General Nursing Council

The General Nursing Council for England and Wales was established by the Nurses Registration Act 1919 to administer the register of nurses. It was responsible for deciding the rules for admission to the register.
There were nine lay members and sixteen nurse members. 2 lay members were appointed by the Privy Council, 2 by the Board of Education and 5 by the Minister of Health. The nurses were initially appointed by the Minister. 11 were matrons or former matrons. Only two were from Workhouse infirmaries. Four or five were members of the Royal British Nurses' Association, including Mrs Ethel Bedford-Fenwick and 9 from the College of Nursing.
It was decided that practicing nurses could be admitted to the register, which was opened in November 1921, if they had at least one year's training, and that they must apply by 14 July 1923. 3235 applications were received in the first four months. Only 984 were approved because Mrs Bedford-Fenwick insisted on examining every case. 16 members of the Council resigned. The Minister had to intervene.
In 1922 elections were held for the nursing places on the council. 12,000 registered nurses were eligible to vote. 11 were elected by the general nurses (6 of these had to be matrons) and 5 from the supplementary registers for mental health nursing, paediatric nursing and male nurses. Mrs Bedford-Fenwick lost her seat. Sir Wilmot Herringham was appointed Chairman.
In June 1923, as the deadline for existing nurses to register approached, the House of Commons agreed a rule change proposed by William Chapple which permitted applicants to the general register to be admitted if they had worked as a nurse for at least three years before 1 November 1919. 40,451 applications were received.
In 1925 the first state examination was held and 4,005 nurses were admitted to the register by passing it.
See also Nursing and Midwifery Council


Matt Rea (Gaelic footballer)

Matthew Rea (10 April 1873 – 10 November 1942) was an Irish Gaelic footballer. His championship career at senior level with the Dublin county team lasted two seasons from 1898 until 1899.
Born in Glenroe, County Limerick, Rea was born to David and Mary Rea (née Keating). He was educated locally before moving to Dublin where he worked as a civil servant.
After moving to Dublin, Rea helped establish the Geraldines club in 1896. As well as being a founder-member he also became a regular member of the senior team and won back-to-back county football championship medals in 1898 and 1899.
Rea made his debut on the inter-county scene as a member of the Dublin senior football team during the 1898 championship. As captain of the team he won back-to-back All-Ireland medals in 1898 and 1899. Rea also won two Leinster medals.
Rea died from mouth cancer at the age of 69 on 10 November 1942. His grandnephew, Ned Rea, was an All-Ireland medal winner as a hurler with Limerick.


Charles Bolton (pathologist)

Charles Bolton (24 September 1870 – 6 December 1947) was a British physician and pathologist.
Bolton was born in Whitby, Yorkshire, the younger brother of psychiatrist Joseph Shaw Bolton (1867–1946). He trained as a doctor at University College Hospital in London and worked there in later life, holding the positions of resident medical officer, consulting physician, director of pathological studies and research, and lecturer in clinical medicine and general pathology at the medical school. He was also physician to the Queen's Hospital for Children. He held the degrees of Doctor of Medicine (MD) and Doctor of Science (DSc) and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918.
Bolton was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in January 1920 for services in the First World War. In 1928 he gave the Croonian Lecture of the Royal College of Physicians.


Durhane Wong-Rieger

Durhane Wong-Rieger is a Chinese-born, American-raised, Canadian with a Ph.D. in psychology. She is best known for her role as an advocate of patients who contracted diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C from tainted blood transfusions, in particular from the Health Management Associates scandal.
Wong-Rieger served on the board of directors for Canadian Blood Services before resigning in 1999; as well, she has been the president of the Canadian Hemophilia Society, the Anemia Institute, and the Canadian Organization for Rare Disorders.
She was the Progressive Conservative candidate for the riding of Toronto Centre-Rosedale during the 1999 Ontario election, but lost to George Smitherman.


Non-fermenter

Non-fermenters (also non-fermenting bacteria) are a taxonomically heterogeneous group of bacteria of the division Proteobacteria that cannot catabolize glucose, and are thus unable to ferment. This does not necessarily exclude that species can catabolize other sugars or have anaerobiosis like fermenting bacteria.
The coccoid or bacillary bacteria can be found in soil or wet areas. They are non-sporulating bacteria and Gram-negative. Some species are also pathogenic for humans, so their detection (e.g. with API 20 NE) has great relevance in the diagnosis of bacterial infections.
List of non-fermenters.
Also, pathogenic species include "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Moraxella catarrhalis".


Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance

The Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance is a center for research and education focusing on pathogens that exhibit antimicrobial resistance located at Tufts University and Tufts Medical Center.
History.
Tufts University and the Tufts Medical Center founded the Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR) in 2018. The CIMAR was established in order to provide a response to "superbug" epidemics. The founding co-directors of the center were Helen Boucher and Ralph Isberg. The center was renamed in honor of Stuart B. Levy in 2020. Researchers associated with the Levy CIMAR include Maya Nadimpalli.


Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis

Atrophia Maculosa Varioliformis Cutis (AMVC) is a condition involving spontaneous scarring, specifically depressed scars on the face which occurs over a period of months to years. It appears to only affect children and young adults, is considered to be quite rare, normally occurs on the cheeks, temple area and forehead, and is neither well understood nor presently treatable. Case reports indicate the scars deepen over time but remain relatively superficial, with the frequency of new scar appearance diminishing over time.
AMVC is quite difficult to diagnose by dermatologists, for reasons including the depressed box and ice pick scars being very similar to those caused by Acne vulgaris. A confident diagnosis can be made if such scars recently appeared without present acne and without a history of acne. Otherwise, the correct diagnosis is usually not made, and even doing so provides little benefit; there is no treatment. It has been suggested in case reports that the condition, although rare, is likely underreported.


Sports for Peace

Sports for Peace was set up during the preliminary stages of the Olympic Games 2008 to address the question of whether sport or major sporting events can foster common ideals. In "Sports for Peace", athletes from all over the world come together to promote the values of sport, such as fair play, tolerance, the Olympic ideal of freedom, international and intercultural understanding. As a politically independent initiative, "Sports for Peace" offers a neutral basis to foster the spirit of fair play, the sense of community and the elimination of prejudice. The initiative is based in Berlin.
Purpose.
Everywhere in the world sport plays an important role in society, for it is capable of conveying basic rules and essential values of peaceful coexistence – such as tolerance, team spirit, loyalty and fair play. In addition, sport is especially suitable to form character skills, which are important for a fulfilling and happy life, because sport as a medium also gives the value of discipline, endurance, courage and self-motivation. By conveying the ethics of sport, it also lays the foundations for a more peaceful, humane world.
Projects.
2008
"Sports for Peace" published in cooperation with Amnesty International and the International Campaign for Tibet an ad in the International Herald Tribune which accompanied the start of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. More than 100 sportsmen from all over the world signed an open letter to the Chinese government expressing their desire not only to see a successful sports festival in Beijing, but also to call for respect concerning Olympic ideals and basic human rights.
2009
On the occasion of the 12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics 2009 in Berlin "Sports for Peace" celebrated its official inauguration with legends of sports. The "Sport of Peace" Awards of 2009 were handed over to exemplary persons who met their function as role models in a very special way. The award winner IOC Vice President Sergej Bubka has been investing in the sports association of this home town Donetsk for several years thus lending children a sporting home as well as young sports talents such as Yelena Isinbayeva. In his acceptance speech he stated:”I feel honoured because this prize represents the full recognition of the work that my colleagues and I have been doing so far". Dr. Edwin Moses, another "Sports for Peace" Award winner and renowned worldwide ambassador for sports ethics and a chairperson of the Laureus World of Sport Academy, responded to his prize: "I am receiving this award in the name of my colleagues at Laureus Sports Foundation. Everywhere in the world we need social involvement and that is why I wholeheartedly welcome the 'Sports for Peace' initiative". The Iranian National Football team received an award for wearing green wristbands in their game against South Korea to express their solidarity with the movement towards freedom and democracy in Iran.
2010
In cooperation with the United Nations "Sports for Peace" will stage a gala-event on the occasion of the FIFA World Cup in South Africa on 8 June 2010 in Johannesburg at Constitution Hill. This venue is the new home of the Constitutional Court and represents the protector of South African basic rights and freedoms. It is the site of the Johannesburg's Old Fort Prison complex, where political leaders like Nelson Mandela but also Mahatma Gandhi were detained.
The gala-event became part of the United Nations MDG advocacy campaign, which has the purpose of bringing together a remarkable number of personalities to raise awareness for the urgency to fulfil the UN Millennium Development Goal No. 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education by 2015. Former President of South Africa and Nobel Prize winner Nelson Mandela endorses and supports the whole initiative. Approximately 400 high level personalities from sports, economics, culture and media will attend the event. The UN will also launch the official MDG song performed by 8 African musicians and music groups including the Soweto Gospel Choir.
Part of the advocacy campaign will also be a week of free public film screenings in townships on peace and development and talks/panel discussions by actors and directors in cooperation with the Cinema for Peace Foundation. Films that will be screened include “Invictus” with Morgan Freeman, etc.
"Sports for Peace" events are planned for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2011 in Germany and the 2012 Olympic Games in London.
See also.
Right To Play


Robert B. Salter

Robert Bruce Salter (December 15, 1924 – May 10, 2010) was a Canadian surgeon and a pioneer in the field of pediatric orthopaedic surgery.
Born in Stratford, Ontario, he graduated in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1947, worked for two years at the Grenfell Medical Mission in Newfoundland, and spent one year as the McLaughlin Fellow in Oxford, England. Salter then returned to join the medical staff at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto in 1955. He was later appointed surgeon-in-chief.
Salter developed a procedure to correct congenital dislocation of the hip, pioneered continuous passive motion for the treatment of joint injuries, and co- developed a classification of growth plate injuries in children, commonly known as the Salter–Harris fractures classification system. He also developed the supraacetabular innominate osteotomy (i.e. the Salter osteotomy) to treat operatively congenital dislocation of hip. His textbook of orthopaedic surgery, "Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System", is used throughout the world.
He was made an officer of the Order of Canada in 1977 and was promoted to companion in 1997. In 1988, he was awarded the Order of Ontario. In 1995 he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. He was also a fellow of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada, and received the Gairdner Foundation International Award for medical science, the FNG Starr Medal of the Canadian Medical Association and the Bristol-Myers Squibb-Zimmer Award for Distinguished Achievement in Orthopaedic Research.
Salter died on May 10, 2010.


John McEachern

John Sinclair McEachern (April 16, 1872 – December 12, 1947) was a Canadian physician.
He was born in Stayner, Ontario and was educated in medicine at the University of Toronto. McEachern moved to Calgary in 1904 and opened the McEachern clinic there. He became president of the Alberta Medical Association in 1908. McEachern is credited from saving the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) from financial ruin in 1921, persuading provincial medical associations to merge with the CMA and helping develop the CMA's Plan for Health Insurance in Canada during the 1930s which contributed to the development of a national health care plan in Canada. He served as president of the CMA from 1934 to 1935. From 1938 to 1944, he was founding president of the Canadian Society for the Control of Cancer, later the Canadian Cancer Society.
He was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2006.
The McEachern Cancer Research Laboratory, later the University of Alberta Cancer Research Group, was named in his honour.


David R. Gastfriend

David R. Gastfriend is a psychiatrist, internationally recognized addiction treatment researcher, the former Chief Executive Officer of the Treatment Research Institute (TRI), and current Chief Medical Officer of DynamiCare Health.
In April 2017, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute awarded a $13-million-dollar, 5-year grant to TRI to study addiction treatment with Gastfriend as principal investigator. It will be the first large-scale trial to integrate the evidence-based practices in the Personalized Addiction Treatment to Health (PATH) model—such as cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention, peer support, contingency management, and FDA-approved medications—and compare them with standard care practices typically offered to patients with opioid use disorders (OUD). With 800 OUD patients, it will be one of the largest ever randomized controlled clinical trials of addiction treatment.
Professional activities.
A senior fellow of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), Gastfriend led development of the ASAM criteria for placing patients in addiction treatment programs, now standard in more than 30 US states. These criteria became the basis of ASAM's assessment software "Continuum", which will be deployed in the TRI study.
Gastfriend was Vice President for Scientific Communications at the pharmaceutical company Alkermes from 2004 to 2013. While there he co-authored a 2011 study instrumental in getting FDA approval of injectable naltrexone (Vivitrol) for the treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence.
In 2012 he received the John P. McGovern Award for "highly meritorious contributions to addiction and society in public policy, treatment, research or prevention" from the ASAM. Gastfriend has worked as a consultant for the governments of Belgium, China, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Russia and the U.S., as well as the alcoholism and opioid-addition treatment company BioCorRx.


Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies

Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, also commonly referred to as TPIMS, is a non-profit biomedical research institute "dedicated to the discovery of causes, treatments and cures for a wide variety of diseases and afflictions including heart disease, cancer, AIDS, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, aging-relating conditions, and pain management. Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies is a 501(c)(3) research center dedicated to conducting basic research to advance the understanding of human disease and the improvement of human health.
Torrey Pines' scientists conduct research in fields associated with a wide variety of major medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, cancer, heart disease, Types I and II diabetes, pain management, Alzheimer's, inflammatory disorders, AIDS and other infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, obesity, transplant rejection, muscle wasting syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and new methods for drug discovery.
The Institute fosters an innovative research environment, believing that multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches accelerate the discovery process.
Techniques created by Torrey Pines Institute include individual compounds arrays, mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries, positional scanning deconvolution, biometrical analysis, libraries from libraries, small molecule and heterocyclic compounds, and direct in-vivo testing of mixtures.


NHS Improvement

NHS Improvement (NHSI) is a non-departmental body in England, responsible for overseeing the National Health Service's foundation trusts and NHS trusts, as well as independent providers that provide NHS-funded care.
It supports providers to give patients consistently safe, high quality, compassionate care within local health systems that are financially sustainable. A previous body – also called NHS Improvement – was set up in April 2008 to drive clinical service improvement, but was merged into NHS Improving Quality in 2013 following the Health and Social Care Act reforms.
From 1 April 2016, NHS Improvement is the operational name for an organisation that brings together: Monitor, NHS Trust Development Authority, Patient Safety (from NHS England), National Reporting and Learning System, Advancing Change Team and Intensive Support Teams.
In 2018 it became clear that the organisation, while maintaining its statutory independence, was for practical reasons to be merged with NHS England, and seven "single integrated regional teams" would be jointly established.
Leadership.
Since 1 April 2019, NHS Improvement and NHS England work together as a single organisation in the management of England's National Health Service, which has had implications for the organisations' leadership.
NHS Improvement Board.
Baroness Dido Harding, former chief executive of telecommunications company TalkTalk, was appointed chair in October 2017.
Learning from Mistakes League.
In 2016, NHS Improvement published a league table of the 230 NHS trusts according to their openness and transparency. The 'Learning from Mistakes League' table classified trusts into four categories:
Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust was placed first and East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust was at the bottom. Claire Murdoch, chief executive of Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, placed 125th, complained that the league had a “significant methodological flaw in terms of fairness” because it implied that there were significant differences between ranks 120 and 121, and because, she complained, the assessments were not carried out consistently and the large amount of information trusts reported monthly to the Care Quality Commission were not taken into account.
Pathology network.
In September 2017 a plan was produced to create 29 pathology networks across England in a bid to save £200 million. 1.12 billion tests are performed per year, at a cost of £2.2 billion.


Picker Institute Europe

The Picker Institute Europe was founded by Harvey Picker and his wife Jean in 2000. It is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to developing a patient-centred approach to healthcare. The American Picker Institute ceased operations in January 2013.
The Institute has been carrying out surveys of patient experience in the National Health Service since 1998. It has been fully self-financing since 2002.
The NHS survey co-ordination centre, run by the Institute, co-ordinates the NHS patient survey programmes on behalf of the Care Quality Commission.
Hospedia worked with the Institute on a study in 2012, to test the efficacy of their Real-Time Patient Feedback system to collect information from patients while they were still in hospital.
The Institute worked with BLISS to produce the first national survey of parents’ experiences of neonatal care which was carried out in 2010-11.
The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health developed their Patient Reported Experience Measure which measures the experience of paediatric patients 0–16 years in all urgent and emergency care settings with the Institute in 2012.
The Institute has been critical of the Friends and Family Test.


Dr. Pimple Popper (TV series)

Dr. Pimple Popper is an American reality television series airing on TLC. The series, starring dermatologist and Internet celebrity Dr. Sandra Lee, follows her as she treats patients with unusual cases of facial and skin disorders at her clinic Skin Physicians & Surgeons in the Inland Empire city of Upland, California. The show started with an hour-long special on January 3, 2018 before the first season aired on July 11, 2018.
Initially airing at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Wednesdays, "Dr. Pimple Popper" became the top-rated cable program in its time slot among women between ages 25–54. On August 14, the day before the final episode for Season 1 aired, TLC announced it had renewed the series for a second season, with new episodes set to air in January 2019. Another hour-long special was aired on December 13, 2018, before the second season began on January 3, 2019 with its episodes moved to 9 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursdays. Beginning part-way through the fifth season, new episodes became available on the Discovery+ streaming service.
A spin-off series titled "Dr. Pimple Popper: Before the Pop" premiered on September 3, 2020. The fifth season premiered on December 21, 2020.
Episodes.
"Before the Pop": Season 1 (2020).
On August 5, 2020, it was announced that a spin-off series titled "Dr. Pimple Popper: Before the Pop" would premiere on September 3, 2020.
Webisodes.
"This Is Zit".
"Dr. Pimple Popper: This Is Zit" is an online series available on TLC's website and Facebook. Each three- to six-minute episode focuses on a particular procedure done by Dr. Lee.
Reception.
Critical response.
The first season of "Dr. Pimple Popper" has a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 78%. Kristen Baldwin of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the pilot episode a "B" rating, commenting that ""Pimple Popper" delivers that blast of feel-good warmth you want from a makeover show, as the patients offer tearful post-procedural testimonials about how Dr. Lee changed their life for the better."


Victor Ling

Victor Ling, (; born 1943) is a Canadian researcher in the field of medicine. Ling's research focuses on drug resistance in cancer. He is best known for his discovery of P-glycoprotein, one of the proteins responsible for multidrug resistance.
Early life.
Ling was born in Shanghai, China in 1943, and is of Teochew ancestry. He moved to Hong Kong with his family in 1949 and lived there until 1952, when they emigrated to Canada. He graduated from North Toronto Collegiate in 1962. He received his bachelor's degree in 1966 from the University of Toronto and his PhD in 1969 from the University of British Columbia.
Career.
Ling undertook post-doctoral training with Nobel laureate Fred Sanger at Cambridge University before returning to Toronto. He is currently Assistant Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and former Vice-President, Discovery at the BC Cancer Agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as the President and Scientific Director of the Terry Fox Research Institute.


Barbara Jordan Health Policy Scholars

BJ scholars, this summer fellowship is sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation. The program brings talented African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander college seniors and recent graduates to Washington, D.C., where they are placed in congressional offices and learn about health policy. Through the nine-week program, scholars gain knowledge about federal legislative procedure and health policy issues, while further developing their critical thinking and leadership skills. In addition to gaining experience in a congressional office, Scholars participate in seminars and site visits to augment their knowledge of health care issues, and write and present a health policy research memo.
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation established the Barbara Jordan Health Policy Scholars Program at Howard University to honor the legacy of former Foundation Trustee and Congresswoman Barbara Jordan and to expand the pool of students of color interested in the field of health policy. As a member of the United States Congress and the Texas State Legislature, Barbara Jordan's distinguished career was exemplified by her tireless advocacy of behalf of vulnerable populations. She brought this passion to her work, inspiring others to become involved in addressing challenging health policy issues.


Community health trust

As part of the English NHS programme of separating the provision of services from commissioning known as Transforming Community Services a number of community health trusts were established when these services were separated from primary care trusts.
This was one of a number of options taken. In some places community services were transferred to an existing mental health trust or hospital trust. In South West England there was considerable pressure for staff to establish social enterprises such as Peninsula Community Health to take on these services.
Campaigners in Gloucestershire successfully challenged the decision to establish a social enterprise to provide community health services there in 2012.
Contracts to run NHS community services are subject to competitive tendering processes under the Health and Social Care Act 2012, so it is not clear whether these organisations will survive. The NHS community health services sector, not including mental health services is said to be worth £9.7 billion - about 10% of the entire NHS budget. This is the sector in which competition from private providers such as Virgin Healthcare and Serco is most intense. There is a great deal of pressure to move NHS services out of hospitals and into the community, but up to now most of these services have been funded by block contracts. There are measures of activity but no outcome measures and no NHS tariff, so there is no financial incentive for providers to ensure services are effective. It remains to be seen what impact the instigation of Any Qualified Provider contracts will have on this sector.
Community services have been repeatedly reorganised since the abolition of district health authorities in 1996. Established as NHS trusts they were under the same imperative to become NHS foundation trusts as existing trusts, but it seems unlikely that many of them will be able to pass the tests in their present form.
Community healthcare trusts may provide services including:


Thaddeus Weclew

Dentist Dr. Thaddeus V. Weclew was one of the creators of the Academy of General Dentistry in 1952. He also was the founder and first chancellor of the Academy of Continuing Education. Dr. Weclew served on the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry and its dental radiology department for 32 years.
Throughout his career, Dr. Weclew received numerous honors, including the rank of officer, "Ordre des Palmes Académiques," from the French government for his work with the Academy of General Dentistry.
Annually, the Academy of General Dentistry confers a Thaddeus V. Weclew Fellowship, and the University of Illinois at Chicago holds a Weclew Lecture.
Dr. Weclew died October 16, 1992.


Ju-Jitsu International Federation

The Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF) is an international sport federation founded in 1998 after the expansion of the "European Ju-Jitsu Federation" (EJJF) for the propagation of the modern competitive sports version of Jujitsu, also known as "Sport Ju-Jitsu".
As a member of the General Association of International Sport Federations (GAISF) and the International World Games Association (IWGA), the JJIF represents Sports Ju-Jitsu worldwide. The JJIF is currently the only Jujutsu/Ju-Jitsu organization recognized by the GAISF and IWGA; Ju-Jitsu under JJIF rules is a part of the World Games and World Combat Games.
History.
The Federation commenced as a coalition of three countries' associations. In 1977, delegates form Germany, Italy and Sweden founded the European Ju-Jitsu Federation (EJJF). As the number of member Nations increased, in and out of Europe, in 1987 the Federation changed its name to International Ju-Jitsu Federation (IJJF) and the original European nucleus of the Federation became the first Continental Union (EJJU) of the IJJF. Following a series of changes of its Statutes and a change to its membership structure, in 1998, the IJJF decided to change its name to the Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF).
In the early 1990s the IJJF became a provisional member of the General Association of International Sport Federations (GAISF), member of International World Games Association (IWGA – part of the Olympic Movement together with the IOC) and affiliated to the Sport for All Federation (FISpT). During the 1998 GAISF Congress the JJIF obtained full membership status.
Ju-Jitsu under JJIF rules has been an event at the World Games since the 1997 World Games in Lahti, Finland.
Traditional Jujutsu and Sport Ju-Jitsu.
Different schools (ryū) have been teaching traditional Jujutsu in Japan since the 15th century. The JJIF is not a governing body for any of these schools of traditional Japanese jujutsu—the JJIF does not exercise authority over traditional Japanese Jujutsu Koryu styles, which are often instead headed by leaders who claim leadership from unbroken lineages of transmissions from different Japanese ryū, some of them hundreds of years old.
Rather, the JJIF was founded as an international federation solely for governing Sport Ju-Jitsu, a competitive sport derived from traditional jujutsu.
Rules of Sport Ju-Jitsu.
JJIF currently regulates three different types of competitions at the international level: the "Duo system"', "Fighting system" and "Ne Waza".
Duo.
The former is a discipline in which a pair of Jutsukas (Ju-Jitsu athlete) from the same team show possible self-defence techniques against a series of 12 attacks, randomly called by the mat referee from the 20 codified attacks to cover the following typologies: grip attack (or strangulation), embrace attack (or necklock), hit attack (punch or kick) and armed attack (stick or knife).
The Duo system has three competition categories: male, female or mixed, and the athletes are judged for their speed, accuracy, control and realism. It is arguably the most spectacular form of Ju-jitsu competition and it requires great technical preparation, synchronicity and elevated athletic qualities.
Fighting.
With a different approach, the Fighting System is articulated in a one-on-one competition between athletes. The system is divided in several categories according to weight and sex
(Male categories: -55 kg, −62 kg, −69 kg, −77 kg, −85 kg, −94 kg, +94 kg; Female categories −48 kg, −55 kg, −62 kg, −70 kg, +70 kg).
The actual competition is divided in three phases (Parts): Part I sees the jutsukas involved in distance combat (controlled attacks with arms and legs and atemis of various nature – punches, strikes and kicks). Once a grab has been made the Fight enters Part II and hits are no longer allowed.
The jutsukas try to bring one another down with various throwing techniques (and points are given according to how "clean" and effective the action was). Also – despite being uncommon – submission techniques as controlled strangulations and locks are allowed in part II.
Once down on the tatamis (mats) the match enters its Part III. Here points are given for immobilisation techniques, controlled strangulations or levers on body joints that bring the opponent to yield.
The winner is the Jutsuka who has accumulated most points during the fight. Automatic victory is assigned to the Jutsuka who gets an "Ippon" (clean action, full points) in all three Parts. This type of competition requires timing, agility, strength and endurance.
Ne-Waza.
Ne-Waza (ground technique) is one of the main Jujitsu (and Judo) bases. The fight of two opponents starts standing. Punches and kicks are not allowed. After starting the fight the referee interrupts only in critical moments, so normally the main part of the fight takes place on the ground. It is the goal to win by submission with a lock on the joints or strangulation. During the time of 6 minutes it is possible to gain points for throws, take-downs, controlling positions and actions to gain an advantage in the fight. The Ne-Waza Ju-Jitsu is extremely tactical and sometimes described as the chess game of martial arts. This ruleset is similar to Brazilian jiu-jitsu rules.
The contest duration is 4 minutes for cadets, 6 minutes for juniors and seniors (<=35 years) and 5 minutes for competitors from 36 years onwards.
Sport Ju-Jitsu and the Olympic Movement.
The JJIF is a member of GAISF and IWGA, and both organizations are in close cooperation with the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The organisation is striving to establish Sports Ju-Jitsu as an Olympic event in the future.


Yuan Chang

Yuan Chang (; born 17 November 1959) is an American virologist and pathologist who co-discovered Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus, two of the seven known human oncoviruses.
Early life and education.
Chang was born in Taiwan and moved to the United States as a young child. She was raised in Salt Lake City, Utah and received an MD from the University of Utah College of Medicine. Chang trained in neuropathology at Stanford University under the noted clinical neuropathologist, Dikran Horoupian, publishing studies on eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. During this period she contributed to studies led by her friend, Julie Parsonnet, showing that Helicobacter pylori is a cause for gastric cancer.
Career.
Chang moved to Columbia University to pursue her first academic appointment as a clinician-scientist. Although initially interested in using representational difference analysis to study the genetic origins of brain tumors, she applied this technique to Kaposi's sarcoma resulting in the discovery of this new human tumor virus. In 1994, she co-discovered KSHV, also called human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), working with her husband Patrick S. Moore at Columbia University. Chang, Moore and collaborators subsequently showed that this virus was the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma, while others showed it to be the cause of some forms of multicentric Castleman's disease. From two small DNA fragments representing less than 1% of the viral genome, she cloned the entire KSHV 165 kbase genome and fully sequenced the virus genome within two years after its initial discovery. This led to blood tests to detect infection for this virus, discovery of viral proteins likely to cause cancer and elucidation of the role of immune evasion in carcinogenesis caused by virus infection.
Dr. Chang is now the American Cancer Society Professor in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh. She has received a number of awards for her work, including the Meyenburg Foundation Award for Cancer Research, the Robert Koch Prize, The Sloan-Kettering Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research, the New York City Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science & Technology, the General Motors Charles S. Mott Prize in Cancer Research, the Carnegie Science Award and an American Cancer Society Research Professorship.


University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center

The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC) holds the unique distinction of being the only comprehensive cancer center in Wisconsin, as designated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the lead federal agency for cancer research. It is an integral part of both the University of Wisconsin (UW) and the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. It is located in Madison, Wisconsin.
Mission statement.
The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center is deeply committed to defeating cancer through the rapid application of groundbreaking research, prevention and treatment.
History.
Cancer research on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus has a rich history, starting with the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, established in 1940. Harold Rusch was the first director of the McArdle Laboratory until 1972.
After the National Cancer Act of 1971, Rusch submitted a proposal to create a new comprehensive cancer center at the University of Wisconsin. The resulting Clinical Cancer Center was one of six original NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers and was awarded NCI designation in 1973.
Paul Carbone was recruited from the NCI in 1975 to lead the UW's Division of Clinical Oncology, and after Rusch's retirement in 1978, Carbone was named the Director of the Comprehensive Cancer Center. Carbone led the UW Comprehensive Cancer Center from 1978 to 1997 through a period of exceptional scientific and clinical growth while promoting further interdisciplinary science through collaborations across departments.
John Niederhuber served as UW Comprehensive Cancer Center director from 1997 to 2002. His most notable accomplishment was the consolidation of NCI cancer center support grants for the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and the University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center. This consolidation led to one NCI-designated grant on the UW-Madison campus. Niederhuber went on to become director of the National Cancer Institute, serving from 2006 to 2010.
Following Niederhuber's departure, George Wilding served as interim director before being named director in January 2004. Wilding guided the UW Comprehensive Cancer Center through tremendous growth from 2004 to 2013, which included over 30 tenured faculty recruitments and $250 million in cancer funding, and an emphasis on transdisciplinary research that fostered changes in the management structure, physical growth of facilities and overall multidisciplinary approach.
In 2006, the Cancer Center was renamed the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UW Carbone) to honor the legacy of Paul Carbone.
In September 2013, Howard Bailey became interim director of UW Carbone. Bailey has been a faculty member since 1994, with near continuous peer reviewed funding, and a member of the NCI subcommittee A ("Parent Committee") for Core Grant review since 2012.
Howard Bailey was appointed Director in April 2015.
Under Bailey's leadership, leaders and members developed a stronger and deeper communication network. UW Carbone has been successful competing for multi-investigator and central cancer-oriented grants during the previous and current NCI support grant periods.
UW Carbone space is now approaching a three-fold increase to approximately 389,000 square feet of contiguous space on the west end of campus, and the administrative and scientific leadership structure has been considerably strengthened through the addition of Associate and Assistant Director roles. Clinical services have grown with continued expansion of clinical facilities, staff and organizational structure.
Organization, research, and outreach.
UW Carbone is a matrix cancer center, allowing it to extend its influence through multiple departments and schools on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus. UW Carbone unites physicians and scientists who work together in translating discoveries from research laboratories into new treatments that benefit cancer patients; the center conducts research, provides treatment and offers training. The center engages with more than 2,300 UW faculty and staff across the UW campus and treats more than 30,000 patients per year.
UW Carbone formed the Wisconsin Oncology Network, a regional network to allow community health centers from throughout Wisconsin and northern Illinois to enroll patients in select cancer clinical trials that are open at UW Carbone.
Research areas.
The scientific mission of the UW Carbone Cancer Center is organized around six scientific programs. UW Carbone programs encompass laboratory research, clinical research, population sciences and advanced research training:
Programs, partnerships, and affiliations.
In addition to the scientific mission, outreach – helping the public clearly understand cancer's impact on our daily lives – is a key component of UW Carbone. Programs, partnerships and affiliations include:
Notable distinctions.
In 2013, UW Carbone became a member institution of the Big Ten Cancer Research Consortium (Big Ten CRC).
In 2016, UW Carbone became a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN).


Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine

Rusk Rehabilitation is the world's first and among the largest university-affiliated academic centers devoted entirely to inpatient/outpatient care, research, and training in rehabilitation medicine for both adults and pediatric patients. The system is part of the NYU Langone Medical Center and operated under the auspices of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of the New York University School of Medicine. The Rusk Institute is named in honor of its founder, Howard A. Rusk.
The Rusk Institute has been voted the best rehabilitation hospital in New York and among the top ten in the country since 1989, when "U.S. News & World Report" introduced its annual "Best Hospitals" rankings.
 Steven Flanagan is the Chairman of Rehabilitation Medicine and Medical Director of The Rusk Institute.
History.
Dr. Howard A. Rusk founded the Institute for Rehabilitation Medicine in 1948. His experience treating wounded soldiers during World War II led him to develop the Institute around the philosophy that the patients are to be cared for as an entire person, not only the physical disability or illness. In 1984, the Institute was renamed so in his honor.
Facilities.
Rusk is based out of its wing of the NYU Langone Main Campus, but additionally provides rehabilitation services at three other main locations and nearly a dozen other satellite locations:


P fimbriae

P fimbriae (also known as pyelonephritis-associated pili) or P pili or Pap are chaperon-usher type (specifically of the π family) fimbrial appendages found on the surface of many "Escherichia coli" bacteria. The P fimbriae is considered to be one of the most important virulence factor in uropathogenic "E. coli" and plays an important role in upper urinary tract infections. P fimbriae mediate adherence to host cells, a key event in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.
Structure and expression.
P fimbriae are large, linear structures projecting from the surface of the bacterial cell. With lengths of 1-2um, the pili can be larger than the diameter of the bacteria itself. The main body of the fimbriae is composed of approx. 1000 copies of the major fimbrial subunit protein PapA, forming a helical rod. The short fimbrial tip is made of the subunits PapK, PapE, PapF and the tip adhesin PapG, which mediates the binding.
The fimbriae is assembled by a chaperone-usher system, and proteins required for the assembly are expressed by the Pap operon, which is located on pathogenicity islands. The genes of the Pap operon encode five structural proteins (PapA, PapK, PapE, PapF and PapG), four proteins involved in the transport and assembly (PapD, PapH, PapC, PapJ) and two proteins (PapB, PapI) regulating the operon expression.
Role during infection.
Adherence to host uroepithelial cells is a crucial step during the infection that allows uropathogenic "E.coli" to colonize the urinary tract and prevents bacterial removal during micturition. The binding of the P fimbriae to epithelial cells is mediated by the tip adhesin PapG. Four different alleles of PapG have been described, which bind to different glycolipid structures on host cells. In humans, especially variant papGII and papGIII have shown to be clinically relevant.
Variant PapGII binds preferentially to globoside (GbO4), found abundantly on human kidney epithelial cells. PapGII triggers a strong inflammatory response which leads to tissue damage. Most "E. coli" strains causing pyelonephritis, urinary-source bacteremia and urosepsis produce P pili with PapGII. PapGIII binds to the Forssmann antigen (GbO5) as well as isoreceptors present in the urinary tract of humans. "E. coli" strains carrying the papGIII gene are associated with lower urinary tract infections (cystitis) and asymptomatic bacteriuria. PapGI adhesins bind preferentially to globotriaosylceramide (GbO3), while the isoreceptors of PapGIV are unknown. "E. coli" carrying genes for PapGI and PapGIV are rarely found in "E. coli" causing infections in humans.


List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions

There are many human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles associated with conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system


Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas

The Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) is a state agency that funds cancer research in Texas. It is funded by bonds issued by the state of Texas. Researchers and organizations in Texas are invited to apply for grants that match CPRIT’s mission and goals.
A financial statement prepared by CPRIT showed the organization planned to award over $250 million in cancer research grants and $28 million in cancer prevention grants in 2018. The organization has taken in revenue of just under $300 million per year from sale of bonds in recent years.
By law CPRIT was established to:
"(1) create and expedite innovation in the area of cancer research and in enhancing the potential for a medical or scientific breakthrough in the prevention of cancer and cures for cancer;(2) attract, create, or expand research capabilities of public or private institutions of higher education and other public or private entities that will promote a substantial increase in cancer research and in the creation of high-quality new jobs in this state; and(3) develop and implement the Texas Cancer Plan."
The organization’s website says it is focused on “academic research, prevention and product development research.”
CPRIT is the second largest public funder of cancer research in the United States besides NIH's National Cancer Institute.
History.
On May 25, 2007, the Texas House of Representatives passed HJR 90 to put a $3 billion bond proposal for the establishment of CPRIT on the November 2007 statewide ballot.
"Who hasn't been affected by this terrible disease, either personally or with a loved one?" asked Rep. Jim Keffer, R-Eastland, author of HJR 90, approved by 116 members of the House. "What a wonderful thing it would be to say we actually cured cancer and that Texas was in the middle of it.”
"This initiative will help our colleges and universities establish Texas as a major medical research corridor and, most importantly, send a powerful message of hope to the cancer community: Help is on the way," said Senator Jane Nelson, R-Lewisville.
June 6, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed HJR 90 into law, setting the stage for a November vote on Proposition 15 to establish CPRIT.
Starting in October 2007, Lance Armstrong led a statewide bus tour to galvanize voters to support Proposition 15. "With the kind of shot in the arm this extra money will give us here in Texas, we're going to make discoveries and we're going to have new treatments," said Armstrong.
In November 2007 voters approved Proposition 15 to amend the state constitution and create funding for CPRIT. The proposition approved up to $3 billion in bonds to fund the agency. Lance Armstrong and the Texas-based Susan G. Komen foundation publicly supported the proposition.
In early 2009 the 80th Texas Legislature passed House Bill 14 which created CPRIT and merged it with the old Texas Cancer Council. William “Bill” Gimson was named the first executive director. Nobel laureate Alfred G. Gilman was named Chief Scientific Officer. In December 2012, CPRIT appointed former executive vide-president and chief academic officer of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Margaret Kripke as its new chief scientific officer.
Within a few years the agency was afflicted with allegations of wrongdoing in the awarding of grant money. Observers protested that agency personnel did not follow appropriate scientific review. Law enforcement authorities began to investigate whether CPRIT officials broke the law in their distribution of grant funds. A press investigation alleged CPRIT made a $11 million grant to Peloton Therapeutics in 2010 without review. A $20 million grant the M.D Anderson Institute for Applied Cancer Science also drew attention and criticism.
By 2012 the agency was being investigated by the Travis County district Attorney, the state Attorney General’s office, and was being reviewed by the state auditor’s office, which is overseen by the Legislature.
The Associated Press reported “at least seven scientists” had resigned in protest in October 2012. Alfred G. Gilman and fellow Nobel Laureate Phillip Sharp were among those who left.
Gimson resigned as executive director in December 2012. He was replaced on an interim basis by Wayne Roberts, who was appointed permanent CEO in December 2013.
In December 2012, CPRIT announced its new chief scientific officer was Margaret Kripke, a cancer immunologist who in 2007 retired as executive vice president and chief academic officer of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.
A 2013 article in the Houston Chronicle stated CPRIT had made “misstep after misstep in awarding tens of millions of dollars to commercial interests.”
In June 2013, Governor Perry signed Senate Bill 149 to clarify and strengthen conflict-of-interest and peer review procedures at CPRIT and implement all state auditor recommendations. In compliance with one of the Senate Bill 149 provisions, state leaders appointed new members to the CPRIT oversight committee in September 2013.
CPRIT announced on June 15, 2015, that it reached a new milestone: more than 2 million cancer prevention services had been provided to Texans in all 254 counties of the state.
In January 2016, CPRIT appointed James Willson as its new chief scientific officer. Previously, Dr. Willson was the director of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center's Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center.
In June 2017 Governor Abbott signed into law Senate Bill 81, extending CPRIT’s Sunset Review date by two years from 2021 to 2023.
In July 2018, The Texas State Agency Business Administrators’ Association (TSABAA) named CPRIT CEO Wayne Roberts its Administrator of the Year.
In October 2018, CPRIT grantee Jim Allison, Ph.D., chair of Immunology and executive director of the immunotherapy platform at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for launching an effective new way to attack cancer by treating the immune system rather than the tumor.
In October 2018, CPRIT grantee Livia S. Eberlin, assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Texas, was named as a MacArthur fellow, a prestigious award that includes a $625,000, no-strings-attached grant. She was recognized for leading a research team that developed a pen-sized device to detect cancer.
Also in October 2018, another CPRIT grantee, UT Southwestern biochemist Dr. Zhijian “James” Chen, won the 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his discovery of the cGAS enzyme that launches the body’s immune defense against infections and cancers.
In February 2019, CPRIT named Cindy WalkerPeach, Ph.D., as its Chief Product Development Officer. Dr. WalkerPeach previously served as Innovation-Corps (I-Corps) Program Director at the National Science Foundation (NSF) in Alexandria, Virginia.
CPRIT Foundation.
In 2009 the Texas legislature authorized the CPRIT Foundation, a privately funded charity to raise money in support of CPRIT. The non-profit foundation accepted donations and gave money to CPRIT executives in addition to the salaries they received as state employees. The foundation was criticized for lack of transparency by members of the Texas legislature.
In 2013 the foundation announced it was shutting down.
Continuation.
In May 2019, the Senate voted 31-0 to approve HJR 12 a month after the House voted 130-15 in favor of it. The measure called for a referendum to authorize another$3 billion in general bonds to fund CPRIT. Proposition 6 on the November 2019 statewide ballot in Texas would authorize an increase in the limit of state bonds issuance to fund CPRIT from $3 billion to $6 billion. A maximum of $300 million in bonds would be issued each year. On November 5, 2019, Texas voters approved Proposition 6 by a margin of 64% to 36%.


Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification

The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification is a national certifying organization for professional rehabilitation counselors. Based in Schaumburg, IL, it is an independent, not-for-profit organization whose purpose is to establish, maintain, and monitor a national certification program for Certified Rehabilitation Counselors, including maintaining a register of all certified counselors and providing certification status for the public. The commission also maintains and updates a Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors under which all certified rehabilitation counselors must practice. The certification program is accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies, the accrediting organization of the Institute for Credentialing Excellence.
The commission has over 15,000 certified rehabilitation counselors. While the majority practice in the United States, some also practice in other countries worldwide.
History.
The road to the creation of the CRCC officially began in 1963 when the Professional Standards Committee of the National Rehabilitation Counseling Association (NRCA) proposed a professional certification for rehabilitation counselors and an associated governing body. No substantive movement would occur until 1969, when the Professional Relations Committee of the American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) and the External Relations Committee of the NRCA held a joint meeting to discuss certification. Together, these bodies penned a proposal to form a joint committee with membership from the two groups to conduct a role and function analysis of rehabilitation counseling based on the work being performed in the field. A committee of 12 individuals subsequently met in April 1971 and developed the proposal to determine the professional standards required for potential certification both in terms of educational requirements and work experience, and to establish an independent credentialing body.
Subsequently, in 1973, ARCA/NRCA created the Joint Committee on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification. It was incorporated in January 1974 and renamed the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification. For its first three decades, the governing body of the commission included representatives appointed by other rehabilitation counseling organizations. Since the early 21st century, the Commission is governed by an independently elected Board of Directors.
The commission continues to work with the two counseling associations and others to further the profession of rehabilitation counseling. In addition, the organizations also pursue different goals: the American Rehabilitation Counseling Association and the National Rehabilitation Counseling Association concentrate on membership association activities such as conferences, professional development, and publications, while the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification concentrates on promoting quality rehabilitation counseling services for individuals with disabilities through certification.
Certifications.
Individuals who pass the voluntary certification examination, become qualified as Certified Rehabilitation Counselors (CRCs). To maintain certification, counselors are required to stay current either through re-examination or by meeting specific ongoing educational requirements every five years.
Certified Rehabilitation Counselor.
The requirements include the following:
Certification is voluntary and not required for supervised or independent practice, although it may be a hiring requirement of certain employers. It identifies rehabilitation counselors who have voluntarily sought and met established standards. It is not a substitute for state-mandated licensure. Many states use the certification exam as part of their licensing requirements, which may provide license portability for rehabilitation counselors who wish to practice in more than one state.
Additional certifications.
The commission also maintains additional certifications:
While there are several hundred counselors holding these credentials, they are no longer offered to new applicants.
Job skills and work settings.
Rehabilitation counselors are the only professional counselors educated and trained specifically to serve individuals with disabilities. They assist individuals with physical, mental, developmental, cognitive, and emotional disabilities to achieve their personal, career, and independent living goals by engaging in a complete counseling process.
Certified rehabilitation counselors may specialize within many areas of rehabilitation counseling for people with disabilities, including:
Certified rehabilitation counselors are employed in a variety of work settings including:


List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins

There are many different keratin proteins normally expressed in the human integumentary system. Mutations in keratin proteins in the skin can cause disease.
Of note, other structural proteins in the epidermis of the skin that are closely related to keratins may also cause disease if mutated. Examples include:


Postgraduate Center for Mental Health

The Postgraduate Center for Mental Health (PGCMH) is an organization that provides mental healthcare services in New York City. It was founded in 1945 by psychiatrist Lewis Wolberg to provide psychological care to World War II veterans. Currently it provides inpatient and outpatient clinical mental healthcare services, and also provides transitional and permanent housing for people with severe and persistent mental illnesses.
A 2016 audit of the organization carried out by the Office of the New York City Comptroller found several financial irregularities as well as health and safety violations in apartments managed by PGCMH.


Robert Boyd (paediatrician)

Sir Robert David Hugh Boyd FRCP, FFPH, FRCPCH, FMedSci (born 14 May 1938) is a British paediatrician and head of research and Development for Greater Manchester NHS. From 1989 to 1993 he was Dean of the Medical School and Professor of Paediatrics at the University of Manchester. From 1993 to 1996 he was Chair of the Manchester Health authority. He was Principal of St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, 1996–2003, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of London from 2000 to 2003. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 2004. He is the son of James Dixon Boyd.


Tight glycemic control

Tight glycemic control in the context of intensive care medicine refers to the practice of controlling blood glucose levels to avoid hyperglycemia, which is often observed in patients with critical illness and is associated with higher mortality rates. This is typically done by monitoring a patient's blood glucose levels and administering insulin when they rise much above normal levels. The practice is now considered to be harmful (leading to hypoglycemia), but is still used by a quarter of emergency rooms.


Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy, sometimes known as cold therapy, is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy. Cryotherapy may be used to treat a variety of tissue lesions. The most prominent use of the term refers to the surgical treatment, specifically known as cryosurgery or cryoablation. Cryosurgery is the application of extremely low temperatures to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue and is used most commonly to treat skin conditions.
Cryotherapy is used in an effort to relieve muscle pain, sprains and swelling after soft tissue damage or surgery. It is commonly used to accelerate recovery in athletes post exercise for decades. Scientifically, cryotherapy decreases the temperature of tissue surface to minimize hypoxic cell death, edema accumulation, and muscle spasms, all of which ultimately alleviate discomfort and inflammation. It can be a range of treatments from the application of ice packs or immersion in ice baths (generally known as cold therapy), to the use of cold chambers.
While cryotherapy is widely used, there is little evidence as to its efficacy that has been replicated or shown in large controlled studies. Its long term side effects have also not been studied. However, there is a study that concludes that cryotherapy has a positive impact on the short-term recovery of athletes. Cryotherapy help manage muscle soreness and facilitate recovery within the first 24 hours following a sport-related activity. Athletes who use cryotherapy within the first 24 hours to alleviate pain recovered at a faster rate than athletes who did not use cryotherapy after their sport-related activity.
Cryotherapy chamber.
Cryotherapy chamber is an individual, tube-shaped enclosure that covers a person’s body with an open-top to keep the head at room temperature. This is a specific type of low-temperature treatment used to reduce inflammation and painful effects.
It was developed in the 1970s by Japanese rheumatologist Toshima Yamaguchi and introduced to Europe, USA and Australia in the 1980s and 1990s.
Mechanism of action.
When the body is vulnerable to extreme cooling, the blood vessels are narrowed and make less blood flow to the areas of swelling. Once outside the cryogenic chamber, the vessels expand, and an increased presence of anti-inflammatory proteins (IL-10) is established in the blood. Cryotherapy chamber involves exposing individuals to freezing dry air (below −100 °C) for 2 to 4 minutes.
Main uses.
Proponents say that cryotherapy may reduce pain and inflammation, help with mental disorders, support exercise recovery performance and improves joint function. Cryotherapy chambers belong to the group of equipment associated with sports rehabilitation and wellness.
Cryosurgery.
Cryosurgery is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The application of ultra-cold liquid causes damage to the treated tissue due to intracellular ice formation. The degree of damage depends upon the minimum temperature achieved and the rate of cooling. Cryosurgery is used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, most especially skin conditions like warts, moles, skin tags and solar keratoses. Liquid nitrogen is usually used to freeze the tissues at the cellular level. The procedure is used often as it is relatively easy and quick, can be done in the doctors surgery, and is deemed quite low risk. If a cancerous lesion is suspected then excision rather than cryosurgery may be deemed more appropriate.
Ice pack therapy.
Ice pack therapy is a treatment of cold temperatures to an injured area of the body. Though the therapy is extensively used, and it is agreed that it alleviates symptoms, testing has produced conflicting results about its efficacy.
An ice pack is placed over an injured area and is intended to absorb heat of a closed traumatic or edematous injury by using conduction to transfer thermal energy. The physiologic effects of cold application include immediate vasoconstriction with reflexive vasodilation, decreased local metabolism and enzymatic activity, and decreased oxygen demand. Cold decreases muscle spindle fiber activity and slows nerve conduction velocity; therefore, it is often used to decrease spasticity and muscle guarding. It is commonly used to alleviate the pain of minor injuries, as well as decrease muscle soreness. The use of ice packs in treatment decreases the blood flow most rapidly at the beginning of the cooling period, this occurs as a result of vasoconstriction, the initial reflex sympathetic activity.
Ice is not commonly used prior to rehabilitation or performance because of its known adverse effects to performance such as decreased myotatic reflex and force production, as well as a decrease in balance immediately following ice pack therapy for 20 minutes. However, if ice pack therapy is applied for less than 10 minutes, performance can occur without detrimental effects. If the ice pack is removed at this time, athletes are sent back to training or competition directly with no decrease in performance.
Cryotherapy following total knee replacement.
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a common intervention for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee. Post-surgical management includes cryotherapy. Cryotherapy may slightly reduce the amount of blood loss and pain. It was generally safe and not associated with any serious adverse events. It may improve the range of movement at the knee in the first one to two weeks after surgery. Potential benefits of cryotherapy on blood loss, postoperative pain, and range of motion may be too small to justify its use, and the quality of the evidence was very low or low for all main outcomes. Well designed randomized trials are required to improve the quality of the evidence. In conclusion, the effectiveness of cryotherapy is unclear.
Cold spray anesthetics.
In addition to their use in cryosurgery, several types of cold aerosol sprays are used for short-term pain relief. Ordinary spray cans containing tetrafluoroethane, dimethyl ether, or similar substances, are used to numb the skin prior to or possibly in place of local anesthetic injections, and prior to other needles, small incisions, sutures, and so on. Other products containing chloroethane are used to ease sports injuries, similar to ice pack therapy.
Whole body cryotherapy.
It is unclear if whole body cryotherapy (WBC) has any effect on muscle soreness, or improves recovery, after exercise. There is no evidence that whole body cooling effectively treats Alzheimer’s, fibromyalgia, migraines, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, stress, anxiety, or chronic pain as its proponents claim. In fact, whole body cyrotherapy is no more effective than taking a cold shower.
This treatment involves exposing individuals to extremely cold dry air (below −100°C) for two to four minutes. To achieve the subzero temperatures required for WBC, two methods are typically used: liquid nitrogen and refrigerated cold air. During these exposures, individuals wear minimal clothing, which usually consists of shorts for males, and shorts and a crop top for females. Gloves, a woollen headband covering the ears, and a nose and mouth mask, in addition to dry shoes and socks, are commonly worn to reduce the risk of cold-related injury. The first WBC chamber was built in Japan in the late 1970s, introduced to Europe in the 1980s, and has been used in the US and Australia in the past decade.
Adverse effects.
Reviews of whole body cryotherapy have called for research studies to implement active surveillance of adverse events, which are suspected of being underreported. If the cold temperatures are produced by evaporating liquid nitrogen, there is the risk of inert gas asphyxiation as well as frostbite.
Partial body.
Partial body cryotherapy (PBC) devices also exist. If the cold temperatures are produced by evaporating liquid nitrogen, there is the risk of inert gas asphyxiation as well as frostbite.


Guillaume Guelpa

Guillaume Guelpa (1850-1930) was a French doctor, born in Italy. He was an important diabetes medical researcher in the days before the invention of insulin in the early 1920s. During the First World War he invented the medical rack for treatment of all fractures complicated with gangrene.
Works.

Bibliography.
Notes
References


Arup Ratan Choudhury

Arup Ratan Choudhury (born 23 January 1952) is a Bangladeshi dental specialist and media personality. He is currently the head and senior consultant at the Department of Dentistry, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM).
Early life.
Choudhury was born on January 23, 1952, in Sylhet. He passed S.S.C. exam from Sylhet Government Pilot High School in 1968 and H.S.C. exam from Jagannath College University in 1970. He completed his Bachelor of Dental Surgery in 1975 from Dhaka Dental College and Hospital under University of Dhaka. He received Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from University of Dhaka in 2000. He received fellowship in Dental Public Health under World Health Organization Fellowship Program 1983–1984, London University, UK and postdoctoral research fellow, 1992–1993 at Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, New York City. He became the Fellow of International College of Continuous Dental Education (FICCDE) in 2003 and Fellow of International congress on Oral Cancer (FICOOC) in 2005.He received Fellowship in Dental Surgery from Royal College of Surgeons of England (FDSRCS) in 2013.


Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act

The United States Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act of 2009 () is a landmark, national initiative intended to enhance the quality of cancer care, focused on seniors covered by Medicare (approximately 45% of cancer patients are Medicare beneficiaries), while also controlling costs. House bill H.R. 2872 was introduced by Congressman Artur Davis (D-AL) and cosponsored by Representatives Steve Israel (D-NY) and Mary Jo Kilroy (D-OH).
The Quality Cancer Care Demonstration (QCCD) project was developed by community oncologists, with input from policy experts, to be a national Medicare demonstration project focused on two key aspects of cancer care: treatment planning and end-of-life care. Treatment planning involves all of the essential components of establishing the cancer care plan and monitoring its effectiveness. End-of-life care involves all of the essential components of patient-centric cancer care relating to individuals facing end-of-life planning and decisions.
H.R. 2872 calls for national reporting, via the Medicare payment system, of key metrics of evidence based care, refinement of those metrics, and development of a new Medicare performance-based reimbursement system that is patient-centric and quality driven, while aligning better with parameters of cost control.
The bill includes the following elements:


Charles Browne Fleet

Charles Browne Fleet (September 18, 1843 – May 12, 1916) was a pharmacist and inventor of the laxative and chapstick. His company, C.B. Fleet, was founded in Lynchburg, Virginia, and still operates producing laxatives, douches, micro-enemas, and other products of the sort.
A native of King and Queen County, Virginia, Fleet studied at Columbian College until the advent of the American Civil War, at which point he enlisted in the Confederate Army. He then moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, living there for a time before moving to Lynchburg. He served as Secretary of the Virginia Pharmaceutical Association for twenty-three years.


Ankara University Medical School

Ankara University Medical School is a medical school located in the Sıhhiye district of Ankara, Turkey. It opened in 1945 as the second medical school in Turkey, when Istanbul Medical School could no longer keep up with the demand for trained doctors.
Ankara medical school is the third best medical school in turkey according to QS.
Campuses.
Ankara medical school has three campuses
Morphology Campus.
Morphology campus was established in 1967 . it contains Dean’s office, offices of Vice Deans and Faculty Secretary, the central library, 13 Departments, 4 Disciplines and some administrative offices .
İbni Sina Campus.
the campus is a big hospital that contains internal and surgical medical departments, various medical care units and clinical and molecular laboratories.


Friedrich Matthias Claudius

Friedrich Matthias Claudius (1 June 1822 – 10 January 1869) was a German anatomist who was a native of Lübeck. He was related to the German poet Matthias Claudius (1740–1815).
In 1844 he earned his doctorate from the University of Göttingen, and in 1849 was appointed to the Zoological Museum of Kiel University. In 1859 he became professor and director of the anatomical institute at the University of Marburg.
In an 1856 paper he described what were to become known as the "cells of Claudius", which are cells located on the basilar membrane of the inner ear's cochlea. His name is also associated with "Claudius' fossa", now referred to as the ovarian fossa, a depression in the parietal peritoneum of the pelvis.
In 1867 he published "Das Gehörorgan von Rhytina stelleri" ("The hearing organ of "Rhytina stelleri" ").


Ronald Girdwood

Ronald Haxton Girdwood (19 March 1917 – 25 April 2006) was a Scottish medical doctor, Professor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and a President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.


List of immunofluorescence findings for autoimmune bullous conditions

Several cutaneous conditions can be diagnosed with the aid of immunofluorescence studies.
Cutaneous conditions with positive direct or indirect immunofluorescence when using salt-split skin include:
For several subtypes of pemphigus a variety of substrates are used for indirect immunofluorescence:


Hypoallergenic dog breed

A hypoallergenic dog breed is a dog breed (or crossbreed) that is purportedly more compatible with allergic people than are other breeds. However, prominent allergen researchers have claimed that there is no basis to the claims that certain breeds are hypoallergenic and, while allergen levels vary among individual dogs, the breed is not a significant factor.
The myth.
Though some studies suggest the possible existence of hypoallergenic dog breeds, there is too much variability to conclude that such a breed exists. According to researchers, claims about the existence of hypoallergenic dog breeds may have been fueled by unsubstantiated articles on the internet. . The significant allergens are proteins found in the dog's saliva and dander. Some studies have suggested that the production of the allergen, and therefore human allergenic reaction, varies by breed, yet more recent scientific findings indicate that there are no significant differences between breeds in the generation of these allergens. One study found hypoallergenic breeds to have significantly more allergen in their coats than non-hypoallergenic breeds although there was no differences in the allergen levels in the air or on the floor.
Scientific findings.
Breeds that shed less are more likely to be hypoallergenic, since the dog's dander and saliva stick to the hair and are not released into the environment. However, protein expression levels play a major role and amount of shedding alone does not determine degree of allergic reaction. "Even if you get a hairless dog, it's still going to produce the allergen," states Dr. Wanda Phipatanakul, chair of the Indoor Allergen Committee for the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.
If a person is allergic, they may be best able to tolerate a specific dog, possibly of one of the hypoallergenic breeds. Dr. Thomas A. Platts-Mills, head of the Asthma and Allergic Disease Center at the University of Virginia, explained that there are cases in which a specific dog (not breed) might be better tolerated by a specific person, for unknown reasons. "We think there really are differences in protein production between dogs that may help one patient and not another," Dr. Platts-Mills said.. Other breeds have come under scrutiny and Emma Charles, DVM discusses whether or not any particular breed of dog can be ever classed as hyopallergic.
All dogs shed, and all dogs produce dander and saliva in some degree. As noted above, the amount of the allergenic protein present on the dander and in saliva varies by breed. Also, the amount of the allergen can be reduced or eliminated in individual dogs by treatments such as bathing. But for most breeds, when not regularly bathed, even a dog who sheds very little or has little dander can trigger a reaction in a sensitive person.
Effect of size.
Size may be a factor in determining hypoallergenicity. It is possible that the total body surface area of the dog is more indicative of reduced production of allergens than its breed.
Smaller dogs will also leave fewer environmental pollutants containing dog dander and dog allergens (reduced fecal matter, urine and saliva). Dogs may leave behind urine, saliva and fecal matter as allergen sources. Dogs with access to the outdoors may introduce outdoor allergens such as mold and pollen with larger animals tracking in more of these allergens. It is well established that most individuals with dog allergy also suffer with additional environmental allergies. Individuals with dog allergy may also be at increased risk for human protein hypersensitivity with cross-reactivity of dog dander allergen and human seminal fluid.
Expert recommendations.
Researchers have shown that frequently bathing dogs reduces the amount of allergen related protein on the fur or hair of the dog and the amount of airborne allergen. Bathing a dog at least twice a week will minimize or even eliminate the reaction of an allergic person to a dog.
Frequent cleaning and vacuuming of the home, using air filters, restricting the dog to certain rooms, and adopting a small dog that can easily be given frequent baths are all recommended by the Humane Society of the United States to control allergens. Scientific research has repeatedly shown that good cleaning practices in the home remove allergens from the environment.
Many allergists suggest that a dog not be introduced to the environment of a dog allergic individual. While "allergy shots" can reduce many individuals' dog-allergic reactions, the most common approach remains avoidance.
There have been recent studies suggesting early introduction of pets to home may reduce the likelihood of developing sensitization. There are reports of individuals who will become less sensitive with continued exposure to a pet in the environment. But allergists warn that pet owners cannot rely on a breed being non-allergenic just because a particular allergic pet owner can tolerate a specific dog of that breed.
External links.
[[Category:Dog breeds]]
[[Category:Allergology]]


Wilfred Abse

David Wilfred Abse (15 March 1915 – 4 November 2005) was a Welsh psychiatrist.
Abse was born in Cardiff, a brother of the poet Dannie Abse (1923–2014) and the politician Leo Abse (1917–2008). During and after World War II, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1941, he participated in the examination of the Nazi leader Rudolf Hess, who had been captured in Scotland during an unsuccessful peace mission. Abse was later stationed in India, eventually rising to the rank of Major.
A psychoanalyst, Abse received his medical training from University of London, then emigrated to the United States to become professor of psychiatry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He spent the greater part of his career in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Virginia from 1962 until 1980. Abse was known for his work in group therapy and hysteria, and contributed to the "Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease". It was said that his younger brother Leo got his habit of Freudian allusion in his speeches from Wilfred.
Abse's work in group analysis was influenced by S.H. Foulkes, who was in London at the same time as Abse. Abse wrote that in group-analytic psychotherapy, each patient's unconscious defense struggle becomes manifest, producing unconscious regression. Feelings about early figures from childhood are aroused and, through transference, fixed on the group leader (or conductor). Childish feelings of jealousy and rivalry lead participants to become concerned about which members in the group the group leader prefers.


Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center

The Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center is one of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)'s 26 Prevention Research Centers. It was established in 1998 with a grant from the CDC. It is part of the Yale School of Public Health, and is based at Griffin Hospital in Derby, Connecticut. It also operates out of the Community Alliance for Research Engagement at Yale University. Its focuses are the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as obesity and heart disease.


Sterling Clarren

Sterling K. Clarren is one of the world's leading researchers into Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), an umbrella term encompassing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy:alcohol exposed and prenatal alcohol exposed. He was the Robert A. Aldrich Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle, Washington, and doctor for the university's FAS diagnostic and prevention clinic prior to becoming the CEO and Scientific Director of the Canada FASD Research Network.
Clarren has studied FASD since 1975 and helped to establish the definitions of FAS and FAE. He wrote the first article on the neuropathology of FAS, and developed the first non-human primate model for studying dose-response. He has testified about FASD before the United States Congress and the Washington State Legislature.
Education.
Clarren received his bachelor's from Yale University and his MD from the University of Minnesota. His postgraduate training was in pediatrics, and fellowship training was in neuroembryology, teratology, and dysmorphology at the University of Washington.
Professional life.
Clarren is a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a past president of the FAS study group for the Research Society on Alcoholism, past president of the West Coast Teratology Society, and a member of the Society for Pediatric Research, New York Academy of Science, the Teratology Society.
He has received funding from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Centers for Disease Control, the Glaser Foundation, and the March of Dimes. He has published over 100 scholarly papers.
Clarren is currently working as a clinical professor for the Centre for Community Child Health Research at the Child and Family Research Institute in Vancouver, B.C., Canada.


Milton McPike

Milton McPike (October 9, 1939 – March 29, 2008) was an American educator and San Francisco 49ers player, and the principal of Madison East High School for 23 years. He also served on the Board of Regents for the University of Wisconsin–Madison until his death in 2008.
Biography.
Early life and education.
Milton Lee McPike was born October 9, 1939 in Jacksonville, Illinois. He played high school football with boxer Ken Norton. He attended Northeast Missouri State University Teacher's College (now Truman State University) from 1958 to 1962. While there, he earned 12 letters in basketball, track and football.
Career.
In 1962, he was a 12th-round draft pick by the San Francisco 49ers. Following his NFL experience, McPike taught and coached sports for 11 years in Quincy, Illinois.
In 1974, he moved to Madison, Wisconsin, where he served as vice principal of Madison West High School for five years. In 1979, he was appointed principal of Madison East High School. Under his leadership at East, the school gained a reputation for academic focus and was recognized as a National School of Excellence in 1989. He retired as principal in 2002. The Madison East High School Fieldhouse was named after McPike in 2005.
McPike served on several hospital and foundation boards and was named to the UW Board of Regents in 2004, resigning as regent in March 2008 for health reasons.
Marriage and children.
McPike and his wife Sharon, had no children together. McPike had three sons (Milton Jr., Jeff and Jim) with his first wife Ruth. Sharon had three children (Scott, Kimberly and Rebecca) from a previous marriage.
Death and afterward.
McPike died on March 29, 2008 in Madison, Wisconsin of adenocystic carcinoma.


Intercrural fibres of superficial inguinal ring

The intercrural fibers (intercolumnar fibers) are a series of curved tendinous fibers, which arch across the lower part of the aponeurosis of the Obliquus externus, describing curves with the convexities downward.
They have received their name from stretching across between the two crura of the subcutaneous inguinal ring, and they are much thicker and stronger at the inferior crus, where they are connected to the inguinal ligament, than superiorly, where they are inserted into the linea alba.
The intercrural fibers increase the strength of the lower part of the aponeurosis, and prevent the divergence of the crura from one another; they are more strongly developed in the male than in the female.
Intercrural fascia.
As they pass across the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they are connected together by delicate fibrous tissue, forming a fascia, called the "intercrural fascia".
This intercrural fascia is continued down as a tubular prolongation around the spermatic cord and testis, and encloses them in a sheath; hence it is also called the "external spermatic fascia".
The subcutaneous inguinal ring is seen as a distinct aperture only after the intercrural fascia has been removed.


International Pelvic Pain Society

The International Pelvic Pain Society is an organization of healthcare professionals whose primary mission is to disseminate educational resources for the management of chronic pelvic pain conditions. The society promotes multi-disciplinary and biopsychosocial treatment approaches, as well as research and collaboration between patients and providers. Its mission statement is:
The society's membership consists of professionals engaged in pain management across multiple specialties including gynecology, urology, gastroenterology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, physical and occupational therapists, psychology, social work, and other health professions.
History.
IPPS was incorporated on March 28, 1997 as the "Pelvic Pain Society", by Dr. C. Paul Perry, Dr. James Carter, and Dr. Fred M. Howard. The original mission statement of the Society in 1997 was:
In 2002 the Board of Directors updated the mission statement to include the diagnosis of and treatment of male pelvic pain, and in 2019 the mission was updated to state that the society's mission is to promote the well-being of all individuals, regardless of gender. In 2004, IPPS introduced the first workshop and postgraduate course for male pelvic pain.
Conferences.
As a means for promoting pelvic pain education, the IPPS holds an Annual Scientific Meeting where health care providers and researchers share research findings and clinical care updates. They also hold classes at and participate in conferences with other organizations, including
Publications.
The IPPS publishes clinical practice nationally recognized consensus guidelines on vulvar pain, patient assessment forms to be used for research and clinical care, and patient education booklets. The society promotes research collaborations with academic institutions and other pain education societies, patient educational events and social media podcasts. As part of a large awareness campaign, in 2017, the IPPS designated May as Pelvic Pain Awareness Month, which promotes pain education, awareness and fundraising.


Georges Bardet

Georges, Louis, Bardet (1885–1966) was a French physician who is known for first describing a rare genetic disease. In his graduation thesis at the University of Paris in 1920, Bardet wrote about a medical condition characterized by obesity, retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly and hypogonadism. Two years later, Hungarian physician Arthur Biedl described the same symptoms in two sisters, separate from Bardet's findings. This condition has since become known as the Bardet–Biedl syndrome.
Georges Bardet was the uncle of Jean Bardet, the founder of Éditions du Seuil.


Lemuel Diggs

Lemuel Whitley Diggs (January 8, 1900 – January 8, 1995) was a pathologist who specialized in sickle cell anemia and hematology.
Biography.
Diggs was born in Hampton, Virginia, but spent most of his life and did most of his work in Memphis, Tennessee. He received his undergraduate and master's degrees from Randolph-Macon College, and his medical degree in 1925 from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He joined the faculty of the University of Tennessee in Memphis in 1929 and later became Director of Medical Laboratories.
In 1938 he helped create in Memphis the first blood bank in the South, only the fourth in the US. He helped Danny Thomas create the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, also in Memphis, in 1962.
In 1971 his work led to the creation of the first comprehensive research center for sickle cell disease at the University, which later endowed a Professor of Medicine position named after him.
His "Morphology of Human Blood Cells", which he co-authored with Ann Bell and medical illustrator Dorothy Sturm, is on its 7th edition and is still used as a textbook.
A 1984 interview with Diggs entitled, "History of Medicine in Memphis" has been published. Diggs died in January 1995, on his 95th birthday.
Publications.
Diggs, L.W., Ahmann, C.F. & Bibb, J. (1933) The incidence and significance of the sickle cell trait. Annals of Internal Medicine, 7, 769-778


Colorado Compassion Club

The Colorado Compassion Club, founded in 2004, opened a storefront in 2005 and registered with the Colorado Secretary of State in 2006, making it the first medical marijuana dispensary in the state of Colorado. This planted the seed in Colorado that grew into the first state to legalize recreational use by the Colorado Amendment 64 on November 6, 2012 along with the state of Washington.
Founding.
Founded by Thomas and Larisa Lawrence, the Colorado Compassion Club set a precedent that would lead to the legitimization of the medical marijuana industry. Established before Colorado HB-1284 that set forth regulations for the medical marijuana industry, the Colorado Compassion Club laid the foundation that set industry standards. Other founding members included Ken Gorman, Scott Fry and Anton Marquez.
The Colorado Compassion Club first began as an organization that strived to provide safe access to medical marijuana for qualifying patients, trained caregivers and provided resources for patients and caregivers seeking to become legal under 0-4-287 - ARTICLE XVIII of the Colorado State Constitution, also known as Amendment 20, allowing the medicinal use of marijuana for qualifying conditions. The Colorado Compassion Club was the first organization that held public meetings for people to learn more about becoming registered patients and caregivers, and with the help of Ken Gorman, found doctors that were willing to sign recommendations leading to an influx of patients and caregivers.
Legal Battles.
After a raid from local and federal authorities in 2004, The Colorado Compassion Club, decided the next best course of action would be to go more public in helping others and began dispensing medical marijuana to chronically ill patients on a weekly basis from the Grant Avenue United Methodist Church, followed by a permanent establishment on Colfax Avenue.
The founders of the Colorado Compassion Club made great sacrifices in trailblazing the medical marijuana industry so that others could follow suit. Using a strong relationship with the media, grassroots activists and local politicians, Thomas and Larisa pioneered the legitimization of medical marijuana and were also the first people in the state to get confiscated marijuana back from the police without wasting public time or dollars. The founding members of the Colorado Compassion Club, were the “canaries in the coal mine” and showed the state of Colorado that it was possible to establish a medical marijuana center without further federal intervention while working with community leaders to exemplify a model for other leaders of the medical marijuana community to follow and build upon. The Colorado Compassion Club was dissolved in 2008.