Dattus

Dattus (or Datto) was a Lombard leader from Bari, the brother-in-law of Melus of Bari. He joined his brother-in-law in a 1009 revolt against Byzantine authority in southern Italy.
In 1010, the rebels took Ascoli and Troina. In March 1011, the "catepan" Basil Mesardonites and Leo Tornikios Kontoleon, the "strategos" of Cephalonia, disembarked with reinforcements from Constantinople. Basil immediately besieged the rebels in Bari. The Greek citizens of the city negotiated with Basil and forced the Lombard leaders, Melus and Dattus, to flee. Basil entered the city on 11 June 1011 and reestablished Byzantine authority. He did not follow his victory up with any severe reactions. He simply sent the family of Melus, including his son Argyrus, to Constantinople.
While Melus fled to Guaimar III of Salerno, Dattus looked to the protection of the Abbey of Montecassino, where he was aided by the Latin monks, and to Pope Benedict VIII, who loaned him papal troops to garrison a tower on the Garigliano, in the territory of the Duchy of Gaeta, then ruled by the anti-Byzantine Emilia.
In 1016, Dattus rejoined Melus and his Norman mercenaries in Apulia. They were moderately successful at first, but they were defeated at Cannae (1018) and Dattus fled back to Montecassino and thence to the old tower.
In 1020, while Melus was conferencing with pope and the German king in Bamberg, the new "catepan", Basil Boiannes, and his new ally, Pandulf IV of Capua, marched on the tower and took it. At Bari on 15 June, Dattus was tied up in a sack with a monkey, a rooster, and a snake and tossed into the sea (the so-called "", similar to the ancient Roma "Poena cullei"). The atrocity prompted a quick Western response, a huge army under the Emperor Henry II marched south to besiege the new fortress of Troia.


Anthony Banbury

Anthony Banbury (born 1964) is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). He served as United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Field Support until 5 February 2016. He resigned from this position, stating that the UN is in dire need of reform. Drawing on more than 20 years of experience with the UN, he criticized its sclerotic personnel system, a lack of accountability, insufficient impact and the UN's inability to deal with transgressions by its own staff.
From June 2009 until he resigned, Banbury served as United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Field Support. He was appointed to this position by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In this position he was responsible for overseeing operational support to the more than 30 UN peacekeeping and political missions around the world, with a combined budget in excess of $8 billion.
While serving as Assistant Secretary-General at UN headquarters in New York, Banbury was on four occasions given special assignments by the Secretary-General.
From 23 September 2014 to 3 January 2015, Banbury served as the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Mission for Emergency Ebola Response. Appointed to this position near the peak of the Ebola crisis, Banbury designed the UN system-wide operational response and led its implementation; by the time he left the Ebola caseload had reduced significantly and the crisis phase was largely over. He was replaced by Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed following the end of his tour of duty at UNMEER on January 3, 2015.
In January 2014 the Secretary-General appointed Banbury as the UN Central African Republic Crisis Manager at a time of widespread violence, population displacement and risk of genocide. Banbury developed a six-point plan for the Secretary-General that was approved by the UN Security Council and contributed to the abatement of the crisis.
In September 2013 the Secretary-General assigned Banbury to negotiate with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on the establishment of an international mission to remove and destroy Syria's declared chemical weapons stocks and production facilities, following an agreement between U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. Banbury led the negotiations, design and initial capability deployment from the UN side. The joint OPCW-UN mission successfully removed and/or destroyed all declared chemical weapons stocks and production facilities.
In January 2010 the Secretary-General named Banbury as his acting Principal Deputy Special Representative in Haiti just days after the devastating earthquake of 12 January. From that position Banbury designed and led the UN system's operational response to the most deadly natural disaster in the western hemisphere in modern history, working closely with the Haitian government, the U.S. military's Operation Unified Response, and non-governmental organizations to save lives, bring aid to the Haitian people and rebuild MINUSTAH, the UN's peacekeeping mission.
Banbury studied political science at Tufts University and obtained his master's degree from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He also received a Diploma of Higher Studies from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.
He held various positions in the United Nations in his early career. From 1988 to 1995, he served in the United Nations Border Relief Operation in Thailand, the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia and the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Between 1996 and 1997, he worked in the Secretariat, at the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and in the Department of Humanitarian Affairs.
Banbury also served as the Asia Regional Director for the World Food Programme in Bangkok from 2003 to 2009, where he managed humanitarian relief and development operations in 14 countries. He also was an integral part of the relief operations for the 2004 tsunami and the 2008 Cyclone Nargis.
Besides his working experience at the United Nations, Banbury also worked for the United States Government, from 1997 to 1999 as an advisor on the Balkans in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and from 2000 to 2003 at the National Security Council in the White House in the Clinton and G. W. Bush administrations. He received the Distinguished Service Award from the President of the United States for his service on 9/11, and the Exceptional Civilian Service Award with Bronze Palm from the Secretary of Defense. He has four children.


Fictional detectives

Fictional detectives are characters in detective fiction. These individuals have long been a staple of detective mystery crime fiction, particularly in detective novels and short stories. Much of early detective fiction was written during the "Golden Age of Detective Fiction" (1920s–1930s). These detectives include amateurs, private investigators and professional policemen. They are often popularized as individual characters rather than parts of the fictional work in which they appear. Stories involving individual detectives are well-suited to dramatic presentation, resulting in many popular theatre, television, and movie characters.
The first famous detective in fiction was Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin. Later, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes became the most famous example and remains so to this day. The detectives are often accompanied by a Dr. Watson–like assistant or narrator. However, in several of her novels where he appears, Agatha Christie gives reference to Hercule Poirot being the greatest detective in all the world.
Types.
Fictional detectives generally fit one of four archetypes:
Notable fictional detectives and their creators include:


Jean-Jacques Susini

Jean-Jacques Susini (30 July 1933 – 3 July 2017) was a French political figure, militant and cofounder of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), a paramilitary organization opposing Algerian independence from France.
Life.
Born in Algiers, French Algeria to Corsican parents. Susini became head of the student association there in 1959. In January 1960, he, Pierre Lagaillarde and Joseph Ortiz were responsible for the "journée des barricades" ("day of the barricades") in Algiers.
In 1960 he was detained at La Santé Prison in Paris. In the prison he was visited by Jean-Marie Le Pen. He took advantage of his parole to escape to Spain, with Pierre Lagaillarde, Jean-Maurice Demarquet, Marcel Ronda and Fernand Féral Lefevre, where he joined Raoul Salan and founded the OAS with him and Pierre Lagaillarde on 3 December 1960. He was responsible for psychological action and propaganda (APP). After the arrest of Raoul Salan in April 1962, Susini became the head of the OAS for Algiers and Constantine.
In June 1962, he brokered an (ultimately failed) agreement with the FLN.
Beginning in 1962, Susini hid for five years in Italy under a false identity.
During this time he was wanted in France for various attempts to assassinate Charles de Gaulle (in particular the one of 15 August 1964, near the "Mont Faron" in Toulon) and for his role in the OAS. He was twice condemned to death "in absentia".
Susini benefited from an amnesty in 1968 by Charles de Gaulle, returning to France.
In 1970, he was imprisoned for 16 months. In 1972 he was imprisoned again for two years. He was believed to have been responsible for the disappearance of colonel Raymond Gorel, alias "Cimeterre", the former cashier of the OAS. Again, he benefited from an amnesty by the government by François Mitterrand.
He was a member of the National Front, and wrote a multivolume history of the OAS, the first volume of which, covering the period May to July 1961, has been published.
Susini later ran unsuccessfully for office in Marseille on the right-wing National Front ticket in the 1997 elections.


Silence Like Glass

Silence Like Glass (German title: "Zwei Frauen") is a 1989 German-American drama film. Though made in Germany, it is set in America and features an American cast with all English dialogue. The film stars Jami Gertz, Martha Plimpton, George Peppard, Bruce Payne, and Rip Torn.
Plot.
Eva is a wealthy, snobbish ballerina who is diagnosed with cancer. She is admitted into the youth cancer ward at a hospital where she is forced into humility by her disease. She rooms with fellow cancer patient Claudia, and the majority of the film revolves around their interactions together in their hospital room. She is treated with "concern and compassion" by Dr. Burton.
Ultimately Eva goes into remission and is able to continue her life, but not before witnessing another young woman's death and also assisting Claudia to suicide.
Production.
Filming took place in West Germany in autumn 1988. The film opened the Munich film festival in the summer of 1989. Actress Martha Plimpton shaved her head for this role, a move that would influence the direction of her career for the next several years. She appeared bald in the 1989 film "Parenthood" and accompanied her then-boyfriend River Phoenix to the Oscars with a bald head.
Reception.
The film was nominated for Outstanding Feature Film at the German Film Awards. Sam Frank stated that the film was 'engrossing throughout with a directorial style by Carl Schenkel that is witty and inventive, yet unafraid to stare death in the face'. He also stated that the film featured two female lead performances 'that are among the strongest and most accomplished of the year'. Similarly, Juliet Wittman stated that Gertz and Plimpton 'should receive Oscars for their fierce and lovely performances'. A reviewer for "Variety" stated that the film contained 'brilliant acting and tight direction'. James Cameron-Wilson described the film as 'a powerful, superbly played drama set in a cancer clinic'. Another reviewer stated that "Silence Like Glass" was a 'discussion-worthy, thought-provoking film'. Rosemarie Kuheim described the film as 'moving'. In contrast, Georg Seeßlen stated that Schenkel's efforts in 'combining the content of a German television film with the craft of an American genre film' did not succeed.


Frank E. Denholm

Franklin Edvard Denholm (November 29, 1923 – April 7, 2016) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from South Dakota. He was born in Scotland Township of Day County, South Dakota.
Early life and education.
He was educated in the public schools of the area, and graduated from South Dakota State University in 1956. He went on to receive a degree in J.D. from the University of South Dakota School of Law, and continued to do post-graduate work in the field of public administration at the University of Minnesota.
Career.
He worked as a farmer and auctioneer, and engaged in the business of interstate trucking. He was elected to the position of Day County sheriff in 1950, and served in that capacity through 1952, and later joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1956, serving there through 1961.
He was admitted to the bar in 1962 under diploma privilege. He returned to Brookings, South Dakota to start his legal practice. During this time back in Brookings, he also served as a lecturer in economics, law, and political science at South Dakota State University.
Political career.
He was a delegate to the South Dakota State Democratic conventions in 1950 and 1952, and later to the Democratic National Convention in 1968.
He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1971, and remained in that role until 1975, after losing the election in 1974. He then returned to the practice of law in Brookings, South Dakota, the city in which he lived after office.
Death.
Denholm died on April 7, 2016, at the age of 92 in Brookings, South Dakota.


Marti Stevens (educator)

Marti Stevens (c. 1939 – May 8, 1993) was an American educator and theater director. Born in Chicago, she spent 10 years as a professional director and actress on off-Broadway stages in New York City before relocating to the rural community of Cornville, Maine. There she developed adult education and literacy programs for high-school dropouts, teen parents, the disabled, prison inmates, and seniors. She also taught composition at the university level. She created and directed an amateur theatre group, the Cornville Players, from 1974 to 1993, and founded an improvisational theatre group called Teens 'N Theater for high school students. She was posthumously inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1996.
Early life and education.
Marti Stevens was born and raised in South Side, Chicago. Her parents were both musicians. She had one sister. She earned her bachelor's degree in journalism at the University of Missouri and her master's degree in education at City College of New York.
Career.
Off-Broadway.
In 1959 she moved to New York City, where she studied acting with professional coaches Uta Hagen and Gene Frankel. Her efforts to pursue a career in the "avant-garde theater of the 1960s" were disappointing. After ten years of work as an off-Broadway director, occasional acting gigs, and work as a teacher and secretary, she gave up big-city life and moved to Cornville, Maine, in 1969.
Education.
Less than a week after her arrival, she was seriously injured in an automobile accident. Following her release from the hospital, she went on welfare, and her caseworker set her up as a job retraining consultant. She also began a tutoring service for high-school dropouts to help them attain their high school diploma. Later she launched the Crossroads Learning Center in Skowhegan to provide living accommodations and alternative education for teenage mothers. This center became part of the school district in 1987. It was renamed the Marti Stevens Learning Center after her death in 1993 and has evolved into a coeducational alternative education program. Stevens also co-developed the Training for Tomorrow program for displaced homemakers with the Maine Centers for Women, Work and Community.
Stevens founded and served as director of the Somerset County Basic Skills Program from the late 1970s until her death in 1993. In this capacity, she arranged for one-on-one and private group tutoring for adults hampered by low levels of literacy, including high school dropouts, the disabled, and seniors. She also developed training modules for a Literacy Advocacy Program. She was a partner and president of Educational Skills, Inc., of Skowhegan, which brought computer literacy courses to prison inmates.
From 1981 to 1993 she taught composition at the University of Maine at Farmington.
Theatre director.
In 1973 she was asked by a Cornville school principal to direct the fifth-grade play and, desiring to give back to her new community, agreed. She suggested that the play be staged in the town hall, and worked to upgrade the building, which had been slated for demolition. The play was a success, and after directing it a second year, the Selectmen voted not to destroy the hall but to refurbish it. In 1974 Stevens founded an amateur theatre group called the Cornville Players, composed of residents between the ages of 14 and 60 from Cornville, Skowhegan, and Athens, and staged dozens of plays in the Cornville Town Hall. In the group's early years, the Cornville Junior Players acted in five plays. A touring company called the Cornville Touring Players performed 14 one-act plays around Maine. By its tenth anniversary in 1984, the Cornville Players had produced "34 full-scale musicals, comedies and dramas involving more than 300 people".
In 1985 the Cornville Players were invited to move into the Lakewood Theater in Madison. Stevens became artistic director of the Lakewood Theater for eight years, and also served as vice president of Curtain Up Enterprises, the non-profit operating company of the Lakewood Theater. Curtain Up received a grant from the Maine State Council on Arts and Humanities in early 1986 which enabled it to subsidize concerts and plays for children, and also to form its own children's theatre group, the Magic Machine.
Around 1982 Stevens created an improvisational theatre group for the students of Skowhegan Area High School. Teens 'N Theatre was designed as an alternative to formal lectures on family planning. The troupe improvised skits on topics such as substance abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and teen suicide for students in other schools, and afterwards engaged the audience in question-and-answer sessions.
In her work as director of the Somerset County Basic Skills Program, Stevens founded the Maine Literacy Theater in 1985. After her death, this theatre group was renamed the Marti Stevens Interactive Improvisational Theater. Based in Falmouth, the theatre group has evolved into a management training tool, as actors improvise the challenges and conflicts faced by audience members in their line of work, be it education, business, or non-profits, and engage the audience in problem-solving.
Other activities.
As a single woman living alone on a farm, Stevens was an anomaly in her rural town. Her holdings included "a steer, two cows, two horses, eight goats, a pair of ewes, laying hens, two dogs and nine cats". In 1972 a picture of her, the former "city girl", straddling an ornery goat in order to milk it was snapped by an Associated Press reporter and reprinted by newspapers around the country. In 1982 the "Bangor Daily News" reported that she had participated in the first "adopt a burro" transaction in the area. She also had a collection of face masks from Africa, Asia, Indonesia, United States, Canada, and Central America.
Stevens was appointed plumbing inspector for Cornville, Starks, and Athens.
Memberships.
Stevens served on the board of directors of the Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, the North Kennebec Regional Planning Commission, and the Western Maine Mountain Alliance.
Personal.
Stevens died suddenly on May 8, 1993, at the age of 54. Police speculated that she had succumbed to an asthma attack while driving on the Maine Turnpike in Portland.
She was posthumously inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1996.


Isaiah W. Lees

Isaiah Wrigley Lees (December 25, 1830 – December 21, 1902) was the Chief of Police of San Francisco.
Biography.
He was born in Lancashire, England on Christmas Day, December 25, 1830.
A former engineer, he sailed to San Francisco aboard the Mary Francis, arriving on December 20, 1848 and arrived before the Gold Rush. Lees was first hired by the San Francisco Police Department in 1854 and promoted to Captain in 1858. He served continuously forty-seven years, retiring in January 1900. He eventually became Captain of Detectives and served as Chief of Police of San Francisco from 1897 to 1900, and later as Police Commissioner. As a criminal officer, he traveled to Scotland Yard several times and his picture hangs there, representing one of the great criminal officers of his day. It was Captain Lees who founded the Rogues Gallery, using his own money to make the original collection of pictures.
He died on December 21, 1902 in San Francisco, California, president of the Veteran Police Association. He and his wife had five children, two of whom survived him.


Deborah Azrael

Deborah Azrael is an American public health researcher. She is a research associate in the Harvard School of Public Health's Department of Health Policy and Management, and the associate director of the Harvard Youth Violence Prevention Center. She is also the research director of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center, and a major figure involved in the firearm-related research conducted there.
Education.
Azrael received her B.A. from Radcliffe College in 1983, her M.S. from the Harvard School of Public Health in 1994, and her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 2001.
Research.
Azrael is known for studying gun violence and gun ownership. For example, a 2016 survey she conducted found that 3% of American adults owned half of the roughly 265 million guns in the United States. Another survey she led found that almost 40% of gun owners did not undergo a background check prior to obtaining their most recent gun. Her research has also shown that the vast majority of non-gun owners would feel less safe if there were more guns in their communities, and that female gun owners were much more likely to report the same thing. She has also conducted research on mass shootings in the United States, and found that the rate of these shootings tripled from 2011 to 2014.
Personal life.
Azrael is the daughter of political scientist Jeremy R. Azrael, who died in 2009 and was known for his expertise on the Russian economy. She is married to Tom Stoddard.


Conviction (Patterson novel)

Conviction is a novel published in 2004 by Richard North Patterson. The novel centers on the debate surrounding capital punishment.
Plot summary.
As described by Sherryl Connelly of the New York Daily News,
Critical reception.
Sherryl Connelly of the New York Daily News said that "Patterson too fully explores the political climate that predisposes judges against defendants in death penalty appeals" and that he "wallows in the legal complexities".


Puisi Tak Terkuburkan

Puisi Tak Terkuburkan (literally Unburied Poetry; released in English as A Poet: Unconcealed Poetry) is a 2000 award-winning Indonesian documentary/drama directed by Garin Nugroho in black and white. At the 2001 Singapore International Film Festival the film won the FIPRESCI Prize and the Silver Screen Award for Best Asian Actor which went to the poet Ibrahim Kadir, who played himself. The film was also nominated at for the Silver Screen Award for Best Asian Feature Film, while Nugroho won the Silver Leopard Video Award at the Locarno International Film Festival.
Plot.
In 1965, Ibrahim Kadir (played by himself) is falsely arrested after being accused of being a communist or communist sympathizer. While imprisoned, he meets other inmates who have also been falsely imprisoned. Together, they sing the traditional poetic form "didong", and attempt to band together. However, every day more prisoners are taken outside and executed.
While alone, Kadir thinks of the crimes committed by the military that he has witnessed, including the killings of unarmed women and children, as well as the execution of the wrongfully incarcerated. He continues to hear the voices of the past as the number of prisoners dwindles done to a few; he is eventually released after spending 22 days in prison.
Production.
According to the film's director Garin Nugroho, he wrote "Puisi Tak Terkuburkan" to "reinterpret the wounds of history" after being offered Rp 60 million (US$7,000) to write a script after finishing "Daun di Atas Bantal". At the time, he intended to make three films: one regarding Aceh, one regarding Papua, and one about the youth movement, choosing areas of potential conflict.
Anne Rutherford, a senior lecturer on cinema studies at the University of Western Sydney, notes that "Puisi Tak Terkuburkan" was the first Indonesian movie to discuss the 1965–1966 communist purge. It was produced during a "wave" of Indonesian films criticizing former president Suharto's New Order regime. Such films were not allowed during the New Order, and Nugroho reported that his family feared he would be killed.
"Puisi Tak Terkuburkan" was shot in a digital video format, with shooting beginning in August 1999.
Style.
The movie is set entirely within two prison cells and a guards' room. Nugroho uses close shots which, according to Rutherford, amplify the claustrophobia of the setting. The film is shot entirely in black and white. She describes the sound as being fluent and mobile, contrasting the claustrophobia of the shots. Nugroho himself considered the visuals secondary to the dialog.
The perpetrators of the communist purges are not shown on screen. According to Rutherford, this leaves the audience wondering "what has gone wrong?".
Themes.
The Gayo poetic form "didong", contrasting two or more voices, is prominent throughout the film. During and following the communist purges, "didong" was used as a way to reinforce that revolutions would bring death to the perpetrators.
Release and reception.
"Puisi Tak Terkuburkan" was released in 2000. Nugroho said that it was not meant to be commercial, and that he only planned to show it for several days at higher-class theatres before selling it to local television stations.
It was screened at the Sydney Asia Pacific Film Festival in 2001. In February 2005, Nugroho showed the film to raise money to help the Acehnese survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
Awards.
"Puisi Tak Terkuburkan" received the Silver Leopard award at the 2000 Locarno International Film Festival. Kadir won Best Actor at Cinefan film festival in India in 2001; that same year, he received best actor at the Singapore International Film Festival, with the film winning a jury prize for best film.


Shipwrecking

Shipwrecking is an event that causes a shipwreck, such as a ship striking something that causes the ship to sink; the stranding of a ship on rocks, land or shoal; poor maintenance; or the destruction of a ship either intentionally or by violent weather.
Causes.
Factors for the loss of a ship may include:
Design and equipment failure.
The hallmark of a shipwreck due to poor design is the capsize of Swedish warship "Wasa" in Stockholm harbour 1628. She was too narrow, had too little ballast and her lower cannon deck had too low free-board for good seaworthiness. Poor design allowed the ferry MS "Herald of Free Enterprise" to put to sea with open roll-on/roll-off bow doors, with tragic consequences.
Failure or leaking of the hull is a serious problem that can lead to the loss of buoyancy or the free surface effect and the subsequent sinking of the vessel. Even the hulls of large modern ships have cracked in heavy storms. Leaks between the hull planks of wooden vessels are a particular problem.
Equipment failure caused the shipwreck of cruiseferry "Estonia" in 1994. The stress of stormy seas on hull and bow especially caused the bow visor to break off, in turn tearing the watertight bow door open and letting seawater flow onto the car deck. She capsized with tragic consequences. Failure of pumps can lead to the loss of a potentially salvageable ship with only a minor leak or fire.
Failure of the means of propulsion, such as engines, sails or rigging, can lead to the loss of a ship. When the ship's movement is determined only by currents or the wind and particularly by storms, a common result is that the ship is unable to avoid natural hazards like rocks, shallow water or tidal races. Loss of propulsion or steering can inhibit a ship's ability to safely position itself in a storm, even far from land. Waves attacking a ship's side can overwhelm and sink it.
Instability and foundering.
Instability is caused by the centre of mass of the ship rising above the metacenter resulting in the ship tipping on its side or capsizing. To remain buoyant, the hull of a vessel must prevent water entering the large air spaces of the vessel (known as downflooding). Clearly for the ship to float, the normally-submerged parts of the hull will be watertight, but the upper parts of the hull must have openings to allow ventilation to compartments, including the engine room, for crew access, and to load and unload cargo. In a capsize, water can enter these openings if not watertight. If a ship sinks after capsizing, or as a consequence of a leak in the hull or other water ingress, it is often described as having "foundered" or "foundering". Large ships are designed with compartments to help preserve the necessary buoyancy.
Bad weather.
On 25 October 2012, the tall ship "Bounty" (a replica of the original HMS "Bounty") sank in a hurricane. The vessel left New London, Connecticut, heading for St. Petersburg, Florida, initially going on an easterly course to avoid Hurricane Sandy. On 29 October 2012 at 03:54 EDT, the ship's owner called the United States Coast Guard for help during the hurricane after losing contact with the ship's master. He reported she was taking on water off the coast of North Carolina, about from the storm, and the crew were preparing to abandon ship. There were sixteen people aboard, two of whom did not survive the sinking. An inquiry into the sinking was held by the United States Coast Guard in Portsmouth, Virginia from 12 to 21 February 2013; at which it was concluded that Captain Walbridge's decision to sail the ship into the path of Hurricane Sandy was the cause, and the inquiry found this to have been a "reckless decision".
Poor weather can cause several problems:
Wind causes waves which result in other difficulties. Waves make navigation difficult and dangerous near shallow water. Also, waves create buoyancy stresses on the structure of a hull. The weight of breaking waves on the fabric of the ship force the crew to reduce speed or even travel in the same direction as the waves to prevent damage. Also, wind stresses the rigging of sailing ships.
The force of the wind pushes ships in the direction of the wind. Vessels with large windage suffer most. Although powered ships are able to resist the force of the wind, sailing vessels have few defences against strong wind. When strong winds are imminent, sailing vessels typically have several choices:
Many losses of sailing ships were caused by sailing, with a following wind, so far into a bay that the ship became trapped upwind of a lee shore, being unable to sail into the wind to leave the bay. Low visibility caused by fog, mist and heavy rain increase the navigator's problems. Cold can cause metal to become brittle and fail more easily. A build-up of ice can cause instability by accumulating high on the ship, or in severe cases, crush the hull if the ship becomes trapped in a freezing sea.
Rogue waves.
According to one scientist who studies rogue waves, "two large ships sink every week on average, but the cause is never studied to the same detail as an air crash. It simply gets put down to 'bad weather'." Once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence for their existence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and known to be a natural ocean phenomenon. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damages inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred; however, their scientific measurement was only positively confirmed following measurements of the "Draupner wave", a rogue wave at the Draupner platform in the North Sea on January 1, 1995, with a maximum wave height of (peak elevation of ). During that event, minor damage was also inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid. Their existence has also since been confirmed by satellite imagery of the ocean surface.
Fire.
Fire can cause the loss of ships in many ways. The most obvious way would be the loss of a wooden ship which is burned until watertight integrity is compromised (e.g. "Cospatrick"). The detonation of cargo or ammunition can cause the breach of a steel hull. An extreme temperature may compromise the durability properties of steel, causing the hull to break on its own weight. Often a large fire causes a ship to be abandoned and left to drift (e.g. MS "Achille Lauro"). Should it run aground beyond economic salvage, it becomes a wreck.
In extreme cases, where the ship's cargo is either highly combustible (such as oil, natural gas or gasoline) or explosive (nitrates, fertilizers, ammunition) a fire onboard may result in a catastrophic conflagration or explosion. Such disasters may have catastrophic results, especially if the disaster occurs in a harbour, such as the Halifax Explosion.
Navigation errors.
Many shipwrecks have occurred when the crew of the ship allowed the ship to collide with rocks, reefs, icebergs, or other ships. Collision has been one of the major causes of shipwreck. Accurate navigation is made more difficult by poor visibility in bad weather. Also, many losses happened before modern navigation aids such as GPS, radar and sonar were available. Until the 20th century, the most sophisticated navigational tools and techniques available - dead reckoning using the magnetic compass, marine chronometer (to calculate longitude) and ships logbook (which recorded the vessel's heading and the speed measured by log) or celestial navigation using marine chronometer and sextant - were sufficiently accurate for journeys across oceans, but these techniques (and in many cases also the charts) lacked the precision to avoid reefs close to shore.
The Scilly naval disaster of 1707, which claimed nearly 2,000 lives and was one of the greatest maritime disasters in the history of the British Isles, is attributed to the mariner's inability to find their longitude. This led to the Longitude Act to improve the aids available for navigation. Marine chronometers were as revolutionary in the 19th century as GPS is today. However the cost of these instruments could be prohibitive, sometimes resulting in tragic consequences for ships that were still unable to determine their longitude, as in the case of the "Arniston".
Even today, when highly accurate navigational equipment is readily available and universally used, there is still scope for error. Using the incorrect horizontal datum for the chart of an area may mislead the navigator, especially as many charts have not been updated to use modern data. It is also important for the navigator to appreciate that charts may be significantly in error, especially on less frequented coasts. For example, a recent revision of the map of South Georgia in the South Atlantic showed that previous maps were in some places in error by several kilometres.
Over the centuries, many technological and organizational developments have been used to reduce accidents at sea including:


Frank G. Clement

Frank Goad Clement (June 2, 1920 – November 4, 1969) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1953 to 1959 and from 1963 to 1967. Inaugurated for the first time at age 32, he was the state's youngest and longest-serving governor in the 20th century. Clement owed much of his rapid political rise to his ability to deliver rousing, mesmerizing speeches. His sermon-like keynote address at the 1956 Democratic National Convention has been described as both one of the best and one of the worst keynote addresses in the era of televised conventions.
As governor, Clement oversaw the state's economic transformation from a predominantly agricultural state to an industrial state. He increased funding for education and mental health, and was the first Southern governor to veto a segregation bill. In 1956, he dispatched the National Guard to disperse a crowd attempting to prevent integration at Clinton High School. He attempted to enter national politics, and although his aggressive speeches at the 1956 Democratic national convention impressed some members of his own party, they disgusted many other politicians and brought an end to his federal political career. His final years, including his last term as governor, were marked by severe alcohol abuse which deeply affected his personal and professional life. His wife, tired of his alcoholism, filed for divorce in 1969. He died in a car accident soon after announcing his intention to run for a fourth term.
Early life.
Clement was born at the Hotel Halbrook in Dickson, Tennessee, the son of Robert Clement, a local attorney and politician, and Maybelle (Goad) Clement, who operated the hotel. The family moved around for several years, living briefly in Vermont and Kentucky, before returning to Dickson in the 1930s. Clement graduated from Dickson County High School in 1937. While still young, he took speaking lessons with his aunt.
Clement attended Cumberland University from 1937 to 1939, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He then attended Vanderbilt University Law School, graduating with an LL.B in 1942. He worked as an agent for the FBI for about a year, mainly investigating internal security and espionage cases. In November 1943, at the height of World War II, he enlisted in the U.S. Army, eventually rising to the rank of first lieutenant and commanding officer of Company C of the Military Police Battalion at Camp Bullis in Texas.
After leaving the Army, Clement worked as counsel for the Tennessee Railroad and Public Utilities Commission from 1946 to 1950. He was an alternate delegate to the 1948 Democratic National Convention. During this same period, he was elected State Commander of Tennessee's American Legion, a position through which he developed relationships with veterans in all of Tennessee's counties. In the early 1950s, he practiced law with his father in Dickson.
Governor, 1953–1959.
In the 1952 gubernatorial election, Clement challenged incumbent Gordon Browning for the Democratic Party's nomination. Browning, nearly twice Clement's age, derided Clement as a "demagogue" and "pipsqueak." Clement had the support of political boss E. H. Crump and "Nashville Banner" publisher James Stahlman, however, and travelled to all 95 of the state's counties, giving speeches in which he assailed Browning as "dishonest, indecent, and immoral." He defeated Browning for the nomination, 302,487 votes to 245,156, and routed the Republican candidate, Madisonville attorney Beecher Witt, in the general election. Clement was only 32 years old when he won the election and took office. Upon inauguration, he became the youngest governor in the nation.
During his first term, Clement authorized a bond issue to provide free textbooks to children in grades 1 through 12, a first for the state (textbooks had previously been free through only the 3rd grade). He also implemented the state's first long-range highway construction project, and established a mental health department (now the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services). Clement raised the state's sales tax from 2% to 3%, an unpopular move that would haunt him in later elections.
In 1953, a state constitutional convention proposed eight amendments to the state constitution, all of which were subsequently approved by voters. The amendments included the extension of the gubernatorial term from two to four years, the repeal of the poll tax, and the authorization of consolidated city-county (or "metropolitan") governments.
While the new constitutional amendments prevented governors from seeking a second consecutive term, Clement was allowed to run for a full four-year term in 1954. He was challenged in the primary by former Governor Browning, who accused Clement and his father of "peddling" state influence. Several of Clement's close associates, among them his secretary of state, Eddie Friar, and comptroller, Jean Bodfish, turned against him. Browning was unable to match Clement's oratorical skills and fundraising capabilities, however, and lost the nomination, 481,808 votes to 195,156. Clement easily defeated fringe candidate John R. Neal and other token opposition in the general election.
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court declared state segregation laws unconstitutional in its landmark decision in "Brown v. Board of Education". Clement ordered state schools to comply with the law. In 1955, Clement vetoed a bill introduced by 85-year-old state senator Charles Stainback that would have effectively maintained segregation in schools in Fayette and Haywood counties. He also threatened to veto any attempt to change the state's mandatory school attendance law, and rejected a request by the Parents School Preference Committee to use the National Guard to prevent integration (as Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus had done). In September 1956, he stationed National Guard troops in Clinton, Tennessee, to protect the first black students to attend Clinton High School from anti-integration protesters.
Constitutionally ineligible to run for governor in 1958, Clement supported the successful run of his campaign manager and Commissioner of Agriculture, Buford Ellington, and returned to the practice of law.
1956 DNC keynote address.
By the mid-1950s, Clement had national aspirations. During the 1956 presidential race, he was among the candidates on the ballot for the party's vice presidential nomination. He was also chosen to give the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention that year in Chicago, as party leaders hoped his speaking ability could help offset the popularity of the Republican incumbent, Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Clement's speech resembled a standard Tennessee stump speech, with a strong evangelical, sermon-like tone. He derided the Republican Party as the "party of privilege and pillage," referred to Vice President Richard Nixon as the "vice hatchet man," and accused President Eisenhower of staring down the "green fairways of indifference" (a reference to Eisenhower's love of golf). He stated that Democrats would not "crucify the American farmer on a Republican cross of gold," recalling the Cross of Gold speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the party's 1896 convention. Clement's speech is often remembered for his repeated use of the phrase, "How long, America, O how long?"
Clement's speech received raucous applause from convention delegates, and was well received by Democrats in general. "Washington Post" columnist Colbert I. King recalled watching the speech as a teenager and thinking afterward that Eisenhower and Nixon had no chance of winning. Future president Bill Clinton, then 9 years old, watched the speech from his parents' living room, and later described it as a "rousing" address in his memoir, "My Life". Future Georgia governor Zell Miller, who would later deliver speeches at the 1992 Democratic convention and the 2004 Republican convention, missed the birth of his son to see Clement's speech.
Many members of the national media panned Clement's speech. "Time" columnist Lance Morrow called the speech a "symphony of rhetorical excess." "New York Herald Tribune" writer Red Smith likened the speech to "slaying the Republicans with the jawbone of an ass." David Halberstam described it as a "thundering overheated, overlong, overkill speech" that ended Clement's career as a national politician. Evangelist Billy Graham disapproved of the speech, and distanced himself from Clement afterward. Arthur Langlie, who was slated to deliver the keynote address at the Republican convention later that year, stated, "I'll be passing up the Chicago brand of prejudicial fire and brimstone."
Governor, 1963–1967.
In 1962, Clement once again sought the party's nomination for governor. In the primary, he defeated Memphis attorney Bill Farris and Chattanooga mayor Rudy Olgiati, 309,333 votes to 211,812 for Olgiati and 202,813 for Farris. In the general election, he defeated Maryville attorney Hubert Patty, the Republican candidate, and retired naval captain William Anderson of Waverly, who was running as an independent.
When Senator Estes Kefauver died in office in August 1963, Clement surprised some by not appointing himself to the office, but rather a caretaker, Herbert S. Walters. However, Clement did enter the 1964 Democratic primary for the seat, losing to Congressman Ross Bass of Pulaski by a vote of 330,213 to 233,245. During the campaign, Clement was attacked for the sales tax increase enacted during his first tenure as governor.
Clement's alcohol addiction reached a critical level during the 1960s. His alcoholism caused him to become alienated from many of his friends and affected his thinking ability. Although newspapers did not extensively cover his addiction to liquor, friends and family members noticed that Clement spent much time drinking and lost some of his political effectiveness.
Since the 1964 election was for the balance of Kefauver's unexpired term, the seat was to be contested again in 1966. In the primary, Clement defeated Bass for the nomination, 384,322 votes to 366,078. His campaign faltered in the general election, however, as his long-time political ally, Buford Ellington, refused to endorse him, and he failed to pick up critical endorsements from the "Nashville Tennessean", the "Nashville Banner", and the "Memphis Commercial Appeal". The Republican candidate, rising politician Howard Baker, successfully connected Clement to President Lyndon B. Johnson's social policies, which were unpopular among rural Tennesseans. On election day, Baker defeated Clement, 483,063 votes to 383,843—a margin of 11 percentage points (55.7 percent to 44.1 percent).
Later life and other work.
After leaving office, Clement practiced law in partnership with Grant Smith. His wife, who had become tired of her husband's alcoholism, filed for divorce in 1969. He announced a fourth gubernatorial campaign in 1969, but died in a car crash on Franklin Road in Nashville just after making the announcement. At the time of his death, he and his estranged wife were headed towards reconciliation. His 10 total years as governor of Tennessee are the longest any person served in the position in the 20th century, and longer than all but two 19th-century governors, John Sevier and William Carroll. His remains were interred at Dickson County Memorial Gardens near Dickson.
In 1959, Clement served as honorary Co-Chairman on the Board of Directors for the newly founded Country Music Association (CMA). He and Albert Gore, Sr., were bestowed this honor in appreciation for their public service to the state of Tennessee and their support in accommodating the country music industry. In 1970, the CMA honored Clement with the Connie B. Gay Award in recognition of his outstanding service to the association.
Clement was a 32nd degree Mason and a member of the Shriners. He was also an active Methodist, and taught Sunday school throughout the 1960s.
Family and legacy.
Clement's sister, Anna Belle Clement O'Brien (1923–2009), worked as his chief of staff in the 1960s, and later served in the state legislature, initially in the state House of Representatives (1975–1977), and afterward in the state senate (1977–1991).
Clement married Lucille Christianson in 1940. They had three sons, two of whom are still living. Bob Clement has served as Tennessee Public Service Commissioner, director of the Tennessee Valley Authority, president of Cumberland University, and a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003. Frank G. Clement, Jr., has been an attorney, a probate court judge, and currently serves on the Tennessee Court of Appeals.
The Hotel Halbrook, where Clement was born in Dickson, is now home to the Clement Railroad Hotel Museum, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Clement's namesakes include buildings at Austin Peay State University, the University of Tennessee, Tennessee Technological University, Tennessee State University, and the University of Tennessee at Martin, as well as a golf course at Montgomery Bell State Park and a bridge over Barren Fork in McMinnville.


Nebraska Correctional Center for Women

The Nebraska Correctional Center for Women (NCCW) is a state correctional facility for the Nebraska Department of Correctional Services. Located just west of York, Nebraska, it is the only secure state facility to house adult women.
NCCW, began operation in May, 1920, through an act of the Nebraska State Legislature establishing the "State Reformatory for Women." The original facility consisted of a 2-story house that was used as an inmate and staff residence. The facility was a working dairy farm. The inmates assisted with the livestock. The current institution consists of 17 buildings on of land, secured by two security fences. NCCW houses all security classification levels of female inmates including those in its own Diagnostic and Evaluation Center (D&E) (All male new commitments are taken to the Nebraska Diagnostic and Evaluation Center located in Lincoln). The NCCW D&E houses all new commitments. The average stay of a new commitment in the NCCW D&E is 30 days. This allows the inmate time to adjust to the institution and to learn about the institution's programs, rules, and regulations. During the evaluation period staff develop a personalized classification plan for the inmate.
NCCW has been accredited by the American Correctional Association since 1981.


Murder of Clare Morrison

Clare Morrison was a 13-year-old Australian girl who was murdered on 19 December 1992 in Geelong, Victoria. Her near-naked body was discovered by surfers early morning on 19 December near Bells Beach, bashed, strangled and shark-bitten. As of 2020, the murder remains unsolved.
Death.
Morrison was last seen on the night of 18 December in Geelong Mall telling her friend that she would take the bus home to get money for Christmas shopping. Some witnesses also claimed that she "appeared to be drunk." The only lead the local police obtained was from 18-year-old Shane McLaren who reported that she was seen getting into a blue Commodore with two men. However, several months later, the police discovered that the report was false and McLaren was booked under perjury. Since the passing of one other suspect, McLaren, a self-confessed ice addict, remains the only suspect in Morrison's murder.
Aftermath.
The police announced a 50,000 reward in exchange for any information related to the murder.
In December 2017, Morrison's brother Andrew, in an interview with "Geelong Advertiser", said, "I’ve only just been made aware that on the night they (Clare and friends) were all hanging around town, about eight of them, before they’ve nicked off in one car and all went to Point Addis. That’s where they were all meeting, at the cliff that overlooks Bell Beach. Clare didn’t leave with them though. It was dark and, at this time of year with daylight savings, they must’ve been there past 9pm or 10pm." He added, "My sister was found early in the morning and she must have been in the water a long time for her to be attacked by sharks if that’s true, so I’m thinking they’ve just missed seeing her, it’s a very small window. One of these people, they could be the one who breaks the case right open."


Audrey Beecham

Audrey Beecham or Helen Audrey Beecham (21 July 1915 – 31 January 1989) was an English poet, teacher and historian.
She was born in Weaverham in 1915. Her grandfather was Sir Joseph Beecham, 1st Baronet, eldest son of Thomas Beecham, who had created a fortune with Beecham's Pills. Her uncle was the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham and her father devoted time to spending his inheritance.
Beecham took PPE at Somerville College in Oxford. She left with a second class degree and went to live in Paris in the group that included Henry Miller. She made a lasting friendship with the writers Lawrence Durrell and Anais Nin.
Beecham left Oxford and took a job at the University of Nottingham in 1950; she lectured and headed Nightingale Hall. One anecdote tells of how when faced with demonstrating students intent on occupying one of the buildings she hid the weapons but supplied them with toilet paper. She memorably
noted that revolutionaries frequently forgot the loo rolls.
Sir Maurice Bowra, Warden of Wadham and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford was engaged to her. Bowra, a homosexual, explained his engagement by saying "buggers can't be choosers".
In 1957 she published her first book of poetry, "The Coast of Barbary".
Beecham died in Churchill Hospital in 1989 from asthma.


Roger the Chapman


Penny Ruth


Dorothy Hale

Dorothy Hale (January 11, 1905 – October 21, 1938) was an American socialite and aspiring actress. She died after jumping off a building in New York City. Her husband's death, followed by several unsuccessful relationships, left her financially dependent on her wealthy friends. The artist Frida Kahlo created a famous painting based on her death, titled "The Suicide of Dorothy Hale".
Early life.
Hale was born Dorothy Donovan, the daughter of a real estate agent, in Pittsburgh. In 1919, after attending a convent and a drama school, Hale left home to pursue a career. Her family hired detectives to find her, but she eventually returned when her funds ran out. With the assistance of friends, she eventually landed a job in the chorus of a Broadway production of 'Lady, Be Good'.
While she was studying sculpture in Paris, she married millionaire stockbroker Gaillard Thomas, son of the wealthy gynecologist T. Gaillard Thomas; the brief marriage ended in divorce.
She married Gardner Hale (1894–1931) in 1927. Gardner Hale was a fresco, mural, and society portrait artist, and the married Dorothy Hale continued moving in creative and expensive social circles. During this West Coast period, she socialized with artists Miquel and Rosa Corvarrubias, Frida Kahlo, and photographer Nickolas Muray.
Career.
Hale's stage work was limited to several seasons in stock companies and some work as a dancer and Ziegfeld girl. In the summer of 1935, Hale and her friend Rosamond Pinchot, another New York socialite and aspiring actress, opened in "Abide with Me", a psychological drama written by their friend Clare Boothe Luce. Though the three friends enjoyed the experience tremendously, the play was panned and it died quietly. Pinchot went on to take her life by carbon monoxide poisoning in January 1938.
Personal life.
When her husband's car went over a Santa Maria cliff in December 1931, she was left in severe financial difficulties. No longer able to maintain her high-society lifestyle, Hale began to accept the largesse of rich lovers and generous friends, such as Luce, with whom she was close. "We all believed that a girl of such extraordinary beauty could not be long in either developing a career or finding another husband. Dorothy had very little talent and no luck."
Hale repeatedly yet unsuccessfully tried to find work as an actress. In 1932, an acquaintance with Samuel Goldwyn led to an uncredited role in "Cynara", as well as a minor role in "Catherine the Great" (1934). Her screen tests were dubbed a failure.
Affairs.
Numbering among Hale's ill-fated lovers were Constantin Alajalov, a well-known New York cover artist; the still-married Russell Davenport, a writer for "Time"; and Isamu Noguchi, an up-and-coming sculptor, artist, and designer.
Early in 1933, Noguchi and Hale took a Caribbean cruise, where he was introduced to many of her wealthy and influential friends from New York; many of them commissioned portraits, including Luce for a sculpture bust. Noguchi traveled to London and Paris with Hale, hoping to find more patrons. Noguchi had begun a portrait sculpture of Hale, but it was never finished, and its present location is unknown.
In 1934, Hale and Luce accompanied Noguchi on a road trip through Connecticut in a car Noguchi had designed with Buckminster Fuller, the Dymaxion car. The threesome stopped to see Thornton Wilder in Hamden, Connecticut, before going on to Hartford to join Fuller for the out-of-town opening of Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson's "Four Saints in Three Acts".
By 1937, Hale was involved in a serious romance with Harry Hopkins, WPA administrator and Franklin D. Roosevelt's top adviser. Anticipating a "White House wedding" Hale moved into Hampshire House, a 27-story apartment building at 150 Central Park South, and began putting together a "trousseau", but Hopkins abruptly broke off the affair. Luce said in later years that the White House was not happy about the Hopkins/Hale engagement rumors, and that may have been the cause of the break. The gossip columnists who had been reporting the engagement rumors played up the cruel jilting, causing Hale great embarrassment. Hopkins eventually married Lou Macy, a close Roosevelt associate.
In 1938, another benefactor and abandoned suitor, Bernard Baruch, advised Hale that, at 33, she was too old for a professional career and that she should look for a wealthy husband. Baruch even gave her $1,000 with the instructions, "... to buy a dress glamorous enough to capture a husband."
Hale became despondent over her stalled career, constant debt, and unhappy love life.
Death.
Farewell party.
The evening of her death, Hale informally entertained some friends; she had told them that she was planning a long trip and invited them to a farewell party. Among the guests at this informal "last party" were Mrs. Brock Pemberton; Prince del Drago of Italy; painter Dorothy Swinburne, who was married to Admiral Luke McNamee (President of the McKay Radio and Telegraph company); and Margaret Case (later Harriman, daughter of Frank Case), an editor at "Vogue" who would go on to write "The Vicious Circle". After the party Hale went on to the theater with Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Morgan to see the Stokes' play, "Oscar Wilde".
After attending the theater, Hale returned to her home—a one-room studio apartment with a kitchenette on the 16th floor of Hampshire House—at about 1:15 am, leaving a large number of friends partying at the 21 Club. She apparently spent the next four hours at the typewriter composing farewell notes to friends: one to Baruch expressing regret at not taking his advice; and one to her attorney, instructing how her estate and burial were to be handled.
At 5:15 am on October 21, 1938, Hale threw herself out of the window of her apartment. She was found still wearing her favorite Madame X "femme-fatale" black velvet dress with a corsage of small yellow roses, given to her by Noguchi.
Though "The New York Times" covered her death, accordingly, Hopkins believed that Baruch had used his influence to mute the reporting of Hale's suicide and diffuse his involvement in the affair.
In his interview for the Herrera book on Frida Kahlo, Noguchi would say of Hale:
She was very beautiful girl, all my girls are beautiful. I went to London with her in 1933. Bucky (Buckminster Fuller) and I were there the night before she did it. I remember very well she said, 'Well that's the end of the vodka. There isn't any more.' Just like that you know. I wouldn't have thought of it much, except afterward I realized that that's what she was talking about. Dorothy was very pretty, and she traveled in this false world. She didn't want to be second to anybody, and she must have thought she was slipping.
Frida Kahlo painting.
Hale's friend Clare Boothe Luce, an ardent admirer of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, almost immediately commissioned Kahlo to paint a "recuerdo" (remembrance) portrait of their deceased mutual friend, so that in Kahlo's words: "her life must not be forgotten". Luce understood a "recuerdo" to be an idealized memorial portrait and was doubtless expecting a conventional over-the-fireplace portrait for her $400. After being shown in March in Paris, the completed painting arrived in August 1939: Luce claims she was so shocked by the unwrapped painting that she "almost passed out".
What Kahlo created was a graphic, narrative "retablo", detailing every step of Hale's suicide. It depicts Hale standing on the balcony, falling to her death while also lying on the bloody pavement below. Luce was so offended that she seriously considered destroying it, but instead, she had the sculptor Isamu Noguchi paint out the part of the legend that bore Luce's name. Luce simply left the work crated up in the care of Frank Crowninshield, only to be presented with it again decades later, when Crowninshield's heirs discovered it in storage. She donated it anonymously to the Phoenix Art Museum, where it was eventually outed as a Luce donation. The museum retains ownership, although the painting is frequently on tour in exhibitions of Kahlo's works.
In 2010, the painting was included in a "sweeping view" of Noguchi's career in the “On Becoming an Artist: Isamu Noguchi and His Contemporaries, 1922-1960” show at the Noguchi Museum in Long Island City, Queens, New York City.
Portrayals and dramatizations.
Stage play.
"The Rise of Dorothy Hale", written by Myra Bairstow, premiered off-Broadway at the St. Luke's Theater on September 30, 2007. The play explores the life and death of Hale through the creative process of Frida Kahlo. The play has been compared to Otto Preminger’s 1944 film "Laura". Questions are raised as to whether Hale's death was a suicide or a murder.
The original cast members were Emmy Award winner Michael Badalucco, Patrick Boll, Sarita Choudhury, Laura Koffman, Sarah Wynter, and Mark LaMura. The cast and playwright of "The Rise of Dorothy Hale" were featured guests of NASDAQ on October 18, 2007, to ring the closing bell.
Fictional biography.
"Lady Be Good: The Life and Times of Dorothy Hale", written by former NBC News producer Pamela Hamilton, was published on March 31, 2021. Drawing on original research, the novel portrays Hale as a smart, talented, determined woman, upending the widely held belief that Hale was hapless. At the heart of the novel is Hale’s friendship with Clare Boothe Luce and the life they led in café society.
Pulitzer Prize winner and "New York Times" bestselling author Bill Dedman said: “Meticulously researched and well told, "Lady be Good" is a magnificent debut novel that takes readers on an enthralling and heartbreaking journey. Hamilton beautifully captures the themes of love and betrayal, class and culture, and the price of fame.”


Dave Foutz

David Luther Foutz (September 7, 1856 – March 5, 1897) was a Major League Baseball player for 13 seasons. He played multiple positions, including pitcher, from to , compiling a 147–66 career record, as well as first base and outfield. From to , he was the player-manager of the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
Early life.
David Luther Foutz was born in Carroll County, Maryland on September 7, 1856, the son of Solomon Augustus Foutz and Miriam Cook. Always known as Dave, he was asthmatic all his life. When he was 21 Foutz drifted out to Leadville, Colorado and worked for a while in the lead mines. While in Leadville, Foutz started playing baseball, pitching for the Leadville Blues, an amateur team. Shortly after, he signed with the Bay City, Michigan minor league team, where he played until 1884. By 1884, Foutz's talent had been spotted by Chris von der Ahe, the owner of the American Association St. Louis Browns. He wanted Foutz's contract so badly he bought the entire Bay City, Michigan franchise. Before joining the major league, Foutz acquired a reputation as a gambler and drinker, figuring if he was going to die young, he would enjoy himself before.
Major League Baseball career.
As a player, Dave Foutz was often called "Scissors" and other nicknames, due to his tall (6 foot 2 inch) and thin (161 pounds) build. His first six seasons in the major leagues were spent in the American Association with the St. Louis Browns, all the while suffering from asthma. With the Browns he became their powerhouse right-hander who helped St. Louis win four straight American Association pennants. Along the way, Foutz built up an impressive record and on April 10, 1885, in an exhibition game, Foutz pitched a no-hitter to defeat the St. Louis Maroons, 7-0. Later on June 3, 1886, Foutz pitched a shutout against Brooklyn in what became a 19-0 rout.
But on August 14, 1887 while pitching against the Cincinnati Reds for St. Louis, Foutz was hit by a ball and suffered a broken thumb on his throwing hand. Sidelined for nine weeks, when Foutz eventually returned to pitching‚ he was ineffective and his pitching career was virtually ended. While he was pitching, Foutz won 114 games over a four-year span from 1884–1887, with a career high of 41 in 1886. He ended up with a 147-66 record, which is a .690 percentage and is tied for third-best ever. In 1887, Foutz achieved a rare feat when he won 20 or more games as a pitcher (25) and drove in 100 or more runs as a hitter (108).
Leading up to the 1888 season, Foutz made the news when Chris von der Ahe, owner of the St. Louis Browns, sold the contracts for the not fully recovered Foutz, along with pitcher Bob Caruthers and catcher Doc Bushong. The sale was to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and their owner Charlie Byrne, who paid what was then the enormous sum of $19,000 for the trio.
After the injury, Foutz pitched little for Brooklyn but helped the team to the 1889 American Association pennant and the 1890 National League flag. In both seasons, he was the regular first baseman. Later for four seasons (1893–96), Foutz was a playing manager, but Brooklyn never finished higher than fifth and Foutz was forced to resign in October 1896 after the end of the 1896 season.
Unassisted pickoff.
Foutz is remembered for one great play that probably occurred in the game on September 3, 1886, where he picked off a runner unassisted. He was playing for the St. Louis Browns, who were facing the Louisville Colonels. The play was apparently orchestrated by a signal from catcher Doc Bushong, with Charles Comiskey playing first base. On base, the runners for the Colonels were Pete Browning on first and John Kerins on second.
Later life.
In 1889, Foutz married 28-year-old Minnie M Glocke and they lived in Brooklyn. Afterwards, he and his wife were constant companions and Foutz appeared to settle down from his younger days. But six years later, in 1895 Foutz's wife was institutionalized in an insane asylum and likely remained there until she died in 1898. Never in good health, in January 1896, Foutz became dangerously ill with pneumonia and barely recovered. After he was released from the Bridegrooms in October 1896, Foutz was considered for a manager in the minor leagues or as a possible umpire, but by January 1897, he was too ill to work and was under a doctor's care. On March 5, 1897, Foutz died at his mother's home in Waverly, a suburb of Baltimore, Maryland, of an asthma attack. He was buried in the Loudon Park Cemetery, in Baltimore City, Maryland. Newspapers reported his funeral was a sad and somber affair, attended by many former teammates and baseball players. Also in attendance were executives from the National League as well as his old Brooklyn and St. Louis ball clubs.


Anders Knutas


Douglas Wiebe

Douglas James Wiebe is associate professor of epidemiology at the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
Education.
Wiebe received his B.A. in Psychology from the University of Calgary in 1991, his M.A. in Criminology from Indiana State University in 1996, and his Ph.D. in Social Ecology from the University of California, Irvine in 2000. He then completed postdoctoral studies in injury epidemiology at the UCLA School of Public Health.
Career.
From 2009 to 2014 he held an appointment of Visiting Scholar in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, England.
Research.
Wiebe's research covers topics such as risk factors for injury, alcohol use, and the effect of daily routines on health behaviors. In 2003, he published a study that concluded that having a gun in the home increased the risk of homicide and suicide. The same study concluded that 41% of gun homicides and 94% of gun suicides would not happen without access to guns. In 2009, he co-authored a study that found that gun owners were more likely to be shot in an assault than were non-gun owners, which has been credited with persuading the United States Congress to extend the 1996 Dickey Amendment to include the National Institutes of Health (which funded the study) two years later. In 2015, he co-authored another study that found that someone's location and how they got there both affected their risk of violent victimization.
Honors, awards and positions.
Wiebe is a member of the American College of Epidemiology and of the Board of Directors of SAVIR (Society for the Advancement of Violence and Injury Research), serves as a reviewer for journals including the American Journal of Public Health, American Journal of Epidemiology, British Medical Journal, and Pediatrics, is on the editorial board of the Journal of Trauma, and serves on study sections for the Center for Scientific Review at the NIH, the National Science Foundation, and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. He received the Teaching Award in the Masters of Science in Clinical Epidemiology Program in 2008/09, and in the Perelman School of Medicine in 2012 he received the Dean’s Award for Excellence in Basic Science Teaching.


Samuel P. Cowley

Samuel Parkinson Cowley (July 23, 1899 – November 28, 1934) was an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) who was killed in the line of duty in a gunfight with Baby Face Nelson in 1934 on Route 14 in Barrington, Illinois.
Cowley was a son of Matthias F. Cowley, an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), by one of his four wives, Luella Parkinson Cowley. He was born in Franklin, Idaho on July 23, 1899. His half-brother, Matthew Cowley (son of Matthias F. and Abbie Hyde Cowley), was also an apostle of the LDS Church. Prior to joining the FBI, Samuel Cowley attended Utah State Agricultural College and George Washington University Law School.
Role in the Dillinger manhunt.
In early 1934, Cowley was sent by J. Edgar Hoover (as head of the "Flying Squad") to Chicago specifically to aid the FBI pursuit of John Dillinger. The Chicago Agents initially resented Cowley as a desk jockey who was infringing on their territory and driving them too hard. However, Cowley soon established a reputation as one who drove himself as hard as he drove his agents.
The relationship between Cowley and Melvin Purvis was complex and is debated by historians. Fans of Purvis tend to downplay Cowley, and the official FBI records tend to play down Purvis, as Hoover preferred Cowley. Cowley and Purvis worked together as a team. Individually neither one of them could have caught Dillinger, but together they concentrated on the areas that they knew best: Cowley on gathering intelligence and Purvis working the field. A squad of agents under Cowley worked with East Chicago policemen in tracking down all tips and rumors. It was Cowley who cut the deal with Ana Cumpănaş, the so-called "Woman in Red".
Cowley seems to have understood this relationship. After Purvis's botched raid on Little Bohemia Lodge, Purvis went on a drinking spree, and Cowley hushed it all up. During the Dillinger stakeout, Cowley was in charge of the team at the Marbro Theater, while Purvis' team was at the Biograph Theater. At 8:30 p.m., Sage, Dillinger and Polly Hamilton strolled into the Biograph Theater to see Clark Gable in Manhattan Melodrama. Purvis phoned Cowley, who shifted the other men from the Marbro to the Biograph. Later, after Dillinger was killed, Purvis was in one room, holding a press conference and Cowley was in the next room reporting to Hoover over the phone. Hoover kept telling Cowley to break up the press conference, but Cowley refused.
Death.
After Dillinger, Cowley was pressed to chase down Lester Gillis (Baby Face Nelson). Near Barrington, Illinois (northwest of Chicago) Nelson began chasing a car with two FBI agents (who were only lightly armed). One of the agents put a bullet through the radiator of Nelson's car. Cowley and another agent, Herman Hollis, arrived in another car and shot it out with Nelson. Cowley was armed with a sub machine gun and Hollis had a shotgun. Nelson, although repeatedly shot by Cowley and Hollis, walked across the road and shot both agents with his rifle.
Hollis was killed instantly when a bullet hit him in the face, but Cowley survived long enough to identify Nelson and his companions to Purvis. He died at 2:00 AM, about ten hours after the shootout. Nelson's body was found the next day, wrapped in a blanket, stripped naked, and dumped in a ditch in Skokie.
The media always played up Purvis and relegated Cowley to a minor role. The official FBI accounts play up Cowley and minimize Purvis. Both men played critically important parts in ending the Midwest crime spree started by the Dillinger gang.
In popular culture.
Cowley is played by Roy Jenson in John Milius's 1973 film "Dillinger", by Steve Kanaly in "", by John Karlen in "The Kansas City Massacre", and by Richard Short in Michael Mann's 2009 film "Public Enemies".


Mass shootings in the United States

Mass shootings are incidents involving multiple victims of firearm-related violence. The precise inclusion criteria are disputed, and there is no broadly accepted definition. One definition is an act of public firearm violence—excluding gang killings, domestic violence, or terrorist acts sponsored by an organization—in which a shooter kills at least four victims. Using this definition, one study found that nearly one-third of the world's public mass shootings between 1966 and 2012 (90 of 292 incidents) occurred in the United States. Using a similar definition, "The Washington Post" records 163 mass shootings in the United States between 1967 and June 2019.
Gun Violence Archive, frequently cited by the press, defines a mass shooting as firearm violence resulting in at least four people being shot at roughly the same time and location, excluding the perpetrator. Using this definition, there have been 2,128 mass shootings since 2013, roughly one per day.
According to some studies, the United States has had more mass shootings than any other country, however they accounted for less than two-tenths of 1% (0.2%) of homicides between 2000 and 2016. Shooters generally either die by suicide afterwards or are restrained or killed by law enforcement officers or civilians.
Definitions.
There is no fixed definition of a mass shooting in the United States. The Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012, signed into law in January 2013, defines a "mass killing" as one resulting in at least 3 victims, excluding the perpetrator. In 2015, the Congressional Research Service does not define a mass shooting but does define a public mass shooting—for the purposes of its report entitled "Mass Murder with Firearms"—as "a multiple homicide incident in which four or more victims are murdered with firearms, within one event, and in one or more locations in close proximity". The CRS further states that its report "attempts to refine the relatively broad concept of mass shooting [...] into a narrower formulation: public mass shootings." A broader definition, as used by the Gun Violence Archive, is that of "4 or more shot or killed, not including the shooter". This definition, of four people shot regardless of whether or not that results in injury or death, is often used by the media, press, and non-profit organizations.
Frequency.
Some studies indicate that the rate at which public mass shootings occur has tripled since 2011. Between 1982 and 2011, a mass shooting occurred roughly once every 200 days. However, between 2011 and 2014, that rate has accelerated greatly with at least one mass shooting occurring every 64 days in the United States.
In recent years, the number of public mass shootings has increased substantially, although there has been an approximately 50% decrease in firearm homicides in the nation overall since 1993. The decrease in firearm homicides has been attributed to better policing, a better economy and environmental factors such as the removal of lead from gasoline.
Differing sources.
A comprehensive report by "USA Today" tracked all mass killings from 2006 through 2017 in which the perpetrator willfully killed 4 or more people. For mass killings by firearm for instance, it found 271 incidents with a total of 1,358 victims. "Mother Jones" listed seven mass shootings, defined as indiscriminate rampages in public places resulting in four or more victims killed, in the U.S. for 2015. An analysis by Michael Bloomberg's gun violence prevention group, "Everytown for Gun Safety", identified 110 mass shootings, defined as shootings in which at least four people were murdered with a firearm, between January 2009 and July 2014; at least 57% were related to domestic or family violence.
Other media outlets have reported that hundreds of mass shootings take place in the United States in a single calendar year, citing a crowd-funded website known as "Shooting Tracker" which defines a mass shooting as having four or more people injured or killed. In December 2015, "The Washington Post" reported that there had been 355 mass shootings in the United States so far that year. In August 2015, "The Washington Post" reported that the United States was averaging one mass shooting per day. An earlier report had indicated that in 2015 alone, there had been 294 mass shootings that killed or injured 1,464 people. "Shooting Tracker" and "Mass Shooting Tracker", the two sites that the media have been citing, have been criticized for using a broader criteria—counting four victims injured as a mass shooting—thus producing much higher figures.
Mass shootings tend to occur in clusters. When one occurs another is likely to follow, according to research by the Violence Project.
Demographics.
According to "The New York Times", the majority of perpetrators they have published stories about are white males who act alone. According to most analyses and studies, the proportion of mass shooters in the United States who are white is slightly less than the proportion of white people in the general population of the US, however, the proportion of male mass shooters is considerably greater than the proportion of males in the population. According to the Associated Press, white men comprise nearly 50 percent of all mass shooters in the US. According to the Center for Inquiry, mass shootings of family members (the most common) are usually carried out by White, middle-aged men. Felony mass shootings (connected with a previous crime) tend to be committed by young Black or Hispanic males with extensive criminal records, typically against persons of the same ethnic group. Public mass shootings of persons unrelated to the shooter, and for a reason not connected with a previous crime (the rarest but most publicized) are committed by men whose racial distribution closely matches that of the nation as a whole. Other than gender, the demographic profiles of public mass shooters are too varied to draw firm conclusions.
Contributing factors.
Several possible factors may work together to create a fertile environment for mass murder in the United States. Most commonly suggested include:
A panel of mental health and law enforcement experts has estimated that roughly one-third of acts of mass violence—defined as crimes in which four or more people were killed—since the 1990s were committed by people with a serious mental illness. However, the study emphasized that people with serious mental illness are responsible for less than 4% of all the violent acts committed in the United States.
Weapons used.
Several types of guns have been used in mass shootings in the United States. A 2014 study conducted by Dr. James Fox of 142 shootings found that 88 (62%) were committed with handguns of all types; 68 (48%) with semi-automatic handguns, 20 (14%) with revolvers, 35 (25%) with semi-automatic rifles, and 19 (13%) with shotguns. The study was conducted using the "Mother Jones" database of mass shootings from 1982 to 2018. High capacity magazines were used in approximately half of mass shootings. Semi-automatic rifles have been used in six of the ten deadliest mass shooting events.
Deadliest mass shootings since 1949.
The following mass shootings are the deadliest to have occurred in modern U.S. history. Only incidents with ten or more civilian fatalities are included. This list starts in 1949, the year in which Howard Unruh committed his shooting, the first to incur ten or more fatalities. The death tolls reflect the numbers given by police in the days after the shootings.


Battle of Chapu

The Battle of Chapu, Chapoo, or Zhapu(18May 1842) was fought between British and Qing forces at Zhapu (then romanized as "Chapoo" or "Chapu") on the northern shore of Hangzhou Bay during the First Opium War.
Battle.
Before the attack, the British commander, Major General Hugh Gough divided his forces into three: a column of infantry on the left (863 men) and right (969 men), with artillery in the centre. Gough accompanied the right column, which landed first on May 16. The remaining troops moved round to the rear of the enemy thereby cutting their communications with Zhapu. Meanwhile, the accompanying steamers began a bombardment of the city's defences. In Gough's own words: "The enemy were completely taken by surprise; as usual, they were unprepared for anything except a frontal attack. They gave way on all sides and took to flight, with the exception of a body of some 300 Tartar troops who seized a small joss-house, and held it with indomitable pluck and perseverance."
Multiple assaults proved necessary to capture the joss-house with casualties suffered on both sides; eventually it fell and after each of the gates had been captured, the city fell to the British. Not without cost and Gough lost one of his most accomplished field commanders Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Tomlinson who was killed personally leading a breaching party of the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot.
Aftermath.
The British did not remain in Zhapu long. They captured the city's ordnance and destroyed its arsenals before moving on to attack Wusong.
Hailing, the Manchu commander at Zhenjiang, received the report of Zhapu's surrender on June 18. The Manchus committed mass suicide while the Han Chinese discussed the situation with the British. When hostilities ceased, Chinese official Yilibu returned sixteen kidnapped British soldiers to Gough in "recognition of his courtesy in releasing the Chinese captured at Chapoo".


Tasman Bridge disaster

The Tasman Bridge disaster occurred on the evening of 5 January 1975, in Hobart, the capital city of Australia's island state of Tasmania, when a bulk ore carrier travelling up the Derwent River collided with several pylons of the Tasman Bridge, causing a large section of the bridge deck to collapse onto the ship and into the river below. Twelve people were killed, including seven crew on board the ship, and the five occupants of four cars which fell 45 m (150 feet) after driving off the bridge. Hobart was cut off from its eastern suburbs, and the loss of the road connection had a major social impact. The ship’s master was officially penalised for inattention and failure to handle his vessel in a seamanlike manner.
Collision and collapse.
The collision occurred at 9:27 p.m. (Australian Eastern Summer Time UTC+11) on Sunday 5 January 1975. The bulk carrier "Lake Illawarra", carrying 10,000 tonnes of zinc ore concentrate, was heading up the Derwent River to offload its cargo to EZ Industries' Risdon Zinc Works, upstream from Hobart and about 3 km from the bridge. The 1,025 m long main viaduct of the bridge was composed of a central main navigation span, two flanking secondary navigation spans, and 19 approach spans. The ship was off course as it neared the bridge, partly due to the strong tidal current but also because of inattention by the ship's master, Captain Boleslaw Pelc. Initially approaching the bridge at eight knots, Pelc slowed the ship to a 'safe' speed. Although the "Lake Illawarra" was capable of passing through the bridge's central navigation span, the captain attempted to pass through one of the eastern spans.
Despite several changes of course, the ship proved unmanageable due to its insufficient speed relative to the current. In desperation the captain ordered 'full speed astern', at which point all control was lost. The vessel drifted towards the bridge midway between the central navigation span and the eastern shore, crashing into the pile capping of piers 18 and 19, bringing three unsupported spans and a 127 m section of roadway crashing into the river and onto the vessel's deck. The ship listed to starboard and sank within minutes in 35 m of water a short distance to the south. Seven crew members on the "Lake Illawarra" were trapped and drowned. The subsequent marine court of inquiry found that the captain had not handled the ship in a proper and seamanlike manner, and his certificate was suspended for six months.
As the collision occurred on a Sunday evening, there was relatively little traffic on the bridge. While no cars were travelling between the 18th and 19th pylons when that section collapsed, four cars drove over the gap, killing five occupants. Two drivers managed to stop their vehicles at the edge, but not before their front wheels had dropped over the lip of the bridge deck. One of these cars contained Frank and Sylvia Manley.
Sylvia Manley: ""As we approached, it was a foggy night ... there was no lights on the bridge at the time. We just thought there was an accident. We slowed down to about 40 km/h and I'm peering out the window, desperately looking to see the car ... what was happening on the bridge. We couldn't see anything but we kept on travelling. The next thing, I said to Frank, "The bridge is gone!" And he just applied the brakes and we just sat there swinging." "As we sat there, we couldn't see anything in the water. All we could see was a big whirlpool of water and apparently the boat was sinking. So with that, we undid the car door and I hopped out.""
Frank Manley: ""[Sylvia] said "The white line, the white line's gone. Stop!" I just hit the brakes and I said "I can't, I can't, I can't stop." And next thing we just hung off the gap...when I swung the door open, I could see, more or less, see the water...and I just swung meself towards the back of the car and grabbed the headrest like that to pull myself around. There's a big automatic transmission pan underneath [the car] – that's what it balanced on.""
The other car contained Murray Ling, his wife Helen and two of their children. They were driving over the bridge in the east-bound lanes when the span lights went out."I knew something bad must have happened so I slowed down". Ling then noticed several cars ahead of him seemingly disappear as they drove straight over the edge and slammed his foot on the brakes. He stopped the car inches from the drop. A following car, caught unaware by the unexpected stop, drove into the rear of Ling's car, pushing its front wheels over the breach. He, too, eased himself and his young family out of the car, then stood there horrified as two other cars ignored his attempts to wave them down, raced past, one of which actually swerved around to avoid him, and hurtled over the edge into the river. A loaded bus full of people swerved and skidded slamming into the side railings after being waved down by Ling.
Emergency response.
Private citizens living nearby were on the scene early, even before the ship had sunk. Three of these were Jack Read in his H28 yacht "Mermerus", David Read in a small launch, and Jerry Chamberlain, who had their boats moored in Montagu Bay close by. These and others, and many shore-based residents, were responsible for saving many of the crewmen from the "Lake Illawarra". Those in small craft acted alone in very difficult circumstances with falling cement, live wires, and water from a broken pipe above, until the water police arrived on the scene. A large number of other organisations were involved in the emergency response, including police, ambulance service, fire brigade, Royal Hobart Hospital, Civil Defence, the Hobart Tug Company, Marine Board of Hobart, Public Works Department, Transport Commission, HydroElectric Commission, Hobart Regional Water Board, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy. At 2:30 am, a 14-man Navy Clearance Diving Team flew to Hobart to assist Water Police in the recovery of the vehicles which had driven off the bridge. Two vehicles were identified on 7 January; one was salvaged that day and the second three days later. Another vehicle was found buried under rubble on 8 January.
A comprehensive survey of the wreck of the "Lake Illawarra" was completed by 13 January. The divers operated in hazardous conditions, with little visibility and strong river currents, contending with bridge debris such as shattered concrete, reinforced steel rods, railings, pipes, lights, wire and power cables. Strong winds on the third day brought down debris from the bridge above, including power cables, endangering the divers working below.
A total of 12 people died in the disaster: seven crew of the MV "Lake Illawarra" and five motorists.
A divided city.
Facilities.
The collapse of Tasman Bridge isolated two sides of the city which had heavily relied upon it for most daily activities. 30% of Hobart's residents lived on the eastern shore and were effectively isolated. The day after the incident, as 30,000 residents set out for work, they found that the former three-minute commute over the bridge had turned into a 90-minute trip. Within an hour of the incident, the Sullivans Cove Ferry Company started services across the river, and continued its services throughout the night.
Three private ferries were in place the next day while the "Kosciusko, Lady Ferguson" and "Lady Wakehurst" that were loaned by the Public Transport Commission, Sydney. People on the eastern shore quickly became isolated, as most schools, hospitals, businesses and government offices were located on the western shore. Prior to the disaster, many services on the eastern shore were severely lacking. Access to medical services in particular posed problems for residents in the east, as services consisted only of local clinics. Hobart's hospitals—the Royal Hobart Hospital and the Calvary Hospital—were located on the western shore. What was previously a short drive across the river became a trip via the estuary's other bridge in Bridgewater. Most of Hobart's cultural activities, such as theatres, cinemas, the museum and art gallery, restaurants, meeting places, lecture theatres and the botanical gardens, were located on the western shore.
Social effects.
The disaster caused a variety of social and psychological difficulties. Although comparatively minor in loss of life and damage, it presented a problem beyond the capacity of the community to resolve. The disaster had unique characteristics and occurred at a time when the effects of disasters on communities were not well understood. "Opportunities for the community to be involved in the response to the disaster and the physical restoration of infrastructure were minimal because of the nature of the event. It is likely that this lack of community involvement contributed to the enduring nature of the effects of the disaster on a number of individuals."
A study of police data found that in the six months after the disaster, crime rose 41% on the eastern shore, while the rate on the city's western side fell. Car theft rose almost 50% in the isolated community, and neighborhood quarrels and complaints rose 300%. Frustration and anger was directed towards the transport services. Visible progress on restoration of the bridge was slow because of the need for extensive underwater surveys of debris and the time required for design of the rebuilding. "The ferry queues did however provide some assistance by providing a forum where people with much in common could vent their frustration." A sociological study described how the physical isolation led to debonding (the setting aside of bonds that constitute the fabric of normal social life). The loss of the Tasman Bridge in Hobart disconnected two parts of the city and had far-reaching effects on the people separated.
The disaster was a major contributor to ferry services being the lifeline for people needing to cross the river for daily work. Bob Clifford was the major operator of ferries at the time, and quickly built more of his small aluminium craft, using his company Sullivans Cove Ferry Company. He later went on to become the major Tasmanian shipbuilder with a firm which continues today, called Incat.
Rebuilding.
Repairing the bridge.
In March 1975, a Joint Tasman Bridge Restoration Commission was appointed to restore the Tasman Bridge. The Federal Government agreed to fund the project, which began in October that year. The reconstruction included modification of the whole bridge to accommodate an extra traffic lane, allowing for a peak period 'tidal flow' system of three lanes for major flow and two for the minor flow. Approximately one year after the bridge collapse, a temporary two lane Bailey bridge 788 m long, linking the eastern and western shores of the Derwent, was opened.
Specialists in marine engineering undertook an extensive investigation to locate bridge debris. This survey took several months to complete, and parts of the bridge weighing up to 500 tons were accurately located using equipment developed by the University of Tasmania and the Public Works Department. Maunsell and Partners were appointed consultants for the rebuilding project. The firm John Holland was awarded the construction contract. Engineers decided not to replace pier 19 as there was too much debris on the site. The Tasman Bridge was re-opened on 8 October 1977, nearly three years after its collapse. The annual expenditures on the Tasman Bridge reconstruction were $1.7 m in 1974–75; $12.3 m in 1975–76; $13.2 m in 1976–77 and $6.1m in 1977–78.
The engineering design of the Tasman Bridge provided impact absorbing fendering to the pile caps of the main navigation span capable of withstanding a glancing collision by a large ship, but all other piers were unprotected. This disaster shares some common features with the Skyway Bridge collapse in Florida in 1980, and the I-40 bridge disaster in Oklahoma in 2002, both involving collisions with ships. When river traffic "comprises large vessels, even at low speed, the consequences of pier failure can be catastrophic". In the field of structural engineering, the concept of ‘pier-redundant’ bridges refers to a bridge superstructure which does not collapse when a single pier is removed. Two ‘pier-redundant’ bridges have been constructed in Australia – over the Murray River at Berri and at Hindmarsh Island in South Australia. The probability of ship impact is now regularly evaluated by specialist consultants when designing major bridges. One solution is to protect bridge piers through strengthening or the construction of impact-resistant barriers.
The disaster resulted in changes to the regulations pertaining to shipping movements on the Derwent River. In 1987, a system of sensors measuring river currents, tidal height, and wind speed was installed near the bridge to provide data for ship movements in the area. The Marine and Safety (Pilotage and Navigation) Regulations (2007) contains specific provisions dealing with the Bridge, e.g.:
""The master of a vessel approaching the Bridge to navigate it through a span must (a) have the vessel fully under control; and (b) navigate the vessel with all possible care at the minimum speed required to pass safely under the bridge"."
Vessels above a certain size are required to be piloted, and vehicle movements on the bridge are temporarily halted when large vessels are to pass underneath the bridge. As an added precaution, it is now mandatory for most large vessels to have a tug in attendance as they transit the bridge in the event that assistance with steerage may be required.
Development on the eastern shore.
The disaster stimulated development in Kingborough, a municipality south of Hobart on the western shore, because of the reduced travel times for western shore workers compared to the eastern shore. The eastern shore eventually became a more self-contained community, with a higher level of employment and improved services and amenities, than had been the case prior to the disaster. The previous imbalance between facilities and employment opportunities was redressed as a result of the disaster.
A new bridge crossing the river, the Bowen Bridge, was completed in 1984, a few kilometres north of the Tasman Bridge.
Memorial.
A small service, led by members of the Tasmanian Council of Churches, was held on the occasion of the reopening on Saturday 8 October 1977. A large memorial service was eventually held 25 years after the disaster, in January 2000. In his address to the gathering, the Tasmanian Premier Jim Bacon stated that some people were still struggling with the memories of its effects, and he commended the resilience of the community in coping with the disaster. The Governor at the time, Sir Guy Green, described the pain and loss of loved ones and the social and economic disruption. He paid tribute to the efforts of emergency services personnel in responding to the disaster. He said that the "eastern shore had emerged more self-sufficient in the wake of the tragedy" and that "Tasmanians were now stronger, more self-reliant and mature". A plaque commemorating the tragedy was affixed to the main bridge support on the eastern shoreline.