Refik Anadol

Refik Anadol (born 1985) is a Turkish-American media artist and designer. His projects consist of data-driven machine learning algorithms that create abstract, dream-alike environments. He lives and works in Los Angeles.
Early life and education.
Anadol was born and raised in Istanbul, Turkey. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in photography and video as well as a Master of Fine Arts degree from Bilgi University. After his studies in Turkey, he moved to the United States to attend the media arts program at the University of California in Los Angeles where he received a second Master of Fine Arts degree.
Work.
Anadol started his career creating permanent public art commissions such as the 'Virtual Depictions' project in San Francisco and the 'Wind of Boston' data painting in South Boston which immediately gained traction and attention in the art world due to his novel and innovative approach using digital data.
Other permanent public art installations are 'Interconnected', a 2,147 square feet of animated art screen at Charlotte Douglas International Airport, 'Virtual Applique' at the Beverly Center in Los Angeles, or 'Data Chrystal' a large-scale, 3-D printed, A.I. data sculpture installed at the Portland Building in Portland, Oregon.
Further commissions include temporary installations such as the 'Infinity Room' project at the Zorlu Performing Arts Center during the 2015 Istanbul Biennial where he created an immersive environment transforming all surfaces of the room into an abstract infinite moving space. The 'Infinity Room' project was sub sequentially exhibited at the SXSW in Austin, Texas.
In 2018, Anadol was commissioned to project onto the Walt Disney Concert Hall, as part of their anniversary celebration, with a 12 minute data sculpture animation named 'WDCH Dreams'. The animation featured an array of digitally abstracted photographs, audio and video recordings found inside concert halls archive.
In 2019, he designed 'Machine Hallucination' an immersive audiovisual installation, on view at Artechouse, a digital art space in New York's Chelsea Market. The project processed datasets of publicly available images of New York City including over 300 million photos, and 113 million other raw data points. In the same year, Anadol created 'Seoul Haemong', a 16 minute projection onto the Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) building in Seoul, South Korea by architect Zaha Hadid, celebrating the Korean year-end holiday season.
In 2020, his work was part of the Melbourne's NGV Triennial in Australia. His project "Quantum Memories" consisted of a screen measuring 35ft by 35ft.
In 2021, Anadol was commissioned by the Pilevneli Gallery in Istanbul to create "Machine Memoirs: Space".
As of 2021, Anadol is on the faculty at the Media Arts School at UCLA.
Awards.
Anadol has received several awards and recognition for this work including the Microsoft Research's Best Vision Award, German Design Award, UCLA Art+Architecture Moss Award, University of California Institute for Research in the Arts Award, SEGD Global Design Awards and Google's Art and Machine Intelligence Artist Residency Award. In 2021 he was selected to participate in the Architecture Biennial in Venice, Italy.


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Hunter Cole

Hunter Cole is an artist and geneticist. She reinterprets science as art through the creation of living artworks, abstractions, digital art and installations confronting issues related to biotechnology in our culture.
Early life and education.
Hunter Cole was known as Hunter O'Reilly until January 2009. She has a bachelor's degree from the University of California-Berkeley and a Ph.D. in Genetics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Career.
"Living Light: Photographs by the Light of Bioluminescent Bacteria" exhibitions.
Hunter Cole has created several photographic series that incorporate the medium of bioluminescent bacteria. Entitled, "Living Light: Photographs by the Light of Bioluminescent Bacteria," the series include "Living Drawings," "Bioluminescent Portraits and Installations," "Bioluminescent Weddings," and "Bioluminescent Nudes," each its own thematic grouping of images which will be shown in a solo exhibition at the ARC Gallery in Chicago in January 2018. The "Bioluminescent Nudes" series is the most recent starting in 2017. In "Living Drawings" Cole created drawings with living bioluminescent bacteria and photographed them as they grow and die. Cole has also photographed artists and scientists, wedding photographs, and nudes by the light of bioluminescent bacteria. One of the biological functions of bioluminescence in nature is communication for mating. Cole is recognized among the innovators in the art/science genre, and is one of the first artists to produce significant works using bioluminescent light. "Living Light: Photographs by the Light of Bioluminescent Bacteria" have been discussed recently in "Interalia Magazine," "Art the Science," "PNAS," "Clot Magazine," and "MEDinArt." Images of the "Living Light" series have been shown at several group exhibitions including "Cognitive Bias: Visual thinking for a digital age" at the Drawing Room, London, England, "Fusion: Art Inspired by Science" at the Westchester Community College Center For The Arts, White Plains, NY, "Head, Shoulders, Genes & Toes" at Florida State University Museum of Fine Arts in Tallahassee, Florida, "Post Natural" at The ISIS Gallery at the University of Notre Dame in conjunction with the Society for Literature, Science and Art Conference in Notre Dame, Indiana, and "Vital Signs" at New York Hall of Science, Queens New York.
"Living Drawings" exhibitions.
She is creating a series of "Living Drawings" with bioluminescent bacteria. These "Living Drawings" depict the cycle of life and death calling attention to our own mortality. Cole creates controlled line drawings using bioluminescent bacteria. The bacteria then grow in the host environment. Bacteria become collaborators in the art as it grows and dies. First appearing with bright light, bacteria in the drawing are photographed as it uses up available nutrients, gradually dying-off over a two-week period. Cole's "Living Drawings" have been discussed recently in "Interalia Magazine," "Art the Science," "PNAS,", "Clot Magazine," and "MEDinArt." The cover of the April 2004 issue of "Nature Genetics" featured one of these "Living Drawings". Cole's Living Drawings have been a part of several group exhibitions such as "Cognitive Bias: Visual thinking for a digital age" at the Drawing Room in London, UK in 2016, "Fusion: Art Inspired by Science" at Westchester Community College Center for the Arts in White Plains, NY in 2016, and "It's Alive! A Laboratory of BioTech Art", at Montserrat College of Art in Beverly, Massachusetts in 2007. Cole's "Living Drawings" have had solo shows at the Loyola University Museum of Art in Chicago, Illinois in 2006 and the Honors College at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan in 2005.
Academia.
Cole is often listed with other artists who create what is often referred to as bioart. Cole has taught both biology and art at Loyola University Chicago, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and the University of Wisconsin–Parkside. She joined the faculty in the Biology Department at Loyola University Chicago in the Fall 2004. Notedly, in 2001, Cole created a course, "Biology through Art", first offered at University of Wisconsin–Parkside, where students have opportunities to create innovative artworks in a biology laboratory. Currently she teaches this course at Loyola University Chicago. "Biology through Art" helps students from all disciplines to think outside the box. This course focuses on several areas in the biological sciences from molecular biology to human anatomy. Students view microorganisms; use DNA as an artistic medium, create music based on DNA sequence, and see anatomy as art. Contemporary artists that use biological concepts and biological materials in their art are discussed.
Beginning Fall 2008 at Loyola University Chicago, Cole taught a new course she created titled, "BioArt: Exploring Living Organisms through Art". The course focuses on art that incorporates living organisms. The course will also look at art that incorporates actual blood as a medium in the art. With her extensive laboratory experience, Cole brings a unique and challenging perspective to the world of biotechnology via art.
Grants and commissions.
Cole has received grants from the Chicago Community Arts Assistance Program, the Puffin Foundation and the University of Michigan Life Sciences, Values and Society Program to create art for exhibitions reinterpreting science as art looking at positive aspects of biotechnology. In 2006 the National Institutes of Health commissioned her to create paintings based on cancer genomics and cancer proteomics.
"Genetic Revelations" and "Radioactive Biohazard" exhibitions.
Cole's exhibition "Genetic Revelations" was presented at the University of Alabama School of Public Health in Birmingham, Alabama from January to April 2004. "Radioactive Biohazard" showed the Porter Butts Gallery at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in January/February 2003, [12] at the Warren Robbins Gallery at the University of Michigan in September 2002, and at the Walker's Point Center for the Arts (Milwaukee) in 2001. In the "Radioactive Biohazard" exhibit, Cole confronts issues related to human cloning, stem cell research, and the human genome project, among others. Cole's art has been shown internationally including New York, San Francisco, England, Italy, Japan and the Czech Republic.
Journal covers.
Cole's art also has been featured on the covers of several scientific journals including "Nature Biotechnology" (July 2005), "Nature Genetics" (April 2004), "Genetics in Medicine" (September/October 2002; November/December 1999), "Nature Reviews Genetics" (September 2001; August 2001; January 2001), "Trends in Ecology and Evolution" (June 2001), "Developmental Dynamics" (September 2000), "The EMBO Journal" (December 15, 1999); November 2, 1998; (August 3, 1998) and "Neural Notes" (Winter 1999).
Articles.
Cole co-authored a paper on "Art and Genetics" with Joe Davis, Dana Boyd and Marek Wieczorek published in the "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)". Cole has been the subject of numerous newspaper and magazine articles. Publications that have discussed Cole's work in art and science, among others, include "Science", "The Scientist", the "Chicago Tribune", "Detroit Free Press", "Muy Interesante" in Spain, "Le Monde" in France and "Beaux Arts magazine" in France. Additionally, Cole has presented seminars on bioart at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at the Dialogue Between Science and Art Workshop in Hluboka, Czech Republic.


En tu cabeza

En tu cabeza is a 2016 Spanish sci fi film directed by Daniel Sánchez Arévalo, Borja Cobeaga, Kike Maíllo and Alberto Ruiz Rojo. The film is produced by the Spanish natural gas utilities company Gas Fenosa.
Plot.
The film is divided into four vignettes linked by the following plot: Year 2052. Andrea's job is to travel back in time and her mission is to go deep into our heads and make us see the importance of preserving the environment. The young woman tries to change the destiny of the planet, but also wants to change her own way. To do this, he tries to prevent his self from the past from making the mistakes he now regrets.


Matt Harding

Matthew Harding (born September 27, 1976) is an American traveler, video game designer, and Internet celebrity who is known as Dancing Matt, for his viral videos that show him dancing in front of landmarks and street scenes in various international locations. Harding has since received widespread coverage of his travel exploits in major print and broadcast media outlets, and was hired by Visa to star in their "Travel Happy" campaign in 2008.
He is originally from Westport, Connecticut.
Video-Game developer.
He began his game industry career working for a video game specialty store called Cutting Edge Entertainment. Harding later worked as an editor for "GameWeek Magazine" in Wilton, Connecticut, and then as a software developer for Activision in Santa Monica, California and then Brisbane, Queensland.
Harding claims that a sarcastic joke about the popularity of shoot 'em up games led Pandemic Studios to develop the game "Destroy All Humans!", on which he received a conceptual credit. He said, "...didn't want to spend two years of my life writing a game about killing everyone...". He quit his job and began traveling, leading to the production of his first video, which was uploaded to YouTube in July 2006.
"Where the Hell is Matt?" videos.
"Where the Hell is Matt?" is an Internet phenomenon that features a video of Matt, aka "Dancing Matt", doing a dance "jig" in many different places around the world in 2005–2006. The background music in the video is the song "Sweet Lullaby Dancing Remix" by Deep Forest. The video garnered popularity on the video sharing site YouTube. There are now five major videos plus outtakes and background videos on YouTube.
The titles in the five major videos are all titled "Dancing" without the year in the videos; Harding labels them as "Where the Hell is Matt? (year)" on YouTube. The 2012 YouTube titles have also been titled "Happy People Dancing on Planet Earth" as well as "Happy New Year! Peace on Earth in 2013."
However, some of these locations are repeated in different videos, such as San Francisco, New York City, or Papua New Guinea. Therefore, as of the filming of "Dancing 2012", Matt had visited approximately 94 countries, 20 states, Washington, DC, Guam, Puerto Rico, 4 Canadian provinces, and Antarctica.
The website has since replaced the word 'hell' with 'heck'.
In 2007, Jawed Karim, one of the founders of YouTube, stated that Harding's video was his favorite on YouTube at that time.
In November 2008, Matt and the vocalist Palbasha were interviewed by KFAI radio in Minnesota. The interview focused on how the "Dance 2008" project came to include Palbasha.
Video game development credits.
Harding's development credits include:


Liquid XML Studio

Liquid XML Studio IDE is a Windows based XML editor and XML data binding toolkit. It includes graphical editors for authoring XML documents, XML Schema, WSDL documents, XSLT documents and HTML documents. It also includes user interface extension to Microsoft Visual Studio through the Visual Studio Industry Partner (VSIP) program.
XML editing.
Liquid XML Studio provides features for editing and validating XML documents. The GUI is a multi-document tabbed design and each document can be viewed in a text, graphical or split view. Document validation includes both checking for well formedness against the W3C XML standard and also checking validity against associated W3C XML Schema.
XML data binding.
Liquid XML Studio provides XML data binding code generation through both a graphical Wizard and command line interface. The generated code can be C++, C#, Java, Silverlight, Visual Basic .NET, or Visual Basic 6.
XML data mapper.
Liquid XML Studio provides a graphical data mapping tool to allow data conversion between XML documents with different data shapes using a simple drag and drop interface.
XML differencing tool.
Liquid XML Studio provides an XML aware differencing tool to compare XML documents. The tool is based on the Zhang-Shasha algorithm.
HTML document generation tool.
Liquid XML Studio provides a tool to document an XML Schema as HTML via a graphical Wizard and command line interface. Examples of the output can be found at the XML Standards Schema Library web site.
XML schema library.
Liquid XML Studio automatically downloads and validates XML documents against industry standard XML Schema such as those promoted by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards, Financial products Markup Language, and the Open Geospatial Consortium.
Licensing.
The Liquid XML Studio license is proprietary "node locked" or "concurrent user" models.
A Freeware Community Edition is available for Commercial and Non-Commercial use with a restricted feature set.


Rowlatt Committee

The Rowlatt Committee was a Sedition Committee appointed in 1917 by the British Indian Government with Sidney Rowlatt, an English judge, as its president.
Background.
The purpose of the Rowlatt Committee was to evaluate political terrorism in India, especially in the Bengal and Punjab Provinces, its impact, and the links with the German government and the Bolsheviks in Russia. It was instituted towards the end of World War I when the Indian revolutionary movement had been especially active and had achieved considerable success, potency and momentum and massive assistance had been received from Germany, which planned to destabilise British India. These included supporting and financing Indian seditionist organisations in Germany and in United States as well as a destabilisation in the political situation in neighbouring Afghanistan following a diplomatic mission that had attempted to rally the Amir of Afghanistan against British India. Attempts were also made by the Provisional Government of India established in Afghanistan following the mission to establish contacts with the Bolsheviks. A further reason for institution of the committee was emerging civil and labour unrest in India around the post-war recession - such as the Bombay mill worker's strikes and unrest in Punjab - and the 1918 flu pandemic that killed nearly 13 million people in the country.
The evidence produced before the committee substantiated the German link, although no conclusive evidence was found for a significant contribution or threat from the Bolsheviks. On the recommendations of the committee, the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915, was enforced in response to the threat in Punjab and Bengal.
The Rowlatt Act had a significant impact on the political situation of India, irrevocably placing the country on a path of political action headed by Gandhi that ultimately dominated the Indian independence movement for the next 20 years. Also known as the Black Act, it vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining the political activists without trial, and arresting without warrant any individuals suspected of sedition or treason. In protest, a nationwide cessation of work ("hartal") was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent.
The agitation unleashed by the acts culminated on 13 April 1919, in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, Punjab when the British military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, blocked the main entrance to the Jallianwallah Bagh, a walled-in courtyard in Amritsar, and ordered his soldiers to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 6,000 people who had assembled there in defiance of a ban. A total of 1,650 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (as according to an official British commission; Indian estimates ranged as high as 1,500) and wounding 1,200 in the episode, which dispelled wartime hopes of home rule and goodwill in a frenzy of post-war reaction.
References.
Citations
Bibliography


Bhagwan Singh Gyanee

Bhai Bhagwan Singh Gyanee was an Indian Nationalist and a leading luminary of the Ghadar Party. Elected the party president in 1914, he was extensively involved in the Ghadar Conspiracy of 1915 during World War I and in the aftermath of its failure fled to Japan. He is also known for his nationalist poems that were published in the Hindustan Ghadar and later in the compilation Ghadar di Gunj.
References.
Columbia Press.
KOMAGATA MARU - A Challenge to Colonialism: Key Documents by Prof. Malwinderjit Singh and Dr. Gurdev Singh Sidhu


Paul Gauselmann

Paul Gauselmann (born 26 August 1934) is a German businessman, the founder and CEO of Gauselmann, a German company that produces slot machines, and runs gambling arcades.
Early life.
Paul Gauselmann was born on 26 August 1934 in Borghorst, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Honors.
In 1993 Paul Gauselmann received the Federal Cross of Merit ("Bundesverdienstkreuz") (Knight's Cross), in 2003 he has been appointed to be awarded to the Officer's Cross. He is honorary citizen of Espelkamp and Lübbecke.
Career.
Gauselmann has had over 200 of his inventions patented. His company makes around 50,000 gaming machines a year.
For many years he has been chairman of the slot machine business association VDAI.
Sponsorship.
At his 65th birthday, Gauselmann initiated the Gauselmann Foundation, which supports social projects in his hometown Espelkamp.
He supports many organizations, including:
Personal life.
Gauselmann is married to Karin Gauselmann. Karin is a member of the supervisory board of Gauselmann AG.
They have four sons:
He has four older brothers: : Heinz, Josef, Eugen and Willi.


Mike Oehler

Mike Oehler (born January 2, 1938 in Chicago; pronounced /ˈeɪlɚ/ [ay-lur]) was an American author based in Idaho. He was a proponent and designer of affordable and sustainable alternative forms of housing.
Career.
Oehler was a participant in the 1960s Back-to-the-land movement. He lived on a 40-acre homestead in the Idaho mountains. He wrote numerous books, and appeared as a university lecturer, and TV and radio guest. He spoke on topics related to self-sufficiency and housing.
In 1998 Oehler appeared in an episode of the Louis Theroux series "Weird Weekends", in which Theroux visited Oehler's underground home in the mountains. Oehler also appeared in the followup episode "Weird Christmas", in which Oehler met others who had appeared on the series.
Death.
David Michael Oehler died of natural causes in his home near Bonners Ferry, Idaho on February 2, 2016.


Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries are organized groups that supplement, but do not directly integrate with the Ku Klux Klan. These auxiliaries include: The Women of the Ku Klux Klan, The Jr. Ku Klux Klan, The Tri-K Girls, the American Crusaders, The Royal Riders of the Red Robe, The Ku Klux balla, and the Klan's Blind Colored Man auxiliary.
The second iteration of the Ku Klux Klan emerged in the 1930s and was officially branded as "the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan." Its membership was restricted to American-born white, Protestant males over the age of 18. There are also organized Ku Klux Klan sanctioned auxiliary chapters across the Atlantic spread throughout European countries, in French-Canada, and Mexican cities.
Background.
The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s existed during a Progressive Era, a period of great optimism in the ability of people to improve society. During this period, some believed that eugenics could improve society by increasing the desirable characteristics of the population thus reducing crime, poverty and other social problems.
The 1920s were also characterized by profound social changes that disturbed many of America's largely rural, white, Protestant population. They feared the potential power and influence of: African-Americans, Southern Europeans, Roman Catholics, Jews, Bolshevists, and potential and leftist labor unions. The Klan saw itself as defending American culture against dangerous foreigners and their ideas. It carried the American flag rather than the Confederate flag that later followers adopted.
This group believed that it was defending traditional American values; however, it often violated some of those values. Drinking alcoholic beverages was suddenly disdained publicly as a symbol of southern Europeans, Catholics and Jews. They not only strongly supported national prohibition of alcohol, but actively enforced it, sometimes with violence.
Women.
The Women of the Ku Klux Klan auxiliary was open to white, Protestant, American-born women "of good character" over the age of 18 who owed no allegiance to any foreign government or sect, such as Catholicism, Socialism, and Communism. It is estimated to have had over one million members, a quarter of whom lived in Indiana. Women made up almost half of the total Klan membership in Indiana, but in other states, they remained a tiny minority. These women were drawn to the Klan by claims that membership would ensure that white Protestant women would gain women's rights.
The founding of a women's auxiliary of the Klan was modeled on an earlier group of organized women calling themselves the Ladies of the Invisible Empire. Chapters were founded throughout the country with the Portland, Oregon chapter initiating more than one thousand women into their order in a single month in 1922. Initiation into these chapters required the women to detail their family, religious, and political background, as well as swear allegiance to Christianity and the principles of "pure Americanism". Unsure about the competition that the Ladies of the Invisible Empire and other women's organizations would create, the Klan promoted the idea of a single women's auxiliary, now known as the formal women of the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan felt that by including women in their political agenda, women's suffrage could not only be safeguarded, but could also encourage development of other women's legal rights, while working to preserve white, Protestant supremacy. The women of the Klan were to be assistants to the Klansmen in their 100% American mission. Not all Klansmen were in favor of officially including women within their group. Some felt that allowing women to be involved in the political realm, including allowing them to vote, would foster masculine boldness and independence and depreciate the decency of womanhood. As a result, some women felt alienated, and in 1922 they wrote letters to the editor of "The Fiery Cross" protesting their exclusion from the Klan. The wives of Klan members were not always happy staying at home with the children and wanted to be involved in the new white Protestant movement along with their husbands.
Women were recruited into the Women's Ku Klux Klan by hired female kleagles, who used the same campaigning methods as their male counterparts. Recruitment was conducted through social contact using personal, family, and work connections as well as through existing organizations. Open meetings were also held for the politically inactive and women currently not in Klan families. In four months, the Women's Ku Klux Klan had successfully doubled its previous membership, now bringing the total to 250,000 women. By November 1923, thirty-six states included female chapters of the Ku Klux Klan.
There were a number of female Klan auxiliary organizations in the 1920s before the foundation of the official Women of the Ku Klux Klan. These groups included Kamelia, Ladies of the Invisible Empire, Ladies of the Invisible Eye, Dixie Protestant Women's League, Grand League of Protestant Women, White American Protestants, Queens of the Golden Mask, and Hooded Ladies of the Mystic Den
Royals Riders of the Red Robe.
The Royal Riders of the Red Robe was open to English-speaking people who were "Anglo-Saxon" but not technically native-born Americans. Many branches of the Royal Riders were separated only by title. Some would even share meetings, offices and perform similar rituals. The Royal Riders were even listed in the Klan's Pacific Northwest Domain Directory. The Royal Riders stretched beyond the Northwestern United States, and even had branches in British Columbia, Vancouver and Victoria.
KKK Kid Klans.
The origins of the Ku Klux Klan Kid Klans dates to 1924 when a mass baptism was performed which included a commitment to a set of principals called Americanism. Based on eye-witness reports, ten children were encircled by some of fifty men all wearing white robes. The baptism included a promise to God and a vow to religiously raise the children of the KKK. The meaning of the vow is to dedicate the children to a lifetime upholding of segregation, bigotry, and suppression. The children christened were few in number compared to those who participated in the Klan and its auxiliary organizations.
The Kid Klans are the following: Junior Ku Klux Klan, Tri-K-Klub, and Ku Klux Kiddies. The Junior Ku Klux Klan originated in Lykens, Pennsylvania where the group announced its presence by blowing a horn and lighting a letter “J” on fire next to a burning cross. The Junior Ku Klux Klan was for teenage boys and became so popular that it expanded across fifteen states. The Tri-K-Klub was for teenage girls and was based off of the women's group, also known as the WKKK. Members of the Tri-K-Klub learned a pledge song that is the following: “Beneath this flag that waves above/This cross that lights our way/You’ll always find a sister’s love/In the heart of each Tri-K.” Members learned about motherhood and traditional gender roles, assisted their mothers in promoting and catering to the main organization, and appeared in parades, sometimes as “Miss 100 Percent American,” a reference to the KKK’s goal of keeping the white race 100 percent “pure.” The Ku Klux Kiddies, sometimes referred to as cradle cubs, was a klan for infants and children.
Life as a child in the Klan was abnormal. The kids in the klans participated in parades, went to picnics, and attended summer camps. A Kool Koast Kamp advertisement in Rockport, Texas promised “a real family recreation under high-class moral conditions for those involved in the Ku Klux Klan. Nights at the Kamp involved a law enforcer, who took part in KKK activities and watched the children within the Kamp. The children also attended Klan Kolleges during the 1920s in the states of Indiana and Georgia. Other activities for the Kid Klans consisted of KKK wedding rituals, charitable giving events, and funerals. At the funerals, the letters “KKK” were formed by an arrangement of flowers.
In contrast to the KKK’s original formation as a Southern terrorist organization during the years of Reconstruction, the Klan encouraged and invited the involvement of women and children. It was part of an attempt to create a core of true believers who would ensure the supposed purity of the white race. After the release of the film, Birth of a Nation, the KKK movement was revived and grew to encompass three to eight million Klansmen by the mid-1920s. The Ku Klux Klan wanted to keep American society pure and free of anyone who was not white and Protestant. The Klan believed the best way to achieve that goal was to involve the entire family in their beliefs. As the “Invisible Empire” of the Ku Klux Klan reached its pinnacle of membership and national influence in the twenties, children partook in the Klan’s societal rituals. Entire families dedicated their lives to promoting their ideology of white supremacy.
For those devoted to the ideology of white supremacy, bigotry was posted from the cradle to the grave. The extreme, racist, hate group showed hostility to anyone who was not white and Protestant. The Klan revealed belligerence towards African Americans, Jews, Muslims, Catholics, Asians, Immigrants, leftists, and the LGBTQ community. The Klan believed that the caucasion race was superior and that the world would be a better place if the white race was still able to control the people and their lives. The burning of a cross had deep meaning to the KKK. It represents the light of the cross banishing the dark and ignorance within the world. The fire reminds the KKK to cleanse and burn the land of evil and impurities. The cross lighting is for worship and to empower Jesus Christ and his followers to not show disrespect or hatred.
Other auxiliaries.
The American Krusaders was open to white, Protestant, naturalized American citizens of foreign birth.
The Klan's Colored Man auxiliary was for African-American men. Little is known about these auxiliaries.
In Oregon the Junior Order of Klansmen was for teenagers.
And
The Eugene Police Department historically has been a helpful auxiliary for helping spread the rhetoric and implementing the goals of the KKK. Current EPD policy indicates no intentional association or assistance to the KKK at this point in time.


Tomorrow (New Zealand)


Victory or death

"Victory or death" and its equivalents, is used as a motto or battle cry.
It is the name of a gun battery on the main gun deck of the U.S.S. Constitution.
Heraldic motto.
It is given as the translation of the heraldic motto of several Irish clans and Scottish clans :


P. Allen Smith Gardens

P. Allen Smith Gardens is a syndicated home and garden television series hosted by P. Allen Smith.


The Martha Stewart Show

Martha, also known as The Martha Stewart Show, is an American variety talk show hosted by Martha Stewart. The series premiered on September 12, 2005, in syndication until it was picked up by the Hallmark Channel in September 2010 as part of a larger deal that turned over most of the cable network's daytime schedule to shows from Stewart's production company, MSLO Productions. It followed her previous syndicated show "Martha Stewart Living" that ran from 1993–2004. Unlike the previous show, "Martha " was taped before a studio audience at the Chelsea Studios in New York City, New York. It was distributed by NBC Universal Television Distribution in partnership with MSLO Productions. The series' production company came to a consensus with Hallmark to end "Martha" due to the rising costs. The last episode was shot on April 24, 2012, with it airing on May 11, 2012.
The syndicated broadcasts aired Monday through Friday at various times on broadcasting markets. Reruns also aired on Fine Living Network prior to the channels transformation into the Cooking Channel. On Hallmark, the series also aired Monday through Friday but at the same time of 10:00 am EST.
Synopsis.
Each episode includes several segments related to cooking, crafts, gardening, interior design, and other topics related to arts and crafts. The program also features celebrity guests.


Barry McSweeney

Barry McSweeney (died 22 October 2014) was an Irish scientist who was the first Chief Science Advisor to the Government of Ireland.
Education and career.
McSweeney was born in Cork, Ireland. He attended University College Cork, graduating in 1972 with a BSc Honours degree in Biochemistry. Subsequently, he obtained an MSc in Clinical biochemistry at Trinity College Dublin. In 1994, he received a PhD degree in Biochemistry and Biotechnology from Pacific Western University, an unaccredited institution in the United States.
From 1987 and 1995 McSweeney was founding director of BioResearch Ireland, an organization focused on establishing Ireland as a location for biotechnology investment. He also worked as Director of Medical Business for Biocon Biochemicals in Cork and Sées, France, and as European Product Development Manager for the American Hospital Supply Corporation. He chaired the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Working Party on Biotechnology in 1994-1995 and served as a member of the Advisory Committee on Biotechnology in Science Foundation Ireland in 2000.
From 2000 to 2004, McSweeney headed the Directorate-General Joint Research Centre of European Commission, an organisation of 2,400 staff and with a budget of 340 million euro. He was responsible for the development and expansion of the European Commission's Marie Curie Research Mobility Scheme to provide research and employment opportunities to young scientists.
Ireland established the office of Chief Science Advisor to the Government in 2004 and McSweeney took up the position on 1 September 2004.
Diploma Controversy.
McSweeney was forced to resign from his position as Chief Science Advisor after the "Irish Independent" discovered in October 2005 that his Ph.D. degree was from an unaccredited institution that had been "the subject of numerous official investigations, state bans and media exposés" in the United States, and that it had been obtained after just 12 months of study. The opposition political parties, the Labour Party and Fine Gael, criticised the government for failing to properly assess McSweeney's qualifications.
After leaving the science adviser position, he was appointed to a position as research coordinator in Ireland's Department of Communications Marine and Natural Resources.
Recognitions.
In 2003 he received the Great Gold Medal of Comenius University in Bratislava for his contributions to European Union enlargement.


Loop bin duplicator

A loop bin duplicator is a specialized audio tape machine used in the duplication of pre-recorded audio cassettes and 8-track cartridges.
Loop bin duplicators were first introduced in the early 1990s.
They had fewer moving parts than previous systems, so were more reliable to operate.
Analog loop bin duplicator.
An analog loop bin uses a long loop of either 1/2" wide (for cassette duplication) or 1" wide (for 8-track tape duplication) loaded in a large bin located in the front of the duplicator. This loop master tape is loaded into the duplicator's bin from a traditional open-reel of tape, where the program material has been recorded to it using a studio-type multitrack tape recorder in real-time beforehand. The loop tape for cassette duplication has 4 tracks on the loop bin master tape (2 stereo tracks for Side A recorded in one direction, and the other 2 for Side B recorded in the opposite direction), and for 8-tracks has all of the 8 tracks (4 2-track stereo programs) recorded in one direction. The loop-bin master tape is read by the duplicator at a very high speed. For cassettes, either 32, 64, 80, or 100 times the normal speed of playback (1.875 ips) of an audio cassette (60, 120, 150, and 187.5 ips respectively) is used, and 10 or 20 times the normal speed of playback (3.75 ips) is used for 8-track duplication (37.50 and 75 ips respectively).
While this loop is being played back, the audio signals for the A and B side (or all 4 programs for 8-track) are sent to a "slave" recorder or an audio bus that contains multiple "slaves". The "slave" records from the loop bin master tape the 4 tracks for both A and B sides to an open-faced "pancake" reel (similar to motion picture film wound on a plastic core) of raw 1/8" audio tape (for cassettes), or all 8 tape tracks to back-lubricated 1/4" audio tape (for 8-track cartridges) also wound on a "pancake" reel, at the same high speed. After it is recorded, this pancake of tape is then loaded onto special machines called loaders. For cassettes, the loader has cassette shells containing only a leader called "C-0" cassettes that are loaded one at a time or into a hopper where the C-0s are fed automatically depending on the type of loader. The tape from the pancake is then spliced onto the C-0 cassette's leader and then wound into the cassette by the loader. For 8-tracks, the tape is wound from the slave recorder onto a device mounted on its side, called a "sidewinder", which holds several small reels, and extracts and winds the tape from the slave recorder onto each reel into an endless-loop configuration (with the tape being pulled from the center of the wind), where each full reel is then placed in an empty 8-track cartridge and spliced together, either by machine or by hand, with a foil splice that holds the loop together. The foil splice also serves to automatically engage an 8-track player to advance to the next program when played.
The loop of tape in the duplicator's bin usually will have a segment of clear leader spliced in between the beginning and end of the tape loop (with some duplicators using a metal foil splice instead). This clear leader splice is read by an optical sensor (or in the case of a foil splice, coming in contact with electrical contacts in the tape path) in the loop bin duplicator, which triggers a cue tone that is recorded to the reel of pancake tape. This cue tone is read by the loader, and engages it, for cassettes, to stop and cut the tape from the pancake and either splice it to the leader in the C-0 cassette shell, or for 8-tracks, to disengage winding to an internal cartridge reel on the "sidewinder" mechanism and then cut the tape (a process for both types of media called "de-spooling"), with the winding resuming to a new reel afterwards. In fact, part of this de-spooling tone (also known as a "tailor tone" or "trigger tone") can be heard at the leader splice or foil splice of some previously recorded audio cassettes and 8-tracks respectively, as a very low-frequency arpeggiated rumbling of about 20 Hertz, sounding similar to how "motorboating" sounds with a radio or audio amplifier affected by such, but as an actual higher-frequency tone when played back at a higher speed (as it was when recorded to the tape at high speed during duplication).
In the XDR duplication process for audio cassettes, the loop bin duplicators use 1"-wide loop tape instead (like what is used for 8-track duplication), yielding in a better quality duplication.
Digital loop bin duplicator.
Digital loop bins were also introduced in the early 1990s. The early digital loop bins replaced the source tape with audio data stored on hard drives that was read and sent to digital-to-analog converters that were connected to the "slave" recorders, but they were prone to failure because of the amount of stress put on the hard disks.
The hard disks were replaced by huge RAM buffers which eliminated the failures but added greatly to the expense of the equipment. Since a digital bin was capable of playback speeds of 256:1 or better, a single bin could perform as two by splitting the buffer between two different programs. A program could be loaded and looped for production while an additional program could be loaded into the buffer. A real-time monitoring system could play back the audio stored in either buffer to check for potential flaws in the audio while both programs were looping for production.
Another difficulty to overcome was the means for loading a digital bin. A bin could be loaded manually by recording directly into the bin's buffer, or it could be loaded by a high speed data device. At the time digital bins were first put into production, an S-VHS based storage device manufactured by Honeywell called a VLDS (Very Large Data Store) was used. A single S-VHS tape was capable of storing over 5 GB of data. These extremely expensive storage devices were eventually replaced by CD loading.
The benefits of using a digital loop bin are:
The disadvantages:


News Corp Australia

News Corp Australia is one of Australia's largest media conglomerates, employing more than 8,000 staff nationwide and approximately 3,000 journalists. The group's interests span newspaper and magazine publishing, Internet, subscription television, market research, DVD and film distribution, and film and television production trading assets. News Pty Limited (formerly News Limited) is the holding company of the group.
News Corp Australia owns approximately 142 daily, Sunday, weekly, bi-weekly and tri-weekly newspapers, of which 102 are suburban publications (including 16 in which News Corp Australia has a 50% interest). News Corp Australia publishes a nationally distributed newspaper in Australia, a metropolitan newspaper in each of the Australian cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart and Darwin and groups of suburban newspapers in the suburbs of Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth. The company publishes a further thirty magazine titles across Australia. According to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation, in 2011 the group accounted for 23% of the newspaper titles in Australia.
With interests in digital media, the company's sites include news.com.au, Business Spectator and Eureka Report, Kidspot.com.au, taste.com.au and homelife.com.au. It has a 55% stake in carsguide.com.au which was sold in 2016, a share in REA Group that operates www.realestate.com.au, as well as websites for most newspaper and magazine titles. The company's other Australian assets include Australian News Channel, 65% ownership of subscription television provider Foxtel, (which in turn owns Fox Sports Australia) and shares in the Brisbane Broncos NRL team.
Until the formation of News Corporation in 1979, News Limited was the principal holding company for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch and his family. Since then, News Limited had been wholly owned by News Corporation. In 2004, News Corporation announced its intention to reincorporate to the United States. On 3 November News Corp Limited ceased trading on the Australian Stock Exchange; and on 8 November, News Corporation began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. On 28 June 2013, News Corporation was split into two separate companies. Murdoch's newspaper interests became News Corp, which was the new parent company of News Limited. The group adopted the new News Corp Australia name following the listing of the new News Corp on 1 July 2013.
History.
Early days.
News Limited was established in 1923 by James Edward Davidson and funded by the Collins Group mining empire for the purpose of publishing anti-union propaganda, when he purchased the Broken Hill "Barrier Miner" and the Port Pirie "Recorder". He went on to purchase Adelaide's weekly "Mail" and to found "The News", a daily newspaper in Adelaide, South Australia.
Murdochs.
Sir Keith Murdoch acquired a minority interest in the company in 1949. Following the death of his father, Sir Keith, in 1952, Rupert Murdoch inherited "The News", which has been described by Murdoch biographer Bruce Page as the "foundation stone" of News Limited (and News Corporation).
Over the next few years, Murdoch gradually established himself as one of the most dynamic media proprietors in Australia, quickly expanding his holdings by acquiring a string of daily and suburban newspapers in most capital cities, including the Sydney afternoon paper, "The Daily Mirror", as well as a small Sydney-based recording company, Festival Records. His acquisition of the "Mirror" proved crucial to his success, allowing him to challenge the dominance of his two main rivals in the Sydney market, the Fairfax Newspapers group, which published the hugely profitable "The Sydney Morning Herald", and the Consolidated Press group, owned by Sir Frank Packer, which published the city's leading tabloid paper, "The Daily Telegraph".
In 1964, News Limited made its next important advance when it established "The Australian", Australia's first national daily newspaper, based initially in Canberra and later in Sydney. "The Australian", a broadsheet, gave News Limited a new respectability as a quality newspaper publisher, and also greater political influence since "The Australian" has always had an elite readership, if not always a large circulation.
Also in 1964, News Limited made Rupert Murdoch's first overseas newspaper investment – a 29.57 percent stake in the Wellington Publishing Company, subsequently part of Independent Newspapers Limited, INL, New Zealand's largest publishing group. The News Limited holding in INL fluctuated over the years and was just over 49 percent in 1997. The INL business was bought by News Limited's main rival in 2003 – Fairfax Media.
In 1972, News Limited acquired "The Daily Telegraph" from Sir Frank Packer, making Murdoch one of the "big three" newspaper proprietors in Australia, along with Fairfax Media in Sydney and his father's old Herald and Weekly Times Ltd in Melbourne. In the 1972 elections, Murdoch swung his newspapers' support behind Gough Whitlam and the left wing Australian Labor Party, but by 1975 he had turned against Labor, and since then has almost always supported the conservative Liberal Party.
Over the next ten years, as his press empire grew, Murdoch established a hugely lucrative financial base, and these profits were routinely used to subsidise further acquisitions. In his early years of newspaper ownership Murdoch was an aggressive, micromanaging entrepreneur. His standard tactic was to buy loss-making Australian newspapers and turn them around by introducing radical management and editorial changes and fighting no-holds-barred circulation wars with his competitors. By the 1970s, this power base was so strong that Murdoch was able to acquire leading newspapers and magazines in both London and New York, as well as many other media holdings.
To gain subscriptions for its new pay television business, News Ltd recruited rugby league football administrators, clubs and players to form a new competition, sparking the mid-1990s Super League war.
On 12 July 2006, News Limited announced the creation of a new division, News Digital Media to manage the operations of the news site news.com.au; the online marketplace sites, carsguide.com.au, truelocal.com.au and careerone.com.au as well as the partly owned realestate.com.au, foxsports.com.au and related activities involving Foxtel and the company's newspapers and the Australian versions of Fox Interactive Media sites Myspace and IGN. Chairman and chief executive of News Limited, John Hartigan, announced the appointment of Richard Freudenstein as chief executive of the division.
In February 2018, News Corp Australia announced a partnership with Taboola to launch an integrated native content creation, booking and distribution platform. The Taboola Feed will be implemented on desktop, mobile, web and in-app across the News Corp Australia digital network.
Editorial conduct issues.
In the wake of the News International phone hacking scandal in the United Kingdom, in July 2011 News Limited announced a review of all payments in the previous three years. On 22 July it was reported that two retired Victorian Supreme Court judges, Frank Vincent AO QC and Bernard Teague AO, were appointed to act as independent assessors of the conduct of the review and also assess the outcome. The editorial and financial review concluded in early November and found no evidence of phone hacking or payments to public officials, with Vincent and Teague declaring that the review process did not bring "...to light any systemic issues with respect to the making of payments to third parties and any substantial amounts paid to individuals in respect of illegitimate activities."
Despite this the Australian division of News Corp has not entirely escaped scandal with allegations in 2012 that News Corp subsidiary, News Datacom Systems (NDS) had used hackers to undermine pay TV rivals around the world, including Australia. Some of the victims of the alleged hacking, such as Austar were later taken over by News Corp and others such as Ondigital later went bust. NDS had originally been set up to provide security to News Corp's pay TV interests but emails obtained by Fairfax Media revealed they had also pursued a wider agenda by distributing the keys to rival set top box operators and seeking to obtain phone records of suspected rivals. The emails were from the hard drive of NDS European chief, Ray Adams. It was also revealed that Australian Federal police were working with UK police to investigate hacking by News Corp.
Corporate changes.
On 28 June 2013, News Corporation split into two publicly traded companies focused on publishing, and broadcasting/media respectively. At this time News Limited was renamed News Corp Australia and became part of the publishing company, News Corp, with "Wall Street Journal" editor Robert Thomson replacing Rupert Murdoch as CEO. Murdoch remains a chairman and major shareholder for both companies.
On 9 August 2013 it was announced that Julian Clarke would replace Kim Williams as the CEO of News Corp Australia. Williams had replaced John Hartigan, who served as CEO between 2000 and 2011, who had in turn succeeded Lachlan Murdoch.
On 9 June 2015, it was announced that Peter Tonagh would replace Julian Clarke as the CEO of News Corp Australia with Michael Miller to be appointed to the role of Executive Chairman. Peter Tonagh and Michael Miller's first day in their new roles was 16 November 2015
Influence in Australia.
Murdoch's desire for dominant cross-media ownership manifested in early 1961 when he bought an ailing Australian record label, Festival Records, and within a few years it had become the leading local recording company . He also bought a television station in Wollongong, New South Wales, hoping to use it to break into the Sydney television market, but found himself frustrated by Australia's cross-media ownership laws, which prevented him from owning both a major newspaper and television station in the same city. Since then he has consistently lobbied, both personally and through his papers, to have these laws changed in his favour. This occurred in 2006 when the Liberal-National Coalition Government, having gained control of both houses of the Australian Parliament, introduced reforms to cross-media ownership and foreign media ownership laws. The laws came into effect in early 2007, with further changes in 2017 abolishing 'two out of three' restrictions that had previously prevented news companies from owning newspaper, radio, and television services within the same city.
News Corp Australia has nearly three-quarters of daily metropolitan newspaper circulation and so maintains great influence in Australia. Internal News Corp Australia documents reveal a brazen offer during the 2001 federal election campaign to promote the policies of a major party in its best-selling newspapers nationwide for almost A$500,000. Other documents include a marginal seats guide written by a senior business manager for internal use. It evidences a corporate strategy to target marginal seats at the 2004 election. Some of the documents appeared on "Media Watch".
Murdoch wanted a way to influence politics in his native land. He saw a way to do that through the News Corp publication "The" "Australian". The national daily has been used to support Murdoch's political interests over time, such as John McEwen with the National Party of Australia and Gough Whitlam with the Australian Labor Party.
A parliamentary petition initiated by former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd for a Royal Commission investigating the diversity and integrity of print media, focused primarily on News Corp, raised more than 500,000 signatures in November 2020.
Acquisitions.
Britain.
Murdoch moved to Britain and rapidly became a major force there after his acquisitions of the "News of the World", and "The Sun" in 1969 and "The Times" and "The Sunday Times" in 1981, which he bought from the Thomson family. Both takeovers further reinforced his growing reputation as a ruthless and cunning business operator. His takeover of "The Times" aroused great hostility among traditionalists, who feared he would take it "downmarket." This led directly to the founding of "The Independent" in 1986 as an alternative quality daily.
United States.
Murdoch made his first acquisition in the United States in 1973, when he purchased the "San Antonio News". Soon afterwards he founded the "National Star", a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 he purchased the "New York Post". Subsequent acquisitions were undertaken through News Corporation.
Australia.
News Limited expanded its newspaper holdings in 1987 when it acquired The Herald and Weekly Times, which published two newspapers in Melbourne (in 1990 these papers would be combined to form the "Herald Sun") as well as large stakes in several other newspaper publishers. News Limited went on to acquire the remaining shares of Brisbane's Queensland Newspapers (owner of "The Courier-Mail"), Adelaide's Advertiser Newspapers (owner of "The Advertiser") and Hobart's Davies Brothers (owner of "The Mercury").
In 1991, News Limited spun off its longtime magazine house, Southdown Press, as Pacific Magazines and Printing, and sold the former Advertiser magazines, renamed Murdoch Magazines, to Matt Handbury. News Limited re-entered the magazine market in 2000 with the start of News Magazines. In 2006, News Limited returned to being a major player in the Australian magazine business with the purchase of Independent Print Media Group's FPC Magazines ("Delicious", "Super Food Ideas", "Vogue Australia").
Holdings.
News Corp Australia operates 170 newspaper and magazine titles in Australia, including the following:


Sidney Rowlatt

Sir Sidney Arthur Taylor Rowlatt, KCSI (20 July 1862 – 1 March 1945) was an English lawyer and judge, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the links between political terrorism in India, especially Bengal and the Punjab, and the German government and the Bolsheviks in Russia. The committee gave rise to the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915.
Early life.
Sidney Rowlatt was born in 1862 in Cairo and brought up in Alexandria. His father was Arthur Rowlatt, sent out by the Bank of England to take a post at the Bank of Egypt, and his second wife Amelia, daughter of Sidney Terry, merchant. His parents married on 9 May 1860 at the Anglican church in Alexandria. Her English grandparents, John and Sarah Friend, had moved to Egypt in 1825, and the family maintained working ties there for well over a century.
Sidney Rowlatt was the eldest son and had several siblings, two of whom stayed in Egypt. Frederick became Governor of the National Bank and Charles became Director of Customs Administration. Fred's daughter Mary wrote a memoir of the five generations, "A Family in Egypt" (1956).
Sidney Terry appears to have been the grandfather of Sidney Sonnino, making Sidney Rowlatt a cousin of Italy's nineteenth prime minister.
The Rowlatt children grew up in Alexandria, living above the Bank building most of the year, and decamping to the nearby beach of Ramleh during the hottest months, as his mother's family had done for generations. In 1868 the Rowlatts built a house there, one of the first buildings in the resort, on a road later re-named after Arthur Rowlatt. They also owned a Nile boat named the "Ablah", normally moored in Cairo.
Sidney Rowlatt and his brothers were sent to Britain to preparatory and public schools. He attended Fettes College in Edinburgh and then King's College, Cambridge, where he was a distinguished classics scholar. His younger brother John Friend Rowlatt followed him to Cambridge and acted as the non-rowing president at The Boat Race 1892.
After graduation, Sidney Rowlatt became a fellow of his college and taught high classics for a while at Eton, where he was popular with his students.
Career.
Rowlatt decided to take up the law and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1886. He joined the Oxford circuit but made slow progress, devilling for Robert Finlay. When William Danckwerts took silk in 1900, the post of junior counsel to the Inland Revenue fell vacant and Finlay recommended Rowlatt. Then, in 1905 Finlay, now Attorney-General, gave him the post of Treasury devil, a role in which Rowlatt excelled with his energy and affability. He became a bencher of the Inner Temple in 1906 and later its Treasurer.
Rowlatt was appointed Recorder of Windsor and, in 1912, a judge of the King's Bench Division of the High Court. He was a courteous and scholarly judge, quick to see a point and unafraid to make up his mind.
In 1918 he chaired the inquiry into "Criminal conspiracies connected with revolutionary movements in India", the Rowlatt Committee. The inquiry led to the controversial Rowlatt Act in 1919. This unpopular legislation provided for stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and juryless "in camera" trials for proscribed political acts. The accused were denied the right to know the accusers and the evidence used in the trial.
Indian nationalists called for protest against the Rowlatt Act, which led to an unprecedented response of unrest and protests. In the Punjab, this unrest led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee, the Government of India repealed this act in March 1922.
He was renowned for the many tax cases that he heard, particularly between 1923 and 1932, giving many clear, concise and authoritative judgements, many of which are still cited today.
Rowlatt also heard murder trials, including that of George Stagg, who was found guilty of the murder of Aston Villa footballer, Tommy Ball in November 1923.
He retired in 1932 and was sworn of the Privy Council, sitting several times in the Judicial Committee. He chaired the Royal Commission on Betting (1932–33) and during World War II, he sat as chairman of the General Claims Tribunal.
Personal life.
Rowlatt married Elizabeth Hemmingway in 1890 and the couple had four sons and two daughters. His son John Rowlatt was also a lawyer, who specialised in drafting tax legislation.
Media correspondent Justin Rowlatt is Sidney's great-grandson; in February 2015, Justin became the BBC's South Asia correspondent, posted in New Delhi, and in an article in August 2017 analysed his great-grandfather's drafting of the Rowlatt Act and the events it generated in the context of post-1947 India-UK relations.


Terry L. Anderson

Terry Lee Anderson is the William A. Dunn Distinguished Senior Fellow and former Executive Director and President of the Property and Environment Research Center (PERC) as well as the John and Jean De Nault Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University (source?). Anderson's works argue that market approaches can be both economically sound and environmentally sensitive. His research helped launch the idea of free market environmentalism and has prompted public debate over the proper role of government in managing natural resources. He is the co-chair of Hoover's Property Rights, Freedom, and Prosperity Task Force.
Anderson is the author or editor of thirty-seven books. Among these, "Free Market Environmentalism", co-authored with Donald Leal, received the 1992 Sir Antony Fisher International Memorial Award. A revised edition was published in 2001.
Anderson and Donald Leal’s most recent book, "Free Market Environmentalism – The Next Generation", was published in 2015. His most recent publications are "Environmental Markets: a Property Rights Approach" (Cambridge University Press, 2014) and Tapping Water Markets (RFF Press, 2012). Other books include "Greener Than Thou: Are You Really an Environmentalist?" (Hoover Institution Press, 2008) and "Property Rights: A Practical Guide to Freedom and Prosperity" (Hoover Institution Press, 2003), both co-authored with Laura Huggins. His book, with Peter J. Hill, "The Not So Wild, Wild West: Property Rights on the Frontier" (Stanford University Press), was awarded the 2005 Sir Antony Fisher International Memorial Award.
Anderson’s research, which has also focused on Native American economies, recently resulted in a co-edited volume, "Self-Determination: The Other Path for Native Americans" (Stanford University Press, 2006). He has published widely in the popular press and professional journals, including the "Wall Street Journal," the "Christian Science Monitor", "Fly Fisherman", "Journal of Law and Economics," and "Economic Inquiry". During his career at Montana State University, Anderson received several outstanding teaching awards and is now professor emeritus of economics. He received his B.S. from the University of Montana and earned a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Washington. In March 2011, Anderson received the Liberalni Institute Annual Award in Prague, Czech Republic, for his ""Contribution to the Proliferation of Liberal Thinking, and Making Ideas of Liberty, Private Property, Competition, and the Rule of Law Come True".”(source?)


John Randolph (actor)

Emanuel Hirsch Cohen (June 1, 1915 – February 24, 2004), better known by the stage name John Randolph, was an American film, television and stage actor.
Early life.
Randolph was born Emanuel Hirsch Cohen in New York City, New York on June 1, 1915, the son of Jewish immigrants from Russia and Romania. His mother, Dorothy (née Shorr), was an insurance agent, and his father, Louis Cohen, was a hat manufacturer. In the 1930s, he spent his summers at the Pine Brook Country Club in Nichols, Connecticut which was the summer home of the Group Theatre. He made his Broadway debut in 1938 in "Coriolanus". Randolph joined the United States Army Air Forces in World War II. He had a small role in the 1948 film "The Naked City".
He and wife Sarah Cunningham were blacklisted from working in Hollywood films and in New York film and television and radio after 1948. In 1955 they were both called before the HUAC to testify concerning ongoing investigations regarding Communist infiltration in the American entertainment industry. Both he and his wife refused to answer questions and cited the Fifth Amendment protection against testifying against themselves.
John and Sarah Randolph were very active in AFTRA, SAG and in Actor's Equity, were elected members of union boards and became vice presidents at various times during their careers.
From 1988 to 1991 he served as chairman of the National Council of American–Soviet Friendship.
Career.
Randolph was one of the last blacklisted actors to regain employment in Hollywood films when director John Frankenheimer cast him in a major role in "Seconds" in 1966. Randolph was in the original New York stage productions of "The Sound of Music" (as Von Trapp's butler, Franz), "Paint Your Wagon", and "The Visit".
He won the 1987 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the Neil Simon play "Broadway Bound". He made his last Broadway appearance in 1991 in "Prelude to a Kiss".
Randolph made numerous screen and television appearances in secondary roles, among which he played Donna Pescow's father in-law on the television series "Angie".
In the 1970s he made three appearances as Cornelius "Junior" Harrison, father of Emily Hartley in "The Bob Newhart Show". In 1974, he played an Air Force Colonel in the "Columbo" episode "Swan Song". In 1975, Randolph was cast as General Philip Blankenship in "The New Original Wonder Woman" pilot. He was replaced by Richard Eastham in the television series. He had an uncredited role in the 1976 film "All The President's Men" as the voice of Richard Nixon's Attorney General John Mitchell. He played Judge J. Waites Waring in "With All Deliberate Speed", a 1976 episode of CBS's mini-series: "The American Parade", dealing with events culminating in the 1954 Supreme Court decision (Brown v Board of Education) barring racial segregation in US public schools. In 1979, he had a guest appearance on "M*A*S*H" as an adjutant army general admiring the culinary prowess of a master chef errantly assigned as a foot soldier in a front unit.
Randolph also appeared in a made-for-TV movie entitled "The Gathering", a Christmas-themed show along with Edward Asner and Maureen Stapleton. The movie was nominated and won the Emmy for Outstanding Special - Drama or Comedy.
In 1982, he appeared in a first-season episode of "Family Ties" as Jake Keaton, Steven Keaton's father. He was the special guest star in the 1986 ABC made-for-TV movie "The Right of the People", playing Police Chief Hollander in a town soon allowing all adults to carry handguns. In 1990, he co-starred in the NBC comedy "Grand".
He appeared in "The Handicap Spot", an early episode of the television sitcom "Seinfeld" as Frank Costanza, George Costanza's father. He was later replaced by Jerry Stiller. In 1995, the scenes in which Randolph appeared were re-shot with Stiller. The re-shot version is shown in syndication in the United States (but can also be seen on the DVD). The original version, with Randolph, can be seen outside the U.S. and on DVD, Hulu and Crackle.
He also appeared in a Season 2 episode of "Matlock" as the head of a crime family in "The Investigation".
He costarred with Alec Guinness, Leo McKern, Jeanne Moreau and Lauren Bacall, in the BBC production of "A Foreign Field" (1993) as a World War II veteran returning to France to find the woman he fell in love with. He played Chief Sidney Green in "Serpico" (1973), directed by Sidney Lumet. He also played the father of Charlie Partana (played by Jack Nicholson) in "Prizzi's Honor" and Clark W. Griswold, Sr. in "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation" (with Chevy Chase). One of his last film roles was as Joe Fox's grandfather in "You've Got Mail" (1998).
In 1989 he appeared in an episode of "Roseanne" playing Al, Roseanne's dad. In 1991 he guested in an episode of "Married ... With Children" entitled "Al Bundy, Shoe Dick".
On February 24, 2004, Randolph died at age eighty-eight. He passed away in Hollywood in Los Angeles, California.


RDU-FM

RDU 98.5FM is a student radio station operating from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. It broadcasts on a frequency of 98.5 MHz, and is a member of the b.net group of stations, all of which are run from New Zealand University campuses.
RDU began in 1976 on 1420kHz. During the period 1977 to 1985 the station was on 1230, 1503 (3XU) and 1422 kHz (3XB). FM broadcasts started in 1986 on 90.5 MHz and moved to 98.3 MHz in 1987 until 2003.
History.
Wammo and Spanky became an infamous duo on the RDU Mornings show, most notably coaxing Don Brash into answering inappropriate love letters live on-air, and upsetting listeners by playing distasteful games poking fun at cancer victims. Sadly Wammo was scouted by Kiwi FM and was replaced by Kate Gorgeous, who hosted the show for a year till the end of 2007. After much searching for a new host, Spanky has returned to host the show solo under the new show title Breakfast with Spanky.
Many of the shows on RDU have been on air for many years. Girl School, The Mixtape Sessions, The Joint, Guitar Media, Dollar Mix, Hauswerk and Vintage Cuts are all popular long running shows that are regular each week.
Since late 2006 RDU online streaming has been operating reliably, enabling the stations unique sound to now reach a global audience.
In 2007, the University of Canterbury Students' Association controversially agreed to sub-licence the RDU frequency to a newly formed company, RDU98.5FM Ltd and students against the sale selectively leaked information to the Press stating the station was sold for the price of $1. Actually the stations assets including broadcast equipment and transmitters were sold at market (book) value, a market level rental agreed for the space occupied and an annual licence fee agreed.
Various arrangements were debated over the preceding three years following the previous limited liability company (controlled by minority shareholders) trading insolvently which forced UCSA to inject funds and restructure the organisation.


Minolta helps you


Win Stracke

Winfred "Win" J. Stracke (February 20, 1908 – June 29, 1991) was an American folk musician and co-founder of the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago, Illinois. Stracke was a Chicago fixture in music, theater, and television in the 1940s and was known for his booming bass voice. Nationally he was known as "Uncle Win" to viewers of his syndicated children's television show on NBC until it was canceled in the wake of the 1950s blacklist.
Early life.
Stracke was born in Lorraine, Kansas but grew up in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood, and had ties to the area his entire life. He was the son of German immigrants and his father was a preacher. He discovered his singing talent while still in high school. Stracke had some operatic training, but his interests in the labor movement and American frontier history would draw him towards American folk music. He began his folk singing career in Chicago in 1931, when WLS hired him as a bass singer on their "National Barn Dance" program. He appeared with the Cumberland Ridge Runners and Smoky Mountain Singers.
Chicago Artist.
Thespian.
In 1938 as a member of the Chicago Repertory Theater, a topically progressive theater group in Chicago (they regularly put on plays of pro-union and anti-war topics), Stracke met and began
working with his soon to be lifelong friend Studs Terkel. Stracke and Terkel shared common ideas about the way music could be used to promote and assist the labor movement of the mid-20th century. During the 1940s Stracke left to serve in Europe and Africa during World War II; drafted towards the end of the war, he served in an anti-aircraft division. Terkel would later interview Stracke about his experiences in "The Good War".
I Come for to Sing.
After returning to Chicago he again joined up with Studs Terkel. As well as an interest in American folk music and the labor movement the two also shared an appreciation for music of different cultures, Stracke was particularly fond of the German folk songs of his heritage. Terkel and Stracke had met the blues singer Big Bill Broonzy through Pete Seeger's labor songs organization, People's Songs. Drawing from these areas and along with fellow musician Lawrence Lane (a classically trained singer who later sang the National Anthem before Chicago Blackhawks games) the group formed "I Come for to Sing", a touring folk review. The review played at colleges around the country in the late 1940s and 1950s. The program was set up around a theme with Terkel narrating and Stracke and the other performers singing songs to support that narration.
Songs You Can See.
Another touring show, "Songs You Can See", consisted of Stracke and artist Peggy Lipschutz. Stracke would sing songs and ballads and Lipschutz would draw along with them on a large paper canvas as the songs were being sung. The drawings would correspond topically with the song being sung and be complete at the end of the song. The program toured the country mostly in the Midwest, several of their programs dealt with the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
Television.
Stracke was a figure in the Chicago School of Television, a style of early TV shows in the 1950s characterized by improvisational dialog and a variety show-like atmosphere. Along with Studs Terkel, Stracke was a cast member on "Studs' Place". He played on one of the first sitcoms, "Hawkins Falls", and gained national fame as "Uncle Win" on his children's program "Animal Playtime" (on NBC) and "Time For Uncle Win". It was notable as one of the first children's programs that treated children's programming as an educational opportunity and not merely entertainment. This program also toured local schools.
Blacklist Era.
Caught up in the Hollywood blacklist, "Animal Playtime" was canceled from NBC, but was revived on local Chicago television after several parents protested its cancellation. Stracke was sympathetic to labor and progressive causes throughout his life, but was never a member of the Communist Party. He described himself as a progressive, but did not identify with the organized party. At the time, however, any empathy to these causes was enough to get a performer blacklisted. Stracke would find work in this period in commercial work that wasn't scrutinized as heavily. He lent his voice in commercials for products like "Pie Oh-My", Dean's Milk, and carpets.
Old Town School of Folk Music.
In 1956 musician Frank Hamilton met Stracke at the Gate of Horn nightclub in Chicago. Together they founded the Old Town School and developed a teaching method with an emphasis on group learning. The school attempted to teach students popular folk songs of the day – songs by performers like Big Bill Broonzy, Josh White, and Odetta – and introduce students to the wealth of songs from other countries and less well known American folk songs. The school began as a series of lessons at Dawn Greening's home in Oak Park and later moved into a small storefront at 333 W. North Avenue in Old Town. Stracke wanted the classes to end with a jam session called "Second Half" so all levels of players could have fun playing together. Stracke served as the first director of the School.
Hamilton and Stracke would be musical partners for decades putting on several shows in Chicago and beyond. A program entitled "From Bull Run to Birmingham" tried to encompass several songs of struggle from history and tie these to the civil rights movement happening in the American south at the time.
Stracke continued to perform and be involved with Chicago music and the Old Town School until his death in 1991.


Picocassette

Picocassette is an audio storage medium introduced by Dictaphone in collaboration with JVC in 1985. It is approximately half the size of the previous Microcassette, and was intended for highly portable dictation devices. With a tape speed of 9 millimeters per second, each cassette could hold up to 60 minutes of dictation, 30 minutes per side. The signal-to-noise ratio was 35 dB. The widest dimension of the picocassette was near 4.2 cm.


List of Ku Klux Klan organizations

Since the late 1860s, there have been many organizations that have used the title "Ku Klux Klan" or have split off from KKK groups using different names.
Reconstruction Era paramilitaries.
During Reconstruction, there were a number of white supremacist paramilitary groups that were organized in order to resist the reconstruction measures. While the Ku Klux Klan was the most famous group, it overlapped in membership and ideology with a number of others. In some cases, they were virtually indistinguishable from each other.
1877–1914.
Between the Reconstruction period, known as the Klan's "first era", and the rebirth of the modern movement in 1915, there were a handful of groups that scholars have identified as "bridges" that engaged in similar vigilante activities and introduced Klan-type organizing into areas untouched by Reconstruction. In some cases, small towns often had so-called "decency committees" or "vigilance committees", who often used vigilante tactics against targets such as criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, and in some instances, Black people, Native Americans, Mexicans, Chinese Americans, European immigrants, Catholics, Mormons, and non-Christians, including Jews and atheists. Sometimes, in fact, their attire or their disguises resembled those worn by the KKK.
1915–1944.
During the "second era" , the KKK movement saw the rise and decline of one of the largest and most influential Klan factions, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Inc. There were a few splinter groups, though, such as the Knights of the Flaming Sword, founded by ousted Imperial Wizard William J. Simmons and the Independent Klan of America, founded by Indiana Grand Dragon D. C. Stephenson. The 1930s saw the growth of fascist-leaning groups such as the Black Legion and a revived Knights of the White Camellia. It was also during this time period, that, for the first time ever, certain KKK groups began openly seeking working relationships with pro-Nazi and fascist groups, such as the German-American Bund and the Silver Shirts. The KKK also openly worked alongside the Anti-Saloon League, in their shared goals of enforcing prohibition.
1944–1954.
In the period roughly between the end of World War II and the passage of the Supreme Court's so-called "Black Monday" ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education", a number of small local "associations of Klans" were active, mainly in the Southeastern states.
1954–1969.
During the period of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s and 1960s, the Klan experienced its "third era" which saw the growth of a number of KKK groups that sought to resist desegregation, by both peaceful and violent means. However, desegregation was not their only targets, other topics of Klan protest and hatred included the 1960s counterculture, labor unions, divorce, evolutionism, liberalism, and so-called Jewish Bolshevism. It was also around this period that many Klan groups began working with other white supremacist groups like the White Citizens' Council, the American Nazi Party and the National States' Rights Party.
1970s–present.
Since the 1970s the Klan's popularity both among racists and the general public has been in consistent decline. Just between 2016 and 2019 the number of self-identified Klan groups dropped from 130 to 51. While this may be partially influenced by popular public opinion against the Klan's views, it may also be influenced by the Klan's perceived modern lack of relevance among Americans whose politics tilt toward racist ideologies. Many factions of the Klan began making alliances with neo-Nazi groups, some members of the American militia movement, and other ring-wing extremists, with the goal of cross-recruitment.


Ear to the Ground

Ear to the Ground is a weekly television programme broadcast on Ireland's RTÉ One on Thursday evenings at 20:30. It consists of reports about rural, countryside and environmental issues. As of July 2020, it is in its twenty-seventh season. It is produced by Independent Pictures and presented by Ella McSweeney, Darragh McCullough and Helen Carroll. Previous presenters include Maeve Dineen, who left after the fifteenth season and the long-running Mairead McGuinness, who later became a Member of the European Parliament for Fine Gael. The show is repeated on RTÉ One after the lunchtime news each Sunday.


Public-domain software

Public-domain software is software that has been placed in the public domain: in other words, there is absolutely no ownership such as copyright, trademark, or patent. Software in the public domain can be modified, distributed, or sold even without any attribution by anyone; this is unlike the common case of software under exclusive copyright, where software licenses grant limited usage rights.
Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have signed, an author automatically obtains the exclusive copyright to anything they have written, and local law may similarly grant copyright, patent, or trademark rights by default. The Berne Convention also covers programs. Therefore, a program is automatically subject to a copyright, and if it is to be placed in the public domain, the author must explicitly disclaim the copyright and other rights on it in some way, e.g. by a waiver statement. In some jurisdictions, some rights (in particular moral rights) cannot be disclaimed: for instance, civil law tradition-based German law's "Urheberrecht" differs here from the Anglo-Saxon common law tradition's "copyright" concept.
History.
Early academic public-domain software ecosystem.
In the 1950s to the 1990s software culture, as original academic phenomena, "public-domain" (usually abbreviated to "PD") software was popular. This kind of freely distributed and shared "free software" combined the nowadays differentiated software classes of freeware, shareware and free and open-source software and was created in academia, and by hobbyists and hackers. As software was often written in an interpreted language such as BASIC, the source code was needed and therefore distributed to run the software. PD software was also shared and distributed as printed source code (type-in program) in computer magazines (like "Creative Computing", "SoftSide", "Compute!", "Byte" etc.) and books, like the bestseller "BASIC Computer Games". Early on, closed-source software was uncommon until the mid-1970s to the 1980s.
Before 1974, when the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided that "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright", software was not copyrightable and therefore always in public domain. This legislation, plus court decisions such as "Apple v. Franklin" in 1983 for object code, clarified that the Copyright Act gave computer programs the copyright status of literary works.
In the 1980s, a common way to share public-domain software was by receiving them through a local user group or a company like PC-SIG, of Sunnyvale, California, who maintained a mail-order catalog of more than 300 disks with an average price of US$6. Public-domain software with source code was also shared on BBS networks.
Public-domain software was commercialized sometimes by a donationware model, asking the users for a money donation to be sent by mail.
The public-domain "free sharing" and "donationware" commercialization models evolved in following years to the (non-voluntary) shareware model, and software free of charge, called freeware. Additionally, due to other changes in the computer industry, the sharing of source code became less usual.
With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976), the legal base for public-domain software changed drastically. Before the act, releasing a software without copyright notice was enough for dedicating to public domain. With the new copyright act, software was by default copyright-protected and needed an explicit waiver statement or license of the author.
Reference implementations of algorithms, often cryptographic algorithms, meant or applied for standardization are still often given into the public domain, examples are CERN httpd in 1993 and Serpent cipher in 1999. The Openwall Project maintains a list of several algorithms and their source code in the public domain.
Free and open-source software as successor.
As response in the end 1980s of the academic software ecosystem to the change in the copyright system, permissive license texts were developed, like the BSD license and derivatives. Permissive-licensed software, which is a kind of free and open-source software, shares most characteristics of the earlier public-domain software, but stands on the legal base of copyright law.
In 1980s Richard Stallman, who worked long in an academic environment of "public-domain"-like software sharing, noticed the emerge of proprietary software and the decline of the public-domain software ecosystem. As approach to preserve this ecosystem he created a software license, the GPL, which encodes the "public-domain" rights and enforces them irrevocably on software. Paradoxically, his copyleft approach relies on the enforceability of the copyright to be effective. Copyleft free software shares therefore many properties with public-domain software, but doesn't allow relicensing or sublicensing. Unlike real public-domain software or permissive-licensed software, Stallman's copyleft license tries to enforce the free shareability of software also for the future by not allowing license changes.
To refer to free software (which is under a free software license) or to software distributed and usable free of charge (freeware) as "public-domain" is therefore incorrect. While public domain gives up the author's exclusive rights (e.g. copyright), in free software the author's copyright is still retained and used, for instance to enforce copyleft or to hand out permissive-licensed software. Licensed software is in general "not" in the public domain. Another distinct difference is that an executable program may be in the public domain even if its source code is not made available (making the program not feasibly modifiable), while free software has the source code always available.
Post-copyright public domain.
With the 2000s and the emergence of peer-to-peer sharing networks and sharing in web development, a new copyright-critical developer generation made the "license-free" public-domain software model visible again, also criticizing the FOSS license ecosystem ("Post Open Source") as stabilizing part of the copyright system. New non-FOSS licenses and waiver texts were developed, notably the Creative Commons "CC0" (2009) and the "Unlicense" (2010), and a growing popularity of permissive software licenses was noticed. Also, the growing problem of orphaned software and digital obsolescence of software raised the awareness of the relevance of passing software into public domain again for a better digital preservation of the digital heritage, unrestricted by copyright and DRM.
Around 2004 there was a debate whether public-domain software can be considered part of the FOSS ecosystem, as lawyer Lawrence Rosen argued in the essay "Why the public domain isn't a license" that software could not truly be given into public domain, a position that faced opposition by Daniel J. Bernstein and others. In 2012, the status was finally resolved when Rosen changed his mind and accepted the CC0 as open-source license, while admitting that contrary to previous claims copyright can be waived away, backed by a Ninth circuit's decision.
Passing of software into public domain.
Release without copyright notice.
Before the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976, which went into effect in 1978) works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit copyright notice and no copyright registration. After the 1988 implementation act, all works were by default copyright-protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a waiver statement.
Leaving the copyright term.
Copyrighted works, like software, are meant to pass into public domain after the copyright term, losing their copyright privilege. Due to the decades-long copyright protection granted by the Berne Convention, no software has ever passed into public domain by leaving copyright terms. The question how fast works should pass into public domain has been a matter of scientific and public debates, also for software like video games.
Public-domain-like licenses and waivers.
While real public domain makes software licenses unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("Permission culture"), there are licenses that grant public-domain-like rights. There is no universally agreed-upon license, but multiple licenses that aim to release source code into the public domain.
In 2000 the WTFPL was released as public-domain-like license/waiver/anti-copyright notice. In 2009 the Creative commons released the CC0, which was created for compatibility with also law domains (e.g. Civil law of continental Europe) where "dedicating into public domain" is problematic. This is achieved by a public-domain waiver statement and a fall-back all-permissive license, for the case the waiver is not possible. The "Unlicense", published around 2010, has a focus on an anti-copyright message. The "Unlicense" offers a public-domain waiver text with a fall-back public-domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution clause. In 2015 GitHub reported that of their approx. 5.1 million licensed projects hosted almost 2% use the unlicense, approx. 102,000 projects. Another option is the Zero Clause BSD license, released in 2006 and aimed at software.
In result, such licensed public-domain software has all four freedoms but is not hampered by the complexities of attribution (restriction of permissive licensed software) or license compatibility (issue with copyleft licensed software).
Public-domain software.
See also ,
Classical PD software (pre 1988).
Public domain software in the early computer age was for instance shared as type-in program in computer magazines and books like "BASIC Computer Games". Explicit PD waiver statements or license files were at that time unusual. Publicly available software without a copyright notice was assumed to be, and shared as, public-domain software.
Notable general PD software from that time include:
Video games are among the earliest examples of shared PD software, which are still notable today:
Many PD software authors kept the practices of public-domain release without having a waiver text, not knowing or caring for the changed copyright law and creating therefore a legal problem. On the other hand, magazines started in the mid-1980s to claim copyright even for type-in programs that were seen as PD before. Only slowly PD software authors started to include explicit relinquishment or license statement texts.
Examples of modern PD software (post 1988).
These examples of modern PD software (after the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988) is either under proper public domain (e.g. created by a US governmental organization), under a proper public-domain-like license (for instance CC0) or accompanied by a clear waiver statement from the author. While not as widespread as in the pre-2000s, PD software still exists nowadays. For example, SourceForge listed 334 hosted PD projects in 2016, GitHub 102,000 PD projects under the unlicense alone in 2015. In 2016 an analysis of the Fedora Project's packages revealed "public domain" as seventh most popular "license".
The award-winning video game developer Jason Rohrer releases his works into the PD, as do several cryptographers, such as Daniel J. Bernstein, Bruce Schneier and Douglas Crockford, with reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms.


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