Helsinki Central Station

Helsinki Central Station (, ) (HEC) is the main station for commuter rail and long-distance trains departing from Helsinki, Finland. The station is used by approximately 400,000 people per day, of which about 200,000 are passengers. It serves as the terminus for all trains in the Helsinki commuter rail network, as well as for all Helsinki-bound long-distance trains in Finland. The Central Railway Station metro station is located in the same building.
The station building was designed by Eliel Saarinen and inaugurated in 1919. Helsinki Central was chosen as one of the world's most beautiful railway stations by BBC in 2013.
History.
Helsinki's first railway station was built in 1862 to accommodate trains on the Helsinki-Hämeenlinna line, "päärata". The station's plans were drawn by Swedish architect Carl Albert Edelfelt. However, as the popularity of railways grew, the station turned out to be too small, and a contest was organised in 1904 with the intention of producing plans for a new station. The contest received 21 entries, and was won by Eliel Saarinen, with a pure national romanticist design, which sparked off a vigorous debate about the architecture of major public buildings, with demands for a modern, rational style. Saarinen himself abandoned romanticism altogether and re-designed the station completely. The new design was finished in 1909 and the new station building was opened in 1919.
President Kyösti Kallio died at the station on 19 December 1940 of a heart attack while going back home to Nivala after having retired as president. Legend says he died in the arms of Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, but this is most likely part of the construction of Mannerheim's personal cult. In reality, Kallio died in the arms of his adjutant Aladár Paasonen and colonel A. F. Airo.
The clock tower side of the station was damaged in a fire on 14 June 1950.
In the 1960s, the underground Asematunneli pedestrian underpass and underground shopping centre complex was built south of the station. The first surveillance cameras in the station hall were installed in the spring of 1968.
The first electric train arrived at the station on 13 January 1969. After testing, regular electric train traffic was started between Helsinki and Kirkkonummi on 26 January 1969.
The Rautatientori metro station, connected to the railway station via Asematunneli, was built part of the Helsinki Metro construction work. It was one of the original metro stations, as it was opened in 1982.
In 2000, a glass roof, which had already been in the original drawings by Eliel Saarinen, was built over the railway station's central platforms, although to a new design. In 2003, the shopping wing "Kauppakuja" was opened along with a hotel.
The area between the Parliament House and the station contained the VR warehouses, a rail-freight complex. Its original use had long been discontinued in 2006, when it was torn down to make space for the Helsinki Music Centre.
One of the tracks branching to the west just before the central station bypassed the warehouses. It was a freight route, the Helsinki harbour rail, which passed through the inner west side of the city, all the way around the Helsinki peninsula to Katajanokka. Later most of it was closed, and the track only led to the West Harbour. This last section was discontinued in 2009, when sea freight operations were moved to the new Vuosaari Harbour from old harbours near the city centre. Its right-of-way was converted into a pedestrian and bicycle route.
On 7 June 2010, the station was officially renamed "Helsingin päärautatieasema-Helsingfors centralstation" (Helsinki main, or central, railway station, in Finnish and Swedish), replacing the previous official name "Helsingin rautatieasema-Helsingfors järnvägsstation" (Helsinki railway station). The Finnish transport bureau uses "Helsinki C" as a shorthand, and there were erroneous news reports that this shorthand would also be taken into official use. Turku Central Station was renamed in a similar manner.
Presidential lounge.
Helsinki Central houses a private waiting lounge exclusively for the use of the President of Finland and their official guests. The lounge, featuring furniture designed by Eliel Saarinen, has two entrances, a bigger one leading in from Rautatientori Square and a smaller one leading in from the main station hall. The lounge was completed in 1911 and was originally intended for the private use of the Emperor of Russia, but the First World War delayed its official inauguration to 1919, at which point it had been converted into a temporary military hospital, and was afterwards given to the use of the Finnish President.
Features.
The station is mostly clad in Finnish granite, and its distinguishing features are its clock tower and the two pairs of statues holding the spherical lamps, lit at night-time, on either side of the main entrance. Animated characters based on the statues have recently been featured in some major advertising campaigns by Finland's government-owned railway operator VR, to the extent of releasing rap singles allegedly sung by "Kivimiehet" ("The stone men").
There are 19 platforms at the station. Platforms 1–3 are on the east side and serve local trains on the Tikkurila route, their tracks stop short of the main station roof. Platforms 4–11, which accommodate long-distance trains, are physically within the station building. Platforms 5–10 serve trains running via Tikkurila to Tampere, St Petersburg and other points north and east, platforms 11 and 12 serve express trains via the Espoo line to Turku. Platforms 12–19, which do not stretch to the building itself, are on the west side and serve local trains on the Leppävaara and Kehärata routes. The tracks funnel into separate express and local tracks for both the Espoo and the Tikkurila routes with the express tracks in the middle and the local tracks on the outside, aligning with their respective platforms. This gives eight principal tracks but there is an additional ninth express track for the Tikkurila route out through the Pasila station, the first stop out, about five minutes or 3 km north of Central.
Helsinki Central serves as a hub for Finnish transport. There are many platforms for local buses on both the west and the east sides of the main station building. The Helsinki Metro Central Railway Station metro station is located under the main station building, linked through Asematunneli, which has entrances in the main hall of the station and at various points in the surrounding streets. The majority of Helsinki's tram routes pass in front of or to the west of the station. The Helsinki central bus station is located at Kamppi Center, about 400 m, or one metro stop, to the west of the railway station.
Although the Helsinki Airport is reachable from the station by the I/P commuter rail service, there is also regular bus connections between the station and the airport: two regional buses operated by HSL, and a private express coach operated for Finnair.
Incidents and accidents.
Over the years, there have been a few incidents at Helsinki Central. However, no lives have been lost as a result :


Beth Jacob Social Hall and Congregation

The Beth Jacob Social Hall and Congregation (also known as the Beth Jacob Synagogue) was the first synagogue in Miami Beach, Florida. It is located at 301 and 311 Washington Avenue. The building at 311 was built in 1929 and designed by H Fraser Rose. The building at 301 was built in 1936 and was designed by Henry Hohauser. On October 16, 1980, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. It is no longer a synagogue, but houses the Jewish Museum of Florida.


Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Nice

The St Nicholas Orthodox Cathedral, Nice (, ) is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral located in the French city of Nice. Property of the Russian Federation, it is recognized as a national monument of France, and it currently belongs to the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. It is the largest Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Western Europe.
The cathedral was opened in 1912, thanks to the generosity of Russia's Tsar Nicholas II. From 1931 until 15 December 2011 (after a longstanding legal dispute over ownership was resolved), the parish that occupied the cathedral was part of the Paris-based Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe under the jurisdiction of the Church of Constantinople. After 2011, following a final ruling by France’s highest court, the Court of Cassation, the cathedral was declared to be property of the Russian state, and the congregation came under the jurisdiction of the Korsun diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.
History.
Beginning in the mid-19th century, Russian nobility visited Nice and the French Riviera, following the fashion established decades earlier by the English upper class and nobility. In 1864, immediately after the railway reached Nice, Tsar Alexander II visited by train and was attracted by the pleasant climate. Thus began an association between Russians and the French Riviera that continues to this day.
The cathedral, consecrated in December 1912 in memory of Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, who died in Nice, was meant to serve the large Russian community that had settled in Nice by the end of the 19th century, as well as devout visitors from the Imperial Court. Tsar Nicholas II funded the construction work.
After 1917, Communist persecution of religion in Russia led some Russian Orthodox dioceses abroad to form jurisdictions not affiliated with Moscow. One of these, the Paris-based exarchate, later assumed control of the Nice Cathedral.
On 20 January 2010, a French Court (the Tribunal of First Instance at Nice) ruled that the title to the Cathedral should be held by the Russian state.
Legal dispute.
From 2005 till December 2011, there was a protracted ownership and church jurisdictional dispute over the church building as well as control over the parish, between the existing administration of the Exarchate (for legal purposes represented by the "association culturelle") on the one hand and the RF government on the other. The dispute partly stemmed from a conflict between old Russian nobility who had long since settled in Nice and newly arrived post-Soviet Russians. The Russian state, which in 2010 was recognised by the French court as the legal owner, decided in 2011 to turn the church building over to the Moscow Patriarchate.
On 10 April 2013, the Cour de Cassation, the highest civil court in France, refused to quash the decision of the Court of Appeal, with the result that the building itself and the parcel of land on which it stands were confirmed as the property of the Russian Federation.
External links.
▪ Official web-site of St Nicholas cathedral


St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden

St Michael and All Angels' Church is a Grade: II* listed Anglican church in the Hughenden Valley, Buckinghamshire, England, near to High Wycombe. It is closely associated with the nearby Hughenden Manor and the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Benjamin Disraeli who is buried in the churchyard.
The church stands on land owned by the National Trust but the church and churchyard belong to the Church of England.
History.
According to early records, a church existed on this site in the 12th century, built by Geoffrey de Clinton between 1100 and 1135. Monks established a small priory here in the building which is today used as a parish hall, Church House. The church itself is mediaeval in origin and this original building now forms the chancel and north chapel of the present building.
In 1848 Benjamin Disraeli purchased Hughenden Manor. The church was restored and extended between 1874 and 1890. Disraeli was British Prime Minister twice, in 1868 and 1874–80, and was made Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876. He died in 1881 and was buried in the family vault along with his wife Lady Beaconsfield (died 1872) which is located at the west wall of the church. Royal protocol did not permit Queen Victoria to attend the private funeral, but she visited the tomb a few days later to pay her respects.
Architecture.
The exterior walls of St Michael and All Angels are of flint with stone dressings and the roofs are tiled.
The oldest part of the church is the chancel, which was formed from the original mediaeval body of the church. When the church extension work was carried out, the floor was covered with ceramic tiles designed by Edward William Godwin and the walls decorated with 1881 wall paintings in the Aesthetic Movement style by Heaton, Butler and Bayne that depict the Nativity, the Four Evangelists and the Prophets.
A memorial to Disraeli was erected by Queen Victoria on the north side of the chancel following his death. It was the only memorial to be erected by a reigning monarch to one of her subjects in an English parish church. The inscription reads:
The Banner and Insignia of the Order of the Garter hanging beside the memorial originate from St George’s Chapel, Windsor.
Among the stained-glass windows are works by Thomas Willement and Clayton and Bell, including their 1881 East Window depicting Christ in Majesty which was installed as another memorial to Disraeli. The ornately carved marble and alabaster pulpit (c. 1891) is the work of Thomas Earp in the High Victorian style and features effigies of archangels in Gothic arches.
The memorials in the church include three recumbent effigies of knights, one lying cross-legged; although apparently in the style of the 13th century, the effigies have been ascertained to date from the 16th century and are thought to have been sculpted as fabricated evidence of the pedigree of the Wellesbourne family as descendants of Simon de Montfort.
Use in film and television.
St. Michael and All Angels' Church featured in the title sequence of Gerry Anderson's 1969 Supermarionation/Live Action television series "The Secret Service".
It also featured briefly in the film "Johnny English", in the funeral scene where a bomb kills all of Britain's secret agents.
Judi Dench filmed a scene from the film "Victoria & Abdul" in the grounds of the church – another scene was filmed in the manor house.


All Saints Church, Orton

All Saints Church is in the village of Orton, Cumbria, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Appleby, the archdeaconry of Carlisle, and the diocese of Carlisle. Its benefice is united with those of St Oswald, Revenstonedale, and St James, Tebay. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.
History.
The earliest fabric in the church dates from the later part of the 12th century. The tower was built in the early 16th century, and the porch is dated 1607. In 1877–78, the chancel and north aisle were rebuilt by the Lancaster architects Paley and Austin. In 2006–07, the tower was rendered in lime, giving it a white appearance.
Architecture.
The church is constructed in stone, with roofs of either lead or slate. Its plan consists of a three-bay nave, north and south aisles, a south porch, an aisleless chancel, and a west tower. The south aisle is wider than the north. The tower is in three stages and has a castellated parapet. The windows along the aisles have three lights, and the chancel contains lancet windows.
Inside the church is an octagonal stone font dated 1662, inscribed with the initials "DW" and "MO". At the east end of the south aisle is a piscina in a trefoil-arched recess. Over the entrance to the church is a panel painted with Royal arms dated 1695. The pulpit is Victorian and consists of an octagonal bowl on a stone base. The stained glass in the east window is by Clayton and Bell, and in the south wall of the chancel the glass is by Abbot and Company, dated 1897. In the south aisle is a window designed by Beatrice Whistler (the wife of James McNeill Whistler), made by Campbell, Smith and Company in 1892; one designed by F. G. Christmas and made by the same company in about the same date; and another by Stanley Murray Scott for Reed Millican, dated 1959. There are memorials in the church dating from the 18th and 19th centuries.
The two-manual organ was made in about 1878 by Wilkinson and Son, and was overhauled in 1995 by Harrison and Harrison. There is a ring of eight bells. The oldest of these was cast by Abraham Rudhall I in 1711. The other seven were cast in 1917 by John Taylor & Co. There are three other bells that are unused. One of these was cast in about 1529 by John Woolley, and the other two in 1637, possibly by William Oldfield I.


Lytham Hall

Lytham Hall is an 18th-century Georgian country house in Lytham, Lancashire, from the centre of the town, in of wooded parkland. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, the only one in the Borough of Fylde.
History.
The manor of Lytham was recorded in the "Domesday Book" of 1086 as "Lidun". In the 12th century it was given to the Benedictine monks of Durham Priory for the foundation of a monastic cell—Lytham Priory. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s, Lytham Priory came into the possession of Sir Richard Molyneux. In 1606 the land was acquired by local landowner Cuthbert Clifton, who built a house there. Cuthbert's descendant, Thomas Clifton, replaced that house with the current hall, which was built 1757–1764 to the design of John Carr of York. For the next two centuries the Clifton estate, at its largest, comprised .
Ownership of the property descended to John Clifton (1764–1832) and thence to his son Thomas Joseph Clifton (1788–1851), who extensively remodelled the estate by extending the surrounding parkland. It passed via Colonel John Talbot Clifton (1819–1882), MP for North Lancashire, to his 14-year-old grandson, the colourful John Talbot Clifton (1868–1928), during whose stewardship the railway was built along the estate's southern boundary and part of the land sold for housing. During the First World War the house was used as a military hospital and after the Cliftons had moved to live in Ireland in 1919 and then Scotland in 1922 the house was somewhat neglected. Clifton was a passionate traveller and died in 1928 on an expedition to Timbuktu with his wife, Violet Beauclerk. She later wrote a biography of her husband, published under the title "The Book of Talbot", which won the 1933 James Tait Black Prize, and was the last person to live in the house. Their dilettante film producer son, Henry de Vere Clifton, had squandered much of the family's wealth and the house had to be sold to Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance in 1963 for office accommodation.
On 1 December 1965, Lytham Hall was designated as a Grade I listed building. The Grade I designation is the highest of the three grades.
In 1997 Lytham Town Trust bought the building, with help from a donation from BAE Systems, and subsequently leased it to Heritage Trust for the North West for 99 years.
Architecture.
Lytham Hall is constructed in the Palladian style of red brick in Flemish bond with stone dressings and stuccoed features. It has three storeys on a rectangular, symmetrical plan and sits on a stone plinth. The front façade lies to the east; it has a central bay that extends slightly forward and has an Ionic pediment. The main entrance is also pedimented and is flanked by Doric columns. There are four pilasters between the first floor and roof cornice. The ground floor windows have Gibbs surrounds.
In contrast to traditional Palladian-style houses in which the servants' and utility rooms were on the ground floor ("piano rustico") and the important family rooms were on the first floor ("piano nobile"), Lytham Hall's main rooms are on the ground floor.
In the grounds are several Grade II listed structures, including the Gatehouse, a large stable block, a large dovecote, the inner gates, a statue of Diana in what used to be a formal garden, and a screen wall running south from the west wing. Lytham Hall is described on its website as "the finest Georgian house in Lancashire."
References.
Citations
Sources


Sun Camp Fireguard Cabin

The Sun Camp Fireguard Cabin, also known as the Baring Creek Cabin or Baring Cabin, in Glacier National Park was an example of the National Park Service Rustic style. Built in 1935 by local contractor Harry E. Doverspike, the cabin was the last remaining building of the Sun Camp Ranger Station complex of buildings, which at one time included a ranger station, barn and woodshed located near the mouth of Baring Creek. The fireguard cabin was built according to cabin specifications provided by the NPS Division of Landscape Architecture. The only apparent dissimilarity is the center-wall placement of the entry. There was no indoor plumbing and heat was provided by a wood stove whose stovepipe exited through the back log wall to a stone chimney.
On July 22, 2015, the cabin was destroyed by the Reynolds Creek Wildfire.


Dominion Public Building

The Dominion Public Building is a five-storey Beaux-Arts neoclassical office building built between 1926 and 1935 for the government of Canada at southeast corner of Front and Bay streets in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The building was designed by architects Thomas W. Fuller and James Henry Craig and originally served as Toronto's federal customs clearing house for the former Department of National Revenue. It remained a federal property, housing a number of administrative and support functions for the later Canada Customs and Revenue Agency (now the Canada Revenue Agency).
The building's north facade is curved to follow the property line along Front Street east of Bay Street. To the south is the Union Station Bus Terminal, formerly the site of the CP Express and Freight Building which replaced the old Grand Trunk Freight Shed after 1904.
On January 11, 2017, Canada Lands Company announced the pending sale of the property. By March 23, 2017, Larco Investments, owner of Ottawa's Chateau Laurier, had bought the Dominion Public Building.
Site history.
Prior to 1920s, the site was occupied by a series wholesale warehouses along Front from Bay to just west of Yonge. These buildings were destroyed by the Great Toronto Fire of 1904. To the east were the City's seventh Customs House and the annex Customs Examination Warehouse which were built in 1876 on the site of the sixth Customs House.
By 1919, the old Customs House was demolished and the stretch along Front laid vacant.
Heritage Designation.
The building was listed as Classified Federal Heritage Building in 1983. This designation stood until the building was sold. In 2015, Public Works and Government Services Canada requested that the City of Toronto's Heritage Preservation Services assess the property to determine whether it was worthy of designation as an individual property under Part IV, Section 29 of the Ontario Heritage Act. The property was listed under Part V of the Ontario Heritage Act as part of the Union Station Heritage Conservation District; because the federal government is not subject to the Act, compliance on their part was voluntary. The Heritage Conservation District designation is confined to the exterior of the building. Designation under Part IV of the Act allows for the protection of cultural heritage value and heritage attributes, including interior features of the building. The City of Toronto designated the Dominion Public building under Part IV of the Act on May 10, 2017.
Other Dominion Public Buildings.
In 1935–1936, the Dominion Public Building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, was built by Dominion architect Eric Temple.
The Art Deco/Modern Classicism Dominion Public Building at 457 Richmond Street in London, Ontario, was built in 1934–1935 for the Government of Canada as a Post Office by Dominion Chief Architect Thomas W. Fuller and renovated in 2007.
The Modern Classicism Dominion Public Building at 138 Wyndham Street North in Guelph, Ontario was built to house RCMP, Department of Agriculture, and post offices, and its construction contributed to the later demolition of the city's earlier post office and customs house. The building is currently in use by the County of Wellington.
The Dominion Public Building at 45 Main Street East in Hamilton, Ontario, opened in 1935 as a post office replacing an 1880s structure. In 1991, the Hamilton facility at 45 Main Street East was renovated and expanded to become the John Sopinka Courthouse. The building was built by local firm Hutton & Souter rather than by the Dominion architect.
Another building in Toronto, 330 Keele Street, also has the same name and was designed by Craig and Madill in 1935–1936, and is now used by Correctional Service of Canada as Keele Community Correctional Centre, a halfway house.


Breston Plantation House

Breston Plantation House in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, was built in the 1830s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
It is located behind the levee on the east bank of Riverton Lake, formerly the bed of Ouachita River, approximately above Columbia, Louisiana, near the community of Riverton.
The house shows a mixture of French Creole architecture and Greek Revival architecture. Exterior Greek Revival elements are its five-bay front facade, with center emphasis; six molded Doric posts and entablature of the front gallery; six matching pilasters along the front wall of the house.


George McManus House

The George McManus House is a private house located at 121 State Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
The George McManus House is a 2-1/2 story Colonial Revival house with a hipped roof and a single-story addition in the rear. Each side of the roof has gabled dormers containing Palladian window units. The building is sheathed in clapboard, and has corner pilasters and a cornice on top. The front facade has an entry porch with Ionic columns. The windows have multiple vertical panes with a single-pane light on top.
The George McManus House was constructed c. 1910 for Geaorge McManus, the President of the Petoskey Garage and Sales Company, and of W.L. McManus Lumber Company. The house marries the basic Colonial Revival design with elements from the Prairie School.


European Court of Human Rights building

The building of the European Court of Human Rights is located in the European Quarter of Strasbourg, France. It was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and Claude Buche and was completed in 1994.
The building is located on the eastern corner of the water intersection, where the Ill river is crossed by the "Canal de la Marne au Rhin". The court was formerly located in a building located just across the canal, which was built in 1965 and designed by Bertrand Monnet, J. Apriell and Papillard.
Design.
The building was designed in 1989 by the Richard Rogers Partnership Ltd (London) and Claude Bucher (Strasbourg). They intended to create a "symbolic landmark but not a monument". They also, due to the nature of the court, wanted to make it more welcoming and open rather than fortress-like. The original design was stretched as, during design, the demand for office space grew by 50% due to the fall of communism in the east. The building relies on natural light and ventilation, except the light entrance hall which is air conditioned in an energy saving manner. The two main organs of the court, the court and commission, occupy two large circular chambers each side and offices are located in a "tail" stretching behind the building.
The team of architects behind the Rogers Partnership working on the building were: Laurie Abbott, Peter Angrave, Eike Becker, Elliot Boyd, Mike Davies, Karin Egge, Pascale Gibon, Marco Goldschmied, Lennart Grut, Ivan Harbour, Amarjit Kalsi, Sze-King Kan, Carmel Lewin, Avtar Lotay, John Lowe, Louise Palomba, Kim Quaz, Richard Rogers, Pascale Rousseau, Yuli Toh, Sarah Tweedie, Andrew Tyley, Yoshiyuki Uchiyama and John Young.
Construction.
Building work began in December 1991 and continued until December 1994. It was built by 50 firms with 125 subcontractors and cost 544 million French Francs, which came from the member states of the Council of Europe which owns the building, however the site it was built on was provided by the City of Strasbourg. Queen Elizabeth II planted a tree on the building site in May 1992.
Rooms.
The building has 28,000 square metres of floor space. The Court Room covers 860 square metres and has 260 seats, with an extra 49 for judges and 33 for applicants (the deliberation room has 47 places with an additional 52 seats). The Commission Room covered 520 square metres and has 41 seats with 30 places for applicants. Other meeting rooms (in total there are 11) cover 4500 square metres and have an average of 47 places around table, plus 52 at the rear. The 420 offices cover 16,500 square metres and in total the building has capacity for 600 people. There is also a Projection room with 204 seats and a 180-seat cafeteria.


Martin Barrett House

The Martin Barrett House, at 733 S. Pacific in Dillon, Montana, was built in 1912. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
It is a two-story square plan building, with red brick facing over wood frame, which reflects influences of Colonial Revival and Prairie School styles.


Bank Indonesia Museum, Padang

Bank Indonesia Museum (Indonesian Museum Bank Indonesia Padang), is a former bank building located in Padang, Indonesia. The building was built on March 31, 1921 as the Padang branch office of De Javasche Bank before it was taken over by Bank Indonesia on July 1, 1953.
Completed in 1925, the building was initially used as the new building for De Javasche Bank, replacing the old de Javasche Bank building at Jalan Nipah, near Padang Beach. The location was formerly the center of the financial offices, commerce and military in colonial Padang. Old colonial buildings from the Dutch East Indies period can still be found lining the waterfront street of Batang Arau.
History.
Padang is one of the great cities of Sumatra. Located on the west coast of Sumatra, Padang evolved into a commercial and military city between the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1864, De Javasche Bank officially opened a branch office in Padang. This was the third branch of de Javasche Bank in the Netherlands Indies after Semarang and Surabaya, and the first outside of Java. The presence of de Javashce Bank branch office in Padang was realized thanks to the request proposal of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Padang City to the Central Colonial Government and to the Director of De Javasche Bank in Batavia (now Jakarta). This shows the importance of Padang as the main door of trade and finance in Sumatra.
The first Javasche Bank Building in Padang was located at Jalan Nipah. The building occupied a plot of land which was initially used as military warehouse. De Javasche Bank Padang officially operated from 29 August 1864, with its first director A.W. Verkouteren. In 1912, De Javasche Bank plans to build a new building near the Muara Port. Due to licensing constraints, the construction can only be realized in 1921. At that time the Muara area was planned to be a port area, so buildings unrelated with seaport development were made difficult to obtain permits. On March 31, 1921, construction of the new De Javasche Bank building began.
In 1925 the new building de Javasche Bank was opened. At that time, the governor of the de Javashce Bank was L.J.A Trip. On 1 July 1953, following the independence of Indonesia, de Javasche Bank was taken over by the Indonesian government and was given to Bank Indonesia to become the Bank Indonesia building. The building operated under Bank Indonesia until 1977.
In 1998, the building was designated one of the cultural heritage of Padang.
Architecture.
Construction of the building was done by Hulswit-Fermont-Cuypers architecture and engineering bureau from Batavia. The building was designed in modern New Indies Style, a style popular in the early 20th-century Netherlands Indies.
At the front of the Javasche Bank, there used to be a park de Greve Park with a monument at the center of it. The monument was dedicated to Willem Hendrik de Greve, a late 19th-century Dutch geologists who is known as the discoverer of the coal mine in Sawahlunto. The dock around the area was formerly known as de Grevekade to commemorate the Dutch geologist. Noawadays, the monument and the park has been occupied by the 156 meter Sitti Nurbaya bridge.


Indigenous Peoples Space

The Indigenous Peoples Space is a building in Ottawa, Canada designated for the use of the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.
The building is located at 100 Wellington Street in Block 2 of Canada's Parliamentary precinct, immediately south of Parliament Hill in downtown Ottawa. The current Beaux-Arts building on site was built in 1931 to house the first permanent United States Embassy in Canada, but was abandoned for a new location in 1999.
After remaining vacant for almost 20 years, in 2017, the building was designated to be revitalized as the Indigenous People's Space.
The adaptive reuse of the original building is currently being undertaken by three Indigenous architectural firms (David T. Fortin Architect, Smoke Architecture, and Wanda Dalla Costa Architects) to incorporate Indigenous values and teachings into an outer shell-design that is reflective of its people. Included with the 100 Wellington Street building is 119 Sparks Street, originally housing the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, and connecting space.
Early history.
Founding.
The site was first developed in 1931 to become the first permanent home of the United States Embassy. Located directly across Parliament Hill, the embassy was opened in 1934, and thus marked the first foreign mission in Ottawa. Though Canada was still a part of the British Commonwealth, the erection of the foreign mission in the nation's capital served as a "...benchmark in Canada's gradual assumption of sovereignty over its own foreign affairs". Then Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, assured the United States that Canada would be an autonomous nation by the time the embassy was planned for completion in 1932. Canada would receive its independence through the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and the building was first opened 1932 as an American Legation, and in 1934 as a full embassy. Its construction also signified the rise of power, and establishment of the United States as a global leader, as the building was part of a series of newly constructed embassies by the United States government around the world.
Architecture and design.
The building's design, by American architect Cass Gilbert, reflects the Beaux-Arts classical style, and is reflective of typical United States government architecture of the early 1930s. Consisting of three storeys, the building's "... rectilinear footprint, flat roof, and symmetrical composition centred on the main entrance of the principal elevation… possesses a simple, imposing cube-like massing". The spatial hierarchy of the building maintains the Beaux-Arts characteristics of grand circulation spaces that lead to principal offices, while corridors of secondary and tertiary importance lead to other office and support spaces. The building is finished in Indiana Limestone, and features finely carved classical details on its principal facades, while Vermont marble, and floor-to-ceiling oak panels fashion the interior spaces. The building fits "...harmoniously within a row of similarly scaled and finished buildings", all of which face the Parliamentary Precinct. On January 8, 1985, the building was recognized by the Government of Canada as a Classified Federal Heritage Building and is listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.
Redevelopment.
Designation.
Since 1999, when the United States Embassy relocated to a site west of Parliament Hill, the building on 100 Wellington has remained vacant. In 2001, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's Liberal Government put forward the intent to transform the former embassy into a National Portrait Gallery, an effort to display some of the over 20,000 portrait paintings and photographs housed within the National Archives of Canada. However, when the Conservative government took power in 2006, the project was cancelled, and instead "...a national competition for private sector bidders to house the portraits in one of nine cities" was launched in November of 2007. The following year, the competition was cancelled due to none of the bids meeting the government's expectations.
In the summer of 2016, an online survey, and public consultations were conducted to determine the future use of 100 Wellington. Over 7,000 Canadian respondents completed the survey, with the final results revealing that the "Canada House" proposal, to house contemporary and historic Canadian artefacts, had the most support, while an art gallery and Indigenous cultural centre placed second and third respectively. On National Indigenous Peoples Day in 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the former United States Embassy would become an Indigenous Peoples Space, and represent the cultures and histories of the three indigenous groups of Canada; First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.
Controversy.
The announcement of the dedication of 100 Wellington to the Indigenous Peoples was met with criticism by the Indigenous Task Force, part of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, made up of 30 Indigenous architects, students, interns, and academics. The designation of the former embassy was critiqued as not a culturally appropriate space for an Indigenous cultural centre, as the building's "...classical revival architecture style is most identified with colonization, "echoing structures of European authority".
Demonstration.
After the designation of space to the Assembly of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Nations, the Algonquin Anishinabeg Nation protested for equal partnership of the space as the location sits on the unceded territory of the Algonquin Nation. After repeated and rejected requests to the Canadian government, the Nation's Grand Chief, Verna Polson, commenced a hunger and water strike in the summer of 2019, blocking the main entrance of the 100 Wellington building. After 41 hours, the federal government granted the Algonquin Nation as a fourth partner to the project.
Future use.
The short term vision of the Indigenous Peoples Space will provide the opportunity for engagement between the Indigenous partners, and peoples to determine the future design of the space. On its first floor, the building currently houses a gallery of contemporary Indigenous artefacts that offer non-Indigenous peoples an honest representation of Indigenous culture and society in the 21st century. The second floor currently holds offices, and conference rooms. The short term use of the building is expected "...to last until spring 2022, when the design of the building for the long-term will be finalized".


Bridge 5757

Bridge 5757 or the Fond du Lac Culvert is a historic bridge in the Fond du Lac neighborhood of Duluth, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1937 to carry Minnesota State Highway 23 over Mission Creek. It is a double-span culvert built using a modular, corrugated iron product called "multi-plate", with granite headwalls. The creek flows through two metal culverts that are wide. The bridge was part of a section of Highway 23 built as a wide, shaded, parkway-like divided highway known as Veterans' Evergreen Memorial Highway.
Bridge 5757 has several ornamental features that distinguish it from an ordinary highway bridge. The headwalls and railings are faced with roughly-cut granite rubble in various colors of gray, pink, and tan. The headwalls continue above the roadway to form the railings, which have narrow lancet-like openings that evoke a late Gothic Revival design. While the bridge resembles New Deal projects of the 1930s, it was not actually built by a federal relief organization such as the Works Progress Administration or the Civilian Conservation Corps. Instead it was designed by the Minnesota Department of Highways (now the Minnesota Department of Transportation), probably with their chief landscape architect Arthur R. Nichols, and built by a private contractor. It resembles the National Park Service Rustic style popular in federal relief architecture, and the excellent stonework is typical of that used in the labor-intensive construction projects of that era.
Under the name Bridge No. 5757, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 for its local significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for the high artistic value of its finely crafted masonry and Gothic Revival detailing.


St Nicholas Cole Abbey

St Nicholas Cole Abbey is a church in the City of London located on what is now Queen Victoria Street. Recorded from the twelfth century, the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and rebuilt by the office of Sir Christopher Wren. The church suffered substantial bomb damage from German bombs during the London Blitz in the Second World War and was reconstructed by Arthur Bailey in 1961–2.
History.
The church is dedicated to the 4th century St Nicholas of Myra. The name "Cole Abbey" is derived from "coldharbour", a medieval word for a traveller's shelter or shelter from the cold. The church was never an abbey. The earliest reference to the church is in a letter of Pope Lucius II in 1144–5.
St Nicholas of Myra is patron saint of, among other groups, children and fishermen, and the church has special ties with both. An inventory of the church's possessions taken at the time of the Protestant Reformation includes vestments for children, suggesting that the church maintained the tradition of electing a boy bishop on Saint Nicholas Day. Deeds in the reign of Richard I refer to a new fish market near St Nicholas Cole Abbey. In a Charter of 1272, the church is referred to as "St Nick's behind Fish Street". During the 16th century, several fishmongers were buried here and John Stow records that, during the reign of Elizabeth I, a lead and stone cistern, fed by the Thames, was set up against the north wall "for the care and commodity of the Fishmongers in and about Old Fish Street".
Like all English churches, St Nicholas Cole Abbey became Protestant during the Reformation. Upon the accession of Queen Mary I, it was the first church to celebrate Mass (on 23 August 1553). The incumbent rector, Thomas Sowdley, had obtained a licence to marry during the reign of Edward VI and was deprived of his living as a result. In the same month as the coronation of Mary I, John Strype recorded "Another priest called sir Tho. Snowdel, [i.e. Sowdley] whom they nicknamed 'Parson Chicken', was carted through Cheapside, for assoiling an old acquaintance of his in a ditch in Finsbury field; and was at that riding saluted with chamber-pots and rotten eggs". Sowdley regained his living on the accession of Elizabeth I.
A century later, the living of St Nicholas Cole Abbey was owned by Colonel Francis Hacker, a Puritan who commanded the execution detail of Charles I.
The church was destroyed in the Great Fire. Charles II promised the site to the Lutheran community but lobbying prevented this from being granted and the parish was combined with that of St Nicholas Olave, a nearby church also destroyed but not rebuilt. The church was rebuilt between 1672 and 1678 at a cost of £5042. Included in the building accounts are the items "Dinner for Dr Wren and other Company – £2 14s 0d" and "Half a pint of canary for Dr Wren's coachmen – 6d". It was the first church of the fifty-one lost in the Great Fire to be rebuilt.
In 1737, the early Methodist leader George Whitefield preached a sermon on "Profane swearing in church" at St Nicholas Cole Abbey.
The post-Fire church was built with its façade to the north on what was then Fish Street (and what is now Distaff Lane) and the east on Old Fish Street Hill. Victorian urban redevelopment changed the local street plan and the south wall of the church, instead of being hemmed in by buildings now overlooked the newly built Queen Victoria Street. This necessitated a reordering of the church, in 1874, with windows being opened up to the south and the main doorway moving from the northwest tower to the south.
Smoke generated by underground trains so blackened the exterior that in the late 19th century, the church became known as "St Nicholas Cole Hole Abbey".
In May 1881, church attendance under the Reverend Henry Stebbing was down to one man and one woman. Then, in 1883, Henry Shuttleworth was appointed rector, a position he held until 1900. Shuttleworth was a Christian Socialist who installed a bar, established a prodigious musical programme and made the church a centre for debate. This had an effect, as by 1891 St Nicholas Cole Abbey had the largest congregation of any City church, numbering up to 450 worshippers on a Sunday evening. A contemporary vicar commented: "In St. Nicholas Cole Abbey there is good preaching and divine worship is also carried out in the most reverential manner. In other City churches ... as a rule, they [the rectors] are themselves the most wretched preachers and bad readers."
On 10 May 1941 London suffered its worst air raid during the entire War, with 1,436 people killed and several major buildings destroyed or severely damaged. Among them was St Nicholas Cole Abbey. The church remained a shell until restored under Arthur Bailey and reconsecrated in 1962.
Recent history.
The parish was combined with that of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. St Nicholas Cole Abbey became the headquarters of the Diocesan Council for Mission and Unity. Between 1982 and 2003, the church was leased to the Free Church of Scotland (Presbyterian).
In 2006, the Church of England announced that St Nicholas Cole Abbey would become a national centre for Religious Education: the Culham Institute, a Church of England educational body which promotes and develops RE in schools, would move its headquarters to St Nicholas Cole Abbey from Oxford. This did not come to pass.
In 2014 the building reopened as the home of the St Nicholas Cole Abbey Centre for Workplace Ministry, with a supporting cafe known as The Wren.
Present day.
In November 2016, Sunday services re-started, alongside midweek meetings, under the name St Nick's Church.
The parish is within the conservative evangelical tradition of the Church of England, and it has passed resolutions to reject the ordination of women and/or female leadership.
Architecture.
The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.
Exterior.
The church is a stone box with quoins. Some medieval work remains in the south and west walls, the latter of which is of brick and rubble. On top of the body of the church is a balustrade. The windows are arched with square brackets – a favourite device of Wren.
On the northwestern corner of the church is a square tower surmounted by a lead spire in the shape of an upside down octagonal trumpet. On each corner of the tower is a small flaming urn. The spire has two rows of lunettes and a small balcony near the top, resembling a crow's nest. At the very top is a vane in the shape of a three-masted barque in the round. This came from St Michael Queenhithe (demolished 1876), and was added to the spire in 1962. The pre-War vane was in the shape of a pennant with 4 "S" shapes back to back.
The tower is 135 feet tall and contains one bell.
Interior.
The east wall is dominated by three stained glass windows designed by Keith New, who also helped design the stained glass windows of Coventry Cathedral. They are reminiscent of the work of Marc Chagall. They replace windows designed by Edward Burne-Jones which were destroyed in 1941. From left to right they depict St Nicholas Cole Abbey as the centre of the world with crosses pointing to the four corners of the world; the Rock of Christ with the ark (representing the church) on four rivers (representing the Gospels); seven lamps, representing the extension of the church around the world.
Swags have been recreated over the east windows. The interior is otherwise plain, other than Corinthian pilasters. In the vestry to the north west is crazy paving made from shattered tombstones.
Surviving from the 17th century are the carved pulpit, (although on a modern base and lacking its tester), the font cover, part of the communion rail, parts of the original Wren era reredos, now installed on the south wall and the Charles II coat of arms.
Behind a panel near the south door is a medieval stone head found during the restoration.
The organ was built by Noel Mander for the restored church.
In 2006, as part of a planned redevelopment of the church as a centre for Religious Education, it was announced that a free-standing glass box would be built inside the shell of the church. This redevelopment did not come to pass.
Services and other activities.
St Nick's Church meets each Sunday at 11am. Services are contemporary in style and there are Sunday clubs and a crèche for youth and children. Before the service, coffee and pastries are served from 10.30 and there is an informal lunch afterwards.
Small groups are held on Wednesday evenings, at 6.15pm for a meal and 7pm for bible study and prayer. St Nick's Talks run every Thursday lunchtime at 1.05pm. The aim of the talks is to explain, from the Bible, the good news of Jesus Christ to those working nearby.


Milne-Bush Ranch

The Milne-Bush Ranch, on Rt. 1 in or near Roswell, New Mexico, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The listing included two contributing buildings. It has also been known as Ave de Paso.
The historic resources are a one-story adobe house and a two-story barn about away. The house started as a one-room adobe homestead around 1884 and was expanded over the years, through the 1920s. It includes "a fireplace and bookshelves hand-carved by artist B.J.O. Nordfeldt who was a member of the Santa Fe art colony from 1918 to 1940.
The barn was built between 1923 and 1926 when the property was used as a hunting lodge. The barn is partly open to a corral.
The architecture is New Mexico vernacular.


Great Synagogue (Warsaw)

The Great Synagogue of Warsaw () was one of the grandest synagogues constructed in Poland in the 19th century. At the time of its opening, it was the largest Jewish house of worship in the world. It was located on Tłomackie street in Warsaw.
The synagogue served the acculturated elite of Warsaw's Jewry. Like other such prayer houses in Central and Eastern Europe, its worship was conducted in a relatively modernized fashion, although it did not approach ideological religious reform. Sermons were delivered in Polish rather than Yiddish, an all-male choir accompanied the service, and an organ had been installed, which played only at weddings. Liturgy and other principled issues remained wholly untouched.
It was opened on 26 September 1878 in celebration of Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year).
It was blown up personally by SS-Gruppenführer Jürgen Stroop on 16 May 1943. This was the last act of destruction by the Germans in suppressing the Revolt of the Jewish ghetto in Warsaw.
History.
The Great Synagogue was built by the Warsaw's Jewish community between 1875 and 1878 at Tłomackie street, in the south-eastern tip of the district in which the Jews were allowed to settle by the Russian Imperial authorities of Congress Poland. The main architect was Leandro Marconi.
After the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, on May 16, 1943 the SS blew up the building. It was not rebuilt after the war, when few Jews remained or returned to Warsaw after the Holocaust by the Nazis.
"SS-Gruppenführer" Jürgen Stroop later recalled:
What a marvelous sight it was. A fantastic piece of theater. My staff and I stood at a distance. I held the electrical device which would detonate all the charges simultaneously. Jesuiter called for silence. I glanced over at my brave officers and men, tired and dirty, silhouetted against the glow of the burning buildings. After prolonging the suspense for a moment, I shouted: 'Heil Hitler' and pressed the button. With a thunderous, deafening bang and a rainbow burst of colors, the fiery explosion soared toward the clouds, an unforgettable tribute to our triumph over the Jews. The Warsaw Ghetto was no more. The will of Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler had been done.
Since the 1980s, the site was redeveloped for construction of a large skyscraper, devoted mostly to office space. It was once known as the Golden Skyscraper and is currently commonly referred to as the Blue Skyscraper ().


Fine Arts Building (Chicago)

The ten-story Fine Arts Building, also known as the Studebaker Building, is located at 410 S Michigan Avenue across from Grant Park in Chicago in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. It was built for the Studebaker company in 1884–5 by Solon Spencer Beman, and extensively remodeled in 1898, when Beman removed the building's eighth (then the top) story and added three new stories, extending the building to its current height. Studebaker constructed the building as a carriage sales and service operation with manufacturing on upper floors. The two granite columns at the main entrance, in diameter and high, were said to be the largest polished monolithic shafts in the country. The interior features Art Nouveau motifs and murals by artists such as Martha Susan Baker, Frederic Clay Bartlett, Oliver Dennett Grover, Frank Xavier Leyendecker, and Bertha Sophia Menzler-Peyton dating from the 1898 renovation. In the early 20th century, the Kalo Shop and Wilro Shop, firms owned by women and specializing in Arts and Crafts items, were established in the Fine Arts Building.
Currently, true to its name, it houses artists' lofts, art galleries, theatre, dance and recording studios, interior and web design firms, musical instrument makers, and other businesses associated with the arts. It also holds offices of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Jazz Institute of Chicago, the Grant Park Conservancy, the World Federalist Association, and the Chicago Youth Symphony, and the venerable Artists Cafe. The Fine Arts Building was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 7, 1978.
Studebaker Theatre.
The Studebaker Building houses the Studebaker Theatre, also known as Studebaker Hall, dedicated in 1898. It was the site of David Bispham's 1901 recital exclusively featuring the songs of Carrie Jacobs-Bond.
Paul Whiteman and his orchestra gave the first public performance of Grand Canyon Suite here on November 22, 1931.
The venue also hosted some of the earliest live television shows including DuMont Television Network's "Cavalcade of Stars" hosted by comedian Jack Carter.
In the 1970s the theater was partitioned into a multiplex movie theater. Renovations to return to live theater were begun in 2015, and the theater was reopened in 2016, with a 740 seating capacity.
The Studebaker Theatre was the location of the world premiere of A&A BALLET’s "The Art Deco Nutcracker." Called "A glossy rendition filled with "gorgeous, glitzy costumes" and an "impressive cast" (The Chicago Tribune), the brand-new version of the holiday performance choreographed by Alexei Kremnev opened on December 1, 2017 with a great success.
Chicago Little Theatre.
From 1912 to 1917, the Fine Arts Building housed the Chicago Little Theatre, an art theater credited with beginning the Little Theatre Movement in the United States. Not being able to afford rental on the building's 500-seat auditorium, co-producers Maurice Browne and Ellen Van Volkenburg rented a large storage space on the fourth floor at the back and built it out into a 91-seat house.
References.
Notes


Ankara railway station

Ankara railway station () is the main railway station in Ankara, Turkey, and is a major transportation hub within the city. The station is the eastern terminus of the Istanbul-Ankara railway corridor, as well as the easternmost station in Turkey with high-speed rail service. Ankara station is also a hub for YHT high-speed trains, with its own exclusive platforms and concourse. TCDD Taşımacılık also operates intercity train service to Kars, Tatvan and Kurtalan as well as Başkentray commuter rail service.
Located within the historic Ulus quarter, the station is a landmark of the city. In 2016, a new building was opened above the YHT platforms known as Ankara Tren Garı (ATG). The ATG building serves as a hub for high-speed rail with its own concourse containing information and tickets booths, waiting rooms and a VIP lounge, and is connected to the rest of the station via a skybridge.
History.
Ottoman Empire period (1892–1922).
The original builder, the Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie (CFOA), was engaged in shipping war materials to the fronts in Palestine and Mesopotamia during World War I. Therefore, between 1914 and 1918 the Ankara station had no passenger service and very little freight service. The CFOA fell under British military control after the war, but the Turkish Nationalists captured Ankara and parts of the CFOA. During the Turkish Independence War, CFOA transported troops from Ankara, as the newly named capital of Turkey, to the front near Eskişehir.
Turkish Republic period (1922–present).
After the Turkish independence war ended, the passenger train services from Istanbul to Ankara resumed. The CFOA, now under Turkish control, finally opened the line to Kayseri and Ankara was no longer the terminus. CFOA was then acquired by the Turkish State Railways (TCDD) on June 1, 1927, and Ankara station was placed under TCDD control. In 1927 the Anatolian Express was inaugurated as a premier overnight train from Istanbul to Ankara operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL). The current Art deco building was built in 1937 by Turkish architect Şekip Akalın. As TCDD completed rail lines to other cities, new train services from Ankara such as the 9th of September Express (1939) to Izmir, the Eastern Express (1939) to Kars, and the Southern Express (1944) to Diyarbakır and Kurtalan made Ankara station one of the busiest stations in Turkey. In 1972, the station, along with the track between Sincan and Kayaş, were electrified with 25 kV AC catenary for the Ankara Suburban Railway. In 1993 the Istanbul-Ankara line was fully electrified. In the 1990s TCDD opened a steam museum next to the station. In 2009 a high-speed train service operated from Ankara to Eskişehir.
The 2015 Ankara bombings occurred on 10 October 2015 at 10:04 local time (EEST) in Ankara. Two bombs were detonated outside the entrance of the Ankara Central railway station, killing more than 105 and injuring more than 400 people. The attack is the deadliest of its kind in Turkey's modern history.
One of Turkey's top 50 civil engineering projects.
The Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers lists Ankara Central Station as one of the fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey, a list of remarkable engineering projects realized in the first 50 years of the chamber.


Summers County Courthouse

The Summers County Courthouse in Hinton, West Virginia, is a red brick Romanesque Revival or late Victorian building, originally constructed in 1875–76. The building was remodeled between 1893 and 1898 by architect Frank Pierce Milburn, who added octagonal turrets at the corners. A 1923 addition followed suit with another square with two towers. A plan 1930s addition followed. A cast-iron stairway in the northwest tower ascends to the courtroom.
The Putnam County Courthouse uses a similar arrangement of turrets around a square mass.


List of mannerist structures in Northern Poland

The mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland have two major traditions – Polish/Italian and Dutch/Flemish, that dominated in northern Poland. The Silesian mannerism of South-Western Poland was largely influenced by Bohemian and German mannerism, while the Pomeranian mannerism of North-Western Poland was influenced by Gothic tradition and Northern German mannerism. The Jews in Poland adapted patterns of Italian and Polish mannerism to their own tradition. The mannerist complex of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska and mannerist City of Zamość are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Triangle gables of late Gothic origin and large windows are the features of Dutch urban architecture in Northern Poland. Among notable architects and sculptors of Dutch/Flemish mannerism in Poland were Anthonis van Obbergen, Willem van den Blocke, Abraham van den Blocke, Jan Strakowski, Paul Baudarth, Gerhard Hendrik, Hans Kramer and Regnier van Amsterdam.


McLeod Building

The McLeod Building is a historic office building located in Downtown Edmonton. It was designated a Provincial Historic Resource on January 3, 1995 and a Municipal Historic Resource on May 22, 2001.
History.
Kenneth McLeod was a former Edmonton alderman, contractor and real estate speculator, who in 1912 announced the construction of the McLeod Building, which he claimed would be the tallest in the city, taller than the Tegler Building. Architect John K. Dow was instructed to copy the Paulsen Building in Spokane, Washington. The construction began in 1913 and was completed in 1915. Despite McLeod's claim about the building projected to be the tallest in Edmonton, the Alberta Legislature Building in the same city had already surpassed the height claimed by McLeod in 1913. The McLeod Building is considered Alberta’s best remaining example of an architectural style for commercial buildings known as the "Chicago School".
External links.
TheMcLeod.ca
The McLeod Building Facebook Page


Radical Baroque


LaQuinta

La Quinta is a historic house in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Description.
The house was built in 1932 for oil magnate H.V. Foster (1875-1939). The Spanish Colonial Revival house is located on the campus of Oklahoma Wesleyan University. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 1982.
La Quinta was designed in 1930 by noted Kansas City architect Edward Buehler Delk. About the same time, Delk designed a house that was built near La Quinta for Paul Fridjof Dahlgren, the brother of Mrs. H.V. Foster. The Dahlgren house is Spanish Revival in style. It is located to the south of La Quinta in the Country Club Terrace subdivision.


Entrance Station

The Entrance Station at Devils Tower National Monument is a log cabin in the National Park Service Rustic style, built in 1941. The cabin is based on 1933 plans created by the National Park Service Landscape Division for a now-vanished caretaker's cabin at Aspenglen Campground in Rocky Mountain National Park, adapted by NPS architect Howard W. Baker of the Branch of Plans and Design for dual use as an entrance station and as a residence. It features a unique porch with rough-cut projecting log ends in a scooped pattern.
The interior was renovated in 1999, replacing the living spaces with office space.


Kootenai Creek Snowshoe Cabin

The Kootenai Creek Snowshoe Cabin was built in Glacier National Park in 1926. The rustic log structure comprises a single room with a woodstove, and a small cellar food cache. The cabin was situated on the patrol route from the Goat Haunt ranger station to the Fifty Mountain-Flattop region, about eight miles upstream from the ranger station. Unlike most patrol cabins, it is isolated from the park's main trail routes.


Clarence Gate Gardens

Clarence Gate Gardens, also known as Clarence Gate Mansions, are Edwardian, Arts and Crafts and Art-Nouveau-inspired mansion blocks next to Regent's Park in Marylebone, London.
History.
The Clarence Gate Mansions were built between 1905 and 1910 to the east of Dorset Square, alongside The Regent's Park's Clarence Gate. In 1978, following consultations by the City of Westminster, they became part of the protected Dorset Square Conservation Area together with the Grade II* listed church St Cyprian’s, the Art Deco tower of Abbey House, the Rudolf Steiner House and Hall, and Francis Holland School on Park Road.
Architecture.
Clarence Gate Gardens is a fine example of the Edwardian mansion blocks built in London at the beginning of the twentieth century. The seven storey, red brick apartments with stone dressings show a number of Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau influences. Large and elaborate Dutch gables contain two additional roof storeys, with paired bay windows rising the full height of the buildings, joined by sinuous Art Nouveau railings. The blocks have segmental porch hoods supported on pairs of ionic columns. The inner doors have fine Art Nouveau handles. On the Glentworth Street elevations, they feature wrought iron Art Nouveau balconies.
Notable residents.
Notable current and former residents include:
Films.
In Woody Allen's 2005 film "Match Point", the character Nola Rice (Scarlett Johansson) lives at Clarence Gate Gardens.


St Mary Woolnoth

St Mary Woolnoth is an Anglican church in the City of London, located on the corner of Lombard Street and King William Street near Bank junction. The present building is one of the Queen Anne Churches, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor. The parish church continues to be actively used for services, with Holy Communion every Tuesday. St Mary Woolnoth lies in the ward of Langbourn.
History.
Early history.
The church's site has been used for worship for at least 2,000 years; traces of Roman and pagan religious buildings have been discovered under the foundations of the present church, along with the remains of an Anglo-Saxon wooden structure. Its name is first recorded in 1191 as "Wilnotmaricherche". It is believed that the name "Woolnoth" refers to a benefactor, possibly one Wulnoth de Walebrok who is known to have lived in the area earlier in the 12th century, or perhaps Wulfnoth Cild, a South Saxon nobleman and grandfather of King Harold Godwinson. Its full (and unusual) dedication is to Saint Mary of the Nativity.
The present building is at least the third church on the site. The Norman church survived until 1445, when it was rebuilt, with a spire added in 1485. It was badly damaged in 1666 in the Great Fire of London but was repaired by Sir Christopher Wren. Two new bells (the treble and the tenor) were cast in 1670, and in 1672 the middle bell was cast. The patched-up structure proved unsafe, however, and had to be demolished in 1711.
Hawksmoor.
The church was rebuilt by the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches. Work began in 1716 and the new church was reopened for worship on Easter Day 1727. It was commissioned from Nicholas Hawksmoor, who had responded with one of his most distinctive and original designs. He benefited greatly from having an unusually open area in which to work. The old church had been hemmed in by shops and houses, like many other City churches, but these were demolished at the same time as the church. Hawksmoor was thus able to fully exploit the unobstructed front of the site. St Mary Woolnoth is Hawksmoor's only City of London church.
The resultant church was something of an architectural statement on Hawksmoor's part. Its unusually imposing façade, in English Baroque style, is dominated by two flat-topped turrets supported by columns of the Corinthian order, which are used throughout the church. The west side of the façade, facing Lombard Street, has distinctive recesses bearing an inset forward-curving pediment resting on skewed columns.
The interior of the church is surprisingly spacious, despite its relatively small size. The layout is typical Hawksmoor, forming a "cube within a cube" – a square enclosed by three rows of four columns which is itself enclosed by a wider square. It is dominated by a baroque baldaquin, modelled on that of Bernini in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Threatened demolition.
The church underwent major changes in the late 19th century and the turn of the 20th century; it was proposed for demolition on several occasions but was saved each time. Its galleries were removed by William Butterfield in 1876, who thought they were unsafe, and a number of other significant (and not entirely successful) changes were made at the same time.
Between 1897 and 1900 the City & South London Railway (C&SLR) built Bank Underground station beneath the church. The C&SLR were given permission to demolish it, but public outcry forced them to reconsider: the company undertook to use only the subsoil instead. The crypt was sold to the railway and the bones were removed for reburial at Ilford. The walls and internal columns of the church were then supported on steel girders while the lift shafts and staircase shaft for Bank station were built directly beneath the church floor. At this time, the bells were also rehung with new fittings. No cracks formed in the plasterwork, and no settlement of the structure occurred; the company later claimed that the edifice of the church was considerably stronger than before.
Mid-twentieth century.
St Mary Woolnoth was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950, and in 1952 became a guild church.
Present day.
St Mary Woolnoth is the active parish church for the combined parish of "St Edmund the King and Martyr, and St Mary Woolnoth Lombard Street with St Nicholas Acons, All Hallows Lombard Street, St Benet Gracechurch, St Leonard Eastcheap, St Dionis Backchurch and St Mary Woolchurch Haw" – usually shortened to "St Edmund & St Mary Woolnoth" (the only two aforementioned churches to have survived). It is part of the Church of England's Diocese of London.
It is currently used by London's German-speaking Swiss community, and is also the official church in London of the government of British Columbia, Canada.
The 2013 boundary changes to the City's wards kept the church within Langbourn, despite the surrounding buildings being transferred to Candlewick and Walbrook wards, because of the church's strong connections with the ward.
Literary reference.
A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,
I had not thought death had undone so many.
Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,
And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.
Flowed up the hill and down King William Street,
To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours
With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.
There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying, "Stetson!
You who were with me in the ships at Mylae!
In his notes to the poem Eliot remarks that the "dead sound on the final stroke of nine" was "A phenomenon which I have often noticed."
St Mary Woolnoth is an important historical site in Peter Ackroyd's 1985 novel "Hawksmoor" where it is the scene of one of a series of murders all taking place at churches redesigned by Nicholas Hawksmoor, who is given the fictional name Nicholas Dyer.


Bend Skyliners Lodge

The Bend Skyliners Lodge, located in Bend, Oregon, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


Chamber of Commerce (Douala)

The Chamber of Commerce in Douala, Cameroon is a building constructed between 1927 and 1928 under the French mandate, under the umbrella of the League of Nations. This building is in a late Art Nouveau architectural style.
History.
The Chamber of Commerce was built between 1927 and 1928, and meant to host the Chamber of Commerce. It is among the earliest architectural testimonies of the early French era, within the framework of the Mandate, under the umbrella of the League of Nations, after Germany was defeated in September 1918.
Created in 1921, before the Conference and the treaty of Versailles, the Chamber of Commerce is merely an advisory body. Its mission was to give account of the resources dedicated to development, and also to fix the market prices lists for the farmers. The fifteen members of the Chamber were chosen by the Commissioner of the Republic, and appointed for two years through an arrêté. Among them were two natives: a farmer and a trader, a kind of social innovation within this very context of racial segregation.
At the entrance of the edifice, there is a plate that commemorates General Charles de Gaulle's visit to Cameroon in 1940. He delivered an appeal to the inhabitants to join Free France in front of the building.


Leamington Spa railway station

Leamington Spa railway station serves the town of Royal Leamington Spa, in Warwickshire, England. It is situated on Old Warwick Road towards the southern edge of the town centre. It is a major stop on the Chiltern Main Line between London and Birmingham, and the branch line to Coventry.
History.
The first station at the site was opened by the Great Western Railway (GWR) on its new main line between Birmingham, Oxford and London in 1852.
The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) had reached Leamington eight years earlier, in 1844, with a branch from Coventry. That line, however, terminated about from the town centre, at Milverton station. In 1851 the LNWR extended their Coventry branch in to the centre of Leamington and joined it end-on to their branch to Rugby, and in 1854 opened a new station directly alongside the GWR station known as Leamington Spa (Avenue).
James G. Batterson, the founder of American insurance giant The Travelers Companies, claimed that he first became aware of accident insurance in 1859 when he bought a railway ticket from this station to London which included accidental death insurance up to the amount of £1,000.
In the 1930s the GWR took advantage of a government loan guarantee scheme to fund improvements to their railway network in the West Midlands area; one of these improvements was the rebuilding between 1937-39 of their station at Leamington in the then popular Art Deco style.
The station came under the control of the Western Region of British Railways in 1948. In 1965 British Railways closed down the adjacent Avenue station and the branch to Rugby, and diverted the Coventry branch into the ex-GWR station via a new connection. Prior to this there had only been sidings connecting the Coventry line to the ex-GWR line, used for the exchange of goods wagons.
In 1996, Chiltern Railways took over the running of the station and the London to Birmingham services, upon the privatisation of British Rail.
In 2011 the two waiting rooms were restored and refurbished as part of £395,000 improvements that also include 80 new parking spaces at the front of the station and improved disabled access.
The station building and platform structures became grade II listed buildings in 2003.
The station today.
Routes.
Three lines radiate from Leamington Spa:
As well as this, a regional campaigning group, Sustainable Transport Midlands, are campaigning for a brand new rail link to be built, operating between Northampton Central, Leamington Spa, and Banbury, and their "Northern Branch" would run via the old Daventry railway station
Layout.
The present art deco-style station, which dates from immediately prior to the Second World War (it was comprehensively rebuilt between 1937 and 1939), has four platforms which are numbered one to four from south to north. Platforms one and four are west-facing bays, used only by local trains to and from Birmingham Snow Hill or Stratford-upon-Avon starting or terminating at Leamington. Platforms two and three are through platforms: platform two is used by services to Stratford-upon-Avon, Birmingham Snow Hill or Coventry, Birmingham New Street and beyond; platform three is for departures to Banbury and London Marylebone or Reading. Two central lines allow freight trains or other non-stop services to pass through the station when platforms two and three are occupied.
Services.
Chiltern Railways.
Chiltern Railways services run at frequent intervals (mostly half-hourly) between London's Marylebone station and (limited stop, alternate trains continue through to ); further trains (at approximately two-hourly intervals) travel from here to and to Moor Street (stopping service). A number of the Birmingham trains start from in the mornings and terminate there in the evenings, whilst there is also a limited through service between Marylebone and Stratford-upon-Avon.
On Sundays, the frequency of trains is in most cases about half of that indicated above, though the service to and from Stratford remains two-hourly.
CrossCountry.
Two long-distance trains per hour, operated by CrossCountry, stop in each direction. Typically, these alternate between services on two routes: Manchester to (via , Birmingham New Street, , and ) and Newcastle to (via , , and Birmingham New Street) with certain trains extended to/from .
West Midlands Railway.
West Midlands Railway operates peak-hour trains to Birmingham Snow Hill, , Kidderminster and at the beginning of the day and from there in the evening. From May 2018, the company began operating an hourly local service to Coventry, calling at the reopened Kenilworth station; in May 2019, this was extended to .
Motive power depots.
The London and Birmingham Railway opened a motive power depot on the west side of the line at their Milverton station in 1844. It was replaced by a larger engine shed nearby in 1881, which was known as Warwick (Milverton). This depot closed 17 November 1958 and was demolished. Locomotives were then serviced at the former Great Western Railway depot at Leamington Spa.
The Great Western Railway opened a motive power depot on the east side of the line south of Leamington Spa General Station in 1906. This was closed by British Railways 14 June 1965 and demolished.


Palace Lodge (Winslow, Indiana)

The Palace Lodge is a historic commercial building in the small town of Winslow, Indiana, United States. Since its construction in the late nineteenth century, the building has been the location of several businesses, the meeting place for two different secret societies, and the center of the town's commercial district. It has been declared a historic site because of its historically significant architecture.
History.
In the late nineteenth century, Winslow was the home of two different fraternal orders: the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. Seeing the benefits of coöperation, the two lodges worked together to erect a building in downtown Winslow, at the intersection of Main (now State Road 61) and Center Streets. After the building was finished in 1892, the two lodges used it jointly: their meetings were held on the first story, and they employed the second story as office space.
Unfortunately for the lodges, they became encumbered by debt soon after the building's construction, and their financial difficulties required them to sell the building in 1898. Local businessman Logan Robling purchased the property, which he converted into a general store. After his son Monroe Robling left the peddling business, the two men operated it together under the name of "L. Robling and Son." They remained in business until 1946, when they sold the property to Monroe's daughter Winifred and her husband, Neil Brown; the Browns operated a grocery store on the property for thirty-five years. Both the general store and the grocery store only occupied the first floor of the building; the second floor was typically used for office space or as apartments.
Architecture.
The Palace Lodge is a rectangular Italianate building; its front faces west toward Main Street, and its northern side is exposed to Center Street. Two stories tall, it is wide and from front to back. The front and side are divided into two and six bays respectively. A distinctive portion of its plan is the northwestern corner of the building, which features a small side angled 45° from both front and side, instead of the right angle found on the other corners. Customers may enter through any of three doorways: one each in the rear and the middle of the northern side, and one through the angle in the building's northwestern corner. The building is lit by multiple sizes of windows: the first-floor windows facing Center are small and high above ground level, the second-floor windows on both sides are large, and the two first-floor windows facing Main are large and feature prominent transoms.
Although the Palace Lodge is built of brick, many of its architectural details are formed from cast iron. The original cast-iron storefront survives on the first floor of the western side of the building, as do the iron brackets that form the cornice over the western front and northwestern corner. Conversely, the northern side is entirely brick, including the cornice and the two prominent chimneys.
Inside, the lodge retains its original floor plan: the first floor is a single large room, while six rooms compose the second floor. The walls of the interior rooms are covered with plaster, their floors are a mix of oak and pine, and the interior structure rests upon large beams of oak.
Recent history.
After the closure of the Brown Grocery Store, the Palace Lodge was vacant for a time, but it was purchased by a new owner who began to formulate plans to remodel it to have space both for offices and apartments as well as the traditional shop. Today, the lodge building is home to Outfitters Station, a clothing and leather goods store that was founded in 2007.
The oldest commercial structure in Winslow, the Palace Lodge is the town's best-preserved example of business blocks completed in the late nineteenth century. Because of its unusually well preserved architecture, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984; it was the first property in Pike County to be given this distinction, and it was the only such property until a similar recognition was given to the Patoka Bridges Historic District in 2005.


Midland Hotel, Morecambe

The Midland Hotel is a Streamline Moderne building in Morecambe, Lancashire, England. It was built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), in 1933, to the designs of architect Oliver Hill, with sculpture by Eric Gill, and murals by Eric Ravilious (subsequently destroyed). It is a Grade II* listed building. The hotel has been restored by Urban Splash with architects Union North, Northwest Regional Development Agency and Lancaster City Council.
Construction.
The Midland Hotel was built to replace two earlier hotels: the North Western Hotel built in 1848 by the "little" North Western Railway which had been renamed the "Midland Hotel" in 1871 when the Midland Railway took over the North Western Railway; and another hotel at Heysham, the "Heysham Towers", which was converted from a private house in 1896. The "Heysham Towers" served railway steamer traffic from Heysham Harbour to Belfast; but it was not a success and was sold in 1919.
In 1932, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) bought land from Morecambe Corporation to build the 40-bedroom Midland Hotel replacing the old hotel. It opened in July 1933.
The design.
The hotel is designed in the Streamline Moderne style of Art Deco. Oliver Hill designed a three-storey curving building, with a central circular tower containing the entrance and a spiral staircase, and a circular café at the north end. The front of the hotel is decorated with two Art Deco seahorses, which can be viewed at close proximity from the hotel's rooftop terrace.
The hotel stands on the seafront with the convex side facing the sea, and the concave side facing the former Morecambe Promenade railway station, in homage to the railway company whose showcase hotel this was. Hill designed the hotel to complement the curve of the promenade, which allowed guests to view spectacular panoramas of the North West coast.
War time use and disposal.
During the Second World War the Midland Hotel, along with most of the large hotels and garages in the town was requisitioned, either for the newly created RAF Station, RAF Morecambe or the Civil Service.
The hotel became the station's hospital, opening on 17 February 1940. The Senior Medical Officer was Wing Commander R.C.L. Fisher. The hotel was stripped of its valuable carpets and rugs and the Gill mural was covered. By June 1941 the station magazine, "Morecambe Wings" was reporting that the hospital had already treated 3700 patients, including 160 major operations and 400 minor ones.
Also reported was the average attendance at the massage clinic of 33 people daily, but this was declining due to the end of the football season. Up to June 1941, over 1,000 airmen had been fitted with spectacles and over 100,000 had been inoculated or vaccinated. The hospital was visited in February 1941 by Princess Mary, Princess Royal, accompanied by Air Vice-Marshal William Tyrrell. At the time the station commander was Group Captain E. Hillman-Gray.
On nationalisation of the railways, ownership transferred to the British Transport Commission (BTC) on 1 January 1948 coming under the control of the BTC's Railway Executive; however on 1 July 1948, along with the other railway hotels, ownership was transferred to the BTC's Hotels Executive. It was sold by the BTC in 1952.
21st century.
Union North were employed as architects by Urban Splash for the refurbishment and expansion of the hotel commencing in 2006. It opened its doors to the public in the summer of 2008.
In April 2009 Urban Splash announced a partnership with English Lakes Hotels to manage the Midland Hotel from 8 April 2009. Further developments on the Central Promenade were completed by Urban Splash. The mural by Ravilious had only lasted two years, until 1935, as a result of the poorly-finished plaster on which it was painted. It was temporarily reinstated for the filming of the Poirot episode in 1989, and a modified version was painted by the artist Jonquil Cook in 2013.
Other history.
The 1960 film "The Entertainer" was filmed in Morecambe, and features the hotel.
The hotel was used in filming episodes of the TV series "Agatha Christie's Poirot", starring David Suchet, in 1989, most notably in the episode 'Double Sin' where Poirot has brought Captain Hastings to stimulate "the little grey cells."
David Constantine's short story "Tea at the Midland" is set at the hotel, and begins with a debate about the work of Eric Gill.


Malatya railway station

Malatya railway station is the main railway station in the city of Malatya, Turkey. The station was built in 1931 by the Turkish State Railways as part of the railway to Diyarbakır. TCDD Taşımacılık operates three trains through the station: the Lake Van Express to Ankara or Tatvan, the Southern Express to Ankara or Kurtalan and the Euphrates Express to Elazığ or Adana.
The station building was built in the Art deco style and is similar to the station buildings of Sivas, Manisa and Diyarbakır stations.
Malatya station also houses the TCDD regional headquarters for District 5.


Palacio Federal Legislativo

The Palacio Federal Legislativo (English: Federal Legislative Palace), also known as the Capitolio, is a historic building in Caracas, Venezuela which houses both the National Assembly and the National Constituent Assembly. Located southeast of the Plaza Bolívar, it was built between 1872-1877 by President Antonio Guzmán Blanco to a design by the architect . The Salón Elíptico, opened in 1877, is topped by a golden dome.
Features.
Presenting himself as a moderniser, Antonio Guzmán Blanco promoted anticlerical policies and the introduction of contemporary infrastructure to Venezuela, in particular in Caracas. The Palacio Federal Legislativo, located to the west of Plaza Bolívar, incorporates structural cast iron. It replaced a convent on the site.
The building is painted bright white and has a gilded oval-shaped dome crowning an elliptically shaped room (known as the Oval Room). The dome's ceiling has a painting by Martín Tovar y Tovar which vividly depicts the crucial Battle of Carabobo in the Venezuelan War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
The most notable professionals of the times were commissioned to design the building: Luciano Urdaneta and Roberto Garcia handled the engineering while the architect was Juan Hurtado Manrique. The complex consists of two rectangular volumes connected by two lower sections. It encloses a courtyard with a central fountain set in a small garden inside iron railings. The two Neoclassical buildings are known as the Legislative Palace and the Federal Palace. The first, completed in 1873, became the Congress in 1958 and the National Assembly in 2000.
The façade of the Legislative Palace, completed in 1877, is symmetrical in design. It has a portico at the center. The triangular pediment has a bas-relief of busts of Simón Bolívar and Antonio Guzmán Blanco. There are three columnated portals, the one in the centre presenting two caryatids representing Justice and Freedom. The building houses a number of notable paintings by Venezuelan artists of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries including Martín Tovar y Tovar, Antonio Herrera Toro, Tito Salas, Pedro Centeno Vallenilla and Emilio Jacinto Mauri.
In addition to the dome painting of the Battle of Carabobo, the Oval Room also contains the Proceedings of the Constitutional Congress (1811–1812) which includes the handwritten version of the Declaration of Independence of Venezuela.
The complex has been a National Historic Monument since 22 August 1997.


Wintersmith Park Historic District

The Wintersmith Park Historic District, known locally as simply Wintersmith Park, is a historic district located at 18th Street and Scenic Drive in Ada, Oklahoma. The park includes a lake, a lodge, bridges, trails, courts and a public amphitheater. The area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The park is named for Frances Wintersmith.
Location and activities.
Wintersmith Park is located on the southeastern edge of Ada. It is south of 18th Street, east of Scenic Drive and west of Country Club Road. The park contains of land, Wintersmith Lake, a public swimming pool and splash park, a lodge, courts for basketball, softball, volleyball and horseshoes, a lighted trail, eight picnic pavilions, a playground, a zoo, and a Kiwanis amusement park as well as bridges, trails and a public amphitheater.
History.
Wintersmith Park was a "New Deal" work program, created during the Great Depression by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to improve communities and provide wages for unemployed people. Work began on the park in 1933 when the young men of camp number 824 arrived in Ada. The men were paid a monthly wage of $30.
The Wintersmith project was unique among New Deal projects as it was the first time the National Park Service (NPS) would be working with the CCC on a project. The NPS usually worked only on the country's national parks.
The combined team would work for more than a year to transform on Ada's eastern edge. They built a lake, a lodge, bridges, trails and, perhaps most remarkably, a public amphitheater.
Public Amphitheater.
Built into a naturally occurring slope on the parks south edge, the amphitheater consists of natural stone found in the park and stone quarried from nearby Fittstown, Oklahoma. A crew of stonemasons worked for three months to complete the project.
When completed in 1934, the amphitheater was arguably one of the most distinctive places in Oklahoma. The amphitheatre served as host for many community events, including plays, musicals, public speaking, beauty pageants, talent shows and community sings.
Over the years, however, the amphitheater had slid into disrepair. Frequent use, low level of maintenance and the elements combined to press the amphitheater into a worn out state. The cap stones that serve as seats were often broken, cracked or missing. The risers holding up the seats had suffered significant erosion damage. The barrier walls on the north and sound ends of the amphitheater were compromised or sometimes missing altogether.
Dr. Marvin Kroeker, a longtime Ada resident and East Central University history professor emeritus, hoped to save the amphitheater and bring it back to its former glory. In 2000, Dr. Kroeker took Oklahoma State Historic Preservation Office deputy Melvena Heisch on a tour of the park and the amphitheater. He sought to convince Mrs. Heisch to nominate the amphitheater for designation on the National Register of Historic Places. After the tour, Mrs. Heisch determined the entire Wintersmith area, to be known as the Wintersmith historic district, should be nominated for the Register. The park, including the amphitheater, was accepted for the Register in June 2000.
Following the designation, Dr. Kroeker saw the opportunity to solicit funding from the Oklahoma Centennial Commission for restoration of the amphitheater. The Ada city council voted to designate the amphitheater Ada's Oklahoma Centennial project and made the application for funding from the Centennial Commission. The Centennial Commission accepted the amphitheater project application, and the project was funded with $150,000 of commission grants.
Restoration of the amphitheater has begun. Student and adult volunteers have cleaned up the amphitheater and took down weeds and undergrowth. Dirt contractors have moved the earth to help protect the area from erosion. Concrete workers have poured the new handicap areas at the top and foot of the amphitheater. New “butternut” cap stones were put into place to replace the broken and missing seating.
Upcoming construction plans call for concrete drop off area and parking, concession and ticket buildings, walkways and a stage. Soon after restoration, a special production reintroducing the amphitheater, celebrating Oklahoma's centennial and recognizing the 75th anniversary of America's New Deal is expected.
Jones Chapel Schoolhouse.
Jones Chapel Schoolhouse (also known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse") is located in the park off 18th Street. The schoolhouse opened in 1907 west of town. It was moved to the Kerr Lab area in 1976, where it was painted red, and then its current location in Wintersmith Park in 1990. The schoolhouse has many windows, which served both for light and air-conditioning when the building was in use.
Campbell Cabin.
The Campbell Cabin, located next to the schoolhouse, is another structure with historic significance to the area. The cabin represents Ada's early history in homemaking and demonstrates what it would have been like to live as a pioneer in a log cabin. A sign on the cabin reads "Cecil & Nell Campbell 1609 E 18th ST."


Peitav Synagogue

The Peitav Synagogue or Peitav-Shul (; ) is the only synagogue in Riga to have survived the Holocaust and to be currently active. It is a center of the Latvian Jewish community and recognized by the Latvian government as an architectural monument of national significance.
The Synagogue was built 1903-1905, designed by architect Wilhelm Neumann in an art nouveau style. When Riga's synagogues were burned in 1941 by the Nazis and their Latvian collaborators, the Peitav Synagogue was the only one to survive because of its location in the Old Town, adjacent to other buildings. Subsequently, during World War II, the synagogue was used as a warehouse.
Under Soviet rule, the Synagogue was one of the relatively few allowed to remain open in the Soviet Union. After Latvian independence was restored in 1991, the Synagogue was damaged by bombings in 1995 and 1998.
A restoration of the Synagogue, partly funded by the European Union and by the Latvian government, was completed in 2009. The dedication ceremony was attended by Latvia's president Valdis Zatlers and prime minister Valdis Dombrovskis as well as by Israeli Diaspora Affairs Minister Yuli-Yoel Edelstein.


St Mary Aldermanbury

St Mary Aldermanbury was a parish church in the City of London first mentioned in 1181 and destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. Rebuilt in Portland stone by Christopher Wren, it was again gutted by the Blitz in 1940, leaving only the walls standing. These stones were transported to Fulton, Missouri in 1966, by the residents of that town, and rebuilt in the grounds of Westminster College as a memorial to Winston Churchill. Churchill had made his Sinews of Peace, "Iron Curtain" speech in the Westminster College Gymnasium in 1946.
The footprint of the church remains at the junction of London's Aldermanbury and Love Lane, planted with bushes and trees; a memorial plaque has been placed by Westminster College in the footprint. The gardens also house a monument to Henry Condell and John Heminges, key figures in the production of the First Folio of William Shakespeare's plays and co-partners with him in the Globe Theatre. Condell and Heminges lived in the St Mary Aldermanbury parish and were buried in its churchyard. This monument is topped with a bust of Shakespeare. The remains of the church were designated a Grade II listed building on 5 June 1972. The monuments are separately listed.
In the 1830s, the notable missionary William Jowett was a lecturer at the church.
Burials.
Notable burials in the church included the notorious "hanging judge" Judge Jeffreys. Of the interment of Judge Jeffreys, Leigh Hunt wrote: "Jeffreys was taken on the twelfth of September, 1688. He was first interred privately in the Tower; but three years afterwards, when his memory was something blown over, his friends obtained permission, by a warrant of the queen's dated September 1692, to take his remains under their own care, and he was accordingly reinterred in a vault under the communion table of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 2nd Nov. 1694. In 1810, during certain repairs, the coffin was uncovered for a time, and the public had a sight of the box containing the mortal remains of the feared and hated magistrate."
Also buried in the church were: