Sheila M. Riggs

Sheila M. Riggs serves as chair of the Department of Primary Dental Care at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry as well as the community engagement director for the University's Clinical and Translational Science Institute. In these roles, she pursues a wide range of research interests as well as providing leadership to the pioneering Dental Therapy Program within her department. The Dental Therapist program in Minnesota is among the first to be developed and accredited in the US and is designed to increase access to dental care for underserved populations.
While pursuing her doctorate in medical sciences from Harvard in the late 1980s, she worked to expand access by influencing insurance carriers and legislative leaders and shifted away from a clinical career providing care one patient at a time. She began her career serving both as an Assistant Professor in Harvard School of Dental Medicine's Department of Oral Epidemiology and Health Policy, and as President of the Iowa Health Research Institute. She joined the executive ranks of Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield of Iowa and South Dakota to launch and lead their analytics division, later adding the role of Executive Director of The Wellmark Foundation to her responsibilities.
In 1999, Riggs was recruited to the board of directors of Delta Dental of Minnesota to launch an analytics strategy. That work was recognized by the board as successful and led to her appointment as CEO of Delta Dental in 2005 where she served until the firm's operations were acquired in 2008.
Riggs is vice chair of the board of directors of Hennepin Healthcare System dba HCMC, where she chairs the Physicians Compensation and Benefits Committee. She also serves on the board of Benco Dental, Inc., chairing the Growth and Diversification Committee as well as The Wellmark Foundation.


Dip slide

A dip slide (or dipslide) is a test for the presence of microorganisms in liquids. The use of dip slides is the method most frequently used to measure and observe microbial activity in liquid-based systems. It is often used in testing cooling systems. Dip slides are often used to determine the presence of slime forming bacteria in cooling & industrial water systems.
 The Health and Safety Executive's (HSE) recommends the use of dipslides to monitor the general activity of aerobic bacteria.
The dip slide test consists of a sterile culture medium on a plastic carrier that is dipped into the liquid to be sampled. The culture is then incubated, allowing for microbial growth. Most Dip slides consist of 1 - 2 agars attached to a flexible plastic paddle, this allows full contact of the agar onto the desired area for testing. Most Dipslides come in a circular clear shatterproof tube that can be inserted into a dip-slide incubator.
Method.
Most Dip slides are incubated at 30 °C for 48 hours after being dipped into the sample to ensure that the results are accurate. Some dipslides require different temperatures and incubation times depending on the type of agar used, and which organism is being tested for. After being dipped into the sample the dip slide is returned and secured in its original container for the incubation process. Multiple tests at varying periods are recommended to increase accuracy. It is important that biocides are not applied to the water prior to testing as this would significantly alter the results. The clarity of the sample is not necessarily reflective of the presence of bacteria as seemingly clear water may still have bacteria present. For some water systems a weekly dip slide test is recommended. For multiple tests the incubation period and temperature should be the same each time a new sample is assessed. Bacteria present in the sample liquid will grow and form colonies. A bacterial reference chart is used to determine the number of bacteria in the sample. Appropriate treatment is applied to the water source once abnormal levels of bacterial activity are noticed. Once water treatment is effective the bacterial count produced by the dip slide test should be low, approximately <104. Dip slides are normally used when microbiological activity is relatively high (1,000 - 100,000 CFU per milliliter of water).
The dip slide results should be used only as a guide as the accuracy of the dip slide is limited as a result of the small sample size that is analyzed and the method used to obtain results. Nevertheless, dip slides may be very useful as they are very convenient, simple to use and cost effective.


Samuel Gibson Dixon

Samuel Gibson Dixon (March 23, 1851 - February 26, 1918) was an American lawyer, physician, sanitarian for the state of Pennsylvania and bacteriologist who made important contributions to the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was the Commissioner of the State Department of Health in Pennsylvania from 1905 until his death., during which time he introduced sanitary and hygienic reforms that set new standards for government public health programs and saved thousands of lives.
Dixon was born in Philadelphia, attended private schooling, and went on to graduate from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, being admitted to the bar in 1877. He practiced for 6 years as a lawyer. Due to recurring illness, he chose to change profession and attended the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, earning the Doctor of Medicine degree in 1886. He then studied in the department of bacteriology in King's College London, the State College of Medicine in London, and in Pettenkoffer's Laboratory of Hygiene in Munich before returning to Penn as the professor of hygiene. He attended medical school at both King's College London and Pettenkofer's Laboratory of Hygiene in Munich.
His work in tuberculosis prevention is what brought him the most recognition. He is now regarded as the first researcher to induce immune response to tuberculosis in guinea pigs—a precursor to the development of an effective treatment for the infection in humans. A tuberculosis facility in Mont Alto, Pennsylvania being named after him.
He was appointed to the Board of Public Education in Philadelphia and eventually as the commissioner of health of the State of Pennsylvania.


Better Medicare Alliance

The Better Medicare Alliance (BMA) is an American 501(c)(4) advocacy and research group that supports Medicare Advantage, a private health insurance option available to Medicare beneficiaries. The organization is funded by the insurance companies UnitedHealthcare, Aetna, and Humana, and has been criticized as a front group for the health insurance industry.
BMA was founded in December 2014 by thirteen coalition partners, including Aetna, Humana, UnitedHealth Group, the American Medical Group Association, the Healthcare Leadership Council, Healthways, the National Association of Manufacturers, the National Retail Federation, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. BMA has over 100 organizations listed as allies, including Meals on Wheels America.
In early 2015, group strongly opposed the rate decrease proposed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for Medicare Advantage, arguing that access to the program in rural areas had been declining. It was joined by over 300 members of Congress who wrote to CMS to oppose the cuts, which eventually went into effect. In April 2015, former U.S. Representative Allyson Young Schwartz was named president and CEO of the organization. Schwartz was considered a leading health care expert in Congress, and received over $2.1 million in campaign contributions from the healthcare sector during her congressional career.


European Pathway Association

The European Pathway Association (E-P-A.org) is a European non-profit organisation which brings together researchers, managers and clinicians on the management concept of clinical pathways. The organisation works on the establishment of clinical care pathways in order to systematically plan and follow up a patient focused care program.
History.
In 2003, at the conference of the "International Society for Quality in Healthcare" (ISQUA) in Dallas (United States), the idea of a European Pathway Association was suggested by Kris Vanhaecht of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium) and Massimiliano Panella of the University of Eastern Piedmont (Italy). On 16 and 17 September 2004, the EPA was founded at a meeting in Jesi (Italy).


Ward Darley

Ward Darley, Jr., M.D. (1903–1979) was an American educator and physician who served as president of the University of Colorado and dean of its medical school.
He received his A.B. degree in 1926 and his M.D. in 1929, both from the University of Colorado. As an undergraduate, he was a charter member of Psi chapter of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity.
Upon completion of his medical degree, he worked for thirteen years in private practice in Denver. Darley joined the Colorado College of Medicine as professor in 1946 and served in that role until 1956, in addition to his administrative duties. He became dean of the Colorado College of Medicine in 1945 and became vice president for health sciences in 1949. Under his leadership the school made great strides, and a medical clinic established at Denver's General Hospital became a widely recognized educational experiment in comprehensive medical care, a special focus of Darley's career.
Darley was appointed President of the University of Colorado from 1953 to 1956.
Darley was active in the Association of American Medical Colleges throughout his career, serving as its president in 1952 and assuming the role as its administrative head in 1956.
He was awarded honorary degrees from more than twelve universities. In 1964 he received the Association of American Medical Colleges' Abraham Flexner Award for Distinguished Service to Medical Education, its highest honor. In 1971, he became a Master of the American College of Physicians.
He donated his papers to the National Library of Medicine in 1968.


Marguerite Lwoff

Marguerite Lwoff, née Bourdaleix (1905–1979) was a French microbiologist and virologist known for her studies of metabolism. She partnered with her husband, André Lwoff, throughout their careers, but was not awarded the Nobel Prize he was given in 1965. Her career began with studies of ciliates and continued with major research on the Apostomatida. In 1929, the Lwoffs were awarded a laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, where they studied "Haemophilus" metabolism and discovered the role of cozymase. Marguerite Lwoff published her solo research in 1940 on trypanosome metabolism, where she elucidated the role of hematin. Though the Lwoffs continued their partnership, Andre began to receive more and more credit and Marguerite was generally discounted as simply a technician.


Robert E. Emery

Robert Edgar Emery (born August 30, 1952) is a professor of psychology and director of the Center for Children, Families, and the Law at the University of Virginia. His research focuses on topics related to family relationships, such as divorce and family violence, and their effects on children's mental health. Books that he has authored include "Marriage, Divorce, and Children’s Adjustment", "Renegotiating Family Relationships: Divorce, Child Custody, and Mediation", and "The Truth about Children and Divorce: Dealing with the Emotions So You and Your Children Can Thrive". He is a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, as well as of Divisions 12, 37, and 43 of the American Psychological Association.


Medical Training Application Service

The Medical Training Application Service (MTAS, pronounced "em-tass") was an on-line application system set up under the auspices of Modernising Medical Careers in 2007 and used for the selection of Foundation House Officers and Specialty Registrars, and allocating them to jobs in the UK. Its implementation was heavily criticised both in the press and within the medical profession, and its operation was marked by the resignation of key staff and serious security breaches. The system affected junior doctors, and so every qualified doctor in the UK who had not yet attained Consultant status.
Overview of the system prior to MMC.
Prior to the introduction of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC), junior doctors who had completed their initial training after medical school (formerly the Pre-registration house officer or PRHO grade) could apply for posts as a Senior House Officer (SHO). They could apply for as many posts as they wished, and would be selected by their future employers based on their CV / application form and interview. They could devise their own training programme or apply to be part of a training rotation – usually entailing changing jobs every six months, but staying within the same speciality and hospital. Whilst training, an SHO would be encouraged to take professional exams to enable them to become a member of one of the medical royal colleges. Once this was achieved, they could apply for jobs as a specialist registrar. The lack of formal structure between the PRHO grade and the specialist registrar grade led to SHOs being labelled as a "lost tribe". During the MTAS crisis, however, "The Lost Tribe" was used to refer to doctors who were not able to proceed using the new computer system and as a result were left with no career at all, and so in a worse situation that the original "Lost Tribe" the system had been intended to help.
MTAS application process.
Under MTAS, junior doctors who had completed the PRHO grade, and more recently the Foundation House Officer grades, along with those who already had up to several years of experience working at the old SHO (next grade up) level, were invited to submit an electronic application form on the MTAS website. Applications could be made to one speciality in four geographic areas (called 'Units of Application' or UoAs), or to two specialties in two UoAs, or four specialties in one UoA. There were twelve geographical areas: one each for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland; one covering the whole of London, Kent, Surrey and Sussex; and eight others. The completed application forms were used for selection for interviews. Candidates who were not eligible (for example, not having practised medicine for a number of years, or not being registered with the UK General Medical Council) were rejected at the 'longlisting' stage, with the 'shortlisting' stage designed to pick out the best applicants.
Scoring of applicants.
The application form consisted of shortlisting questions with space for 150-word answers. One of the changes promoted by the new system was that little (25%) importance was given to past experience, achievements, or examinations passed in the specialties, while the majority of the weighting for selection was based on the 150-word answers in the electronic application form (75% weighting). This was in sharp contrast to the previous CV-led process where past experience, achievements and examinations passed in the specialties were used to shortlist candidates for interview.
The questions on which the majority of the score was based were heavily criticised both at the time by the medical professionals obliged to answer them and subsequently in the independent review of MMC led by Professor John Tooke. The report commented:
"Free-text boxes encouraged plagiarism and commercial websites sold responses. Plagiarism was common but the promised plagiarism software did not function initially. Even when it did, plagiarism detection was relatively unhelpful as it could identify similar responses but could not identify whether the applicant composed or copied the text and thus could not be used to exclude applicants. In addition, the word limit was felt to be too restrictive by many.
Shortlisting was widely regarded as uneven and unfair, with the Tooke Report noting: "Some excellent candidates not shortlisted. Many very poor candidates were shortlisted." A number of local schools withdrew from the process in protest, with the North Central London School of Anaesthesia noting "It is our professional duty as shortlisters to make sure that the appointment process is carried out correctly and that all candidates are considered equally and fairly. There have been a series of serious procedural errors during the process[...]There has been a general recognition that round 1 of MTAS has been unfair and ineffective."
Interviews.
The interviews were again designed to be unbiased, in that, once selected for interview, the application form would be ignored, and CVs would not be allowed at interview. Instead, defined questions with explicit marking schemes gave scores to the candidate's answers by looking for certain phrases and keywords. Again, the emphasis here was on removing possible bias due to a candidate's past achievements and experience, and focusing only on the performance at the standardised interview.
As with other areas of the scheme, the interview process attracted several criticisms at independent review as they were "felt by many to be too formulaic and politically correct rather than sufficiently probing to demonstrate differences in competencies and abilities", they were frequently too short ("In many cases the time allocated to interviews was the minimum of 30 minutes which some interviewers felt was insufficient"), and they failed to reward those with high academic achievements, who "were particularly disadvantaged by a non-CV based process."
After the first round of interviews, there was a plan for a second round of applications. Candidates who were unsuccessful in both rounds would have no further opportunity to gain access to a training job in the UK for the year ahead, as MMC meant it was impossible to recruit junior doctors after the single specified start date.
Application forms were released in February 2007, with two weeks to complete and submit. The first round of interviews were due to be carried out in February, March, and April 2007 with applicants finding out whether they were successful in May. The second round was to take place after this, finishing in late June 2007.
Theoretical benefits of MTAS.
In theory, the new application system centralised the application process, reducing the workload for consultants in shortlisting candidates for interview, and the workload of candidates applying multiple times for different posts.
Unfortunately in practice the centralised system failed, with MTAS withdrawn after the matching process, and the workload for consultants was hugely increased, as evidenced in several of the resignation letters prompted by the procedure: "The Consultants involved in shortlisting have all worked long hours, often at weekends or during half term holidays, and have done their utmost to cooperate[...]Most of us had 48 hours in which to carry out shortlisting of up to 650 applications.".
Problems with MTAS.
Theoretical problems.
Theoretical concerns behind the process include:
Security concerns.
The security of the system failed, with personal details including phone numbers, home addresses and sexual orientation of junior doctors publicly available for several hours to anyone with the right URL. The following day it was reported that applicants had been able to see each other's files by changing two digits in the personalised web address given to each individual, and the system was suspended.
Attempts to repair interview process.
The allegations of widespread execution problems led to a review and a rolling program of sweeping changes, leaving the junior doctors in the system unsure of where they stood for long periods. The review stated that everyone should be entitled to keep any previous interviews in hand and also have an interview for their first choice if this was in England, with Wales and Scotland deciding to interview all applicants for all posts. Applicants for English programmes were able to make any of their four initial choices into their new first choice if they wished, in order to maximise the number of interviews they would have. This extra round of interviews was called Round 1B. Estimates are that there were 30,000 extra interviews requiring at least 15,000 consultant hours of interview time.
The initial offers from Rounds 1 & 1B were made by 10 June 2007. Round 2 started on 22 June and was organised locally as the MTAS system was offline. Round 2 continued until 31 October 2007, three months after the process should have been completed. The guidance from MMC indicated that any junior doctor in substantive employment on 31 July, and taking part in Round 2 will be guaranteed employment until the end of Round 2 in October, "Please note that all applicants who applied to MTAS who are in substantive NHS employment on 31 July will continue to have employment while they progress through Round 2".
There was, however, a general feeling amongst those involved in the system that it was beyond repair and further efforts to do so constituted an example of 'irrational escalation'.
Repercussions.
The British Medical Association (the largest trade union body representing doctors) pulled out of the review panel after their announcement that each doctor would only be given one interview. Organisations like the Royal College of Surgeons stated that they had lost confidence in the system.
The BMA later rejoined the review and have since lent their support to the proposed changes ("Round 1B"). However, following an outcry by members and a controversial letter to The Times newspaper, Mr James Johnson, Chairman of the BMA resigned on 20 May 2007, citing his reasons for leaving as the contents of the letter.
On 30 March 2007 Professor Alan Crockard resigned as National Director of Modernising Medical Careers. In his resignation letter he stated that he has "responsibility but less and less authority" and that "the overriding message coming back from the profession is that it has lost confidence in the current recruitment system".
On 3 April 2007, during an interview on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, the Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt apologised to junior doctors over the crisis, saying that the application scheme had caused "needless anxiety and distress". The British Medical Association welcomed the government's acknowledgement of the problem but stated that "an apology isn't enough". Patricia Hewitt's apology was repeated to parliament on 16 April 2007, however she stated that, "the problems that have arisen relate in the main to the implementation process and not to the underlying principles of Modernising Medical Careers." Later that month Ms Hewitt was accused by the opposition of failing to express genuine regret over the fiasco.
The MTAS website was suspended on 26 April 2007 after a Channel 4 News report stated that applicants had been able to see each other's files by changing two digits in the personalised web address given to each individual. At that point the Department of Health announced that this was a temporary suspension.
Ms Hewitt made another apology on 1 May 2007 in the House of Commons after the suspension of the MTAS website due to security breaches that she described as "utterly deplorable". On 3 May, Hewitt appeared on BBC "Question Time" where she faced hostile questioning from a junior doctor over MTAS failures.
On 15 May 2007 MTAS was shelved by ministers due to security breaches. Patricia Hewitt said that after the first round of recruitment, the system would only fulfil a monitoring role.
A judicial review of MTAS was successfully called for by pressure group Remedy UK, who demanded that the appointments process should be scrapped altogether. The case was heard in the High Court from 16 to 17 May 2007, where the BMA sided with the government despite an overwhelming majority of their own membership opposing MTAS. On Wednesday 23 May 2007 Mr Justice Goldring ruled against Remedy UK, stating that "although far from ideal", the Review Group's decision on amending the appointments process after the first round of interviews was "within the range of reasonable responses", and that the Review Group was "entitled to reach the decision it did given the circumstances facing it at the time". Although he ruled against invalidating the interviews that had already taken place, Mr Justice Goldring added that this judgement did not imply that junior doctors were not entitled to feel aggrieved, as "the premature introduction of MTAS has had disastrous consequences". Remedy UK have said they will not appeal the verdict, in order to avoid further uncertainty for junior doctors.
Cost.
The estimated cost of MTAS was £6.3m.


Entoglossus

The entoglossus is an elongated bony process in lizards and birds that projects from the body of the hyoid apparatus into the tongue.


Rex Forehand

Rex Lloyd Forehand (born September 17, 1945) is an American psychologist. He is the Heinz and Rowena Ansbacher Endowed Professor and University Distinguished Professor of Psychological Science at the University of Vermont, where he is also the director of the Vermont Genetics Network. He previously taught at the University of Georgia for over thirty years, where he served as Distinguished Research Professor and, subsequently, as Regents Professor. He was also the director of the University of Georgia's Institute for Behavioral Research for nine years. In 2008, he received the Award for Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology from the American Psychological Association.


Nancy E. Dunlap

Nancy E. Dunlap is a physician, researcher and business administrator focused in the area of pulmonary and critical care medicine. She is now an emeritus professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine.
Career.
Dunlap has held numerous appointments with increasing responsibilities at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, as professor of medicine and business. She also served as vice chair for clinical affairs, vice president of the UAB Health System for Ambulatory Services and chief of staff and chief operating officer for The Kirklin Clinic, a large, multi-specialty, academic clinic.
As a Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Fellow, Dunlap worked on the reauthorization of FDA legislation regarding pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biologics, as well as issues related to Medicare, Medicaid, public health, insurance matters, sustainable growth rate and medical liability.
Dr. Dunlap was also a Physician-in-Residence with the National Governors Association in Washington, DC in 2013.
In May 2013, Dunlap was appointed interim Dean for the University of Virginia School of Medicine, replacing Steven T. DeKosky, and served a term of eighteen months.
Dunlap received a bachelor of arts degree from Wellesley College; a medical degree from Duke University; a doctoral degree in microbiology from UAB; and an MBA degree with distinction from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
Publications.
Dr. Dunlap is cited as an author on over 45 PubMed publications.


Broda Otto Barnes

Broda Otto Barnes (14 April 1906 – 1 November 1988) was an American physician and professor of medicine who studied endocrine dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism. In the 1970s, Barnes published several books arguing that hypothyroidism was underdiagnosed in the U.S. and was responsible for a wide range of health problems. Barnes' views on the prevalence of hypothyroidism were never widely accepted by the medical community and run counter to its current understanding of thyroid function, but they have been embraced by some elements of the alternative medicine community.
Biography.
Barnes was born on April 14, 1906 in a log cabin in Missouri, the son of Addie and Robert B. Barnes. Barnes studied chemistry at the University of Denver, and became an instructor of physiological chemistry at Western Reserve University for two years, receiving his M.S. in 1930. Barnes received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1931 and taught physiology there from 1931 to 1936. He completed his M.D. in 1937 at Rush Medical College, and for two years he was an Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Illinois. He was named chairman of the Health Education Department at the University of Denver. He became professor affiliate in the department of physiology at Colorado State University from 1963 to 1968. On 13 September 1981 he married Helen Tucker Morgan (1905–2002) in California. She was his second wife.
In 1984, Barnes established a not-for-profit foundation, the Broda O. Barnes Research Foundation, to continue to advocate his arguments about hypothyroidism. Barnes and his wife also established a program of interest-free student loans to aid "worthy and needy chemistry students" at the University of Denver. The University of Chicago library retains a collection of memorabilia, consisting largely of photographs related to Barnes' time there.
He died on 1 November 1988 in Bend, Oregon.
Hypothyroidism perspective.
Barnes developed and promoted a diagnostic test for thyroid function that became known as the "Barnes Basal Temperature Test". This test is performed by placing a thermometer in the armpit for 10 minutes immediately upon waking(On the 2nd-3rd day of menstruation for premenopausal women). Barnes considered a measurement of or below to be highly indicative of hypothyroidism, especially when hypothyroid symptoms are present. Barnes believed that a reading over was indicative of "hyper"thyroidism, unless a patient had advanced arthritis, which he claimed would falsely elevate the temperature due to muscle contractions.
The details of the test were published in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" (JAMA) in August 1942. The test has never been adopted by the medical profession; however, it was subsequently promoted by Barnes in a series of books, and is currently advocated by some alternative medicine practitioners. In modern medical practice, the most accurate means of assessing thyroid function is through specific biochemical tests which measure blood levels of thyroid gland hormones and regulators. In his books, Barnes argued that hypothyroidism affected more than 40% of the American population, significantly higher than the prevalence of approximately 5% reported in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Barnes believed that many common diseases, including heart disease, cancer, depression, arthritis, diabetes, the common cold, tonsillitis, ear infections, apparent laziness in children, various menstrual disorders, and skin disorders, were all caused or exacerbated by hypothyroidism.
Treatment.
Barnes treated hypothyroidism by prescribing patients a daily dose of thyroid hormone. He recommended starting with a small dose, and then slowly increasing the dosage in monthly intervals until symptoms resolved and waking body temperature was between 97.8F and 98.2F. He also recommended never surpassing 3 grains of desiccated thyroid. For most patients, he recommended continuing thyroid medication for life at that optimal dose, though some could be slowly weaned off. Barnes used a desiccated thyroid extract, Armour Thyroid, almost exclusively, based on his anecdotal observation that it was superior to synthetic hormones.
During his years of practice, Barnes also began to believe that virtually all his hypothyroid patients had concomitant undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency. Based on this speculation, he routinely prescribed an accompanying dose of the synthetic corticosteroid prednisone. Barnes argued that it was mandatory to give prednisone to patients with a systolic blood pressure below 100.
Pregnancy test research.
In 1932, W. Fleischmann and S. Kann reported in a German gestational physiology journal that female bitterings, small carp-like fish, "...show an enlargement of the ovipositor following injection of an estrogenic preparation...".
Since human pregnancy urine contains estrogen, Drs. Aaron E. Kanter, Carl P. Bauer and Arthur H. Klawans of the University of Chicago added a teaspoon of urine from a pregnant woman to a bowl in which a bitterling was swimming. This experiment produced ovipositor lengthening, as expected by reasoning from the earlier results of Fleischmann. In 1935, TIME Magazine nationally reported their announcement of this potentially useful new test for human pregnancy, which was then currently determined by rabbit and mouse tests. But subsequent to the announcement, Kanter, et al., found that urine from non-pregnant women or men had the same effect.
Barnes was the principal investigator, with obstetricians Kanter and Klawans, in an experiment reported in 1936. They sought to determine the source organ of whatever non-pregnant urine substance was causing the same bitterling ovipositor response as Fleischmann's estrogenic preparation. Barnes, et al., extracted juice from 14 different organs of seven species (including both genders of humans) and exposed bitterlings to them. The organ they found responsible was the adrenal cortex. The Barnes, et al., 1936, publication in "Science" was also reported in TIME.
In 1938, Fleischmann and Kann determined that in addition to estrogen, a specific adrenal hormone, corticosterone, could cause the observed bitterling ovipositor reaction. This additional non-pregnant hormone reaction made the bitterling test not useful for its originally announced purpose, though it did open the door to an investigation of why corticosterone is significant in urine.


Havelock Charles

Major-General Sir Richard Henry Havelock Charles, 1st Baronet, (10 March 1858 – 27 October 1934) was a British doctor, and Serjeant Surgeon to King George V.
Early life and medical career.
Charles was born in Cookstown, County Tyrone, the sixth son of David Hughes Charles MD and Annie Elizabeth Allen, and named after Sir Henry Havelock, who had died two months earlier. He was educated at Queen's College, Cork, before joining the Indian Medical Service as a surgeon in April 1882. In the year 1894, he was appointed as a Professor of Anatomy at the Medical College, Calcutta, and surgeon at the College Hospital. On 1 April 1902 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and later attained the rank of major-general. During his tenure as a surgeon in the Medical College, Calcutta, he also served as the staff surgeon to the Prince of Wales (later George V during the latter's tour of India. Following this, Charles was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1906, promoted to Knight Grand Cross (GCVO) in 1912 and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in 1923.
Court appointment.
On his return to India and upon ascension of George V to the throne, Charles was appointed Serjeant Surgeon to King George V from 1910 to 1928, and was later Honorary Serjeant Surgeon to His Majesty. He was created a Baronet, of The Abbey Grange, Waltham Abbey, in the County of Essex and of Manchester Square in the Parish of St Marylebone in the County of London, on 20 March 1928.
Family.
Charles married Gertrude Seton Gordon, and they had two children, Sir Allen Aitcheson Havelock Charles, 2nd Baronet, and Sir Noel Charles, 3rd Baronet.
He died at his home in Manchester Square, London W1, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.
He was succeeded as 2nd Baronet by his son, Captain Sir Allen Aitcheson Havelock Charles, who established the "Richard Havelock Charles Scholarships and Medals" at Queen's University Belfast in his honour.


Red Crescent Society of Turkmenistan

The Red Crescent Society of Turkmenistan was established in 1926 and it has its headquarters in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.


Ultraviolet light therapy

Ultraviolet light therapy or ultraviolet phototherapy is a form of treatment for certain skin disorders including atopic skin disorder and vitiligo when used with psoralen to form the PUVA treatment. It consists of irradiation of the patient with the UVA band of ultraviolet light (fairly closely matching the ultraviolet output from the sun), usually delivered from a fluorescent bulb specially designed to output this frequency of ultraviolet.
This treatment is similar to the light from good quality solariums but differs from the mainly UVB ultraviolet band used to treat psoriasis. Tanning beds are used both in dermatology practices for the treatment of cosmetic skin conditions (such as psoriasis, acne, eczema and vitiligo) and in indoor tanning salons for cosmetic tanning. At least 88 percent of dermatologists recommend the usage of tanning equipment or salon tanning for clients to inexpensively self-treat skin conditions as a convenient alternative for clients in rural locations, as well as naturally occurring exposures including ultraviolet light from the sun.
Typical treatment regimens involve short exposure to UVB rays 3 to 5 times a week at a hospital or clinic, and repeated sessions may be required before results are noticeable. Almost all of the conditions that respond to UVB light are chronic problems, so continuous treatment is required to keep those problems in check. Home UVB systems are common solutions for those whose conditions respond to treatment. Home systems permit patients to treat themselves every other day (the ideal treatment regimen for most) without the frequent, costly trips to the office/clinic and back.
Side effects.
Side-effects may include itching and redness of the skin due to UVB exposure, and possibly sunburn, if patients do not minimize exposure to natural UV rays during treatment days. Cataracts can frequently develop if the eyes are not protected from UVB light exposure. To date, there is no link between an increase in a patient's risk of skin cancer and the proper use of narrow-band UVB phototherapy. "Proper use" is generally defined as reaching the "Sub-Erythemic Dose" (S.E.D.), the maximum amount of UVB your skin can receive "without" burning.
Certain fungal growths under the toenail can be treated using a specific wavelength of UV delivered from a high-power LED (light-emitting diode) and can be safer than traditional systemic drugs.
Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in infants uses blue light, not UV.
Commercial tanning beds as alternative treatment.
Phototherapy is used for many dermatologic conditions. However, the time and expense can be a burden and obstacle for many patients. For patients with psoriasis, the use of tanning beds can be beneficial. (Psoriasis is a skin condition with symptoms of red flaky skin). Commercial tanning facilities offer an alternative means of phototherapy outside of a doctor's office. Tanning beds at commercial facilities are already being used by people with psoriasis; a survey showed that 36% of patients have tried commercial tanning beds to treat their psoriasis. Tanning beds are, in fact, the most common form of phototherapy.
However, there are risks to using tanning beds. Too much exposure to artificial UV light increases the risk of skin cancer. There are other side effects and risks from too much UV exposure, as well. People with lighter skin should take caution before using a tanning bed. Other issues include the UVA and UVB wavelength variable: there are many models of tanning beds, and it is highly variable among them as to what the combination of UVA and UVB wavelengths are used. UVA is primarily what tanning beds emit. UVA penetrates deeper into the skin, is less likely to cause sunburn, but increases the risk of skin cancer and melanoma.
One concern is that tanning beds that primarily emit UVA cannot be effective for the treatment of psoriasis. Other limitations to the use of tanning beds for the treatment of skin conditions include the imprecise output of the lamps and beds, imprecise spectral targeting of commercial tanning beds, the fact that the patient or non-medical staff run the machines, and other acute or long-term side effects.


Richard Poole (physician)

Richard Poole (1783–1871) was a Scottish physician, psychiatrist, and phrenologist.
Life.
Poole was born in Edinburgh, on 27 November 1781, from an English background. His father Matthew Poole (or Pool) owned a coffee house and hotel at 1 Princes Street and lived above.
By 1800 his father is retired and living at Reid's Close on the Canongate in Edinburgh's Old Town.
Poole studied Medicine and graduated M.D. at the University of St Andrews in 1805. He was editor of the "New Edinburgh Review", and published articles promoting phrenology in the early 1820s; it existed 1821 to 1823. Poole was also first editor of the "Phrenological Journal". Poole joined the editorial staff of the "Encyclopædia Edinensis" under James Millar.
In 1820 he was living at 23 Broughton Street, a flat in Edinburgh's east end.
From 1820 Poole campaigned for a new infirmary in Edinburgh. In 1825 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. In the late 1830s he was a pioneer advocate of mental health reform, and in 1838 he became superintendent of the Montrose Asylum, succeeding W. A. F. Browne. He remained at Montrose until 1845. He then kept a private asylum at Middlefield, Aberdeenshire.
Poole died in Coupar Angus on 18 February 1870 aged 88 at the house of his daughter, Mrs Kirkwood. He is buried with his wife in the churchyard of St. Machar's Cathedral in Aberdeen.
Works.
He is credited with dramas, including "Willie Armstrong" performed in Edinburgh in 1829.
Poole also wrote for the "Edinburgh Encyclopædia" and "Encyclopædia Britannica". A list of publications appeared in "Scottish Notes and Queries".
Family.
An epitaph gives Jane Caird as Poole's wife; it also records his dates as 1781 to 1870. Their children included Samuel Wordsworth Poole, a physician and episcopal clergyman.
Artistic Recognition.
A bust of Poole is held at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. It was donated by his daughter, Mrs Sandeman of Glasgow.


Duke University Human Vaccine Institute

In 1990, the Duke Human Vaccine Institute (DHVI), located in Durham, North Carolina, was formed to support interdisciplinary efforts across Duke University School of Medicine to develop vaccines and therapeutics for HIV and other emerging infections that threaten the health of the United States and the world. Since 1990, DHVI investigators have been at the forefront in the battle against AIDS and specifically in the quest for an HIV vaccine.
In 2002, DHVI received support from the Dean of the School of Medicine to recruit new faculty for HIV research and to apply for a Regional Center for Excellence in Emerging Infections and Biodefense grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
In 2003, the NIH funded the construction of the Duke Global Health Research Building, an infectious disease research facility and a Regional Biocontainment Laboratory (RBL). Completed in 2006, this building is designed to support basic research necessary to develop drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines for emerging infections and biodefense, and to provide surge capacity in the event of a public health emergency.
In 2005, DHVI became the home to the NIAID funded Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, a $350M grant to speed the development of an AIDS vaccine. Led by Barton Haynes, MD this effort has had a major effect on the progress of the entire field of HIV vaccine development, and has pointed the way to new progress. A recent example of this DHVI-led progress has been the leadership of the DHVI in the immune correlates analysis of the RV144 vaccine trial. RV144 showed an estimated vaccine efficacy of 31.2%, and the study of the correlates of immunity is a critical opportunity for the field to understand why this trial worked, in order to make future vaccines perform better.
Over the next 7 years (beginning in 2012), the Duke CHAVI-ID will build on the progress that was made by the CHAVI consortium and apply state-of-the-art technologies and both immunologic and virologic tools to improve rational HIV-1 vaccine design. The vaccine strategy of the Duke CHAVI-ID is based on identifying and targeting novel HIV-1 vulnerabilities to B, T and NK cell immune responses and using this information to design vaccines that will induce protective immunity at the time and location of HIV-1 transmission.
The Duke Human Vaccine Institute has now established a place of national and international leadership in the fight against major infectious diseases such as HIV, TB and influenza.
References.
https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132513/http://dhvi.duke.edu/about-institute
http://chavi-id-duke.org/about-us


American Sports Medicine Institute

American Sports Medicine Institute (ASMI) located in Birmingham, Alabama was founded in 1986 by Dr. James Andrews and Dr. Lawrence Lemak with original funding from HealthSouth Corporation. It is a non-profit organization dedicated to improving the understanding, prevention, and treatment of sports-related injuries through research, technology-based education, and information dissemination.
Pitching biomechanics evaluation.
The research director at ASMI, Dr. Glenn Fleisig, uses video and computer technology to study the pitching motion of baseball pitchers. High speed video of the pitcher is also collected using a Vision Research high-speed video camera


Chronic critical illness

Chronic critical illness is a disease state which affects intensive care patients who have survived an initial insult but remain dependent on intensive care for a protracted period, neither dying nor recovering. The most characteristic clinical feature is a prolonged requirement for mechanical ventilation. Other features include profound weakness associated with critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy, increased susceptibility to infection, metabolic changes and hormonal changes. There may be protracted or permanent delirium, or other marked cognitive impairment. The physical and psychological symptoms of the disease are very severe, including a propensity to develop post traumatic stress syndrome.
Strict definitions of chronic critical illness vary. One definition is the requirement for mechanical ventilation for 21 days or more. It is estimated that 5-10% of patients who require mechanical ventilation as part of their initial illness will go on to develop chronic critical illness. Overall prevalence has been estimated at 34.4 per 100 000 of the population. Most adult patients do not survive chronic critical illness, and furthermore even those who are discharged from hospital frequently die soon after discharge. One-year mortality in adults is 48-68%. However, children fare better with two-thirds surviving to 5 years or beyond.


American Medical College Application Service

The American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) is a service run by the Association of American Medical Colleges through which prospective medical students can apply to various medical schools in the United States. It thus acts as something of a Common Application among the schools.
Most US medical schools granting Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degrees require that students apply through AMCAS. However, there are seven M.D. schools that do not participate in AMCAS. These schools use the Texas Medical & Dental Schools Application Service (TMDSAS). There are a total of 141 M.D. granting medical schools in the U.S. that use AMCAS, which includes 4 Puerto Rico schools.
Osteopathic medical schools (granting Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, or D.O., degrees) have a similar system called the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service (AACOMAS).
In 2020, The Association of American Medical Colleges shortens the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) to rule out experimental issues.


Joseph Blomfield

Joseph Blomfield (1 March 1870 - 9 November 1948), was a British anaesthetist who was on the list of honorary staff at King Edward VII for Officers. He was editor of the "British Journal of Anaesthesia".


Andrew Goddard

Andrew (Bod) Goddard (born 8 November 1967 in Plymouth, Devon) is a British doctor, and consultant in gastroenterology and the current president of the Royal College of Physicians of London.
Goddard was educated at the City of London Freemen's School and St John's College, Cambridge. He trained in Nottingham and has been Consultant Gastroenterologist at the Royal Derby Hospital since 2002. He was Registrar of the Royal College of Physicians from 2014 to 2018. In 2018 he was elected to succeed Jane Dacre as college president (PRCP); his presidency commenced on 26 September 2018.
Published online


White pulp

White pulp is a histological designation for regions of the spleen (named because it appears whiter than the surrounding red pulp on gross section), that encompasses approximately 25% of splenic tissue. White pulp consists entirely of lymphoid tissue.
Specifically, the white pulp encompasses several areas with distinct functions:
Macrophages in the white pulp.
The T cell zone (periarteriolar sheath) and B cell follicles contain discrete macrophage populations; however, not much is known about these macrophage populations in terms of their origin and lifespan. These macrophages are not unique to the spleen but instead make up an integral part of the lymphoid parts of all secondary lymphoid organs.
In the B cell follicles, the macrophages are important in clearing the apoptotic B cells that occur during the germinal centre reaction in the process of somatic hypermutation and isotype switching. B cells that cannot form their appropriate receptors will die of apoptosis and are subsequently cleared by the macrophages in the germinal centre. During intensive germinal centre reactions, this process is obvious due to the presence of the large macrophages in the germinal centre, known as tingible body macrophages. (They're named this because their 'tingible bodies' represent condensed apoptotic nuclei.) In order for the apoptotic cells to be taken up by macrophages, it is important that phosphatidylserine is expressed on the outer surface of the apoptotic cells, which is recognized by multiple receptors. The tangible body macrophages express: tyrosine kinase Mer, the milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 and Tim-4, all of which supports the engulfment of the apoptotic cells into the macrophages.
Macrophages are also present in the T cell area of the white pulp but their role is less well understood. This population of macrophages can be found in all the other T cell zones of the secondary lymphoid organs. It is possible that these macrophages are descendants of patrolling monocytes that entered the white pulp from the blood. Due to them being positioned alongside T cells, it is suggested that these macrophages have a role in antigen presentation or the removal of dying lymphocytes.


London Radium Institute

The London Radium Institute was a public health initiative set in motion by Edward VII in 1909 and initially financed by Ernest Cassel and Edward Guinness. The architect T. Phillips Figgis was commissioned to build premises at 1 & 3 Riding House Street, the first part of which was ready in 1911, with the second being completed in 1914. The premises are now a Grade II listed building.
The institute applied the medical uses of radium, which originally were only external, with subsequent internal uses being developed. In its first year of operation, it was claimed that, of thirty-nine cases of cancer of the uterus treated, three patients were discharged as cured, and another nineteen were regarded as "improved".


Peter Ostrum

Peter Gardner Ostrum (; born November 1, 1957) is an American veterinarian and former child actor, whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory".
Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for "Willy Wonka". Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign a three-film contract when it was over. After eschewing a career in film and theatre, Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role. In 1990, he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film, and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" was released to theaters.
Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting "Willy Wonka", and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them. Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984, Ostrum practiced and lived in Lowville, New York with his wife Loretta (), and two children.
Personal life.
Peter Gardner Ostrum was born in Dallas on November 1, 1957 to Dean Gardner Ostrum (1922–2014) and Sarepta Mabel (born 1922). He is the youngest of four children. Ostrum was living in Cleveland at age twelve—a city of which he was described as a native by MSNBC, and later attended North Hunterdon Regional High School in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.
Ostrum married Loretta M. Lepkowski in . The couple have two children, Helenka and Leif, with the latter following his father onto stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals. The Ostrums lived in Lowville, New York as recently as 2005.
"Willy Wonka".
Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children's theatre, when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory". The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel, then returned to New York. Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming. Ostrum left for Munich on August 10, 1970.
In 2000, Ostrum recalled that shooting "Willy Wonka" in Munich was "sort of like being an exchange student for five months". Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark, for the 1972 Summer Olympics, and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson. As Ostrum had not worked in film before, Wilder took it upon himself to instruct the young actor in the business. Ostrum would later describe Wilder as a quirky yet gentle gentleman who "treated people with respect and dignity." The bond that developed between the two actors was such that, even though they never saw each other again after filming "Wonka", Ostrum described Wilder's 2016 death as "like losing a parent".
Ostrum was tutored on-set for three hours a day, though sometimes only for 30–60 minutes at a time. Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed, it was Ostrum's own singing voice that made it to the screen—albeit significantly cut. In a 2011 interview, Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film, and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so; it is Ostrum's only souvenir from the set.
After he finished shooting "Willy Wonka", the then 13-year-old Ostrum declined David L. Wolper's offer of a three-film contract. The teenager confided in Frawley Becker, his "Willy Wonka" dialogue coach, that he turned down the contract to retain "the freedom to choose what he played, and in what picture." (Ostrum and Becker remained friends through at least 1996.) In January 2018, Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting—though not its hurry-up-and-wait nature—but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child- to adult-actor.
, Ostrum still received US$8–9 of royalty payments about every three months.
Lasting effect.
In his senior year, Ostrum was involved in film class and, at the interest of one of his instructors, looked back into theatre and acting. After auditioning for, but not landing, several roles (including for Alan Strang in "Equus" on Broadway), Ostrum decided not to pursue it further. After putting his short film career behind him, Ostrum declined reporters and interviews, preferring not to speak on the subject; "I wanted people to judge me on who I was, not what I’d done". For some time, Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother, and not he, had starred in the film. It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one-time stardom; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother.
Since 1990, Ostrum has spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year—on the last day of school, as a special treat—about his experience in "Willy Wonka" as well as his work in veterinary medicine. The students chiefly ask about the film's special effects, and Ostrum describes to them "what happened to Veruca, how did Violet blow up like a blueberry, how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe, all those types of questions." Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown, New York, answering audience questions after a screening of the film; "it’s in my backyard—it's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events." Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film, and that people ask him "great questions." Ostrum has been called "the most famous man in Lowville", where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory".
In the run-up to the release of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" in 2005, Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1's list of "100 Greatest Kid Stars" (at 78th). On the new film, Ostrum quoted fellow "Wonka" actor Julie Dawn Cole, saying that "It's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it's been redecorated." Ultimately, the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone, and requested "please, no more interviews."
In January 2009, Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) at South Station in Boston; Ostrum's participation connected the MBTA's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in "Willy Wonka". The promotion also gave out one "golden ticket", worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin' Donuts coffee for 2009.
In October 2000, Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD. In a 2010 interview, "Wonka" co-star Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen ("Wonka"s Mike Teevee) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film's release in 2011.
Veterinary career.
Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming "Willy Wonka", his family acquired a horse; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse, it was the animal's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him. Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college, Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania. Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood, and even visited California for a week to "test the waters" there. He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead, feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did not. In 1984, Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine.
, Ostrum worked in Lowville, New York both as a veterinarian with the Countryside Veterinary Clinic (working mainly with horses and cows), and a managing partner with Dairy Health & Management Services. Ostrum also took part in "Veterinarians on Call", a Pfizer-funded video series that highlighted the work of large animal veterinarians.


Richard Eastell

Richard Eastell MD, FRCP (London, Edinburgh, Ireland), FRCPath, FMedSci is a British medical doctor and Professor of Bone Metabolism at the University of Sheffield. He was born in Shipley (West Yorkshire) and attended the Salt Grammar School, later graduating from the University of Edinburgh in 1977 with an MB ChB and in 1984 with an MD and achieved prominence as an expert in osteoporosis.
Bone Metabolism.
Professor Eastell has pioneered new techniques for measuring calcium uptake and vitamin D conversion and is a leading expert in osteoporosis diagnosis, implementation of bone turnover markers and new osteoporosis treatments.
While at the Mayo Clinic, Eastell developed new non-radioactive methods for measuring how calcium was absorbed from the diet and a new technique for measuring 1,25-OH2D3 production as well as refining the use of bone densitometry and a new approach for identifying vertebral fractures on radiographs of the spine. After returning to the UK, Eastell set up a metabolic bone service at the Northern General Hospital. More recent contributions have been within the area of bioclinical bone turnover markers and leadership of clinical trials in the osteoporosis area for new osteoporosis treatments.
Eastell has supervised the study for 37 doctoral degrees over the past 30 years and published over 550 research papers.
Controversies.
Eastell was the subject of a 2005 report in the "Times Higher Education Supplement" concerning allegations that he had incorrectly claimed to have had full access to data for a trial of the Procter & Gamble drug Actonel. The report claimed that the analysis for the trial had been carried out by Procter & Gamble and that Eastell did not in fact have complete access to the data. Eastell wrote a letter in 2007 to the editors of the "Journal of Bone and Mineral Research", where the paper in question was published in 2003, accepting that he had not disclosed limitations on data access as required by the journal and acknowledging certain errors in the paper. At a General Medical Council "fitness to practice" hearing in November 2009, it was determined that Eastell's actions had not been "deliberately misleading or dishonest", although he may have been negligent in making "untrue" and "misleading" declarations; the council did not make a finding of misconduct.
The "THE"'s report on Eastell was in part the result of whistleblowing by another Sheffield academic, Aubrey Blumsohn, who was initially suspended by the university and subsequently left the university with a "six-figure" payout. Other bone medicine academics, speaking on BBC Radio 4's programme "You and Yours", took the view that the paper in question had overstated the effectiveness of the drug.
Eastell resigned as director of research at Sheffield National Health Service Trust in 2006 after allegations of "financial irregularities" related to charging the NHS for laboratory tests in connection with his university research. His resignation followed suspension by the NHS when the allegations were made in May 2005. The NHS trust did not produce an investigation report, stating that this was pre-empted by Eastell's resignation.
In 2010 Eastell was involved in a further dispute with a colleague over a clinical trial and the right of that colleague to present commercially sensitive data.
Eastell is Professor of Bone Metabolism at the University of Sheffield and Director of the Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.


Charles F. Reynolds III

Charles F. Reynolds III is an American geriatric psychiatrist currently UPMC Endowed Professor in Geriatric Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh.
Education.
Reynolds graduated magna cum laude in philosophy from the University of Virginia and then earned his medical degree from Yale University School of Medicine in 1973.


Jin Qian Cao

Jin Qian Cao or Jinqiancao (金钱草, "Gold Coin Grass/Herb/Weed") is a term used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. It can refer to several different herbal species, generally identified by their native regions. The most common of these in the Chinese trade, listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, is "Lysimachia christinae", but in the West "Desmodium" and "Glechoma" may be more commonly encountered.


Michael Cole (psychologist)

Michael Cole (born April 13, 1938) is an American psychologist and emeritus distinguished professor at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where he held positions in the Department of Psychology, the Department of Communication, and the Human Development Program. His research focuses on the development of a mediational theory of mind, as well as the promotion of partnerships between UCSD and the community.
Career.
After teaching as an associate professor at the University of California for three years, Cole joined the faculty of Rockefeller University in 1969, also as an associate professor. He was promoted to a full professor at Rockefeller in 1975. In 1978, he joined the UCSD faculty with a joint appointment in psychology and the Communication Program. In 1995, he became the director of UCSD's Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, and in 1999, he was named one of UCSD's university professors.
Professional affiliations.
Cole is a member of the National Academy of Education and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.


Intrahealth (UK)

Intrahealth is a provider of Primary Care services based in Durham UK. Not to be confused with IntraHealth International an international charity based in North Carolina or Intrahealth Systems Limited, a software company.
Intrahealth was one of a number of companies founded by GPs cited by the NHS Support Federation in a report described a process of commercialisation masked by some providers being referred to as ‘GP-led', when in reality, many described in this way have a commercial focus, with ‘profit-making intent and a traditional corporate management structure'.
In 2011 when Clinical Commissioning Groups were first proposed the company planned to develop a commissioning consortium of non-neighbouring practices covering its more than 40,000 registered patients. According to its plan “This proposal… challenges the notion of working in geographical clusters and opts for a model based on working with like-minded practices (having a similar or identical opinion, disposition). “Intrahealth’s commissioning vision is to bring the care of our patients closer to home; we want our clinicians to have ownership and it to be local ownership with clinical decisions made closer to the patient.”. Subsequently it was decided that Clinical Commissioning Groups were required to be physically contiguous, so their proposal did not proceed.


Ross Zafonte

Ross Zafonte, D.O. is an American board-certified physiatrist known for his academic work in traumatic brain injury and is recognized as an expert in his field. Zafonte is the chairman of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts and the chief of physical medicine & rehabilitation at Massachusetts General Hospital. He held the position of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Vice President of rehabilitation services prior to his move to Harvard. Dr. Zafonte received his Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree from Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Education.
Dr. Zafonte attended medical school at the Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine and received his Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree in 1985. After receiving his medical degree, Dr. Zafonte completed a physical medicine and rehabilitation residency at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and was board certified in physical medicine and rehabilitation in 1990.


Bimola Kumari

Sarungbam Bimola Kumari Devi is an Indian medical doctor and the Chief Medical Officer of Imphal west region in the Indian state of Manipur. She has been serving in the Manipur state medical service since 1979, mostly working in the rural areas and has headed the food safety office during two visits of Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, to the state. Kumari, a recipient of the 2014 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar International Award, was honoured by the Government of India in 2015 with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.


Hansjoachim Linde

Hansjoachim Linde (6 April 1926 – 12 February 2020) was a German Generaloberstabsarzt and inspector general of the medical troops from 1982 to 1986.
Hansjoachim Linde was born in Ortelsburg, East Prussia (Szczytno, Poland). He served in World War II and returned to Germany from Soviet captivity in 1946. Linde studied medicine at the University of Marburg and in Innsbruck and worked as a surgical assistant. He joined the West German Bundeswehr in 1957.
From 1971 to 1974 he was a consultant for leadership and planning at the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). In 1982 he was promoted to Generaloberstabsarzt and became inspector general of the medical and health system. In addition to his work in military medicine he was active in the German Red Cross. Linde died in Mönchengladbach.


Charles Oliphant

Charles Oliphant (1666 – 9 December 1719) was a Scottish physician and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1710 to 1719. He built his medical career in Edinburgh, but moved to London in 1708. He became physician to the Prince of Wales (later King George II).
Early life and family.
Oliphant was the second son of Charles Oliphant of Edinburgh, a principal clerk of the court of session and a descendant of the 3rd Lord Oliphant. His mother Barbara was a daughter of Patrick Kinloch of Alderston, Haddingtonshire. He graduated from Edinburgh University with an M.A. in 1684, from Leiden in 1687, and was awarded his MD at Rheims University in 1691.
Edinburgh.
Oliphant set up a medical practice off High Street in Edinburgh, and became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1693. In 1699 he published a treatise on vomiting during fevers, which was challenged in 1701 by Dr George Cheyne in his "New Theory of Continual Fevers". Oliphant realised that Cheyne's criticism had been prompted by Dr Archibald Pitcairne, a fellow Edinburgh physician with whom Oliphant had been friendly at the start of the 1690 but fell out with over the course of the decade.
Oliphant responded with a series of attacks on Pitcairne's work, accusing him of plagiarism.
The dispute escalated into an acrimonious exchange of pamphlets.
London.
In 1708, Oliphant moved permanently to London, attributing his decision to the Act of Union. He had concluded that "our remoteness from the centre of the government must certainly drain us, and carry all those that have ambulatory employments, or live by their industry, to live in England".
At the 1710 general election, Oliphant was elected in the Duke of Argyll's interest (MP) as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs.
He had no previous connection to the area and appears to have been rather uninterested its affairs, but with the Duke's support he was re-elected 1715. Argyll also help to secure Oliphant's appointment in 1714 as physician to George, Prince of Wales.
Oliphant died in 1719. He had married before 1698, a daughter of Sir John Young of Leny, Edinburgh and left 2 daughters, one of whom, Mary, married Lord Strathmore.


William S. Gailmor

William S. Gailmor (28 April 1910 – 14 November 1970) was a medical writer and lecturer.


Maxim Cheeran

Maxim C-J. Cheeran is an American Associate Professor of virology and neurovirology at the University of Minnesota's Department of Veterinary Population Medicine. He trained as a veterinarian in India before earning a doctorate at the University of Minnesota, and specializes in infections of the central neural system.


Juan Giambruno

Dr. Juan Giambruno (born February 23, 1950 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan cardiac surgeon at Universidad de la República, Montevideo.
His major work is a fully implantable artificial heart called CATO (Corazón Artificial Total Ortotópico - Spanish for Orthotopic Total Artificial Heart), which looks and acts like a real heart. In the development of the CATO, Giambruno worked together with an important team of Uruguayan scientists (cardiac surgeons, engineers, veterinarians and others). The CATO has been tested in cows with good results. Giambruno has earned international patents for his invention.
The main factor why the project hasn't been completed yet is the lack of economic resources. For years, the team of scientists has been working very hard and for free, in the living room of Giambruno's apartment in Montevideo.


Pasteur Institute of Dakar

The Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD) is a biomedical research center in Dakar, Senegal. The institute is part of the world-wide Pasteur Institute, which co-manages the IPD with the Senegalese government.
Description.
In 1896 Émile Marchoux, a French physician and microbiologist who had studied under Louis Pasteur, founded a microbiological laboratory in Saint-Louis, then the capital of French Colonial Senegal. In 1913 the facility was moved to Dakar which had become the new capital in 1902. After French Colonial Senegal, the institute continued its operations into the era of Senegalese independence. The IPD is primarily focused on the study of microbiology and virology, specifically arbovirus; yellow fever was first isolated in Africa at the institute, and the first vaccine for the disease was discovered at the IPD.
Following the outbreak and spread of COVID-19, the institute began to work on developing a cost-effective means of testing for coronavirus.


Anastasia Golovina

Anastasia Golovina (), also known as Anastassya Nikolau Berladsky-Golovina, and Atanasya Golovina (1850-1933) was the first Bulgarian female doctor.
Biography.
She was born in Kishinev. She graduated from the Sorbonne in 1878 where she defended her doctoral thesis "Histological examination of the walls of the arteries", which provokes the admiration of the scientist Jean Charcot. She was the first Bulgarian woman to graduate from a university.
She worked in hospitals and schools, and was a specialist in internal diseases as well as a psychiatrist. She had contacts with the progressive, revolutionary circles in Bulgaria and Russia in the middle of the 1870s.


Nancy E. Davidson

Nancy E. Davidson is the executive director and president of Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, senior vice president, director of clinical oncology at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and head of the Division of Medical Oncology at the University of Washington School of Medicine. She focuses her research on breast cancer treatments and the genes that are mutated in various forms of breast cancer. She was president of American Association for Cancer Research from 2015 to 2016 and president of American Society of Clinical Oncology from 2007 to 2008.
Davidson received her BA from Wellesley College in 1975 and her MD from Harvard Medical School in 1979. She did a medical internship at University of Pennsylvania Hospital followed by a residency in internal medicine from 1980-1982. She then worked as a medical staff fellow at the National Cancer Institute from 1982 to 1985.
She was director of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute from March 2009 to December 2016, when she became executive director of clinical oncology at the Fred Hutch/UW Cancer Consortium, senior vice president, member and director of the Clinical Research Division, and professor and head of the Division of Medical Oncology at University of Washington School of Medicine. She serves on the board of directors of the Ludwig Institute.


James Hudson (explorer)

James Hudson (13 October 1854 – 8 July 1912) was a New Zealand doctor and explorer. Hudson was born in London, United Kingdom, and died on the Spooners Range near Tapawera, New Zealand.


John Dirks

John Herbert Dirks (born August 20, 1933) is a Canadian physician.
Overview.
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he studied medicine at the University of Manitoba and received a fellowship in medicine from the Royal College of Physicians in 1963. From 1963 to 1965, Dirks trained in nephrology research at the National Institutes of Health. He then became the head of the nephrology division at the Royal Victoria Hospital. In 1976, Dirks became head of the Department of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and, in 1987, Dean of Medicine at the University of Toronto. From 1994 to 1996, he was Dean-Rector at the Aga Khan University in Pakistan. in 1993, he became president and scientific director at the Gairdner Foundation and also serves as chair of the Medical Advisory Board and of the Canada Gairdner Wightman Committee for the foundation.
Dirks was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2012. He was named to the Order of Canada in 2006.


James Young Simpson

Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet, FRCPE (7 June 1811 – 6 May 1870) was a Scottish obstetrician and a significant figure in the history of medicine. He was the first physician to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform on humans and helped to popularise its use in medicine.
Simpson's intellectual interests ranged from archaeology to an almost taboo subject at the time: hermaphroditism. He was an early advocate of the use of midwives in the hospital environment. Many prominent women also consulted him for their gynaecological problems. Simpson wrote "Homœopathy, its Tenets and Tendencies" refuting the ideas put forward by Hahnemann.
His services as an early founder of gynaecology and proponent of hospital reform were rewarded with a knighthood and by 1847 he had been appointed as physician to the Queen in Scotland.
Simpson was a close friend of Sir David Brewster, and was present at his deathbed. His contribution to the understanding of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform had a major impact on surgery.
Education and early career.
James Simpson was born in Bathgate a younger son of Mary Jervais and David Simpson, a baker. He attended the local school, and in 1825, at the age of 14, entered the University of Edinburgh to study for an arts degree. Two years later he began his medical studies at the University, graduating with an MBChB. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1830 and received his MD in 1832. While at University he took additional classes including those delivered by the surgeon Robert Liston. As a result of the quality of his MD thesis on inflammation, Professor of Pathology John Thomson took him on as his assistant.
As a student he became a member and then Senior President of the Royal Medical Society, initiating a lifelong interest in the Society's advancement. His first role was as a general practitioner in the Stockbridge district based at 2 Deanhaugh Street, and at the age of 28, he succeeded James Hamilton as Professor of Medicine and Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh.
Simpson's most significant contribution to medicine was the introduction of anaesthesia to childbirth, however he also improved the design of obstetric forceps that to this day are known in obstetric circles as "Simpson's Forceps", as well as designing the Air Tractor in 1838. The Air Tractor was the earliest known vacuum extractor to assist childbirth, however the method did not become popular until the invention of the ventouse over a century later.
With regards to religion Simpson was a devout adherent of the Free Church of Scotland, but he refused to sign the Westminster Confession of Faith, because of what he believed to be its literal interpretation of the book of Genesis.
Simpson's principle residence was Strathavon Lodge, but he also kept a town house at 52 Queen Street, Edinburgh, and a country house near Bathgate. The family seat was Strathavon, Linlithgow.
Obstetric anaesthesia.
Sir Humphry Davy used the first anaesthetic in 1799: nitrous oxide (laughing gas). William T. G. Morton's demonstration of ether as an anaesthetic in 1846 was initially dismissed because it irritated the lungs of the patients. Chloroform had been invented in 1831, but its uses had not been greatly investigated. Dr Robert Mortimer Glover had first described the anaesthetic properties of chloroform upon animals in 1842 in a thesis which won the Harveian Society's Gold Medal that year, but had not thought to use it on humans (fearing its safety).
In 1847, Simpson first demonstrated the properties of chloroform upon humans, during an experiment with friends in which he learnt that it could be used to put one to sleep. Dr Simpson and two of his assistants, Dr George Skene Keith (1819-1910) and James Matthews Duncan (1826-1890), used to sit every evening in Dr Simpson's dining room to try new chemicals to see if they had any anaesthetic effect. On 4 November 1847, they decided to try chloroform. On inhaling the chemical they found that a general mood of cheer and humour had set in, but suddenly all of them collapsed only to regain consciousness the next morning. Simpson knew, as soon as he woke up, that he had found something that could be used as an anaesthetic. They soon had Miss Petrie, Simpson's niece, try it. She fell asleep soon after inhaling it while singing the words, "I am an angel!". There is a prevalent myth that the mother of the first child delivered under chloroform christened her child "Anaesthesia"; the story is retailed in Simpson's biography as written by his daughter Eve. However, the son of the first baby delivered by chloroform explained that Simpson's parturient had been one Jane Carstairs, and her child was baptised Wilhelmina. "Anaesthesia" was a nickname Simpson had given the baby.
It was much by chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much and died, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance, which in fact it is. Conversely, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that set him on the road to a career as a pioneer in the field of medicine.
An account of some of Simpson's early uses of ether in childbirth are related by Manchester-based doctor Edmund Lund who visited him in 1847 and can be found in a manuscript held by special collections at the University of Manchester with the reference MMM/12/2.
Antiquarian research.
Simpson joined the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1849, and became its vice-president in 1860. He made contributions to both the history of medicine and to archaeology. He published several papers on leprosy and syphilis. In both cases he was concerned with the symptoms of the diseases and the relation between historical reports and contemporary cases, and also with the institutions that were set up to care for and segregate the patients. Another area he worked on was medicine in Roman Britain
Simpson published an early and important work on prehistoric rock art "Archaic Sculpturings of Cups, Circles, &c. Upon Stones and Rocks in Scotland, England, & Other Countries". Simpson listed and categorized examples of sculpturings from many parts of the British Isles, often from personal examination, and also included examples from other countries for comparison. Many illustrations are provided. After Simpson's death, a collection of his antiquarian essays was published in two volumes
Marriage and Grindlay Family.
The Simpson and Grindlay families of Edinburgh were closely interrelated, forming a single extended family.
In 1839, Simpson married Janet Grindlay (later Lady Janet Grindlay Simpson), daughter of the Edinburgh and Liverpool shipping grandee Walter Grindlay, a member of the Scottish branch of the landed gentry Grindlay family. Simpson and Walter were cousins, sharing grandparents in Alexander Simpson and his wife Isabella Grindlay, and Walter's daughter Janet or 'Jessie', was Simpson's first cousin once removed. Simpson's son, Walter Grindlay Simpson, 2nd Baronet was Walter Grindlay's nephew and godson.
Simpson relied on Walter Grindlay and his estate for financial support a number of times during his career.
Death and memorials.
Simpson was elected President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1850 and an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1863. He was created a Baronet of Strathavon in the County of Linlithgow, and of the City of Edinburgh, in 1866. He died at his home in Edinburgh in May 1870 at the age of 58. A burial spot in Westminster Abbey was offered to his family, but they declined and instead buried him closer to home in Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh. However, a memorial bust can be found in a niche at Westminster Abbey in London. On the day of Simpson's funeral, a Scottish holiday was declared, including the banks and stock markets, with over 100,000 citizens lining the funeral cortege on its way to the cemetery, while over 1,700 colleagues and business leaders took part in the procession itself.
Dr Alexander Russell Simpson, his nephew, inherited his town house at 52 Queen Street and lived there until his death in 1916, when it was then bequeathed to the Church of Scotland. Since then the building has been through many uses including being requisitioned by the army during the Second World War and being used as a centre for training Sunday School teachers in the 1950s. Today, the town house is the premises of a charity called Simpson House, which provides a counselling service for adults and children affected by alcohol and drug use. There is a plaque on the wall outside to mark the house as having been the home of James Young Simpson from 1845 to 1870.
In 1879 the Edinburgh Royal Maternity and Simpson Memorial Hospital and in 1939 the Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion were named in his honour, as is the current Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The Quartermile development, which consists of the Old Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, named its main residential street Simpson Loan in his honour.
Coat of Arms.
The coat of arms of the Simpson Baronets, award to James Young Simpson on the 3rd of February 1866, are influenced by his work in medicine and anaesthesia.


Antoine Ferrein

Antoine Ferrein (October 25, 1693 – February 28, 1769) was a French anatomist who was a native of Frespech, which today is a commune in the arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. He was a professor at the Collège Royal in Paris, and in 1742 became a member of the Académie des sciences.
Ferrein is remembered for his work involving the physiology of voice, and is credited for coining the term "cordes vocales" (vocal cords). He postulated that the ligaments of the larynx were analogous to the cords on a violin. He also made the correlation between the size of the glottis and the loudness of a person's voice. There are several anatomical eponyms attributed to Antoine Ferrein, including:


A. Marthanda Pillai

A. Marthanda Pillai- MS (Neuro), MNAMS (Neuro), FRCS, is an Indian neurosurgeon. In 2011 he was the recipient of a Padma Shri Award for medicine. He is the first former National President and former Vice-President of the Indian Medical Association in Kerala State to receive this national award. He led the protest against proposed National Medical Commission Bill for IMA.
In the private sector he is currently the Managing Director of Ananthapuri Hospitals & Research Institute in Trivandrum.


S. Spafford Ackerly

S. Spafford Ackerly (1895-1981) was distinguished professor emeritus of psychiatry, University of Louisville School of Medicine. He was a Guggenheim fellow and founded the Kentucky Psychiatric Society, of which he was president. He was vice-president of the American Psychiatric Association, and president of the American Orthopsychiatric Society. He was also a charter fellow of the American College of Psychiatrists and a life fellow of the American College of Physicians. He was a founding member of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.


Samuel Warren Abbott

Samuel Warren Abbott (June 12, 1837 – October 22, 1904) was an American surgeon with an interest in hygiene, born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1877, he helped inaugurate the first medical examiner system, in Massachusetts and became the first secretary of Massachusetts' first state board of health from 1886 to 1904.
He attended Phillips Andover Academy and graduated with a Master of Arts degree from Brown University in 1858. He attended Harvard Medical School, graduating in 1862.
Abbott died at his home in Newton, Massachusetts in 1904.