Cleo Finch

Dr. Cleo Finch is a fictional doctor in the television series "ER", from Seasons 6 through 8 (1999–2002). She was portrayed by actress Michael Michele.
Life at County.
Dr. Cleo Finch was first introduced at the start of Season 6 as a skilled new pediatric fellow at County. She was portrayed as a hard working, no-nonsense doctor who often jogged to work.
Dr. Finch took over most of the pediatric storylines left void by the departures of George Clooney and Maria Bello (pediatric doctors Doug Ross and Anna Del Amico, respectively) and was portrayed as a generally competent doctor. She had a tough time early in Season 6 when she was distracted by a loud, brattily obnoxious young girl and didn't diagnose the iron poisoning that led to the girl's death. Later on that year in “How The Finch Stole Christmas," Cleo separated a young alcoholic patient from his alcoholic mother, who fed his addiction, during Christmastime. When no surgeons were available to perform a laparotomy on a dying patient in the aftermath of a stabbing in the ER, Dr. Finch performed an emergency thoracotomy in the OR to stabilize the patient until a surgeon could be found. She was at first reprimanded by Dr. Peter Benton, her boyfriend at the time, but he later apologized, blaming the stress of performing surgery on his friend, Dr. John Carter, a victim of the stabbing. Cleo barely responded and looked completely stunned and sorrowful, leading Peter to ask her what was wrong and her to brokenly tell him what had happened to Lucy Knight. She seemed vaguely annoyed that Dr. Carter was welcomed back to County after he went to rehab for his prescription medication addiction between Seasons 6 and 7, and briefly became angered by some issues she felt were racially tinged in Season 7, but neither storyline was maintained for very long.
Relationships.
During the course of Season 6, Cleo started a relationship with Dr. Peter Benton. She got along well with Peter's deaf son Reese, impressing Peter with her knowledge of ASL. Cleo often clashed with Reese's mother Carla, who saw Cleo as interfering in her family's decisions and also made an unsuccessful attempt to seduce Peter. While under Cleo's care, Reese accidentally injured his hand on a piano, leading Carla to claim she was untrustworthy and irresponsible. Cleo's relationship with Peter was also put under strain when Peter felt that Cleo's bi-racial background prevented her from understanding the medical and cultural needs of the African-American community.
Despite their problems, Cleo and Peter stayed together, allowing Cleo to help Peter through a difficult child-custody battle with Roger, Carla's husband, following Carla's death. Cleo took the stand to testify that she hoped to play an important role in both Peter and Reese's lives.
Season 8 and Beyond.
In Season 8, Cleo left County for a job at a private hospital just outside Chicago. Later in the season, after winning his custody battle over Reese, Peter too departed the ER to work at the same hospital as Cleo. Their final appearance as regular characters was the episode “I’ll be Home for Christmas,” in which they are shown helping Reese decorate a Christmas Tree.
Michael Michele reprised her role as Dr. Finch in the Season 8 episode "On the Beach," at Mark Greene’s funeral, along with Doctor Benton.
During the 15th and final season of ER, at the end of the episode "The Book of Abby", long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Amongst them, the tag "Finch" can be seen.
Later appearances by Dr. Benton in Season 15 suggested that Cleo and Peter had gotten married and were raising Reese together. Michele did not appear in any of those episodes.


Canadian Resident Matching Service

The Canadian Resident Matching Service, abbreviated and most often referred to as CaRMS, is a national organization that provides the mandatory matching service for medical residency training throughout Canada. CaRMS also provides an online application portal for admission to the undergraduate medical program at Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Residency matching.
CaRMS operates a centralized mandatory residency matching platform. Once the application process is complete, CaRMS runs an algorithm to match applicants with programs in Canada through four residency matches:
CaRMS also administers Canadian access to the United States' electronic application system for medical residency training, known as the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) and has begun providing admissions services for undergraduate medical school.
R-1 Main Residency Match (R-1 match).
The match for entry level (R-1) postgraduate positions is CaRMS' largest match. It encompasses all 17 Canadian medical schools and is offered in two iterations each year. The first iteration includes all graduating students and prior year graduates from Canada and the US who meet the basic eligibility criteria and have no prior postgraduate training in Canada or the US. It is also open to graduates from international medical schools (IMGs) who meet the basic criteria and have no prior postgraduate training in Canada or the US. Some of the positions are exclusive to IMGs who meet the basic criteria, with Canadian graduates being excluded from applying to these positions.
The second iteration includes positions left over from the first iteration, which are often in less desirable locations, programs and fields. Applicants not matched in the first iteration will apply to these positions, as well as foreign medical graduates who did not match to the positions exclusively offered to them in the first iteration, as well as any US or Canadian physician with prior post-graduate training obtained in either the first-or-second iterations of their respective matches.
Family Medicine/Emergency Medicine (FM/EM) match.
The Family Medicine/Emergency Medicine match is for applicants who are completing or have completed postgraduate training in family medicine in Canada and want to pursue further emergency medicine training.
Medicine Subspecialty Match (MSM).
The Medicine Subspecialty Match is for residents currently in an internal medicine residency training program who are looking to apply for subspecialty training.
Pediatric Subspecialty Match (PSM).
The Pediatric Subspecialty Match is for residents currently in a pediatric residency training program who are looking to apply for subspecialty training.
US Match (ERAS).
The application process for residency positions in the US is administered by CaRMS' American counterpart, the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS). The main residency match itself is managed by the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). CaRMS acts as the Dean's Office for Canadian medical students and graduates (i.e. students studying in Canada and graduates of Canadian medical schools) applying to positions through ERAS in the United States. This means that to participate in the US match, Canadian applicants must register with CaRMS.
The Match Algorithm.
CaRMS uses the Roth-Peranson algorithm to match students into postgraduate medical training programs throughout Canada.


Henri-Alexandre Danlos

Henri-Alexandre Danlos (26 March 1844 – 12 September 1912) was a French physician and dermatologist born in Paris. With Danish dermatologist Edvard Ehlers (1863-1937), the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, which comprise a group of inherited connective-tissue disorders, are named for him.
He studied medicine in Paris, and during the early part of his career, performed research in the laboratory of Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884). In 1881, he became "médecin des hôpitaux", and four years later was "chef de service" at the Hôpital Tenon in Paris. In 1895, he received an appointment at the Hôpital Saint-Louis.
Danlos was pioneer in the use of radium for treatment of lupus erythematosus of the skin, and in 1901 with physicist Eugène Bloch (1878-1944), he was the first to apply radium on tuberculous skin lesions.


Alpha Psi

Alpha Psi (ΑΨ) is a professional Veterinary Medicine fraternity started at the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1907.
History.
Founded by twenty-two students in Veterinary Medicine at the Ohio State University, Alpha Psi was established on January 18, 1907. The fraternity gradually spread to other Colleges of Veterinary Medicine when students formed chapters at many veterinary schools in the United States.
"Delta chapter" and "Gamma chapter" became inactive when their host schools closed.
Chapters.
The fraternity has had chapters at 18 Colleges of Veterinary Medicine. These include:


Georg Ledderhose

Dr. Georg Ledderhose was a German surgeon, December 15, 1855, Bockenheim, Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden, Germany – February 1, 1925, Munich, Germany.
Ledderhose studied in Strasbourg under Georg Albert Lücke (1829-1894), receiving his medical doctorate in 1880 and later working in Strasbourg hospital as a surgeon. He became "Professor for Surgery" in Strasbourg in 1891. He later worked in Munich, where he became honorary professor.
In 1876, Ledderhose discovered glycosamine whilst working on cartilage with Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (1825-1895) in Strassburg. Although first identified by him, the stereochemistry of the compound was not fully defined until 1939 by the work of Walter Haworth.
Ledderhose was the first to describe the condition of "plantar fibromatosis" in 1894, which was later known as Ledderhose's disease.


Rosemary Biggs

Rosemary Peyton Biggs (21 April 1912 – 29 June 2001) was an English haematologist. She worked closely with Robert Gwyn Macfarlane at the Radcliffe Infirmary and Churchill Hospital in Oxford, where she studied coagulation disorders, particularly haemophilia.
Early life and education.
Rosemary Biggs was born on 21 April 1912 in London to Edgar Biggs, a goldsmith, and his wife Ethel. Rosemary wished to study medicine but her parents did not approve of her choice, so as a compromise she studied botany, receiving a BSc from the University of London in 1934 and later a PhD in mycology from the University of Toronto. With the beginning of World War II, she returned to London and enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women; she graduated with an MBBS in 1943.
Career.
In 1944, after holding junior posts in London hospitals, Biggs moved to Oxford, where she joined the Radcliffe Infirmary's pathology department as a graduate assistant. She initially studied crush syndrome and the variability in haematological tests, under the mentorship of Robert Gwyn Macfarlane. She then researched the formation and breakdown of blood clots (coagulation and fibrinolysis), and earned an MD and a gold medal from the University of London with her thesis on the clotting enzyme prothrombin in 1949. In 1952, she designed a new test, the thromboplastin generation test, for detecting defects in the blood of people with haemophilia. The same year, Biggs and Macfarlane's group discovered a previously unknown clotting enzyme, factor IX, which they originally named "Christmas factor". They also coined the term "Christmas disease" (now known as haemophilia B) for patients with factor IX deficiencies, as distinguished from classical haemophilia (now known as haemophilia A), wherein there is a deficiency in factor VIII. The new factor and disease were named after Stephen Christmas, the first patient discovered by the group at Oxford to be deficient in factor IX.
Biggs and Macfarlane published the textbook "Human Blood Coagulation and its Disorders" in 1953 and wrote the first UK guidelines for treating haemophilia in 1955. Their proposal for a national haemophilia centre that housed departments for treatment, research and blood plasma fractionation, was approved by the Department of Health in 1964; at the time, three-quarters of all known patients in England and Wales with severe haemophilia were treated at Oxford. Upon Macfarlane's retirement in 1967, Biggs was placed in charge of the Medical Research Council's Blood Coagulation Research Laboratory in Oxford. The Oxford Haemophilia Centre was opened in 1968 at the Churchill Hospital, and it was directed by Biggs from its foundation until her retirement in 1977.
Biggs received the James F. Mitchell Foundation International Award for Heart and Vascular Research in 1971 and the Haemophilia Society's Macfarlane Award in 1978. She was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1974. She was a founding member of the British Society for Haematology and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, and served as editor of the "British Journal of Haematology" and the "Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis".
Later life.
Biggs retired in 1977 and thereafter lived in Little Comberton, Worcestershire, with her adopted daughter. She died on 29 June 2001.


Medical education in Thailand


British Society for Oral and Dental Research

The British Society for Oral and Dental Research was established in 1953. It exists to:


Glasgow Clinical Research Facility

The Glasgow Clinical Research Facility (Glasgow CRF) is a research centre at the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital in Govan, Glasgow, Scotland.
History.
Created on the 1 April 2006 from the NHS Clinical Research Grant Agreement with the CSO. The CRF works closely with its Higher Education partners including the University of Glasgow, University of Strathclyde, University of the West of Scotland and Glasgow Caledonian University.
The Glasgow CRF was initially based in the first floor of the Tennent Building, Western Infirmary, with a satellite site in the Lister Building at Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI). It moved premises from the Western Infirmary to the new South Glasgow Hospital (Queen Elizabeth University Hospital) in 2015 where it is situated within the Institute of Neurological Sciences building. The facility at GRI remains.
Current organisation and services.
The Glasgow CRF is now part of the greater organisation, the Glasgow Clinical Trials Unit, with their partner the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics. The Glasgow CRF has both nursing and administrative staff, offering research infrastructure support in terms of the provision of trained research staff, dedicated clinical research space and expertise in the conduct of clinical trials. In addition, they have an Education and Training Officer and offer a range of educational opportunities including a one-day Good Clinical Practice (GCP) workshop which they run monthly. In conjunction with their partners at the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics they are also able to offer help with protocol design and statistical and data management support.
They also have a Scientific Steering Group whose remit is to direct and monitor the operations of the Facility. This group has representation from the NHS, their partner academic institutions and senior clinical researchers.


Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates

Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates is an American non-profit multi-specialty group medical practice operating in eastern Massachusetts. It was founded in the late 1960s as part of Harvard Community Health Plan (now Harvard Pilgrim Health Care). The two organizations split in 2001. It is allied with five other regional practices as Atrius Health.


Brain-like heterotopia


Craven Kurz

Dr. Craven Kurz is an American Orthodontist who is known to be the inventor of the Lingual braces in 1975. He was also the founding President of the American Lingual Orthodontic Association.
Life.
Dr. Cruz was born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan Canada. He attended University of Saskatchewan for college and obtained his dental degree from McGill University in Montreal . He then attended the Orthodontic Program at Columbia University College of Dental Medicine in New York. After that, he established his private practice in Westwood, Los Angeles, California and practice there for five years while teaching Orthodontics at UCLA School of Dentistry. Working with celebrities and TV personalities, Dr. Cruz was faced with dilemma of his patients wanting Orthodontic care but without showing that they have braces. Therefore, Dr. Craven invented lingual braces for his patients. He's also published a textbook called "Contemporary Lingual Orthodontics".
Dr. Cruz was the founding President of the American Lingual Orthodontic Association.
He died on April 6, 1998 in Marina del Rey .
Lingual Braces.
First generation of lingual brackets were launched in 1976. These brackets had a larger profile at first. Orthodontic company Ormcro manufactured the first Kurz Lingual Appliance. The slot size for the first bracket was 0.018 inches.


Walter Matuszczak

Walter John Matuszczak later changed the spelling of his last name to Matuszak (February 5, 1918 – November 18, 2001) was an American football player and veterinarian. Founder of DeWitt Animal Hospital in New York, he practiced there until 1971. Dr. Matuszak owned Wa-Noa Golf Club in East Syracuse, New York. A World War II veteran, Dr. Matuszak served as a captain in the Army Veterinary Corps.
A native of Lowville, New York, son of a Polish immigrants- Kasper J. Matuszczak and Marianna; Matuszczak was the youngest of twelve children. He played college football for the Cornell Big Red football team and was selected by the "New York Sun" as the first-team quarterback on the 1939 College Football All-America Team. He was named to the Second 1939 College Football All Polish-American Team. He was also elected as the captain of Cornell's 1940 football team. He also played for Cornell's basketball and baseball teams. He was inducted into the Cornell Athletics Hall of Fame in 1979.<br>
Graduation from Cornell in 1941 - the same year he was selected by the New York Giants in the 10th round of the draft - he entered the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, where he graduated in 1943.
He married Mildred C. Nohle on August 22, 1942; two daughters: Judith L. Hodhe, Diane J. Tsibulsky, two sons: W. David Matuszak, Charles Matuszak.


Roger Brooke

Brigadier General Roger Brooke (June 14, 1878 in Sandy Springs, Maryland – December 18, 1940) was an American surgeon and U.S. Army medical corps officer. Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas, is named after him.
Biography.
Brooke was the son of Roger and Louisa (Thomas) Brooke in a Quaker community. He attended George School in Newton, Pennsylvania, and later entered the University of Maryland Medical School in Baltimore, where he graduated in 1900. He joined the Medical Corps, United States Army, June 29, 1901, as a First Lieutenant. After graduating from the Army Medical School in 1902, he was assigned to the Philippine Islands for a tour of duty. He married Grace Ward McConnor in 1905 and became a specialist in infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.
Other tours of duty included Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Attending Surgeon in Washington, D.C.. He spent the period of the World War in instruction work, serving from September 1917 to December 1918, first as Senior Instructor and later as Commanding Officer of the Medical Officers' Training Camp, Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, where 10,000 officers and 70,000 enlisted men were prepared for service with the armed forces. For this he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.
Later tours of duty included the office of the Surgeon General, Washington and the Division of Medicine of the Veterans Bureau, Gorgas Hospital, Canal Zone. In 1929, Brooke assumed command of the Station Hospital, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, a position he held until 1933. He is credited with instituting the first routine chest X-ray in military medicine. In 1935 Brooke was ordered to Washington in charge of the Professional Service Division. His next tour was at Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, where he was in command when he received his promotion to brigadier general (January 29, 1938). He was transferred to the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, where he remained on duty as commandant until his death in 1940.


Warren Bickel

Warren Kurt Bickel is an American behavioral pharmacologist and the Virginia Tech Carilion Behavioral Health Research Professor at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute in Virginia Tech's Carilion School of Medicine. He is also a professor of psychology at Virginia Tech and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral medicine in their Carilion School of Medicine, the director of Virginia Tech's Addiction Recovery Research Center, and the co-director of their Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors. He formerly served as editor-in-chief of "Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology" and as president of Division 28 (Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse) of the American Psychological Association.


University of Montenegro Faculty of Medicine

The University of Montenegro Faculty of Medicine (Montenegrin: Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta Crne Gore "Медицински факултет Универзитета Црне Горе") is one of the educational institutions of the University of Montenegro. The Faculty's main building is located in Podgorica, near the Clinical Center of Montenegro.
History.
The Podgorica Medical School was officially established in 1997. In 2005, as part of the Faculty, the postgraduate High School for Nurses was founded in Berane.
Organization.
The Faculty is a teaching-scientific institution which organizes the practical part of teaching in the teaching-scientific bases: Clinical Center of Montenegro, Public Health Institute, Institute "Dr Simo Milošević" in Igalo, Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases Brezovik and various health centers. Five study groups are currently being provided at the Faculty:


Suction blister

Suction blistering is a technique used in dermatology to treat chronic wounds, such as non-healing leg ulcers. When a wound is not healing properly, an autologous skin graft is the best option, to prevent rejection of the tissue. Since autologous transplantation cannot always be performed, a substitute has to be used, such as cultured skin. However, this technique is costly and time-consuming. Other uses of suction blisters are to provide transplantation donor tissue for vitiigo research. Suction blisters are often used in tissue serum research in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic research fields. Many research citations are published worldwide that support these uses.
Method.
During suction blistering, the lamina lucida of the skin is cleaved from the underlying layers. This separates the epidermis from the dermis. With the use of small vacuum pumps, little fluid-filled blisters are created, typically on the abdomen. Blisters are usually formed within 2 to 3 hours. A well-recognized instrument, the Negative Pressure Instrument, from Electronic Diversities, Finksburg MD, US, is used with heated chambers to produce various-sized suction blisters with less time and improved success.
 The blisters are then cut, emptied and the loose skin is transferred side by side to the non-healing wound.
Subsequently, the donor-site is treated with antiseptic drugs and covered with bandages. The acceptor-site is treated with non-adherent bandages, to prevent the skin graft from sticking to the bandages.


Julius Arnold

Julius Arnold (August 19, 1835 – February 3, 1915) was a German pathologist born in Zurich. He was the son of anatomist Friedrich Arnold (1803–1890).
He studied medicine at the Universities of Heidelberg, Prague, Vienna and Berlin, where he was a student of Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). In 1859 he became a doctor of medicine, and in 1866 he became a professor of pathological anatomy and director of the institute of pathology at Heidelberg. Arnold was the author of 120 articles in the fields of histology and pathological anatomy.
With Austrian pathologist, Hans Chiari, his name is lent to a condition known as Arnold–Chiari malformation, a disorder that takes place when the cerebellar tonsils and the medulla oblongata protrude through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal, without displacing the lower brain stem. Arnold described his pathological findings associated with the disorder from an infant who died shortly after delivery. He published his account of the disorder in an 1894 paper titled "Myelocyste, Transposition von Gewebskeimen und Sympodie". In 1907, two of Dr. Arnold's students coined the eponym of "Arnold–Chiari malformation" in honor of the two scientists.
Arnold died in 1915 in Heidelberg.


Oskar Adler

Oskar Adler (4 June 187515 May 1955) was an Austrian violinist, physician and esoteric savant. He was the brother of Max Adler.
Life and career.
A close friend of Arnold Schoenberg from their schooldays, Adler taught him the rudiments of music, gave him his first grounding in philosophy, and played chamber music with him. Though self-taught, Adler for many years led a string quartet whose regular cellist was another composer-friend, Franz Schmidt. Adler also played in Schoenberg's Society for Private Musical Performances, lectured on music and philosophy, as well as giving musical and spiritual advice to, and casting horoscopes for, many of Vienna's leading creative artists.
In 1935 the violinist Louis Krasner consulted Adler (as well as Carl Flesch) about the solo part of Alban Berg's Violin Concerto, which Krasner had commissioned but could not, at that time, play. Around this time, Adler was also the teacher of the young Hans Keller, later a musician, writer and Schoenberg-expert resident in the UK.
After the Anschluss, Schoenberg tried to arrange for Adler to come to California, but he escaped instead to the United Kingdom, spending the 1940s in the Lake District and his last years in London. Adler and Schoenberg resumed their friendship by letter in the late 1940s; some of the correspondence is published.
Adler's principal books were "Critique of Pure Music" (1918, still unpublished), and "The Testament of Astrology" (published in 3 volumes 1935–37, many subsequent editions).
"The Testament of Astrology" was translated into English by his devoted pupil Zdenka Orenstein and edited by Amy Shapiro.
A biography, by Amy Shapiro, includes letters, stories and memoirs gathered across twenty years of discovery, of people who recounted the vital role that Dr. Oskar Adler played in Vienna's pre-Nazi cultural life before 1938 and while in exile.


Theodotus of Laodicea

Theodotus (c. 260 – c. 335) was the bishop of Laodicea in Syria from the early 300s. He replaced Stephen, who apostasized during the Great Persecution (303–313). The exact year of his consecration cannot be fixed more precisely. He attended at least four church councils.
According to Eusebius of Caesarea's "Historia ecclesiastica", Theodotus "proved his personal name ... true" and was a gift from God to the diocese of Laodicea. Eusebius also praises him for his knowledge of "the science of bodily healing" and for being a "dedicated student of divine teachings", implying that he was trained in both medicine and theology prior to becoming bishop. He used his medical training to treat the faithful during the Great Persecution. Eusebius and Theodotus were probably born around the same time. They were close friends and ecclesiastical allies throughout their episcopal careers. Eusebius dedicated two apologetic works, "Praeparatio evangelica" and "Demonstratio evangelica", both written between about 312 and 318, to Theodotus.
In the Trinitarian controversy of the early fourth century, Theodotus sided with Arius of Alexandria. In a letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia around 321, Arius named Theodotus as one of his eastern supporters along with Eusebius of Caesarea, Paulinus of Tyre, Athanasius of Anazarbus, Gregory of Berytus and Aëtius of Lydda. According to Arius' chief rival, Athanasius of Alexandria, Theodotus wrote in support of Arius, but he does not quote any of his writings.
Theodotus attended the provincial council of Antioch held in late 324 or early 325. He was one of only three bishops who refused to subscribe to the council's statement of faith, which was based on the theology of the bishop of Alexandria, Alexander I. They were excommunicated pending their recantation at the "great and holy synod" scheduled for June 325. Theodotus attended the synod, which took place in Nicaea, and subscribed to the Nicene Creed, probably on the basis of the explanation of terminology given by the Emperor Constantine I. Three months after Nicaea, Constantine banished Eusebius of Nicomedia and Theognis of Nicaea for communicating with some of Arius' deposed supporters. Shortly after, he wrote to Theodotus warning him from committing the same error.
Theodotus attended the council in Antioch in late 327 that deposed Bishop Eustathius of Antioch on charges of Sabellianism. He may have presided over the council of bishops that met in 328 to elect a new bishop of Antioch. His last known act was the excommunication of Apollinarius the Elder and his son, Apollinarius the Younger. They had been part of a group of Christians attending a lecture by the sophist Epiphanius of Syria. According to custom, Epiphanius dismissed the "uninitiated and profane" (a cue to Christians to leave) before reciting a hymn to the pagan god Dionysus. The Apollinarii and some other Christians stayed throughout. Theodotus reprimanded them and excommunicated the Apollinarii father and son for setting a bad example, since they were a presbyter and lector in the church, respectively. They were readmitted to communion after repentance. This took place sometime between about 328 and 335. By 335, George of Alexandria had replaced Theodotus as bishop of Laodicea.
Constantine's letter implies that Theodotus was a leading figure among those supporters of Arius who signed the Nicene Creed. Theodoret, writing over a century later, considered him one of the leaders of Arianism. Because none of his writing survives, it is impossible to know Theodotus' theology with any exactitude. He may have defended Arius more out of loyalty to the Alexandrian church, with which Laodicea had strong connections, than out of strong theological agreement. He is sometimes called a Eusebian, that is, a follower of Eusebius of Nicomedia.


Pneumatherapy

Pneumatherapy is the belief that the state of one's spirit ("pneuma", ) influences physical health. It is influenced by pneumatology.


Francisco Forteza

Francisco Forteza (1892–1967) was a Uruguayan political figure.
Background.
He was a medical doctor by profession. He was a prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party. His son Francisco Forteza (son) served as a Deputy, Senator, Minister of Economy and Finance and Interior Minister.
Public offices.
Forteza was elected as a deputy in the Chamber of Representatives in 1926. He later served in the Senate of Uruguay.
Exiled during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra, he later returned to serve in a number of ministerial portfolios in post-WW2 governments: Public Health (1945–1946), Education (1947) and Defence (1947–1951).
He was the president of Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay from 1955 to 1958.
Death.
He died in 1967.


Alec Sehon

Alec Herman Sehon (1924 – 3 February 2018) was a Romanian-born Canadian immunologist.
Sehon was born in Blejoi, Prahova County, Romania and attended the Victoria University of Manchester, earning bachelor's and advanced degrees in chemistry. Sehon moved to Canada in 1952 and began teaching at McGill University. In 1963, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship. He joined the University of Manitoba in 1969, where he founded Canada's first standalone immunology department. In 1977, the Royal Society of Canada presented Sehon with the Thomas W. Eadie Medal. He died at the age of 93 on 3 February 2018 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.


Elder law (United States)

Elder law is an area of legal practice that specializes on issues that affect the aging population. The purpose of elder law planning is to prepare the elderly person for financial freedom and autonomy through proper financial planning and long-term care options.
Categories.
The three major categories that make up elder law are:
Other issues found under the umbrella of elder law include such areas as:
History.
Elder law developed as a specialty because as lifespans increased there was an increased need for medical care, care giving, and financial management.
The history of the Older Americans Act (OAA), originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 14, 1965 (the same year Medicare was created), claims credit for creating the Administration on Aging (AOA), a division within the Department of Health and Human Services. The OAA also authorized grants to States for community planning and services programs, funding for research, and demonstration and training projects in the field of aging.
In 1972 Amendments to the OAA added the national nutrition program for the elderly. The OAA of 2000 was amended on November 13, 2000, to include the National Family Caregiver Support Program, which was intended to help hundreds of thousands of family members who are struggling to care for their older loved ones who are ill or who have disabilities. This program provides grant funding for combined services between state and local agencies for such things as counseling, support groups, respite and other community-based services. These services are focused on the care of the frail and aging members of society. The program also provides services geared towards the family units of grandparents and other older relatives now in the stages of care-taking for related children eighteen years of age and under.
Elder law is an expansion of the traditional trust and estates practice.
Careers in or associated with elder law.
Careers that are developing around the area of Elder Law include:
Essentially any career field can create a benefit to the aging of modern society.


E. B. Nash

Eugene Beauharnais "E. B." Nash (8 March 1838 – 6 November 1917) was one of America's leading 19th-century homeopaths.
Born in Hillsdale, New York, Nash graduated from Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical College in 1874. He served as Professor of Materia Medica in the New York Homeopathic Medical College, and also taught at the Homoeopathic Hospital of London.
In 1903 he became president of the International Hahnemannian Association (IHA).
He is best known as an author of books on homeopathy. His obituary in "The Homeopathic Recorder" remembered him as, "one of the great teachers of medicine...[who] will live in his books and in the hearts of the many doctors he has helped to be better physicians," and stated, "There are a host of homoeopathic physicians in different parts of the world to-day that owe their success in healing the sick to the writings of Eugene B. Nash.


Medical Society of the District of Columbia

Medical Society of the District of Columbia is an American medical society that supports physicians in Washington, D.C.
History.
Medical Society of the District of Columbia was founded in 1817 and was the 12th medical society to be formed in the United States, and the first medical society in the country to be chartered by an Act of Congress, and was given the authority to license physicians in D.C. to practice medicine. "The presence of quackery in this District lay at the foundation of the original formation of the Society." The Society endeavored to keep the public informed of the legitimacy of the qualifications of physicians, and decided that obtaining Congressional authority would improve the Society's ability to perform this function.
The Medical Association of the District of Columbia, an organization which performed several complementary professional functions involving setting ethical standards and procedures for disciplining members, merged with the Society in 1911.
In 1872, Mary Spackman graduated from the medical department at Howard University and applied for a licence to practice medicine but was refused because she was a woman, she then applied again with a fellow graduate Mary Almera Parsons, but both were rejected. In 1875, Mary Almera Parsons appealed to the Federal Government and petitioned congress to amend the charter and allow women to obtain licences to practice medicine, and on the 3rd March 1875 the bill was approved. After the charter amendment, the first woman member of the Society was not admitted for thirteen more years. Dr. Parsons applied for membership annually in the three years following the amendment's passage, and was voted down each time. She became the first woman member of the society in 1888, following her fourth application.


Papula

Papulae (sing. papula; also occasionally papulla, papullae), also known as dermal branchiae or skin gills, are projections of the coelom of Asteroidea that serve in respiration and waste removal. Papulae are soft, covered externally with the epidermis, and lined internally with peritoneum. They extend through the mesodermal ossicles and are protected from microscopic larvae by pedicellariae. In a living specimen, the dermal gills can be extended or withdraw.


W. Reid Blair

William Reid Blair, DVS (June 7, 1875March 3, 1949), better known as W. Reid Blair, worked at the New York Zoological Park (managed by the New York Zoological Society, now the Wildlife Conservation Society) from 1902 to 1940. He began as Assistant Veterinarian and Pathologist and retired from the Zoo as its Director. During his 38-year career at the Zoo, he implemented many advancements in the care of captive animals, and he focused on the educational capacity of zoos. Additionally, it was Dr. Blair who relaxed the insistence of William T. Hornaday, the Zoo's first director, on the use of the formal name "New York Zoological Park" in favor of the more familiar "Bronx Zoo."
Early life.
Blair was born on June 7, 1875 in Philadelphia. His interest in animals and their care began during summers on his grandfather's farm in Massachusetts where he lived after 1885. It was further developed during his studies at McGill University, from which he received a DVS degree from the Faculty of Comparative Medicine in 1902 and an honorary LLD in 1928.
Bronx Zoo career.
Blair began his career with the Bronx Zoo in 1902 as Assistant Veterinarian to Dr. Frank Miller. The following year, Blair took over as Head Veterinarian. After serving for two years (1918–1919) as Chief of the 4th Veterinarian Corps in the US Army in France and Germany, he returned to the Zoo and, in 1922, was appointed the Zoo's Assistant Director. Upon the June 1926 retirement of William T. Hornaday, the Zoo's first director, Blair became Director of the Bronx Zoo. He remained in that post for nearly 14 years until his own retirement on May 1, 1940.
Later life.
After his retirement, Blair maintained his interest in the Bronx Zoo, continuing to attend New York Zoological Society meetings. Described as "genial, social and outgoing," he was greatly loved by his friends and associates. He died in New York on March 3, 1949.
Veterinary achievements.
Blair was committed both to the care of zoo animals and to the scientific study of them. "He came to the Zoo with a two-fold purpose: to lengthen and benefit the lives of the creatures in captivity, and to furnish whatever solid contributions to biology, zoology and medicine could be made from such a wonderful observation post as a zoo." He encouraged students and professors to make use of the research facilities available at the Zoo.
Achievements as Director of Bronx Zoo.
Upon becoming Director, Blair submitted to the Executive Committee a seven-point list of suggestions that embodied his vision for the Zoo:
Although many of these goals were realized after Blair's departure, their origins can be traced to Blair. These include the 1941 opening of the African Plains exhibit—a multi-species "barless" exhibit relying on moats—and the 1950 opening of another "barless" exhibit, the Great Apes House, which was eventually replaced in 1999 by the opening of the Congo Gorilla Forest.
Blair was an avid and active collector of new species for the Zoo. He authorized and sometimes accompanied numerous collecting trips and brought back many unusual animals, several of which were first exhibited in captivity at the Bronx Zoo. Among these were the first Bongo ("Doreen") and the first Okapi to be seen in the US. He sent the first expedition to New Guinea, which vastly expanded the Zoo's collection of birds, especially birds-of-paradise.
Blair was determined to promote the idea that the purpose of a zoo was as an "educational rather than as a purely recreational undertaking." He did much to advance this belief, beginning with winning a 1927 Ohio lawsuit over a bequest to the New York Zoological Society as an educational institution. Shortly thereafter, he hired the Bronx Zoo's first docent, Claude W. Leister, a biology instructor at Cornell University, as Assistant to the Director and Curator of Educational Activities.
Other activities and achievements.
Blair was committed to wildlife protection, and for many years held the position of Executive Secretary of the American Committee for International Wildlife Protection. He served as Professor of Comparative Pathology at New York University's Veterinary College. In 1940, he received a Merit Citation from the Park Association of New York City.


Richard Bromfield

Richard Bromfield, Ph.D., is a psychologist on the faculty of Harvard Medical School who specializes in the therapy and upbringing of children and adolescents. His writings for the popular press have been widely praised for their relevance and accessibility.
References.
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National Correct Coding Initiative

The National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI) is a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) program designed to prevent improper payment of procedures that should not be submitted together. There are two categories of edits:
Both the physician and outpatient edits can be split into two further code pair categories:
NCCI code pairs must match on member, provider, and date of service. CMS maintains tables of code pair edits and updates these tables on a quarterly basis.


Isaac Schour

Isaac Schour (1900–1964) was a dental scholar, educator, researcher, and administrator. He is best known for his tooth development chart. By studying the histolotgic sections of the teeth of animals, he inspired a new discipline: the histo-physiology of teeth and surrounding structures.
Schour was an innovative teacher who ensured that dental professionals were kept abreast of non-dental research in the other sciences by founding the annual Midwest Seminar of Dental Medicine. Through his efforts, dental experts escaping persecution by the Nazis in Europe came to the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, creating the college's international reputation.
Schour served as president of the International Association for Dental Research and head of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry Department of Histology. He was dean of the college from 1956 to 1964.


Pregnant Women Support Act

The Pregnant Women Support Act was created by the Democrats for Life of America and introduced into Congress by then Representative Lincoln Davis of Tennessee. The Senate companion bill was introduced by Senator Bob Casey of Pennsylvania. The package was included as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) as a grant program to states to support pregnant women and provide a choice to parent rather than abort their child.
It is, according to Democrats for Life, "a comprehensive package of federal legislation and policy proposals that will reduce the number of abortions... While both Democrats and Republicans talk about reducing the number of abortions, Democrats for Life of America offers real solutions to make this goal a reality. With bold new ideas, sound research and policy arguments, the Pregnant Women Support Act contains proven policy suggestions to dramatically reduce the number of abortions in America."
In their 2005 book, "Take It Back: Our Party, Our Country, Our Future", Paul Begala and James Carville praise Democrats for Life their work. In the book they say the Act "is built around seventeen concrete policy proposals that would reduce the number of abortions... We believe these proposals would do more to prevent abortions than all the speeches, all the marches and all the campaign ads the pro-lifers have used over the past 30 years." They go on to call it "both good politics and, we think, good policy."


Hawaii Health Connector

Hawaii Health Connector (or Hawaiʻi Health Connector) was the health insurance marketplace, previously known as health insurance exchange, in the U.S. state of Hawaii, created in 2013 in accordance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It was located in Honolulu. The marketplace operated a toll-free call center and offered 95 different health plans.
After widespread difficulties, including technical problems that plagued the system from its start, in June 2015 the State of Hawaii announced that the Hawaii Connector would close.
Overview.
The cartel was a resource for families and small business to compare and to enroll in a health insurance plans offered. It also provided those enrolled with access to tax credits.
There were four basic plans available for Hawaii citizens, all with varying levels of coverage: Bronze (60 percent), Silver (70 percent), Gold (80 percent), and Platinum (90 percent). Plans with a lower percentage had lower premiums, and higher costs to the individual. A catastrophic plan was available and designed for younger individuals (under the age of 30) and these plans had a high deductible.
The connector had call representatives available who could speak and translate multiple languages, including English, Hawaiian, Japanese, Vietnamese, Ilocano, Korean, Tagalog, Marshallese, Cantonese, and Chuukese.
History.
Open enrollment for 2014.
The Connector's website was developed by CGI Group under a $53 million contract.
Enrollment was scheduled to start on October 1, 2013, but due to delays the site did not become operational until October 15. 41% of customers who tried to enroll gave up. There were 35 companies offering plans in 2014
Hawaii Health Connector executive director Coral Andrews resigned, effective December 6, 2013.
As of December 28, 2013, Hawaii Health Connector had enrolled 2,192 people in health plans, fewer than in any other state.
Open enrollment for 2015.
In 2015 a new executive director, Jeff Kissel, took over management of Hawaii Health Connector, and a consulting company Turning Point was hired.
For enrollment for 2015 which started on November 15, 2014, only 2% of enrollees gave up. Wait time to speak to a representative were reported to be 20 seconds. 22 additional insurance companies offered plans on the exchange. Complaints by customers are handled by personal calls from the executive director.
Closure.
On June 5, 2015, the Connector's executive board voted to accept a state proposal, delivered in May by Governor David Ige's office, to close up the state system and switch to the federal HealthCare.gov platform by October 2015. The approximately 32,000 Hawaii residents currently enrolled must re-enroll to retain coverage in 2016.
Enrollment for small businesses is to end by June 15, 2015, and for individuals by September 30. By October 15 all those enrolled are expected to be transitioned to the federal system. Layoffs for the Connector's 33 employees will start on July 1, with the majority of the Connector's staff to be let go by January 1, 2016, and all positions completely eliminated by May 1, 2016.


Gustav Fritsch

Gustav Theodor Fritsch (5 March 1838 – 12 June 1927) was a German anatomist, anthropologist, traveller and physiologist from Cottbus.
Fritsch studied natural science and medicine in Berlin, Breslau and Heidelberg. In 1874 he became an associate professor of physiology at the University of Berlin, where he was later appointed head of the histological department at the physiological institute.
He is known for his work with neuropsychiatrist Eduard Hitzig (1839–1907) involving the localization of the motor areas of the brain. In 1870, the two scientists probed the cerebral cortex of a dog to discover that electrical stimulation of different areas of the cerebrum caused involuntary muscular contractions of specific parts of the dog's body.
Along with his medical studies, Fritsch was also known for his ethnographical research in southern Africa (1863–66), during which time he traveled from Cape Town through the Orange Free State, Basutoland, Natal and Bechuanaland.
In 1868 he took part in an expedition to Aden to observe a solar eclipse (18 August), afterwards traveling to Egypt, where he accompanied Johannes Dümichen (1833-1894) on an archaeological and photographic expedition. In 1874, he journeyed to Isfahan to observe the transit of Venus. He also performed zoological research in Anatolia, and in 1881/82 studied electric fish in regions of the eastern Mediterranean.