Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet

The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet is located on the northwest side of Suisun Bay (the northern portion of the greater San Francisco Bay estuary). The fleet is within a regulated navigation area that is about long and wide. It begins just north of the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge and runs northeast, parallel to the shoreline. Water depths range from about at Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at the foot of the anchorage, to about MLLW at the shallowest berths towards the northern end of the anchorage.
Purpose.
The U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) maintains the National Defense Reserve Fleet, a fleet of vessels that serves as a reserve of ships for national defense and national emergency purposes. The reserve fleet program was begun in 1946 at the end of World War II. At its peak in 1950, the program had more than 2,000 ships in lay-up. One of the reserve fleet storage sites is in Suisun Bay, the northern portion of San Francisco Bay. Only a small portion of vessels currently remain with the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet. In January 2016, the Department of Transportation and MARAD have officially announced the fleet closure in February 2017. All remaining ships will be sold at auction or scrapped.
Environmental issues.
The State of California and several environmental groups have raised concerns about the environmental impacts of the fleet. Potential concerns include heavy metals and anti-fouling agents in the paint that is peeling off of the vessels, as well as PCBs and other hazardous materials that may have been released. Congress responded to these concerns by funding the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to design and implement a study of contaminants in the vicinity of the fleet.
NOAA's Damage Assessment, Response and Restoration Program (DARRP) began work on this project in January 2008. Since then, NOAA's team has assessed existing data from the area to determine data gaps, researched the history and environmental setting of the site, discussed the project with numerous stakeholders, conducted a site visit, and developed and refined a sampling and analysis plan. NOAA deployed bivalve samples in June 2008 and collected sediment and bivalve tissue samples from the area in July 2008. A second field sampling event for additional tissue samples occurred in September. These samples were analyzed and a data report was delivered in early 2009.
Based on these findings, the United States Government has reached an agreement with Arc Ecology, San Francisco BayKeeper, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region (Regional Board) regarding the maintenance and disposal of obsolete ships owned by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD) at the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet site, resolving a lawsuit in the Eastern District of California. Under the agreement, MARAD will clean, maintain, and dispose of these ships in a manner that eliminates sources of Bay pollution. The Maritime Administration has already begun removing obsolete ships from Suisun Bay for recycling. Several ships have left since November 2009. Eight ships remain.
Under the terms of the settlement:
Inventory.
As of December 31, 2019
In films.
The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet has appeared in the films "Magnum Force" and "The Killer Elite".


Nigerian Army Day

The Nigerian Army Day is an annual event typically held on 6 July in honor of members of the Nigerian Army, especially those that took part in the World War I and World War II as well as those that lost their lives during the Nigerian Civil War and the current serving member of the Nigerian Army. The celebration so marked the history of the Nigerian Army.
The 2015 celebration was held at Maiduguri, the birthplace of Boko Haram to boost the morale of the Nigerian Soldiers, combating the insurgency and 128 imprisoned members of Boko Haram were released as part of the celebrations.
History.
The history of the Nigerian Army Day may be traced back to 1863 when the "Glover Hausas" was formed by the late British War veteran, John Hawley Glover who organized and assemble the freed Hausa slaves to protect the Royal Niger Company from marauding incursions of the Ashantis.
The assemblage of this youth to repel the invasion of intruders marked the formation of the "Nigerian Army".
On 6 July was adopted to marked the Nigerian Army day because it was believed that the "Glover Hausas", that metamorphosed to the Nigerian Army, today was formed on 6 July.
The history of the day can also be traced back to 6 July 1967, the day the Nigerian Civil War began.
In 2013, during the celebration in Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, the former President of Nigeria declined the Ogun State Governor, Ibikunle Amosun's request to lay a wreath at the event centre in Abeokuta on the basis of the fact that he was not listed as one of the people to perform the wreath-laying for the fallen heroes.


Final Multiple Score

Final Multiple Score, or FMS, is a calculation used by the United States Navy to determine whether or not enlisted sailors of the paygrades E-3, E-4, E-5, or E-6 are eligible to advance to the next paygrade. It involves six different categories, some of which are given more weight such as "Performance Mark Average" (PMA) and exam score, producing a total sum that is used to compare other sailors during an annual (E7) or semi-annual (E4-E6) advancement cycle.
In 2018, the Navy changed the computation of the FMS by updating the PMA calculation for E6 & E7 exams. The "RSCA PMA" compares the sailor's Individual Trait Average (ITA) on an exam qualifying EVAL against the Reporting Senior's Cumulative Average (RSCA) within that same EVAL. This new calculation can raise the value of an individual EVAL by as many as 1.8 points.
The changes in 2018 also removed the possible two award points for Individual Augmentees (IAs), as well as adjusting the "Service in Pay Grade" (SIPG) calculation. This new calculation takes a sailors SIPG and divides by a factor of 5 with a new maximum of two (E4/E5) or three (E6).
The last change was to the maximum "Passed but Not Advanced" (PNA) points. Starting with the 2019 advancement cycles, your PNA total will only add your collected PNA points from the previous three exam cycles at your current exam rank. The max PNA points is adjusted to 9 points as the new rule will not take away PNA points already accrued through the old standing maximum allowance.
The following chart is used to produce the final multiple:
PMA is Performance Mark Average

PNA is Passed Not Advanced points

SIPG is Service in Paygrade

AA/AS is associate degree

BA/BS is bachelor's degree


Marine Wing Support Squadron 473

Marine Wing Support Squadron 473 (MWSS-473) is a reserve aviation ground support unit of the United States Marine Corps. They are headquartered at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, California with Detachment A at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California and Detachment B at Naval Air Station Fort Worth, Texas. The squadron is part of Marine Aircraft Group 41 and the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing.
Mission.
Provide all essential Aviation Ground Support requirements to a designated fixed-wing and rotor-wing components of an Aviation Combat Element (ACE) and all supporting or attached elements of the Marine Air Control Group .
History.
1980s & 1990s.
During Desert Shield, the unit which was then based partly at Naval Air Station South Weymouth, Massachusetts, deployed to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California (in place of summer training) to replace deploying active-duty Marines. The unit later spent several months at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina.
Global War on Terror.
MWSS-473 completed an eight-month deployment in Afghanistan in 2004–2005. The unit was composed of selected personnel from all three of the squadron's detachments. During their deployment unit, they fueled and loaded helicopters at various bases on the eastern end of Afghanistan. The unit also participated in humanitarian aid missions around Afghanistan. Notably, the squadrons fuel section was in charge of securing, filtering, and refueling helicopters and vehicles, heavy equipment was tasked with loading helicopters with ammunition and supplies. The unit experienced various rocket and mortar fire and did not sustain any casualties during the deployment.
The squadron was re-activated in May 2007 and spent June at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona and the rest of the summer at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California completing pre-deployment training.
They deployed in September 2007 to Al Asad Airbase in western Iraq. They sent detachments at Al Qa'im, Rawah, and Mudyasis. They returned in April 2008 after a seven-month deployment.


Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal

The Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal was established on 20 May 1976 by Commandant of the Coast Guard Admiral Owen W. Siler. The medal is awarded to any member of the United States Coast Guard who performs twenty one days of consecutive duty afloat or ashore north of the Arctic Circle. Air crews flying in and out of areas north of the Arctic Circle may also be awarded the medal for 21 days of non-consecutive service. The medal depicts a polar bear under the North Star, while the reverse side carries the Coast Guard Shield.
Eligibility requirements.
The Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal may be awarded to any person who meets the qualifications related to service in defined geographic areas or at specific duty stations. Only one medal may be awarded per deployment or year in the case of qualifying air crews. Qualifying service is as follows:
Civilians may be recommended for the award of the Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal for their service with the Coast Guard. Recommendations for civilians must be sent directly to the Commandant for an award decision.


Federal State Unitary Enterprise Guard (Russia)

Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Guard" is governmental militarized security organization of the National Guard of Russia.
History.
In 2005, the security organization was established under the Ministry of the Interior of Russia. The enterprise has 80 branches in the regions of Russia, representing the services of physical, paramilitary protection, panel guard, installation and maintenance of security systems.
In 2016 by the Decree of the President of Russia, the organization became a part of the National Guard of Russia. The general director is the colonel of the reserve Stanislav Osipov.


Navy Enlisted Classification

The Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) system supplements the rating designators for enlisted members of the United States Navy. A naval rating and NEC designator are similar to the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) designators used in the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps and the Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) used in the U.S. Air Force.
The U.S. Navy has several ratings or job specialties for its enlisted members. An enlisted member is known by the enlisted rating, for example, a Machinist's Mate (or MM or by the enlisted rate, for example Petty Officer First Class (or PO1). Often Navy enlisted members are addressed by a combination of rating and rate. In this example, this machinist's mate petty officer first class may be addressed as Machinist's Mate 1st Class (or MM1).
However, the NEC designator is a four-digit code that identifies skills and abilities beyond the standard (or outward) rating designator. According to the Military Personnel Manual (MILSPERMAN) 1221-010, the NEC designator facilitates personnel planning, procurement, and selection for training; development of training requirements; promotion, distribution, assignment and the orderly call to active duty of inactive duty personnel in times of national emergency or mobilization.
For example, a person holding the MM-3385 is a nuclear-trained machinist's mate for surface ships, and a person with an MM-3355 is a nuclear-trained machinist's mate for submarines.
In the U.S. Navy's officer ranks, the naval officer designator serves a similar purpose.
01 Deck Department.
0160 - Causeway Barge Ferry Pilot PO2-MCPO
0161 - YTB/YT Tugmaster PO1-MCPO
0164 - Patrol Boat Coxswain SN-PO1
0167 - LCAC Operator CPO-MCPO
0169 - Causeway Barge Ferry Coxswain PO3-PO1
0170 - Surface Rescue Swimmer SN-MCPO
0171 - Landing Craft Utility Craftmaster PO1-MCPO
0172 - LCAC Loadmaster SN-PO1
0181 - Navy Lighterage Deck Supervisor PO3-PO1
0190 - Force Protection Boat Coxswain PO3-PO1
0199 - Boatswain's Mate Basic
02 Navigation Department.
0202 - Assistant Navigator PO1-MCPO
0215 - Harbor/Docking Pilot PO1-MCPO
0299 - Quartermaster Basic
03 Operations Department.
0302 - AN/SYS-2 Integrated Automatic Detection and Tracking (IADT) Systems Operator SN-CPO
0304 - LCAC Radar Operator/Navigator PO2-CPO
0318 - Air Intercept Controller PO2-PO1
0319 - Supervisory Air Intercept Controller PO1-MCPO
0324 - ASW/SUW Tactical Air Controller (ASTAC) PO2-MCPO
0327 - Sea Combat Air Controller (SCAC) SN-CPO
0328 - ASW/ASUW Tactical Air Control (ASTAC) Leadership CPO-MCPO
0334 - HARPOON (AN/SWG-1A) Engagement Planning Operator PO3-MCPO
0336 - Tactical/Mobile (TacMobile) Operations Control (OPCON) Operator SN-CPO
0340 - Global Command and Control System Common Operational Picture/Maritime 4.X (GCCS COP/M 4.X) Operator SN-MCPO
0342 - Global Command and Control System Common Operational Picture/Maritime (GCCS COP/M) Operator SN-MCPO
0345 - Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS)/Multi-Mission Mobile Processor (M3P) System Operator/Maintainer PO3-CPO
0346 - AEGIS Console Operator Track 3 SN-MCPo
0347 - Ship Self Defense System (SSDS) MK1 Operator SN-PO1
0348 - Multi-Tactical Digital Information Link Operator (TADIL) PO3-MCPO
0349 - SSDS MK 2 Advanced Operator SN-CPO
0350 - Interface Control Officer (ICO) PO1-MCPO
0356 - Global Command and Control System-Maritime (4.1) Increment 2 (GCCS-M 4.1 Inc 2) Operator SR-MCPO
0399 - Operations Specialist Basic
1523 - AN/SPN-35 Amphibious Air Traffic Control Radar Technician
04 Sonar Technician (Submarine/Surface).
0402 - AN/SQQ-89(V)2/9 Active Sonar Level II Technician/Operator Petty Officer -Chief
0410 - AN/SLQ-48(V) Mine Neutralization Systems (MNS) Operator/Maintenance Technician SN-MCPO
0411 - AN/SQQ-89(V)4/6 Sonar Subsystem Level I Operator SN-PO1
0414 - AN/SQQ-89(V)3/5 Active Sonar Level II Technician/Operator PO3-SCPO
0415 - AN/SQQ-89(V) 2/3/4/6/7/8/9/12 Passive Sonar Level II Technician/Operator PO3-SCPO
0416 - Acoustic Intelligence Specialist PO1-MCPO
0417 - ASW Specialist CPO-MCPO
0425 - AN/BQQ-6 TRIDENT LEVEL III Master Operation and Maintenance Technician PO2-MCPO
0430 - Underwater Fire Control System MK-116 MOD 7 Anti-Submarine Warfare Control System Operator PO2-MCPO
0450 - Journeyman Level Acoustic Analyst PO2-MCPO
0455 - AN/SQQ-89(V) 4/6 Active Sonar Level II Technician PO3-SCPO
0461 - AN/BSY-2(V) Advanced Maintainer PO3-MCPO
0466 - Journeyman Surface Ship USW Supervisor PO2-SCPO
0501 - Sonar (Submarines) Leading Chief Petty Officer PO1-MCPO
0505 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) Analyst SN-SCPO
0506 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) Maintenance Technician SN-SCPO
0507 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) Master Analyst PO2-SCPO
0509 - AN/SQQ-89 (V) Adjunct Subsystem Level II Technician PO3-SCPO
0510 - AN/SQS-53D Sensor Subsystem Level II Technician/Operator SSN-CPO
0511 - AN/SQQ-89(V) 11/12 Sonar Subsystem Level I Operator SN-PO1
0512 - AN/BSY-1 and AN/BQQ-5E Combined Retained Equipment Maintenance Technician PO3-SCPO
0518 - Sonar Technician AN/BQQ-10(V) Operator/Maintainer PO3-SCPO
0520 - Sonar, Combat Control and Architecture Equipment Technician PO2-SCPO
0521 - AN/SQQ-89(V)15 Sonar System Level I Operator SN-PO1
0522 - AN/SQQ-89(V)15 Sonar System Level II Technician PO3-MCPO
0523 - AN/SQQ-89(V)15 Sonar System Journeyman PO2-SCPO
0524 - AN/SQQ-89A(V)15/(V)15 EC204 Surface Ship USW Combat Systems Senor Operator SN-PO1
0525 - AN/SQQ-89A(V)15 Surface Ship USW Combat Systems Maintenance Technician PO3-SCPO
0527 - AN/SQQ-89A(V)15/(V)15 EC204 Surface Ship USW Combat Systems Journeyman PO2-CPO
0530 - AN/BQQ-10(V) TI-10/12 Operator/Maintainer PO3-SCPO
0540 - AN/SQQ-34C (V) 2 Aircraft Carrier Tactical Support Center (CV-TSC) Operator PO3-SCPO
0541 - AN/SQQ-34C (V) 2 Aircraft Carrier Tactical Support Center (CV-TSC) Maintenance Technicians PO3-PO1
0550 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) Passive Sensor Operator (PSO) SN-SCPO
0551 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) Supervisor PO2-SCPO
0552 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) Low Frequency Active (LFA)/Compact Low Frequency Active (CLFA) Operator SN-SCPO
0553 - Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) SURTASS Mission Commander CPO-MCPO
08 Weapons Department.
0746 - Advanced Undersea MK-46 Maintenance Weapons Smith (SN-SCPO)
0812 - Small Arms Marksmanship Instructor (PO2-MCPO)
0814 - Crew Served Weapons (CSW) Instructor (PO2-MCPO)
0857 - 25mm Machine Gun System (MGS) MK 38 MOD Gun Weapon System (GWS) Technician (SN-PO1)
0870 - MK 46 MOD 2 Gun Weapon System (GWS) Technician (SN-SCPO)
0878 - MK-75 Operator/Maintainer (SN-CPO)
0879 - 5"/54 Caliber Gun System MK-45 MOD 1 and 2 Operator/Maintainer (SN-SCPO)
0880 - 5”/62-Caliber MK 45 MOD 4 Gun Mount Maintenance (SN-SCPO)
0979 - MK-41 VLS Baseline IV Through VII Technician (SN-MCPO)
0981 - MK-41 VLS Maintainer Technician (SN-MCPO)


Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadets School

The Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadets School named after Mikhail Sholokhov () is a pre-university specialized educational institution of secondary education of the National Guard of Russia (Rosgvuardia). It is a Cossack, sponsored school, with Cossack traditions often being implemented. It is located on Marshal Chuykov Street in the Kuzminki District of the South-Eastern Administrative Okrug. The current director of the school is Colonel Nikolai Perepecha.
History.
The idea of opening a Cossack cadet corps in Southwestern Moscow cane from Vladimir Borisovich Zotov. Support and assistance for the creation of the school was provided by Deputy of the State Duma and Supreme Ataman of the Union of Cossacks Alexander Martynov. It was originally opened on 2 September 2002. It was founded by the Moscow Department of Education. On 5 march 2004, by order of the Government of Moscow, it was given the honorific of "Mikhail Sholokhov", honoring novelist's work in writing about the lifes of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War. To help create a basis for the future military leadership of this branch, the school was subordinated to the Rosgvardia on 1 January 2016, acting as the equivalent to the Suvorov Military School in the Ministry of Defense of Russia.
Activities.
The cadet corps of the school consists of 370 pupils, divided into fifteen study groups, whose overall term of study is seven years. In 2007, two museums were opened in the cadet corps: a room-museum in honor of Mikhail Sholokhov and a museum on the history of the Cossacks. In addition to the traditional school curriculum, students also learn combat training, horseback riding, shooting, and Cossack traditions. Its first major national appearance was at the 2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade on Red Square. It marched with the military banner that was awarded to the school earlier that year on 28 February. Members of the school have participated in the "Immortal Regiment" march.
Building.
The building consists of two four-story dormitories with 380 beds for cadets. It also hosts a four-story educational building, and a four-story cultural and health building, which houses a ballroom and a dining room that can seat 380 people as well as a 400-seat assembly. There are two parade grounds, sports towns, as well as a walk fame of Russian military leaders, graduates and Russian government officials. There is an Russian Orthodox Church located near the building.
Directors.
The following is a list of directors of the school:


John T. Tozzi

John T. Tozzi is a former rear admiral in the United States Coast Guard.
Career.
Tozzi graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1968. During the Vietnam War, he served aboard USCGC Winnebago (WHEC-40). Later, he was assigned to USCGC Bering Strait (WAVP-382), USCGC Kukui (WAK-186) and USCGC Chase (WHEC-718) before becoming executive officer of USCGC Boutwell (WHEC-719) and commanding USCGC Rush (WHEC-723) and USCGC Sherman (WHEC-720).
Tozzi served as the first Director of Information and Technology of the Coast Guard from 1996 to 1997. He then became Assistant Commandant for Systems and remained in the position until his retirement in 1999.
Awards he received during his career include the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal and the Coast Guard Commendation Medal.
Civilian education.
Tozzi earned a Master’s Degrees in Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering and in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as well as a Ph.D. in Fluid Mechanics from the Catholic University of America.


Flag of the United States Space Force

The flag of the United States Space Force is the flag used to represent the United States Space Force, as well as its subsidiary units and formations. It was officially unveiled on 15 May 2020.
Design.
The Space Force flag is a black field, with the official flag fringed in platinum. The flag is derived from the central and supporting elements of the Space Force seal, including the delta wing, globe, elliptical orbit, Polaris star, and star clusters. Beneath the central imagery "UNITED STATES SPACE FORCE" and "MMXIX" in white lettering, indicating the name and birth year of the service.
History.
The flag was unveiled on 15 May 2020 in an Oval Office ceremony by the Chief of Space Operations General John W. Raymond and the Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Space Force CMSgt Roger A. Towberman.
Other flags.
Other flags include the flags of the chief of space operations, vice chief of space operations, chief master sergeant of the Space Force, and Space Force general officers.


Swedish Army

The Swedish Army () is the land force of the Swedish Armed Forces.
History.
Svea Life Guards dates back to the year 1521, when the men of Dalarna chose 16 young able men as body guards for the insurgent nobleman Gustav Vasa in the Swedish War of Liberation against the Danish-dominated Union of Kalmar, thus making the present-day Life Guards one of the world's oldest regiments still on active duty.
In 1901, Sweden introduced conscription. The conscription system was abolished in 2010, but reinstated in 2017.
Organisation.
The peace-time organisation of the Swedish Army is divided into a number of regiments for the different branches. The number of active regiments has been reduced since the end of the Cold War. The regiment forms training organizations that train the various battalions of the army and home guard.
The Swedish Armed Forces recently underwent a transformation from conscription-based recruitment to a professional defence organisation. This is part of a larger goal to abandon the mass army from the Cold War and develop an army better suited to modern maneuver warfare and at the same time retain a higher readiness. Since 2014, the Swedish army has had around 50,000 soldiers in either full-time or part-time duty, with eight mechanized infantry battalions instantly available at any time and the full force of 71 battalions ready to be deployed within one week. The regular army consists of 8 mechanised maneuver battalions, 19 support battalions of different kinds including artillery battalions, anti-aircraft battalions, combat engineer battalions, rangers, logistics battalions and 4 reserve heavy armoured battalions and 40 territorial defence battalions. The battalion is the core unit but all units are completely modular and can be arranged in combat teams from company to brigade level with different units depending on the task. There are a total of 6 permanent staffs under the central command capable of handling large battlegroups, 4 regional staffs and 2 brigade staffs.
Leadership.
Until 1937 the King was the formal Head of the Army, and until 1974 of the Armed Forces at large. In 1937, the Chief of the Army position and headquarters staff (, "CA") was created to lead the Army in peacetime. Following a larger reorganisation of the Swedish Armed Forces in 1994, CA ceased to exist as an independent agency, and all of the Armed Forces was centralized under the Supreme Commander ("ÖB"). Instead, the post Chief of Army Staff () was created at the then newly instituted Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters ("HKV").
In 1998, the Swedish Armed Forces was yet again reorganized. Most of the duties of the Chief of Army Staff were transferred to the newly instituted post of "Inspector General of the Army" (). The post is similar to that of the "Inspector General of the Swedish Navy" () and the "Inspector General of the Swedish Air Force" (), later renamed to "Inspector of the Army" (). In 2014, the Chief of Army (, "AC") position was reinstated.
Active regiments.
Swedish Army regiments are tasked with training conscripts and Home Guard troops. Additionally each regiment can mobilise in times of crisis or war operational battalions for the army's rapid reaction organisation. The currently active regiments and their main peacetime subordinate units are:
Operational units.
The Army formed a Rapid Reaction Organisation (Insatsorganisation in Swedish) in 2014. Under the organisation the training regiments of the army would be able to form two combat brigades and a number of independent combat battalions within a few days. This plan, however, was considered by the Supreme Commander to be impossible due to the economic situation at the time.
In 2013, the Armed Forces issued a statement saying that the reorganisation would only suffice for a reasonable defence of Swedish territory for one week. The force was to include the following units:
As of 2017 the Army's units of the Rapid Reaction Organisation are:
Additionally the following Armed Forces's establishments provide units for the Rapid Reaction Organisation:
If activated the two brigades of the Rapid Reaction Force would be formed with the following units:
Territorial Defence Forces.
The Territorial Defence Forces/Home Guard (Hemvärnet) consists of 40 battalions with a total of 22,000 men. Many of the soldiers have served abroad in the various missions of the regular army.
Size.
The army on active service during most of the 20th century only consisted of conscript receiving their basic training (at the most one year for privates), and conscripts called up for refreshers (at the most one month for privates) with intervals of at least 4–6 years. During WWII smaller or larger parts of the wartime establishment were also called up for periodical stand-by duty (up to 6 months). The figures for total strength below refer to the total force which could be mobilised.
Between the introduction of universal conscription in 1902 until the start of World War II, the army was usually maintained at a consistent strength of 100,000 men, with two-thirds of the force being conscripts for two years. From 1942 onwards, the Swedish government embarked upon a massive and ambitious militarisation program in which conscription was strictly enforced and compulsory service was extended. The basic training for privates was set at 12 months, for future conscript sergeants intended to become platoon leaders (mainly sixth form graduates) 18 months, and for future conscript officers 24 months. These periods were gradually reduced, and the ranks were raised, until it was the same period for all conscripts shortly before national service was suspended in 2009. This combined with propaganda about conscription being a part of social duty and defending the Swedish principle of Folkhemmet, led to an army a size of about 700,000 active duty soldiers that could be mobilised in late 1945. Since the late winter of 1945 the size of the army was slowly decreased as entire reserve battalions and brigades were gradually demobilised, and by late 1947 the size of the army was around 170,000 soldiers who could be mobilised and was planned to stabilise at such a quantity of personnel.
However, due to the rise in tensions between the East and West over the political landscape of Europe, the threat from the Soviet Union in 1949 and 1950, coinciding with the start of the Cold War, led to a return to the militaristic policy by the Swedish government. From 1950 until around 1976 the size of the army was at an average of 250,000 soldiers with a peak of 400,000 mobilisable soldiers during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The rules were badly enforced, but dodging the draft was punishable with imprisonment.
During the 1980s the size of the army was around 180,000 soldiers and was slowly increased as time progressed until around 1988. The end of the Cold War led to a massive restructuring of the Swedish Army. Every year after 1988, the Army discharged around 40,000 conscripts and recruited only 20,000, so that by 1995 the size was down to 80,000 soldiers. Around this time the compulsory service obligation was further reduced to 10 months, reserve service became more flexible, and changes made in enforcement so that forceful enforcement became withdrawn as policy. By 2004 the size of the Swedish Army was down to 60,000 soldiers, and in 2013, three years after the end of conscription, the size was at an all-time low of just 16,000 soldiers, though the army plans to reach a level of 50,000 professional soldiers by 2020, mostly through a large media campaigns.
Recruitment.
From the 17th century until 2010, the Swedish Army recruitment was based upon Prussian-style conscription. All personnel were drafted as conscripts for a year of national service, after which the unit the soldier trained with was put in reserve. Upon completion of conscript service with sufficient service marks, conscripts are eligible to apply for commissioned officer training, NCO/Warrant Officer or from 2007 stay in the Army as a professional private, mainly to be employed in the Nordic Battle Group. The army has employed soldiers for UN service on short time contracts since the 1950s for service abroad.
From July 2010 until March 2017, the Swedish Army was an all-professional fighting force. On the 3 March the Government reinstated national service. In 2017, around 13,000 men and women are to sign up for the draft, and of them 4,000 will be selected for national service starting January 2018. The government stated that the number of conscripts may increase in response to foreign events.
See also.
Swedish Armed Forces


Hudson River Reserve Fleet

The Hudson River Reserve Fleet, formally the Hudson River National Defense Reserve Fleet and popularly the Mothball Fleet, was established by act of Congress in 1946 as a component of the National Defense Reserve Fleet. It was first located off Tarrytown, New York, on the Hudson River, one of eight anchorages in the United States to provide a sizable reserve of merchant ships to support any military need arising.
History.
The Hudson River Reserve Fleet was established in the wake of World War II to provide an anchorage and place of maintenance for a part of the enormous numbers of combat vessels and transports surplussed by the return of peace. On April 30, 1946, it was moved further north to Jones Point at the foot of Dunderberg Mountain.
The fleet was anchored in ten rows, extending from the fleet office at the Jones Point dock several miles to the south to the Boulderberg House at Tomkins Cove. Several viewing points were established along U.S. Route 9W for the hundreds of motorists who stopped daily to look at the ships.
During the Korean War, a total of 130 ships were taken from the Hudson River fleet leaving only 39 ships. During the Suez Crisis in 1956, 35 ships were put back into service when British and French ships were diverted from trade routes to supply their nations' armed forces. The Vietnam War required more than 40 ships.
When the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1953 needed storage space for large volumes of government-owned wheat, it turned to the Hudson River Reserve fleet. During the following ten years more than 53,563,948 bushels of wheat were loaded into 231 ships. A ventilation system had been installed in the ships, making it possible to maintain the quality of the wheat for long periods of storage. This saved the U.S. government some five million dollars on commercial storage estimates.
The ships were kept in condition on a year-'round basis by a crew of 86 men under the supervision of Charles R. Gindroz of Pearl River, fleet superintendent and one-time chief engineer on the SS "George Washington". The reserve fleet ships, valued at over $255 million, had their machinery turned over periodically and their internal surfaces sprayed with a coat of preservative oil on a regular basis.
Other reserve fleets were anchored at Astoria, Oregon; Olympia, Washington; Suisun Bay, California; Mobile, Alabama; Beaumont, Texas; Wilmington, North Carolina; and James River, Virginia. The last two ships from the Hudson River fleet were towed away on July 8, 1971, to be sold for scrap to Spain. Ships not sold for scrap from it were transferred to the James River Reserve Fleet.


Missions of the United States Coast Guard

The United States Coast Guard is the coastal defense, search and rescue, and maritime law enforcement branch of the United States Armed Forces and is one of the country's eight uniformed services. It carries out three basic roles, which are further subdivided into eleven statutory missions. The three roles are:
The eleven statutory missions as defined by law are divided into homeland security missions and non-homeland security missions. Non-homeland security missions include: Marine safety, search and rescue, aids to navigation, living marine resources (fisheries law enforcement), marine environmental protection, and ice operations Homeland security missions include: Ports, waterways, and coastal security (PWCS); drug interdiction; migrant interdiction; defense readiness; and other law enforcement.
A given unit within the Coast Guard may be carrying out several missions at once. For example, a RHIB assigned to maritime security may also watch for out-of-place or missing aids to navigation, pollution, and unsafe boating practices.
Maritime safety.
Search and rescue.
Search and Rescue (SAR) is one of the Coast Guard's oldest missions. The National Search and Rescue Plan designates the United States Coast Guard as the federal agency responsible for maritime SAR operations in U.S. and international waters, and the United States Air Force as the federal agency responsible for inland SAR. Both agencies maintain "Rescue Coordination Centers" to coordinate this effort.
Inshore rescues are usually performed by 25-foot, 29-foot, 45-foot, and 47-foot boats. HH-60 and HH-65 helicopters serve on both the high seas and inshore. Any Coast Guard asset in the vicinity of a case may respond.
Search and rescue operations are numerous and varied. A sample of operations in February 2005 included:
Large-scale search and rescue operations occur less frequently, but often involve many Coast Guard vessels and aircraft from a large area. Helicopters and rescue swimmers participated in the 36-hour rescue of six crew members from the tanker "Bow Mariner", which exploded and sank off of Chincoteague, Virginia, on February 28, 2004. Two rescue swimmers were awarded the Coast Guard Medal for their efforts to keep the rescued mariners alive.
Another large-scale operation took place in December 2004 in the Aleutian Islands, when the cargo ship "Selendang Ayu", of Malaysian registry, broke in two in heavy seas. The "Selendang Ayu" carried soybeans, 424,000 gallons (1,600 m³) of fuel oil, and 18,000 gallons (68 m³) of diesel. The operation saved 12 of the ship's 18 crew members and prevented harm to nearby wildlife. Six of the ship's crew members died when a Coast Guard HH-60 Jayhawk helicopter crashed during the rescue.
Occasionally, Coast Guard rescuers are used in non-maritime situations. On January 11, 2007, the Toledo Blade reported that a worker who was dangling from a 110-foot (33 m) grain elevator in Ottawa Lake, Michigan, was rescued by a Coast Guard helicopter.
Marine safety.
Coast Guard personnel inspect commercial vessels, respond to pollution, investigate marine casualties and merchant mariners, manage waterways, and license merchant mariners. Coast Guard officials also draft recommendations for the transit of hazardous cargo by ship, such as liquid natural gas. The Coast Guard carries out investigations to determine the cause of accidents on American-flagged (Flag State) ships or foreign ships in American waters (Port State).
Among the activities of the Coast Guard is inspection of commercial boats carrying passengers for hire. Vessels carrying more than six passengers must show a Certificate of Inspection; this indicates the crews of such vessels have undergone drug testing, that the vessel's firefighting and lifesaving equipment is adequate and in good condition, and machinery, hull construction, wiring, stability, safety railings, and navigation equipment meet Federal standards.
The Coast Guard performs its marine safety mission by conducting the following activities:
Recreational boating safety.
The Coast Guard, through the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, along with the United States Power Squadrons, perform Vessel Safety Checks (VSC) on recreational boaters throughout the country. Qualified Vessel Safety Check inspectors check for proper registration, an adequate number and type of personal flotation devices (PFDs), loaded fire extinguishers, and the ability to send a distress signal, either visibly by flare or flag, or by radio. Although Auxiliarist and United States Power Squadron VSC inspectors do not have law enforcement authority, Coast Guardsmen can issue citations to vessels without adequate equipment, and in extraordinary cases terminate a voyage and order a recreational boat to return to port. Auxiliarists also visit marine dealers and retailers to ensure that an updated schedule of all public education courses and VSC stations with contact phone numbers is displayed at the marine dealer, as well as other Coast Guard publications on recreational boating safety and federal boating laws.
Ice operations.
International.
Icebergs off the Grand Banks have always posed a problem for shipping. In 1833, the "Lady of the Lake" struck an iceberg and sank with the loss of 70 lives. Between 1882 and 1890, four more cargo vessels were sunk and 40 more damaged.
Following the sinking of the in April 1912, an international conference of major Atlantic maritime powers agreed to fund USCG patrols to locate and report icebergs in the North Atlantic, in particular off the Grand Banks. The International Ice Patrol was founded as a result of this conference.
The first ships for the International Ice Patrol were the U.S. Navy cruisers and , which were dispatched for the remainder of the 1912 season. The Navy could not spare ships for these patrols in 1913, and the Revenue Cutter Service assigned USRC "Seneca" and to patrol. The Revenue Cutter Service was tasked with maintaining the IIP on February 7, 1914.
The IIP was continued into 1941, during the World War II, to allow the United States a legal pretext to sail to Greenland. In 1946, the IIP resumed operations flying three modified B-17 bombers and using cutters such as the . Today, this mission is carried out by Coast Guard HC-130 aircraft from CGAS Elizabeth City, North Carolina, forward-deployed to Gander, Newfoundland. These aircraft report sightings to the International Ice Patrol headquarters in Groton, Connecticut. Officers assigned to the IIP are required to hold not only a security clearance, but possess at least a master's degree in Marine science.
Maritime mobility.
The Coast Guard maintains the DGPS radio navigation system, as well as buoys, daymarks, and other visual aids to navigation [ATONs] in U.S. waters and in selected foreign waters—a major activity of Coast Guard buoy tenders, and of special Auxiliary patrols. The Coast Guard has three large icebreakers, and many cutters can clear ice-clogged waterways for essential seagoing traffic.
Homeland and maritime security.
Maritime security missions are coordinated through the Coast Guard Office of Law Enforcement, which is part of the Operations Directorate headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Coast Guard imposed restrictions on traffic in American waters. Vessels over 300 tons displacement must file notice within 96 hours of estimated time of arrival in American waters, or 24 hours for short voyages. Liquefied natural gas carriers are forbidden to enter American waters without escort and to anchor near major cities. Coast Guard and Auxiliary units patrol key harbors and waterfronts and intercept foreign merchant vessels for identification and crew checks. The Coast Guard stepped up patrols in waters near New York City and Washington in 2004 after receiving reports of increased threats.
Maritime security patrols increase in number and intensity around special events, such as the Super Bowl, national political conventions, and Independence Day celebrations. Such patrols were provided during the 2004 Republican Party national convention in New York City; the June 2004 G8 Summit at Sea Island, Georgia near Savannah, Ga.; and the January 20, 2005, presidential inauguration in the Potomac and Anacostia rivers of Washington, D.C.; and the funeral of former President Gerald R. Ford in January, 2007. In addition, following the July 7, 2005 London bombings, Coast Guard units were placed on a higher level of alert.
Coast Guard helicopters enforce temporary flight restriction zones in Rotary Wing Air Intercept missions with the North American Air Defense Command, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the United States Secret Service.
As part of the Coast Guard's Deepwater program, cutters will carry 70 unarmed surveillance unmanned aerial vehicles.
Port and waterways security.
The Coast Guard is responsible for the security of 361 U.S. ports and 95,000 statute miles (150,000 km) of waterways.
The local Coast Guard commander has legal authority over shipping in American waters as Captain of the Port. This role has increased in importance since the Sept. 11 attacks. The Captain of the Port can declare inland waters in his jurisdiction to be "special security zones", wherein commercial vessels must report their movements to the nearest Coast Guard station.
The Coast Guard has dedicated Port Security Units (PSUs) that can be deployed around the U.S. or overseas, as in the Persian Gulf War. Coast Guard PSUs from Seattle, Washington; San Pedro, California; Port Clinton, Ohio; Gulfport, Mississippi and St. Petersburg, Florida were called up for active duty in the Persian Gulf between December 2002 and December 2004. Coast Guard members also jointly staff the U.S. Navy's Naval Coastal Warfare Squadrons (NCWRONs), part of the Naval Coastal Warfare command structure. Coast Guard members assigned to NCWRONs have served in the Persian Gulf, the Balkans, Korea and elsewhere around the world. Both PSUs and NCWRONs are primarily staffed by Reserve personnel.
Another element in security are Maritime Safety and Security Teams.
In 2006, the U.S. Coast Guard's Ninth District and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police began a program called "Shiprider", in which a 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other's vessels. The intent is to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border.
Drug interdiction.
The Coast Guard is the lead agency in maritime drug interdiction. It shares legal responsibility with U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Coast Guard units coordinate their Caribbean Sea activities with the U.S. Navy, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Coast Guard missions were responsible for about 52% of the cocaine seized by the U.S. government in 2002. For example, in February 2004, the USCGC "Hamilton" (WHEC-715), based in San Diego, California, operating north of the Galapagos Islands, seized of cocaine from a vessel. The "Hamilton" launched a helicopter that fired at and disabled the vessel's engine. Another vessel with of cocaine was also seized.
The Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron (HITRON) is based in Jacksonville, Florida. HITRON flew armed Agusta MH-68A Stingray helicopters from December 2000 until February 2008. At that time, HITRON took on the mantle of the Atlantic Area Deployment Center, and began flying MH-65C Multi-mission Cutter Helicopters (MCH). Since its foundation in 1998 and formal commissioning, it has participated in 157 separate go-fast boat interdictions.
Posse Comitatus.
The Posse Comitatus Act and related policies generally prohibit the Department of Defense branches of the United States armed forces from enforcing U.S. laws, but these restrictions do not apply to the U.S. Coast Guard. The Coast Guard provides Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) to U.S. Navy ships and the LEDETs do the actual boarding, interdiction and arrests with the assistance of the Navy.
Alien migrant interdiction.
The Coast Guard, especially its Florida-based Seventh District, enforces U.S. immigration law at sea. Major areas of operations are off the Florida coast, the Mona Passage between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, and Guam. Many of these missions are also search-and-rescue missions, since many migrants take to sea in unseaworthy vessels.
However, interdiction does not always succeed. In October 2002, for example, a 50-foot (15 m) wooden freighter carrying 220 undocumented Haitians ran aground near Miami.
U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and Living Marine Resource.
The Coast Guard is the lead federal agency for at-sea enforcement of U.S. fisheries laws. The Coast Guard's legal authority to enforce fisheries laws flows from the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976, which extended U.S. authority over fisheries to the 200 miles (370.4 kilometers) authorized by international law. Their missions include:
Law and treaty enforcement.
Law and treaty enforcement account for about 1/3 of the Coast Guard's budget. Title 14, U.S. Code, Section 2 states: "The Coast Guard shall enforce or assist in the enforcement of all applicable laws on, under and over the high seas and waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States."
National defense.
During wartime, by order of the President, the Coast Guard can fall under the operational orders of the Department of the Navy. In other times, Coast Guard Port Security Units are often sent overseas to guard the security of ports and other assets. The Coast Guard also jointly staffs the U.S. Navy's Naval Coastal Warfare Groups and Squadrons (the latter of which were known as Harbor Defense Commands until late-2004) which oversee defense efforts in foreign littoral combat and inshore areas.
In 2002, the Coast Guard provided several Patrol boats that were shipped to the Persian Gulf to conduct maritime interception operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. These ships became the core of a new unit, home ported in Bahrain, known as Patrol Forces Southwest Asia (PATFORSWA). In addition to the patrol boats, PATFORSWA serves as the supporting unit for other Coast Guard units deployed in the Global War on Terrorism. Numerous Port Security Units, Harbor Defense Commands/NCW Squadrons and Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) from the elite Tactical Law Enforcement Teams (TACLETs) have also been deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
In 2006, the "USCGC Midgett" (WHEC 726) deployed to the Pacific and Indian Ocean as part of the "USS Boxer" (LHD 4) Expeditionary Strike Group, where it cross-trained with the Indian Coast Guard cutter "Samar".
In July 2007, Coast Guardsmen, attached to the Maritime Safety and Security Team (MSST) out of Honolulu, Hawaii, and U.S. Navy Sailors, embarked aboard the dock-landing ship "USS Harpers Ferry" (LSD 49), took part of the Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) 2007 task group to conduct visit, board, search and seizure (VBSS) training with the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) and the Singapore Police Coast Guard (PCG) July 20 at PCG headquarters on the former Brani Naval Base.
Expanded arctic operations.
On October 25, 2007, a Coast Guard HC-130 from Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, Alaska, flew a 2300-mile (3700 km) mission over the North Pole. This was the beginning of an expanded mission for the Coast Guard in the Arctic based on recently observed climate changes. Rear Admiral Arthur Brooks, commander of the 17th District in Juneau, stated "The primary change in the Arctic is that for 150 years we have done exploration and research. The change that we now must prepare to do all Coast Guard missions in the Arctic, including maritime surveillance."
Protection of natural resources.
Marine pollution education, prevention, response and enforcement.
Marine pollution occurs not only through carelessness, but through accident. In the event of large vessels sinking, after the rescue of any crew, the Coast Guard's next goal is to prevent oil and other hazardous materials from coming ashore. This is performed as part of the Coast Guard's marine environmental protection mission.
For example, on November 26, 2004, the "Athos I", a cargo vessel of Cypriot registry, lost 30,000 gallons (114 m³) of heavy crude oil near Philadelphia as it was en route to the Citgo oil facility in Paulsboro, New Jersey. This incident triggered a response from the Coast Guard's Philadelphia Marine Safety Office, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the New Jersey State Police, and from Citgo. The Coast Guard's role was firstly, to minimize the damage from the spill, by setting up protective booms around the spill, and secondly, to work with the New Jersey State Police in air and boat patrols to assess the damage.
National Response Center.
The primary function of the National Response Center (NRC) is to serve as the sole national point of contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological, and etiological discharges into the environment anywhere in the United States and its territories. In addition to gathering and distributing spill data for Federal On Scene Coordinators and serving as the communications and operations center for the National Response Team, the NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger criteria. The NRC also takes Terrorist/Suspicious Activity Reports and Maritime Security Breach Reports. Details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan.
Foreign vessel examinations.
According to Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations, vessels entering American waters must provide in advance to the Coast Guard data about the ship's cargo, the names and passport numbers of each crew member, details about the ship's ownership and agents, and a list of recent port calls in a "Notice of Arrival" form. This information is collated in the National Vessel Movement Center in Martinsburg, West Virginia, and shared with U.S. Naval Intelligence in Suitland, Maryland as well as with the Port State Control (PSC) offices in major ports throughout the United States. From there, the Captain of the Port or his representatives in the PSC determines if the vessel involved needs a security exam, a safety exam, or both. Vessels must be examined every 6 months.
In September 2002, Coast Guard Port State Control Examiners searched a container ship in New Jersey based on intelligence information and because the inspectors detected radiation in the vessel. The cargo turned out to be ceramic tiles.
See also: Port State Control
Living marine resources protection.
See above under U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and Living Marine Resource
Marine and environmental science.
The Coast Guard is the only one of the armed services that has an enlisted rate for environmental technician.


Surgeon General of the United States Navy

The Surgeon General of the United States Navy is the most senior commissioned officer of the Medical Corps of the United States Navy, is currently a rear admiral, and is a member of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The Surgeon General of the Navy is also the Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED), which consists of ten departments. One department consists of four staff corps, including the Medical Corps, and an enlisted corps. The Chief of the Medical Corps is a rear admiral.
The current surgeon general is Rear Admiral Bruce L. Gillingham, who is first two-star surgeon general to hold the office in over 50 years, since Rear Admiral Edward C. Kenney was surgeon general from 1961-1965.
Establishment of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
On 31 August 1842, the United States Congress passed a Navy appropriation bill that was a blueprint for efficiency. The legislation provided for five Navy bureaus United States Navy bureau system to replace the outdated Board of Navy Commissioners—Yards and Docks; Construction, Equipment, and Repair; Provisions and Clothing; Ordnance and Hydrography; and Medicine and Surgery. Heading each of the bureaus was a "Chief" to be appointed by the President of the United States.
The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED) became the central administrative headquarters for the Navy Medical Department, and those names became interchangeable. The general order of 26 November 1842, which defined the duties of the new bureaus, charged BUMED with:
Overseeing all of these duties, and directing the medical department, was the Chief of BUMED, William P. C. Barton. Barton served at this post until 1844. He was followed by Thomas Harris, William Whelan, Phineas Horwitz, and William Maxwell Wood. Since the days of Barton's directorship the most senior ranking physician in the Navy Medical Department has held the title of Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
Creation of the title.
On 3 March 1871, Congress passed legislation granting medical and other staff officers of the Navy "relative rank" with grades "equal to but not identical with the grades of the line." This Naval Appropriations Act went further than any previous Congressional action in transforming and enhancing the Navy Medical Department. The Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery now had the additional title "Surgeon General," with the relative rank of Commodore. At the helm of this "revitalized" organization stood the first Surgeon General, William Maxwell Wood (1809–1880), a man entering his 42nd year of a naval service as unusual and varied as could be. Wood had served aboard , one of the first steam vessels of the Navy, and designated flagship during the "expedition for the suppression of Indian hostilities on the coast of Florida" (a.k.a. the Seminole Wars). Wood served shore duty at Sackets Harbor, New York, Baltimore, Maryland, had duty as Fleet Surgeon of the Pacific Fleet, and served under Commodore John D. Sloat in California during the Mexican–American War. However fitting he may have been as the first Navy Surgeon General, he served less than two years.


List of United States Space Force installations

This is a list of installations operated by the United States Space Force (USSF), located within the United States and abroad. Locations where the Space Force has a notable presence but do not operate the facility will also be listed, as the service branch develops.
Background.
The location and number of US Space Force installations is in proportion to the size of the prior US Air Force-led US Space Command, the capabilities of available weapon systems, and the strategies contemplated for their employment. As of December 2020, the number of active duty Space Force bases is six, with several more smaller USSF stations, and all of them located within the continental United States.
Locations of current US Space Force bases/installations.
Some installations are still called "Air Force base", although operated by the US Space Force.
US Space Force installation terminology.
In the US Air Force, active duty installations are normally named after notable Air Force personnel, whereas Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard installations are named in the same manner or after the community in which they are located. Because the Space Force is a new service branch, it is defaulting to the current Air Force terminology for its rank structure and location names. It may follow the aforementioned guidelines of the Air Force, follow guidelines of the US Navy, or create its own standard. The USSF does not currently operate a reserve or national guard force.


Sudanese Air Force

The Sudanese Air Force () is the air force operated by the Republic of the Sudan. As such it is part of the Sudanese Armed Forces.
History.
The Sudanese Air Force was founded immediately after Sudan gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1956. The British assisted in the Air Force's establishment, providing equipment and training. Four new Hunting Provost T Mk 51s were delivered for jet training in 1961. In 1958, the Sudanese Air Force's transport wing acquired its first aircraft, a single Hunting President. In 1960 the Sudanese Air Force received an additional four re-furbished RAF Provosts and two more Hunting Presidents. Also in 1960, the transport wing's capability was increased by the addition of two Pembroke C Mk 54s. The Air Force gained its first combat aircraft when 12 Jet Provosts with a close air support capability were delivered in 1962. In the 1960s, the Soviet Union and China started supplying the Sudanese Air Force with aircraft. This included supply of Shenyang F-5 fighters (F-5/FT-5 variants).
=Aircraft=
The air force flies a mixture of transport planes, fighter jets and helicopters sourced from places including the European Union, Russia, China and the United States. However, not all the aircraft are in a fully functioning condition and the availability of spare parts is limited. In 1991, the two main air bases were at the capital Khartoum and Wadi Sayyidna near Omdurman.
On 4 April 2001, a Sudanese Antonov An-24 aircraft crashed in Adaril (Adar Yeil, Adar Yale), Sudan. The fifteen dead included a general, seven lieutenant generals, three brigadiers, a colonel, a lieutenant colonel and a corporal.
Sudan has also made a successful deal to buy two different batches of 12 MiG-29 Russian fighter jets each. There are 23 MiG-29s in active service as of late 2008. However, the rebel Justice and Equality Movement claimed to have shot down one MiG-29 with large-caliber machine-gun fire on 10 May 2008, killing the pilot of the plane, a retired Russian Air Force fighter pilot; the Sudanese government denied the allegation. South Sudan also claimed to have shot down a Sudanese MiG-29 during the 2012 border conflict.
During May, June, and August 2011, members of the UN Panel of Experts on the Sudan documented the following aircraft in Darfur, potentially indicating violations of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1556:'Letter dated 24 January 2011 from former members of the Panel of Experts on the Sudan established pursuant to Resolution 1591 (2005) and renewed pursuant to Resolution 1945 (2010) addressed to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to Resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan, page 30
In August 2013, pictures showed Su-24's in Sudanese colors, reporting that the aircraft were among the ex Belarusian Air Force Su-24's retired in 2012. Various reports have said that the air force uses Iranian drones such as the Ghods Ababil.
Sudanese Air Defense equipment.
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Maryann (yacht)

Maryann, sometimes seen as "Maryanne" or "Mary Anne", was a yacht requisitioned and converted by the United States Navy during the defense of the Philippines in World War II and destroyed 5 May 1942 at Corregidor to prevent capture. The yacht was "in service" and not commissioned.
World War II service.
"Maryann" was in service from 8 December 1941 until she was scuttled at Corregidor on 6 May 1942 to prevent her capture by the Japanese. She was, apparently, never formally commissioned as a United States Ship (U.S.S.) nor given an official designation but is shown in "U.S. Navy and Coast Guard Vessels, Sunk or Damaged Beyond Repair during World War II, 7 December 1941-1 October 1945" under "Converted Patrol Vessels" along with and another converted yacht, named "Perry", without the U.S.S. designation nor a hull number.
On 13 December 1941 "Maryann" was assigned to the Base Section of the Inshore Patrol of the United States Asiatic Fleet. "Maryann" was first commanded by Ensign Fred Rising Newell, Jr., USNR.
From January 4 to April 29, 1942 she was commanded by Lieutenant Fred Luman Raymond. Raymond, along with Lieutenant (junior grade) Fred Rising Newell, Jr., would receive the Navy Cross for heroism during the defense of the Philippines. Lieutenant Raymond was taken prisoner by the Japanese and died on December 15, 1944. Lieutenant (junior grade) Newell was also taken prisoner and also died in captivity, on January 22, 1945.
After destruction of facilities at Cavite Navy Yard on 10 December 1941 "Maryann" moved with Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three to Sisiman Bay on the Bataan Peninsula where the commandeered tug "Trabajador" served as tender to the squadron. Despite the need to patrol in pairs in the event one PT needed assistance from another the critical shortage of spares and fuel often prevented such pairing so that one of the small converted patrol yachts, "Maryann", "Perry", or "Fisheries II" was used to accompany the PT. On the night of 1 February the converted yacht was in company with "PT-32" which was damaged "with her hull held together by a jury rig of wires and braces" and capable of only on a patrol off Bataan during which the PT made an attack on a large ship thought to be a cruiser. On 10 March the last PT boats departed south with General MacArthur with increased Japanese naval activity in the vicinity of the entrances to Manila Bay.
Along with a number of other U.S. Navy vessels, "Maryann" was destroyed to prevent capture when the Japanese landed on Corregidor in May 1942. She was officially credited with one battle star for her participation in the defense of the Philippines.
Navy Cross awards to crewmembers.
Two officers assigned to "Maryanne" were awarded the Navy Cross. Both officers were captured with the fall of the Philippines and died while prisoners of war.
Citation for the Navy Cross awarded to Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Fred Rising Newell, Jr.
"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant, Junior Grade Fred Rising Newell, Jr., United States Naval Reserve, for heroism during combat with the enemy during the period 7 December 1941 to 7 March 1942, and 19–28 April 1942, while on board the U.S.S. MARYANNE, in the Philippine Islands. While exposed to frequent horizontal and dive bombing attacks by enemy Japanese air forces, Lieutenant, Junior Grade, Newell directed the fire of his anti-aircraft battery and participated in operations of strategic importance in the Manila Bay area involving hazardous missions such as to reflect great credit upon the United States Naval Service."
Action Date: December 7, 1941 - April 28, 1942
Citation for the Navy Cross awarded to Lieutenant Fred Luman Raymond
"The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Fred Luman Raymond, United States Naval Reserve, for extraordinary heroism in combat while serving on board the U.S.S. MARYANNE of the Inshore Patrol, Philippine Islands, during the period from 4 January to 29 April 1942, in organizing, administering and directing forces while exposed to the same hazards as vessels mentioned above. Most of these officers, with their crews, were engaged from 12 April 1942 in missions of major strategic importance and of most hazardous nature involving night sweeping of safe passage through contact mine fields south of Corregidor and distant night patrols for intercepting enemy landing parties. Lieutenant Raymond's conduct throughout this period was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."
General Orders: Commandant 16th Naval District: Desp. 281200 NCR 7859 (April 29, 1942)
Action Date: January 4 - April 29, 1942


Coxswain Insignia

The Coxswain Insignia ( ) is a qualification device of the United States Coast Guard which is issued to enlisted personnel who qualify as a coxswain. The Coxswain on a Coast Guard Small Boat is in charge of the vessel and all personnel on board. Coxswains, while underway, operate without regard to rank or seniority. A Coxswain in the Coast Guard has a responsibility that is normally only undertaken by officers in other branches of the military.
The Coxswain Insignia and the Surfman Badge may not be worn simultaneously. The United States Navy equivalent of the Coxswain badge is the Small Craft Enlisted Pin.
The Coxswain Pin can be awarded Temporarily or Permanently. To be awarded the Coxswain Insignia permanently a member has to have 5 years of certification with at least 2 years on a Standard Boat and retain certification by retaking and passing the appropriate tests.
The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary also issues its own version of the insignia. The insignia is similar to the Coast Guard version but is bronze instead of pewter, and has the Auxiliary insignia located in the center of the device in place of the compass rose.


Marine Corps Marathon

The Marine Corps Marathon (MCM) is an annual marathon held in Washington, D.C. and Arlington, Virginia. The mission of the MCM is to promote physical fitness, generate community goodwill, and showcase the organizational skills of the United States Marine Corps.
The MCM was established in 1976 and is currently the fourth largest marathon in the United States and the ninth largest in the world. The event field of 30,000 is composed of runners from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and more than 50 countries. Known as "The People's Marathon", the MCM is open to all runners ages 14 and above and is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money.
The event typically occurs on the final Sunday in October, a few weeks before the United States Marine Corps' birthday on November 10.
Course.
The course, which varies slightly from year to year, is certified by USA Track and Field. The current route starts in Arlington, Virginia, on Route 110 and winds its way through Rosslyn along Lee Highway before turning on Spout Run and the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Runners experience a climb on Lee Highway in the first few miles of the course, but are rewarded with a descent along Spout Run and the Parkway.
After crossing Key Bridge into Georgetown, runners used to turn toward the Palisades Community when the course followed Canal Road, up to the reservoir and down MacArthur Boulevard. However, the new course guides runners down popular M Street in Georgetown.
Runners turn on Wisconsin Avenue and then K Street before looping under K street onto Rock Creek Parkway. The course proceeds approximately 2.5 miles north on Rock Creek Parkway before turning back, then passing the Kennedy Center. Runners then pass the back of the Lincoln Memorial before continuing on Ohio Drive into Hains Point at the halfway point.
Outside West Potomac Park, runners get a glimpse of the Jefferson Memorial and Tidal Basin. On Independence Avenue, competitors run by the newly unveiled Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial and FDR Memorial. The runners loop back along Independence Avenue on the side closest to the National Mall and the Korean War Veterans Memorial and National World War II Memorial before making a left turn onto 15th Street at the Washington Monument.
At Madison Drive, runners pass the north side of the National Mall, running by the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History and the National Gallery of Art. After a loop around the reflecting pool in front of the U.S. Capitol, runners continue along the south side of the National Mall past the Smithsonian Castle. Runners move along Jefferson Drive and turn onto the 14th Street to marathon's "Beat the Bridge" checkpoint at mile 20 before returning to Virginia.
For the last 10K, runners enjoy the color and energy of Crystal City. At the Pentagon, runners pass in close proximity to the Pentagon Memorial honoring the victims of 9/11. Finally, the course unfurls alongside the Arlington National Cemetery then offers a final, up-hill challenge to the finish at the Marine Corps War Memorial. This finish has remained unchanged since the inaugural running of the MCM in 1976.
History.
On October 17, 1975, MCM founder Colonel James L. Fowler wrote a memo to his supervisor, Major General Michael P. Ryan, outlining his idea of creating a Marine Corps Reserve Marathon to promote goodwill between the military and the post-Vietnam community. Colonel Fowler believed an event like this would showcase the Marine Corps, serve as a recruiting tool, and give local Marines an opportunity to qualify for the Boston Marathon. The Marathon also serves as a way to raise money for a wide variety of charities.
General Ryan embraced the idea of a Marine marathon and submitted it to then Marine Corps Commandant General Louis H. Wilson Jr. for approval. With General Wilson's backing, the planning process for the first MCM began. With news of the inaugural marathon quickly spreading, Gunnery Sergeant Alex Breckenridge, a member of the 1960 Olympic Marathon Team, soon lent his support. With Gunnery Sergeant Breckenridge acting as an ambassador for the marathon effort, local jurisdictions approved of the event.
Through the efforts of the marathon coordinators and with support from Secretary of the Navy, J. William Middendorf, the inaugural running of the MCM was held on November 7, 1976. The 1,175 participants ran a course through northern Virginia and finished at the Marine Corps War Memorial, becoming the first of thousands of MCM runners over a span of 38 years to take the final hill and finish at the Iwo Jima memorial. Kenneth Moore of Eugene, Oregon, finished the inaugural event with a time of 2:21:14, becoming the first MCM winner. He was awarded a trophy—provided by Secretary Middendorf—for his achievement.
Marathon organizers examined the course for the 1977 MCM and secured permits to run through Washington, D.C. The new route laid the foundation for the scenic course in place today, starting in Arlington, Virginia, winding its way around key landmarks in the nation's capital, and returning for the traditional finish at the Marine Corps War Memorial. With changes to the course and a surge of positive publicity from the first running, the second MCM drew a field of 2,655 runners.
Participation in the MCM steadily increased over the next few years, resulting in a transfer of race coordination from the Marine Corps Reserve to active-duty Marines at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.. Shortly thereafter, even more growth necessitated a move south to Marine Corps Base Quantico in 1982, where the MCM headquarters remains today.
Additions to MCM weekend include the MCM10K, starting at the National Mall and finishing at the Iwo Jima monument; the MCM Kids Run, a event held one day prior to the MCM; and the MCM Forward, where Marines stationed throughout the world participate in a satellite run simultaneously with the MCM. The MCM and all associated events continue to promote physical fitness, generate community goodwill and showcase the organizational skills of the United States Marine Corps.
The running of the 44th Marine Corps Marathon took place on October 27, 2019.
The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all registrants given the option of transferring their entry to 2021, 2022, or 2023 or obtaining a full refund.
MCM Weekend.
MCM10K.
In 2006, the Marine Corps Marathon introduced the MCM10K, a run starting at the National Mall in Washington, DC. The MCM10K and MCM begin simultaneously with MCM10K runners joining the final leg of the marathon course, sharing in the iconic finish up the hill to the Marine Corps War Memorial. Since its inception, the MCM10K has steadily increased in popularity. In 2012, the event sold out with 10,000 registered runners.
In 2011 a new MCM10K course record was set by Reuben Mwei, a native of Kenya residing in Acworth, GA. His finishing time of 00:30:37 crushed the previous record of 00:32:54 set by Wyatt Boyd of Washington, DC, in 2009.
MCM Finish Festival.
Runners celebrate MCM and MCM10K finishes in the post-event Finish Festival located in Rosslyn, VA. Runners, spectators, and the community are welcome to enjoy food, including a Restaurant Row that includes several Rosslyn eateries, live music, sponsor displays, entertainment and giveaways.
Essential runner services are also located in the Finish Festival, to include Family Link Up, Info/Medical Tent, Massage, UPS Baggage Claim, and the Michelob Ultra Beer Garden. Transportation from the Finish Festival includes shuttles to Crystal City, Metro access at the Rosslyn station and taxi service.
MCM Kids Run.
The MCM Kids Run is a event held annually the day before the MCM. Children ages 5 through 12 are eligible to participate in the fun run located in the Pentagon North Parking Lot. Once children have completed the run, they can visit Camp Miles, a festival area with healthy activities and games promoting physical fitness.
School groups participating in the MCM Kids Run compete for a Healthy School Award. This award is based on student participation and is awarded to the top five schools with the most runners. Winning schools receive a donation to their physical education department presented by MCM partner Sodexo.
MCM Health & Fitness Expo.
All registered MCM, MCM10K, and MCM Kids Run participants must attend packet pick up at the MCM Health and Fitness Expo. Held in the two days prior to the MCM, the Health and Fitness Expo features more than 200 booths and interactive displays for runner enjoyment. Supported by nearly 300 military and civilian volunteers, the expo attracts nearly 100,000 runners and guests.
Carbo Dining In.
Held annually on the eve of the Marine Corps Marathon, the Carbo Dining In serves up last minute inspiration and excitement as well as carbohydrate fuel for MCM morning. Held at the headquarters hotel, the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center, the dinner welcomes world class speakers and Marine Corps - style entertainment.
The unique name - Carbo Dining In - separates it from other pasta parties and carb loads by paying homage to a traditional military dining in, an evening that includes dinner and other events to foster camaraderie and esprit de corps.
The evening program offers music, live entertainment and a featured speaker. Previous motivational addresses have been provided by Robert Swan, OBE, Dave McGillivary, Kathrine Switzer, Larry Rawson, Deena Kastor and Roger Robinson. Add in appearances by Miles and Molly, the MCM bulldog mascots, amazing prize giveaways, and the camaraderie of fellow runners, this becomes the perfect way to prepare for "The People's Marathon."
MCM Pep Rally.
Introduced in 2010, the MCM Pep Rally is open to all marathon runners. The evening offers the chance for runners to receive last-minute information and inspiration from an expert panel of runners, coaches, Clif Pace Team leaders, Brooks consultants, and MCM staff members, among others.
The evening celebrates the achievements of every marathoner with music, cheerleaders, activities, and prize giveaways. First time runners are also presented the coveted MCM First-Timer pin.
Winners.
Key:
† = Short course
Notable finishers.
Among the notable finishers are:
Marine Corps Historic Half Marathon.
The Marine Corps Historic Half (MCHH), held in Fredericksburg, VA, takes participants on a journey from the retail hub of Central Park through historic downtown streets, up Hospital Hill, and back to waiting Marines at the finish line. Held annually in May and open to ages 10 and up, the event boasts a field of 8,000 runners. The Historic Half also offers the Semper 5ive, a five-mile event open to 2,000 participants. New in 2017 is the Devil Dog Double. Runners competing in this challenge will complete both the Semper 5ive and the Historic Half on Sunday, May 21. All events finish at the Fredericksburg Expo and Conference Center with the Semper 5ive starting in downtown Fredericksburg.
The Healthy Lifestyle Expo will be held in conjunction with the Marine Corps Historic Half during the days prior to the event. Located at the Fredericksburg Expo and Conference Center, this free event is open to the public and will showcase health, fitness, food, and exercise through featured vendors such as Mary Washington Hospital, Geico, and Jelly Belly Sport Beans. Fredericksburg Expo and Conference Center is located at 2371 Carl D. Silver Parkway, Fredericksburg, VA 22401.
On March 31, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Marine Corps Historic Half Marathon and all the events planned with it were canceled when Virginia Gov. Ralph Northam ordered a "stay at home" order for the state until June 10. However, on April 27, 2020, the Marine Corps Historic Half Marathon became a virtual event with the help of their technology partner, haku.
MCM Event Series.
"Held aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico and the surrounding community, the 2017 MCM Event Series features five weekends of events celebrating the accomplishment of distance running by wrapping each event in a unique experience that showcases the organizational excellence of the United States Marine Corps."
March 25 - The first run of the event series, the Marine Corps 17.75K, offers participants the unique opportunity to secure a golden ticket, which is a guaranteed spot in the 2017 MCM. This event celebrates the founding of the United States Marine Corps in 1775 and travels through Prince William Forest Park in Dumfries, VA.
April 29 - Introduced in 2017, the Quantico 100 celebrates the 100th anniversary of Marine Corps Base Quantico. Participants have 100 minutes to log as many miles as possible during this evening run.
June 10 – Consistently sold out, the Run Amuck and Mini Run Amuck encourage runners to get down and dirty. Run Amuck participants run a course through trails with mud pits, low crawls and various obstacles culminating in a fire hose dousing just before reaching the finish line. Mini- muckers share in on the fun by completing a scaled-down, version of the course.
August 19 The Quantico Tri is a sprint distance event held aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico. Participants complete a swim, a bike course, and a run. For 2014, chip timing was introduced providing the most accurate results for participants.("RunnersWeb Triathlon: Quantico Tri Introduces Upgrades to Athlete Experience." RunnersWeb Triathlon: Quantico Tri Introduces Upgrades to Athlete Experience. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.) The Quantico Tri additionally features the Quantico 12K run which runs through the trails of famed Officer Candidates School aboard the Marine Corps Base.
November 18 – The final challenge in the MCM Event Series is the Turkey Trot 10K and accompanying Turkey Trot Mile. The adult course offers a great way to counteract Thanksgiving calories while kids enjoy getting in on the holiday fun with their own course. I
Facts and trivia.
Start Marathons and other road races are traditionally started with a pistol. The Marine Corps Marathon boasts a slightly bigger starting gun: A 105mm Howitzer. The 2014 starting ceremonies included Medal of Honor recipient, Kyle Carpenter, parachuting to the start and delivering a 7,800 square-foot American flag. (Lin, C. J. "Big Day for Army Runners at 39th Marine Corps Marathon." McClatchy - Tribune Business NewsOct 26 2014. ProQuest. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.)
Ground Pounders Only one individual remains having completed every marathon since the inaugural running in 1976: Al Richmond of Arlington, VA. Fittingly, Richmond is a retired US Marine. At the 25th running of the MCM, this elite group was given the name "Ground Pounders" at a ceremony at the "Washington Post".
Sold Out! The 15th running of the MCM was the first to sell out with a field of 13,000 runners. In 2011 the MCM sold out within 28 hours of registration opening, filling the 30,000 runner capacity. For the 2012 MCM, all 30,000 registration sold out within 2 hours 41 minutes. In 2014, a lottery was introduced for the first time for those applying to run in the Marine Corps Marathon. RACE IT, race services division of Competitor Group, Inc., was awarded a multi-year agreement to provide registration services to facilitate online entries for the MCM. ("Race IT Awarded Marine Corps Marathon Contract." PR Newswire Oct 15 2013. ProQuest. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.)
Oprah TV personality Oprah Winfrey ran the 1994 MCM to celebrate her 40th birthday. She finished with a time of 4:29:15. Since that time the mantra "Beat Oprah!" has carried many MCM runners to a sub-4:30 finish.
Challenge Cup The Challenge Cup competition was initiated at the MCM in 1978. The Challenge Cup is a competition between the United States Marine Corps and the British Royal Navy/Marine running teams. An 1897 Victorian silver cup, donated by the British in 1978, is awarded to the winner each year. A female division was added in 1998. The finish time for the top three runners for each team are added and the lowest total running time is declared the winner.
MCM Mascots Miles the Bulldog and his sister Molly are faithful MCM companions, cheering on and entertaining runners at all MCM events. Miles models bib number 1775 to honor the year the USMC was founded, while Molly proudly displays bib number 1943, a nod to the year in which the Marine Corps Women's Reserve was created. In 2011, Miles added "10K Finisher" to his resume when he impressively completed all 6.2 miles of the MCM10K.
USMC Runners The first female active duty Marine MCM winner was 1st Lieutenant Joanna Martin at the 1979 MCM. Martin, a native of Woodbridge, VA and stationed at Camp Pendleton, CA at the time, finished with a time of 2:58:14. Four years later, the first male active duty Marine won the MCM. Sergeant Farley Simon of Alea, Hawaii finished with a time of 2:17:46.
2001 Marine Corps Marathon The status of the 2001 MCM was in serious question until three weeks prior to the scheduled event day. Post-9/11, approval by the Commandant of the Marine Corps to proceed with the marathon was contingent upon a new security plan. With approval in place, mile five on the MCM course gave runners an up-close view of the terrorist attack on the Pentagon. Many 2001 MCM finishers agree this was a very special year. More than 15,000 runners from 50 states and 39 countries participated in the 26th annual Marine Corps Marathon.
Shadow Runs The Marine Corps Marathon is one of the top stateside military event with sanctioned "shadow runs." In 2014, the shadow run was held at Camp Leatherneck, Afghanistan.(Miller, and Amanda. "Event Rundown." Army Times (2014): 31. ProQuest. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.)
Social Media The popularity of the Marine Corps Marathon continues to grow as more social media sites develop. Blogs, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter.


Chuhuiv

Chuhuiv () or Chuguev () is a Ukrainian city in Kharkiv Oblast. The city is the administrative center of Chuhuiv Raion (district), though administratively it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance and does not belong to the raion. Population:
Chuhuiv's most notable contribution to the Ukrainian civilian economy and the country's sustenance is the notable food industry in the city, which particularly focuses on producing mayonnaise along with other staple supporting condiments.
History.
The City's founding date is disputed with historical assertions ranging from 1540 to 1627. Some academics purport the city was built upon the orders Russia's first Tsar Ivan the Terrible who reigned from 1547 to 1584.
A military fort was built adjacent to the city in 1638 by Ukrainian Cossacks of Yakiv Ostryanyn (see Ostryanyn uprising) on the order of Muscovite Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. This military presence near Chuhuiv has continued throughout history. In 1819 there was a revolt of military settlers (Chuguev uprising).
During the government of the Soviet Union the base became an important military training center. The base has been home to the Soviet Air Force Pilot Academy and the Red Army's Artillery School. Presently there is a Ukrainian Air Force base adjacent to the town.
Military history.
The city is most famous for being the home of a major Soviet Air Force base and a military pilot's academy. There is currently a Ukrainian Air Force base near the city.
Generally, the city has been an important military point since Cossack times. There was a Soviet Red Army Artillery School (a military academy) in Chuhuyiv before World War II.
On 25 September 2020 an An-26 military plane with cadets of the Ivan Kozhedub National Air Force University crashed and immediately caught fire near Chuhuiv. 26 people were killed and one sole survivor was seriously injured.
Present day.
There are eight schools in Chuhuiv (grades 1-11) where several Peace Corps volunteers have served since 2004.
Education.
Preschool education.
There were six pre-school educational institutions and one pre-school unit as part of the Teaching and Educational Complex No. 6 in the city, in the 2013–2014 academic year; they educated 1 195 preschoolers between the ages of 2 and 6 (7) years old.
General secondary education.
Includes nine schools:


Steven W. Cantrell

Steven W. Cantrell previously served as the 12th Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard. He was relieved, and retired from active duty on May 17, 2018 after nearly 35 years of service. Prior to being named the 12th MCPOCG, he was Command Master Chief of the Coast Guard's Atlantic Area, based in Portsmouth, Virginia. Cantrell was also the Coast Guard's 12th Silver Ancient Mariner, an honor bestowed upon the enlisted member holding the enlisted cutterman qualification the earliest. Cantrell was succeeded by MCPOCG Jason M. Vanderhaden.
Assignments.
After enlisting in the Coast Guard in 1983, Cantrell served in a number of positions, including:
Education.
MCPOCG Cantrell holds a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in Business Administration. Among numerous service schools, he attend and was a graduate of Class 45 at the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy and National Defense University's Keystone Joint Senior Enlisted Leader Course.


James A. Skinner

James Alan Skinner (born 1944) is an American business executive. He was the executive chairman of Walgreens Boots Alliance. He was the vice chairman and CEO of McDonald's Corporation.
Early life.
James Alan Skinner was born in Moline, Illinois, United States, the son of Leon Skinner, a bricklayer, who died in 2006, aged 84.
Skinner grew up in Davenport, Iowa and graduated from West High School there in 1962.
He went on to serve nearly 10 years in the United States Navy.
Career.
McDonald's.
Skinner began his career with McDonald's in 1971 as a restaurant manager trainee in Carpentersville, Illinois. He never graduated from college, attending Roosevelt University in Chicago, before dropping out after his sophomore year.
Prior to becoming CEO, Skinner was President and Chief Operating Officer of the McDonald's Restaurant Group with corporate management responsibility for Asia, Middle East and Africa (AMEA), and Latin America. Prior to that, he was responsible for McDonald's Japan Limited, their second-largest market. Skinner held numerous positions in the U.S. Corporation, including Director of Field Operations, Market Manager, Regional Vice President and U.S. Senior Vice President and Zone Manager.
Skinner was named CEO of McDonald's Corp in 2004 and refocused the company on customer strategies, business disciplines and close global alignment. Jim Skinner was succeeded as Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for McDonald's Corporation by Don Thompson on June 30, 2012. Vice Chairman was a position that he held before becoming CEO in November 2004.
His greatest accomplishment, the "Plan to Win" strategy, managed to flip the company by reversing its falling profits. This strategy focused on improving on locations that already existed instead of expanding and building more. They hoped to achieve “faster, friendlier service; tastier food; a more appealing ambiance; better value; and sharper marketing.” By shifting strategies, Skinner and his team were able to increase McDonald's total sales, increasing from $50.1 billion in 2004 to $70.1 billion in 2008.
Skinner retired as Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer on June 30, 2012 after 41 years with McDonald's. In 2012, he received total annual compensation of $27,741,408.
Other.
As of 2014, Skinner is a member of the board of directors of:
He has been a member of John McCain 2008, McCain-Palin Victory 2008, National Republican Congressional Committee, Romney for President, and Romney Victory Inc.
Awards and recognition.
In 2009, Skinner was named CEO of the Year by "Chief Executive" magazine.
Personal life.
Skinner met his future wife in Chicago, and they married in 1969.


USCGC Mayflower

USCGC "Mayflower" may refer to more than one United States Coast Guard ship:


Headquarters Regiment

Headquarters Regiment (HQ REGT) was a logistics regiment based at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and falls under the command of the 2nd Marine Logistics Group (2nd MLG) and the II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF), United States Marine Corps. Headquarters Regiment was redesignated as Combat Logistics Regiment 27 (CLR 27).
Mission.
Provide combat logistics to 2d Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) and command, control and coordination of logistics services to II MEF forces. Execute Maritime Pre-positioning Force (MPF) operations in order to achieve rapid build-up of combat power. Provide combat logistics to Marine Expeditionary Units and provide terminal operation support to deploying II MEF forces.


Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola

Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (in Portuguese: "Partido da Luta Unida dos Africanos de Angola"; abbreviated: PLUA) is the first political party in Angola to advocate Angolan independence from Portugal, campaigning from its founding in 1953 until it merged with the Angolan Communist Party (PCA) to form the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in December 1956.


Combat Logistics Regiment 25

Combat Logistics Regiment 25 (CLR 25) was a logistics regiment of the United States Marine Corps. When active, the unit was based at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and fell under the command of the 2nd Marine Logistics Group and the II Marine Expeditionary Force.
Mission.
To provide general intermediate level supply, field level maintenance, material distribution, procurement management and equipment fielding support to the Marine Expeditionary Force and support to specified Marine Aircraft Wing organizations.
History.
Combat Logistics Regiment 25 was activated 26 May 2006 at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Elements of the regiment participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom from February 2007 through January 2008. Awards include the National Defense Service Streamer and Global War On Terrorism Service streamer.
As part of the on-going reorganization of the Marine Corps, the regiment was decommissioned on 1 July 2020.
Unit awards.
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. CLR-25 was presented with the following awards:


Strategic Homeport

Strategic Homeport was a plan developed in the 1980s by Secretary of the Navy John Lehman for building new U.S. Navy bases within the continental United States. It was proposed as part of the 600-ship Navy plan of the Reagan Administration. It called for the construction of new ports for existing and newly commissioned ships.
The plan was based on five strategic principles:
The program was devised in part to achieve a political goal: to build support for the naval expansion program though the promise of new naval bases.
The program enjoyed broad support both in Congress and in the Reagan Administration.
Stations.
Stations opened under the program include: