Jonathan Fielden

Jonathan Mark Fielden (born 9 September 1963) is an anaesthetics and intensive care consultant. He is a former medical director of University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and former Director of Specialised Commissioning NHS England.
His first consultant post was at Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. He was chairman (2006–2009) of the Central Consultants and Specialists Committee of the British Medical Association, he also served as the secondary care specialist on the governing body of Aylesbury Vale Clinical Commissioning Group.
Fielden chaired the CQC team which assessed Hinchingbrooke Hospital ran by Circle Health Ltd (the first privately managed NHS hospital) as "inadequate" leading to the trust being put into special measures in 2014. He was appointed director of specialised commissioning at NHS England in October 2015. Subsequently, he was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 49th most influential person in the English NHS in 2015.
Fielden was arrested in December 2016 on suspicion of voyeurism. He was suspended by the General Medical Council in January 2017. Fielden was convicted of this offence in June 2019 and given a suspended sentence. He was erased from the register - "struck off" - by the MPTS in January 2020.
Personal life.
His early education was at the independent Bedford School, Bedford and completed his medical degree at the University of Bristol. He married Christine Mundin, head of media at the British Medical Association in 2010 and divorced in 2019.


Lenox Baker

Lenox Dial Baker Sr. (November 10, 1902 – June 2, 1995) was an American orthopedic surgeon and athletic trainer at both Duke University and University of Tennessee. The Lenox Baker Children's Hospital at Duke is named in his honor. He graduated from the Duke University School of Medicine, where he was later a professor.
He was the first director (later secretary) of the North Carolina Department of Human Resources (later renamed the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services).
Baker was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1983.


Midline sinus of the upper lip


Colin Soskolne

Colin L. Soskolne is a Canadian epidemiologist and author who was born, raised and educated in South Africa. He relocated to North America in 1977 to pursue his PhD studies in epidemiology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.


Ukraine Prosthetic Assistance Project

Ukraine Prosthetic Assistance Project is a project that is aimed at improving prosthetics and rehabilitation services in Ukraine through global exchange among the field specialists.
At least once a year, for three consecutive years to 2017, a team of specialists from a number of countries (USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia) travel to Ukraine as volunteers to share their expertise with Ukrainian counterparts. They work collaboratively with Ukrainian specialists on fitting complex cases of amputations with appropriate prostheses and demonstrate the multidisciplinary approach to patient care, which is only starting to develop in Ukraine.
History.
Ukraine Prosthetic Assistance Project was founded by a high school teacher, Antonina Kumka, who immigrated to Canada from Ukraine, and an American CPO, Jon Batzdorff.
In 2014, due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine], many military and civilians were severely wounded by shelling and landmines. Many lost one or more limbs. The Ukrainian prosthetists and healthcare professionals were not prepared for such high numbers of amputees with war-related injuries, which they have never had to deal with before. The government of Ukraine was gradually increasing funding for prosthetics, however no funds were allocated for professional development of the local specialists. Most of the amputees, especially with upper limb losses in 2014 ended up being sent abroad without proper medical follow up arranged for them upon their return to Ukraine.
Kumka decided to investigate a solution to the problem. She talked to some wounded Ukrainian soldiers and realized that many of them were not able to receive adequate prosthetic care and service in Ukraine due to lack of knowledge and exposure to a variety of prosthetic components and rehabilitation techniques of the Ukrainian specialists. Paying tens of thousands of dollars to send one amputee abroad for fitting was not a sustainable option.
After weeks of searching, Kumka contacted Jon Batzdorff, an American CPO and President of the American branch of International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics. Batzdorff runs a non-profit, Prosthetika, which aims to deliver prosthetics related humanitarian help and education to countries where it is most needed. Batzdorff agreed to help.
In less than four months, a team of six specialists-volunteers (certified prosthetists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists) from Canada and USA was put together, 9 Ukrainian specialists-participants from across Ukraine were invited to be part of the training and seven Ukrainian amputees with complex cases (military and civilians, male and female) were selected to be fitted with functional upper and lower limb prostheses.
The first mission took place at the end of April - beginning of May 2015, in Kiev, Ukraine, under the umbrella of Canada-Ukraine Foundation and Ukrainian Canadian Congress Toronto Branch.
Following the first mission, Kumka established a Canadian non-profit organization, Canada-Ukraine International Assistance Fund, which runs the Ukraine Prosthetic Assistance Project and works towards securing funding for the Project development since June 2015.
The second mission of the Project took place at the end of April 2016 in Lviv, Ukraine. The team of foreign specialists-volunteers consisted of representatives from Canada, USA and Great Britain, 15 Ukrainian specialists were trained and 10 amputees received functional prostheses and trained to use them effectively.
Between the missions a Canadian prosthetist, Chad Nilson, traveled to Ukraine a number of times as a volunteer to support the local specialists in providing follow-up care to those fitted during the project. The third mission is planned for July 23 – August 5, 2017 in Dnipro, Ukraine and will be focused on sports prosthetics and rehabilitation. Members of the Invictus Games: Team Ukraine will be provided with high-performance prostheses. This mission is largely funded by the Embassy of Australia in Ukraine through their Direct Aid program.
Most of the funding for the Project comes from donations of the individual members and businesses of the Ukrainian Canadian Diaspora, fundraising events, grants from partner organizations and donations/discounts by the prosthetics manufacturing companies.
The team of foreign specialists normally consists of 6 -10 professionals, who travel to Ukraine as volunteers.
Outcomes.
During the first mission of the Project, myo-electric upper limb prostheses were introduced and fitted in Ukraine for the first time ever, Ukrainian specialists were for the first time introduced to patient-oriented, multidisciplinary approach to amputee care. and six Ukrainian amputees received myo-electric and body-powered upper limb prostheses and hydraulic lower limb prostheses; 10 specialists were trained in a hands-on setting on how to fit myo-electric upper limb prostheses and were shown how to teach amputees to use them effectively; 20 amputees received consultations; 50 Ukrainian specialists from across Ukraine attended one day seminar on fitting myo-electric and body-powered upper limb prostheses.
During the second mission of the Project, more training on fitting myo-electric upper limb prostheses was provided and three Ukrainian specialists from the eastern, central and western parts of Ukraine were officially certified to fit such prostheses. This certification was recognized by the government of Ukraine and the procedure was established by the government on how to reimburse the Ukrainian specialists for such prosthesis in Ukraine. The number of amputees who were being sent abroad to get such prostheses has decreased to 2 or 3 per year (as some of the cases are still too complex). 12 amputees received functional upper/lower limb prostheses and were taught how to effectively use them; 15 specialists were part of the hands-on training; more than 100 Ukrainian specialists attended one-day seminars on prosthetics and rehabilitation. During one of the visits of the Canadian prosthetists in between the mission, Canada-Ukraine International Assistance Fund has arranged formal certification and training of 4 more Ukrainian prosthetists (making it 7 altogether) in fitting myo-electric hand and now also partial hand (digits) prostheses for the first time in Ukraine.
Olena Tsimbaliuk, Canada-Ukraine International Assistance Fund representative in Ukraine, has become an adviser to the committee (at the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine), responsible for establishing care pathways and opportunities for Ukrainian military amputees. This allowed the Project team to provide guidance to the Ukrainian ministry on how to better structure amputee services all across Ukraine and ensure transparency of the processes. The Project has claimed to bring systemic changes to the Ukrainian prosthetic industry.
As a result of the first two missions, the connections between Ukrainian specialists from different local facilities have been established and more local collaboration has started and is developing. Ukrainian specialists are now applying multidisciplinary approach to patient care. The Project has received a grant from the Embassy of Australia in Ukraine; a fundraiser was held by Canada-Ukraine International Assistance Fund; Prosthetika and World Rehabilitation Fund have financially supported the Project. The third mission is planned for July 23 – August 5, 2017 and will be focusing on sports and leisure prosthetics and related rehabilitation. Some of the amputees who are to receive prostheses are members of Invictus Games: Team Ukraine and Ukrainian Paralympic Team. This will be the first time in Ukraine that 20 Ukrainian prosthetists and rehabilitation specialists will be trained in fitting and teaching amputees to effectively use sports and leisure prosthetic devices. Daily seminars will be held to provide additional support to a greater number of specialists, interested in learning new approaches and tricks.
Project development.
Ukraine Prosthetic Assistance Project aims to address the immediate need in Ukraine, as well as brings long term results, providing the opportunity to both Ukrainian specialists and amputees to get better access to a variety of prosthetic components, devices, techniques and really understand the process of fitting and follow up.
Projected future steps include helping Ukrainian specialists develop stronger connections and establish peer to peer training opportunities through local conferences and webinars, continuing to support both the specialists and amputees with advice, organize more missions as needed and help establish a formal college or university education program for prosthetists.


Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn

Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn (August 24, 1774 – September 27, 1848) was a German physician who was a native of Braunschweig.
In 1797 he received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen, and later worked as a physician at the clinical institute in Braunschweig. For a short period of time he was a professor of medicine at the Universities of Wittenberg (1804) and Erlangen (1805), and in 1806 went to work at the medical hospital at the Charité in Berlin. One of his well-known students was Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795–1873).
Horn is considered the first practicing psychiatrist at the Charité. In the early 19th century, psychology as a scientific discipline was in its infancy, and barbaric, coercive methods were generally used to treat mental patients. Horn believed that mental illness was largely due to physical suffering, and used an assortment of mechanical devices for therapeutic purposes. He extensively used centrifugal devices such as the "rotating bed" and "rotating chair" for treatment of hysteria at the Charité, and reportedly believed that his patients derived benefits from such practices.
In 1803 Horn published a practical textbook on pharmaceuticals titled "Handbuch der praktischen Arzneimittellehre für Ärzte und Wundärzte". He is also credited for providing an early description of tabes dorsalis.


Skin dimple

Skin dimples (also known as "Skin fossa") are deep cutaneous depressions that are seen most commonly on the cheeks or chin, occurring in a familial pattern suggestive of autosomal dominant inheritance.


Egyptian Hockey Federation

The Egypt Hockey Federation (EHF) is the governing body of field hockey in Egypt. The Headquarters of EHF are in Nasr City, Cairo. It is affiliated to IHF International Hockey Federation and AHF African Hockey Federation.


ANC Sports

ANC is a sports marketing and signage company based in Purchase, New York. ANC, a Learfield company, provides signage, design, and marketing solutions to sports, entertainment, retail, and transportation facilities. ANC's product and service offering includes Light Emitting Diode ("LED"), rotational, and fixed visual displays; digital media software and control systems; signage operation and maintenance; marketing consultation; graphic design; and printing production.
ANC's recent projects include the Seattle Mariners (largest HD video display in MLB); Los Angeles Dodgers (most pixels per square foot in MLB); Cleveland Cavaliers (largest center-hung in the United States); Fulton Center (largest digital media network in a New York City transportation center); and Westfield World Trade Center (iconic digital media network).
History.
ANC was founded in 1997 by Jerry Cifarelli, current CEO, and Alan N. Cohen, former co-owner of the Boston Celtics.
ANC acquired exclusive North American rights to Space & Time rotational signage technology in 1997 and in its first year of operations, entered into an agreement with the WNBA to provide each team with all of its rotational signage. The following year, the Company added 19 new clients who would utilize courtside and back-lit fascia rotational signage. Today, ANC partners with more than 200 teams and venues in professional and collegiate sports.
ANC formed a technology division, ANC Technologies, in 1999. ANC Technologies developed FasciaSOFT, an operating engine for LED systems, permitting the company to debut the first 360° LED fascia signage in the National Hockey League. That same year, ANC Marketing was created to provide consulting services and assist clients with marketing strategies.
ANC directed LED installations and was selected to provide ongoing operational services for digital fascia and scoreboard signage at venues such as Cleveland's Quicken Loans Arena, Minnesota's Target Center, Philadelphia's Wells Fargo Center and Toronto's Air Canada Centre from 2002 through 2006.
During this time, ANC Marketing expanded into a national advertising sales division, including creating the basket stanchion arm advertising position.
During the same period, ANC debuted a new LED operating software called VisionSOFT. VisionSOFT is the first 3D interface capable of controlling multiple displays through one console, and also capable of distributing uncompressed video to its displays, eliminating distortion. The VisionSOFT application also operates DLP Digital Courtside press tables, which during the 2005-06 season became the first courtside digital signage to be approved for an NBA event.
Shortly after introducing digital courtside press tables, ANC expanded ANC Marketing into a national advertising sales division and formed a manufacturing relationship with Mitsubishi Electric. Following its new relationship with Mitsubishi, the company has completed large LED signage projects such as the Washington Nationals' new ballpark, Washington D.C.'s Verizon Center and Portland's Rose Garden.
The VisionSOFT application also operates DLP Digital Courtside press tables, which during the 2005-06 season became the first courtside digital signage to be approved for an NBA event. Shortly after introducing digital courtside press tables, ANC expanded ANC Marketing into a national advertising sales division. ANC Sports then debuted new LED and DLP II Courtside Signage Systems in the NBA and NCAA.
VisionSOFT was selected to operate the LED display system at Pittsburgh's Consol Energy Center in 2010. ANC renovated Fenway Park with a high-definition video display system in 2011.The year has also been one of firsts as ANC installed and operated LED signage around the perimeter of a tennis court for the first time during a professional event in the United States and provided digital signage for the Dodge National Circuit Finals Rodeo in Oklahoma. ANC also collaborated with The Caesars Tribute to the Golden Age of Ice Skating held in Atlantic City, in 2010, providing the digital signage along the rim of the ice.
In 2012 ANC's VisionSOFT was named as finalist to international Stadium Business Awards. Additionally, in 2012, ANC installed the largest end zone LED video screens in the world at LP Field and designed a unique1080p rectangular center-hung scoreboard with the Indiana Pacers. In 2013, ANC installed new hexagonal video screens with the Los Angeles Dodgers and integrated the largest high-definition video screen in baseball with the Seattle Mariners.


Microtia

Microtia is a congenital deformity where the pinna (external ear) is underdeveloped. A completely undeveloped pinna is referred to as anotia. Because microtia and anotia have the same origin, it can be referred to as microtia-anotia. Microtia can be unilateral (one side only) or bilateral (affecting both sides). Microtia occurs in 1 out of about 8,000–10,000 births. In unilateral microtia, the right ear is most commonly affected. It may occur as a complication of taking Accutane (isotretinoin) during pregnancy.
Classification.
According to the Altman-classification, there are four grades of microtia:
Causes and Risk Factors.
The etiology of microtia in children remains uncertain but there are some cases that associate the cause of microtia with genetic defects in multiple or single genes, altitude, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors gathered from studies include infants born underweight, women gravidity and parity, and medication use while pregnant. Genetic inheritance has not been fully studied but in the few studies available, it has shown to occur during the early stages of pregnancy.
Diagnosis.
At birth, lower grade microtia is difficult to visually diagnose with a physical exam. While higher grade microtia can be visually diagnosed due to noticeable abnormalities. Infants that have noticeable abnormalities are closely monitored by physicians and hearing specialists.
Treatment.
The goal of medical intervention is to provide the best form and function to the underdeveloped ear.
Hearing.
Typically, testing is first done to determine the quality of hearing. This can be done as early as in the first two weeks with a BAER test (Brain Stem Auditory Response Test). At age 5–6, CT or CAT scans of the middle ear can be done to elucidate its development and clarify which patients are appropriate candidates for surgery to improve hearing. For younger individuals, this is done under sedation.
The hearing loss associated with congenital aural atresia is a conductive hearing loss—hearing loss caused by inefficient conduction of sound to the inner ear. Essentially, children with aural atresia have hearing loss because the sound cannot travel into the (usually) healthy inner ear—there is no ear canal, no eardrum, and the small ear bones (malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, and stapes/stirrup) are underdeveloped. "Usually" is in parentheses because rarely, a child with atresia also has a malformation of the inner ear leading to a sensorineural hearing loss (as many as 19% in one study). Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by a problem in the inner ear, the cochlea. Sensorineural hearing loss is not correctable by surgery, but properly fitted and adjusted hearing amplification (hearing aids) generally provide excellent rehabilitation for this hearing loss. If the hearing loss is severe to profound in both ears, the child may be a candidate for a cochlear implant (beyond the scope of this discussion).
Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss was not generally considered a serious disability by the medical establishment before the nineties; it was thought that the afflicted person was able to adjust to it from birth. In general, there are exceptional advantages to gain from an intervention to enable hearing in the microtic ear, especially in bilateral microtia. Children with untreated unilateral sensorineural hearing loss are more likely to have to repeat a grade in school and/or need supplemental services (e.g., FM system – see below) than their peers.
Children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss often require years of speech therapy in order to learn how to enunciate and understand spoken language. What is truly unclear, and the subject of an ongoing research study, is the effect of unilateral conductive hearing loss (in children with unilateral aural atresia) on scholastic performance. If atresia surgery or some form of amplification is not used, special steps should be taken to ensure that the child is accessing and understanding all of the verbal information presented in school settings. Recommendations for improving a child's hearing in the academic setting include preferential seating in class, an FM system (the teacher wears a microphone, and the sound is transmitted to a speaker at the child's desk or to an ear bud or hearing aid the child wears), a bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA), or conventional hearing aids. Age for BAHA implantation depends on whether the child is in Europe (18 months) or the US (age 5). Until then it is possible to fit a BAHA on a softband
It is important to note that not all children with aural atresia are candidates for atresia repair. Candidacy for atresia surgery is based on the hearing test (audiogram) and CT scan imaging. If a canal is built where one does not exist, minor complications can arise from the body's natural tendency to heal an open wound closed. Repairing aural atresia is a very detailed and complicated surgical procedure which requires an expert in atresia repair. While complications from this surgery can arise, the risk of complications is greatly reduced when using a highly experienced otologist. Atresia patients who opt for surgery will temporarily have the canal packed with gelatin sponge and silicone sheeting to prevent closure. The timing of ear canal reconstruction (canalplasty) depends on the type of external ear (Microtia) repair desired by the patient and family. Two surgical teams in the USA are currently able to reconstruct the canal at the same time as the external ear in a single surgical stage (one stage ear reconstruction).
In cases where a later surgical reconstruction of the external ear of the child might be possible, positioning of the BAHA implant is critical. It may be necessary to position the implant further back than usual to enable successful reconstructive surgery – but not so far as to compromise hearing performance. If the reconstruction is ultimately successful, it is easy to remove the percutaneous BAHA abutment. If the surgery is unsuccessful, the abutment can be replaced and the implant re-activated to restore hearing.
External ear.
The age when outer ear surgery can be attempted depends upon the technique chosen. The earliest is 7 for Rib Cartilage Grafts. However, some surgeons recommend waiting until a later age, such as 8–10 when the ear is closer to adult size. External ear prostheses have been made for children as young as 5.
For auricular reconstruction, there are several different options:
Related conditions.
Aural atresia is the underdevelopment of the middle ear and canal and usually occurs in conjunction with microtia. Atresia occurs because patients with microtia may not have an external opening to the ear canal, though. However, the cochlea and other inner ear structures are usually present. The grade of microtia usually correlates to the degree of development of the middle ear.
Microtia is usually isolated, but may occur in conjunction with hemifacial microsomia, Goldenhar Syndrome or Treacher-Collins Syndrome. It is also occasionally associated with kidney abnormalities (rarely life-threatening), and jaw problems, and more rarely, heart defects and vertebral deformities.


Litmus milk

Litmus milk is a milk-based medium used to distinguish between different species of bacteria. The lactose (milk sugar), litmus (pH indicator), and casein (milk protein) contained within the medium can all be metabolized by different types of bacteria.
Early in the development of microbiology, milk was used as a convenient, rich growth medium for propagating bacteria. The litmus in the medium acts as both a pH indicator and a redox (oxidation-reduction) indicator. The test itself tells whether the bacterium can ferment lactose, reduce litmus, form clots, form gas, or start peptonization.


Aristides Agramonte

Aristides Agramonte y Simoni (June 3, 1868 – August 19, 1931) was a Cuban American physician, pathologist and bacteriologist with expertise in tropical medicine. In 1898 George Miller Sternberg appointed him as an Acting Assistant Surgeon in the U.S. Army and sent him to Cuba to study a yellow fever outbreak. He later served on the Yellow Fever Commission, a U.S. Army Commission led by Walter Reed which examined the transmission of yellow fever.
In addition to this research, he also studied plague, dengue, trachoma, malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and more. After serving on the Yellow Fever Commission, he served as a professor at the University of Havana as well as many government positions.


David Walton (economist)

David Robert Walton (30 May 1963 – 21 June 2007) was a British economist, and a member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee from July 2005 until his death in June 2006.
Walton gained a BA in Economics and Politics with first class honours at Van Mildert College, Durham University in 1984. After graduating Walton took a position at HM Treasury working as an economist. He held this position until 1986 when he left to pursue an MA in Economics at University of Warwick, in which he gained a distinction. He joined the economics team at Goldman Sachs in 1987. In 2003 he was appointed as their Chief European Economist and as the Chairman of the Society of Business Economists. In 2005 became a Visiting Research Professor at the University of Oxford's Economics Department, and joined the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee.
David Walton died on 21 June 2006 after contracting necrotising fasciitis, possibly occurring from the urinary tract. In his final meeting, Walton was the only member preferring an increase in the interest rate, the other seven members voting to maintain the rate at 4.5%. Walton had also been the only member supporting such an increase in the previous month's meeting.


John Hay (cardiologist)

John Hay (25 November 1873 – 21 April 1959) was a British cardiologist.
He was born in Birkenhead, Lancashire, the son of a Scottish architect and educated at the Liverpool Institute and the Victoria University of Manchester, qualifying M.B. in 1896.
From 1900 to 1903 he was medical tutor and registrar at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. In 1905 he identified a form of second degree AV block. In 1907 he was appointed Assistant Physician and set up the first specialised heart department in the north of England.
During World War I he served at the 1st Western General Hospital, becoming a lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1915 and in 1923 delivered their Bradshaw Lecture on "Prognosis in Angina Pectoris". In 1924 he was appointed Professor of Medicine (part-time) at the University of Liverpool. He retired to live at Bowness in the Lake District, where he died in 1959.
He had married in 1906 Agnes Margaret Duncan, daughter of William Duncan of Tyldesley, Lancashire. They had two sons and two daughters.


Rhagades

Rhagades are fissures, cracks, or linear scars in the skin, especially at the angles of the mouth and nose. They tend to form at areas of motion. They can be a result from bacterial infection of skin lesions. They are associated with late stages of congenital syphilis.
This is one of the late stage manifestations of congenital syphilis, others are saber shins, Hutchinson teeth, saddle nose, and Clutton's joints (usually knee synovitis).


Charles R. Drew

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and medical researcher. He researched in the field of blood transfusions, developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge to developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II. This allowed medics to save thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war. As the most prominent African American in the field, Drew protested against the practice of racial segregation in the donation of blood, as it lacked scientific foundation, and resigned his position with the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.
Early life and education.
Drew was born in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C. His father, Richard, was a carpet layer and his mother, Nora Burrell, trained as a teacher. Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of his four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely middle-class and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood. From a young age Drew began work as a newspaper boy in his neighborhood, helping deliver over a thousand newspapers to his neighbors per day. As a freshman in Washington D.C. Drew was enrolled in Dunbar High School which was knowingly notorious for its equality and opportunities for all, given the racially segregated climate at the time. From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was in Arlington County, Virginia, although he graduated from Washington's Dunbar High School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period of time.
Drew won an athletics scholarship to Amherst College in Massachusetts, where he played on the football as well as the track and field team, and later graduated in 1926. After college, Drew spent two years (1926–1928) as a professor of chemistry and biology, the first athletic director, and football coach at the historically black private Morgan College in Baltimore, Maryland, to earn the money to pay for medical school.
For his medical career Drew applied to Howard University, Harvard Medical School and later McGill University. Drew lacked some prerequisites for Howard University and Harvard wanted to defer him a year; Thus being denied admission into Howard University on the basis of lacking prerequisites and not wanting to prolong his medical career for a year due to a deferral from Harvard, Drew decided to attend medical school at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was during this stage in his medical journey that Drew was able to work with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding the potential correlations between transfusions of blood and shock therapy. Shock occurs as the amount of blood in the body rapidly declines which can be due to a variety of factors such as a wound or lack of fluids (dehydration). As the body goes into shock both blood pressure and body temperature decrease which then causes a lack of blood flow due to a loss of oxygen in the body's tissues and cells. Eventually it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock but at the time there was no successful method of transportation for blood or its mass storage, leaving transfusions to be extremely limited to location.
At McGill University he achieved membership in Alpha Omega Alpha, a scholastic honor society for medical students, ranked second in his graduating class of 127 students, and received the standard Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery degree awarded by the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in 1933.
Drew's first appointment as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard University from 1935 to 1936. He then joined Freedman's Hospital, a federally operated facility associated with Howard University, as an instructor in surgery and an assistant surgeon. In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia University in New York City on the award of a two-year Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. He then began postgraduate work, earning his Doctor of Science at Surgery at Columbia University. He spent time doing research at Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive study of blood preservation techniques. It was through this blood preservation research where Drew realized blood plasma was able to be preserved, two months, longer through de-liquification, or the separation of liquid blood from the cells. When ready for use the plasma would then be able to return to its original state via reconstitution. This thesis earned him his Doctor of Science in Medicine degree in 1940, becoming the first African American to do so. The District of Columbia chapter of the American Medical Association allowed only white doctors to join, consequently “... Drew died without ever being accepted for membership in the AMA.”
Blood for Britain.
In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II and just after earning his doctorate, Drew was recruited by John Scudder to help set up and administer an early prototype program for blood storage and preservation. Here Drew was able to apply his thesis to aid in the blood preservation and transportation. He was to collect, test, and transport large quantities of blood plasma for distribution in the United Kingdom. Drew understood that plasma extraction from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction. Each extraction was conducted under controlled conditions to eliminate risk of contamination. Air concealment, ultraviolet light and Merthiolate were all used to mitigate the possibility of plasma contamination.
Drew went to New York City as the medical director of the United States' Blood for Britain project. It was here that Drew helped set the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Britain by ensuring clean transfusions along with proper aseptic technique to ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain. The Blood for Britain project was a project to aid British soldiers and civilians by giving U.S. blood to the United Kingdom.
Drew started what would be later known as bloodmobiles, which were trucks containing refrigerators of stored blood; this allowed for greater mobility in terms of transportation as well as prospective donations.
Drew created a central location for the blood collection process where donors could go to give blood. He made sure all blood plasma was tested before it was shipped out. He ensured that only skilled personnel handled blood plasma to avoid the possibility of contamination. The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months, with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma. As a result, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association applauded Drew for his work.
American Red Cross Blood Bank.
Out of Drew's work, he was appointed director of the first American Red Cross Blood Bank in February 1941. The blood bank being in charge of blood for use by the U.S. Army and Navy, he disagreed with the exclusion of the blood of African-Americans from plasma-supply networks. In 1942, Drew resigned from his posts after the armed forces ruled that the blood of African-Americans would be accepted but would have to be stored separately from that of whites.
Academic achievements.
In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became the first African-American surgeon selected to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery.
Drew had a lengthy research and teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University as a surgeon and professor of medicine in 1942. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP in 1944 for his work on the British and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor of science degree, first by Virginia State College in 1945 then by Amherst in 1947.
Personal life.
In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of home economics at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia, whom he had met earlier during that year. They had three daughters and a son. His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Council of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern University from 1996 until 2009, and was a president of the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce.
Death.
Beginning in 1939, Drew traveled to Tuskegee, Alabama, to attend the annual free clinic at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital. For the 1950 Tuskegee clinic, Drew drove along with three other black physicians. Drew was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still fatigued from spending the night before in the operating theater, he lost control of the vehicle. After careening into a field, the car somersaulted three times. The three other physicians suffered minor injuries. Drew was trapped with serious wounds; his foot had become wedged beneath the brake pedal. When reached by emergency technicians, he was in shock and barely alive due to severe leg injuries.
Drew was taken to Alamance General Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina. He was pronounced dead a half hour after he first received medical attention. Drew's funeral was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.
Despite a popular myth to the contrary, once repeated on an episode ("Dear Dad... Three") of the hit TV series "M*A*S*H" and in the novel "Carrion Comfort", Drew's death was not the result of his having been refused a blood transfusion because of his skin color. This myth spread very quickly since during his time it was very common for blacks to be refused treatment because there were not enough "Negro beds" available or the nearest hospital only serviced whites.
In truth, according to one of the passengers in Drew's car, John Ford, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually nothing could have been done to save him. Ford added that a blood transfusion might have actually killed Drew sooner.
Legacy.
Numerous schools and health-related facilities, as well as other institutions, have been named in honor of Dr. Drew.
Medical and higher education
K-12 schools
References.
Notes
Further reading


Ibrahim Ben Ali

Ibrahim ben Ali or Ibraham Adam Ben Ali (1756-1800) was an Ottoman-Turkish soldier and physician who first drew notice as a convert-friend of the Dublin Methodist theologian Adam Clarke, and after spending time with the minister there and in England, he emigrated to the United States.
Early life.
Ibrahim ben Ali was born in Constantinople, Ottoman Turkey, in 1756, the son of Ali ben Mustapha, a Muslim with an estate 6 miles from the city, and Halima, a Greek Christian slave from Zante who was captured by Venetians and bought by Mustapha in Aleppo. Obituary of Ben Ali was raised a Muslim but also received an introduction to Christianity from his mother, and from several Spanish slaves owned by the family. When Ibrahim ben Ali was thirteen, be married a 12-year-old wife, also named Halima, and made the Hajj to Mecca, subsequently taking two additional wives, named Fatima and Ayesha, and fathering of 6 children by the three.
With this expanding family, a commission as captain in the Janissaries was obtained for Ibrahim by his father. About five years into this service he was wrongfully arrested for the murder or two officers with whom he was acquainted, and condemned to death. On the eve of his execution, he was encouraged by an old Spanish slave to convert to Christianity before his death, reinforcing his mother's teachings. His exoneration the next morning convinced him to pursue Christianity, and he purchased and freed the slave, keeping him in his household to provide religious instruction. He also served in the army as a doctor. In the fourth battle he fought against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish war he was captured in Wallachia and made prisoner at Arzenicour, in Russia. While in captivity, fellow prisoners wrote to Constantinople accusing him of apostasy and treason, causing his parents, wives and children to leave the city for Izmail, where they were all killed when the Russians sacked the outpost. Ibrahim was eventually freed after two years, following the intervention of either a local woman or Russian princess whose vision he had helped to recover, or of a British general, but having been warned of the danger of returning home by his brother, he instead took ship for Copenhagen and Liverpool, and thence to Dublin.
Later life.
Arriving in the Irish city in 1791 speaking little English but fluent in Arabic and Spanish, he was introduced to the Rev. Adam Clarke and received religious instruction from him on a daily basis. He was baptized as 'Adam' in a ceremony translated for him into Spanish by Clarke. He later accompanied Clarke on his ministries to Liverpool and after two years there, to Manchester, remaining there for "some considerable time". He also spent time in Greenock, Glasgow and Edinburgh, before emigrating to the United States.
In America as Mr. Ibraham Adam Ben Ali, he set up practice as a physician in Boston, where he advertised patent medicines in late 1794, followed by stints in New York City from 1795, Philadelphia in 1799, and Baltimore in 1800. He married a Baptist Englishwoman, having by her a sole daughter, Adeline, who became wife of Terah Temple Haggin and mother of multi-millionaire lawyer and investor James Ben Ali Haggin (1822 – 1914). In 1800, he died at or near Baltimore of the yellow fever outbreak that hit that city and Philadelphia, having contracted the disease while treating those infected.


Enzyme potentiated desensitization

Enzyme potentiated desensitization (EPD), is a treatment for allergies developed in the 1960s by Dr. Leonard M. McEwen in the United Kingdom. EPD uses much lower doses of antigens than conventional desensitization treatment paired with the enzyme β-glucuronidase. EPD is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of hay fever, food allergy and intolerance and environmental allergies.
EPD was developed for the treatment of autoimmune disease by the United Kingdom company Epidyme which was owned by Dr. McEwen and had been granted a United Kingdom patent. Despite encouraging results in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis, the company was placed into liquidation in April 2010.
United States use.
EPD was available in the United States until 2001, when the Food and Drug Administration revoked approval for an investigative study which it had previously sanctioned. That study had allowed EPD to be imported into the United States without being licensed. The approval was revoked because the EPD treatments included complex mixtures of allergens that were not allowed under FDA rules. Since 2001, the FDA has banned importation of EPD for the following reasons:
A related treatment, Low Dose Allergens (LDA), was developed in the US by Dr. Shrader, which, being a compounding rather than a drug, is not regulated by the FDA. In addition, LDA uses a different allergen mix for the US environment. However, LDA is considered by many in the field to be a repackaging of EPD that circumvents the FDA guidelines that caused EPD to be revoked.
EPD treatment.
The enzyme beta glucuronidase appears to potentiate the desensitizing effect of a small dose of allergen. The quantities of both are smaller than those occurring naturally in the body, but not so small that they can be regarded as homeopathic. Intradermal injections are used. The treatment takes 3–4 weeks before any effect is seen. For food and environmental allergies and intolerances treatments are typically given at two monthly intervals at first, but the interval between treatments is gradually lengthened. Hay fever is treated with two shots of EPD outside the pollen season.
Mechanism for EPD.
The treatment uses dilutions of allergen and enzyme to which T-regulatory lymphocytes are believed to respond by favouring desensitization, or down-regulation, rather than sensitization. Once activated these lymphocytes travel to lymph nodes and reproduce or stimulate similar T-lymphocytes.
Evidence for the Effectiveness of EPD.
EPD is considered experimental by some doctors and allergists. However, there is evidence for the efficacy of EPD in the treatment of hay fever and other conditions as a result of nine placebo-controlled, double-blind trials involving 271 patients. These trials showed a significant improvement in the symptoms with probabilities of 0.001 to 0.01 (a chance of one in a thousand to one in a hundred that the results of the trial would be seen by chance alone assuming EPD had no effect). However, one trial involving 183 patients published in the "British Medical Journal" showed no overall effect. Dr Len McEwen, inventor of EPD, speculated that the reason for the failure might have been that the beta glucuronidase enzyme preparation was inadvertently heated or frozen during storage in the hospital pharmacy, as it is sensitive to the storage temperature and enzyme from the same manufactured batch had been used to treat a number of patients successfully. However, there is no evidence available after the event to test this theory as the remaining trial materials were destroyed immediately after the trial ended.
Safety of EPD.
While the efficacy of EPD is sometimes the subject of controversy among the medical community, the safety of EPD is demonstrated in one study under the control of an Investigational Review Board and reported by the American EPD Society. 5,400 patients received at least 3 doses of EPD with no severe reactions reported.
Comparison of EPD with conventional escalating-dose immunotherapy (hyposensitization).
By contrast uncontrolled use of conventional (escalating dose) immunotherapy (hyposensitization not EPD) for general allergic conditions was believed to be responsible for at least 29 deaths in the UK, and is now banned in the United Kingdom except in hospital under close observation. A working party of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology reviewed the role of conventional high dose specific allergen immunotherapy (not EPD) in the treatment of allergic disease and recommends high dose specific allergen immunotherapy for treating summer hay fever uncontrolled by conventional medication and for wasp and bee venom hypersensitivity. For the recommended indications the risk:benefit ratio was found to be acceptable for conventional immunotherapy provided patients are carefully selected; in particular, patients with asthma should be excluded and injections should be given only by allergists experienced in this form of treatment in a clinic where resuscitative facilities are available and patients remain symptom free for an observation period after injection which is sufficient to detect all serious adverse reactions.
Conventional escalating-dose immunotherapy (not EPD) has been used to treat tens of millions of people in the United States with appropriate medical supervision with a death rate of less than one in one million according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.
Restrictions on EPD.
EPD has not been developed for treatment of allergy to insect stings (for which convenventional immunotherapy is recommended),
nor for contact dermatitis and allergy to drugs. It is not FDA approved.


Robert Devenyi

Robert G. Devenyi FRCSC, FACS is a vitreoretinal surgeon and Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences at the University of Toronto. He is also the team ophthalmologist for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League. Devenyi is Ophthalmologist-in-Chief and Director of Retinal Services at the University Health Network (UHN), which is affiliated with the University of Toronto. Devenyi is also the co-director of the Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute located at the Toronto Western Hospital, part of UHN. The DKJ Eye Institute is Canada's premier subspeciality ophthalmology facility.
At the University of Toronto, Devenyi directs fellowships in vitreoretinal surgery, researches and publishes in various areas associated with vitreoretinal ophthalmology, and focuses on research in retinopathies. He has been featured in numerous television shows, most recently "The Surgeons".
Devenyi is the only surgeon in Canada who has successfully implanted the Argus II "bionic eye" implant for patients who are totally blind from degenerative diseases such as Retinitis Pigmentosa.


Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)

The Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (DGAFMS) is a three-star rank medical flag officer in the Indian Armed Forces-of the protocol rank equivalent to Army Commanders/Defence Secretary. As the administrative head of the Armed Forces Medical Services, the DGAFMS is the advisor to the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and the Minister of Defence on the medical requirements of the Armed Forces.
History.
In March 1947, an "Armed Forces Medical Services and Research Integration Committee" was formed by the Government of India. The committee was headed by Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, was tasked with examining the integration of medical services and research of the three branches of the Armed Forces. The committee recommended that the Indian Armed Forces Medical Services would have a supreme controller designated 'Director General of the Armed Forces Medical Services'.


Thomas Forrest Cotton

Thomas Forrest Cotton FRCP (4 November 1884 – 26 July 1965) was a Canadian cardiologist. He introduced electrocardiography to Canada and England and was the first to recognise the relationship between finger clubbing in adults with acquired structural heart disease and infective endocarditis. His paper on clubbing in endocarditis is considered by cardiologists as a classic.
Early life and family.
Thomas Cotton was born on 4 November 1884 in Cowansville, Quebec, to Cedric and Harriet C. Cotton. Cedric was a small-town physician. After completing his early medical education at McGill University, Cotton travelled to Europe to do house jobs. There, he worked with the big names of the time, Friedrich Kraus and Georg Nicolai, co-authors of the first textbook of electrocardiography, and later, with Friedrich von Muller in Munich and Karel Wenckebach in Vienna. He then spent a short time in postgraduate training in the United States before moving to University College Hospital, London, in 1913, where he worked with Sir Thomas Lewis.
In 1928, Cotton married Dr. Mary (Molly) Marshall, then a clinical assistant at the National Heart Hospital. They had no children.
Cardiology career.
Despite the age difference and distance between the two, Sir William Osler supported Cotton's postgraduate activities in England and abroad. Cotton later wrote, "the gates were opened wide for me to enter; a letter to Lewis from William Osler was all that was required to make life seem at its best".
Cotton briefly returned to Montreal General Hospital, where, in 1913, with the assistance of Osler's influence and financial contributions, Cotton was able to persuade the hospital to purchase an electrocardiograph. Cotton, as a result, became Canada's first electrocardiographer.
At the onset of the First World War, Cotton enlisted in the Canadian Army and re-joined Lewis at the Military Hospital, Hampstead, which had been established to carry out research into heart diseases in soldiers. It was at Hampstead that his path crossed with William Osler, Mackenzie, Clifford Allbutt, Caler, Meakins, Parkinson and Drury. In 1913 and 1917, he published ten papers in "Heart", eight of which were co-authored with Lewis.
During his assignment in 1917 at the Sobraon Military Heart Hospital in Colchester, England, Cotton became interested in finger clubbing. He found that clubbing of fingers in adults known to have structural heart disease was a common clinical finding in infective endocarditis. His paper on clubbing in endocarditis is considered by cardiologists as a classic. Following postmortem information on men with "acquired structural heart disease" and clubbing, Cotton stated that although clubbing was not "a conclusive sign of infection, it is nevertheless one of the most valuable signs we possess in coming to a correct diagnosis". As a result, he was the first to recognize clubbing of the fingers as a sign of infective endocarditis.
In 1922, he was one of four men who founded the Cardiac Club in London.
Death and legacy.
Cotton was an active member of the Osler Club of London. He had prospered from Canadian investments and following his death at the age of 80 on 26 July 1965, the Royal College of Physicians received a substantial bequest in his will. His ashes were concealed alongside those of Sir William and Lady Osler in the Osler Library at McGill. His respected chief Osler is remembered in the dining room, named as Cotton had wished, the Osler Room, and in an annual Osler oration. In return, the College honoured Cotton by putting up a plaque in the Osler room and establishing a separate room (known as the "Thomas Cotton Room") to house the library, archives and other possessions of the Osler Club. Some of his archives are held at McGill University in the Osler Library of the History of Medicine


Amazia

Amazia refers to a condition where one or both of the mammary glands is absent (the nipple and areola remain present). This may occur either congenitally or iatrogenically (typically the result of surgical removal and/or radiation therapy). Amazia can be treated with breast implants.
Amazia differs from amastia (the complete absence of breast tissue, nipple, and areola), although the two conditions are often (erroneously) thought to be identical. The terms "amazia" and "amastia" are thus often used interchangeably, even though the two conditions are medically different.


European Society of Radiology

The European Society of Radiology (ESR) is an international medical society based in Vienna, Austria dedicated to the promotion and coordination of scientific, philanthropic, intellectual and professional activities of radiology in Europe. In addition to various other activities, the ESR serves as an umbrella organisation for European radiologists, organises the annual European Congress of Radiology (ECR) and coordinates the publication of European Radiology, a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal. Additionally, the ESR pilots the harmonisation of teaching programmes throughout Europe with various activities and initiatives.
History.
Founded in 2005, the European Society of Radiology (ESR) was created through the merger of two established radiological societies; the European Association of Radiology (EAR), a federation of national radiological societies founded in 1962, and the European Congress of Radiology (ECR), the organising body of the eponymous congress which was first held in 1967
The EAR was established on the 15th of December, 1962 through the efforts of Boris Rajewsky of the Max Planck Institute in Frankfurt and Charles Marie Gros of the University of Strasbourg who would become the association’s first president and first secretary-general respectively. The EAR was tasked with coordinating a European congress and establishing a European counterpart to the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), which had existed since 1915. By the time it was formally registered, the association comprised radiological member societies from nine countries - Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and West Germany. The European Congress of Radiology was to be held every four years in a different European city, starting in 1967 which Barcelona with took place in conjunction with the Radiological Federation of Latin Culture (Féderation Radiologique de Culture Latine).
After successor congresses were held in Amsterdam (1971), Edinburgh (1975), Hamburg (1979), Bordeaux (1983) and Lisbon (1987), the EAR in 1985 founded a committee, chaired by of the University of Munich, specifically tasked with organising future congresses. An ever-changing location and the lack of a consistent group of experienced radiologists responsible for the congresses were deemed obstacles to the most effective congress possible. As a result, the committee ultimately decided that the frequency of the congress should be increased to every two years and a permanent host location be selected.
As the late 1980s, early 1990s was marked by the fall of the iron curtain and a call for greater European cooperation, a suitable host location was sought that could embody these ideals. Situated near the then border between eastern and western Europe, Vienna was chosen to host all future congresses beginning in 1991. By the late 1980s, the Verein Europaeischer Roentgenkongress, or European Congress of Radiology (ECR), had been founded and a congress-organising institution was established at the Medical University of Vienna, both in support of the biennial meeting. With ECR’91, EAR remained a federation of national societies who sent delegates to the general assembly at the end of every congress. Due to the growing success of the ECR, it was decided that the congress would be held annually from 1999 on.
By the beginning of the 2000s it had become clear to EAR leadership that a unified organisation combining all aspect of radiology including the ECR would better serve European radiology interests moving into the future. As the EAR had a federal structure with a restricted financial base, a new association would be necessary in order to create a unified “House of European Radiology” that could effectively combine the numerous and diverse responsibilities from the EAR and various congress planning organisations.
After more than three years of meetings and discussions, the General Assembly of EAR held in the on March 7, 2005 unanimously approved of the statutes of the ESR, paving the way for the creation of the society as it functions today. Nicholas Gourtsoyiannis of the University of Crete, a guiding force behind the creation of the ESR and president of ECR 2003, served as its first president from December 2005 to March 2007.
House of European Radiology.
The House of European Radiology is the current headquarters of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and has been since 2018 after the completion of its renovation. The building is located in the historic central district of Vienna, across from the steps leading to Maria am Gestade church on Am Gestade square. Through renovations, the building has retained the style of its facade dating from 1823 with a newly constructed interior which houses a majority of ESR functions.
Structure.
Upon the founding of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) in 2005, the board of directors, executive council and all executive bodies were integrated from the bodies of the two founding societies (EAR & ECR) to form the executive council through a process of voting.
The current structure of the ESR consists of a board of directors, committee chairs, the director of the European School of Radiology (ESOR) and the ESR executive director. These form the executive council which dictates and manages the various activities of the ESR. The composition of the board changes at the annual General Assembly which takes place on the last day of the European Congress of Radiology (ECR). The committee chairs and newest member of board of directors are elected by the voting members of the ESR.
The board of directors consists of the Past-President, Chairperson of the Board of Directors, President, 1st Vice-President and 2nd Vice-President. The 2nd Vice-President (the newest member of the board) is elected every year for a five year period of office, holding the position of 2nd Vice-President in the first year, 1st Vice-President in the second year, President in the third year, Chairperson of the Board of Directors in the fourth year and finally the Past-President in the fifth year of office. Re-election is not possible.
The current chair of the ESR Board of Directors is Prof. Lorenzo E. Derchi, from Genoa, Italy.
Membership.
The European Society of Radiology (ESR) offers full membership to all European radiologists as well as professionals of allied sciences such as nuclear medicine physicians, radiographers, medical physicists, etc. Corresponding membership is offered to international radiologists and professionals of allied sciences. Membership is on a yearly basis and the ESR offers its members various benefits. These include:
Membership is also extended to various European and international societies of radiology as institutional and associate institutional members.
Activities.
European Congress of Radiology.
The core of the European Society of Radiology’s (ESR) activities is the organisation of its annual meeting, the European Congress of Radiology (ECR). With more than 30,000 participants from around 100 countries and more than 4,000 scientific papers and exhibits, the ECR has developed into the largest radiological meeting in Europe since it was first held in its ‘new’ format in September 1991. It is held annually at the end of February or early March. Congress attendees include radiology professionals, professionals of allied sciences, industry representatives, and press reporters for both the medical and consumer press.
The ECR hosts an accompanying industrial exhibition which provides a chance for congress-goers to explore state-of-the-art medical imaging technology and related services.
International Day of Radiology.
The International Day of Radiology is an annual event held with the aim of building greater awareness of the value that radiology contributes to safe patient care and improving understanding of the role radiologists and radiological technologists play in healthcare. It was launched in 2012 and is a joint initiative of the European Society of Radiology (ESR), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and the American College of Radiology (ACR). November 8, the day that Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered the existence of x-rays in 1895, was chosen as a day of action and awareness.
The theme of Sports Imaging (a sub-specialty of musculoskeletal radiology) has been selected for the 2019 International Day of Radiology. Previous themes include Cardiac Imaging (2018), Emergency Radiology (2017) and Breast Imaging (2016). In further celebration of the day, the ESR annually publishes a book containing curated scholarly research on the theme of that particular year.
European Institute for Biomedical Imaging Research.
The European Institute for Biomedical Imaging Research (EIBIR), established in 2006 on the initiative of the European Society of Radiology (ESR), aims to improve cooperation between research institutes, academic departments and industry that form the European biomedical imaging community with the goal of improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. It actively supports research networking activities and common initiatives and interoperability in the field of biomedical imaging research.
European and International Affairs.
The European Society of Radiology (ESR) undertakes various international and EU-level initiatives designed to support member interests internationally and in government. One of these initiatives is the ESR’s collaborative work on cancer. Various cancer initiatives have been undertaken including collaboration with the European Joint Action on Cancer Control (CanCon JA). The ESR is part of the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC) whose aim is to develop new European Breast Guidelines, evidence-based recommendations for breast cancer screening and diagnosis and develop a voluntary European Breast QA scheme for breast cancer services.
Since 2012, the ESR has been a member of the EC’s eHealth Stakeholder Group (eHSG), with the aim of recognising teleradiology as a medical act in its own right. Additionally, on 6 June 2018, the ESR organised an event at the European Parliament that brought together MEPs, EC officials, and health stakeholders to discuss the importance of effectively implementing health policies and legislation in clinical practice.
As a member of the EMA Healthcare Professionals Working Party (HCPWP), the ESR can be actively involved in activities of the EMA while also facilitating direct dialogue, having addressed topics such as Gadolinium-based contrast agents and the implications of Brexit on radiology in Europe. The ESR also contributes to the Digital Imaging Adoption Model (DIAM) with the goal of supporting organisations in the planning and implementation of imaging IT in radiology departments.
Publications.
European Radiology.
European Radiology, established in 1991, is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that features articles on a wide range of radiological topics. The flagship journal of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) seeks to update scientific knowledge in clinical radiology by publishing research articles of general interest as well as state-of-the-art reviews, and short communications written by leading radiologists. It is available to all members of the ESR and thus reaches a regular audience of several thousand readers; both in electronic and print form. In 2017, the journal had an Impact Factor of 4.027.
In 2018 the editorial board had over 160 board members and over 2,500 active reviewers, racking up nearly 800,000 downloads.
The current editor in chief is professor Yves Menu, chairman of the department of radiology at Saint Antoine Hospital, Pierre & Marie Curie University in Paris, France.
European Radiology Experimental.
European Radiology Experimental, the youngest of the ESR journal family, is an open access scientific medical journal that focuses on modern multidisciplinary research involving radiology in the experimental setting and basic science. The journal publishes articles on a wide range of topics including new modalities/techniques (e.g., Magnetic Resonance sequences or spectral Computed Tomography applications, molecular, hybrid, and optical imaging), 3D-modelling, printing and advanced teleradiology (e.g., virtual physician-patient interaction). The current Editor-in-Chief is Professor Francesco Sardanelli of the University of Milan.
Insights into Imaging.
Insights into Imaging is an open access journal dedicated to critical reviews, guidelines and policy statements, and is dedicated to education and strategies in radiology. The current Editor-in-Chief is Professor Luis Martí-Bonmatí of the University of Valencia.
The journal, which had over 450,000 downloads in 2018 is currently seeking to be included in the Web of Science database, which would allow it to secure and develop an impact factor (IF).
Education.
European School of Radiology.
The European School of Radiology (ESOR) is an institution fulfilling the mission of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) in the field of education. One of its main goals is to harmonise radiological education in Europe. It offers various programmes including fellowships, visiting professorships and courses. Additionally, ESOR also provides an e-learning platform and continuing medical education (CME) credits for its courses.
European Board of Radiology.
The European Board of Radiology (EBR) is an organisation whose purpose is to investigate, develop and implement certification and accreditation activities and programmes in radiology. Some of its activities include:
Eurorad.
Eurorad is an online radiological case database that has been freely available since 2009. Radiologists are able to submit cases which are then reviewed before being published on the site. The database’s origins can be found in the late 1990s when the Europeans Association of Radiology (EAR) realized a comprehensive approach to case studies that could parallel their peer-reviewed journals would be necessary. Today the portal is an open resource to radiologists and researchers.
Eurosafe Imaging.
EuroSafe Imaging is the ESR’s initiative to promote appropriateness in medical imaging. Officially launched at the European Congress of Radiology in March 2014, the initiative is meant to address radiation protection in patients. Newsletters, sessions in conferences and training material are generated for the goal of informing physicians on best practice.


Bailey Barton Burritt

Bailey Barton Burritt (31 May 1878 – 18 June 1954) was a United States public health and social welfare advocate known as "the father of the family health movement." He was the chairman of the executive council of the Community Service Society.
Biography.
He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1902 and Columbia University in 1903. He married Ruth Hogarth Dennis (1879–1960) on May 18, 1909.


Tunisian Red Crescent

The Tunisian Red Crescent (Arabic: الهلال الأحمر التونسي) is a Tunisian humanitarian association founded in 1956, after the independence of the country. It is one of the national affiliates of the International Movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. It was led by Brahim El Gharbi until his death in 2018.
Values.
The work on TRC is based on seven values and principles:
Main goals.
Its main objectives are developing the survival skills for communities in case of disasters and the setting and analysis of a database.


National Health Service Corps

The National Health Service Corps is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, division of Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce.
Members are health professionals providing primary health care services in underserved communities since 1972. In exchange, the providers are given either loan repayment or scholarship throughout their medical education, not to exceed four years.
The scholarship program provides for students' reasonable educational expenses (tuition, books and other required services like health insurance) and a monthly stipend for room and board. After school (and residency for medical, osteopathic medical, and dental students) the student must apply for preapproved positions in underserved areas. The student must apply just like any job applicant. Alplicant who choose a specialty other than primary care or otherwise do not fulfill the service requirement must repay the government three times the investment with interest.
The loan repayment program works similarly, but students apply for the program after school and the NHSC repays up to $50,000 every two years. There is also the option to work in an NHSC-approved location for five years, which potentially entitles the student to receive $170,000 in loan repayment. Also, there are more available positions because the criteria are less stringent.
The legislative battle to establish the NHSC was the subject of the book "The Dance of Legislation" by Eric Redman.


Khushdeva Singh

Khushdeva Singh (1902 - 1985) was an Indian physician and social worker, known for his contributions towards the treatment of tuberculosis in India. Born in Patiala in the Indian state of Punjab, he served at the Hardinge Sanatorium, Dharampur in Himachal Pradesh for most of his service. He was the founder of the Lepers' Welfare Society, Patiala for the rehabilitation of leprosy patients of the region. Reports credit him as a humanist with a secular vision; he was known to have treated several Muslims during the Partition of India. He is the author of the books "In Dedication" and "Love is Stronger Than Hate". In 1957, the Government of India honoured him with Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award, for his service to the nation. The Padma Shri Dr. Khushdeva Singh Hospital for Chest Diseases in Patiala is named after him.


Anesthesiology

Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics (see "Terminology") is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. A physician specialized in this field of medicine is called an anesthesiologist, anaesthesiologist or anaesthetist, depending on the country (see "Terminology").
The core element of the specialty is the study and use of anesthesia and anesthetics to safely support a patient's vital functions through the perioperative period. Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals, and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of anesthesia care in the operating room, including fields such as providing pre-hospital emergency medicine, running intensive care units, transporting critically ill patients between facilities, and prehabilitation programs to optimize patients for surgery.
Terminology.
The word "anaesthesia" appears to have first been used in the modern medical sense of the word by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. in 1846, and it gained currency when adopted by James Young Simpson the following year. "Anesthesiology" was proposed in 1889 by Henry William Blanc, and was re-coined by Mathias Joseph Seifert in 1902. The name derives from the Ancient Greek roots "an-", "not", "aísthēsis", “sensation”, and "-logia", "study".
International standards for the safe practice of anesthesia, jointly endorsed by the World Health Organization and the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, define "anesthesiologist" as a graduate of a medical school who has completed a nationally recognized specialist anesthesia training program. However, various names are used for the specialty and those doctors who practise it in different parts of the world:
Scope.
As a specialty, the core element of anesthesiology is the practice of anesthesia. This comprises the use of various injected and inhaled medications to produce a loss of sensation in patients, making it possible to carry out procedures that would otherwise cause intolerable pain or be technically unfeasible. Safe anesthesia requires in-depth knowledge of various invasive and non-invasive organ support techniques that are used to control patients' vital functions while under the effects of anaesthetic drugs; these include advanced airway management, invasive and non-invasive hemodynamic monitors, and diagnostic techniques like ultrasonography and echocardiography. Anesthesiologists are expected to have expert knowledge of human physiology, medical physics, and pharmacology, as well as a broad general knowledge of all areas of medicine and surgery in all ages of patients, with a particular focus on those aspects which may impact on a surgical procedure. In recent decades, the role of anesthesiologists has broadened to focus not just on administering anesthetics during the surgical procedure itself, but also beforehand in order to identify high-risk patients and optimize their fitness, during the procedure to maintain situational awareness of the surgery itself so as to improve safety, as well as afterwards in order to promote and enhance recovery. This has been termed "perioperative medicine".
The concept of intensive care medicine arose in the 1950s and 1960s, with anesthesiologists taking organ support techniques that had traditionally been used only for short periods during surgical procedures (such as positive pressure ventilation), and applying these therapies to patients with organ failure, who might require vital function support for extended periods until the effects of the illness could be reversed. The first intensive care unit was opened by Bjørn Aage Ibsen in Copenhagen in 1953, prompted by a polio epidemic during which many patients required prolonged artificial ventilation. In many countries, intensive care medicine is considered to be a subspecialty of anesthesiology, and anesthesiologists often rotate between duties in the operating room and the intensive care unit. This allows continuity of care when patients are admitted to the ICU after their surgery, and it also means that anesthesiologists can maintain their expertise at invasive procedures and vital function support in the controlled setting of the operating room, while then applying those skills in the more dangerous setting of the critically ill patient. In other countries, intensive care medicine has evolved further to become a separate medical specialty in its own right, or has become a "supra-specialty" which may be practiced by doctors from various base specialties such as anesthesiology, emergency medicine, general medicine, surgery or neurology.
Anesthesiologists have key roles in major trauma, resuscitation, airway management, and caring for other patients outside the operating theatre who have critical emergencies that pose an immediate threat to life, again reflecting transferable skills from the operating room, and allowing continuity of care when patients are brought for surgery or intensive care. This branch of anesthesiology is collectively termed critical emergency medicine, and includes provision of pre-hospital emergency medicine as part of air ambulance or emergency medical services, as well as safe transfer of critically ill patients from one part of a hospital to another, or between healthcare facilities. Anesthesiologists commonly form part of cardiac arrest teams and rapid response teams composed of senior clinicians that are immediately summoned when a patient's heart stops beating, or when they deteriorate acutely while in hospital. Different models for emergency medicine exist internationally: in the Anglo-American model, the patient is rapidly transported by non-physician providers to definitive care such as an emergency department in a hospital. Conversely, the Franco-German approach has a physician, often an anesthesiologist, come to the patient and provide stabilizing care in the field. The patient is then triaged directly to the appropriate department of a hospital.
The role of anesthesiologists in ensuring adequate pain relief for patients in the immediate postoperative period, as well as their expertise in regional anesthesia and nerve blocks, has led to the development of pain medicine as a subspecialty in its own right. The field comprises individualized strategies for all forms of analgesia, including pain management during childbirth, neuromodulatory technological methods such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation or implanted spinal cord stimulators, and specialized pharmacological regimens.
History.
Over the past 100 years, the study and administration of anesthesia has become more complex. Historically anesthesia providers were almost solely utilized during surgery to administer general anesthesia in which a person is placed in a pharmacologic coma. This is performed to permit surgery without the individual responding to pain (analgesia) during surgery or remembering (amnesia) the surgery.
In the nineteenth century, the beginnings of general anesthesia started with the introduction of ether in Boston and chloroform in the United Kingdom to bring about a state of unawareness and unresponsiveness to the pain of surgical insult. With the isolation of cocaine in the mid-nineteenth century there began to be drugs available for local anesthesia. By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of pharmacological options increased and they began to be applied both peripherally and neuraxially. Then in the twentieth century neuromuscular blockade allowed the anesthesiologist to completely paralyze the patient pharmacologically and breathe for him or her via mechanical ventilation. With these new tools, the anesthetist could intensively manage the patient's physiology bringing about critical care medicine, which, in many countries, is intimately connected to anesthesiology.
Investigations.
Effective practice of anesthesiology requires several areas of knowledge by the practitioner, some of which are:
Treatments.
Many procedures or diagnostic tests do not require "general anesthesia" and can be performed using various forms of sedation or regional anesthesia, which can be performed to induce analgesia in a region of the body. For example, epidural administration of a local anesthetic is commonly performed on the mother during childbirth to reduce labor pain while permitting the mother to be awake and active in labor and delivery.
In the United States, anesthesiologists may also perform non-surgical pain management (termed pain medicine) and provide care for patients in intensive care units (termed critical care medicine).
Training.
The length and format of anesthesiology training programs varies from country to country. A candidate must first have completed medical school training to be awarded a medical degree, before embarking on a programme of postgraduate specialist training or residency which can range from four to nine years. Anesthesiologists in training spend this time gaining experience in various different subspecialties of anesthesiology and undertake various advanced postgraduate examinations and skill assessments. These lead to the award of a specialist qualification at the end of their training indicating that they are an expert in the field and may be licensed to practice independently.
Argentina.
In Argentina, residency programs are five years long.
Australia and New Zealand.
In Australia and New Zealand, training is supervised by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, while anaesthetists are represented by the Australian Society of Anaesthetists and the New Zealand Society of Anaesthetists. The ANZCA-approved training course encompasses an initial two-year long Pre-vocational Medical Education and Training (PMET) and five years of supervised clinical training at approved training sites. Thus the total training following graduation from medical school is seven years long. Trainees must pass both the primary and final examinations which consist of both written (multiple choice questions and short-answer questions) and, if successful in the written exams, oral examinations ("viva voce").
In the final written examination, there are many questions of clinical scenarios (including interpretation of radiological exams, EKGs and other special investigations). There are also two cases of real patients with complex medical conditions - for clinical examination and a following discussion. The course has a program of 12 modules such as obstetric anaesthesia, pediatric anaesthesia, cardiothoracic and vascular anaesthesia, neurosurgical anaesthesia and pain management. Trainees also have to complete an advanced project, such as a research publication or paper. They also undergo an EMAC (Effective Management of Anaesthetic Crises) or EMST (Early Management of Severe Trauma) course. On completion of training, the trainees are awarded the Diploma of Fellowship and are entitled to use the qualification of FANZCA – Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.
Brazil.
In Brazil, approximately 650 physicians are admitted yearly to a three-year specialization program. The residency programs can take place at training centers in university hospitals. These training centres are accredited by the "Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA)", or other referral hospitals accredited by the ministry of health. Most of the residents are trained in different areas, including ICU, pain management, and anesthesiology sub-specialties, including transplants and pediatrics. In order to be a certified anesthesiologist in Brazil, the residents must undergo exams throughout the residency program and at the end of the program. The SBA conducts these examinations. In order to be an instructor of a residency program certified by the SBA, the anesthesiologists must have the superior title in anaesthesia, in which the specialist undergoes a multiple choice test followed by an oral examination conducted by a board assigned by the national society.
Canada.
In Canada, training is supervised by 17 universities approved by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Upon completion of a residency program (typically five years long), the candidate is required to pass a comprehensive objective examination consisting of a written component (two three-hour papers: one featuring 'multiple choice' questions, and the other featuring 'short-answer' questions) and an oral component (a two-hour session relating to topics on the clinical aspects of anesthesiology). The examination of a patient is not required. Upon completion of training, the anaesthesia graduate is then entitled to become a "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada" and to use the post-nominal letters "FRCPC".
Germany.
In Germany, after earning the right to practice medicine (German: "Approbation"), German physicians who want to become anaesthesiologists must undergo 5 years of training, consisting of anaesthesiology, ECG and pulmonary function testing, critical care and pain medicine, and also palliative care medicine. The training includes rotations serving in the operation theatres to perform anaesthesia on a variety of patients being treated by various surgical sub-specialties (e.g. general surgery, neurosurgery, invasive urological and gynecological procedures), followed by a rotation through various intensive-care units. Many German anaesthesiologists choose to complete a curriculum in emergency medicine, which once completed, enables them to be referred to as , an emergency physician working pre-clinically with the emergency medical service. In pre-clinical settings the emergency physician is assisted by paramedics.
Netherlands.
In the Netherlands, anaesthesiologists must complete medical school training, which takes six years. After successfully completing medical school training, they start a five-year residency training in anaesthesiology. In their fifth year they can choose to spend the year doing research, or to specialize in a certain area, including general anaesthesiology, critical care medicine, pain and palliative medicine, paediatric anaesthesiology, cardiothoracic anaesthesiology, neuro-anaesthesiology or obstetric anaesthesiology.
Guatemala.
In Guatemala, a student with a medical degree (he or she must have surgery and general medicine skills by law) has to complete a residency of six years (five years in residency and one year of practice with an expert anaesthetist).
After residency, students take a board examination conducted by the college of medicine of Guatemala, the "Universidade De San Carlos De Guatemala" (Medicine Faculty Examination Board), and a chief physician who represents the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala. The examination includes a written section, an oral section, and a special examination of skills and knowledge relating to anaesthetic instruments, emergency treatment, pre-operative care, post-operative care, intensive care units, and pain medicine. After passing the examination, the college of medicine of Guatemala, Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala and the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala grants the candidate a special license to practice anaesthesia as well as a diploma issued by the Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala granting the degree of physician with specialization in anaesthesia. Anaesthetists in Guatemala are also subject to yearly examinations and mandatory participation in yearly seminars on the latest developments in anaesthetic practice.
Hong Kong.
To be qualified as an anesthesiologist in Hong Kong, medical practitioners must undergo a minimum of six years of postgraduate training and pass three professional examinations. Upon completion of training, the Fellowship of Hong Kong College of Anesthesiologists and subsequently the Fellowship of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is awarded. Practicing anesthesiologists are required to register in the Specialist register of the Medical Council of Hong Kong and hence are under the regulation of the Medical Council.
Italy.
In Italy, a medical school graduate must complete an accredited five-year residency in anesthesiology.
The Nordic countries.
In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, anesthesiologists' training is supervised by the respective national societies of anesthesiology as well as the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. In the Nordic countries, anesthesiology is the medical specialty that is engaged in the fields of anesthesia, intensive care medicine, pain control medicine, pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medicine. Medical school graduates must complete a twelve-month internship, followed by a five-year residency program. SSAI currently hosts six training programs for anesthesiologists in the Nordics. These are Intensive care, Pediatric anesthesiology and intensive care, Advanced pain medicine, Critical care medicine, Critical emergency medicine, and Advanced obstetric anesthesiology.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, training is supervised by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Following the completion of medical school training, physicians enter a two-year foundation program that consists of at least six, four-month rotations in various medical specialties. It is mandatory for all physicians to complete a minimum of three months of general medicine and general surgery training during this time. Following the foundation program, physicians compete for specialist training.
The training program in the United Kingdom currently consists of two years of core training and five years of higher training. Before the end of core training, all trainees must have passed the primary examination for the diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA). Trainees wishing to hold dual accreditation in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine may enter anaesthesia training via the Acute Care Common Stem (ACCS) program which lasts three years and consists of experience in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, acute medicine and intensive care. Trainees in anaesthesia are called Specialty Registrars (StR) or Specialist Registrars (SpR).
The Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in anaesthesia is divided into three levels: Basic, intermediate and advanced. During this time, physicians learn anaesthesia as applicable to all surgical specialties. The curriculum focuses on a modular format, with trainees primarily working in one special area during one module, for example: cardiac anaesthesia, neuro-anaesthesia, ENT, maxillofacial, pain medicine, intensive care, and trauma. Traditionally (before the advent of the foundation program), trainees entered anaesthesia from other specialties, such as medicine or accidents and emergencies. Specialist training takes at least seven years. On completion of specialist training, physicians are awarded CCT and are eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist register and are also able to work as consultant anaesthetist. A new consultant in anaesthetics must have completed a minimum of 14 years of training (including: five to six years of medical school training, two years of foundation training, and seven years of anaesthesia training).
Those wishing for dual accreditation (in Intensive care and anaesthesia) are required to undergo an additional year of training and also complete the Diploma in Intensive Care Medicine (DICM). Pain specialists give the Fellowship of the Faculty of Pain Medicine of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FFPMRCA) examination.
United States.
Following medical school training, anesthesiology residency programs in the United States require successful completion of four years of residency training at an ACGME approved program for board certification eligibility in the specialty of anesthesiology. Anesthesiology residents face multiple examinations during their residency, including exams encompassing physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and other medical sciences addressed in medical school, along with multiple anesthesia knowledge tests which assess progress during residency. Successful completion of a board exam after completion of residency is required for board certification.
Residency training in the U.S. encompasses the full scope of perioperative medicine, including pre-operative medical evaluation, management of pre-existing disease in the surgical patient, intraoperative life support, intraoperative pain control, intraoperative ventilation, post-operative recovery, intensive care medicine, and chronic and acute pain management. After residency, many anesthesiologists complete an additional fellowship year of sub-specialty training in areas such as pain management, sleep medicine, cardiothoracic anesthesiology, pediatric anesthesiology, neuroanesthesiology, regional anesthesiology/ambulatory anesthesiology, obstetric anesthesiology, or critical care medicine.
Dental anesthesiology is a specialty of dentistry in the United States. A dentist anesthesiologist must have completed a four year undergraduate degree (that includes pre-medical requirements) and four years of dental school training before entering a dental anesthesiology residency program. Dental anesthesiology residency programs in the United States require successful completion of three or more years of hospital based training.
The average salary for a full-time anesthesiologist is roughly $269,600, according to "US News".
The majority of anesthesiologists in the United States are board-certified, either by the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) or the American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology (AOBA). D.O. anesthesiologists can be certified by the ABA. The ABA is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, while the AOBA falls under the American Osteopathic Association. Both Boards are recognized by the major insurance underwriters in the U.S. as well as by all branches of the U.S. Uniformed Services. Board certification by the ABA involves both a written and an oral examination. AOBA certification requires the same exams, in addition to a practical examination with examining physicians observing the applicant actually administering anesthetics in the operating room.


Ivan Peterson

Dr. Ivan Allen Peterson DVM was a well respected person and Veterinarian in the San Marino, Pasadena and Hollywood areas of Los Angeles County, California during the late 1940s-1960's. He is the son of Oscar Allen Peterson and Minnie Peterson born as Minnie Wilhelmina Nelson and later known as "The Packer" (of Forks, Washington). He was married to Mary Jane Weidenbacker Daniel.
He is most well known for being the Veterinarian and adviser for several famous Hollywood pet actors, including several of the dogs who played in the Lassie movies (1954).
In 1951, Dr. Peterson was called upon to investigate the condition of the cow residing at the Ames Mansion in Pasadena, which later became known as the Purple Cow House, as the cow became the target for vandals who threw purple paint upon it in a neighbor feud. Dr. Peterson found the cow to be in humane conditions and was shown in the Pasadena newspaper sitting next to Bossy giving her a pat. A book written by Mary Ames Mitchell recounts the tale.
He received mention in several publicity articles including Time Magazine, the Star News - Pasadena, The Sikeston Herald, Stars and Stripes and Independent, Long Beach. News of Dr. Peterson travelled around the world, including making the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper regarding a story wherein his office was broken into and all 30 of his dogs slept soundly while the thief, dubbed "cat burglar" in many popular newspapers, made off with $50.
His daughter, Deborah, followed in her father's veterinary footsteps and became a Veterinary Technician and advocate for the breed of the English Labrador Retriever with her company, Canterbury Labradors. He is also the grandfather of author and actress, Kristin Groulx.
Biography.
Born in Forks, Washington State in 1917, of farmers and pioneers of the area, Oscar and Minnie Peterson. His mother is known as "The Packer" in Forks, having led President John F. Kennedy on a packing trip in the 1960s. She has a State Park named after her on the Hoh River, Minnie Peterson State Park and is a notable citizen of Forks.
He is of English and Swedish descent. In 1872, his Swedish grandparents emigrated to Forks, Clallum County, Washington, U.S.. The Peterson clan originated from the Village of Ölån in Bäcke, Älvsborg, Sweden and the Nelson's from Linderöd, Kristianstad, Skåne, Sweden.
He attended Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, U.S. from 1939–1942, and graduated with honors in Veterinary Medicine. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega social fraternity and the Crimson Circle, an honorary for outstanding upper classmen. He also was President of the Sphinx Club at WSU in 1939, with a full page on the yearbook.
He joined the Junior American Veterinary Association in 1942 in Washington.
The following year he married his college sweetheart, Mary Jane, in 1943, in Pasadena, California, where the family set up residence. They lived at 1100 Kewen Drive in San Marino, California from the years 1951-1953 and also in San Marino, at 2285 Huntley Circle from 1953–1967. Dr. Peterson's first veterinary clinic was built at 28 Valley Street, in Pasadena.


Jean Dussault

Jean H. Dussault (1941 – March 23, 2003) was a Canadian endocrinologist. He helped develop a blood test for the early detection of congenital hypothyroidism, a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones.
Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Dussault received a bachelor's degree from the Université de Montréal in 1960 and a Doctor of Medicine in 1965 from the Université Laval. He took his residency in Medicine at the Enfant-Jesus Hospital in Quebec City and additional research training at the University of Toronto and UCLA. In 1971, he joined the department of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the Faculté de médecine - Université Laval.
In 1982, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. In 1988, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada and was awarded the Ernest C. Manning Awards Foundation Innovation Award for having "formulated a method of testing infants for congenital hypothyroidism, thus saving children from irreversible mental retardation". In 2000, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2007, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.