European Society for Primary Immunodeficiencies

The European Society for Primary Immunodeficiencies (ESID) is a Europe-wide medical association for healthcare professionals and researchers who deal with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID).
History.
The European Society for Primary Immunodeficiencies was founded first as an informal group in 1983 in Rome, Italy. Over the following decade its membership and activities grew, and the society’s first constitution was adopted in 1994. This signaled ESID’s beginnings as a formal society. The constitution has since been revised twice, in 2000 and 2008. ESID has two sister societies: The International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies and the International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies.
Activities.
ESID hosts biennial meetings for the society’s members. These gatherings are composed of scientific lectures on emerging diagnoses and treatment options, interactive discussions, research opportunities, and networking events. The 15th Biennial Meeting will take place in October, 2012 in Florence, Italy.
The society also participates in several other scientific meetings each year, some of which are hosted by ESID. These meetings offer similar scientific content, though they are often smaller in their regional or educational focus. In 2011, ESID will host symposia in Prague and Tampere, Finland. The meeting taking place in Prague is ESID's 10th Spring Meeting and is part of ESIDS's PID Care in Development Working Party (PIDCD WP). Established in 2006, the PIDCD WP works to "increase awareness and facilitate diagnosis and care about PID patients in Western countries with less accessible PID care." The meetings that are part of this program focus on establishing professional organizations in developing regions and connecting professionals between different regions of Europe.
In addition to the PIDCD WP, ESID has several other Working Parties (WP). The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Gene Therapy Working Party works to "improve the outcome of transplant and gene therapy for severe congenital immunodeficiencies." The Clinical Working Party supports clinical research among ESPID members. The Educational Working Party works with young researchers and professionals in the PID field. The Genetic Working Party supports collaborative research between laboratories associated with ESPID. The Juniors Working Party is a forum for young entrants into the field of PID.
ESID has established biennial Summer Schools to educate young researchers and healthcare professionals in the field of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID). The mission of these schools is to “enthuse, inform, and encourage the next generation of leaders in PID practice and research throughout Europe.” The curriculum consists of several days of workshops, discussions, and interaction between participants. Travel grants and scholarships are made available to encourage participation. The 2011 Summer School will be held in Il Ciocco, Tuscany, Italy.
ESID also maintains an online database containing patient data and information meant to be useful to potential researchers. The information is stripped of identifying factors on the part of the patients. As of March 2011, over 13,000 patients have been entered into the database.
Governance.
If you wish to see the full list of Board members, kindly visit www.esid.org


Focal facial dermal dysplasia

Focal facial dermal dysplasia is a rare genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by congenital bilateral scar like facial lesions, with or without associated facial anomalies. It is characterized by hairless lesions with fingerprint like puckering of the skin, especially at the temples, due to alternating bands of dermal and epidermal atrophy.
This condition is also known as Brauer syndrome (hereditary symmetrical aplastic nevi of temples, bitemporal aplasia cutis congenita, bitemporal aplasia cutis congenita: OMIM ) and Setleis syndrome (facial ectodermal dysplasia: OMIM ).
Presentation.
This condition is characterised by symmetrical lesions on the temples resembling forceps marks. It is characterized a puckered skin due to a virtual absence of subcutaneous fat. It is apparent at birth. Other lesions that may be present include puffy, wrinkled skin around the eyes and/or abnormalities of the eyelashes, eyebrows, and eyelids. The eyebrows may be up slanting or outward slanting. Occasionally the bridge of the nose may appear flat, while the tip may appear unusually rounded. The chin may be furrowed. The upper lip may be prominent with a down turned mouth. Other features that have been reported include dysplastic and low set ears, linear radiatory impressions on the forehead and congenital horizontal nystagmus.
Those with the Setleis syndrome may be missing eyelashes on both the upper and lower lids or may have multiple rows of lashes on the upper lids but none on the lower lids.A possible association with intra abdominal cancer has been reported but to date this has not been confirmed in other studies.
Genetics.
Type II appears to be due to mutations in the transcription factor TWIST2 on chromosome 2.
Type IV is due to mutations in the Cyp26c1 gene.
Pathology.
Under the temporal lesions the skeletal muscle is almost in direct continuity with the epidermis.
Diagnosis.
Classification.
There are at least four types of FFDD:
History.
The syndrome was first described by Brauer in 1929 in a large five generation family (38 members). The affected progenitor (Johann Jokeb Van Bargen) was a man who had migrated to Germany from Holland in the 16th century. As many as 155 family members were thought to have been affected.


William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 5th Earl of Mornington

William Richard Arthur Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 5th Earl of Mornington (7 October 1813 – 25 July 1863) was a British nobleman.
Long-Wellesley, the son of the notorious spendthrift William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley (later fourth Earl of Mornington) and Catherine Tylney-Long (daughter of Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet), was born on 7 October 1813 at Wanstead House, at that time in Essex, but within the London borough of Redbridge since 1965.
His father's spending wreaked havoc on the family estate, but upon his mother's death in 1825, he inherited the remaining estates at Wanstead; Athelhampton, Devon; and Draycot Cerne, Wiltshire. Bitter, protracted custody litigation followed — his mother's sisters with temporary custody succeeded in placing him under the guardianship of the Duke of Wellington, his great-uncle.
In 1836 he took his father to court, after his father had sold furniture and pictures belonging to Draycot House to cover a £3,000 debt. These were passed out of a window after the sales agent was refused admission to the house. William junior maintained that these items belonged to him as heirlooms by the will of Sir James Long, 2nd Baronet.
His father succeeded as Earl of Mornington in 1845, after which William was styled Viscount Wellesley. In 1848, despite opposition from his father, he sold Athelhampton which had been purchased by Sir Robert Long, 1st Baronet, in 1665. He succeeded his father as Earl of Mornington on 1 July 1857.
Mornington died unmarried in Paris on 25 July 1863 from cancer of the tongue, and is buried at Draycot Cerne in Wiltshire. Having originally made his will bequeathing all his estates to his only sister Lady Victoria (who died unmarried in 1897), he made another will three weeks before his death, leaving all his landed property to his father's cousin Earl Cowley, then ambassador at Paris. In dismay Lady Victoria wrote to her cousin Walter Long of Rood Ashton House: 'my wish would have been that after our own immediate heirs, all Long property should have returned to your family as the elder branch'.
He was succeeded as sixth Earl of Mornington by his cousin, the second Duke of Wellington.


Cayetano Heredia

Cayetano Heredia (August 5, 1797 – June 11, 1861) was a Peruvian physician, born in Catacaos, Piura, northwestern Peru. He studied medicine at the National University of San Marcos. Together with Hipólito Unanue, he was one of the two greatest Peruvian physicians of the 19th century. He happened to live through the tense period of the struggle for independence of Peru from Spain, and his participation in political life was as intense as the time and effort he devoted to medicine. He died in Lima on 1861.
Cayetano Heredia University, a Peruvian medical school founded in 1961, was named after him.


National Psoriasis Foundation

The National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) is the world's largest nonprofit organization serving people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The NPF provides information and services to help people manage their condition, while supporting research to find a cure. In addition to serving more than 3 million people annually through patient and professional health education and advocacy initiatives, the NPF has funded more than $12 million in psoriatic disease research grants and fellowships.
About the organization.
The National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) focuses on improving the health of people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Through the organization's work to increase research, improve access to care, and expand knowledge of psoriatic disease, the NPF aims to:
Research.
The National Psoriasis Foundation works to increase the number of dollars, scientists and quality research projects devoted to psoriatic disease to find better treatments and a cure.
Each year, the National Psoriasis Foundation awards Discovery Grants and Translational Grants to support the start-up of new and innovative studies.
NPF Discovery Grants are one-year awards up to $75,000 that fund researchers to explore preliminary ideas and conduct proof-of-concept experiments. The goal is to stimulate the development of new research programs in the field of psoriatic disease that are capable of competing for long-term funding from the National Institutes of Health or other agencies in the future. Funded research areas include, but are not limited to, genetics, cell biology, immunology and epidemiology/health services.
NPF Translational Grants' are two-year awards up to $200,000 total that are focused on moving scientific discoveries generated during laboratory or clinical research into projects that clearly benefit patients. In 2015, the National Psoriasis Foundation and the Arthritis National Research Foundation collaborated for a special Psoriatic Arthritis Research Grant.
To address the shortage of clinicians with in-depth knowledge of psoriatic disease, the National Psoriasis Foundation awards annual Medical Dermatology Fellowships. The fellowships, one-year awards up to $50,000, aim to increase the number of scientists focused on studying and treating psoriatic disease by encouraging young scientists to become physician researchers and dedicate their careers to psoriatic disease.
The National Psoriasis Victor Henschel BioBank is a collection of biological samples and clinical information used by qualified scientists to advance the field of psoriasis genetics. It is one of the largest collections of psoriasis DNA samples in the United States.
As the catalyst for psoriatic disease research, NPF is dedicated to promoting patient involvement in research studies and clinical trials. NPF offers research and clinical trial referral services that provide targeted outreach to people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
Advocacy.
The National Psoriasis Foundation focuses on changing policy to increase the federal government's attention on psoriatic disease, and to ensure that people get access to the treatments and medical specialists they need to best manage their condition.
Through the collective efforts of tens of thousands of advocates nationwide, NPF works to:
Education.
The National Psoriasis Foundation provides people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and their health care providers the latest information, education and critical support services so they can best manage their condition and improve overall health and well-being.
Free health webcasts from leading psoriatic disease experts arm people with information to reduce pain, inflammation and itching; clear skin; loosen joints; better understand future treatment options; and decrease their risk for of related conditions associated with psoriatic disease like heart disease and diabetes.
More than Skin Deep is a series of live patient-focused events held nationwide. This educational program provides people the latest information from leading experts to best manage their condition.
The NPF offers people who are newly diagnosed with support from trained peer mentors with its Psoriasis One to One mentor program. Additionally, the organization has a health educator on staff who is available to answer questions about psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, treatment options and related topics.
The NPF also offers professional education for health care providers with CME events and other programs.
Organization and people.
Founded and headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Psoriasis Foundation opened its second office in Alexandria, Virginia, in 2013. As of 2015, the organization has 10 Community Divisions in Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Florida South, Florida West, Los Angeles, New York City, Northern California, Portland, San Diego and Washington, D.C. These community divisions, led by a National Psoriasis Foundation community development manager and a group of volunteers, focus on fundraising, patient and health care provider outreach, grassroots advocacy and local education.
Team NPF is a group of everyday people with or without psoriatic disease who are walking, running, cycling and DIY-ing for a psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis cure. Team NPF Walks are held in communities around the country. In August 2015, the National Psoriasis Foundation hosted its inaugural Team NPF Cycle event.
Funding.
The National Psoriasis Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
In 2012, the organization received Charity Navigator's four-star rating, its highest rating, for its sound fiscal management and commitment to accountability and transparency. The NPF receives funding and support from individuals affected by psoriatic disease and their families, friends and medical providers. Corporations and foundations also fund the education, advocacy and research programs that help people with psoriatic disease better manage their condition and improve their overall health.


Louis Hubert Farabeuf

Dr. Louis Hubert Farabeuf (1841 – 1910), French surgeon who is said to have introduced hygiene in French medical schools. His statue dominates the central court of the National School of Medicine in Paris whose main amphitheater is also named after him. Farabeuf wrote some short surgical booklets (précis) and designed several medical instruments (such as the Farabeuf elevator) that are still in use today.
His name is associated with Farabeuf's triangle of the neck, a triangle formed by the internal jugular vein, common facial vein and the hypoglossal nerve, as well as Farabeuf retractors and Farabeuf forceps.
Farabeuf as a Fictional Character.
His passionate writings and descriptions of amputation surgery attracted the attention of writers and scholars.


Georges Heuyer

Georges Heuyer (30 January 1884 in Pacy-sur-Eure – 23 October 1977 in Paris) was a physician and child psychiatrist in France, who was appointed to the first chair of child psychiatry in Europe.
Biography.
He was the son of Louis Heuyer (1847–1930), a military medical officer. he died at the age of 93, was married three times, and raised eight children including three from his last wife, Suzanne Le Garrec, who married him in 1944.
Georges Heuyer defended his thesis for his doctorate of medicine in 1914, from which he obtained the silver medal, under the supervision of Professor Ernest Dupré.
Although not a psychoanalyst himself, he introduced the practice of psychoanalysis in a hospital environment, first with the Freudian analyst Eugénie Sokolnicka (whom he met thanks to the novelist Paul Bourget), then with Sophie Morgenstern to whom he entrusted a psychoanalysis laboratory.
In 1925, he was a co-founder, with Jadwiga Abramson, of the Clinic of Pediatric Neuro-Psychiatry in Paris. Heuyer wrote extensively on child psychiatry (ten books and more than one hundred publications).


Ambulacrum (anatomy)

In zoology, an ambulacrum is an elongated area of the shell of an echinoderm in which a row of tube feet are arranged. It is pluralized as "ambulacra". The area on the shell between ambulacra is known as an interambulacrum.


EMS Healthcare

EMS Healthcare is a supplier of mobile medical equipment based in Ellesmere Port.
It supplied Vision Express with a mobile Vision Van in 2015 working with the Road Haulage Association to offer free eye tests to both public and professional drivers.
It also has a mobile decontamination unit for use with gastrointestinal endoscopy equipment.
It started a contract with Manchester Royal Eye Hospital in 2015 to provide a mobile medical unit for up to 40 patients a day with wet age-related macular degeneration operating at Trafford General Hospital.


Brain Injury Research Institute

The Brain Injury Research Institute (BIRI) is a center for the study of traumatic brain injuries and their prevention that was founded in 2002.
Its founding members include: Julian E. Bailes, M.D., Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at West Virginia University School of Medicine and former NFL and current NCAA team physician; Bennet Omalu, M.D., forensic neuropathologist, who is the Chief Medical Examiner for San Joaquin County, California, and Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Davis; and Robert P. Fitzsimmons, Senior Partner at Fitzsimmons Law Offices, in Wheeling, West Virginia.
The Institute has established a brain and tissue bank. It now houses 20 brains for future research.
Bennet Omalu was the first to identify chronic brain damage as a factor in the deaths of some National Football League players. He discovered chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in the brain of Pro Football Hall of Fame player Mike Webster in 2002. Webster's son, Garrett Webster, is BIRI's administrator & player liaison. Omalu participated in former NFL player Junior Seau's autopsy after the latter's 2012 suicide.


Karl Friedrich Heusinger

Karl Friedrich Heusinger (28 February 1792 – 5 May 1883) was a German pathologist who was a native of Farnroda.
He studied medicine in Jena and Marburg, and afterwards was an assistant to Karl Gustav Himly (1772–1837) at the University of Göttingen. In 1813 he served as a military doctor in the Prussian Army, and later was a professor at the Universities of Jena (from 1821), Würzburg (from 1824) and Marburg (1829–83).
Heusinger was a pioneer in the field of comparative pathology. In 1829 he published an influential work on physical and psychological anthropology titled "Grundriß der physischen und psychischen Anthropologie". Among his other writings was a German translation of François Magendie's (1783-1855) "Précis élémentaire de physiologie", and letters of correspondence with naturalist Charles Darwin. He also wrote a remarkable review of geophagy, titled "Die sogenannte Geophagie oder tropische (besser: Malaria-) Chlorose als Krankheit aller Länder und Klimate".


Casedemic


Royal Canadian Medical Service

The Royal Canadian Medical Service (RCMS, ) is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces, consisting of all members of medical occupations. Nearly all members of the RCMS, along with the members of the Royal Canadian Dental Corps (RCDC), are employed in the Canadian Forces Health Services Group (CF H Svcs Gp), an operational formation. The RCMS was formerly designated the Canadian Forces Medical Service until it was redesignated on October 9, 2013.
Motto and march.
"Militi Succurrimus" (We hasten to aid the soldiers) is the official branch motto. "The Farmer's Boy" is the branch march. This march was selected by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother of Queen Elizabeth II).
Roles and identification.
Medical personnel of the Canadian Forces provide operational (deployed) and operational readiness (in-garrison) medical care to entitled personnel.
Uniforms.
RCMS personnel wear the same uniforms as other members of the Canadian Forces with unique identifiers depending on which distinctive environmental uniform (DEU) they are assigned (Sea, Land, Air). Regardless of environment, all officers and non-commissioned members (NCMs) wear the same cap badge. The only difference between the cap badges is that the staff of Æsculapius on NCM badge comprises a gold serpent on a gold staff whereas on the officer badge comprises a silver serpent on a gold staff.
RCMS medical officers who are uniformed in the sea environment wear scarlet distinction cloth between the braids of their rank insignia, while other health services officer classifications (non-physicians) wear a maroon distinction cloth. NCMs wear a trade badge on their jackets.
RCMS officers and non-commissioned members who are uniformed in Land environment wear an "RCMS" shoulder bar on the service dress jacket, and a tab bearing either the title "MEDICAL" or a unit identifier (e.g. "25 FD AMB") on slip-ons for other uniforms. NCMs below the rank of warrant officer wear a trade badge on the sleeve of the service dress jacket.
RCMS officers and non-commissioned members who are uniformed in Air environment wear a distinctive silver badge over their name tag on both their dress uniform jacket and short-sleeve order of dress. This badge is a winged staff of Aesculapius.
History.
The RCMS has its origins in the Dominion government's 1885 response to the North-West Rebellion, with the appointment of Canada's first Surgeon General, Doctor Darby Bergin of Cornwall, Ontario, and the mobilization of two field hospitals. Permanent medical services for the Canadian Army (1904), Royal Canadian Navy (1910) and Royal Canadian Air Force (1940) were formed separately (years indicated). The three services were subsequently integrated as a single professional/technical organization, the Canadian Forces Medical Service (CFMS), in 1959. Personnel of the CFMS continued to belong to the Navy, Army and Air Force in matters of personnel administration. With the unification of the Canadian Forces (CF) in 1968, medical personnel the RCN, Canadian Army and RCAF were grouped administratively into the new CF Medical Branch, perfectly aligned to the professional/technical organization of the CFMS.
The Medical Service played a significant part in the Canadian expeditionary forces during the First World War and Second World War.
It suffered significant budgetary cutbacks after the 1994 Broadbent Report following the end of the Cold War, with all six of its remaining military hospitals being closed.
The former colonel-in-chief was Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother of Queen Elizabeth II). The current colonel-in-chief is Princess Anne, Princess Royal (daughter of the Queen and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh)
Training.
Induction.
The Medical Officer Training Plan (MOTP) is a CAF programme under which the CAF "will pay successful recruits to complete a recognized Canadian university MD program. This programme covers tuition fees and educational expenses, including books, instruments, supplies, student fees, and registration costs. Family medicine residents and students already enrolled in a recognized programme who successfully screen for enrolment in the CAF are eligible for this training plan. For the duration of their studies and Family Medicine residency, successful members receive full-time salary including medical and dental care, as well as vacation time with full-pay in exchange for working with the CAF for a period of time. Typically, candidates selected for this program attend university during the regular academic year and participate in additional military training during the summer months."
School of Operational Medicine.
The School of Operational Medicine (SOM) in Toronto, Ontario, forms a part of the Canadian Forces Environmental Medicine Establishment. In turn the Canadian Forces Environmental Medicine Establishment is the military component of the Defence Research and Development Canada. The School of Operational Medicine (SOM) conducts all flight surgeon training. In addition, it offers courses at various levels in Diving Medicine, to physicians, and physician assistants.
Canadian Forces Health Service Training Centre.
The Canadian Forces Health Service Training Centre (CF H Svc TC), located in CFB Borden, is the home station and primary training centre for the Canadian Forces Health Services. The school focuses on all levels of training.
Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training.
The Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training (CFSSAT) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, provides initial and continuation training for all CF aircrew. The training covers diverse topics including life support equipment and human factors, search and evasion as well as disorientation and night vision.


Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences

The Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences (WCGS) (formerly known as the Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences) is a graduate college of Cornell University that was founded in 1952 as an academic partnership between two major medical institutions in New York City: the Weill Cornell Medical College and the Sloan Kettering Institute. Cornell is involved in the Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program with Rockefeller University and the Sloan Kettering Institute; each of these three institutions is part of a large biomedical center extending along York Avenue between 65th and 72nd Streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.
Programs of study.
Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences (WCGS) partners with neighboring institutions along York Avenue, also known as the “corridor of science” in New York City. Such partnerships with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, the Hospital for Special Surgery and The Rockefeller University offer specialized learning opportunities.
WCGS offers a variety of programs at both the Masters and Doctoral levels. As a partnership between the Sloan Kettering Institute and Weill Cornell Medical College, WCGS offers seven PhD programs as well as four distinct Masters programs. Additionally, the school offers two Tri-Institutional PhDs, a Tri-Institutional MD/PhD and the opportunity for students to participate in an Accelerated PhD/MBA program.
PhD Programs:
Tri-Institutional PhD Programs


Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala

Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala is an Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical company situated in Thaikkattussery, near Ollur (Thrissur, Kerala). It is managed by Thaikkattusseri Eledathu Thaikkattu Family, one among the Ashtavaidya families of Kerala. Vaidyaratnam runs a NABH accredited nursing home by name Vaidyaratnam Nursing Home and an Ayurvedic Medical College apart from two ISO certified manufacturing plants in Thrissur and an R&D centre in Thaikkattussery, under the flagship of Vaidyaratnam.
History.
Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala ("Oushada" means medicine and "Sala" is a building or institute) was instituted in 1941 by Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss.
His son, Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss, a recipient of Padmabhushan, succeeded him at the establishment.
Founder.
Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss or E.T.Neelakandan Mooss (1904-1997) was an Ayurvedic practitioner and the founder of Vaidyaratnam Group.
After Gurukula schooling in childhood and later at Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon Memorial Government Vocational Higher Secondary School, he learned Ashtanga Hridayam from Kuttancheri Valiya Aaryan Moose and Manu Moose. He then joined his father "Ashtavaidyan" E. T. Narayanan Mooss Sr., at the family clinic. In 1954, Neelakandan Mooss founded the Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala and saw the establishment growing to include a Vaidyaratnam Nursing Home, Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College and Ayurvedic Research Centre.
Government of India honoured him with national award Padma Shri in 1992 for his contributions to Ayurveda treatment.
Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College.
Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College is Ayurveda college situated in Thaikkattussery near Ollur. The college is affiliated to the Kerala University of Health Sciences and offers B.A.M.S. degree (Ayurveda acharya). The course is recognized by the Central Council of Indian Medicines (CCIM) and is of a duration of 5½ years and 12 months compulsory rotatory internship. Students are admitted for the BAMS course from the list of medical entrance examination conducted by the Government of Kerala. The present intake for the degree programme is 40 students.
Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College was founded by the Ashtavaidyan Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss on 2 October 1976 and is under the management of Vaidyaratnam Ayurvedic Educational Society, registered under the Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act XII/1955. The college has two hospitals with bed strength of about 150. Attached to the hospital, X-ray Unit and Ultra Sound scan unit are functioning.
Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda Museum.
Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda Museum is a museum showcasing the richness, the variety and the evolution of the Ayurveda traditional medicine of India. The museum is located in Thaikkattussery. The museum was inaugurated by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India, on 28 December 2013. The exhibits include a diorama presentation of the history of Ayurveda from mythological period to modern times, a library of texts on Ayurveda, descriptions of various branches of Ayurveda, an exclusive section on Susrutha, a picture gallery, a 3-D gallery, and a digital library.


Helper virus

A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy.


Intermetacarpal joints

The intermetacarpal joints are in the hand formed between the metacarpal bones. The bases of the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones articulate with one another by small surfaces covered with cartilage. The metacarpal bones are connected together by dorsal, palmar, and interosseous ligaments.
The synovial membrane for these joints is continuous with that of the carpometacarpal joints.


Jeffrey Lozon

Jeff Lozon, CC was the president and CEO of St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto from 1992 to 2009. In June 2009, Lozon assumed the duties of president and CEO of Revera, a provider of seniors' accommodation and services.
On 23 November 2006, he was named the chair of the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer by Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
In 2009, Lozon was named to the Order of Canada.
Lozon has in the past served as Ontario's deputy minister of health and long-term care and as chair of Canada Health Infoway.


Irvin Abell

Irvin Abell (September 13, 1876 – August 28, 1949) was a surgeon from Louisville, Kentucky.
Background.
Abell graduated from Louisville Medical College in 1897 and then studied in Germany at the University of Marburg and the University of Berlin. He joined the faculty at Louisville Medical College faculty in 1900 and became professor of surgery when the school merged with the University of Louisville in 1908. He was named to the school's board of trustees in 1935.
Abell was the first Grand Presiding Senior (president) of Phi Chi Medical Fraternity (Southern) in 1897.
Abell was president of the American Medical Association from 1938 to 1939, and also served as president of the American College of Surgeons, Southeastern Surgical Association, and the Kentucky State Medical Association. During World War II he headed the national committee that consulted with the Department of Defense on matters of public health.
He was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville.


Guilford Bevil Reed

Guilford Bevil Reed (November 27, 1887 – February 21, 1955) was a Canadian medical researcher whose research involved diseases such as tuberculosis, gas gangrene, tetanus and rinderpest.
Born in Port George, Nova Scotia, he received a B.Sc. in 1912, M.A. in 1913 and Ph.D. in 1915 from Harvard University. From 1915 to 1954, he taught at Queen's University.
In 1932, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was its president from 1952 to 1953. In 1947, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal.
In 1942, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.


Ryszard Gryglewski

Ryszard Jerzy Gryglewski (born 4 August 1932 in Wilno) is a Polish pharmacologist and physician. Member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) and the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN).
Gryglewski graduated in Medicine in Kraków, where he also wrote his doctorate in Pharmacology and in 1971 became a professor. He is a member of many pharmacological associations around the world, and since 1993 president of the Jagiellonian Medical Research Centre ("Jagiellońskie Centrum Badań Medycznych").
His scientific work concerns experimental pharmacology. His research focuses on the contribution of the blood-vascular system in building up immunity against thrombosis in the development of sclerosis. In 1976, together with S. Bunting, J. Vane and S. Moncada, he discovered prostacyclin, which set off many further scientific discoveries.


Team Seattle

Team Seattle is an endurance auto racing team and charitable organization founded by racing driver Don Kitch, Jr. in 1997 to raise funds for the Seattle Children's Hospital. Team Seattle's drivers and other supporting teams who compete in the 24 Hours of Daytona gain pledges from donors based on the number of laps their cars can complete over the event. Since first entering Daytona in 1997, Team Seattle has raised over $3.3 million for Seattle Children's. A new endeavor for 2009 will have Team Seattle participate in another endurance event, the 24 Hours of Le Mans in France, and also raise funds for the Mecenat Chirurgie Cardiaque Enfants du Monde. The team's driving squad will include American actor Patrick Dempsey.
History.
Team Seattle debuted at the 1997 24 Hours of Daytona, backing a Porsche from the Alex Job Racing team, before expanding to two cars in 1998. The two car effort was boosted in 1999 by the addition of professional drivers Kelly Collins, Anthony Lazzaro, and Cort Wagner who led one of two Team Seattle-backed Alex Job Porsches to victory in their class. In 2000 Team Seattle began a partnership with The Racer's Group, another Porsche squad, before switching to the faster GTS category in 2002 with Park Place Racing's Saleens.
Team Seattle made their first entry into the sports prototype categories by joining with Essex Racing in 2003, where they finished first and second within their class in a Lola-Nissan. Essex Racing switched to Multimatic-Fords in 2004, but were not able to repeat their success in the new Daytona Prototype category. The team returned to Porsches in the lower categories in 2005 with a two-car effort with Synergy Racing, joined by corporate backing from Microsoft in 2006. Team Seattle made another partnership in 2008, joining Farnbacher-Loles Racing.
2009 Le Mans entry.
Team Seattle announced a partnership with Italian racing team AF Corse to apply for an entry to the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans, not only to raise funds for Seattle Children's, but also for the French Mecenant Chirurgie Cardiaque. Although initially being granted a reserve entry, Team Seattle was granted a full entry on March 31, 2009, following the withdrawal of another competitor. Team Seattle made use of a Ferrari F430 GT2 from AF Corse's Advanced Engineering squad. Founder Don Kitch, Jr. and racing driver Joe Foster were joined by actor Patrick Dempsey, a regular competitor in the Rolex Sports Car Series.
Pledges to the team were raised not only by the car's lap total, but also by allowing donations in exchange for personal photos to be added to the car's paint scheme. The team expected to raise $1 million at the event.


Brad Bushman

Brad J. Bushman (born May 14, 1960 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is the Margaret Hall and Robert Randal Rinehart Chair of Mass Communication Professor at Ohio State University. He also has an appointment in psychology. He has published extensively on the causes and consequences of human aggression. His work has questioned the utility of catharsis, and relates also to violent video game effects on aggression. Along with Roy Baumeister, his work suggests that it is narcissism, not low self-esteem, that causes people to act more aggressively after an insult. Bushman's research has been featured in "Newsweek", on the "CBS Evening News", on "20/20", and on National Public Radio. He has also been featured on "". He earned his BS in psychology from Weber State College (now Weber State University) in 1984 and his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1989 and holds three master's degrees (in psychology, statistics, and secondary education). Since 2005, Bushman has spent the summers as a professor of communication science at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Prior to joining Ohio State University, Bushman was a professor at University of Michigan and at Iowa State University.
He was awarded an Ig Nobel award in psychology in 2013 for his work about attractiveness of drunk people. In 2014 he received the Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Media Psychology and Technology award from the American Psychological Association.
In 2016, a paper co-authored by Bushman and his graduate student, Jodi Whitaker, was retracted by "Communication Research". The retraction came after Patrick Markey, a Villanova University psychologist, pointed out irregularities in some of the paper's data. Bushman was cleared of wrongdoing by Ohio State, but agreed to the retraction anyway; Whitaker had her Ph.D. revoked.


Hypoallergenic

Hypoallergenic, meaning "below average" or "slightly" allergenic is a term meaning that something (usually cosmetics, pets, textiles, food, etc.) causes fewer allergic reactions. The term was first used in 1953 in an advertising campaign for cosmetics or perhaps as early as 1940.
The term is also commonly applied to pet breeds which are claimed to produce fewer allergens than other breeds of the same species, due to some combination of their coat type, absence of fur, or absence of a gene that produces a certain protein. All breeds still produce allergens and a 2011 study failed to find a difference in allergen concentrations in homes with dogs of "hypoallergenic breeds" and other breeds.
Certifications and definitions.
In some countries, there are allergy interest groups that provide manufacturers with a certification procedure including tests that ensure a product is unlikely to cause an allergic reaction, but such products are usually described and labeled using other but similar terms. So far, public authorities in no country provide an official certification that an item must undergo before being described as "hypoallergenic".
The cosmetic industry has been trying for years to block an industry standard for use of the term. In 1975, the US Food and Drug Administration tried to regulate the term "hypoallergenic", but the proposal was challenged by cosmetic companies Clinique and Almay in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, which ruled that the regulation was invalid. Thus, cosmetic companies are not required to meet any regulations or do any testing to validate their claims. A 2017 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers from Amazon, Target, and Walmart found 83% of those marketed as "hypoallergenic" contained at least one potentially allergenic chemical.
Hypoallergenic pets.
Most dogs, cats, rabbits, and other fur-bearing animals can cause an allergic reaction. The proteins that cause allergies (mainly Fel d 1 in cats and Can f 1 in dogs) are found not only in the animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots and in the dander sloughed from the animals' skin. Thus, the widespread idea that "hypoallergenic pets" are those that have less hair or shed less is a myth. Furthermore, there is no evidence that certain pet breeds are less likely to trigger allergic reactions than other pet breeds. Despite that, because allergies are quite prevalent and a hypoallergenic pet would allow people with allergies to have a pet in their home, many breeds are marketed as hypoallergenic.
Dogs breeds which have been claimed to be hypoallergenic include Yorkshire Terriers, Portuguese Water Dogs, Poodles and Poodle hybrids. Common rationalizations for these claims include that a breed does not shed its fur, sheds very little, or has fur with the same pH as human hair.
Cat breeds such as the LaPerm, Sphynx, Peterbald, Devon Rex and Cornish Rex, which lack some or all of the normal layers in cats' fur, are claimed by some to be hypoallergenic. Siberian cats and Russian Blues are also believed by some to have such properties.
A company called Allerca claimed to be able to produce a so-called hypoallergenic cat using gene silencing, but then claimed to use traditional breeding methods, starting with cats that naturally lack the gene that produces the protein causing an allergic reaction in some people. Ultimately, no peer-reviewed studies confirmed the company's claims and the company stopped selling cats. Another company, Felix Pets, makes similar claims.
The Bashkir Curly is the only horse breed which has been claimed to be hypoallergenic, because it has a uniquely textured coat that lacks the protein (present in all other horse fur) believed to be the primary source of allergic reactions to equines.
Some species of pets such as the pig are claimed to be hypoallergenic as a whole, regardless of breed.


Viral envelope

A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life-cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes.
The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
All enveloped viruses also have a capsid, another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome.
The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened, and sheds more viral particles for an extended period. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation, heat, and amphiphiles such as soap and detergents, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have limited survival outside host environments, and typically must transfer directly from host to host. Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.
Examples of enveloped viruses.
The following are some examples of enveloped viruses:


NHS trust

An NHS trust is an organisational unit within the National Health Service in England and Wales, generally serving either a geographical area or a specialised function (such as an ambulance service). In any particular location there may be several trusts involved in the different aspects of providing healthcare to the local population. there are altogether 217 trusts, and they employ around 800,000 of the NHS's 1.2 million staff.
Nature of a trust.
NHS trusts were established under the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 and were set up in five waves. Each one was established by a Statutory Instrument.
The trusts are not trusts in the legal sense but are in effect public sector corporations. Each trust is headed by a board consisting of executive and non-executive directors, and is chaired by a non-executive director. There were about 2,200 non-executives across 470 organisations in the NHS in England in 2015. Non-executive directors are recruited by open advertisement. All trusts (foundation trusts and those which have yet to reach foundation trust status) are regulated by NHS Improvement. Board members are, from November 2014, subject to a fit and proper person test.
All trust boards are required to have an audit committee consisting only of non-executive directors, on which the chair may not sit. This committee is entrusted not only with the supervision of financial audit, but of systems of corporate governance within the trust. Hospital board members have a duty to act on signals of poor performance on quality and safety data, and yet many of the papers presented to them have been found to be lacking good data visualisations.
The High Court of Justice decided in December 2019 that NHS trusts were not charities for the purposes of the Local Government Finance Act 1988, so they have to pay business rates at the full rate.
A study by the University of Exeter in 2020 found that in 70 out of the 213 trusts all the board members were white. Overall BME representation at board level was 8.9%. Medical directors of BME ethnicity accounted for 19.4%, about the same as the overall percentage of BME doctors.
Future development.
In September 2015 Jeremy Hunt was reported as saying “I think we do have too many trusts as independent organisations" in a context where mergers between trusts and the establishment of chains of hospitals were being discussed. Subsequently Simon Stevens made it clear that he did not expect the remaining NHS trusts to become Foundation Trusts, saying "We are frankly kidding ourselves if we think the non-FTs are going to pass the kinds of criteria that have been set by Monitor."
Types.
There are several types of NHS trusts:
Over time the distinction between different types has eroded, and both hospital and mental health trusts have taken on responsibility for various community services. Sustainability and transformation plans all propose to move services out of hospitals into the community and the hospital trusts are generally planning to follow these initiatives.
Foundation trusts.
Foundation trust status may be applied for by the above categories of NHS trust. Successive governments have announced that all NHS Trusts should become NHS Foundation Trusts, and deadlines have been set for this transformation, which have repeatedly been missed.
Other types of NHS organisation.
Several special health authorities, organised on a national basis, deal with NHS-wide issues. An example is NHS Blood and Transplant.


Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect of the diaphragm. The most common type of CDH is a Bochdalek hernia; other types include Morgagni hernia, diaphragm eventration and central tendon defects of the diaphragm. Malformation of the diaphragm allows the abdominal organs to push into the chest cavity, hindering proper lung formation.
CDH is a life-threatening pathology in infants and a major cause of death due to two complications: pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Experts disagree on the relative importance of these two conditions, with some focusing on hypoplasia, others on hypertension. Newborns with CDH often have severe respiratory distress which can be life-threatening unless treated appropriately.
Classification.
Bochdalek hernia.
The Bochdalek hernia, also known as a postero-lateral diaphragmatic hernia, is the most common manifestation of CDH, accounting for more than 95% of cases. In this instance the diaphragm abnormality is characterized by a hole in the postero-lateral corner of the diaphragm which allows passage of the abdominal viscera into the chest cavity. The majority of Bochdalek hernias (80–85%) occur on the left side of the diaphragm, a large proportion of the remaining cases occur on the right side. To date, it carries a high mortality and is an active area of clinical research.
Morgagni hernia.
This rare anterior defect of the diaphragm is variably referred to as a Morgagni, retrosternal, or parasternal hernia. Accounting for approximately 2% of all CDH cases, it is characterized by herniation through the foramina of Morgagni which are located immediately adjacent and posterior to the xiphoid process of the sternum.
Diaphragm eventration.
The diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic eventration is used when there is abnormal displacement (i.e. elevation) of part or all of an otherwise intact diaphragm into the chest cavity. This rare type of CDH occurs because in the region of eventration the diaphragm is thinner, allowing the abdominal viscera to protrude upwards.
Pathophysiology.
It involves three major defects:
Diagnosis.
This condition can often be diagnosed before birth and fetal intervention can sometimes help, depending on the severity of the condition.
Infants born with diaphragmatic hernia experience respiratory failure due to both pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypoplasia. The first condition is a restriction of blood flow through the lungs thought to be caused by defects in the lung. Pulmonary hypoplasia or decreased lung volume is directly related to the abdominal organs presence in the chest cavity which causes the lungs to be severely undersized, especially on the side of the hernia.
Survival rates for infants with this condition vary, but have generally been increasing through advances in neonatal medicine. Work has been done to correlate survival rates to ultrasound measurements of the lung volume as compared to the baby's head circumference. This figure known as the lung to head ratio (LHR). Still, LHR remains an inconsistent measure of survival. Outcomes of CDH are largely dependent on the severity of the defect and the appropriate timing of treatment.
A small percentage of cases go unrecognized into adulthood.
Treatment.
The first step in management is orogastric tube placement and securing the airway (intubation). Ideally, the baby will never take a breath, to avoid air going into the intestines and compressing the lungs and heart. The baby will then be immediately placed on a ventilator.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used as part of the treatment strategy at some hospitals. ECMO acts as a heart-lung bypass.
Diaphragm eventration is typically repaired thoracoscopically, by a technique called plication of the diaphragm. Plication basically involves a folding of the eventrated diaphragm which is then sutured in order to “take up the slack” of the excess diaphragm tissue.
Prognosis.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia has a mortality rate of 40–62%, with outcomes being more favorable in the absence of other congenital abnormalities. Individual rates vary greatly dependent upon multiple factors: size of hernia, organs involved, additional birth defects and/or genetic problems, amount of lung growth, age and size at birth, type of treatments, timing of treatments, complications (such as infections) and lack of lung function.


Dan Allender

Dan B. Allender, Ph.D, is a prominent Christian therapist, author, professor, and speaker focusing on sexual abuse and trauma recovery, as well as story, marriage and family, and Christian Sabbath. Dr. Allender received his Master of Divinity from Westminster Theological Seminary and his PhD in Counseling Psychology from Michigan State University. He has taught at Grace Theological Seminary (1983-1989), Colorado Christian University (1989-1997), and The Seattle School of Theology and Psychology (where he is still teaching as of 2020).
In 1997, Dr. Allender was one of the founders of The Seattle School of Theology & Psychology, in Seattle, Washington. He served as the President of The Seattle School from 2002 to 2009. He continues to serve as Professor of Counseling Psychology. He is a therapist in private practice, as well as a frequent speaker and seminar leader. Dr. Allender's focus is on sexual abuse and trauma, as well as recovery through story. He also writes about and speaks to the impact of abuse on relationship, marriage and family, and the Christian Sabbath.
Dr. Allender is the author of "To Be Told: Know Your Story, Shape Your Future", "How Children Raise Parents", and "The Healing Path", as well as "The Wounded Heart", "Bold Love", "Intimate Allies, and God Loves Sex".
The Allender Center.
In 2010, The Allender Center was launched as a non-profit organization within The Seattle School of Theology and Psychology dedicated to the training of counseling professionals working in the areas of trauma and abuse. The Allender Center is responsible for Dan Allender's conferences as well as certificate programs for professional development. The development options include online courses, conferences, workshops, trainings, and marriage retreats.
Through the Allender Center, Dan hosts The Allender Center podcast with Rachel Clinton Chen. The weekly episodes invite voices to speak to the complexities of the human experience. The podcast brings conversations that invite healing and restoration to a world that desperately needs to understand how to address the extent of harm and heartache so many have experienced. Their hope is to help others find transformation through the redemptive power of narrative.


Enteric duplication cyst

Enteric duplication cysts, sometimes simply called duplication cysts, are rare congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. They most frequently occur in the small intestine, particularly the ileum, but can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. They may be cystic or tubular in conformation.
The condition of having duplication cysts has been called intestinal duplication.
Symptoms and signs.
Symptoms depend on the location of the duplication. Duplications occurring high in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. esophageal) may cause difficulty breathing due to compression of the airway. Lower gastrointestinal duplications (e.g. duodenum, colon) can be associated with abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, a palpable mass, vomiting, or may cause bowel obstruction. Smaller lesions can act as a so-called "lead point" for intussusception.
Treatment.
Duplications are usually removed surgically, even if they are found incidentally (i.e. not causing symptoms or encountered on routine studies for other reasons), as there is a high incidence of complications resulting from untreated cases. Cysts are often technically easier to remove than tubular malformations since tubular structures usually share a blood supply with the associated gut.


American Society for Radiation Oncology

ASTRO (the American Society for Radiation Oncology) is a professional association in radiation oncology that is dedicated to improving patient care through professional education and training, support for clinical practice and health policy standards, advancement of science and research, and advocacy. ASTRO has a membership of more than 10,000 members covering a range of professions including Radiation Oncologist, Radiation Therapists, Medical Dosimetrists Medical Physicists, Radiation Oncology Nurses and Radiation Biologists.
Names.
The organization began in 1958 as the American Club of Therapeutic Radiologists. In 1966 it became the American Society for Therapeutic Radiologists (ASTR). In 1983 it became ASTRO (the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology). In 2008 it became ASTRO (the American Society for Radiation Oncology), keeping the acronym ASTRO while redefining its expansion. The members decided that the term "therapeutic radiology" was outdated and confusing to a general audience and that the new name would better reflect the specialty.
Publications.
ASTRO publishes a weekly electronic newsletter called the ASTROgram and a quarterly magazine called the ASTROnews"."
ASTRO has a scientific publishing program that includes three peer-reviewed journals.
The "International Journal of Radiation*Oncology*Biology*Physics" (Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys), also known as the Red Journal, is published 15 times each year.
In 2011, ASTRO began publishing "Practical Radiation Oncology". Also called "P.R.O.", it is a journal whose mission is to improve the quality of radiation oncology practice.
ASTRO launched an online only open access (OA) journal in 2015 called "Advances in Radiation Oncology" as a sister journal to Red Journal and PRO. It also publishes teaching cases and brief communications in radiation oncology.


Thomas Johnston English

Sir Thomas Crisp English, born Thomas Johnston English, KCMG (22 July 1878 - 25 August 1949) was a British surgeon at St George's Hospital, and consulting surgeon to Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, Millbank, the Royal Hospital Chelsea, and to King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers.


Larry Hollingsworth Strasburger

Larry H. Strasburger is an American psychiatrist. He served at the Bridgewater State Hospital and had a contract with McLean Hospital. He also was a vice president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law and later became its president.


Xanthogranulomatous osteomyelitis

Xanthogranulomatous osteomyelitis is a peculiar aspect of osteomyelitis characterized by prevalent histiocytic infiltrate and foamy macrophage clustering.
Pathology.
The granulomatous tissue largely comprises foam cells of monocyte/macrophage origin positive for KP1, HAM56, CD11b and CD68. Neutrophils, hemorrhagic foci and numerous plasma cells are additional findings. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in the case reported by Kamat et al. A delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in cell-mediated immunity has been suggested in this type of infiltrate that is composed of macrophages and T cells. T cells are represented by a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Macrophages and lymphocytes show marked expression of HLA-DR antigen.
Arguably XO is the bone localization of the xanthogranulomatous process occurring in several other locations.
Diagnosis.
As of 2011 five cases had been reported, involving rib, tibial epiphysis, ulna, distal tibia and femur. Young individuals are prevalently affected but one case involved a 50-year-old woman. Pain, swelling of possibly long duration, fever and increased ESR are some of the main clinical findings. X-ray examination shows lytic foci with sclerotic margins.
Management.
Antibiotics have been used with success for cases with positive cultures, Curettage, bone grafting, and resection has been described in few studies.


International Association for Physicians in Aesthetic Medicine

The International Association for Physicians in Aesthetic Medicine (IAPAM) is a voluntary association founded to unite licensed physicians who practice aesthetic medicine, by assisting in their professional and personal development.
Description.
The IAPAM membership is open to licensed Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), Physicians Assistants (P.A.), Nurse Practitioners (N.P.), and the medical students studying for those degrees. The goal of the IAPAM is to offer education, ethical standards, and credentialing to those professionals working towards discrete certifications in Aesthetic Medicine.
The IAPAM was founded in 2006, and is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. There are currently over 600 physician and associate members from various parts of the world, including the United States, Canada, the UK, Singapore, South Africa, Colombia, Venezuela, Norway, South Korea, Israel, Pakistan, Germany, Egypt, Argentina, Italy, Philippines, Jamaica, Mexico, Taiwan and Indonesia.
The IAPAM has two advisory boards. The medical advisory board is composed of experienced physicians, including board certified dermatologists, and other physicians specializing in aesthetic medicine. In addition, there is a business advisory board which is composed of several industry experts including: Dr Toni Stockton MD, Dr Jennifer Wild DO, Dr Bill Fulton MD, Jeff Russell, and medical spa consultant, Cindy Graf. The program was designed by physicians for physicians and other healthcare providers. They direct the clinical training, and the business advisory board provides business expertise to practitioners as well as manages the day-to-day operations of the IAPAM and its events.
Core competencies.
The IAPAM focuses on providing clinical instruction pursuant to the following "core competencies" in the field of Aesthetic Medicine:
References.
IAPAM Faculty


Dmitri Dozortsev

Dmitri Dozortsev is a Russian-American physician scientist, inventor and researcher. Dozortsev's contributions in research and publications are mostly in the areas of human reproductive medicine and biology. In particular, he is best known for his studies of in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer. Dozortsev currently serves as President of the American College of Embryology and as Director of Omni-Med laboratories.
Background.
Dmitri Dozortsev was born and raised in St. Petersburg, Russia. He is of Jewish descent. Dozortsev attended the First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, where he received his M.D. in Medicine and Surgery in 1988. Dozortsev received a postgraduate training in preimplantation embryology at the Department of Embryology, Institute of Experimental Medicine. He then studied at Ghent University where he graduated Summa cum laude and earned a Ph.D. in Biomedicine in 1995.
Scientific career and research.
According to In-Vitro Fertilisation website source, "In 1995, Dmitri Dozortsev and his coworkers A. Rybouchkin, Petra De Sutter, C. Qian, M. Dhont have discovered that oocyte activation during ICSI is triggered by a water-soluble, heat-sensitive, non species specific cytosolic sperm factor. This significant study of the oocyte activation processes led to subsequent implementation of the more effective IVF procedures. According to "IVF Conundrums": "In another collaborative scientific study, Dozortsev, with Dr. Dimond of Augusta University and Dr. Pellicer, of IVI, Italy), have proposed a well corroborated theory that resolves progesterone paradox and explains how progesterone may trigger ovulation during a narrow time-window at the end of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, while blocking it at any other times or when administered in the form of progestins in the birth control formulations. Furthermore, it opened the door to elucidating the mechanism of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) one of the most common and yet mysterious disorder in females." The study was published in several phases in Fertility and Sterility Journal. Dozortsev is also credited with redefining ovulation paradigm and introducing Term Stimulation (TM). His PGS (Preimplantation Genetic Screening) fixation techniques has been included by ESHRE PGD Consortium (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology) in the best practice guidelines for clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) and his research on sperm genetic testing before fertilization was discussed by the Nature (journal) in 2003. Dozortsev has also invented and patented a number of devices and methods for ovarian stimulation, embryo biopsy, collecting, storing, measurement and processing of DNA and semen samples.
Upon completion of his post-doctoral training, Dozortsev took on the position of Assistant Professor at the Department of OB-GYN of the Wayne State University, where he served from 1996 through 2004. Dozortsev, along with Dr. Ashok Agarwal and Dr. Zsolt Peter Nagy, was instrumental in the inception of the American College of Embryology (EMBCOL) in November 2009, where he has been serving as President since 2010 and was re-elected again in 2012 after Dr. Gianpiero D. Palermo. He also co-founded several technology startups.


California Medical Association

The California Medical Association (CMA) is a professional organization representing nearly 50,000 physicians in the state of California. The organization was founded in 1856 and is a constituent organization of the American Medical Association.
The CMA is dedicated to serving its member physicians through a comprehensive program of legislative, legal, regulatory, economic and social advocacy. The CMA's goal is to provide members with the necessary support, so that they can surpass the challenges and continue to run successful medical practices.
History.
The CMA and its leaders:
Organization.
On , the Medical Society of the State of California held its first meeting at Pioneer Hall on J Street in what is now Old Town Sacramento. The society's first president, Benjamin Franklin Keene, M.D.—also a state senator representing El Dorado County—led the meeting of 1875.
After the 1850 cholera outbreak in Sacramento, the surviving physicians became close colleagues and friends, and began to found county medical societies. The first were founded in Sacramento and San Francisco. Each society kept in contact, and society secretaries Thomas Logan, M.D., (Sacramento) and Elias Cooper, M.D., (San Francisco)—historical figures in their own right—set up that landmark first meeting in 1856. Dr. Logan, a notable medical scholar, would later reform the CMA after years of strife, reorganizing the society in 1875 and eventually serving as the state's Director of Public Health as well as president of the CMA and then the American Medical Association. Dr. Cooper, an eye surgeon and co-founder of the Illinois Medical Society previously, would found the medical school that became Stanford University School of Medicine.
Controversy arose over which physicians were credible, and as a result a credentials committee formed to "prevent admissions of improper persons." Dr. Morse became the Medical Society's first Censor, a precursor to the Medical Board of California of today.
In the early years, travel was difficult, so that the society's focus remained in Northern California, and its counterpart, the Southern California Medical Society, was not created until 1898. County societies sprouted up throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s. In 1900, CMA membership cost $10 and included malpractice coverage. In 1923, the society renamed itself the California Medical Association to comply with name changes at other state medical associations and the American Medical Association.
John Frederick Morse, M.D., a historian and journal editor for the medical society who would form some of the first disciplinary and licensing terms for state physicians, is credited with starting the first journal of the Medical Society, starting with his own funds a short-lived publication called the California State Journal of Medicine. There were several revivals of publications over the years. In 1873, the society published the first Transactions of the Medical Society of California, a volume published annually until Volume 31, issued in April 1901. In that year it was recommended that, because the annual transactions were "an extravagant and unnecessary way of perpetuating the proceedings of the society, the more rational one of publishing a monthly journal" be adopted. Thus, The California State Journal of Medicine was revived. In 1924 its name was changed to California and Western Medicine, and in 1946 to California Medicine. Philip Mills Jones, M.D., is regarded as that journal's founder.
In 1974, the journal became The Western Journal of Medicine, in conjunction with a plan to create a regional medical journal for the West. For more than twenty years, The Western Journal served as the official journal for the state medical associations of Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and six research and specialty societies, in addition to the CMA. In 1998, the Journal was taken over by the British Medical Journal, and has since ceased publication.
Merger with the California Osteopathic Association.
In 1961, the CMA merged with the California Osteopathic Association. At the time, the CMA consisted of 40 medical societies, which were organized by county; after the merger, the COA became the 41st medical society. In 1975, full CMA membership was offered to qualified osteopathic physicians (D.O.). In 1999, the CMA passed a resolution to work with the current osteopathic medical association, Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California, on issues that concern both M.D. and D.O. physicians. In 2005, the CMA opposed efforts to consolidate the D.O. and M.D. medical boards.
Medicine.
The physicians who founded the Medical Society of the State of California were veterans in the fight against cholera, encephalitis, typhoid and smallpox—diseases that became prevalent in the newly minted lands of California after the Gold Rush of 1849. They dedicated their organization to "promote the science and art of medicine, protection of public health, and the betterment of the medical profession."
A deadly cholera epidemic struck Sacramento in October 1850. Despite their unfamiliarity with these diseases, physicians remained committed to helping their patients. About 5,000 people in Sacramento and the surrounding areas died of cholera, and thousands of others deserted the area in fear of the disease.
Dr. Morse noted physicians’ remarkable commitment: "Not one educated physician turned his back upon the city in its distress and threatened destruction." The dead in the cholera epidemic included seventeen physicians, a third of the physician population of California. They are memorialized in a plaque at the historic Sacramento City Cemetery, with only one of them buried in a marked grave.
The CMA also helped to establish some of the first blood banks and cornea banks in the West and helped create the California Tumor and Tissue Registry in 1947—what is today the second largest tumor and tissue registry in the world.
Politics and activism.
During the 20th century and beyond, the CMA has fought against tobacco use and smoking and insisted early on—in the face of criticism and fear of the newly found disease—that HIV and AIDS patients deserve needed health care. The CMA continues to advocate for patients on a broad range of health care issues, including broader immunization against disease and the implementation of the Affordable Care Act.
In 1975, the CMA preserved access to care for many when it forged ahead on a plan to keep medical malpractice rates affordable. Hearing the outcry of CMA physicians who had faced rate increases up to 400 percent, threatening practice viability, Governor Jerry Brown called together a special session of the legislature to discuss the malpractice cost crisis. They passed that year a collection of statutes called the Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act (MICRA), a model for national medical liability reform. At the insistence of CMA physicians, MICRA kept patients whole and ensured compensation for their injuries while setting a cap on non-economic damages, going a long way in keeping malpractice insurance premiums affordable. CMA continued the fight to protect MICRA against a ballot measure funded by trial lawyers, eventually contributing to the loss of Proposition 46 in the November 2014 general election.
By the 1960s, it was clear to the CMA that the managed care industry needed oversight and regulation. In the 1970s, the CMA sponsored a key piece of legislation, the Knox-Keene Health Care Services Act. The law instituted financial and quality standards for HMOs, set a basic minimum benefit package, required plans to ensure continuity of patient care, and protected the physician-patient relationship in health care decisions. In 2000, the CMA sponsored AB 1455, which gave the Department of Managed Health Care the authority to levy penalties and fines against health plans that engage in unfair business and payment practices.
While the CMA had made some progress in the Legislature, physicians were frustrated that despite three decades of legislative and regulatory efforts, health plans still ran roughshod over physicians and patients often could not get the care they needed. In 2000, in a historic action, the CMA filed a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) lawsuit against for-profit HMOs in California, alleging that they were using fraud and other illegal activities to interfere in the physician-patient relationship. Eventually, more than 800,000 physicians and 19 state and county medical association's joined the CMA as plaintiffs, becoming the largest class action health care lawsuit in U.S. history.
Of the 10 defendants, six settled (including the now merged Anthem/Wellpoint/Blue Cross), and three had their cases dismissed by the court. The settling health plans agreed to pay a combined $585 million in monetary damages. But of even greater value were the binding commitments made by the insurers to change the way they do business with physicians. These prospective commitments have been valued far in excess of the monetary relief, at well over $1 billion over four years.
The CMA continues to advocate on behalf of physicians and patients to make sure that health plans are complying with the laws and regulations of the State of California.
In 2015, the CMA co-sponsored California Senate Bill 277, authored by Senator Dr. Richard Pan, which removes the personal belief exemption from school vaccination requirements. The bill was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on June 30, 2015. The CMA was also a partner in the Save Lives California coalition, which passed California Proposition 56 (2016) to raise tobacco taxes by $2 per pack. CMA, in conjunction with the California Dental Association, has announced it intends to run a sugary drink tax on the 2020 ballot.
Demography.
At the medical society's second annual session in 1857, the Committee on Education declared that at the very least German, French—but especially Spanish—should be part of a medical student's education, stating: "In no country in the world is there such a national admixture of languages as this State." CMA began on the principles that all patients of all ethnicities should be treated for their illnesses, and the CMA supplied the nation with some of its first ethnic medical leaders. Just as in 1857, the CMA continues to work toward bridging language and ethnic barriers with patients by placing new physicians in underserved areas of the state through the Stephen M. Thompson Loan Forgiveness Program, and studying the effects of limited English proficiency on patient care.
In recent decades, the CMA House of Delegates approved "mode-of-practice" forums to provide representation for physicians based on the type of practice they are in—solo/small group, medium, large and very large group, academic, hospital-based, or government employed. An ethnic physicians' forum also was established.
Today, the California Medical Association has more than 48,000 members in all modes of practice and specialties representing the patients of California.
Physicians for a Healthy California (formerly CMA Foundation).
The CMA Foundation - renamed Physicians for a Healthy California (PHC) in 2018 - primarily began in 1963 as a charitable arm of the California Medical Association, disbursing over $1 million in grants and loans to medical students. The CMA, while supporting the interests of California's physicians, realized that it was important to help along future physicians during their educational years, and so remained as a source of resources for medical students until 1995, when Dr. Rolland C. Lowe, M.D., CMAF Board Chair, recommended that the Foundation expand its role to encompass community health.
New projects began in 1996 and 1997, such as ComPACT (tobacco education) and the Physician Leadership Recognition Dinner. These programs established our position in the community as leaders of public health initiatives. The Pharmacy Partnership Project, begun in 1996, gathered pharmacists from across California working in independent pharmacies to remove tobacco products from their stores. We realized a nearly 80% success rate (currently 78% of independent pharmacies in California are tobacco free). In July 2000, the Partnership changed its name to Prescription for Change to encourage chain pharmacies to go tobacco free as well. Overall, the mission of this project is to facilitate public education campaigns, advertisements, and media coverage that focus on increasing consumer awareness about pharmacies selling tobacco.
Beginning in 2000, PHC initiated its community involvement by launching the AWARE Project (Alliance Working for Antibiotic Resistance Education), a nationally recognized project. In addition, there are many other health projects, public outreach programs, and physician conferences that point to PHC's commitment to improving the health of California's residents.
Institute for Medical Quality.
In January 1996, the California Medical Association launched a new not-for-profit subsidiary, the Institute for Medical Quality (IMQ), to help improve the quality of care delivered to patients in California. Its programs include ambulatory care facility accreditation, the Consolidated Accreditation and Licensure Survey program, continuing medical education accreditation and certification, correctional health care accreditation and membership, peer review consultations, extensive educational programs and research.
Audio-Digest Foundation.
The Audio-Digest Foundation is a continuing education provider that was an affiliate of the California Medical Association (CMA).
In January 2008, Audio-Digest Foundation and Marathon Multimedia became Learners Digest International (LDI). LDI was formed by Housatonic, who acquired and consolidated these two businesses formerly owned by the California Medical Association. In August 2015, LDI was acquired by Wolters Kluwer Health Division for $150 million cash.
The organization was established in 1953 and was founded by Jerry Lyle Pettis. It currently employs 70 full-time staff members and is based in Glendale, California. The organization produces continuing medical education/continuing education (CME/CE) audio programs for physicians and health care professionals who subscribe. Programs are published on 15 specialties. These are typically audio tapes of meetings (such as seminars, short courses at universities, conferences and symposia) at which experts present new research.
The organization is accredited to provide continuing education to physicians by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, to nurses (by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission of Accreditation), and to physician assistants (by the American Academy of Physician Assistants, which accepts educational activities by ACCME-accredited organizations up to a certain number of credits).


James William Brown

James William Brown (1897–1958) was an English physician, pathologist, and cardiologist.
After demobilisation he entered the Middlesex Hospital Medical School and qualified MRCS, LRCP in 1923. He graduated MB BS (Lond.) in 1924 and MD (Lond.) in 1928. In 1924 he joined the general practice of Joshua Williamson (b. 1874), who was a general practitioner and also held an appointment as honorary surgeon to Grimsby Hospital. At the Grimsby Hospital, Brown became honorary pathologist and then honorary physician. He qualified MRCP in 1930 and was elected FRCP in 1942. He was a general practitioner, in partnership with Williamson (who became his father-in-law), at Cleethorpes from 1924 to 1931 and at Grimsby from 1931 to 1938. In 1938 he abandoned general practice to become a consultant physician, and later cardiologist, to the Grimsby Hospital and the Scunthorpe General Hospital.
In 1930 he joined David Clark Muir in running a paediatric heart clinic at Hull. The clinic developed into a referral centre for congenital heart disease. Brown wrote with Evan Bedford the section on congenital heart disease in volume 6 of the "British Encyclopaedia of Medical Practice" (1937, London, Butterworth & Co., Ltd.). Brown's book "Congenital Heart Disease" (1939) was of some importance in the development of cardiac surgery. In 1943 he gave the Bradshaw Lecture. He was a member of the editorial board of the "British Heart Journal".
In Grimsby in 1925 Brown married Margaret J. Williamson. They had a son and a daughter.


John Hawker English

Sir John Hawker English, M.D. (1788–1840) was an English doctor. He entered the employment of the king of Sweden as surgeon, and became surgeon-in-chief to the Swedish army.
In recognition of his services he was decorated with the order of Gustavus Vasa in 1813, and, having received permission to accept it, was knighted by the prince regent in 1815. On leaving Sweden he graduated M.D. both at Göttingen (3 March 1814) and at Aberdeen (26 May 1823), being admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 25 June following.
He resided at Warley House, Essex, but died 25 June 1840 while at St. Leonards-on-Sea.


Otto Marburg

Otto Marburg (May 25, 1874 – June 13, 1948) was an Austrian neurologist known for his contributions to the understanding of multiple sclerosis and for advances in neurooncology.
Marburg was born in Römerstadt in Moravia, Austria-Hungary (today Rýmařov, Czech Republic). He was Jewish. From 1919 to 1938 he was head of the Neurological Institute at the University of Vienna. Following the 1938 Anschluss, Marburg was forced to emigrate to the United States as a refugee. Arriving in New York City, he joined Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons as clinical professor of neurology.
He was author of several standard texts about the nervous system, and a subtype of multiple sclerosis (Marburg multiple sclerosis) has been named after him.
Marburg died of cancer in New York in 1948, at the age of 74.
Otto Marburg was not associated with the Marburg virus, which was discovered in 1967 in the German town of Marburg.


Jeff Greenberg

Jeff Greenberg is a social psychology professor at the University of Arizona.
He is notable for coining the concept of Terror Management Theory, with two of his colleagues, Sheldon Solomon and Tom Pyszczynski.
Jeff Greenberg is also featured in the 2003 documentary "Flight From Death", a film that investigates the relationship of human violence to fear of death, as related to subconscious influences.


Health Insurance Premium Payment Program

The Health Insurance Premium Payment Program (HIPP) is a Medicaid program that allows a recipient to receive free private health insurance paid for entirely by their state's Medicaid program. A Medicaid recipient must be deemed 'cost effective' by the HIPP program of their state. Ultimately, the program was made optional, and its use is minimal. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA-90) authorized states to implement a HIPP program.
HIPP is for families who have at least one person who gets Medicaid and can get private insurance through a family member’s work.
As of 2008, relatively few states had premium assistance programs, and enrollment was relatively low. Interest in this approach remained high, however. In some states the HIPP program has been institutionalized by non profit organizations to assist Medicaid recipients with the difficult task of getting into the HIPP program.


Respiratory-driven protocols

A respiratory driven protocol is an algorithmic medical process applied by respiratory practitioners as an extension of the physician. Respiratory-driven protocols are implemented in hospitals for treatment of people suffering from asthma, bronchiolitis, and other respiratory illness. Respiratory-driven protocols are most widely applied in intensive-care units. Respiratory practitioners are not utilized globally, so most application of respiratory practitioners as physician-extenders in this fashion is in the United States.
Cost-reduction.
Respiratory practitioners applying respiratory-driven protocols was initially designed and has been since shown to reduce patient cost and improve overall patient outcomes.
Benefits.
Respiratory-driven protocols have been shown to decrease hospital stays and improve overall outcomes in pediatric populations requiring respiratory intervention such as mechanical ventilation.


Congenital clasped thumb

"Infant’s persistent thumb-clutched hand, flexion-adduction deformity of the thumb, pollex varus, thumb in the hand deformity."
Congenital clasped thumb describes an anomaly which is characterized by a fixed thumb into the palm at the metacarpophalangeal joint in one or both hands.
The incidence and genetic background are unknown. A study of Weckesser et al. showed that boys are twice as often affected with congenital clasped thumb compared to girls. The anomaly is in most cases bilateral (present in both hands).
A congenital clasped thumb can be an isolated anomaly, but can also be attributed to several syndromes.
Causes.
The thumb contains five groups of muscle and/or tendons:
In order for the thumb to maintain a normal position, a strict balance between these groups is required. Weak or absent extensors and/or abductors (the extensor pollicis brevis tendon, the extensor pollicis longus tendon or, rarely, the abductor pollicis longus tendon), can cause a disbalance, leading to an abnormal position of the thumb: congenital clasped thumb. There is also the possibility that two tendons are affected simultaneously.
The following tendon deviations can induce congenital clasped thumb:
Furthermore, a tight thumb web space (the area between thumb and index finger) can contribute to congenital clasped thumb. The thumb cannot be properly abducted (moved outwards), if the web space is too tight.
To summarize, the causes of congenital clasped thumbs may vary between patients and can sometimes be a combination of the preceding components. Treatment should be tailored to all occurring components in order to achieve good results.
Diagnosis.
Diagnosing the congenital clasped thumb is difficult in the first three to four months of life, as it is normal when the thumb is clutched into the palm in these first months.
Diagnoses that cause the same flexion or adduction abnormalities of the thumb are:
Syndrome associated flexion-adduction of the thumb:
Classification.
There are a few different classifications conceived to categorize the spectrum of variety of congenital clasped thumb. In literature, X classifications have been described for clasped thumb. The two most relevant of the existing classifications, to our opinion, are the classifications of McCarrol and Tjuyuguchi et al.
The most global format is the classification of McCarrol, which divides the congenital clasped thumbs into two groups. Group I includes the supple clasped thumb, when the thumb is only passively correctable. While complex clasped thumbs, thumbs which cannot be moved neither passively or actively, belong to group II.
Tjuyuguchi et al. designed a classification existing of three groups:
Treatment.
Treatment of congenital clasped thumb includes two types of therapy: conservative and surgical.
Conservative treatment.
Treatment of all categories of congenital clasped thumbs should start with either serial plaster casting or wearing a static or dynamic splint for a period of six months, while massaging the hand. Extension by splinting shows reduction of the flexion contracture. To gain optimal results, it is important to start this treatment before the age of six months. The result of this therapy is better in less severe deformities. In most uncomplicated cases, a satisfactory result can be gained when splint therapy starts before the age of six months. Splinting should be tried for at least three months and possibly for as long as six months or longer. If the result of splint therapy stagnates, surgery treatment is indicated.
Surgical treatment.
Surgical treatment should be considered in patients who have not been treated at younger age or when conservative therapy fails. Surgery is recommended during the age of three to five years.
"Techniques"
"Other procedures"


Myrnie Gifford

Myrnie Ade Gifford (1892–1966) was an American medical physician. She was the first to identify that San Joaquin Valley Fever was the primary stage of coccidioidomycosis.
Early life and education.
Gifford was born to Charles Clinton and Augusta Leona Gifford in National City, California. She completed her bachelor's degree at Mount Holyoke College and graduated in 1915. She attended Stanford University to study medicine and earned her medical degree in 1920. She moved to the University of California, Berkeley for her doctoral studies. Gifford was an intern and house officer at San Francisco General Hospital. She completed a Certificate in Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in 1934.
Career.
Gifford was the first doctor to investigate a Californian disease called San Joaquin Valley Fever; a disease that cause joint pain and erythema multiforme. Coccidioidomycosis was first identified by an Argentinian medical student, Alejandro Posadas, in 1892, the year Gifford that was born. It was once considered to be lethal and rare, but was shown by Gifford to be frequent and manageable. She was an Assistant Health Officer for Kern County, California from 1934. Whilst there, she reported that valley fever patients developed a skin sensitivity (erythema nodosum) when injected with a coccidioides antigen.
She began to conduct skin tests on all patients suffering from valley fever; and found that whilst some were symptomless, they were all positive for coccidioidomycosis. Gifford was the first person to recognise that desert fever and valley fever were caused by the coccidioides fungus. This work received national recognition. She was the first to demonstrate that valley fever were the primary stages of the coccidioidomycosis infection. In 1938, Gifford joined E. C. Dickson to explain that the infection resembles primary tuberculosis and a full clinical recovery is possible. She continued to work on coccidioidomycosis and found that it occurred more often in men than in women and people of ethnic minorities. Over 80% of the patients who died had been engaged in agriculture or work where dust could have been involved.
She continued to advocate for migrant communities and found that 25% of the Arvin Federal Labor Camp were positive for valley fever. Gifford retired in 1954 and lived with her sister Myrtle Glifford. She died in 1966. There is a library dedicated to her honor at Kern County Public Health Services Department.


Bunion

A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is a deformity of the joint connecting the big toe to the foot. The big toe often bends towards the other toes and the joint becomes red and painful. The onset of bunions is typically gradual. Complications may include bursitis or arthritis.
The exact cause is unclear. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by X-rays. A similar condition of the little toe is referred to as a bunionette.
Treatment may include proper shoes, orthotics, or NSAIDs. If this is not effective for improving symptoms, surgery may be performed. It affects about 23% of adults. Females are affected more often than males. Usual age of onset is between 20 and 50 years old. The condition also becomes more common with age. It was first clearly described in 1870.
Signs and symptoms.
Symptoms may include irritation of the skin around the bunion, and blisters may form more easily at the site. Pain may be worse when walking.
Bunions can lead to difficulties finding properly fitting footwear and may force a person to buy a larger size shoe to accommodate the width of the bunion. If the bunion deformity becomes severe enough, the foot can hurt in different places even without the constriction of shoes. It is then considered as being a mechanical function problem of the forefoot.
Cause.
The exact cause is unclear. It may be due to a combination of internal and external causes. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history, and rheumatoid arthritis. The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons states that footwear only worsens a problem caused by genetics.
Excessive pronation of the foot causes increased pressure on the inside of the big toe that can result in a deformation of the medial capsular structures of the joint, subsequently increasing the risk of developing bunions.
Pathophysiology.
The bump itself is partly due to the swollen bursal sac or an osseous (bony) anomaly on the metatarsophalangeal joint. The larger part of the bump is a normal part of the head of the first metatarsal bone that has tilted sideways to stick out at its distal (far) end.
Bunions are commonly associated with a deviated position of the big toe toward the second toe, and the deviation in the angle between the first and second metatarsal bones of the foot. The small sesamoid bones found beneath the first metatarsal (which help the flexor tendon bend the big toe downwards) may also become deviated over time as the first metatarsal bone drifts away from its normal position. Osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, diminished and/or altered range of motion, and discomfort with pressure applied to the bump or with motion of the joint, may all accompany bunion development. Atop of the first metatarsal head either medially or dorso-medially, there can also arise a bursa that when inflamed (bursitis), can be the most painful aspect of the process.
Diagnosis.
Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed with a simple x-ray, which should be taken with the weight on the foot. The "hallux valgus angle" (HVA) is the angle between the long axes of the proximal phalanx and the first metatarsal bone of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°. The following HV angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:
The "intermetatarsal angle" (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°. The IM angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:
Treatment.
Conservative treatment for bunions include changes in footwear, the use of orthotics (accommodative padding and shielding), rest, ice, and pain medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These treatments address symptoms but do not correct the actual deformity. If the discomfort persists and is severe or when aesthetic correction of the deformity is desired, surgical correction by an orthopedic surgeon or a podiatric surgeon may be necessary.
Orthotics.
Orthotics are splints or regulators while conservative measures include various footwear like toe spacers, valgus splints, and bunion shields. Toe spacers seem to be effective in reducing pain, but there is not evidence that any of these techniques reduces the physical deformity. There are a variety of available orthotics including off-the-shelf commercial products and custom-molded orthotics, which may be prescribed medical devices.
Surgery.
Procedures are designed and chosen to correct a variety of pathologies that may be associated with the bunion. For instance, procedures may address some combination of:
At present there are many different bunion surgeries for different effects. The age, health, lifestyle and activity level of the patient may also play a role in the choice of procedure.
Traditional bunion surgery can be performed under local, spinal or general anesthetic. A person who has undergone bunion surgery can expect a 6- to 8-week recovery period during which crutches are usually required to aid mobility. An orthopedic cast is much less common today as newer, more stable procedures and better forms of fixation (stabilizing the bone with screws and other hardware) are used. Hardware may even include absorbable pins that perform their function and are then broken down by the body over the course of months. After recovery long term stiffness or limited range of motion may occur in some patients. Visible or limited scarring may also occur for patients.


International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation

The International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF) is a for-profit company that hosts several of the biggest Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) tournaments in the world, including the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship, World No-Gi Championship, Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship, and European Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship. The federation was created by Carlos Gracie, Jr., who is the head of one of the largest Brazilian jiu-jitsu associations, Gracie Barra. The IBJJF uses the ruleset of the Confederação Brasileira de Jiu-Jitsu. On October 11, 2020, the IBJJF announced that they will begin to allow both heel hooks and knee-reaping for all brown and black belts competing in no-gi tournaments, starting on an undisclosed date in 2021.
IBJJF Gi tournaments.
Athletes competing in official IBJJF tournaments can gain ranking points which count towards their position in the official IBJJF rankings. In the 2017–2018 points system first place in weight divisions is worth 9 points, second 3 points, and third 1 point. First place in the open class is worth 13.5 points, second 4.5 points, and third 1.5 points.
The IBJJF weight tournaments in terms of their importance in the calendar. The weighting of a tournament is a factor in the calculation of the number of points the athlete can win via their participation. The IBJJF also uses a third criterion for determining ranking points, which is the calendar season the tournament took place. For the 2017/2018 season, ranking points gained at an IBJJF event from 2015/16 were multiplied by 1, 2016/2017 by 2, and 2017/2018 by 3.
Points are calculated as follows:
Number of points x tournament ranking × year weighting
Examples:
2017/2018 World Championship 1st place open division 13.5 for first x 7 tournament ranking x 3 season weighting = 283.5 points
2015/2016 British National 2nd place medium heavy division 3 for second x 1 tournament ranking x 1 season weighting = 3 points
The Gi tournaments in the 2017/2018 season along with their tournament weighting are listed below.
IBJJF No-Gi Tournaments.
As of December 2017, the IBJJF does not have a separate athlete ranking for No-Gi tournaments although states on its ranking page that "No-GI ranking and system coming soon". The No-Gi events in the 2017/2018 calendar are listed below.