David Green (civil engineer)

David Frederick Green (born December 1937) is a British civil engineer, who served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1996–1997. He spent much of his career in Sheffield where he became director of operational services for the city council. In this role he spearheaded a reform of the city's direct labour operations, driving down costs and enabling it to operate on a competitive level with the private sector. As president from 1996 he sought more influence for the Institution of Civil Engineers over national policy. He was later chair of the Together Housing Group, a company providing social housing. Green was involved in the campaign for the introduction of new design standards for ship-to-shore walkways following the 1994 Prins Filip ferry walkway collapse that killed six people in Ramsgate.
Early life and career.
Green was born in London in 1937 but grew up in Sheffield. He was a member of the Yorkshire and Humber branch of the Institution of Civil Engineers and later became a fellow of that body and of the Royal Academy of Engineering. Green became director of operational services for Sheffield City Council. In this role he was responsible for turning around the performance of the council's in-house direct labour operations. He halved the workforce, drove down costs and increased productivity to create a more efficient organisation capable of competing for work on even terms with the private sector. He entered the private sector as a director of engineering services firm Mouchel and later became an independent consulting engineer.
Green served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) for the November 1996 to November 1997 session. His objectives were to improve the institution's lobbying position to press for action from government on tight margins, the impact of the early 1990s recession on the industry and for the quickening of the introduction of private finance initiative contracts. Green also wanted the institution to consider mergers with some of the 40 other professional bodies in the sector and to work to improve the profession's reputation with the public.
Green also served as chairman of the Association of Municipal Engineers and during his tenure urged public bodies to reduce congestion of the country's roads through greater provision of buses and more investment in road infrastructure. He asked for underperforming authorities to be "named and shamed". Green later headed the 60-member Joint Public/Private Sector Taskforce, an association of public and private sector organisations led by the ICE that aimed to build trust between the two sectors that had been damaged by the introduction of compulsory competitive tenders for public sector projects. To further this aim Green wrote and published a book entitled "Advancing Best Value in the Built Environment: A Guide to Best Practice".
Green later became chairman of the Together Housing Group, a position he held until at least October 2013. This was a group of several housing associations and businesses managing social housing transferred to the private sector under Large Scale Voluntary Transfer. The group owned more than 37,000 housing units worth more than £1 billion. He is also a member of the board of Abbeydale Sports Club in Sheffield.
Safety campaigning.
Green campaigned for a new code of practice in the British Standards framework for the design of ship-to-shore walkways. This followed the September 1994 Prins Filip ferry disaster in which a walkway linking the ferry to the Port of Ramsgate had collapsed during passenger embarkation killing six people and seriously injuring seven others. A weld failure was the immediate cause of the collapse but investigations showed errors were made during design, construction, maintenance and inspection of the linkspan structure. Green lobbied the newly elected Labour government in summer 1997, requesting a meeting on the matter with deputy prime minister John Prescott. He eventually received an offer to meet with health and safety minister Angela Eagle in 1998 though this was postponed at least once. Despite the support of an April 1999 Construction Industry Research and Information Association report no progress had been made by 2000. Green was supported in his campaign by fellow former ICE President Roger Norman Sainsbury.
References.


Khunjerab Railway

Taxila–Khunjerab Railway Line (), also known as Khunjerab Railway or Karakoram Railway, is one of several proposed railway lines in Pakistan, to be operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The current active line begins from Taxila Junction station and ends at Havelian station. A proposed extension will see new track laid from Havelian station to the Pakistan-China border at the Khunjerab Pass where it will link up with China's Kashgar–Hotan railway.
History.
In 2007, consultants were engaged to investigate the construction of a railway through the Khunjerab Pass in Gilgit-Baltistan to connect China Railway with Pakistan Railways. A feasibility study started in November 2009 for a line connecting Havelian and Kashgar. 750 km (466 mi) of the line would extend through Pakistan, while the remaining 350 km (217 mi) in China. In June 2014, China commissioned a "preliminary research study" to build an international rail link to Pakistan. In 2016 this 682 km proposed railway link was reported to be part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, and was to commence construction during the second phase of CPEC between 2018-2022. However the construction of this railway line was not mentioned in the CPEC Long Term Plan from 2017-2030 released jointly by China and Pakistan in 2017. China's involvement in several rail projects in Pakistan is motivated primarily by commercial considerations, but it also sees distinct advantages for its improved transportation and access to Central Asia and the Persian Gulf states.
Route.
The stations on this line are as follows:
"Active Line"
"Proposed Line"
Cost.
Pakistan awarded a Rs72 million (US$1.2 million) contract to an international consortium to carry out a feasibility study for establishing a rail link with China to boost trade relations between the two countries.


Silva-Bet

Silva-Bet is a trade name used by the Cundy-Bettoney company, a woodwind maker and distributor in Boston, Massachusetts. Although some other products were marketed under the name Silva-Bet, including flutes and clarinet reeds, it was primarily attached to the company's flagship metal clarinet.
History.
The Silva-Bet, which debuted in 1925, is generally acknowledged to have been the first successful metal clarinet. Shortly after the appearance of the Silva-Bet, other woodwind makers entered the metal clarinet market, including Selmer Paris in 1927 with their Master Model as well as American companies Buescher with their True Tone model and H. N. White with the Silver King. Penzel-Mueller and C.G. Conn, which had each tried the metal clarinet earlier with commercially unsuccessful double-walled models, returned with single-walled models—P-M with the Artist and Conn with the 514 and later the 624. Metal soprano clarinets were common during the 1930s and 1940s, but never gained enough acceptance among professionals for top-of-the-line models like the Silva-Bet to remain viable.
The Silva-Bet was still being made, or at least distributed, in 1940, but had been discontinued by 1951. (Precise production records are difficult, if not impossible, to find.) H.N. White continued producing high-quality metal soprano clarinets into the 1960s, and Leblanc continues even today to make their professional contrabass and contra-alto clarinets of metal, but most professional metal soprano clarinet models had been discontinued by 1945 (In Italy, ORSI continues till today to make metal soprano clarinet). The retooling of factories for wartime production probably contributed to their demise.
Physical characteristics.
The Silva-Bet, body and keys, is made of an alloy variously known as maillechort, German silver or nickel silver, and is plated with silver. The toneholes, except on the earliest examples, have widened tops to improve the sealing and durability of the pads. First made with a one-piece body with detachable barrel, the Silva-Bet clarinet was later available with a two-piece body plus detachable barrel. The barrel of the Silva-Bet features a telescoping mechanism for tuning the instrument. There are at least two varieties of tuning barrel, one with a thick head and two slim rotating rings at the top, the other with a thin head with a single rotating sleeve in the middle. There are also at least two varieties of thumb rest, one with the platform and rest a single curved plate attached to the body by a rail, the other with the platform a box attached to the body all around and the rest soldered to that box.
Earlier examples of the Silva-Bet have serial numbers beginning with S, usually followed by four digits. Later models have serial numbers beginning with V. The serial number is marked near the top of the body just below the barrel tenon, and rarely at the bottom of the body just above the bell seam. The last two digits of the serial number are stamped into the bottom of the keys.
The soprano Silva-Bet was made in the keys of E flat, B flat and A, with the B flat being by far the most common. Alto and bass Silva-Bets were also made. Standard boehm keywork (17 keys, 6 rings) was usual, but (at least on the A and B flat sopranos) some extended boehm configurations (7th ring, articulated G sharp with extra trill key, low E flat, left-hand E flat lever) were available, as was standard albert keywork (13 keys, 4 rollers, 4 rings).
Collectibility and Usability.
After a kind of backlash against them in the mid-to-late twentieth century, metal clarinets have returned to favor in some quarters. The tone quality of a fine metal clarinet like a Silva-Bet is difficult or impossible to distinguish from that of a fine wood clarinet. The best metal clarinet models are both usable and collectible today; the finest or most unusual examples can be highly collectible.
Other Cundy-Bettoney metal clarinets.
Cundy-Bettoney was probably the most prolific maker of metal clarinets in the world. The Silva-Bet was their top model. The Boston Wonder and the Columbia Model were just below their top quality, as was the H Bettoney model, which was widely supplied to military bands in the U.S. The Cadet model was a better-grade student instrument while the Three-Star was the least expensive.
They also produced many, many stencils marketed under other distributor's names, including Martin Handcraft metal clarinets. At the time Bettoney was making Martin's metal clarinets, Martin was making the saxophones sold under the H Bettoney name. Most high-quality stencils are essentially identical to the Boston Wonder, while most of the cheaper stencils are essentially identical to the Three-Star.


Luis Rossi

Luis Rossi is an internationally renowned clarinetist. He performed as Principal clarinetist in symphony orchestras throughout South America for twenty years before he founded a clarinet workshop in Santiago, Chile, in 1986. Since then he has also focused on his work as a soloist and has offered master classes at institutions such as Indiana University (Bloomington, USA), Michigan State University (Lansing, USA), Ohio State University (Columbus, USA), Royal College of Music (London, England), the International Clarinet and Saxophone Connection at the New England Conservatory of Music (2002) and the Belgian Clarinet Academy (Ostend Conservatory). He has recorded four compact discs using Rossi Rosewood and African Blackwood clarinets.
The professional Rossi clarinet is a very popular instrument for artists throughout the world. In his 20 years of making clarinets, Mr. Rossi has become one of the very few clarinet designers in the world, and an acknowledged expert in clarinet acoustics.
In 2005, Luis Rossi partnered with the Brazilian factory Weril Instrumentos Musicais and the Gemstone Musical Instruments to create Andino Clarinets, a student-level version of his professional instruments.


P3 Mk2 mine

The P2 Mk2 and P3 Mk2 are Pakistani plastic cased minimum metal anti-tank blast mines. The P2 Mk2 has a square case with a central circular ribbed pressure plate, the P3 is circular with a central circular pressure plate. Both mines use anti-personnel mines as the fuse, typically the either the P4 Mk1 or P2 Mk2 anti-personnel mines. The anti-personnel mine sits in a cavity below the pressure plate, when enough pressure is place on the pressure plate of the mine, it collapses onto the anti-personnel mine triggering it and the main charge which sits below it. A yellow canvas carrying strap is normally fitted to the side of the mine. The mines have a secondary fuse well on the bottom which can be used with anti-handling devices. A GLM-2 electronic booby trap can be fitted to the cavity under the pressure plate. The mine is supplied with a steel disc which makes the mine more easily detectable, although this is seldom used. Since 1997 only a detectable version of the mine has been produced, and to comply with the Convention on Conventional Weapons amended protocol II, Pakistani stocks of the mine are being retrofitted with steel detection discs. The mines are found in Afghanistan, Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Somalia, and Tajikistan.


Robert Wornum

Robert Wornum (1780–1852) was a piano maker working in London during the first half of the 19th century. He is best known for introducing small cottage and oblique uprights and an action considered to be the predecessor of the modern upright action which was used in Europe through the early 20th century. His piano manufacturing business eventually became Robert Wornum & Sons and continued half a century after his death.
Art historian Ralph Nicholson Wornum (1812–1877) was his son.
Early life and career.
Robert Wornum was born on 1 October 1780, son of music seller and violin maker Robert Wornum (1742–1815), who worked at Glasshouse street, London, and after about 1777, at 42 Wigmore Street, near Cavendish Square. Piano historian Alfred J. Hipkins wrote the younger Wornum was originally intended for the church, but by 1810 had the position of foreman at music sellers Wilkinson & Company at 3 Great Windmill Street and 13 Haymarket.
Wilkinson & Co. were successors to Broderip & Wilkinson, a partnership between Francis Broderip and George Wilkinson which had formed in 1798 following the failure of Longman & Broderip. Wilkinson & Co. was organized following Broderip's death in 1807. According to the family history recorded by Wilkinson's son Henry Broadhurst Wilkinson, the firm had arranged to have tall cabinet upright pianos manufactured for them by Astor and "Leukenfeld" by license under William Southwell's patent. Southwell, who was said to have made the first cabinet upright in 1790, described that it was "so constructed as to prevent the possibility of its being so frequently out of tune", and without "any opening or perforation between the sound-board and the pin block", although his 1807 patent only claimed a new arrangement of its dampers. "The Monthly Magazine" reported in May, 1808 that Wilkinson & Co. offered to the public "a New Patent, Cabinet Piano-forte", and described that its form was "as curious as convenient," occupying no more room than the smallest bookcase, while its tone was both brilliant and delicate, its touch "peculiarly facile and pleasant" and claimed the strength and simplicity of its construction would tend "to ensure its keeping in tune longer than most other instruments." "The Quarterly Musical Register" described in early 1812 that by then these instruments were manufactured by other firms as well, and commented "whether they will be adopted as preferable to the square piano forte, time must shew." Wornum's son Alfred later claimed that these instruments were unsuccessful for a time and Broadhurst Wilkinson related that the firm had been obliged to furnish replacements under warrantee when the instruments sold by them were found not to "stand well." By mid-1809, however, the firm advertised that owing to "the great increase of their manufactory of pianos" they had determined to close down their other musical enterprises, and had reduced their entire stock of music to half price and offered favorable terms on all instruments out on hire.
Wilkinson & Wornum and the "Unique" upright.
In 1810, according to Broadhurst Wilkinson, Wilkinson borrowed £12,000 ($53,000) to form a partnership with Wornum, and leased houses at 315 Oxford street and Princes street, adjoining Hanover Square, for warerooms, factory and residences, with the yard behind 11 Princes street used for seasoning lumber.
In 1811 Wornum patented a small bichord upright standing about three feet three inches tall (99 cm) styled the "unique". Its strings were stretched diagonally from the top to the right side of the case and communicated with a small sounding board, and the case itself was divided in half with separate parts containing the action and keyboard, and strings and frame. Wornum's escapement worked directly upon a padded notch on the hammer butt and in this way could omit the intermediate lever used in many square pianos and Southwell's cabinet uprights, and the hammer was returned to its resting position by a spring fixed to the hammer rail instead of by its own weight or that of the sticker. Like Southwell, Wornum used "overdampers" that pressed against the strings above the hammers and were mounted on levers hinged from a separate rail, but the wires that raised them were to be acted upon by the backward oriented base of the escapement instead of by the sticker or the hammer. Wornum also claimed a buff stop, operated by the left pedal which muted one of the strings of each note. Two articles published in 1851 indicate that the firm built several hundred of these pianos.
One of the firm's cabinet uprights was illustrated in the February 1812 issue of "The Repository of Arts" under the heading "Fashionable Furniture", with the explanation that these had become a much requested item due to their improvements which "procured this instrument a very high degree of reputation". The brief note described that they ranged from six feet to seven feet two inches high (183 to 218 cm) and were available in mahogany as well as rosewood with brass, and praised their "unrivalled" touch and the suitability of their tone—particularly of the instruments with two strings per note—for accompanying voice.
Wilkinson & Wornum's Oxford street facilities were destroyed by fire in October 1812. The proprietors quickly announced that the greater part of their finished stock had been saved, in part by their neighbors and other volunteers, and was ready for sale at 11 Princes street only a few days afterwards, but a collection was started for their upwards of seventy workmen who had lost all of their tools and were unable to return to work. At a meeting of the firm's creditors in November, Wilkinson's father, Charles Wilkinson, agreed not to make a claim against them and guaranteed payment to the other creditors, and in early 1813 he forgave what the partners owed him. Wilkinson & Wornum was dissolved on 3 March 1813. Wilkinson established his own piano factory behind his new house at 32 Howland street, and Wornum, possibly having sold his patent to music seller John Watlen, of Leicester place, removed to 42 Wigmore street.
"Harmonic" uprights and equal tension.
By 1813 Wornum introduced a second upright design with vertical strings, measuring about four feet six inches tall (137 cm), that he called the "harmonic" which is generally considered the first successful "cottage upright". Low vertically strung uprights with similar construction had been introduced with patented features in 1800 by Matthias Mueller in Vienna and John Isaac Hawkins in Philadelphia and London. Hawkins' in particular contained a similar action to the one shown in Wornum's 1809 patent, and the highest three octaves were strung with one size wire under the same tension in the same fashion as Wornum's 1820 patent, but both of these instruments also were more unusual than the cottage upright in tone and construction. Mueller's piano was described in the 1810 "Oekonomische Encyklopädie" as having a tone similar to a basset horn, and he offered a tandem model for performing duets he called the Ditanaklasis while Hawkins' piano featured a complete iron frame with an open back, a large, independent sounding board, and bass strings in the form of coil springs and it included mechanical tuners, a retractable keyboard, and a metallic upper bridge. Hipkins account of Hawkins' instrument in the 1890 Encyclopædia Britannica described that it was "poor in the tone."
In 1820 Wornum patented a system of "equal tension" for pianos (and "certain other stringed instruments") that he specified would be achieved by employing "one size steel wire throughout", and in the shortened wrapped bass strings also by adjusting the size of the windings. According to the report of the patent in "The Quarterly Musical Magazine" it was intended to prevent the falling of the middle and upper octaves which the article described were the result of the usual practice of employing different tensions and sizes of wire in different parts of the piano, and the author reported that by his method Wornum was able to produce tones that were "firm, sonorous, and brilliant, and their standing warranted the highest opinion of the principle"; the review in "The London Journal of Arts and Sciences" predicted, however, that "if it [could] ever be brought into use" it would "give a bad tone to the upper part of the instrument", and among the objections the reviewer anticipated, he claimed that it would be difficult to determining string lengths using Wornum's method, as well as in "procuring wires all of one size".
Alfred Savage, who wrote several letters on piano construction published in the "Mechanics' Magazine" in the early 1840s, stated that this system had the advantage of standing in tune better than any other, but that its tone was unequal across the compass: he described that using a thicker size wire would result in a want of vibration in the treble, whereas a thinner wire would want of firmness and fulness in the bass, and attributed the difference to the stiffness of the wire in relation to the length of the strings. Another correspondent on pianos who signed as "The Harmonious Blacksmith" wrote in an 1871 letter to the "English Mechanic and World of Science" that his "late friend" Wornum had used no.15 wire throughout, which in the 1820s and 1830s was at least four sizes larger than the wire normally used for the highest notes and several sizes larger even than those in the much longer and higher tensioned scales used at the time of the article, and he described that it gave "a very good treble, but a very poor tenor and bass." Wornum used this scale at least for the full term of the patent but it never came into more general application.
Double actions and "Piccolo" uprights.
In 1826 Wornum patented improvements to what he called in the specification the "professional" piano, claiming a pizzicato pedal positioned between the two ordinary pedals and operating linkages arranged to press the dampers against the strings, a pinned "single action" where the damper lever was raised by a button at the end of a wire attached to an extension on the sticker and two "double actions" with additional levers mounted to a second rail for operating the dampers as well as checks for the hammer. The first of these was arranged like the action from his 1811 patent with the backward facing escapement on the key operating the check lever wire; in the second the check lever wire was operated by the sticker. The sticker was pinned to the underside of another lever, hinged to the hammer rail and carrying the escapement. The escapement worked on the principle of the English grand action with the regulating button fixed to the hammer rail, but with its spring mounted on the sticker instead of the lower part of the escapement. A fixed hammer return spring was not shown, and apparently in its place a spring was mounted on the hopper and worked against the hammer butt to prevent the hammer "from dancing after the hand is off the key".
Two years later Wornum patented an improvement to the sticker action with a button mounted at the end of the key made to check against an extension of the back end of the lower lever of the sticker in order to prevent unwanted movement of the hammers after each blow against the strings.
François-Joseph Fétis wrote in 1851 that he had played upon two of Wornum's uprights in 1829 and found they had significant, though unspecified, advantages over those of other manufacturers.
According to Hipkins Wornum had perfected the crank, or "tied" double action during this year, and introduced it in his cabinet and three feet eight inch tall (112 cm), "piccolo" uprights by 1830. In this action a flexible tie fastened to the hammer butt and to a wire mounted on the crank lever has the same function as the dog spring from the 1826 double action. The crank lever also operated a check working against an extension of the hammer butt and raised the damper wire. This arrangement has come to be known as the "tape check action", the name which is also applied to the modern upright action which differs in the form of the jack and the position and operation of the damper lever. Hipkins claimed that the "facile touch gained by the new mechanism soon attracted the musical public" but it was not put in widespread use in Britain even after the 1826 patent expired; he wrote in about 1880 that its durability had made it "a favourite model of action for the manufacturers of the present day both here and abroad," and predicted that it would eventually replace the sticker action in England, having already been generally adopted in France and Germany.
This action was illustrated as "Wornum's double or piccolo action" in the article "Pianoforte" in the 1840 "Penny Cyclopaedia" (which listed "R. Wornum" as contributor for the articles on the piano and the organ) where it was described as "the invention of Mr. Wornum, and patented by him some ten or twelve years ago". A similar claim was stated on the regulating instructions pasted to double actions in Wornum's piccolo, harmonic and cabinet pianos.
This is not the only published account concerning the origin of this action, and in particular that of the flexible tie or "bridle tape", as it is known today. Harding stated explicitly in "The Pianoforte" that Wornum "neither invented or patented" the tape and credited the invention to piano manufacturer Herman Lichtenthal of Brussels (and later Saint Petersburg), who received a patent for improvement in 1832 that shows an action which differs from the 1840 illustration primarily in the form and position of the damper lever and its mechanism. In 1836 French piano tuner, and later manufacturer, Claude Montal described in "L'art d'accorder soi-même son piano" that Camille Pleyel had introduced improvements to the design of Wornum's small uprights when he introduced the "pianino" in France in 1830, but although Montal describes the action and flexible tie in detail he did not specify whether they were among the changes. Both of these examples can also be distinguished for employing leather for the flexible tie rather than woven tape, which Harding tentatively credited to Wornum. Hipkins related that it was due to Pleyel's commercial success that the double action came to be called the "French action" in England.
The action has also become associated with the patent granted to Wornum in 1842, though often dated as having been introduced by him five years earlier, apparently in reference to its description as the "tape check action" in the annotated list of English patents applicable to pianos in piano manufacturer and historian Edgar Brinsmead's 1879 edition of "History of the Pianoforte". In the 1870 edition this had been called more accurately the "tape action"
Double action grands and downstriking actions.
In 1830 Wornum leased buildings at 15 and 17 Store street, Bedford Square, for a new factory. By 1832 he opened a music hall adjoining the factory at number 16, "built expressly for Morning and Evening Concerts," with a capacity of between 800 and 1000.
According to Loudon's "Encyclopædia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture and Furniture" Wornum exhibited a piano in 1833 "that could hardly be distinguished from a library table" and by 1838 he offered patent double action piccolo uprights from 30 to 50 guineas, and cottage and cabinet uprights from 42 to 75 guineas ($350), which the encyclopedia described were handsomely finished in the back and had "the same degree of tone and excellence...as the horizontal pianos"—the smallest and largest models being those "most frequently used"— as well as 5 foot 4 inch long (163 cm) "pocket" and 7 foot 10 inch (237 cm) "imperial grands" for up to 75 and 90 guineas ($420) respectively. He advertised that these reduced prices were in response to the success of his piccolo piano which had "induced certain manufacturers to announce and sell instruments of a different character under the same name, by which the public [was] deceived", but by the following year offered more expensive versions of the larger models. The new 6-octave pocket and 6½ octave imperial grands followed the ordinary practice of positioning the strings above the hammers but were constructed with an entirely separate structure hinged at the spine from the lower part of the case so that the wrestplank, wood frame, sounding board and bridges were all placed above the strings, forming a rigid uninterrupted construction similar to his uprights as well as what he would later use in downstriking pianos. These grands were furnished with tied double actions arranged like those of the uprights.
By 1840 Wornum had improved his grand actions by adding a sustaining spring tying the hammer butt and the short end of the crank lever, intended to improve repetition and "assist in the forte," but eventually abandoned the inverted construction due to its inconvenient form and turned his attention instead to manufacturing "overstruck" or "downstriking" horizontal pianos, where the hammers are located above the strings. In 1842 he patented the application of mobile hammer return springs to downstriking actions for grands and squares, and included claims for a new disposition of the crank lever and escapement, as well as a method of operating the damper in uprights with a leather strip attached either to the hammer butt or to a wire fixed in the key.
Robert Wornum & Sons.
At the 1851 London Exhibition Robert Wornum & Sons exhibited cottage uprights, and downstriking bichord semi-grand and square pianos. Their "Albion" semi-grand was noted as a good example of how the downstriking action allowed for a simpler and more economical construction without metallic bracing, and they were awarded a prize medal for their improved piccolo piano—placing them after Erard, of Paris and London, who won the council medal for pianos, and at the same level as twenty-two other piano manufacturers, including Broadwood & Sons of London, Schiedmayer & Söhne, Stuttgart, Pape, Paris, and Jonas Chickering, Boston.
Robert Wornum died on 29 September 1852 after a short illness. He was succeeded by his son Alfred Nicholson Wornum.
The firm exhibited at the 1855 Exposition Universelle but failed to win an award.
In 1856 A. N. Wornum patented improvements to downstriking actions with a spring to keep the crank lever in constant contact with the key, as well as a new arrangement for the regulating button to allow easier adjustment and a method for improving repetition with a spring, and in 1862 patented further improvements with the aim of rendering the action very compact by moving the dampers below the hammers and operating them by projections attached at the far ends of the escapement levers. He also claimed a pivoting stand for square pianos in order for them to swing up and out of the way when not in use.
Robert Wornum & Sons exhibited cottage and grand pianos as well as their "folding" square at the 1862 International Exhibition in London, receiving a medal for "novelty of invention in piano"—one of almost seventy piano manufacturers to receive a prize medal including Broadwood, L. Boesendorfer of Vienna, Pleyel, Wolff & Cie, Paris, and Steinway & Sons, New York. They exhibited a piccolo upright, as well as moderately priced downstriking grand and square pianos without metal bracings at the 1867 Universal Exposition in Paris, where they were awarded a bronze medal, at the same level as J. Brinsmead of London, J. Promberger, Vienna, and Hornung & Moeller, Copenhagen, among others, but below the level of most of the manufacturers judged to be their equals in previous exhibitions.
In 1866 A. N. Wornum patented methods of extending sounding boards beyond the wrestplank bridge in uprights and downstriking grands, which he claimed would improve their higher notes, and patented improvements in grands in 1870. Earlier that year Robert Wornum & Sons had advertised that their "new patent construction" allowed a reduction of over 100 guineas in the price of their grand pianos, as well as insuring "a full, sweet tone and an elastic touch", and by 1871 the firm offered four sizes between 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) and 8 feet 6 inches (259 cm) on the new plan, priced between 56 and 96 guineas ($260 to $450). A reporter for the "Journal of the Society of Arts" on the Second Annual International Exhibition held in London in 1872, however, described the tone of the wooden frame pianos the firm displayed as "sweet, but hardly full or forcible enough."
A. N. Wornum patented further improvements in grands in 1875, introducing hammers with reversed orientation in order to permit longer strings relative to the size of the piano, and the firm displayed short ("under six foot") and full size ("8 feet") "Iron Grand Pianofortes" on this plan, along with a piccolo upright at the 1878 Universal Exposition in Paris, for which they were awarded a silver medal. This placed them again at the same level as Brinsmead (though this firm's founder was awarded the medal of the Legion of Honor on the same occasion), as well as Kriegelstein, Paris and Charles Stieff, Baltimore.
Hipkins wrote in the article on Wornum in the 1889 volume of the "Dictionary of Music and Musicians" that "[t]he present head of the firm of Robert Wornum & Sons is Mr. A. N. Wornum, who has succeeded to his grandfather's inventive talent."
According to Frank Kidson the firm was "still an important one in the pianoforte trade" in early 1900, but Harding lists this year as their last entry in the London directories as piano manufacturers.


Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project

The 1,320 megawatt Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project comprises two 660 megawatt supercritical coal power plants, one of which was inaugurated in December 2016 as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. The $2.09 billion project is located on 330.7 acres at Port Qasim, 37 kilometers east of Karachi in Sindh Province. The project is part of a group of 14 energy projects which fall under the fast-tracked "Early Harvest" program of the $46 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor project.
The plants were built on a "Build-Own-Operate" basis, and were constructed and will be operated by the Port Qasim Energy Holding, a firm jointly financed by Qatar's Al-Mirqab Capital and China's Power Construction Corporation, a subsidiary of Sinohydro Resources Limited.
Project Details.
The project consists not only of the power plants themselves, but also will include the construction of a jetty for exclusive use of the power plant for coal importation. The estimated annual coal consumption for the plants will be 4.66 million tons, and enough annual power for an estimated 3-4 million households will be generated.
The plants each consist of one boiler, steam turbine and generator, and are fueled by sub-bituminous coal which is offloaded at the project's coal jetty. Electricity will be connected to the electric grid network K-Electric via a 500 kilovolt AC transmission line. The plant's gross efficiency is equal to or greater than 41%, while the net efficiency is equal to or greater than 38%.
Additionally, living quarters for up to 700 full-time workers were constructed at the site, with additional temporary housing facilities for 11,000 construction workers divided into a unit for 2,000 Chinese construction workers, and another unit for 9,000 Pakistani construction workers, with all construction materials for living quarters provided by Chinese manufacturers.
Coal Source.
Most of the coal used for the power plant will be imported from Indonesia, with South Africa and Australia identified as suitable supplemental suppliers. Indonesia is identified as a primary source for its high quality coal, reliable production, and short transit times to Pakistan.
Coal from Pakistan's own Thar coalfield was found to contain excessive amounts of sulfur and lime, and was not deemed to be of high enough quality for the project. The supply of reliable coal from the fields was also considered to be inadequate. Mixture of Pakistani indigenous coal with imported coal was also deemed to be unsuitable as it would decrease heat production from coal, and would compromise safety of the boilers which are to be used in the project.
Construction and Operation.
Construction commenced in May 2015, and the first unit inaugurated in December 2017. The plants were built on a "Build-Own-Operate" basis, and is to be operated by the Port Qasim Energy Holding, a firm jointly financed by Qatar's Al-Mirqab Capital and China's Power Construction Corporation, a subsidiary of Sinohydro Resources Limited.
Financing.
Al-Mirqab Capital will own a 49% stake in the project, and while Power Construction Corporation, which will own a 51% stake in the project. The individual companies will invest $521 million, while the Exim Bank of China will lend those companies the remaining $1.56 billion required for construction.
Tariff.
The Government of Pakistan will be contractually obliged to purchase electricity from the plants for thirty years at a cost of 8.12 US cents per unit.
Commissioned.
On November 2017, the first 660MW unit of the power plant had been synchronised to the national grid.


Knut Eriksson Helland

Knut Eriksson Helland (1851–1880) was a Norwegian Hardanger fiddle maker from Bø in Telemark, Norway.
Knut Eriksson Helland was the youngest son of Erik Jonsson Helland. He began to work in his father's workshop at an early age, and showed great skill, especially in making fiddle bridges and gripboards. When he was nine years old he made the bridge to one of the violins that Ole Bull had ordered.
After his father's death he continued his father's workshop. At first he worked alone, but he was later joined by his brother in-law, Gunnar Olavsson Helland to whom he taught the art of violin making.
Knut died at 29 years of age and Gunnar was the one to continue the tradition.


Adam Hats

Adam Hats Corporation was an American manufacturer and retailer of hats. It was founded in 1924 by Elias Lustig and expanded until it eventually operated between 87 and 97 retail stores across the United States. Adam Hats were also distributed to authorized Adam Hat agents. These agents were department stores which were not owned nor operated by Adam Hats.
History.
Adam Hats manufactured and sold a variety of budget-priced hats, including the traditional fedora, and pork pie hat. In late spring of each year, Adam Hats promoted straw hats for the summer. Two of their models , were , : ' The Executive ' ; and ' The Major ' ; the last being " The hat of the month for September " ; it cost $3.25c.
In the late 1940s/early 1950s, a Frank Moore was the Adam Hats General Sales Manager. Abraham (Chippy) Levy was the Head Window Dresser in 1935. In the late 1940s, a successor to Levy was Irving Rubenstein.
In the 1940s, the New York–based Adam Hats was a sponsor of radio broadcasts of boxing matches which were held at Madison Square Garden. The boxing matches were called by radio announcer Sam Taub. Adam Hats also sponsored a radio program, "The Strange Dr. Weird", on the Mutual Network from 1944 to 1945. Most of these programs, complete with the Adam Hats commercials, are archived. Their famous radio jingle was : " I love my man who wears an Adam hat ". Adam Hats distributed a series of matchbook covers commonly known as "Sam Taubs Ring Personalities". The inside of each matchbook in the series had a biographical summary of a well known boxer of the era.
Adam Hats spared no expense in advertising, often using the celebrities of the thirties and forties in their advertising materials. Advertising materials included matchbooks, celebrity 8x10 photos, magazine ads, radio commercials, newsboy aprons, and numerous other items including one of the earliest television commercials in July, 1941. A series of Adam Hat matchbooks from 1942 was a contest for people to try to win a free hat. Each matchbook in the series had a celebrity photo, and six names below the photo. If one of those names was the celebrity in the photo, then that was a winning matchbook.
They sponsored the radio show ' The Mysterious Traveler ' ( 5/12/'43-16/9/'52 ) ,75 of the 370 shows still exist , some of which have been released on audio cassette ; and ' The Strange Dr. Weird ' , ( 1944–'45 ) ; broadcast on Mutual , they each were narrated by Maurice Tarplin.
Adam Hat stores had meticulously decorated window displays. The outside of their stores were trimmed around the edges with stained wood, and the store logo showed the name "Adam" in big block letters.
Lustig sold the company in 1954 to an entity called Leitman, owned by investor Harold Leitman ; ( Lustig died of cancer ,
in Scarsdale , New York , in 1958 ) . In 1955, Miller Brothers purchased the manufacturing and wholesale segments of the company.
Miller Brothers was based in Dallas, Texas, where an old Adam Hats facility has been re-developed into residential property, still called the Adam Hats lofts. Dallas-based Miller Brothers Executive Benjamin Parrill became Adam Hats President in 1955. Parrill died in 2007.
In the 1950s, Miller Brothers introduced miniature hat boxes with miniature hats. These novelty items were used as gift certificates, to be redeemed for a hat.
Adam Hats in feature films.
In the movie "Cinderella Man" (2005), there is a quick camera shot depicting the front of Madison Square Garden in the 1930s, with an Adam Hats store next door to it.
In the movie "Non-Stop New York" (1937), as the movie begins they are celebrating New Year's Eve 1938 in Times Square. People are parading down the street and pass directly in front of an Adam Hats store.
Co-promotion with Lincoln Mercury Automobiles.
With the introduction of the Mercury Cougar in late 1966, Adam Hats produced a "Cougar"-styled hat which contained a small Mercury Cougar emblem on the band of the fedora.


Slip-critical joint

Slip-critical joint, from structural engineering, is a type of bolted structural steel connection which relies on friction between the two connected elements rather than bolt shear or bolt bearing to join two structural elements.
Shear (and tension) loads can be transferred between two structural elements by either a bearing-type connection or a slip-critical connection.
In a slip-critical connection, loads are transferred from one element to another through friction forces developed between the faying surfaces of the connection. These friction forces are generated by the extreme tightness of the structural bolts holding the connection together. These bolts, usually tension control bolts or compressible washer tension indicating type bolts, are tensioned to a minimum required amount to generate large enough friction forces between the faying surfaces such that the shear (or tension) load is transferred by the structural members and not by the bolts (in shear) and the connection plates (in bearing). The "turn of the nut" method is also widely used to achieve that state of friction.
If slip-critical connections fail (by slipping), they revert to bearing-type connections, with structural forces now transferred through bolt shear and connection plate bearing. Thus a slippage failure of a slip-critical connection is not necessarily a catastrophic failure. However, slippage of a slip-critical connection in columns may lead to column instability. Slippage of a slip critical joint in a roof truss could result in unintended ponding effects.
The faying surfaces of slip-critical connections must be properly prepared in order to maximize friction forces between the surfaces joined. Usually, this requires cleaning, descaling, roughening, and/or blasting of the faying surfaces. Painting the faying surfaces with a class B primer also allows being in accordance with most of the design that asks for "Slip-critical joint".


Cranefree

Cranefree is the trademark for offshore foundations marketed by the company Seatower. This technology is focused on the offshore wind sector, and is designed to avoid using heavy-lift crane vessels in order to make offshore construction less risky and costly. Furthermore, the design avoids seabed preparation (dredging and piling) in most cases.


Backun Musical Services

Backun Musical Services Ltd. (BMS) is a Canadian manufacturer of clarinets in B and A and accessories, based in Burnaby, British Columbia.
History.
In 2000 clarinettist and entrepreneur, Morrie Backun opened a small repair shop for woodwind instruments with two employees. After having been commissioned by J. Wesley (Wes) Foster, Principal Clarinet of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra to overhaul one of his clarinets, Backun was unable to complete the project, as the original barrel of the instrument was missing. After consulting with Foster, Backun set out to make a barrel from cocobolo wood (Dalbergia retusa), which became the first Backun Barrel. After a short period of making only barrels, Backun then set out to design a clarinet bell in 2001 and mouthpieces in 2004. Gaining international renown for clarinet barrels, bells and mouthpieces, in addition to designing and modifying clarinets by other makers, Backun was approached by Conn-Selmer, which had 2004 acquired the clarinet maker Leblanc, to redesign and develop their line of clarinets. His first complete clarinet in B, which was distributed by Leblanc and Conn-Selmer under the label "Leblanc by Backun".
During the partnership with Conn-Selmer and Leblanc from 2006 to 2010, Backun developed new clarinets
and continued to develop accessories for international distribution, which expanded the Backun brand around the world. After the end of the engagement with Conn-Selmer, Backun launched his first custom clarinets at the 2011 NAMM Show, these instruments were of exceptional high quality for professional clarinettists. As the company grew, Backun built in Burnaby, near Vancouver, a modern factory, equipped with the latest CNC machinery and design equipment, including 3D printers and scanners.
In 2012 were produced by 15 employees in the monthly production of 30–40 clarinets and thousands of accessories, largely industrially. According to the intentions of Morrie Backun, the numbers in 2013 should be more than twice as high. To ensure the necessary higher sales, Backun subsequently worked on expanding its international dealer network.
In January 2017, the Eastman Music Company made a significant investment into Backun to acquire partial ownership of Backun Musical Services. This investment allowed both companies to grow significantly in the clarinet market. Today (November 2019), an estimated 50 production employees produce a considerably higher number of instruments and accessories per month, with the brand's global impact being felt throughout the band and orchestra community.
Well-known clarinetists play clarinets from Backun. Some have also been involved in the development of individual instruments and / or accessories.
Products.
Backun produces only clarinets with French fingering system (Boehm) and so far only the most common clarinets in B and A. The A clarinet, Lumière model (top model), is also available as a basset clarinet. An existing Lumiere can be turned into a basset clarinet with a separately available basset lower joint.
The following clarinets are in the program:
1. Student model Alpha in B made of synthetic ABS material with 17 keys and 6 rings plus optional Eb lever, with nickel- or silver-plated mechanism
2. Student model Beta in B made of grenadilla (Dalbergia melanoxylon) wood, with 17 keys and 6 rings plus optional Eb lever, with nickel- or silver-plated mechanism
3. Intermediate model Protégé in B, optionally made of Grenadilla or Cocobolo, with 17 keys, 6 rings plus optional Eb lever, silver- or gold-plated
4. Professional model Q Series in B and A made of Grenadilla with 17 keys, 6 rings plus optional Eb-lever, silver-plated As a special limited edition Q Series in B and A made of Cocobolo, like Nr. 5 with 18 keys and 6 rings including Eb lever, gold-plated for certain markets
5. Two custom models Lumière and MoBa in B and A, optionally made of Grenadilla or Cocobolo, with 18 keys, 6 rings plus Eb-lever, with silver- or gold-plated mechanism. A small extra key at the bottom of the lower joint (like the Tosca by Buffet Crampon) enhances the intonation of low-F. It is important to note that Backun was and remains the first company to offer a Low F Vent mechanism as standard on all custom clarinets. The two models differ in appearance, as well as bore and tonehole design, given that Backun designed the Lumiere to meet the needs of players looking for more vibrant and sweeter tone than the MoBa, which is considered to be dark and powerful. Both the Lumière and MoBa models in Cocobolo are offered at a considerable extra cost as Super Series sets, in such a way that the clarinets are made entirely from the same single five foot piece of wood, and therefore has the same grain structure throughout from the B down through the A.
6. Custom model CG Carbon Clarinet in B and A with 18 keys, 6 rings and Eb-lever (CG are the initials of the italian clarinettist Corrado Giuffredi). These patent-pending clarinets, developed by BMS and available only from BMS, have a carbon-coated body (upper and lower joint) over either a Grenadilla or Cocobolo wood core. The hard-pressed with the wood core coating to prevent cracks and increase the life, but also leads to a different sound. The surface is black-mottled; barrel and bell are made of grenadilla or cocobolo for tonal reasons.
To emphasize is the thoughtful and characteristic design of the instruments, including the student models, and the items, such as barrels and bells. Due to the uniformity of their design, Backun clarinets are instantly recognizable despite a certain amount of detail.
The company sells its instruments not only itself, but also through a worldwide dealer network. The current prices for the mentioned models are shown on the website. The prices at the dealers are consistently cheaper.


John Walter Baxter

John Walter Baxter CBE (4 June 1917 in London–21 October 2003) was a British civil engineer.
Baxter left Westminster City School at the age of 16. He was a graduate of the City & Guilds College, with a BSc in engineering.
He worked for Trussed Concrete Steel Company from 1936 to 1941, Royal Dutch Shell from 1941 to 1952. He met Guy Maunsell, and joined the firm of Maunsell, Posford and Pavry, in 1952. John Baxter was a founding partner of the new firm of G Maunsell & Partners in 1955, and was senior partner from 1959 to 1980. He was responsible for designing the Westway.
His work appears in "ICE Proceedings".
He was appointed CBE in the 1974 New Year Honours and was elected president of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers in 1986.
He married Jessie in 1941 and they had a daughter.


James Rea Benson

James Rea Benson (January 21, 1807 – March 18, 1885) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Lincoln in the 1st Canadian Parliament as a Liberal-Conservative member until March 14, 1868, when he was named to the Senate of Canada for St. Catharines.
He was born in Ireland in 1807 and came to Kingston in Upper Canada with his family in 1819. He later moved to St. Catharines, where he was a hardware merchant, also operating mills and ships in partnership with Thomas Rodman Merritt. Benson was president of the Niagara District Bank, the Welland Loan Company and the St. Catharines Gas Company. He served on the town council for St. Catharines and on the council for Lincoln County. He died in 1885 in Ottawa while still in office.
The city of St. Catharines purchased his residence and used it for some time as the city hall.
Benson married the daughter of Charles Ingersoll. His daughter Helen married Calvin Brown, the first mayor of St. Catharines. His niece, Mary Benson, the daughter of his brother Thomas, married Thomas Rodman Merritt.


Charlie Nothing

Charles Martin Simon (July 8, 1941 – October 23, 2007), better known as Charlie Nothing, was an American musician, musical instrument maker and writer. He created the dingulator, guitar sculptures made out of American cars, and performed at several music festivals in the United States and Europe. He made two albums and published 12 books.
Biography.
Charles Martin Simon was schooled at the Montclair Academy for Boys (later the Montclair Kimberley Academy) in Montclair, New Jersey. After graduating in 1959, Simon went to Rutgers University in New Jersey, where he majored in agriculture and English literature. But after two years at university he grew unhappy with the courses and dropped out.
After the death of his artist wife in 1965, Simon was "reduced to nothing", which produced a "psyche fragmentation" he called Charlie Nothing the Artist. As Charlie Nothing, he pursued music and the visual arts. He created guitar sculptures made out of American cars he called dingulators and formed a number of "dingulation" bands in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
In the mid-1960s in New York City, Nothing formed his first band, which included himself on sopranino saxophone, a classically trained Indian tabla player and a female Japanese vocalist. Then came The First Uniphrenic Church and Bank Band, a group which played at The Village Gate and is said to have included "a young, pre-Blondie Debbie Harry."
Nothing moved to Los Angeles in 1966, where he performed in a show with Frank Zappa and briefly joined the cast of the musical "Hair". He then moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where he recorded his first album for John Fahey's Takoma Records, "The Psychedelic Saxophone of Charlie Nothing". It featured a sequence of saxophone improvisations by Nothing accompanied by gong, conga and a banjo ukulele. Nothing also did the album cover artwork. The album did not sell well in the United States, but achieved minor cult status in Europe in free improvised music circles.
In 1967 Nothing moved to Santa Cruz, California where he joined an organic farming movement and for the next ten years, worked a farm entirely by hand. He continued his musical performances until 1984, during which time he also recorded several songs, including "Steal-A-Meal", "Fuck You and Your Stupid Wars", "Eatin' Ain't Cheatin" and "A Pizza and a Piece of Ass". In the mid-1970s he formed The Superfabulous Dingulators, a band consisting of Charlie Nothing (dingulator), Patrick Bisconti (dingulator), John Kertisz (bamboo flute) and Jesse Ward Jr. (percussion).
Between 1984 and 2005, Nothing stopped performing and focused on his other activities, which included beekeeping and writing. Under the name Charles Martin Simon he set up his own Stinging Insect Removal business, and published over a dozen fiction and non-fiction books, each handmade and self-published. His non-fiction included books on health and nutrition, and his accounts of the psychedelic 1960s.
In 2004 Nothing resumed performing in public again. He started playing at small venues in the Santa Cruz area, but soon began receiving invitations to play at music festivals. He gave a dingulation performance in 2005 at the Two Million Tongues Festival in Chicago, and in 2006 at the Pauze Festival in Ghent, Belgium, with Swedish musician Jakob Olausson. In 2007 he released a new CD of dingulator songs entitled "My Cuntree Tits of Me", a play on the phrase "my country, 'tis of thee".
Charlie Nothing died of cancer at the age of 66 on October 23, 2007 at his home in Soquel, California. An anthology album, "40 Years of the Ding : A Charlie Nothing Anthology" comprising all his previously recorded LPs and singles, plus privately released cassette recordings was scheduled to be released by De Stijl Records towards the end of 2008.
Charlie Nothing characterized himself as a "Philosopher/Clown" who, according to his official biography, "Was not born. Did not die. Does not, did not, will not exist."
Dingulator.
Dingulators are guitar sculptures made out of recycled automotive steel. They are a class of musical instrument invented by Charlie Nothing and each construction is unique with its own sound.
Dingulators are steel-string acoustic guitars having typically seven or eight and sometimes up to 21 strings. They have friction pegs and raised frets like those on a sitar. Tuning a dingulator is "variable, organic and evolving." According to Nothing, "the ideal would be to never tune them, to just find where they are going and go with it ... but sometimes I do make adjustments." Nothing, a skilled artisan and welder, used old cars as his material because "cars have the right kind of steel ... [they've] got very soulful steel." Nothing was also making a political statement with his artistic recycling. "It's a sword-to-plowshare kind of thing," he said. "Cars to guitars."
When Nothing began touring, he found taking his big and bulky dingulators aboard aircraft problematic. To overcome these difficulties he developed a smaller portable version with a detachable neck that could be stored in the body, making a compact steel carrying case he could take on airlines.
Folk singer-songwriter Josephine Foster, who featured on the same bill as Nothing at the Two Million Tongues Festival in Chicago in 2005, described dingulators as "folk-art masterpieces". She said they sound like "tuned percussion [that] animate and punctuate [Nothing's] spoken-word diatribes." They are also reminiscent of Hans Reichel's pre-daxophone modified-guitar recordings, and of Derek Bailey's improvised music, although Nothing was unfamiliar with both these musicians. Nothing described his musical influences as "everything ... probably as much by the stuff I don't like as the stuff I like."
A photograph of one of Nothing's dingulators appears as the back cover art of "Hearts and Minds, Musical Instrument Makers of America" by editors Nancy Ellis and Robert Bailey, and photographer Jake Jacobson. A dingulator is also the cover art on "The Western Region" section of the book.
Bibliography (as Charles Martin Simon).
All Simon's book are handmade and self-published.


List of Foucault pendulums

This is a list of Foucault pendulums in the world:
Europe.
Hungary.
Mures-Breda castle
North America.
Alphabetic by state or province, then place.


Glisha Kostovski

Glisha Kostovski, during the Serbian times Glisha Kostich, was a Macedonian wood carver. Together with his group he has made some of the most impressive wood carvings in Yugoslavia. He was born in the city of Tetovo. His wood carvings were mostly done for private purposes, but with the economical development of the country, he started making carvings for the government and churches. In the beginning, his work was not very respected, but close to his death, he started earning more; although his disciples continued to operate, they were not successful.
His works.
His works can be found in a lot of churches in Macedonia, but the most important works can be found in two main cathedrals of the Orthodox church of Macedonia, Saint Jovan Bigorski Monastery and Church of the Holy Mother of God. His most impressive work can be found in the building of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia.
His works were mostly made from walnut and chestnut trees, which are characteristic for the western parts of Macedonia.
The Dealborez Hall in the Governmental building..
The Hall is known as the most impressive works in Macedonia. The hall is known as a favorite of many presidents of the Government.
The Delaborez Hall is part of the Cabinet of the President of the Assembly and is used for the protocol needs of the Speaker of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia.
Interior.
The decoration of the hall was designed and designed from 1935 to 1937. Performed in 1938 by Glisha Kostovski, a carpenter and carpenter from Tetovo, who did all his work with his typhoon. The walls and ceiling are fully lined with shallow wood and deep carving, with ornamental content incorporated and applied geometric, vegetable and other motifs.


HMS E30

HMS "E30" was a British E-class submarine built by Armstrong Whitworth, Newcastle upon Tyne. She was laid down on 29 June 1914 and was commissioned in November 1915. HMS "E30" was lost in the North Sea, thought to have been mined off Orfordness, Suffolk on 22 November 1916, the minefield was not discovered until 25 November. There were no survivors.
Design.
Like all post-"E8" British E-class submarines, "E30" had a displacement of at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of and a beam length of . She was powered by two Vickers eight-cylinder two-stroke diesel engines and two electric motors. The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . British E-class submarines had fuel capacities of of diesel and ranges of when travelling at . "E30" was capable of operating submerged for five hours when travelling at .
"E30" was armed with a 12-pounder QF gun mounted forward of the conning tower. She had five 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, two in the bow, one either side amidships, and one in the stern; a total of 10 torpedoes were carried. E-class submarines had wireless systems with power ratings; in some submarines, these were later upgraded to systems by removing a midship torpedo tube. Their maximum design depth was although in service some reached depths of below . Some submarines contained Fessenden oscillator systems. Her complement was three officers and 28 men.
Service.
"E30" joined the 11th Submarine Flotilla, based at Blyth, Northumberland on commissioning. From 23 to 28 February 1916 "E30" patrolled off Denmark and Norway with the intention of capturing ships carrying iron ore from Norway to Germany, and to attack any German submarines that were escorting the Iron ore ships. No ships at all were seen during the patrol. "E30" patrolled in the Kattegat in March 1915, and was damaged by heavy seas on 16 March, while on 18 March she stopped the Norwegian steamer "Kong Inge", carrying a mixed cargo to Germany, off Anholt. She put a prize crew aboard "Kong Inge" and ordered the merchant ship to Leith for examination. On 5 April "E30", together with the newly commissioned submarines and set out from Blyth with orders to patrol between Denmark and the Orkneys in the hope of intercepted German submarines. "E30"s patrol was cut short when she suffered a battery explosion on the morning of 7 April, killing four men and forcing her return to base.
On 15 May 1916, "E30" set out for a patrol in the Kattegat, and on 18 June she encountered the German steamer , whose crew abandoned ship after "E30" fired a warning shot. "E30" fired two torpedoes, which missed, and then sank the steamer with gunfire. On 2 June "E30" was returning from a patrol off the coast of Norway when she spotted two British cruisers returning from the Battle of Jutland, which she signalled, but one of them, , opened fire on "E30" in response. "Minotaur" claimed to have sunk a submarine, but "E30" returned home safely. On 3 July she encountered the Norwegian steamer "Prunelle" off Lindesnes in southern Norway. "E30" fired two warning shots, but was driven away by the Norwegian torpedo boat . Norway raised a protest about the attempt to stop "Prunelle", claiming it took place in territorial waters.


William Hopkins (Canadian politician)

William Hopkins (March 1, 1864 – January 11, 1935) was a hardware merchant and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He was mayor of Saskatoon from 1909 to 1910.
He was born in Bentinck Township, Grey County, Canada West, the son of James Hopkins, who had served as township reeve. Hopkins was educated in Bentick and Hanover. He was employed by a woollen company in Hanover, then moved to Portage la Prairie in 1882, where he worked in a grocery store. Hopkins worked in stores in Brandon and Souris and then operated his own general store in Hartney from 1889 to 1896. He married Alice Jane Carson in 1895. In 1905, he opened a hardware store in Saskatoon and then, in 1908, a branch in Tessier. Hopkins served on the town council for Saskatoon from 1905 to 1908 and was president of the Union of Saskatchewan Municipalities in 1909. Hopkins was also involved in real estate and insurance. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Saskatoon.


PDM series of amphibious mines

The PDM amphibious mines are series of Soviet anti-vehicle mines that could be used on or in beaches, rivers, lakes and shallow coastal waters up to five meters deep.
PDM-1.
The PDM-1 has a hemispherical steel case, which is anchored to a heavy steel base. It is normally deployed in water one or two meters deep, and has a central fixing point for a tilt rod. Two men can lay a single mine in 10 to 20 minutes. The mine uses a VPDM-1M tilt rod fuse with an MD-10 detonator.
PDM-1M.
The PDM-1M is almost identical to the PDM-1 only having a booster charge to ensure detonation.
Bulgarian PDM-1M.
A Bulgarian version of the PDM-1M exists that is substantially developed from the original it uses a plastic cased mine, with a concrete base and a programmable fuse. The fuse can either be of the electro-mechanical tilt rod type, or a magnetic influence fuse. All the fuzes incorporate a 15-minute arming delay. The mine can self-neutralize or self-destruct after a programmed period of between 1 and 45 days.
The mine can be mechanically laid and recovered, and can operate in 0.8 to 2 meters of water.
PDM-2.
The PDM-2 has a spherical case. The mine has a large base plate, which it is fixed to by a pole, and four suspension wires. It uses a VPDM-2 tilt rod fuse, and can be used in water from 2.4 to 3.8 meters deep.
Bulgarian PDM-2M.
The PDM-2M is a Bulgarian mine - it uses a similar fuzing system to the Bulgarian PDM-1M, but incorporates a much larger main charge.
PDM-6.
The PDM-6 is similar to the PDM-1M, except that it fitted with a secondary fuse well for an anti-handling device on the base, as well as three fuse wells on the top for tilt rod fuzes. The tilt fuzes can be set for contact detonation or to trigger once they reach a certain deflection.


MKT Mod 72 mine

The MKT Mod 72 is an Albanian circular, metal-cased anti-tank blast mine, a copy of the Russian TM-46. Two versions of the mine are produced, the PX designated version of the mine is fitted with a secondary fuze well in the base of the mine that accepts an MUV type anti-lifting device. The mine uses a mechanical pressure fuze similar to the Russian MV-5.
The mine is found in small numbers in Kosovo.


Hangzhou West railway station

Hangzhou West railway station () is a planned new station intended as part of the infrastructure preparations for the 2022 Asian Games.
Construction.
Construction is due to begin in 2018. The budget for the construction is 15 billion yuan ($2.25 billion) and is due for completion by 2022 before the start of the 2022 Asian Games.
Transportation.
A high-speed rail link from Hangzhou to Huangshan is included in the plans. The station will be located in the north of Cangqian Subdistrict and will be connected to Line 3 and the Airport Express line of the Hangzhou Metro. Hangzhou West Station will be the third largest transport hub in Hangzhou after Xiaoshan International Airport and Hangzhou East railway station.


Soft-faced hammer

A soft-faced hammer or mallet is a hammer designed to offer driving force without damaging surfaces.
They also reduce the force transmitted back to the arm or hand of the user, by temporarily deforming more than a metal hammer would.
Materials.
Soft-faced or deadblow mallets have faces made of materials such as plastics, including nylon, natural rubber or tightly wound rawhide, or soft metals such as copper, aluminium, brass or lead.
The goal of the choice of material is to prevent damage to the struck surface.
The heads or individual faces are sometimes replaceable, because they will deform, wear out, or break over time.
The hammers are graded by the weight of the head and by hardness of the striking face.
Heads cast in solid brass are used in applications where less vibration is needed.


Felipe Archuleta

Felipe Benito Archuleta (1910–1991) was an Hispanic artist who worked mostly in New Mexico. Felipe Benito Archuleta grew up poor. He left school at an early age to work as a field hand and later as a stonemason, cook, and for many years a carpenter. His Spanish heritage exposed him to "bulto" making, the shaping of wooden religious figures used in shrines. In 1967, unable to find work, Felipe prayed to God to alleviate his poverty and desperation. His subsequent religious awakening led to his work as a carver of animals. Felipe is best known for his animal sculptures that emphasize the ferocious nature of the animals he portrays by providing them with irregularly carved teeth, wide-eyed stares, and exaggerated snouts and genitals.
 Archuleta carved his last major work in the Spring of 1987 due to suffering from arthritis.


JP233

Originally known as the LAAAS (Low-Altitude Airfield Attack System), the JP233 is a British submunition delivery system consisting of large dispenser pods carrying several hundred submunitions designed to attack runways.
Design and development.
Development of the system began in 1977 as a 50/50 cooperative program between Hunting Engineering (now known as INSYS) of the UK and the US Air Force. The USAF intended to use the weapon with its FB-111 strike aircraft; however, in 1982 rising costs led them to pull out of the programme, and the British completed development on their own for potential use with the Tornado, Jaguar and Harrier.
The dispensers could be carried on wing pylons: short-finned containers for bomblets, or medium-length finned containers for mines. The F-111 was capable of carrying a pair of each type, but the Jaguar and Harrier would be able to carry only a single pair of either type. The Tornado could be fitted with a pair of much larger pods on the shoulder pylons, each containing both types of munition. Each JP233 as fitted to the Tornado was divided into a rear section with 30 "SG-357" runway cratering submunitions, while the front section carried 215 "HB-876" anti-personnel mines. Both types of submunitions were retarded by small parachutes.
The SG-357, which weighed 26 kilogrammes (57 pounds), was a two-stage munition. The longer, smaller-diameter forward section consists of a cylindrical high-explosive charge with a hole down the centre. The shorter, larger-diameter rear section held a shaped charge. At the front of the munition was a telescopic stand-off fusing system that created the correct detonation distance for the shaped charge. On impact, the extended fuse initiated the shaped charge, creating a molten metal jet which travelled through the centre of the forward charge element and then penetrated the concrete runway surface to create an underground chamber. The momentum of the cylindrical charge was enough for it to follow down through the hole created by the shaped charge before exploding some distance under the runway surface. This second explosion was intended to produce a crater with significant "heave" at the edge, making repairs much more difficult and time-consuming.
The HB-876 mines would lie scattered on the surface, making rapid repair of the runway very hazardous. The outside of the munition was surrounded by a "coronet" of spring steel strips that were held flat against the sides of the mine. After landing on the surface a small explosive device would fire and release the coronet springs such that the mine would become "erect" on the surface, with their self-forging fragment warhead pointing vertically upwards. The cylindrical case of the mine was made from dimpled steel and on detonation would spread small steel anti-personnel fragments, rather like a hand-grenade, in all radial directions. They would explode at preset intervals or if disturbed. Standing above the surface on the coronet of spring steel legs, they would tilt toward a bulldozer blade when pushed before detonating and firing the forged fragments toward the vehicle.
Unlike most other submunition delivery systems that essentially function as free-falling bombs, the JP233 dispenser pods remained with their aircraft during operation and were jettisoned once empty.
Deployment.
Deployment was rather frightening for the flight crew, since it required the aircraft to fly low, straight and level over an enemy airfield, and when over the runway the pods would dispense their payload. During the Gulf War it was widely reported in the popular press that Tornados were shot down by AAA fire and MANPADS during delivery of the JP233 munition, but in fact none of the losses occurred during the attack phase of a JP233 mission. Only one aircraft was lost carrying the JP233 munition when Tornado "ZA392" crashed into the ground approximately after delivering the weapon at low level; enemy fire was not reported and it was believed that this was an incident of controlled flight into terrain.
What alarmed the crews of British and Saudi Arabian Tornados using JP233 was that the aircraft was brightly illuminated at night by the exploding munitions. Attacks using JP233 were suspended six days into the Gulf War, as the Iraqi Air Force was effectively flying no missions.
With the increasing availability of standoff attack munitions capable of the same mission with little risk to the flight crew and aircraft, and the British entry into the Land Mines Treaty (which declares the HB-876 illegal), the JP233 has been withdrawn from service.
Examples of the JP233 are in various museums. The Imperial War Museum also has films, viewable on the WorldWide Web, of tests of the JP233 Airfield Attack System and Airfield Denial System. The Cold War Gallery of the National Museum of the US Air Force has a JP233 on display, fitted to a Panavia Tornado GR1 aircraft.


Heavens Peak

Heavens Peak () is located in the Livingston Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Heavens Peak is a little more than north of McPartland Mountain.


Norrland Engineer Corps


Elgin station (Illinois)

Elgin is one of three stations on Metra's Milwaukee District/West in Elgin, Illinois. The station is away from Union Station, the eastern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Elgin is in zone H. As of 2018, Elgin is the 116th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 411 weekday boardings. Weekend trains on the Milwaukee District West terminate here.
The station was built by The Milwaukee Road and was a stop on numerous intercity trains, such as the "Midwest Hiawatha", "Arrow", and "Southwest Limited". It was also the terminus station for by more frequent commuter trains to Chicago Union Station, until Metra took over service.
The Elgin Metra station was to also serve as a stop on the revival of "Black Hawk" Amtrak service between Chicago, Rockford and Dubuque, that was supposed to begin in 2015, but has since been put on hold for further review by IDOT by Governor Bruce Rauner, and it is unknown whether it will proceed. The original proposal for the route was to have a station in South Elgin.
Bus connections.
Pace


Mortimer Grimshaw

Mortimer Grimshaw (1826 – 22 December 1869) was an English political activist, strike leader and cotton weaver. He briefly attained national fame in the 1850s due to his part in the Preston strike of 1853–54. A large man whose face was marked by smallpox, he was renowned for his oratory, which earned him the nickname of the "Thunderer of Lancashire".
The son of a radical public speaker and orator, Grimshaw's early campaigns were centred on the improvement of working conditions for the mill-workers in the village of Royton and enforcement of the Factory Acts. He was an outspoken critic of the Whig Party and an advocate of the Chartist movement, in particular of their anti-Whig alliance with the Tory Party. Strikes among mill-workers began to break out during the early 1850s and Grimshaw was one of the leaders, along with George Cowell, of the strike in Preston in 1853. The strikers were fruitless in their demands for a ten per cent wage increase, and Grimshaw found himself with no further role in the workers' unions. He and his fellow conspirators were charged with conspiring to prevent people working in the mills, although the charges were later dropped.
Following the defeat in Preston, Grimshaw emigrated to the United States, where he became a supporter of the Confederacy. In 1861, he and Cowell attempted to intervene in a strike in Clitheroe but were branded "notorious scoundrels" by the weavers there for their parts in the Preston strike. The following year he joined a small group of Lancashire men who unsuccessfully attempted to rally support for the Confederates in northern England. After a period as a freelance industrial mediator, selling his services to mill owners and working against the unions he had once aligned with, he returned to his job as a power-loom weaver until his death from tuberculosis in 1869. Grimshaw and his activities were the basis for two of the author Charles Dickens' characters.
Early life and career.
Grimshaw was born in or around Great Harwood, Lancashire, in 1824 or 1825 and was one of six children brought up in a working-class family. His father, Thomas, had a reputation as a radical public speaker in the early part of the 19th century. Grimshaw initially worked as a cotton weaver before becoming a full-time activist and agitator. He first came to prominence in the village of Royton, near Oldham, in 1852 as a campaigner for the improvement and enforcement of the Factory Acts, to improve the working conditions of those employed in the cotton mills. In the same year he became editor of the anti-Whig broadsheet, the "Royton Vindicator". He criticised the suppression of local political activists and supported the alliance of the Chartist movement with the Tories against the Whigs.
Mill workers in England became increasingly disenchanted with improper practices by factory owners, long working hours and unsatisfactory conditions. During the early 1850s workers throughout the country began to campaign for higher wages and strikes were held in several towns and cities; brickmakers in Manchester struck in January while woollen mill operatives in the West Riding of Yorkshire went on strike two months later. Grimshaw himself was involved in a strike in Stockport, where workers were demanding a ten percent wage increase, in March 1853.
Preston strike of 1853.
When cotton weavers in Preston struck in September of that year, again demanding a wage increase of ten percent, he and fellow activist George Cowell became the most prominent leaders at the mass meetings of the workers. Grimshaw would often wear a white hat at meetings in the style of politicians Henry Hunt and William Cobbett. According to local journalist Charles Hardwick, he was a strong advocate of the liberation of oppressed "factory slaves" but it was noted that his judgement in arguments could often be overpowered by his enthusiasm and emotions. In the seven months that Grimshaw was involved with the Preston strike he travelled throughout Lancashire and Yorkshire, speaking at more than 60 public meetings.
At one meeting in October 1853, he shared the platform with John B. Horsfall and Chartist leader Ernest Jones, whose Labour Parliament Grimshaw was involved in the following year as one of the two delegates from Preston, along with Wallace Beever. The Labour Parliament was partly a response to a lock-out of around 20,000 mill workers by the employers in Preston; its aim was to organise a levy on wages to support operatives who went on strike or were locked out. Those paying the levy were to elect a committee to buy and look after land and factories and the Parliament would meet on a yearly basis. However, the plan did not gain support among all Chartists and the plans never materialised.
The Preston strike ended in defeat for Grimshaw, Cowell and the operatives and as a result there were no suitable jobs for him in the unions; his characteristics would not have lent themselves to a secretarial role. On 10 August 1854, the pair were indicted along with nine other men for conspiring to "prevent certain persons working in the mills in [Preston]". Although the charges were dropped by the prosecution, the judge presiding implied he would otherwise have felt compelled to pass down a severe sentence and expressed his hope that none of the 11 would engage in such conspiracy again. Two years later, Grimshaw and Horsfall raised funds to enable them to emigrate and he subsequently spent some time living in the northern United States. Upon his return to England, Grimshaw, Cowell and two other weavers were involved in a dispute between mill-owners and workers in Clitheroe, Lancashire, in 1861. However, due to their lack of success in Preston the group were branded a "gang of notorious scoundrels" by strike leader John O'Neil and were treated with hostility by the gathered crowds of weavers.
Later career.
During his time in America, Grimshaw had developed pro-Confederacy tendencies. In general, there was some support for the Confederacy among people who were affected by the shortage in cotton from America caused by the American Civil War, such as traders and mill-owners. On a personal level, Grimshaw was opposed to the growth of capitalism in the United States and described the notions of American freedom and liberty as "farce and humbug". In 1862 he became part of a small group of working-class Lancashire men, all of whom had been involved in various strikes in the 1850s, assembled by Liverpool-based tin plate merchant James Spence. The group held meetings with the intention of rallying support for the Confederates within northern England, particularly in Lancashire and Cheshire. However, when a vote regarding the support of British mediation in America was taken at one meeting in Blackburn, only 12 out of more than 4,000 workers voted in favour of Grimshaw. The local Weavers' Association consequently declared themselves in favour of Abraham Lincoln and his Union. Ultimately, the group's efforts were handicapped by an inability to maintain activity throughout the duration of the Civil War; by 1864 only two of the original company remained.
By the end of his career, Grimshaw had become a freelance political adventurer, industrial mediator and anti-union agitator selling his services to mill-owners and employers. In an 1864 letter to George Wilson, former president of the Anti-Corn Law League during the 1840s, he described himself as "destitute and pennyless " and begged the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway chairman for money or employment. This was the last public record of Grimshaw; he returned to work as a power-loom weaver until his death in Rishton from the lung disease tuberculosis on 22 December 1869.
Legacy.
Two of Charles Dickens' characters, Gruffshaw in the article "On Strike" and Slackbridge, the "unscrupulous demagogue" from the novel "Hard Times", were based on Grimshaw.


American Samoa Hawaii Cable

The American Samoa Hawaii Cable (ASH Cable) connects Hawaii and American Samoa.
Construction.
The cable has two segments. The first connects Keawaula, Oahu, Hawaii, with 'Ili'ili, American Samoa. It's made up of a section of the former Pac Rim East cable system and operates at 1.12 Gbps. The second segment connects 'Ili'ili with Apia, Samoa and operates at 2.5 Gbps.
The SAS cable between American Samoa and Samoa was upgraded to 100Gbs in 2018.
Operation.
The cable was commissioned in 2009 and was initially operated by ASH Cable LLC, a partnership between AST Telecom LLC and the government of American Samoa.
Fiji's Amalgamated Telecommunications Holdings Limited (ATH) applied to the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2017 to take over operation of the cable after it purchased the assets of AST Telecom LLC in 2016.


Antoine Cronier

Antoine Cronier, or Crosnier, (13 January 1732 - after 1806) was a noted clockmaker active during the second half of the 18th century in Paris, France.
Cronier was born in Paris to Françoise née Boulard and Charles Crosnier. He began his apprenticeship under Nicolas Pierre Thuillier in 1745, and by 1753 was working independently, with his workshop opening by 1759 at rue Saint-Honoré, 140. In 1763, he was recognized as a "maître-horloger". His clocks used bronzes by Robert and Jean-Baptiste Osmond, Edmé Roy, René François Morlay, Nicolas Bonnet, and François Vion, and cases by cabinetmakers Jean-Pierre Latz, Balthazar Lieutaud, and François Goyer. He also worked with gilder Honoré Noël and tapissier Nicolas Leclerc.
Today his clocks are in museum collections including the Musée Nissim de Camondo, the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom, Waddesdon Manor, Harewood House, the Residenzmuseum in Munich, the Neue Residenz Bamberg, the Royal Palace of Turin, the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels, the Nationalmuseet in Stockholm, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Huntington Library, and the Pavlovsk Palace.


Russia-China Investment Fund

The Russia-China Investment Fund (RCIF) is a bilateral cooperation fund created by the Russian Direct Investment Fund and the China Investment Corporation to invest in opportunities linking Russia, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and China.
Fundraising.
RCIF was established in 2012. The initial seed capital of US$2 billion was funded in equal part by the China Investment Corporation, the sovereign wealth fund of China, and the Russian Direct Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of Russia. In October 2018, the RCIF became trilateral with Public Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia, contributing US$500 million to the RCIF, raising total capital to US$2.5 billion. The fund continues to seek contributions from new investors.
Investments.
The RCIF was founded to pursue investment opportunities in Russia, members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and investments in China with a close connection to Russia including China–Russia border infrastructure projects and Chinese firms trading with Russia in technology and services.
Other funds.
Other China-Russia funds have been funded or implemented with the contribution of the RCIF.
In 2017, China Development Bank, a Chinese policy bank and the Russian Direct Investment Fund announced plans to establish a China-Russia RMB Investment Cooperation Fund. RDIF chose to implement its part of the joint fund through RCIF while CDB used its subsidiary China Development Bank Capital for implementation. The goal behind the fund was to make investments of 68 billion yuan in Russian and Chinese projects including the Belt and Road Initiative and to help simplify investments in the Chinese and Russian currencies in the other country. In 2018, during Russian President Vladimir Putin's visit to Beijing, Russia-China Investment Fund (RCIF) and China Chengtong Holdings Group announced agreement to establish a US$1 billion "industrial investment fund".


Albert Cooper (flute maker)

Albert Cooper (April 12, 1924 – January 25, 2011) was a British flute maker who apprenticed at Rudall Carte until World War II. After discharge, he returned to Rudall Carte but left in 1959 and set himself up as flute maker.
Flutes manufactured.
Cooper's primary contribution to flute making is the Cooper Scale, where the position and size (opening) of the flute's tone holes have been accurately determined. This has been now universally adopted and is promoted by all the major flute makers, in particular the flute maker Brannen Brothers. This new scale replaces the old Boehm system scale and measurements still being used in flute manufacture into the 1990s.


William Ryder (mayor)

Sir William Ryder (died 30 August 1611) was an English politician and Lord Mayor of London for the year 1600 to 1601. As mayor, he played a prominent role in quashing the abortive rebellion led by the Earl of Essex, by publicly proclaiming Essex a traitor, which immediately caused much of his support to melt away.
Sir William Ryder was a member of the Haberdasher's Company, one of the livery companies of London. He served as Sheriff of the City of London in 1592, Alderman in 1595, and Lord Mayor of London for 1600 - 1601. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Stone. He had a son Ferdinando, who predeceased him, and two daughters: Mary, wife of Sir Thomas Lake, Secretary of State, and Susan, third wife of Sir Thomas Caesar, MP and Baron of the Exchequer. He was knighted in 1601. Upon the death of his brother Edward Ryder in 1609, he acquired the manor of Leyton Grange in Essex; this manor had previously been owned by Sir Oliver Cromwell, uncle of the Lord Protector. He died in 1611, and the manor passed to his daughters at his death.


Craven Gap

Craven Gap (el. ) is a mountain pass between Peach Knob and Rice Knob, part of the Elk Mountains and Great Craggy Mountains. NC 694 (Town Mountain Road) connects with the Blue Ridge Parkway at the gap, where it provides direct access to downtown Asheville. The gap also has trails for hikers and is a popular bicycle rest area.


Saryarqa (Almaty Metro)

Saryarka () is a planned Line 1 station of Almaty Metro that is currently under construction. It was originally planned to be opened in 2018, however the completion date was moved to 2021. It will be located near Family Park.


Nodu Mullick

Nodu Mullick was a musician and instrument-maker from Calcutta, India. Pandit Ravi Shankar commissioned multiple sitars from him, and they were Shankar's primary performance instrument starting in 1961. Mullick accompanied Shankar on tanpura on his first western concert tour in Europe in 1956, and also on his American tour in 1961.


Otto Schlicht

Otto Schlicht was a German-American manufacturer of concertinas in Chicago.
Biography.
Schlicht arrived in the United States from Germany around 1900, having worked on German-type concertinas there. He applied his knowledge to the production of concertinas, and began producing models under the brand-names "Patek", "Pearl Queen", and "Peerless" for music shop in Illinois.
He transitioned to owning his own concertina workshop, where he produced his brands until 1950. Shortly after he ceased working, in 1952 concertina maker Christy Hengel purchased Schilicht's concertina-making equipment, which had been stored in a basement since the workshop closed, for $1500, moving it to his own shop in Minnesota.


Zyuzino (Moscow Metro)

Zyuzino is a planned Moscow Metro station of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line. It will be opened in 2021.


Arnold Horween

Arnold Horween (originally Arnold Horwitz; also known as A. McMahon; July 7, 1898 – August 5, 1985) was an American college and professional American football player and coach. He played and coached both for Harvard University and in the National Football League (NFL).
Horween played left halfback, right halfback, fullback, and center for the unbeaten Harvard Crimson football teams of 1919, which won the 1920 Rose Bowl, and 1920. He was voted an All-American.
Horween also played four seasons in the NFL, as a fullback, halfback, and blocking back (quarterback) for the Racine Cardinals and the Chicago Cardinals. He was a player-coach for the Cardinals. Later, he was Harvard's head football coach, from 1925 to 1930.
His brother Ralph Horween was also an All-American football player for Harvard, and also played and coached in the NFL for the Cardinals. They were the last Jewish brothers to play in the NFL until Geoff Schwartz and Mitchell Schwartz, in the 2000s. After retiring from football, Horween and his brother inherited and ran the family leather tannery business, Horween Leather Company.
Early and personal life.
Horween's parents, Isidore and Rose (Rabinoff), immigrated to Chicago from Ukraine in the Russian Empire in 1892. During his youth the family changed its name to Horween from its original name, which was either Horwitz or Horowitz.
Horween was Jewish, and was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was the brother of Ralph Horween, who was two years older. They were the last Jewish brothers to play in the NFL until offensive tackles Geoff Schwartz and Mitchell Schwartz in the 2000s.
He played high school football at center and fullback for four years at Francis W. Parker School. He was captain of the football team in his senior year.
Horween was 5' 11.5" (1.82 m), and weighed 206 pounds (93 kg). In 1928, he married Marion Eisendrath, daughter of leather tycoon William Eisendrath.
College and Navy career.
Horween followed his older brother to Harvard University, where they played together on the Harvard Crimson football team, in 1916. In his freshman year, he played both football (as a fullback) and baseball (as a pitcher), and was a member of the track team as a shotputter.
The next year, he enlisted in the United States Navy during World War I, in April 1917. He was promoted to ensign in October 1917, eventually reaching the rank of lieutenant. He served on a destroyer in the Atlantic and was discharged in 1919, when he returned to Harvard.
Horween played left halfback, right halfback, fullback, and center for the Harvard Crimson, and was a First-Team All-American, from 1919 to 1920. In both 1919 and 1920 Harvard was undefeated (9–0–1 and 8–0–1, respectively). In 1919, Donald Grant Herring ranked him the Second-Team fullback on the Princeton-Yale-Harvard composite team.
Horween was unanimously elected the Harvard Crimson's first Jewish captain in 1920. That year, he kicked a field goal against Yale in a 9–0 victory, and a field goal against the Centre Colonels. He was part of the unbeaten 1919 team that won the 1920 Rose Bowl against the Oregon, 7–6, as he kicked the extra point that decided the game, and Harvard relied in part on his running game. It remains the only bowl game appearance in Harvard history.
The "New York Times" wrote: "The way he smashed through the line was considerable... there were even some protests that this dark-haired, sturdily built Crimson fullback was a little too rough."
In 1920 he was chosen Walter Camp third team All-American and selected by a number of newspapers to the All-America first team. He graduated from Harvard in 1921.
NFL career.
Horween played fullback, tailback, and blocking back (quarterback) in the National Football League for four years, in 32 games, for the Racine Cardinals (in the American Professional Football Association, the predecessor to the NFL) in 1921 and the Chicago Cardinals (as the Cardinals changed their name) from 1922 to 1924. He was a player–coach for the Cardinals from 1923 to 1924.
In 1922–23, Horween appeared in all 11 games and scored 4 rushing touchdowns as the Cardinals were 8–3–0. In 1923–24, the team was 8–4–0. On October 7, 1923, he and his brother both scored in the same game, as he kicked two extra points and his brother ran for a touchdown as the Cardinals beat the Rochester Jeffersons 60–0 at Normal Park in Chicago. On November 12, 1922, he made a long pass to Paddy Driscoll for the game's only touchdown, in a 7–0 victory over the Akron Pros. On December 2, 1923, he kicked a field goal and his brother ran for a touchdown as the Cardinals beat the Oorang Indians, 22–19.
His brother Ralph Horween also played for the Chicago Cardinals. Horween and his brother played for the Cardinals under the alias McMahon (he played as A. McMahon) to protect their family's social status. He kept that name until 1923.
Coaching career at Harvard.
Horween returned to Harvard as the school's head football coach from 1925 to 1930, compiling a record of 21–17–3. The "New York Sun" reported: The boys are for him unreservedly. It is no, secret, however, that Horween's appointment didn't please the Beacon Street–Park Avenue element among the grads. The clique that supported the old regime would prefer to see a Cabot or a Wendell, we use the names as symbols, in the saddle...
Charlie Devens, who later played baseball for the New York Yankees, played football under Horween at Harvard. He recalled that anti-Semitic posters aimed at Coach Horween were displayed at a game in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Horween married Marion Eisendrath in November 1928. The couple had a long engagement, as they had agreed to postpone the wedding until the Harvard football team defeated Yale. The requisite victory took place on Saturday, November 24, and the wedding on the following Thursday. He resigned following the 1930 season.
Horween Leather Company.
After retiring from football, Horween returned to Chicago in 1930, and he and his brother inherited the family leather tannery business, Horween Leather Company, which had been founded by their father in Chicago in 1905. He operated the business, a successful company that supplied (and still supplies) the leather for Wilson's NFL official football, from 1949–84.
In 1945, he coached the football team of his former high school, Francis Parker.
In 1952, he was vice president of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He also served as a trustee of the Chicago Symphony, and on the Harvard University board of overseers.


James Woolley (clockmaker)

James Woolley or James Wolley (ca.1695 – 22 November 1786) was a watch and clockmaker from Codnor, Derbyshire.
Life.
He was born ca 1695, the son of Samuel Woolley and Abigail Pinegar.
He made turret clocks, one of which was installed in the Nottingham Exchange, which he gifted to the Nottingham Corporation, and in return he was made an honorary burgess of Nottingham. He also made longcase clocks.
He died at his house on Codnor Common on 22 November 1786, a bachelor, and left his fortune to his two nephews.
He signed his clocks "Wolley". Therefore this article should list his name as James Wolley.
Works.
Public clocks include:


George Littlewort

George Littlewort (fl. 1826-48), was a chronometer and instrument maker operating from London, Bristol and Stroud. 17 Bridgewater Square and 4 Wilderness Row Goswell Rd., Middlesex.