13 December 2009 until the end of 2013. EuroCity trains running towards Dresden Hauptbahnhof are still diverted via Cossebaude (as of the 2015 timetable).
Development.
In mid-2006, extensive renovation work began to remodel the station approaches including a change in the track layout and renewal of several bridges and two flying junctions. Among other things, four tracks are being restored on the Dresden–Leipzig railway to Radebeul in order to provide two long-distance and regional tracks and two S-Bahn tracks. The upgrade of the approaches from the Elbe was completed in October 2010.
The reconstruction of the central and eastern part of the station was carried out between the spring of 2010 and the autumn of 2014. The platform tracks and platforms were renewed and the platforms over the platform tunnel were rebuilt to provide disability access. Platforms 1 and 2 were rehabilitated for the S-Bahn.
In August 2008, a new electronic interlocking controlled by the Leipzig Operating Centre ("Betriebszentrale") replaced seven locally operated signal boxes, some using lever frames. It controls the train traffic between Weinböhla and Dresden-Neustadt. It replaced five mechanical interlockings of the "Jüdel" type and two power signal boxes ("Befehlsstellwerk") of S&H type. An automatic track vacancy detection system was not installed. Two dispatchers direct operations using the "Sächsischen Befehlsblocks" (Saxon command block) system. An upgrade and adaptation of these systems in the course of the German Unity Transport Project ("Verkehrsprojekts Deutsche Einheit") No. 9 has not been possible as the regulations could not have been complied with. Many jobs were lost in relation to signalling, control of points and train detection. Of the seven signal boxes, only signal box 1 on the eastern side has been retained as a memorial.
A flyover taking the Görlitz–Dresden line over the Leipzig–Dresden line went into operation in 2007. During construction, two temporary platforms were erected outside the train shed as several platforms and tracks were not available. The rolling stock storage area next to track 1 will be dismantled during the remodeling of the tracks, .
The operation on ten mainline tracks and two local tracks was converted from tracks arranged by direction of operation to being arranged by line. The southern platform (platforms 1 and 2) would be reserved for the future S-Bahn railway traffic while platform 3/4 would be reserved for regional traffic. The two northern platforms (platforms 5/6 and 7/8) are shared by long-distance and regional traffic. Nearby to the north there are two tracks for through trains, which were originally part of a connecting curve from the Leipzig-Dresden railway, connecting from the west in the southern approaches. Five bridges (some built in the style of the original construction of the station), 54 sets of points, two flying junctions and 101 metres of noise barrier (at Bischofsplatz) are being built. The running speed will be increased in the station area from 40 km/h or 60 km/h to 80 km/h throughout except at junctions on some route. Main line and S-Bahn services will be continuously separated. Two turnback tracks have been built for S-Bahn services.
The total cost of the remodeling of the track layout, the renewal of the civil engineering works and the replacement of mechanical interlocking by electronic Interlocking is €95 million A total of €33 million has been budgeted for the reconstruction of the central part of the station, of which €14.4 million is for S-Bahn-projects.
The construction of the 2.5 km long section was expected to take four years in mid-2006. The main works were completed at the end of 2014. Work is still under construction in the Bischofsplatz area.
Transport.
The station gives the entire northern part of the city as well as the Upper Lusatia and the lower part of the Dresden Basin s access to the Intercity-Express network. It enables the distribution of arrivals and departures within the city and the metropolitan area, thus relieving the main station. In the assessment of Deutsche Bahn, it is classified after Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Leipzig Hauptbahnhof, but along with Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof, as a category 2 station (see also List of railway stations in Saxony).
Rail services.
Dresden-Neustadt station gives long distance trains access to the northern part of Dresden and to other towns like Radebeul, Radeberg, Kamenz and Coswig.
The station is served by many international, national, regional, local and suburban services.
Transport links.
Public transport.
From the outset, Dresden-Neustadt station was served by the tram network of the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (Dresden Transport) or its predecessor organisations. Today there are three trams stop at the station, which connect to the nearby tram hub at Albertplatz. The first bus service was operated in Dresden from here to Nürnberger Straße from April 1914 and the bus routes connecting to the region outside northern Dresden now start and end here. In addition, the long-distance buses to Leipzig/Halle Airport and Berlin operate via the station.
Private transport.
Stopping places for cars are provided in Schlesischen Platz and at the rear entrance in Hansastraße. There is also a limited number of pay parking spaces on both sides.


Tiong Bahru

Tiong Bahru is a housing estate located within the Bukit Merah Planning Area, in the Central Region of Singapore. Tiong Bahru was constructed in the 1920s by the Singapore Improvement Trust, the predecessor to the Housing Development Board and an entity of the British colonial authority providing mass public housing in Singapore and is the oldest housing estate in Singapore. The main estate consists of 30 apartment blocks with over 900 units of two to five rooms. There are also high-rise Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats and condominiums along Boon Tiong Road, Jalan Membina and Kim Tian Road which surround the main estate.
Since the mid-2000s, Tiong Bahru has undergone rapid gentrification and the neighbourhood has become synonymous with trendy cafes and indie boutiques amid pre-war architecture.
Etymology.
The name "Tiong Bahru" means "new cemetery" ("thióng" 塚 – Hokkien for "cemetery", "bahru" – Malay for "new").
History.
In 1927, 70 acres of land were acquired by Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) as a test case for public housing estate. This land was Tiong Bahru, a term translated from the Hokkien and Malay tongue as “tomb” and “new” respectively. The land was hilly and swampy, with ‘squatters of the pig-breeding and coolie types’. To build the first ever public housing estate of Singapore, the SIT had to remove cemeteries and displace some nearly 2000 squatters, while leveling the hilly terrain by cutting the hills nearly.
The first block of SIT flats, block 55, was ready in December 1936. Its 20 flat units of the total 28 flat units were occupied by 11 families then. It had adopted a similar typology to the shophouse where the ground floor consisted of shops with residential flats above. According to Tan Mok Lee, one of the first residents in the estate, the area was peaceful and had quite many empty flats, due to the costly monthly rent of $25 at that time.
All of the streets in the estate are named after Chinese pioneers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, Chay Yan Street is named after the rubber plantation merchant and philanthropist, Tan Chay Yan. Peng Nguan Street is named after Lim Peng Nguan, an early settler and the father of the community leader Lim Nee Soon. Tiong Bahru was surrounded by the Sit Wah and Outram roads. Beyond were mangrove swamp and hillocks.
Tiong Bahru was then also known as Mei Ren Wo ("den of beauties") as it was where wealthy men would keep their mistresses. Due to close proximity to the Great World Amusement Park, there was a predominance of ‘pipa girls’ within the SIT estate, which refers to a more polite term for prostitutes. It was speculated that the pipa girls use the staircase access at the back of the flats to entertain the men, and flee whenever the men's wives return.
In 1939, Great Britain declared war on Nazi Germany. In 1940, a series of construction plans were drawn to convert the motor garages at the back of the flats in Seng Poh Road into bomb shelters. By 1941, there were 784 flats, 54 tenements and 33 shops, which housed over 6000 residents. Since then, no new flats were built until the 1950s after the war. As the war drew near, the flats were painted in camouflage colours. Residents had also recalled at least two bombs landed on the estate during the Japanese occupation. The war had also brought widespread destruction of dwellings and overall overcrowding of slums with deterioration of hygiene conditions.
The bomb shelters built during 1940 were effective in providing refuge for many residents during the Japanese occupation. Then, Japanese soldiers who used British prisoners-of-war to perform duties and labour on site occupied many flats, which were also used as brothels and gambling dens.
The SIT's pre-war housing output of 2112 units was insufficient to meet the housing shortage as it only provided about 100 units per year. As a result, the committee planned a three-year immediate housing programme to alleviate the problem. As a result, a total of 1258 flats were added in Tiong Bahru. They were built in differently from the pre-war flats and had a communal dwelling concept, with open courtyard spaces. These flats were housed by approximately 17,000 people in the 1950s.
In 2003, as a result of many years of discussion over the estate's heritage status as a pioneering experiment in modern urban housing and in its entrenched familiarity in Singaporeans' sense of place, twenty blocks of the pre-WWII flats were gazetted by the Urban Redevelopment Authority for conservation. Included in the Tiong Bahru Conservation Area are 36 units of shop houses on Outram Road.
A corner of Tiong Bahru was called "bird corner". The owners of song birds such as Prinias, Robins, and Shrikes would gather at the corner to meet and chat over tea and coffee. The corner was disrupted by the building of the Link Hotel in the mid 2000s, although the bird lovers and their aviaries remain welcome.
In 2010, the estate and its residents were the subject of the tenth of the Civic Life films by the Irish filmmakers, Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy. 150 volunteers from the estate and from across Singapore were involved. The film premiered at the National Museum of Singapore in October 2010.
Tiong Bahru is now seen as a hotspot for millennials who enjoy the old nostalgic vibes of the area. It attracts a good number of high-income residential population due to its close proximity to the CBD, while retaining a traditional Singapore charm. There is a thriving art community in the district, with murals and art-centric shops in the area.
Design of the SIT Flats.
The architect for the pre-war flats was Alfred G. Church, a British appointed by the colonial government. Block 55, the first block of 20 blocks was done by 1936. Built in the late Art Deco movement, the flats featured a style known as the Streamline Moderne. This style incorporated curved horizontal lines that embodied the machine age of automobiles. As a result, many settlers regarded the buildings as ‘fei ji lou’, or aeroplane flats in Chinese; this is exemplified along Tiong Poh Road by blocks 81 and 82. Other architectural features include the use of masonry from the Alexandra Brickworks Company.
Built between 1948 and 1954, the design of the post-war flats was done by the SIT senior architect and the first locally appointed assistant architect. This featured an International Style with boxier, cleaner lines and modern materials such as steel, glass and concrete. In addition, the design was the first time the climate was taken into consideration as it include tropical elements such as higher ceilings, large windows, and balconies.
Facilities.
The estate has one shopping centre, the Tiong Bahru Plaza. Other facilities include a community centre opened in 1948; the 3.3 hectare Tiong Bahru Park; and Zhangde primary school. Alexandra Primary School and Singapore General Hospital are nearby. A number of cafes, restaurants and boutique shops cater to western Ex-Pats and Singaporean hipsters. These complement the traditional Kopitiams and Hainanese restaurants. The Qi Tian Gong Temple on Eng Hoon Street is dedicated to the Monkey God. The temple will organised grand Birthday Celebrations on the 16th day of the 1st and 8th Lunar Months, which include lion, dragon dances, and performances of Chinese street opera. There is another Chinese temple that located along Kim Tian Road, Kim Lan Beo Temple (金兰庙) was founded in 1830 at Tanjong Pagar and was relocated to Kim Tian Road in 1984.
Tiong Bahru Market.
In 1945, two house shops were sacrificed to build a wet market on the Tiong Poh Road. The market was named after the Hokkien merchant and shipping magnate, Khoo Tiong Poh (1830 1892). However, the space in the market was too small to accommodate all the hawkers who desired a space.
In 1955, the Tiong Bahru Market (Seng Poh Market) was constructed under the auspices of the National Environment Agency after some hawkers moved to an open area on Seng Poh Road. The Seng Poh Road was named after Tan Seng Poh (1830 1879) of Perak. He was a Municipal Commissioner, a Justice of the Peace and a brother in law of Seah Eu Chin.
The market was constructed of stalls with a simple wooden frame and zinc pitched roofs. Meats were hung without refrigeration. The Tiong Bahru market catered to the residents of the Tiong Bahru, Bukit Merah and Henderson estates. Heritage street foods such as lor mee, chwee kueh, Hokkien mee, pao, porridge, and roast pork were available in the market as well as a diverse number of goods for sale from textiles to flowers and many besides. bartering for the best price was common.
In 1993 and 2004, improvements were made to the market including a watertight roof, brighter lights, a broader walkway and garden lights. In 2004, the market was closed for two years for rebuilding. Stall holders were relocated to a temporary site on Kim Pong Road during this time. Kim Pong Road was named after Low Kim Pong (1837 1909) a local merchant and philanthropist, and the co-founder of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce. In 2006, the new market opened. It was a concrete two storey structure with a wet market and retail stalls on the ground floor and upstairs, an area for hawkers. It remains a place of community heritage. There are tours of the market, surrounding blocks of flats and the nearby WWII air raid shelters. In 2012, the National Heritage Board created an exhibition near the Tiong Bahru market to commemorate the battle for Singapore. Some, especially older residents and vendors, miss the vibrant atmosphere of the old market. During the lunar seventh month, the market committee will organized regular Zhong Yuan Festival Celebration which include dinner and auction.
Transportation.
The nearest Mass Rapid Transit station is Tiong Bahru MRT station of the East West Line. Bus services 5, 16, 16M, 32, 33, 63, 64, 75, 120, 121, 122, 123, 123M, 175, 195, 851, 970 and NR5 travel along Tiong Bahru Road.


Red Men Hall (Index, Washington)

The Red Men Hall, also known as the Redmen Wigwam, was a meeting hall in Index, Washington originally for the Improved Order of Red Men. The building, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, collapsed on New Year's Day 2009.
Organization.
The Red Men are a fraternal lodge which imitate Native American traditions and call their local lodges "wigwams". The Index Tribe #68 of the Great Council of Washington constructed the building in 1903 which included a stage and kitchen. The building was the largest structure in the small logging and mining town and served as a center of social activities including vaudeville shows, weddings, and political gatherings.
Building.
The building was a two-story wood-frame structure built with local lumber a narrow, country-store style with an arched roof and a false front. A bracket-supported slope-roofed porch spanned the entire front of the building. Despite several efforts at restoration, the building was long since abandoned by January 1, 2009 when it collapsed from the weight of the snow from a major storm in the high elevation. No trace remains of the building today.


Leicester Athena

Athena is a Grade II-listed events venue in the cultural quarter of Leicester City Centre, England. Built originally as an Odeon Cinema in 1936, it closed for most of the 1990s and remained vacant up until 2005, where the building was restored as a multi-discipline events venue.
History.
The building was originally designed and built in 1936 in the Streamline Moderne style by Robert Arthur Bullivant, and operated as an Odeon Cinema. When it was first opened, the Odeon was one of the most extravagant and largest buildings in the region, with one screen and seating 2,182 guests. The terracotta panels, which feature mermaids, were hand-moulded by William Neatby at the Lambeth premises of Doulton and Co.
The interior was subdivided in 1974, into three small cinemas, and closed in 1997. The building has been Grade II listed since August 1997, giving it protection from unauthorised modification or demolition.
The building has been restored and converted into a venue for corporate and social events.
Athena Today.
Since re-opening in 2005, Athena has been host to artists including Olly Murs, Kasabian, Oliver Mtukudzi, "X Factor" Live shows, Roy Chubby Brown and Jim Davidson.
Award-winning Venue.
In 2017, Athena received a Silver award at the Awards Awards in the category for Best Awards Venue, and in the same year, was a finalist at The Drum UK Event Awards.{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}
In 2018 it picked up two awards at the National Venue Awards, receiving another Silver award for Best Awards Ceremony Venue and being named winner of the Best Event Venue for 500–1000 Guests category.


Palazzo di Propaganda Fide

The Palazzo di Propaganda Fide (in English: Palace of the Propagation of the Faith) is a palace located in Rome, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, then Francesco Borromini. Since 1626, it has housed the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and since 1929 is an extraterritorial property of the Holy See.
History.
The building is located in the Rione Colonna, at the southern end of piazza di Spagna. Its southern facade is in front of the basilica Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, whose cupola and the bell were the work of Borromini. The main facade was created by Bernini (1644), and the front side of the via di Propaganda by Borromini (1646). This setting aside of Bernini's work was a request of Pope Innocent X, who preferred Borromini's style. The work was completed in 1667.
Description.
The building houses the chapel of the Biblical Magi, built by Borromini. On the outside, a ridge marks the separation between the ground floor and piano nobile. On the facade by Borromini, composed of pilasters, concave and convex curves in the windows design are alternating; it is one of the most famous examples of Italian Baroque architecture.


Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof

Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof is a railway station in the German city of Karlsruhe. The station is classified as a Category 1 station, as it is a major hub where several railways connect.
History.
Old station.
When the Baden Mainline was built between Mannheim and Basel, the original Karlsruhe station was built on Kriegsstraße between Ettlinger Tor and Mendelssohnplatz about 500 metres south of Karlsruher Marktplatz, the central square of Karlsruhe. The station was designed by Friedrich Eisenlohr and it was opened on 1 April 1843 with two platforms. From the beginning, it was designed as a through station. South of the station there was a locomotive depot and to its east there was a freight yard and a central workshop.
It was built to Irish gauge (), as were all railways built by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway in the early days. It was converted to standard gauge in 1855. In the following years other routes were connected to Karlsruhe station: in 1859 the line to Stuttgart, in 1863 the Maxau Railway () connecting with the Palatinate, in 1870 the Rhine Railway to Mannheim, in 1879 the Kraichgau Railway and in 1895 the strategic railway from Graben-Neudorf via Rastatt to Haguenau. The tracks ran at ground level and the approach lines were built with sharp curves because of the confined spaces.
The increased rail traffic and the resulting frequent closures of the level crossings disrupted the ever-growing city and made its expansion more difficult. After several years of discussion, which considered, among other things, the raising of the level of the tracks, the Baden parliament decided in 1902 to relocate the station to a site one kilometre south of the existing site.
After the opening of the new station in 1913, the existing railway station lost its function as a railway station and continued to be used until the 1960s as a market hall. Today, the Baden State Theatre is located on the former railway yard. Some of the remaining tracks were used over the decades as sidings, but have since been entirely removed. The freight yard was used as a repair shop until 1997. Ludwig-Erhard-Allee was built in the meantime on the grounds of the freight yard, the workshop area is currently being redeveloped with blocks of flats (2010).
New station.
The station building, which continues in use, was built about a kilometre south of its predecessor between Südstadt and the marshalling yard. Construction began in 1910 to the plans of August Stürzenacker and the station was opened on the night of 22/23 October 1913. The station and access tracks were built in the district of Beiertheim and also occupied a significant part of the Stadtgarten (city garden, the location of Karlsruhe Zoo) and the garden behind the Stephanienbad (now Paul-Gerhardt) church. This resulted in the cutting down of the then oldest eastern cottonwood poplar in Europe.
The platforms and the approach tracks were built on an embankment, with access via a pedestrian underpass. The entrance building is on the north side of the tracks. The building has both neoclassical and Art Nouveau features. East of the station building there is a second underpass, which originally served as an outlet for arriving passengers and was used for a time mainly as an underground car park and a few years ago for secure bicycle parking, but it is now back in use as a pedestrian underpass. A five-span, steel concourse was built to cover five island platforms. Later an eleventh platform track was built and, in the 1980s, three more platform tracks were created south of the station concourse. West of the station building a station annex was built with four terminal tracks, where the lines from the Palatinate and Graben-Neudorf (via Eggenstein) terminated. The construction of the new station also affected the access routes. Thus, the former stations at Mühlburger Tor in Karlsruhe and in Beiertheim and Rüppurr were closed. The stations in Mühlburg and Durlach were relocated and the tracks of the line to Mühlacker, which had previously ended in Durlach, were extended to the new Hauptbahnhof, so that there were now four tracks between Durlach and Karlsruhe. Also the new Karlsruhe-West station was opened for passenger services.
The station forecourt was designed by Wilhelm Vitalli. The square with a rectangular ground plan is surrounded by arcades. At the end of the square to the east and the west are two hotel buildings and on the northern side is the entrance to the Stadtgarten and the commercial buildings. The station forecourt is a typical ensemble of urban architecture from the last years before the First World War. East of the station was the railway post office, which had a railway siding on the tramway as well.
A week before the opening of the station a tram line was opened between Ettlinger Tor and the new station, which—after removal of the access tracks to the old station—was connected to the city centre. A new terminus for the Alb Valley Railway ("Albtalbahn") was opened 300 meters west of the station in Ebertstraße in 1915.
Development of the station.
In the Second World War, the station was damaged by bombing, but not destroyed, so that it could be rebuilt after the war. The period after 1950 was characterised by a continuous modernisation of the station and the forecourt. In 1957, the electrification of the railway was completed. In 1969, the rebuilding of the station forecourt began, where—in the spirit of the times—a pedestrian underpass was created and the car and tram traffic were reorganised. In 1977, a new interlocking controlled by pushing buttons was put into operation.
At the end of the 1980s, the station was expanded to include three through tracks, 12–14, and a parking garage was built. This was intended to be followed by a redesign of the area immediately south of the station, but this has still not been implemented. Two platforms were extended and modernised for Karlsruhe's inclusion in the Intercity-Express network and the access stairs were complemented with lifts and escalators.
In 1995, there was a further reorganisation of the station forecourt, during which the pedestrian underpass was closed and the tram station was rebuilt. In 1996, a rail link was built between the western track south of the station and the "Albtalbahnhof" (the Karlsruhe station of the Alb Valley Railway), over which Stadtbahn (light rail) services could run to Rastatt as line S 4/S 41 of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn between the rail network and the tram network. As a result, two terminating tracks, 103 and 104, were no longer necessary and, in the mid-2000s, they were closed, so the station now has 14 through tracks, 1–14, and two terminating tracks, 101 and 102.
Operations.
The Karlsruhe station is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station. It is served by Intercity-Express trains to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund and Basel, from Intercity trains to Stralsund, Cologne, Nuremberg, Munich and Konstanz and by TGV trains to Paris and Stuttgart. It is also served by Regional-Express services to Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Mainz, Stuttgart and Konstanz as well as local and S-Bahn services in the Karlsruhe region. According to DB the station receives about 60,000 passengers and visitors each day.
The tracks are designed for through services, with platform tracks 1–4 being used for services on the route to Mannheim and Basel, tracks 5–8 for services to and from Heidelberg and Rastatt, tracks 9–14 for services to and from Rastatt and Pforzheim and tracks 101 and 102 for services between Karlsruhe and Neustadt. The through tracks 1–14 can be approached from all lines while tracks 101 and 102 can only be used by services to and from Wörth and Durmersheim.
West of the station are carriage sidings with a turntable and the Karlsruhe depot of DB Regio. East of the station there is a second set of carriage sidings. A connecting track allows shunting between the station and Karlsruhe freight yard.
According to DB, the station is used by 130 long-distance trains, 133 regional trains and 121 S-Bahn trains each day (as at 29 June 2011).
Long-distance services.
The station is served by 130 long-distance trains each day, mainly ICEs and ICs on the Rhine route and TGV Duplex trains between Paris and Stuttgart.
Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn service.
Karlsruhe Huaptbahnhof is start and end station of Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn line S3 service on the Karlsruhe– Bruchsal–Heidelberg– Mannheim– Ludwigshafen– Speyer– Germersheim route.
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services.
Karlsruhe station is a hub for S-Bahn train services of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn of the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft. Most of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services, however, use platforms A to D on the station forecourt (officially: "Bahnhofplatz"), which is shared with urban trams and buses.


Colonial architecture of Makassar

Colonial era architecture of Makassar in South Sulawesi, Indonesia includes Fort Rotterdam and other Dutch buildings constructed when the area was part for the Dutch East Indies. The city was involved in the spice trade. Makassar came under Dutch control in 1669.


Churchill Methodist Church

Churchill Methodist Church, in the village of Churchill, North Somerset, is a Grade II listed Methodist church on the Somerset Mendip Methodist Circuit. Designed by Foster & Wood, Bristol, of Perpendicular Gothic style, the church opened on 2May 1881. The schoolroom and coach house, of Elizabethan architecture, were erected before the new church, and opened on 1June 1879 (Whitsun). Sidney Hill, a wealthy local businessman and benefactor, erected the church and schoolroom as a memorial to his wife.
The Reverend Meg Slingo (Margaret C. M. Slingo) is the incumbent minister for Churchill. The Anglican and Methodist churches work together in many areas, particularly activities that involve children and initiatives in the parish schools. The schoolroom is now used as a hall and is run by a charity. The hall has a newly refitted kitchen and smaller rooms making it useful for community activities.
History.
Methodists in Churchill would meet at a private home ("society" meetings), until the autumn of 1835, when the first chapel was opened. William Baker was a trustee of the chapel by the time the Churchill tithe map had been constructed in 1843. This chapel was demolished in 1880 so that Sidney Hill could erect a new Wesleyan church on adjacent land gifted by William Bobbett. Sidney Hill had married his wife, Mary Ann Bobbett, at the old chapel on 15June 1864, and erected the new church as a memorial to her after her early death on . The new church was designed by Foster and Wood of Bristol in Perpendicular Gothic style, and erected by William Veals, master builder of Bristol, at a cost of £3,300. Hill would engage the same firm of architects in 1897 to design the nearby clock tower. The church opened on with a dedication and sacramental service commencing at 2:00pm.
The schoolroom and coach house, of Elizabethan architecture, were erected before the new church, and opened on Whitsun, . These buildings cost £1,300 to build and the schoolroom was later linked to the new church by a cloister. Hill also vested in trustees money to provide an income for the maintenance of the chapel and schoolroom. In 1898, Sidney Hill funded the addition of a porch that was designed by Foster and Wood and built by Henry Rose of Churchill.
In 1906, Sidney Hill gifted land at the back of the church for a burial ground extension. The ground was consecrated in June of that year. The church closed in August 1924 so that the organ could be refurbished and four stops added. The opportunity was also taken to provide better accommodation for the choir. Services were held in the schoolroom until the church was reopened on 27November 1924 with a service held in the afternoon. On 1September 1933, the Methodist circuits of Draycott, Cheddar, Congresbury and Palmer's Green, were united to form one circuit, under the name of the Cheddar Valley Methodist Circuit.
Design and features.
Church.
The church consists of a chancel, nave chancel, and two transepts, with a gallery at one end facing the pulpit. There is a staircase turret with pyramidal cap to the north east for access to the gallery. An organ is installed in the eastern transept. It cased with freestone, and has an arched pitch pine ceiling, divided into panels by moulded ribs, bearing on attached stone shafts. At the extreme end of the chancel, immediately above the communion table, there is memorial window by Clayton and Bell, representing Dorcas amidst the people that she helped, in her illness, in her death, and resurrection. Immediately beneath the memorial window, and extending the whole length of communion platform, there is brass plate with the following inscription:
In April 1894, Sidney Hill gifted four stained glass windows to the church. The windows were made by Joseph Bell and Sons, of College Green, Bristol, and represent:
The first three subjects are installed in windows on one side of the building, and "Lord blessing little children" is installed in the transept. Each subject is arranged to occupy three panels formed by canopy work and casements. "Lord blessing little children" follows the same arrangement but angels are displayed in the stone work of the tracery. Each of the windows has a scriptural text at the foot of the lights.
Porch.
The porch was built in Perpendicular Gothic style, with Rowberrow stone and Doulting freestone dressings. The side doors are made of teak, the roof of pitch pine, with encaustic floor tiles. The stained glass windows were made by James Bell and Son, College Green, Bristol, and represent:
On each sole of the church entrance is a pedestal brought from Bethlehem and Jerusalem, the gift of William Sidney Adams, of South Africa, that held lamps when the porch was first opened. A large number of Wesleyans from all parts of the Circuit attended the opening ceremony on 26 October 1898.
Schoolroom.
From January 1902, further stained glass windows were installed in the schoolroom. The first window to be installed was Suffer little children to come unto me, displayed in three windows, and with the text displayed at the foot of the middle window. The windows were funded by Sidney Hill and designed by James Paxton Brown Young of Horfield, Bristol. Young was a former employee of Joseph Bell and Sons, and at that time, was the figure glass painting artist for the stained glass in the chapel. Young formulated designs for a number of other windows in the school:
Ministers.
The Reverend Meg (Margaret C. M. Slingo) is the incumbent minister covering Churchill. She was a former minister of Salem Methodist Church, Cheslyn Hay, Staffordshire, before being inducted to the Somerset Mendip Methodist circuit on the 30August 2019 in a ceremony at Wells Methodist church.


Beresford Hotel

The Beresford is a former hotel situated at 460 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, Scotland. It opened in 1938 to provide accommodation for those attending the city's Empire Exhibition and was often described as Glasgow's first skyscraper, being the tallest building erected in Glasgow between the two world wars, at seven storeys high. It is one of the city's most notable examples of Art Deco/Streamline Moderne architecture, and is protected as a category B listed building.
Uses.
Beresford Hotel (1938–1952).
It was built at a cost of £170,000 and opened in 1938 to provide accommodation for those attending the city's Empire Exhibition and was often described as Glasgow's first skyscraper, being the tallest building erected in Glasgow between the two world wars, at seven storeys high.
It is one of the city's most notable examples of Art Deco/Streamline Moderne architecture, and is protected as a category B listed building. The architect, William Beresford Inglis, of Weddell & Inglis, was also the hotel's owner and managing director. The hotel was requisitioned and used to billet American and British servicemen during the Second World War.
Baird Hall of Residence (1964–2004).
In 1964 the building was converted at a cost of £430,000 to serve as student residence for University of Strathclyde. Named after John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor of television, it was opened by his widow, Mrs Margaret C. Baird, on 25 October 1965. Radio Rentals Ltd, which had acquired the Baird Company name in 1960 and whose manufacturing subsidiary was known as Baird Television, donated a modern Baird Televisor receiver to the residents of Baird Hall and Baird memorabilia which were then displayed in the foyer: one containing a replica of the original Baird Televisor, rigged up as a working model, and the other containing a selection of papers and notebooks . The first woman was admitted to live there in 1979. The University sold the building in 2004.
The former Baird Halls of residence, known as Baird Hall has 7 floors, at the time before closure (and significant internal conversion) there was also a small quarter sized 8th floor to the building which was staff accommodation only.
The ground floor comprised an entrance reception area with art deco 1930s revolving door of glass and wooden construction (painted dark brown), stairs to the right immediately behind the reception desk (which at the time it was student halls of residence had two pull-down metal mesh roller shutters) led to each of the 7 floors on a tight rectangular spiral with a narrow 6 inch wide "lightwell" gap through which an item could be dropped to the last set of stairs behind reception, there was an art deco glass wooden framed door with old style meshed fire resistant glass and art deco chrome plated double push bars at waist height which led to the large dining room where 2 meals a day, breakfast and dinner were served for students and 3 meals a day on weekends (Saturday and Sunday) were served when it was expected that most students would be present at any time of the day as opposed to weekdays when college or university would take up the day including "lunch time" (this was included in the accommodation cost).
Visible through the front glass entrance doors of the building was a ribbed plaster moulding in an archway with seating ledges which during the time as student halls of residence/accommodation was lit at night by 2 old style fluorescent strip lights, having been painted white at all times during student use then repainted black during the conversion, this was included in the preservation list and can still be seen today.
To the left was a "pigeon hole" postal drop off shelf area which was very insecure and from which mail was regularly removed/tampered by individuals making unauthorised entry whilst the entry door was unlocked by students or after being let in by students, as well as an old style token card operated black and white photocopier and a Coca-Cola soft drink can vending machine, the lifts/elevators were visible from here (two 1930s era OTIS lifts) as well as a locked access by request storage room and male toilets.
The first floor (floor 1) comprised a medium-sized meeting room known as the Beresford room, a small carpeted TV room and a small study room with windows facing Elmbank street named the "Kings room" in addition to a small and seldom used music room and a small computer room which at the time was dated and largely out of use, there was a small library which was accessed by requesting the key and two toilets/bathrooms/wcs both male and female.
Additionally the first floor had guest rooms which were available year-round and commonly used by visiting family of students such as parents and grandparents.
There were three sets of stairs in the building, one through the middle of the front of the building, one on the east side and one on the west side, a laundry room at the rear basement accessed via the east stairs and a basement containing a games area with a pool table, a snooker table, dart board and a table tennis/ping-pong table.
There were 3 television rooms during the time as student halls, all on the west side on the west stairs as a sub level floor between floor 1 and the basement fire exit, these were immediately across from and overlooking the "G2" nightclub door to the side of the building.
There was a non-smoking TV room, a smoking TV room and a smaller staff TV room (years before the smoking ban came in for smoking in public buildings, hotels and places of work although people mostly went outside to smoke even in the late 1990s and early 2000s)
Floors 2 to 7 had 27 rooms each, a total of 162 student dorm rooms with numbering 1–27 in a clockwise direction from the east front corner to the west front corner, back along the west side, left to right along the back from west to east (facing the lightwell) and back along the east side wall finishing at number 27, for reference room number 2 (e.g. 202, 302,402,502, 602,702 looking upwards on the Buchanan galleries side) is the east side bay window, with rooms 03 and 04 east to west on the front of the building then 05 being the west side bay window (205,305,405,505,605,705 looking upwards on the garage nightclub side)
The shower rooms and toilets/bathrooms on the accommodation floors (2 to 7) were communal and were situated at the front right/east corner facing the lightwell-inwards (male), front left/west corner facing outwards west (female), west middle side facing into the lightwell-inwards (male) and back right east side facing into the lightwell-inwards (female).
There was one small kitchen to heat food on the back west corner facing the lightwell-inwards on each of the student accommodation floors which contained a fridge-freezer combination, a four plate hotplate, a wall mounted hot water dispenser for making hot drinks and a microwave oven as well as a table and some chairs, additionally there were Coca-Cola selection vending machines situated in the kitchens on floors 2 and 6 selling Coca-Cola, diet coke, sprite, Fanta and off-brand "iron brew" a Scottish fruit flavoured fizzy carbonated soda/soft drink.
Baird Hall closed to students in summer 2004 and lay empty through 2005 and 2006 before work commenced early 2007 to convert the building into flats/apartments, these were sold after completion in 2008.
During the years as student accommodation (as was and still is commonplace in Scotland) Baird Hall was kept open and the rooms made available to tourists at cheap rates in the summer closed season (June, July and August).
Today many student accommodation buildings remain open during summer to take advantage of tourism, in a change of ownership structure a large proportion Halls of residence/dorms in Scotland and the UK as a whole are now privately operated and owned by businesses and no longer held by colleges and universities.
Private residences (2008–present).
The Beresford is now divided into 112 privately owned flats.


San Giacomo alla Lungara

San Giacomo alla Lungara is a church in Rome (Italy), in the Rione Trastevere, facing on Via della Lungara. It is also called "San Giacomo in Settimiano" or "in Settignano", due to its vicinity to Porta Settimiana, built by Septimius Severus and included by Aurelianus within the city walls.
The church has medieval origins: it probably dates back to the papacy of Leo IV in 9th century. However, the former documents attesting its existence are papal bulls promulgated in 1198 and 1228, when the church was declared a branch of St. Peter's Basilica by Pope Innocent III. In 12th century Pope Innocent IV allowed it to the Sylvestrine Congregation; in 1620 the Vatican Chapter entrusted the church to the Franciscans and then to the Penitent Nuns, which, in 1644, charged Luigi Arrigucci (1575–1644) with the restoration of the building: because of these restorations, the church lost its basilican layout with three naves and became a single nave church with coffering on the ceiling. In the same period the nuns also built the annexed cloister, devoted to the prostitutes wishing to change their life; the cloister was demolished in 1887, during the building of the Lungotevere. In the same period the church, after having suffered 15 years of abandon and risked itself the destruction, was finally renovated.
Across the Lungotevere it is possible to see the Romanesque towerbell, dating back to the 12th century and the only surviving Medieval feature.
The interior of the church displays a single nave. The most famous work of art is the "Memorial to Ippolito Merenda" by Gian Lorenzo Bernini: a gravestone with the shape of a puckered sheet, sustained with both hands and teeth by a winged skeleton. The high altar houses a painting by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli portraying "James the Apostle".


Wien Heiligenstadt railway station

Wien Heiligenstadt (German for "Vienna Heiligenstadt") is a railway station located in the Döbling district of Vienna, Austria. Opened in 1898, it is owned and operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB), and is served by regional and S-Bahn trains.
Alongside the station is the Heiligenstadt U-Bahn station, which is the northern terminus of of the Vienna U-Bahn.


Douglass-Frey Ranch

The Douglass-Frey Ranch in Churchill County, Nevada was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
The main feature of the property is the Douglass Mansion, built during 1918–1920, which is a rare Prairie School work by architect Frederick J. DeLongchamps.
A bunk house built in 1916 is also included. It is a two-story, stucco house with a low-pitch hipped roof.
Barns and sheds from c.1920 are also included, as well as a pavilion built in 1995.


Park Headquarters, Lassen Volcanic National Park

The Headquarters Building at Lassen Volcanic National Park was built in 1928 in an adapted National Park Service Rustic style.
The building served not only as the administration building but as a visitor center, and it quickly became too small for the developing park's needs. It was remodeled three times during its first eleven years. In 1932, the west wing was expanded with an addition that included men's and women's bathrooms and an enlargement to the superintendent's office. A back porch was added in 1935 to protect the doorways and windows from snow and to provide storage space for furnace wood.
The park's Developmental Outline for 1938 states that due to development in the park, the building was not large enough, adding "[m]oreover, the present building does not have sufficient storage space, is hard to keep warm in winter, and presents a bleak and unattractive aspect on the outside which gives all park visitors coming by the Headquarters Area a very bad first impression of the park." The park proposed moving the present building elsewhere on the site and converting it to housing, and building a new Administration and Visitor Center Building. Funding was not available for a new building so from 1939 through 1940 the building received a major renovation with the addition of an east wing, which also included an addition to the basement. This work was done according to drawings LV-NP 3004 C & D, designed by G. W. Norgard of the Branch of Plans and Designs, and was a Civilian Conservation Corps construction project. At that time, an engineer's office was added to the second floor, the stairs were reconfigured, a clerk's office was added to the first floor and the Assistant Superintendent's office was expanded. The new east wing had a wood shingled dormer on the south side, and a similar dormer was added to the west wing and the eave extended. The front entrance porch in the north wing was enclosed to expand the lobby and a new stone porch was added to its east side. Stone veneer was applied below the windows on the front and on the exposed concrete foundations. A wood flagpole in a stone base and a stone water fountain were installed on the front lawn.


Cannons (house)

Cannons was a stately home in Little Stanmore, Middlesex, England. It was built by James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos, between 1713 and 1724 at a cost of £200,000 (equivalent to £ today), replacing an earlier house on the site. Chandos' house was razed in 1747 and its contents dispersed.
The name "Cannons" is an obsolete spelling of "canons" and refers to the Augustinian canons of St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, which owned the estate before the English Reformation.
Cannons was the focus of the first Duke's artistic patronage – patronage which led to his nickname "The Apollo of the Arts". Brydges filled Cannons with Old Masters and Grand Tour acquisitions, and also appointed Handel as resident house composer from 1717 to 1718. Such was the fame of Cannons that members of the public flocked to visit the estate in great numbers and Alexander Pope was unjustly accused of having represented the house as "Timon's Villa" in his "Epistle of Taste" (1731).
The Cannons estate was acquired by Chandos in 1713 from the uncle of his first wife, Mary Lake. Mary's great-grandfather Sir Thomas Lake had acquired the manor of Great Stanmore in 1604. Following the first Duke's death in 1744, Cannons passed to his son Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos. Due to the cost of building Cannons and significant losses to the family fortune in the South Sea Bubble there was little liquid capital in Henry's inheritance, so in 1747 he held a twelve-day demolition sale at Cannons which saw both the contents and the very structure of the house itself sold piecemeal leaving little more than a ruin barely thirty years after its inception. The subsequent villa built by William Hallett is now occupied by North London Collegiate School.
History.
There is archaeological evidence the site was used in Roman times for brick and tile making.
In mediaeval times the site was a part of the endowment of the Priory of St Bartholomew's which operated St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. This gave it the name Cannons, canon was an archaic term for certain orders of monks including the Augustinians of St Bartholomew's Priory. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries the land was sold into private hands in 1543. A large house was built during the 16th and 17th centuries at one point owned by Thomas Lake, James I's Chancellor of the Exchequer.
James Brydges was an MP for Hereford who achieved the post of Paymaster General to the Forces. He retired in 1713 with a fortune of £600,000, worth £58,000,000 today, he had gained by speculation with the money in his care. Brydges had inherited Cannons from his first wife Mary who died in 1712. In 1713 he married his cousin Cassandra Willoughby and began to enlarge the house. Brydges took personal control of the project and it was the work of a string of architects and landscape gardeners, who changed as they fell into and out of favour. He used the house as a setting for his patronage of the arts stocking it with paintings, sculpture and holding opera performances. It was completed by 1720.
Brydges was made Earl of Caernavon in 1714 and later became duke of Chandos. His fortunes were damaged by financial losses in the South Sea Bubble of 1720. However, when his wife died in 1735, he remarried a wealthy 43-year-old widow, Lady Lydia Davall, who had £40,000 to her name.
Chandos died in 1744 and his debts were by then so great that his heirs had no choice but to sell the house and contents in a demolition auction of 1747. The architectural building adornments were sold off to other grand projects. The Palladian columns form the portico of the National Gallery in London.
A more modest house was built on the site in 1760 by William Hallett who had acquired wealth through his skill at cabinet making. This was itself enlarged by a succession of owners, notably Dennis O’Kelly owner of the outstanding racehorse "Eclipse". By 1896 the parkland had begun to be sold off as building plots. Sir Arthur du Cros of Dunlop Rubber became tenant in 1902 and bought it in 1911. He engaged the celebrated Arts and Crafts architect Charles Mallows to remodel and enlarge the building between 1905-1908. The exterior of the current building is largely his work.
In 1929 the house was bought by the North London Collegiate School who still occupy it today. Part of the gardens remain as Canons Park in the care of the London Borough of Harrow.
The house gives its name to the modern local district, Canon's Park , which is largely built upon its parkland and is a wealthy north London suburb. This in turn gave its name to the Underground station of Canons Park on the Jubilee line.
Architecture.
Chandos remodelled the pre-existing Jacobean house built by Thomas Lake (which is believed to have been designed by John Thorpe). The new three-storey house took 10 years to complete and was designed as a square block with four new pedimented facades and a large internal courtyard.
The Duke went through several architects beginning with William Talman in 1713 who produced twelve plans but was dismissed in 1714 before starting any building on the main house. Next was John James who designed the north and west ranges (and also rebuilt the local parish church, St Lawrence, Whitchurch, with a baroque interior). On advice from Sir John Vanbrugh the Duke appointed James Gibbs in 1715. Gibbs is known as an architect who worked in a baroque idiom but incorporated palladian elements. He designed the chapel (consecrated 29 August 1720) as well as the final designs for the four new facades. The designs for the interiors did not meet with approval from Vanbrugh who commented "The fronts v.fine... But the inside is of poor Invention" and Gibbs was dismissed in 1719. Cannons was completed under the supervision of the Duke's surveyors John Price and latterly Edward Shepard. A contemporary account from a 1722 visitor at the time that the finishing touches were being made to the interiors records:
The Duke's constantly changing vision brought five different architects to it and though one of the last great Baroque houses Cannons also contributed to the development of Palladianism in England.
Gardens.
The grounds of Cannons extended to and were renowned for their magnificence. There was a pleasure garden an orchard and a grand terrace opening on to a parterre containing gilded statues.
Chandos had a water engineer of international fame in his household – his chaplain, the Rev John Theophilus Desaguliers, FRS. Desaguliers created a system of pipes of different materials and bores to feed the water features. In fact, he was better-known for his scientific expertise than his interest in his parishioners. The water gardens, which included a great basin, a canal and numerous ornamental fountains led Nicholas Hawksmoor to comment "I cannot but own that the water at Cannon's... is the main beauty of that situation and it cost him dear".
Another FRS associated with the Cannons garden was Richard Bradley, a horticulturalist who was to become the first professor of botany at the University of Cambridge. Bradley, who dedicated a gardening book to the Duke, supplied plants for the gardens.
Chandos, together with his head gardener Tilleman Bobart, oversaw changes at Cannons reflecting the eighteenth-century movement towards a more naturalistic style of landscape gardening. Some features from the original park survive, including two lakes, the Basin Lake and the Seven Acre Lake. English Heritage has included Canons Park on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
Art and music.
Chandos began collecting paintings before Cannons was built. Chandos, who had good contacts in the art market in the Netherlands, sometimes bought works unseen, relying on the judgement of his agents. One of the difficulties he faced in acquiring the best continental art was that the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), which was a key factor in his great wealth, also made it more difficult to import art directly from Italy. Even so, his collection of Italian paintings included some of the great masters. Chandos also commissioned painters directly, for example, the portraitists Michael Dahl, Sir Godfrey Kneller and John Vanderbank,
and the decorative painters Antonio Bellucci, Louis Laguerre and William Kent who worked on the interiors of the house. Chandos was a patron of the sculptors Grinling Gibbons and John Nost.
Chandos maintained a musical establishment; some of the musicians are known to have doubled as household servants but even so, musical standards were very high. The music director for twenty years was the German composer Johann Christoph Pepusch. He wrote a number of pieces of church music for the Cannons chapel. The size of the musical establishment at Cannons declined in the 1720s in response to the family's losses in the South Sea Bubble, a financial crash which took place in 1720.
By far the most famous musician associated with Cannons is George Frideric Handel. He attracted the patronage of noblemen such as Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and he was based at Burlington House before becoming Cannons' resident composer from 1717 to 1718. It has been suggested that the move to Cannons was related to the fact that in 1717 there was reduced demand for his services in central London because operatic productions were experiencing a downturn.
Chandos had a taste for Italianate music and in 1719 became a patron of Handel's opera company in London. At Cannons, as well as employing continental musicians as composers, he also engaged continental instrumentalists. The singers, on the other hand, seem to have been mainly English, rather than the highly trained and expensive Italians who were the stars of the London opera scene.
Demolition and dispersal.
The Brydges lost a significant part of their fortune when the South Sea Bubble burst and their finances never recovered. Following the death of the first Duke, the very fabric of Cannons, all its contents and every fixture and fitting were auctioned to satisfy debts. A twelve-day sale began on 16 June 1747 and the sale catalogue included works by Titian, Giorgione, Raphael and Guercino. Amongst the most notable paintings were Caravaggio's "Boy Bitten by a Lizard" (wrongly attributed to Guercino in the catalogue) which the National Gallery in London acquired in 1986, and Nicolas Poussin's "The Choice of Hercules" which was purchased at the sale by Henry Hoare for Stourhead, his house in Wiltshire, where it still hangs. Of the sculptures Grinling Gibbons' carved panel "The Stoning of St Stephen" is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and a statue claiming to be of George II by John van Nost is in Golden Square.
The portico, railings and marble staircase with bronze balustrade were bought by the 4th Earl of Chesterfield for his new London home, Chesterfield House, South Audley Street, which was built in 1749 but like Cannons is no longer standing having been demolished in 1937. Another statue modelled by C. Burchard in about 1716 and cast by John Van Nost, of George I, was moved to Leicester Square, where, after frequent vandalism, it was removed in 1872.
The rest of the house and contents were dispersed across the country and the location of much has been lost, however some substantial elements can still be seen, including the Ionic columns from the colonnade which some sources now place in front of the National Gallery in London. Elements of the chapel, in particular stained glass windows designed by Sebastiano Ricci and made by glass painter Joshua Price, along with Bellucci's ceiling paintings were purchased by Thomas, Lord Foley and installed by James Gibbs in the Church of Saint Michael and All Angels, Great Witley, Worcestershire. The chapel's organ was built by Abraham Jordan Jr, who with his father is credited with the invention of the swell box. There is some dispute as to where the instrument was moved, as some sources say it is identifiable as the organ in the church at Great Witley, whereas Holy Trinity, Gosport, claims to have some of the pipework.
There is a tradition that the gates were removed to Trinity College, Oxford, but this is incorrect, for the College's two sets of gates both predate the demolition of Cannons and are well documented.
The estate itself was purchased by the cabinet maker William Hallett who in 1760 built a large villa on the site which today houses the North London Collegiate School, where part of the original temple can still be seen, and is known by the modern spelling, Canons. Hallett's villa was mentioned by John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington, in 1788 as being of a more appropriate size for the location than Cannons: "the situation is too near London for such [former] display; being better suited for this present villa, sprung from the former demolition".
In popular culture.
Such was the fame of the house that the Duke had to introduce crowd control measures – including a one-way system – to manage the large numbers of visitors who flocked to the estate. Cannons was featured in early travel guides including a 1725 travelogue by Daniel Defoe where he described Cannons' extravagance thus:
A few years later Alexander Pope was seen as satirising Cannons in his poem "Of Taste" (1731), which ridicules the villa of an aristocrat called "Timon" and includes the lines:
Timon, like Chandos, is a patron of the painter Louis Laguerre and listens to elaborate music in his chapel. After adverse comment, including a caricature by William Hogarth of Pope splattering Chandos' carriage, the poet apologised to the Duke, denying that any comparison with Cannons was intended, but it has been suggested that Pope could have anticipated that some people would see a connection. Within a few years another point of comparison had emerged – Pope had prophesied the demolition of Timon's villa.


Benjamin Bastard

Benjamin Bastard was a British architect during the first half of the 18th century working in the Dorset area of England. A member of a notable family of west country architect-surveyors and masons, he was related to the Bastard brothers who rebuilt Blandford Forum following its great fire of 1731.
Bastard was responsible for the Palladian Sherborne House, at Sherborne in Dorset built in the 1720s. The accomplished design of this mansion like the works of the Bastard brothers shows late Baroque influences such as those found in the works of Wren and Hawksmoor. In style and design it could be compared to Winslow Hall attributed to Sir Christopher Wren or Chicheley Hall like Winslow Hall also in Buckinghamshire. Sherborne House has a three bayed centre projecting from two symmetrical flanking wings each of two bays. The tall slim windows are typical of the English Baroque period which immediately predated the Palladian period. The Baroque style is further emphasised by the broken segmental pediment and architrave of the main entrance. However, the facade, with its central pediment and the balustrade concealing the roof line are devoid of ornament in the Palladian tradition. The only relief from the severity of the facade coming from the quoining at each corner.
In 1743 Bastard was commissioned to design a hospital for the reception of the poor, later known as the Dorchester parish workhouse. This building has been much altered but the original block can still be discerned as Palladian, albeit in a very severe and chaste form as would have been thought fitting for such an institution at the time.
There is a wall monument with a pediment to Benjamin and Thomas Bastard, dated 1772, on the external face of the north wall of the parish church of St Mary Magdalene, Castleton, Sherborne in Dorset. The inscription has weathered away. Inside the nave, on the north wall of the north aisle is a monument to Elizabeth Bastard (née Prankerd), wide of Benjamin Bastard, 1732–3, and their son Benjamin. This is a marble wall monument with side-scrolls, pediment, urn and cherub's head.


Camoruco railway station

The Camoruco railway terminus (Spanish: "Estación Camoruco del Ferrocarril") in Valencia, Venezuela, is a rare survival of a 19th century railway station in the South America country.
The building is also known as the "Rectorado" of the University of Carabobo. When the railway line closed in the 1950s, the station was transferred to the University of Carabobo which converted it for administrative use.
Location.
Camoruco is a suburb of Valencia 3 km from the city centre. While the railway line was in operation, there was a tram service from the station to the Plaza Bolivar in the centre. Initially the trams were horse-drawn, but were powered by electricity from some point in the 20th century.
Architecture.
The building respects Spanish Colonial tradition, although
the structure was advanced for its time in making use of cast iron imported from England, Traditional materials were also used.
History.
Guzman Blanco, the president of Venezuela, gave a concession to a British company to build a railway between Valencia and the Caribbean coast at Puerto Cabello. The 55 km route of the Puerto Cabello and Valencia railway crossed a range of mountains. The railway was inaugurated in 1888.
The railway was known locally as the English railway, distinguishing it from the Great Venezuela Railway, a slightly later German-built line. However, the Puerto Cabello Valencia line was not the only British-built railway in the country, and the line from Caracas to La Guaira was also known as the English railway.
The railway was nationalised in 1916. Rail transport in Venezuela was neglected and went into a major decline from the 1950s, with road transport taking its place.
Revival of rail.
In the 21st century a metro system opened in Valencia as a north-south route passing near the old terminus. One of the stations is called Francisco de Mirando (Rectorado). The metro system is planned to connect to a new railway line to the coast at an interchange in Naguanagua Municipality.


67 Windmill Street, Millers Point

67 Windmill Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed shop with residence located at 67 Windmill Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History.
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This shop was built and over time has had a number of uses.
Description.
Two-storey stone 1840s shop/residence of simple composition and detailing. Two sash windows on upper level, dormer window to attic. Storeys: Two; Construction: Painted stone walls, corrugated galvanised iron, painted timber joinery. Style: Georgian.
The external condition of the property is good.
Modifications and dates.
External: Parapet capping repaired badly. Some joinery mortified.
Heritage listing.
As at 23 November 2000, 67 Windmill Street, Millers Point, an early nineteenth century shop, is representative of early commercial activity in the area, and is an important streetscape element.
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.
67 Windmill Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.