Croc (game designer)

Christophe Réaux (born December 16, 1965, France) largely and mainly known by the pseudonym Croc, is a French games designer, specialized in role-playing games (RPG) although he also has designed at least both a board game ("L'Âge des dieux", "Age of Gods") and a miniatures game ("Hell Dorado"). He is considered in his own country as a role-playing games pioneer and one of the most important designers in the ambit of such games. Croc's games are edited by Siroz (a homophone of the French word "cirrhose", meaning "cirrhosis"), now called Asmodée éditions, French for Asmodeus. Croc met the founders of Siroz (Nicolas Théry, Éric Bouchaud and Laurent Tremmel) in the "20 Naturel" RPG club of Vélizy (near Versailles) in the mid-1980s at secondary school (high school).
One of his games, "In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas" (1989), led to the less controversial English-language game, "In Nomine".
Games.
Croc's first game, "Bitume" ("bitume" being the French word for "asphalt") (created in 1984 and edited in 1986) is a post-apocalyptic "Mad Max"-style game. In the game, Harley's comet comes too close to Earth and causes a cataclysm that destroys civilisation.
"Animonde" (1988) is "poetic-fantasy" world, where technology (Middle-Age level) is replaced by animals (e.g. door hinges are crabs and swords are the legs of praying mantises).
In "In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas" (INS/MV, 1989), the contemporary world is the battleground of heaven and hell, in what looks like a war between two gangs or secret services. The character may adopt the role an angel or a demon, but these are very similar.
In "Heavy Metal" (1991), in a futuristic world, a great wall separates the rich inhabitants of the north and the poor of the south (Africa). This ultra-violent society is controlled by the CRU, the Cybernetic Repression Units ("Unités de répression cybernétiques", URC). The player may play a robot from the CRU or a rebel standing against this situation. By interacting with humans, the CRU's begin to acquire human emotions and a conscience.
In "Bloodlust" (1991), a heroic fantasy world inspired by characters such as Conan and Elric, the gods have incarnated themselves into weapons with great magical powers, and exist in a symbiotic relationship with their human wielders.
"Stella Inquisitorus" (1993) is a space opera version of "In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas" that takes place in the year 6993.
In "Scales" (1994), a contemporary world, the player characters are dragons in human incarnations ignorant of their true nature that discover their powers little by little.
"Nightprowler" (1995) is a heroic fantasy game dedicated to thieves and assassins.
In "C.O.P.S." (2003), the situation is close to the style of the John Carpenter movie "Escape from L.A.". At the beginning of the twenty-first century, all of United States' pollution and criminals are sent to California; the state decides to stop this and declares its independence as a land of freedom. It is now 2030, and a strong police force is created to avoid the abuse of freedom and control that the criminal situation has inherited from the past. The characters are members of the C.O.P.S. (Central Organisation for Public Security), a section of the LAPD. This game is sometimes considered as the fourth edition of "Berlin XVIII", a game edited in 1988 that took place in Berlin (Germany), with a social and political context marked by the Cold War (recall that this date was before the fall of the Berlin Wall); "Berlin XVIII" was edited by Siroz (first in the "Universom" collection then as a standalone game), created by Laurent Tremmel and Nicolas Thery (Croc contributed to the third edition). Was founded in 2003 by The King Of Salad
Translation work.
Croc also translated the "Car Wars" boardgame and its GURPS "Autoduel" version (both edited and owned by Steve Jackson Games) into French, and contributes to "Le Livre des cinq anneaux", the French version of AEG's "Legend of the Five Rings", edited by Siroz/Asmodée, for which he had yet participated (among others) in the translation of the adventures supplement "City of Lies" (into French: "La Cité des mensonges").


Kurt Geiger

Kurt Geiger is a luxury British footwear and accessories retailer. Kurt Geiger has over 70 stores, and over 170 concessions within department stores, including Harrods and Selfridges. Kurt Geiger owns three brands Kurt Geiger London, KG Kurt Geiger and Carvela Kurt Geiger, created by its own in-house team.
The Kurt Geiger headquarters is located off Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London. The building, originally dating from the 1970s, was remodelled in 2009 by Archer Architects and is finished in a distinctive red, described as Pompean Red.
History.
The company is named after its Austrian founder, who opened its first shop in London's fashion capital on Bond Street in 1963, and it has been based in London ever since.
In 1995 Kurt Geiger introduced a men’s collection designed in London with distinctly British edge. More recently, items from the collection have been worn by actors from Benedict Cumberbatch to Daniel Radcliffe, Channing Tatum and John Boyega.
After a management buyout in 2008, it was sold by Graphite Capital to the U.S.-based brand management company The Jones Group in 2011. In 2014, the Jones Group was acquired by Sycamore Partners, who spun off Kurt Geiger into its own company.
In December 2015, London-based private equity firm Cinven acquired Kurt Geiger from its previous owner, New York-based private equity firm Sycamore Partners, for £245 million.


Abbas Jafri

Syed Muhammad Abbas Jafri () is a Pakistani politician and model. Jafri is two times Best Male Model Lux Style Awards winner and one time Hum Awards winner.
Jafri contested 2018 elections for Sindh Assembly's Constituency PS-125 (Karachi) as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. He won the election bagging 30,687 votes.
Career.
Abbas Jafri started his career in cricket and had played in Pakistan Under-19 cricket team for some years. He also played in domestic cricket tournaments. Later in 2001 he got offers for fashion industry so he joined modeling industry and has been seen in different fashion events and shows.


Andrea da Firenze

Andrea da Firenze (also known as Andreas da Florentia, Andrea de' Servi, Andrea degli Organi, Andrea di Giovanni, and Horghanista de Florentia; died 1415) was a Florentine composer and organist of the late medieval era. Along with Francesco Landini and Paolo da Firenze, he was a leading representative of the Italian "ars nova" style of the "Trecento", and was a prolific composer of secular songs, principally "ballate".
Life.
Since Andrea was a member of the Servite religious order, whose records have largely survived intact, more is known about his life than is usually the case for fourteenth-century composers. He entered the order in 1375, though at what age is not known. One of his first activities within the order was to carry out a commission to build an organ for the Servite house in Florence, for which he hired Francesco Landini as a consultant. Among the surviving records are the receipts for the wine that the two consumed during the three days it took to tune the instrument.
Evidently he and Landini were successful, for in 1387 Andrea received a similar commission to build an organ for Florence Cathedral. A commission recorded in 1382 for a "Maestro Andrea" to build an organ in Rieti, between Florence and Rome, may have been his as well, but has not been conclusively identified. The two men were evidently close friends, from the evidence of their time together, as well as the references found in their music.
Andrea was also active within his order as an administrator. In 1380 he became prior of the Florentine Servite monastery, SS Annunziata; in 1393 he took on the additional role of prior of the monastery in Pistoia. From 1407 to 1410 he led the entire Servite order in Tuscany.
Music.
All of Andrea's surviving music with reliable attribution is in the genre of the "ballata". Thirty are known, with eighteen being for two voices and twelve for three; in addition, one "ballade" in French may be his work, based on stylistic similarities and a contemporary attribution of it to a name similar to his. The main source for his work is the "Squarcialupi Codex", which also includes, in the section containing Andrea's music, a colorful illustration of a man playing an organ, probably Andrea himself.
The two-voice "ballate" are usually for two singing voices; two of them include an instrumental tenor. Not all of the three-voice "ballate" have text in all three voices, and the third voice sometimes may have been played on an instrument.
Compared to Landini's music, in which refinement, elegance, and a memorable melodic line were the clear goals of the composer, Andrea's music is dramatic, restless, and sometimes disjunct, and includes sharp dissonances to highlight certain passages in the text. One of his "ballate" includes a melodic leap of an augmented octave, highlighting the word "maledetto" (accursed), causing it to leap out from the rest of the music.


Power Stone 2

Power Stone 2 (パワーストーン 2, "Pawā Sutōn 2") is a multiplayer fighting game that built on the innovative gameplay introduced by its predecessor, "Power Stone". "Power Stone 2" allows up to four players to choose from multiple characters and utilize items such as tables, chairs, and rocks in battle.
"Power Stone 2" originated as an arcade game, like many others on the Dreamcast. The Dreamcast served as a testing ground for successful arcade games. "Power Stone 2" included some differences from the original, including new character voices, the removal of the existing combo system and a new, horizontal status bar.
Gameplay.
There are four different modes available for the game:
"Power Stone 2" offers five interactive 3-D stages to begin with, plus the two boss stages which players can also access in Original mode. All but the Original mode is played out like a storyline, where two battles are fought on the regular stages, followed by the Pharaoh Walker boss, then another battle, and ending with the Dr. Erode boss stage. Three extra stages may be unlocked for Original mode by meeting certain requirements in Arcade mode, as well as a desert area stage, which is essentially the Pharaoh Walker boss stage, but without the boss. Though each player has their own set of default ground and air attacks, the character can execute more powerful fusion attacks after collecting three Power Stones and transforming. "Power Stone 2" does not offer an opportunity to block, although tapping on the control pad just before an enemy attacks will cause you to dodge.
Most of the stages are dynamic and will change as the battle progresses. For example, the airplane stage starts out on a warplane. After a set amount of time, the plane will fall apart, forcing all the players to battle while skydiving toward the ground. Shortly after, the players will fall onto a floating platform, where the remainder of the battle will be held. This, in essence, creates three sub-stages within a single one.
Each stage is also littered with item boxes, which hold a random item that a player has acquired and unlocked in Adventure mode or created in the Item Shop. They may also contain Power Stones. Items are extremely diverse. Damaging items range from guns, flamethrowers, gigantic hammers, a wide assortment of swords, to bear traps, roller blades, and even a magazine that can be thrown. Non-damaging items include food that will replenish health, shields for defense, elixirs for invisibility, adhesive sprays to slow your opponents, and wings for extra jumps. Cards that can be used to mix items can also be found in Adventure mode. Furthermore, most stages also have their own collection of unique items and fixtures that the player can use. For example, the submarine level comes with turrets, small planes to drop bombs, and icebergs to throw at opponents. Each level is also highly interactive, as players can use many of the stage elements themselves. All players can also gain extra height by jumping off a wall.
Item Shop.
An addition to "Power Stone 2" is the "Adventure" mode. This mode is functionally identical to the "1-on-1" and "Arcade" modes; however, there is an additional inventory filled with items and money that the player has collected. These may then be taken to the game's "Item Shop", run by secret character Mel. The overall goal of the Item Shop is to allow players to gain access to new items; either by purchasing them, or by combining existing items in a 'mixing' process. This gives the game considerable additional longevity, as many of the best or most entertaining items are available only from the Item Shop.
"Power Stone 2" includes a VMU application called the Mini-Book. This can be used to inspect the player's item inventory, or trade items with another player. Additionally, a player may register up to five items in their inventory as "Handy Items". These may then appear to the player in Original mode, offering a tactical advantage.
Reception.
In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Power Stone 2" on their June 15, 2000 issue as being the seventeenth most-successful arcade game of the year.
Matt Sammons reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "an innovative and beautiful fighting game, "Power Stone 2" will keep you entertained for hours. Just make sure to bring along a few friends".
The Dreamcast version received "favorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, "Famitsu" gave it a score of 31 out of 40.


Art of Bleeding

Art of Bleeding is a Los Angeles-based multi-media performance troupe providing darkly comic, faux-educational programs in first-aid and safety at clubs, galleries and art events. Staging shows from an actual ambulance, The Art of Bleeding creates what their press release refers to as a “paramedical funhouse” wherein puppets and costumed characters interact with a crew of nurses wearing medical-themed fetish gear. Events are hosted by costumed characters reminiscent of children's programming including the company's “beloved mascot,” Abram the Safety Ape and RT, the Robot Teacher. In their performances and web videos, the group promotes an ill-defined and intentionally cryptic metaphysical doctrine that they call “True Safety Consciousness.”
The group’s ambulance also functions as a mobile recording studio for their Gory Details Project, in which true-life tales of medical trauma are gathered from passersby to be shared in an online library of movies and mp3s. Some of these stories are also re-enacted within the framework of what would appear to be a tragically misguided children's show, the “Gory Details” web series.
In addition to live shows, videos, recordings, and paramedical-themed music, The Art of Bleeding has also choreographed public performances of bandaged and crutch-enabled dancers, created grisly anatomical walk-through installations, and staged a parking-lot display of smoldering, freshly wrecked cars peopled with bloodied actors sharing their cautionary tales.
The troupe was founded by Al Ridenour, former leader of the Los Angeles branch of the Cacophony Society. When asked about the nature of his group, Ridenour has said, "Think of Art of Bleeding as a sort of public outreach multi-media brainwashing course in emergency medicine, and you’ll have a good handle on it. At least better than me...".
Ridenour's then wife Margaret Cho was featured in a March 29, 2006 performance.


Don Lowry

Don Lowry is a wargamer, businessman, illustrator, and game designer who is best known as the publisher of "Chainmail" and the editor of "Panzerfaust Magazine".
Lowry was active in the International Federation of Wargaming in the late 1960s and ran a mail order business called "Lowry's Hobbies" with his wife Julie. In 1970 he produced a supplement to the Avalon Hill game "" called "Operation Greif" which was distributed via the IFW newsletter. In 1971 he started a publishing imprint called Guidon Games which produced rulebooks for miniature wargaming and board wargames, and he tapped Gary Gygax to serve as editor. Lowry designed two of the games, "Ironclad" and "Atlanta", himself and provided the illustrations for some of the other games.
Lowry's mail order business was originally in Evansville, Indiana, but he relocated to Belfast, Maine in 1972. The same year he acquired "Panzerfaust Magazine" from Don Greenwood and took over as editor. Lowry declined to publish "Dungeons & Dragons", which motivated Gygax to found TSR, Inc.. TSR would republish some of the Guidon titles, and the Guidon board game "Alexander the Great" was picked up by Avalon Hill.
By 1975 Lowry moved his company, now called "Lowry's Enterprises", to Fallbrook, California. That year he designed a set of rules for Napoleonic miniatures called "Grand Army" and released it under his Panzerfaust Publications imprint. "Panzerfaust" magazine was renamed "Campaign" in 1976, and Lowry published it as late as 1982.
He holds, or has held, the copyrights to "Alexander the Great", "Chainmail: rules for medieval miniatures", and "Dunkirk, the Battle of France", all with Gary Gygax.


Patience Torlowei

Patience Torlowei (born 24 July 1964) is a Nigerian fashion designer. She is the creator of the "Esther Dress", the first piece of couture ever to join the Smithsonian Institute's National Museum of African Art's permanent collection.
Early life.
Born in Enugu to Ijaw parents, Torlowei graduated from the Textile Arts and Technology faculty at the Yaba College of Technology. She moved to Belgium in 1989. As a fashion designer she has worked to create bridal clothes and lingerie as well as ready-to-wear attire. She founded her fashion line, Patience Please, in 2006.
Career.
A dress designed by Torlowei, "Esther", is currently owned by the National Museum of African Art (NMAA) in Washington, D.C.; it is the first piece of "haute couture" to enter the museum collection. It depicts scenes of oil and diamond extraction and of war, and is made of a variety of materials including gold fabric. The piece had been previously featured in a fashion show at the museum in 2014. Torlowei was included in the 2019 show "I Am… Contemporary Women Artists of Africa" at the NMAA.


Peter Larkin (production designer)

Peter Sydney Larkin (August 25, 1926 – December 16, 2019) was an American scenic and production designer.
Early life.
Larkin was born in 1926 in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Ruth Lily (McIntire) and Oliver Waterman Larkin, an art historian. Larkin was educated at the Deerfield Academy and Yale University.
Career.
Larkin first designed the set of the 1951 Broadway adaptation of "The Wild Duck" by Henrik Ibsen. Over the course of his career, he was a scenic or production designer for "Dial M for Murder", "Peter Pan", "The Teahouse of the August Moon" and "No Time for Sergeants", "Tootsie", and "Get Shorty". He won four Tony Awards for Best Scenic Design.
Personal life and death.
Larkin married Racelle Strick, a painter who died in 2008. His stepson, Wesley Strick, is a screenwriter. Larkin resided in Bridgehampton, New York, where he died on December 16, 2019, at age 93.


Dennis Detwiller

Dennis Detwiller (born July 12, 1972) is an American computer game designer for Hothead Games and a role-playing game developer and artist.
Career.
Dennis Detwiller got in touch with John Scott Tynes after seeing an issue of Pagan Publishing's "The Unspeakable Oath" magazine in 1991. He then started volunteering with the company. When Tynes moved the company to Seattle in the mid-1990s, Detwiller agreed to move with him. Detwiller worked at Pagan as art director where he co-created the Origins Award-winning game "Delta Green" in 1997 with Tynes and Adam Scott Glancy; Detwiller wrote a series of three chapbooks (1998-2000), and with Tynes and Glancy he expanded the setting in 1999 with "Delta Green: Countdown". Detwiller illustrated "The Hills Rise Wild!", which also won an Origins Award.
He is known for his work in the collectible card game "", to which he was a regular contributor. He also participated in many other projects at Wizards of the Coast and was a shareholder.
Detwiller and Greg Stolze prepared their game "Godlike" for publication by Pagan Publishing. As Pagan was winding down, Detwiller took it to his friends Hsin Chen and Aron Anderson, who created the company Hawthorn Hobgoblynn Press (later known as EOS Press) in 2001 to publish the game. After the release of "Godlike" in 2002 Detwiller founded Arc Dream Publishing with Shane Ivey. Detwiller and Ivey formed Arc Dream Publishing to produce supplements for "Godlike", and in 2003 Arc Dream acquired the licensing from Stolze to use his One-Roll Engine (ORE) dice system. He has since worked on Wild Talents, a follow-up to "Godlike", and the free horror game NEMESIS. Detwiller and Ivey produced "Delta Green: Targets of Opportunity" (2010) and also resurrected Pagan's "The Unspeakable Oath" in 2010. Following a successful kickstarter campaign, Arc Dream publishing announced a new Delta Green game to be released in 2016.
In 2002 he left Seattle for Vancouver to work with Radical Entertainment where he helped develop ', ' and "Prototype". In early 2009, he left Radical Entertainment for Hothead Games. In January 2016, he moved to Monte Cook Games as managing editor.


Peter Bernus

Peter Bernus (born 1949) is a Hungarian Australian scientist and Associate Professor of Enterprise Architecture at the School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
Biography.
Peter Bernus graduated from Budapest Technical University as an engineer in electronic technology in 1976. He started working at the Mechanical Engineering Automation Division Computer and Automation Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1990 he became a research officer at the Computer Science Department of the University of Queensland in Australia. He is currently an associate professor at Griffith University teaching in the Masters of Enterprise Architecture program.
Since 1976 he worked internationally on various aspects of enterprise integration as researcher, consultant and project leader for Industry, Government and Defense. In 2000–2003 Bernus was the Australian leader of the Enterprise Engineering work package of the Globemen International consortium, working with over 20 companies, that include ERP vendors, shipbuilding and engineering companies, among others.
Bernus is the past chair of the IFAC/IFIP Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration which developed GERAM, the Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (ISO 15704:2000) and foundation chair of Working Group 5.12 on Enterprise Integration of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP), currently working on the harmonisation of EA Frameworks, systems engineering and software engineering standards.
Bernus is also series editor for Springer Verlag and Managing Editor of the "Handbook on Enterprise Architecture", and is member of the editorial boards of several international journals.
Work.
Peter Bernus' research interests are in Enterprise Modelling, Enterprise Integration and
Architectures for Enterprise Integration. Special interests include inter- and intra-organisational management, global enterprise networks, and dynamic project enterprises. He also has special interest in computer-mediated communication between people and ways to achieve common understanding.
GERAM Enterprise Architecture Framework.
Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) is developed in the 1990s by an IFAC/IFIP Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration with Peter Bernus, James G. Nell and others. The IFAC/IFIP Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration was establishment in 1990 and had studied enterprise-reference architectures ever since.
The development of GERAM started with the evaluation of the earlier enterprise-reference architectures and their associated methodologies, such as CIMOSA, GRAI/GIM and the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA). Further, requirements were established about the needs of industry for such aids to enterprise integration, which led to an overall definition of generalised architecture.
The result has been called GERAM, for "Generalized Enterprise-Reference Architecture and Methodology". The Task Force has shown that such an architecture is feasible and that several architectures presently available in the literature can already or potentially can fulfil such requirements.
Handbook on Enterprise Architecture.
In the 2003 "Handbook on Enterprise Architecture" Bernus and others introduce the GERAM Framework, indicate how it relates to other existing frameworks, and describe "how to design the architecture for an enterprise by considering all life cycle aspects of Enterprise Entities, such as individual enterprises, enterprise networks, virtual enterprises, projects, and other complex systems including a mixture of automated and human processes." For this the book is divided into five parts.
According to Martin et al (2004) "Bernus et al. [Bernus, 2003] give several thorough case studies (along with an extensive discussion of enterprise architecture issues). Whether the frameworks address manufacturing operations, process control, information systems, or government bureaucracy, the artifacts produced to describe the enterprise comprise a valuable asset requiring its own distinct management. Managing and gaining full value from that asset is the reason enterprise architecture frameworks are conceived, built, and used."
Publications.
Bernus has published over sixty refereed papers and book chapters, several edited books.


Super Smash Bros. (video game)

Super Smash Bros. (retroactively referred to as Super Smash Bros. 64 or Smash 64) is a 1999 crossover fighting video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was first released in Japan on January 21, 1999, in North America on April 26, 1999, and in Europe on November 19, 1999. The first installment in the "Super Smash Bros." series, it is a crossover between several different Nintendo franchises, including "Mario", "The Legend of Zelda", "Star Fox", "Yoshi", "Donkey Kong", "Metroid", "F-Zero", "Mother", "Kirby", and "Pokémon". It presents a cast of characters and locations from these franchises and allows players to use each character's unique skills and the stage's hazards to inflict damage, recover health, and ultimately knock opponents off the stage.
"Super Smash Bros." received mostly positive reviews upon its release. It was a commercial success, selling over five million copies worldwide by 2001, with 2.93 million sold in the United States and 1.97 million sold in Japan. It was given an Editors' Choice award from IGN for the "Best Fighting Game", and also became a Nintendo 64 Player's Choice title. The game spawned a series of sequels for each successive Nintendo console, starting with "Super Smash Bros. Melee" which was released for the GameCube in 2001.
Gameplay.
The "Super Smash Bros." series is a departure from the general genre of fighting games; instead of depleting an opponent's life bar, "Smash Bros." players seek to knock opposing characters off a stage. Each player has a damage total, represented by a percentage, which rises as the damage is taken and can reach maximum damage of 999%. As this percentage rises, the character is knocked progressively farther by attacks. To knock out (KO) an opponent, the player must send that character flying off the edge of the stage, which is not an enclosed arena but rather an area with open boundaries. When knocked off the stage, a character may use jumping moves in an attempt to return; some characters have longer-ranged jumps and may have an easier time "recovering" than others. Additionally, characters have different weights, making it harder for heavier opponents to be knocked off the edge, but harder for them to recover once sent flying.
While games such as "Street Fighter" and "Tekken" require players to memorize complicated button-input combinations, "Super Smash Bros." uses the same control combinations to access all moves for all characters. Characters are additionally not limited to only facing opponents, instead being allowed to move freely. The game focuses more on aerial and platforming skills than other fighting games, with larger, more dynamic stages rather than a simple flat platform. "Smash Bros." also implements blocking and dodging mechanics. Grabbing and throwing other characters is also possible.
Various weapons and power-ups can be used in battle to inflict damage, recover health, or dispense additional items. They fall randomly onto the stage in the form of items from Nintendo franchises, such as Koopa shells, hammers, and Poké Balls. The nine multiplayer stages are locations taken from or in the style of Nintendo franchises, such as Planet Zebes from "Metroid" and Sector Z from "Star Fox". Although stages are rendered in three dimensions, players move within a two-dimensional plane. Stages are dynamic, ranging from simple moving platforms to dramatic alterations of the entire stage. Each stage offers unique gameplay and strategic motives, making the chosen stage an additional factor in the fight.
In the game's single-player mode, the player battles a series of computer-controlled opponents in a specific order, attempting to defeat them with a limited number of lives in a limited amount of time. While the player can determine the difficulty level and the number of lives, the series of opponents never changes. If the player loses all of their lives or runs out of time, they can continue at the cost of a loss of overall points. This mode is referred to as Classic Mode in sequels. The single-player mode also includes two minigames, "Break the Targets" and "Board the Platforms", in which the objective is to break each target or board multiple special platforms, respectively. A "Training Mode" is also available in which players can manipulate the environment and experiment against computer opponents without the restrictions of a standard match.
Up to four people can play in multiplayer mode, which has specific rules predetermined by the players. Stock and timed matches are two of the multiplayer modes of play. This gives each player a certain number of lives or a selected time limit, before beginning the match. Free-for-all or team battles are also a choice during matches using stock or time. A winner is declared once time runs out, or if all players except one or a team have lost all of their lives. A multiplayer game may also end in a tie if two or more players have the same score when the timer expires, which causes the round to end in sudden death. During sudden death, all fighters are given 300% damage and the last fighter standing will win the match.
Characters.
The game includes twelve playable characters from popular Nintendo franchises. Characters have a symbol appearing behind their damage meter corresponding to the series to which they belong, such as a Triforce behind Link's and a Poké Ball behind Pikachu's. Furthermore, characters have recognizable moves derived from their original series, such as Samus's charged blasters and Link's arsenal of weapons. Eight characters are initially playable, and four additional characters can be unlocked by meeting specific criteria.
The character art featured on the game's box art and instruction manual is in the style of a comic book, and the characters are portrayed as toy dolls that come to life to fight. This style has since been omitted in later games, which feature trophies instead of dolls and in-game models rather than hand-drawn art.
Development.
"Super Smash Bros." was developed by HAL Laboratory, a Nintendo second-party developer, during 1998. Masahiro Sakurai was interested in making a fighting game for four players. As he did not yet have any original ideas, his first designs were of simple base characters. He made a presentation of what was then called to co-worker Satoru Iwata, who helped him continue. Sakurai understood that many fighting games did not sell well and that he had to think of a way to make his game original. His first idea was to include famous Nintendo characters and put them in a fight. Knowing he would not get permission, Sakurai made a prototype of the game without sanction from Nintendo and did not inform them until he was sure the game was well-balanced. The prototype he presented featured Mario, Donkey Kong, Samus and Fox as playable characters. The idea was later approved. Although never acknowledged by Nintendo or any developers behind "Super Smash Bros.", third-party sources have identified Namco's 1995 fighting game "The Outfoxies" as a possible inspiration, with Sakurai also crediting the idea of making a beginner-friendly fighting game to an experience in which he handily defeated a couple of casual gamers on "The King of Fighters '95" in an arcade.
Multiple characters were planned for the game but were cut during development at some point, including Marth, King Dedede, Bowser, and Mewtwo. All these characters were added to later games.
"Super Smash Bros." features music from some of Nintendo's popular gaming franchises. While many are newly arranged for the game, some pieces are taken directly from their sources. The music for "Super Smash Bros." was composed by Hirokazu Ando, who later returned as sound and music director for "Super Smash Bros. Melee". A complete soundtrack was released on CD in Japan through Teichiku Records in 2000.
Reception.
Critically, "Super Smash Bros." garnered positive reviews, with most of the praise going towards its multiplayer-player mode, music, "original" fighting game style, and simple learning curve.
There were criticisms, however, such as the game's scoring being difficult to follow and the single-player mode's perceived difficulty and lack of features, with "GameSpot" former editorial director, Jeff Gerstmann, noting the single-player game "won't exactly last a long time". "Super Smash Bros." was commercially successful, becoming a Nintendo 64 Player's Choice title, selling 1.97 million copies in Japan and 2.93 million in the United States as of 2008.


Darwin Bromley

Darwin Paul Bromley (October 23, 1950 – January 2, 2019) was an attorney and a game designer who had worked primarily on board games.
Career.
Attorney Darwin Bromley was a railroad game fan, so in 1980 he founded the company Mayfair Games to publish a railroad game of his own; the company was named for the Chicago neighborhood where it was founded. Bromley soon brought Bill Fawcett on as a partner in Mayfair Games, and together they designed the game "Empire Builder" (1980). Bromley was involved with the Chicago Wargaming Association's convention, CWAcon, where Mayfair's first fantasy adventures in their new Role Aids game line were run: "Beastmaker Mountain" (1982), "Nanorien Stones" (1982) and "" (1982). With Bromley's legal expertise, he felt that Mayfair could legally use TSR's trademarks as long as they were careful, so beginning with their "Dwarves" (1982) supplement Mayfair made it clear that they were not the trademark holders by printing on the cover: ""Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" is a trademark of TSR Hobbies, Inc. Use of the trademark NOT sanctioned by the holder."
Bromley was an early adopter of German games, and imported German originals to distribute in the United States. Bromley met Jay Tummelson of 54°40' Orphyte discussed about the companies working together. Tummelson joined Mayfair in 1995, spending the next two years licensing German games under the direction of Bromley so that Mayfair could produce new American versions; under Tummelson, German classics such as "Grand Prix", "Modern Art", "Manhattan", "Streetcar", and "The Settlers of Catan" were published in the United States for the first time in 1996. Bromley was the conceptual designer of "".
He served as vice president of the GAMA Trade Show, and in 1990 he received the GAMA Merit of Service award. He died on January 2, 2019, at the age of 68 following a long illness.


Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress

The Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel (HTNEC). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the television industry. The 1st Hum Awards (for 2012) was held in 2013, occurring a tie Shagufta Ejaz and Samina Peerzada were awarded for their roles in "Mere Qatil Mere Dildar" and "Roshan Sitara" respectively. The award has commonly been referred to as the hum for Best Supporting Actress. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote, within the actors and jury branch of HTNEC; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Hum. Multiple nominations for an actress in same category but for different work is eligible.
Since its inception, the award has been awarded to four actresses. While Samina Peerzada has received the most awards in this category with two awards. Despite winning no awards, Sania Shamshad was nominated on two occasions with three nominations, more than any other actress. As of 2016 ceremony, Sarah Khan is the most recent winner in this category for her role in "Mohabbat Aag Si".
Winners and nominees.
In the list below, winners are listed first in the colored row, followed by the other nominees. Following the hum's practice, the dramas below are listed by year of their Pakistan qualifying run, which is usually (but not always) the drama's year of release.
For the first ceremony, the eligibility period spanned full calendar years. For example, the 1st Hum Awards presented on April 28, 2013, to recognized supporting actresses of dramas that were released between January, 2012, and December, 2012, the period of eligibility is the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31. However, this rule was subjected to change when at third year ceremony two (Sadqay Tumhare and Digest Writer) of seven nominated drama serials were running on TV at the time when nominations were announced. Date and the award ceremony shows that the 2010 is the period from 2010-2020 (10 years-decade), while the year above winners and nominees shows that the dramas year in which they were telecast, and the figure in bracket shows the ceremony number, for example; an award ceremony is held for the dramas of its previous year.


Triple-I (videogame)


George C. Jenkins

George Clarke Jenkins (November 19, 1908 – April 6, 2007) was an American production designer.
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, he studied architecture at University of Pennsylvania before leaving to build sets. He did the settings and lighting for Rumple in 1957. One Tony nomination was for his set for the 1959 Broadway drama "The Miracle Worker". He also designed the sets for the 1968 play "The Only Game in Town".
He shared his Academy Award with George Gaines for the 1976 film "All the President's Men". He later taught at University of California, Los Angeles. Jenkins died at his home in Santa Monica, California.


Conrad Faber von Kreuznach

Conrad Faber von Kreuznach (c. 1500 in Kreuznach, Germany – between 10 September 1552 and 15 May 1553 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German painter and woodcuts designer formerly known as Master of Holzhausen-portraits.
Life.
Very little is known about his life before 1524. It is speculated that Conrad Faber von Kreuznach served as a draftsman and illustrator for the publisher Peter Schöffer who was a former employee of Johannes Gutenberg. The first recorded mention of Conrad Kreuznach is found dating from 1526 where he is mentioned as a journeyman in the workshop of Hans Fyoll from Frankfurt. At the beginning of the Reformation just like many other artists deprived of their main source of income, Faber experienced a debt ridden life with modest commissioned works. Nothing is known about his first marriage. His second marriage was on 18 July 1537 to Catherine, a daughter of a wool weaver. Catherine was a citizen of Frankfurt and Faber got the citizenship of Frankfurt on 27 March 1538 because of his marriage to Catherine. In 1546 Faber's only son Louis was born. His son was named after the child's godfather Martorff Ludwig, whose portrait by Faber is included as part of his Frankfurt works.
In his later years Faber created several significant topographical works including the template view of Frankfurt in Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (1550) Faber died probably around the spring of 1553. He left with 400 guilders debt, while for all his extensive works on the plan of the city Frankfurt am Main his widow was paid only 50 guilders by the city council. Catherine married Faber's fellow painter Jacob Laßmann on 6 November 1553 while she sent her seven-year-old son Louis for further education to her step father and her mother in northern Hesse. Catherine died in 1558 while her son Louis was thirteen years old. He inherited his father Conrad Faber's works and house and debts.
Works.
Conrad Faber von Kreuznach's early works include illustrations that were published by the publisher Peter Schöffer between 1517-1522. In the 420 pages of the issue there are 153 Faber woodcuts and collaborations with other fellow workers for 250 pictures. Faber's works stand out as lively illustrations. Faber used sketches of Middle Rhine and Rhineland cities that he had made during his travels to make illustrations of ancient Greek Sieges while he depicted Princes of his time as ancient Roman warlords. A large number of the paintings by Conrad Faber are portraits of wealthy clients and also Landscapes and Cityscapes. He depicted the costumes of patrons with lavish and colourful detail. His paintings were signed as 'CVC' (Conrad von Creuznach).
Conrad Faber von Kreuznach is particularly noted for his 1535 portrait works of Gilbrecht von Holzhausen and his wife Anna Ratzeburger. In the background of this picture the city of Frankfurt am Main is depicted with a bird's eye perspective. This makes the picture one of the earliest known depiction of the city. His main work include the portrait of Justinian and Anna von Holzhausen (1536). In 1547 he designed a tapestry for Ogier von Melem the grandson of Johann von Melem. His last work is a woodcut depicting Frankfurt during the siege of 1552.


Michael J. C. Gordon

Michael John Caldwell Gordon FRS (28 February 1948 – 22 August 2017) was a leading British computer scientist.
Life.
Mike Gordon was born in Ripon, Yorkshire, England. He attended Dartington Hall School and Bedales School. In 1966, he was accepted to study engineering at Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, but transferred to mathematics. During his studies, in 1969 he worked at the National Physical Laboratory in London during the summer, gaining his first exposure to computers.
Gordon studied for his PhD degree at University of Edinburgh, supervised by Rod Burstall, finishing in 1973 with a thesis entitled "Evaluation and Denotation of Pure LISP Programs". He was invited to Stanford University in California by John McCarthy, the inventor of LISP, to work in his Artificial Intelligence Laboratory there. Gordon worked at the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory from 1981, initially as a lecturer, promoted to Reader in 1988 and Professor in 1996.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1994, and in 2008 a two-day research meeting on "Tools and Techniques for Verification of System Infrastructure" was held there in honour of his 60th birthday.
Mike Gordon was married to Avra Cohn, a PhD student of Robin Milner at the University of Edinburgh, and they undertook research together.
He died in Cambridge after a brief illness and is survived by his wife and two sons.
Work.
Gordon led the development of the HOL theorem prover. The HOL system is an environment for interactive theorem proving in a higher-order logic. Its most outstanding feature is its high degree of programmability through the meta-language ML. The system has a wide variety of uses, from formalising pure mathematics to verification of industrial hardware.
There has been a series of international conferences on the HOL system, TPHOLs. The first three were informal users' meetings with no published proceedings. The tradition now is for an annual conference in a continent different from the location of the previous meeting. From 1996, the scope broadened to cover all theorem proving in higher-order logics.


Peepshow collective

Peepshow Collective is a group of visual artists founded in 2000, most of whom are graduates of Brighton University, England.
History.
Peepshow was initially composed of graduates from the 1998 BA Illustration course at the University of Brighton. It was founded in 2000, aiming to create a website, share clients and collaborate. Since then, as a collective and as individuals, they have worked extensively within the areas of illustration, advertising, art direction, moving image, set design, mixed media installation and fashion and textile design.
They have fostered relationships with The Victoria and Albert Museum, SHOWstudio and onedotzero as well as many international advertising agencies such as Fallon, Ogilvy and Mather, M&C Saatchi, Wieden + Kennedy and TBWA. Much of the creative input for their commercial work stems from self-initiated activities, events and exhibitions. They were included in The British Council's touring expo 'Picture This' and 'Ecology Earth' at The Museum of Modern Art in Japan.
As illustrators they have frequently appeared in publications such as The Guardian, The Observer, The Telegraph and The New York Times and their work regularly features in Creative Review, Design Week and Varoom. They have been asked to contribute to many books on the subject of illustration including Pen & Mouse, 50 Years of Illustration, The Fundamentals of Illustration, Picture Book and Hand To Eye. Collectively Peepshow's moving image work has been featured at 'onedotzero: adventures in motion' at the ICA, 'Counter:Vision' at The Hayward Gallery and as part of 'Pictoplasma' in New York as well as appearing on channels such as the BBC, Channel 4 and MTV.
In 2012 Peepshow Collective published a book, "Peepshow Collective", showcasing the output of the organisation since its formation, and were artist in residence at Somerset House for Pick Me Up.
In 2015 they won Outstanding Motion Design at the 67th Emmy Awards for their work on PBS TV Series How We Got To Now.
In 2016 they contributed graphic animated sequences to the National Geographic Channel special 'Map of Hell' presented by Danny Trejo. In 2017 they created the animated sequences for the 3-part BBC2/PBS series 'Elizabeth I's Secret Agents'.


Kim Eastland

Kimber "Kim" Lee Eastland (February 26, 1952 – January 29, 2020) was a game designer who worked for TSR.
Early life.
Kim Eastland was born in Moline, Illinois, one of two children of Everett and Margaret Eastland. He attended Alleman High School in nearby Rock Island, then earned a bachelor's degree from Augustana College in Rock Island, studying pre-med, English, and theater.
Career.
In 1981, at age 19, Eastland began working for the tabletop miniatures manufacturer Grenadier Models as their publicist and the editor of their new newsletter, "The Grenadier Bulletin".
In 1983, he started working for TSR from his home in Moline, becoming the network coordinator of the RPGA, succeeding founder Frank Mentzer. He also became managing editor of the RPGA's newsletter, "Polyhedron".
Eastland became a prolific author for TSR, writing role-playing game adventures for various product lines including "Dungeons & Dragons", "Conan Role-Playing Game", "Gamma World", and "Marvel Superheroes", as well as a rules supplement for "Star Frontiers".
He also contributed multiple articles to TSR's games magazine "Dragon", including several about "Star Frontiers" and "Gamma World". Between February 1983 (Issue #70) and May 1984 (Issue #85), he wrote a regular column about new miniature lines by various companies titled "Figure Feature".
During this time, Eastland also coordinated the miniature painting competition associated with Gen Con called the "Gen Con Miniature Open".
In 1992, Eastland returned to Grenadier Models, again as publicist and editor of "The Grenadier Bulletin".
Other interests.
For many years, Eastland was involved in the Playcrafters Barn Theater in Moline, where he performed, directed and was the office manager. Starting in 1997, he also performed with the improvisational comedy group "It's a Mystery", and wrote the interactive whodunit scripts for the group.
Death.
Kim Eastland died at age 67 of pancreatic cancer on January 29, 2020, at his home in Moline.


Steven Schend

Steven E. Schend is a game designer and editor who has worked on a number of products for the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game from TSR throughout the 1990s.
Biography.
Steven Schend was born in Madison, Wisconsin in 1967. Schend developed an interest in the worlds of L. Frank Baum's Oz and Edgar Rice Burroughs's Barsoom. Schend grew up in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and started gaming in high school; he attended college in Madison, and graduated with a degree in English in 1989. He previously worked as a teacher, a street sweeper, a concrete curb builder and a landscaper before gaining employment in fantasy. TSR hired Schend as a Games Department editor in early 1990, and he also managed the original "Marvel Super Heroes" RPG line: "I started working on Marvel pretty much the day I walked in the door".
At TSR, Schend also worked on the Forgotten Realms setting. "Most of all, I'm proud of my body of work within the Realms. So much of it ties together that it's hard to pick favorites. If I had to, I'd choose the... "Sea of Fallen Stars" accessory as the most original world-building I've ever done." Schend and Julia Martin served as the continuity monitors for the Realms, and Schend also served as the assistant manager to the Realms product group for three years before returning to full-time design work in 1998. Schend then began working on the "Alternity" game line and the "Star*Drive" setting. Schend worked for over fifteen years with TSR, Inc., Wizards of the Coast, and other game companies as an editor, a designer, an assistant manager, and world builder.
As a game designer and editor he has worked for TSR, Inc., Wizards of the Coast, Bastion Press, Green Ronin, and Goodman Games. He later worked as an adult instructor of World Building for Writers and Game & Adventure Design workshops/seminars; also teaching college classes at various venues, including Kendall College of Art & Design. He claims his favorite role is as spokesperson for the denizens of the Forgotten Realms.
Schend has taught writing at a local college in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Schend works as a bookseller, and also writes novels, novellas, and short stories from the Forgotten Realms to his own contemporary fantasies. He has also worked on a novel in his "Vanguard" universe and a non-fiction World-Building book for writers.
Works.
Steven Schend worked on several "Dungeons & Dragons" game products from 1990-2001. His design work includes several products for the Forgotten Realms line, such as "City of Splendors" (1994), ' (1996), ' (1996), "Lands of Intrigue" (1997), "Hellgate Keep" (1998), "Cormanthyr: Empire of the Elves" (1998), "Wyrmskull Throne" (1999), "Skullport" (1999), "Sea of Fallen Stars" (1999), and "Drizzt Do'Urden's Guide to the Underdark", (1999). Schend also did some work for Bastion Press and Green Ronin Publishing.
His Forgotten Realms novels include "Blackstaff" (2006) and "Blackstaff Tower" (2008).


Kate and Jol Temple

Kate and Jol Temple are internationally awarded children's authors. They are the 2020 winners of the Charlotte Huck Award for their book Room on Our Rock. They are also widely known for their 2017 Children's Book Council of Australia Honour Book "Captain Jimmy Cook Discovers Third Grade", published by Allen and Unwin. The book was praised for its use of humour and history.
Their picture book, "I Got This Hat", was the 2016 National Simultaneous Storytime book and read by more than half a million children on the same day at the same time. The book is published by HarperCollins. The book has also been produced as an app with funding from the Australia Council for the Arts.


Herman A. Blumenthal

Herman Allen Blumenthal (May 21, 1916 – March 30, 1986) was an American art director and production designer for films.
He shared in two Academy Awards for Best Art Direction, for his work on "Cleopatra" (1963) and "Hello, Dolly!" (1969). He had previously been nominated for "Journey to the Center of the Earth" (1959).


When We Fall (Rebecca Frazier album)

When We Fall is the second studio album by bluegrass, Americana, and folk artist, Rebecca Frazier. The album, co-produced by Brent Truitt, was released on May 28, 2013. The album is Frazier's first release with Nashville-based Compass Records. All of the songs and guitar instrumentals were composed or co-written by Frazier, with the exception of tracks 1 and 6. The album was featured in The Bluegrass Situation's "Looking Back: Our Top Picks of 2013;" contributor Henry Carrigan writes "...Rebecca Frazier's "When We Fall" is the best bluegrass album of 2013...Frazier easily stands in the ranks of Alison Krauss and Rhonda Vincent, and her compelling lyrics transport us through the pain of loss, love's disappointments, and the hope of healing."


Love Berry

 was a monthly fashion magazine published in Tokyo by Tokuma Shoten. The magazine targets girls from early- to mid-teens. The magazine was known for its models (called "LoveBerrina"). "Love Berry" is often abbreviated LB.
History and profile.
"Love Berry" was started in 2001. The magazine was usually published on the first of every month. On 5 December 2011, "Love Berry" announced on its blog that Meredith had discontinued the magazine.
Models.
Current (Lovemo).
Exclusive models as of December 2017.


FKi (production team)

FKi is an American record production and songwriting team formed in 2007, in Atlanta, Georgia. The team is composed of Trocon "FKi 1st" Roberts Jr. and Steven "Sauce Lord Rich" Bolden. They got their start in the music industry as engineers, after receiving their respective degrees from Full Sail University in 2009. In 2011, FKi had the opportunity to work at Atlanta-based production studio, Collipark Music, where the duo met music producer Mr. Hanky, who then introduced them to southern rap group Travis Porter; which eventually led to FKi producing the hits "Make It Rain" and "Bring It Back", for the aforementioned group. FKi went on to produce music for several prominent recording artists, including Iggy Azalea, T.I., Young Dro, YG, Travis Porter, Tyga and more.
History.
2009–2012.
1st Down and Sauce Lord Rich grew up together in Atlanta, Georgia, and have been working together ever since. When they first met they realized they had the same music interests and tastes; (other than the arguments they would have over Jay Z and Nas) and started to build their own production company. The duo decided to go to school to perfect their craft by attending Full Sail University, studying audio engineering.
FKi subsequently began working with Collipark Music, where they were introduced to Travis Porter and produced the singles "Make it Rain" and "Bring it Back", inside a basement with a microphone and an Mbox.
2012–present.
FKi met American EDM producer Diplo, at a small local club in Atlanta and introduced him to their longtime friend and frequent collaborator Iggy Azalea. They flew out to Los Angeles to Mad Decent studios and went on to executive produce Azalea's "TrapGold" mixtape. Which led to them opening for her TrapGold European tour. The video for "I Think She Ready" became the world's first interactive shoppable music video.
In 2014, FKi found Post Malone, who at the time was focusing on creating a career as a rapper. When 1st heard Post sing, he knew he was going to make it far in the music industry. While sleeping in the studio, 1st woke up to Post Malone working on "White Iverson" and knew it was good from the start. He went back to clean and edit "White Iverson" and it was released on SoundCloud and received one million plays within three weeks. They were ranked in "Billboard"'s top five producers of 2014 and named Atlanta's hottest production team by "XXL" in 2015.
In September 2015, FKi's 1st performed at Mad Decent's Block Party alongside artists Major Lazer, T-Pain, Riff Raff and more.
Musical style.
FKi's sound is a blend of glitch hop, hip hop, drum and bass and trap, which makes it difficult to limit their fan base. Their sound was first heard on their premier mixtape "Transformers n the Hood", which was presented and produced by Diplo, alongside HXV as well as Mayhem, and received attention from electronic, hip hop and trap music forums throughout the US and abroad. FKi went on to produce Iggy Azalea's entire "TrapGold" and in 2012 served as the official DJs for her European tour. FKi has also collaborated with other producers like Borgore, Flosstradamus, The Invisible Men and Diplo, among others.


Flag of Mandatory Palestine

During the British Mandate over Palestine between 1920 and 1948, officially recognized by the League of Nations in the Palestine Mandate (July 24, 1922), the de facto flag was the Union Jack or Union Flag of the United Kingdom, but several localised flags existed for Mandate government departments and government officials. The only Palestine-specific flag not restricted to official government use was the Palestine ensign (red with the Union Flag in the canton, and a white circle on the fly with the mandate's name inside it), which was flown by ships registered in the British Mandate territory from 1927 to 1948. This flag had an extremely limited use on land and was not embraced by either the Arabs or the Jews of the Palestine mandate territory. It was based on the British Red Ensign (civil ensign) instead of the Blue Ensign (used as the basis for the flags of nearly all other British-ruled territories in Africa and Asia) since it was intended for use only at sea by non-government ships.
Arab flags in Mandatory Palestine.
Palestinian Arabs sometimes flew their own flags, often variations of the Flag of the Arab Revolt. In 1929, a discussion was held for a Palestinian national flag and the newspaper Filastin published on its front page a proposal to establish a Palestinian national flag and anthem. Various different flags were proposed, they were mainly based on the Flag of the Arab Revolt but also included the use of crosses with crescents and the color orange. During the 1936-39 Arab revolt in Palestine a group was photographed with a flag similar to the current Palestinian flag but with a crescent and cross as well as Arabic inscription.
Jewish flags in Mandatory Palestine.
The use of Zionist or was common in the Yishuv, as the body of Jewish residents in Palestine was known before the establishment of the State of Israel, and such flags were often flown by such Yishuv institutions as The Jewish Agency or the Histadrut. However, the Yishuv constituted only one of the country's main ethnic communities - the other such community, the Palestinian Arabs, being opposed to the Zionist movement and to this movement's flag(s). Thus, Hebrew flags were never recognized or given an official status by the British authorities, which throughout the changes in their Palestine policy always asserted an impartiality as between Jews and Arabs - the only official Flag of Palestine being the Union Jack and its derivatives, as noted above.
Still, the French dictionary "Le Petit Larousse Illustré" contained a world flag section which, from 1924 to 1939, showed the flag of Palestine as a yellow Star of David on a Blue and White background. It is unknown on which basis Le Petit Larousse Illustré chose this flag as representing Palestine. While what would become after 1948 the Flag of Israel also includes the Star of David and a Blue and White background, these elements are arranged in a completely different way.
In 1934 the National Geographic magazine published a photo of a flag similar to that of "Le Petit Larousse", flown by the Steam Ship "Emanuel" - the single vessel owned by the Palestine-based, Zionist-oriented Hofiya Shipping Company, then on her maiden voyage. The National Geographic caption read: "The 'Emanuel', flying a Palestine flag, anchors at Southampton, England. This Jewish trading vessel was the first to fly her country's new banner. Palestine, under British mandate, has a badge, but its Jewish population has created this flag of their own -- Solomon's seal on a field of blue and white." Tragically, a few months after this item appeared in the National Geographic, the "Emanuel" was lost with all hands in the North Sea, putting an end to the Hofiya Company. In later Zionist and Israeli shipping enterprises, such as the Zim Company, there was no such flag used.
A similar flag was also used by Hakoah Vienna - a Jewish, Zionist-oriented soccer and athletics club active in the Austrian capital.


Tom West

Joseph Thomas West III (22 November 1939 – 19 May 2011) was a technologist and the protagonist of the Pulitzer Prize winning non-fiction book "The Soul of a New Machine".
West began his career at RCA, after seven years at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, a job he'd gotten right out of college. He started working for Data General in 1974. He became the head of Data General's Eclipse group and then became the lead on the Eagle project, building a machine officially named the Eclipse MV/8000. After the publication of Soul of a New Machine, West was sent to Japan by Data General where he helped design DG-1, the first full-screen laptop. His last project in 1996, a thin Web server, was intended to be an internet-ready machine. West retired as Chief Technologist in 1998.
Personal life.
West was married to Elizabeth West in 1965; they divorced in 1994. The couple had two daughters, Katherine West and librarian Jessamyn West. West married Cindy Woodward (his former assistant at Data General) in 2001; the couple divorced in 2011. West died at the age of 71 in his Westport, Massachusetts home of an apparent heart attack. His nephew, Christopher Schwarz, is a former editor of Popular Woodworking magazine, author of The Anarchist Toolchest, and co-founder of Lost Art Press.


Deborah Teramis Christian

Deborah Teramis Christian is an American author and game designer. She previously worked under the name Deborah Christian, but now prefers to be called by her middle name and uses her full name on book credits. Teramis has also used the pen-name Terry Randall on some of her RPG works. She is a US army veteran.
Career.
Deborah Christian has designed and edited role-playing game materials for "Dungeons & Dragons", including "Tales of the Outer Planes", "The Minrothad Guilds", "Lords of Darkness", "Bestiary of Dragons and Giants", "Adventure Pack I", "Dragon Dawn", and "".
She also writes fiction under the name Deborah Teramis Christian.


Dan Verssen

Dan Verssen is an American wargame designer who in 2002 founded of Dan Verssen Games in Glendora, California. Verssen is credited as the designer of over 100 board games or game items.
His first game design Modern Naval Battles which was published by 3W Games in 1989 won several awards including the 1989 Charles S. Roberts Award for Best Post–World War Two or Modern Game. He started designing games while he was in high school. Verssen has also designed games for companies such as Avalon Hill, GMT Games, Decision Games, and Alderac Entertainment Group. His wife Holly is often the developer of his games.


Sean Clark

Sean Clark is a video game designer, director and programmer who worked on a number of notable LucasArts adventure games from early 1990 through to 2004.


Anti-eyebrow

An anti-eyebrow is a facial piercing that is placed above the cheek bone or below the eyebrow. Normally it is done with a small surface bar or sometimes a curved barbell. This piercing can be vertical or horizontal, depending on the person's preference. Though it is a surface piercing, with proper care, placement, and jewelry, it can be a viable long-term piercing. Long-term viability is best with proper surface bars, and significantly reduced when barbells, or curved barbells are used. Often reputable piercers will refuse to do surface piercings, instead preferring sub-dermal implants.
Anti-eyebrows are also known as upper cheek piercings, tears, and teardrops or butterfly kiss.


Jersey Red Ensign

The Jersey Red Ensign, officially the Jersey Defaced Red Ensign, is the civil ensign used by ships registered in the Channel Island of Jersey. It was created in 2010 after approval from Queen Elizabeth II and the States of Jersey. The flag consists of a British red ensign with the coat of arms of Jersey surmounted by a Plantagenet crown.
History.
Prior to 2010, Jersey had no unique civil ensign for maritime usage. Jersey-registered vessels instead used the plain British red ensign. This lack of a unique civil ensign for Jersey — and the fact that fellow Channel Island Guernsey had one — led Jersey's maritime authorities to request a unique Jersey red ensign be created, and a proposal was produced after discussions with the Garter King of Arms and the British College of Arms. Because it included the coat of arms of Jersey and the Plantagenet crown on it, as a symbol of Jersey's link with the English (and later British) Crown since King John, the States of Jersey were obliged to ask Queen Elizabeth II's approval for the proposed design.
The Queen granted consent for the design in April 2010 and the States of Jersey opened a public consultation for the new ensign. Following the consultation the States of Jersey unanimously agreed to introduce the Jersey red ensign in June 2010. The Economic Development Minister, Alan Maclean, stated that adoption of the new Jersey Red Ensign would be voluntary and Jersey registered vessels could continue to fly the British red ensign if they wished to. Owners of unregistered ships would be obliged to register them should they wish to use the new Jersey Red Ensign.


Cyber Speedway

Cyber Speedway ("Gran Chaser" in Japan) is a 1995 racing video game developed by NexTech and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn.
The game was originally called "Grand Racer", but was renamed to avoid confusion with another early Saturn game, "Gale Racer". It is a spiritual sequel to the 1993 computer game "CyberRace"; the two games share a similar theme, and vehicles designed by Syd Mead.
Regional differences.
The game has different soundtracks depending on the region: one by Nextech's Kohji Hayama in Japan and Europe, and another by rock band Bygone Dogs in the United States.
Reception.
"Cyber Speedway" received generally mediocre reviews. While critics remarked that the graphics are good and that the two-player split screen mode is a welcome treat, especially given that the Saturn's flagship racer "Daytona USA" is single-player only, they found fault with the gameplay, particularly the hovercraft handling. Rad Automatic of "Sega Saturn Magazine" argued that the vehicle's lack of traction is an inaccurate depiction of hovercraft physics, while a reviewer for "Maximum" felt that the hovercraft concept was a poor one to begin with, since hovercraft handle identically on all surfaces, making for "a predictable, tedious ride." A "GamePro" critic commented that the game was fun to play but lacked longevity, since all the tracks are easy to master and elements such as the crude cinematics in story mode limit the game's replay appeal.
American magazine "Next Generation" reviewed the Japanese version as an import, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that ""Gran Chaser" is good fun, if not all together great."


Tom Jubert

Tom Jubert (born 1985) is a British video game writer and narrative designer. He is best known for his work on many high-profile games, including "", "The Talos Principle", and "The Swapper". Although he has worked on AAA games, most of his work has been on smaller indie titles.
Biography.
Jubert went to the University of Southampton, where he did one year of Computer Science before changing majors to English and Philosophy, graduating best-in-class in 2007. He also holds an MA in Philosophy from King's College London.
In 2007, Jubert received his first writing job in the game industry, writing the story of ', as well as voicing the protagonist Philip. In 2008, he wrote the sequels as well, ', for which he was nominated for a Writer's Guild of Great Britain award, and "". Despite the fact that the games' stories were positively received, he stated that, looking back on the game, he believed that it was "far too text-heavy", as the bulk of the story was communicated via diary entries.
In 2009, Jubert wrote and developed the text adventure "Ir/rational", which was originally a minigame from the "Penumbra" series. It was later followed in 2012 by "Ir/rational Redux", and in 2013 by "Ir/rational Investigator". These games were described as logical deduction games with witty writing and humor.
In 2010, Jubert worked as a narrative designer on the game "", as well as localizing the script of "Lost Horizon" for a western release. In 2012, he wrote the story for the game "FTL: Faster than Light". In 2013, he wrote "The Swapper", and in 2014, "The Talos Principle". That year, he was included in Develop Online's "30 Under 30", which mentioned that he was described by Rhianna Pratchett as one of the game industry's best up-and-coming writers. In 2015, he wrote a new story mode for the game "The Masterplan" prior to the game's release from Steam Early Access. The same year, he was also hired to add a story to the game "Subnautica" while the game was in Early Access.


Akira (video game)

 is a 1988 adventure video game by TOSE for the Family Computer console exclusively in Japan. It is based on "Akira", the 1988 animated film version of Katsuhiro Otomo's manga of the same name.
Story.
The player takes the role of Kaneda, who begins the game when his motorcycle gang is taken into police custody after the abduction of their friend Tetsuo by the military.
Development.
The game was developed by TOSE and published by Taito Corporation.
Gameplay.
Progress in the game is made by selecting actions from a list. The current location is depicted in a static image, often redrawn from the film. Progress can be recorded with the help of passwords.
Release.
The game was released in Japan on December 24, 1988. It was released only 5 months after the film. The release coincided with the height of the popularity of the "Akira" series.
Reception.
"Akira" was given a poor total score of 17 out of 40 from the panel of four reviewers of "Famicom Tsūshin" magazine.


PinGame Journal

The PinGame Journal is a publication serving the pinball hobby community. It reports on the manufacture of new games, industry and hobby events, as well as ways to fix and refurbish both current and classic pinball machines.
In early 1991 the primary publication for the pinball hobby was the "Pinball Trader Newsletter". Its publisher, Dennis Dodel of St. Louis, Missouri, indicated to his subscribers that after five years of publication, he was ready to stop. One subscriber and contributor, Jim Schelberg from the Detroit, Michigan area, offered to help. As the discussion progressed, Dodel received an offer he accepted from subscribers Jack Simonton and Karl May of California to purchase the "Trader" outright.
Already "geared up" Schelberg was considering what to do with his newly developed interest when Dodel suggested he "start a magazine yourself!" The first issue of the "PinGame Journal" was published in May, 1991, and was distributed to 85 subscribers who paid the subscription rate on faith. As a hobby magazine, the "casually monthly" publication schedule has produced an average of eight issues annually and has been in continuous publication to this day with a current subscription base of over 1300 pinball enthusiasts world wide.
This full color, 8.5 x 11 inch format publication is usually 32 pages in length. Its focus, often in great detail, is on all aspects of pinball manufacturing, playing, collecting and restoration.
The "PinGame Journal" exists to promote pinball as the unique, historic, mechanical action amusement device it is.


Bouncing bomb

A bouncing bomb is a bomb designed to bounce to a target across water in a calculated manner to avoid obstacles such as torpedo nets, and to allow both the bomb's speed on arrival at the target and the timing of its detonation to be pre-determined, in a similar fashion to a regular naval depth charge. The inventor of the first such bomb was the British engineer Barnes Wallis, whose "Upkeep" bouncing bomb was used in the RAF's Operation Chastise of May 1943 to bounce into German dams and explode under water, with effect similar to the underground detonation of the Grand Slam and Tallboy earthquake bombs, both of which he also invented.
British bouncing bombs.
Barnes Wallis' April 1942 paper "Spherical Bomb – Surface Torpedo" described a method of attack in which a weapon would be bounced across water until it struck its target, then sink to explode under water, much like a depth charge. Bouncing it across the surface would allow it to be aimed directly at its target, while avoiding underwater defences, as well as some above the surface, and such a weapon would take advantage of the "bubble pulse" effect typical of underwater explosions, greatly increasing its effectiveness: Wallis's paper identified suitable targets as hydro-electric dams "and floating vessels moored in calm waters such as the Norwegian fjords".
Both types of target were already of great interest to the British military when Wallis wrote his paper (which itself was not his first on the subject); German hydro-electric dams had been identified as important bombing targets before the outbreak of World War II, but existing bombs and bombing methods had little effect on them, as torpedo nets protected them from attack by conventional torpedoes and a practical means of destroying them had yet to be devised. In 1942, the British were seeking a means of destroying the German battleship , which posed a threat to Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and had already survived a number of British attempts to destroy it. During this time, the Tirpitz was being kept safe from attack by being moored in Norwegian fjords, where it had the effect of a "fleet in being". Consequently, Wallis's proposed weapon attracted attention and underwent active testing and development.
On 24 July 1942, a "spectacularly successful" demonstration of such a weapon's potential occurred when a redundant dam at Nant-y-Gro, near Rhayader, in Wales, was destroyed by a mine containing of explosive: this was detonated against the dam's side, under water, in a test undertaken by A.R. Collins, a scientific officer from the Road Research Laboratory, which was then based at Harmondsworth, Middlesex.
A.R. Collins was among a large number of other people besides Barnes Wallis who made wide-ranging contributions to the development of a bouncing bomb and its method of delivery to a target, to the extent that, in a paper published in 1982, Collins himself made it evident that Wallis "did not play "an all-important" role in the development of this project and in particular, that very significant contributions were made by, for example, Sir William Glanville, Dr. G. Charlesworth, Dr. A.R. Collins and others of the Road Research Laboratory". However, the modification of a Vickers Wellington bomber, the design of which Wallis himself had contributed to, for work in early testing of his proposed weapon, has been cited as an example of how Wallis "would have been the first to acknowledge" the contributions of others. Also, in the words of Eric Allwright, who worked in the Drawing Office for Vickers Armstrongs at the time, "Wallis was trying to do his ordinary job [for Vickers Armstrongs] as well as all this – he was out at the Ministry and down to Fort Halstead and everywhere"; Wallis's pressing of his papers, ideas and ongoing developments on relevant authorities helped ensure that development continued; Wallis was principal designer of the models, prototypes and "live" versions of the weapon; and, perhaps most significantly, it was Wallis who explained the weapon in the final briefing for RAF crews before they set off on Operation Chastise, to use one of his designs in action.
A distinctive feature of the weapon, added in the course of development, was back-spin, which improved the height and stability of its flight and its ability to bounce, and helped the weapon to remain in contact with, or at least close proximity to, its target on arrival. Back-spin is a normal feature in the flight of golf balls, owing to the manner in which they are struck by the club, and it is perhaps for this reason that all forms of the weapon which were developed were known generically as "Golf mines", and some of the spherical prototypes featured dimples.
It was decided in November 1942 to devise a larger version of Wallis's weapon for use against dams, and a smaller one for use against ships: these were code-named "Upkeep" and "Highball" respectively. Though each version derived from what was originally envisaged as a spherical bomb, early prototypes for both Upkeep and Highball consisted of a cylindrical bomb within a spherical casing. Development, testing and use of Upkeep and Highball were to be undertaken simultaneously, since it was important to retain the element of surprise: if one were to be used against a target independently, it was feared that German defences for similar targets would be strengthened, rendering the other useless. However, Upkeep was developed against a deadline, since its maximum effectiveness depended on target dams being as full as possible from seasonal rainfall, and the latest date for this was set at 26 May 1943. In the event, as this date approached, Highball remained in development, whereas development of Upkeep had completed, and the decision was taken to deploy Upkeep independently.
In January 1974, under Britain's "thirty year rule", secret government files for both Upkeep and Highball were released, although technical details of the weapons had been released in 1963.
Upkeep.
Testing of Upkeep prototypes with inert filling was carried out at Chesil Beach, Dorset, flying from RAF Warmwell in December 1942, and at Reculver, Kent, flying from RAF Manston in April and May 1943, at first using a Vickers Wellington bomber. However, the dimensions and weight of the full-size Upkeep were such that it could only be carried by the largest British bomber available at the time, the Avro Lancaster, and even that had to undergo considerable modification in order to carry it. In testing, it was found that Upkeep's spherical casing would shatter on impact with water, but that the inner cylinder containing the bomb would continue across the surface of the water much as intended. As a result, Upkeep's spherical casing was eliminated from the design. Development and testing concluded on 13 May 1943 with the dropping of a live, cylindrical Upkeep bomb out to sea from Broadstairs, Kent, by which time Wallis had specified that the bomb must be dropped at "precisely" above the water and groundspeed, with back-spin at 500 rpm: the bomb "bounced seven times over some , sank and detonated".
In the operational version of Upkeep, known by its manufacturer as "Vickers Type 464", the explosive charge was Torpex, originally designed for use as a torpedo explosive, to provide a longer explosive pulse for greater effect against underwater targets; the principal means of detonation was by three hydrostatic pistols, as used in depth charges, set to fire at a depth of ; and its overall weight was , of which was Torpex. Provision was also made for "self-destruct" detonation by a fuze, armed automatically as the bomb was dropped from the aircraft, and timed to fire after 90 seconds. The bomb was held in place in the aircraft by a pair of calipers, or triangulated carrying arms, which swung away from either end of the bomb to release it. Back-spin was to begin 10 minutes before arriving at a target, and was imparted via a belt driven by a Vickers Jassey hydraulic motor mounted forward of the bomb's starboard side. This motor was powered by the hydraulic system normally used by the upper gun turret, which had been removed. Backspin was required so that the bomb, having bounced back off the dam would move back towards the surface as it sank due to the Magnus Effect. Close contact with the dam was necessary to obtain the maximum effectiveness from the explosive.
Height was checked by a pair of intersecting spotlight beams, which, when converging on the surface of the water, indicated the correct height for the aircraft – a method devised for the raid by Benjamin Lockspeiser of MAP, and distance from the target by a simple, hand-held, triangular device: with one corner held up to the eye, projections on the other two corners would line up with pre-determined points on the target when it was at the correct distance for bomb release. In practice, this could prove awkward to handle, and some aircrews replaced it with their own arrangements, fixed within the aircraft itself, and involving chinagraph and string.
On the night of 16/17 May 1943, Operation Chastise attacked dams in Germany's Ruhr Valley, using Upkeep. Two dams were breached, causing widespread flooding, damage, and loss of life. The significance of this attack upon the progress of the war is debated. British losses during the operation were heavy; eight of the 19 attacking aircraft failed to return, along with 53 of 113 RAF aircrew. Upkeep was not used again operationally. By the time the war ended, the remaining operational Upkeep bombs had started to deteriorate and were dumped into the North Sea without their detonation devices.
Highball.
In April 1942, Wallis himself had described his proposed weapon as "essentially a weapon for the Fleet Air Arm". This naval aspect was later to be pressed by a minute issued by British prime minister Winston Churchill, in February 1943, asking "Have you given up all plans for doing anything to while she is in Trondheim? ... It is a terrible thing that this prize should be waiting and no one be able to think of a way of winning it." However, Highball was ultimately developed as an RAF weapon for use against various targets, including "Tirpitz".
From November 1942, development and testing for Highball continued alongside that of Upkeep, including the dropping of prototypes at both Chesil Beach and Reculver. While early prototypes dropped at Chesil Beach in December 1942 were forerunners for both versions of the bomb, those dropped at Chesil Beach in January and February 1943 and at Reculver in April 1943 included Highball prototypes. They were dropped by the modified Wellington bomber and at Reculver by a modified de Havilland Mosquito B Mk IV, one of two assigned to Vickers Armstrong for the purpose. By early February 1943, Wallis envisaged Highball as "comprising a charge in a cylinder contained in a sphere with (an overall weight) of ", and a modified Mosquito could carry two such weapons.
In tests at Reculver in the middle of April 1943, it was found that Highball's spherical casing suffered similar damage to that of Upkeep. A prototype with an altered design of casing strengthened by steel plate, but empty of inert filling or explosive, was dropped on 30 April and emerged "quite undamaged". In further testing on 2 May, two examples of this prototype with inert filling, bounced across the surface of the water as intended, though both were found to be dented.
Further testing was carried out by three modified Mosquitoes flying from RAF Turnberry, north of Girvan, on the west coast of Scotland, against a target ship, the former French battleship , which had been moored for the purpose in Loch Striven. This series of tests, on 9 and 10 May, was hampered by a number of errors: buoys intended to mark a point from "Courbet", where the prototypes were to be dropped, were found to be too close to the ship by , and, according to Wallis, other errors were due to "Variations in dimensions of [prototypes] after filling and [dimensionally incorrect] jigs for setting up the [caliper] arms". Because of these errors, the prototypes hit the target too fast and too hard, and two aircraft failed to release their prototypes, one of which then fell off while the aircraft was turning for a second attempt.
It was under such circumstances that Upkeep came to be deployed independently of Highball. In addition to continuing problems in testing Highball, it had been observed at the end of March 1943 that "At best [aircrews] would need two months' special training". With this in mind, 618 Squadron had been formed on 1 April 1943 at RAF Skitten, near Wick, in northeastern Scotland, to undertake "Operation Servant", in which "Tirpitz" would be attacked with Highball bouncing bombs. On 18 April it was recommended that Operation Servant should be undertaken before the end of June, since 618 Squadron could not be held back for this purpose indefinitely. It was not until early September 1943 that, in view of continuing problems with both Highball and its release mechanism, most of 618 Squadron was "released for other duties". This in practice meant the abandonment of Operation Servant. Core personnel of 618 Squadron were retained and these continued work on the development of Highball.
Testing between 15 and 17 May 1944 showed progress with Highball. By this time "Courbet" had been designated for use as a Gooseberry breakwater for the invasion of Normandy, so the old battleship , then in reserve, was used instead (also moored in Loch Striven). With crew on board "Malaya", bombers dropped inert Highball prototypes fitted with hydrostatic pistols, aiming at the ship. They struck the ship, and at least two punched a hole in the ship's side. On 17 May, for the first time, Highball prototypes were released in pairs, only one second apart.
By the end of May 1944, problems with releasing Highball had been resolved as had problems with aiming. Aiming Highball required a different method from Upkeep; the problem was solved by Wallis's design of a ring aperture sight fixed to a flying helmet. Highball was now a sphere with flattened poles and the explosive charge was Torpex, enclosed in a cylinder, as in Upkeep; detonation was by a single hydrostatic pistol, set to fire at a depth of , and its weight was , of which was Torpex.
Highball was never used operationally: on 12 November 1944, in Operation Catechism, Lancasters with Tallboy bombs sank its primary target, "Tirpitz". Other potential targets had been considered during Highball's development and later. These included the ships of the Italian navy, canals, dry docks, submarine pens, and railway tunnels (for which testing took place in 1943). But Italy surrendered in September 1943, and the other target ideas were dismissed as impracticable.
In January 1945, at the Vickers experimental facility at Foxwarren, near Cobham, Surrey, a Douglas A-26 Invader of the USAAF was adapted to carry two Highballs almost completely enclosed in the bomb bay, using parts from a Mosquito conversion. After brief flight testing in the UK, the kit was sent to Wright Field, Ohio, and installed in an A-26C Invader. Twenty-five inert Highballs, renamed "Speedee" bombs, were also sent for use in the USAAF trials. Drop tests were carried out over Choctawhatchee Bay near Eglin Field, Florida, but the programme was abandoned, after the bomb bounced back at A-26C-25-DT Invader "43-22644" on Water Range 60, causing loss of the rear fuselage and a fatal crash on 28 April 1945.
Baseball.
As well as the two types listed above, a smaller weapon for use by motor torpedo boats was proposed by the Admiralty in December 1942. Known as Baseball, this would be a tube-launched weapon weighing , of which half would be explosive, and with an anticipated range of .
Surviving examples.
Inert prototypes of both Upkeep and Highball that were dropped at Reculver have been recovered and these, along with a number of other examples, are displayed at various sites:
In 2010, a diving project in Loch Striven successfully located several Highball prototypes, under around of water. In July 2017, two Highballs were successfully recovered from Loch Striven in a joint operation by teams from East Cheshire Sub-Aqua Club and the Royal Navy. One is now displayed at the de Havilland Aircraft Museum and the other arrived at Brooklands Museum in late 2019 after undergoing conservation at the Mary Rose Trust.
German bouncing bomb.
After Operation Chastise, German forces discovered an Upkeep bomb intact in the wreckage of the Lancaster commanded by Flt Lt Barlow, which had struck high tension cables at Haldern, near Rees, Germany, and crashed; the bomb had not been released and the aircraft had crashed on land, firing none of the detonation devices. Subsequently, a version of Upkeep, code-named "Kurt" or "Emil", was built at the Luftwaffe's "Erprobungsstelle", or "test site", on Germany's Baltic coast at Travemünde, one in a network of four such establishments in Nazi Germany. The importance of back-spin was not understood and trials by a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 proved to be dangerous to the aircraft as the bomb matched the speed at which it was dropped. Attempts to rectify this with booster rockets failed and the project was cancelled in 1944.
Re-creating the bouncing bomb.
In 2011, a project was initiated to re-create a Dambusters raid. Buffalo Airways was selected as the company to fly the mission, with their own plane and pilots. Buffalo would drop a re-created 'Upkeep' bouncing bomb from their DC-4. The project was documented in the documentary television show "Dambusters Fly Again" in Canada and Australia, "" in the UK, and the Nova episode Bombing Hitler's Dams in the US. It involved dropping a replica dummy bomb, which performed as intended striking a replica dam which had been specially constructed; this was subsequently destroyed by a charge placed where the bomb had landed. The filming of the documentary was itself documented as part of the "Ice Pilots NWT" reality series that follows Buffalo Airways in season 3 episode 2 "Dambusters".


Aparna Chandra

Aparna Chandra (born 6 January 1971) is a fashion designer and stylist from India.
Life.
Chandra was born on January 6, 1971 in Delhi. She watched as a child the tailors employed by her mother, Asha, who was a designer of children's clothing. Chandra studied fashion design at the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and she worked, as an intern, for Indian designer Rohit Khosla.
After graduation she launched her eponymous fashion line with less ordained clothing. It operated for ten years but there was insufficient interest and she began working as a stylist. In 2015 "Elle (India)" recalled her designs from the era as notable "[n]ot for being outrageous, ostentatious or opulent, but for their easy simplicity. She created campaigns for Benetton, Ray Ban, Van Heusen and De Beers. In 2014, she returned to design as the head of clothing at Indian lifestyle brand Nicobar. The September 2018 launch of Aparna Chandra for Nicobar marks her first standalone collection in more than a decade.
Design Philosophy
Aparna Chandra is known for her simple aesthetic and easy vibe. She often favours natural fabrics, much white, and pops of colour. She uses lightweight fabrics, fusing little splashes of colour with icons that have come to be her signature. In her lines she often pairs loose and slouchy styles with more structured and streamlined pieces.


Betty Willis (artist)

Betty Jane Willis (née Whitehead; May 20, 1923 – April 19, 2015) was an American visual artist and graphic designer. Born in Overton, Nevada, she is best known for having been the designer of the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign, and has been attributed to being an influencer in defining modern Las Vegas' visual image.
Biography.
Willis born on May 20, 1923 in Overton, Nevada, the daughter of Stephen R. Whitehead, the first assessor of Clark County, Nevada, and homemaker Gertrude Meader. She grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada in the first two-story building that was built there. She went to Los Angeles in 1942 where she attended art school. Willis returned to Las Vegas where she first took a job at the courthouse, then worked as a commercial artist. She began her career as a commercial artist at YESCO, ad-art sign companies, and Fox West Coast Theaters. She then moved on to designing neon signs at Western Neon. She died at the age of 91 at her home in Overton, Nevada.
Career.
Willis was the only female commercial artist at her first job at YESCO, because creating neon signs had traditionally been a man’s trade. She designed various newspaper advertisements before designing neon signs. Willis designed many signs for motels including the Moulin Rouge Hotel, the Blue Angel Motel and Blue Heaven bar, and the Del Mar Motel. Her designs are mid-century modernist and examples of Googie architecture. Her signs are drawn by hand and the sign that she designed for the Moulin Rouge Hotel was her own hand lettering inspired by French-style lettering that she studied. In her design for the Del Mar Hotel, she wanted one section of the neon to be seen from multiple angles. Willis continued to design signs until she retired at the age of 77.
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas Sign.
It was at Western Neon that Willis designed her signature piece, the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign, completed in 1959. She was approached by a salesman named Ted Rogich, who was in contact with Clark County officials, who wanted a sign that would be located on the highway and would welcome people into Las Vegas. After studying other signs around Las Vegas and southern California, Willis created a design that was unique from other signs at the time. It had a diamond shape, a shape that was unusual for signs, and flashing neon lights that created movement. The word “Welcome” was created with silver dollars as the backing to attribute to Nevada's nickname, the Silver State. The back of the sign featured the words, “Drive Carefully and Come Back Soon” that were meant to welcome people visiting Las Vegas. Willis never trademarked the design, later saying "It's my gift to the city." The sign has now become an icon of Las Vegas and is highlighted on many objects today. The sign appeared on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.


Ritu Kumar

Ritu Kumar is an Indian fashion designer.
Early life and education.
The lack of educational opportunities there led her to move to Simla for her schooling, where she attended Loreto Convent. She later studied at Lady Irwin College, where she met and married Shashi Kumar, and then went on to accept a scholarship at Briarcliff College in New York, where she studied Art History. On returning to India, she studied museology at the Asutosh Museum of Indian Art, part of the University of Calcutta. Her son is Oscar nominated director, Ashvin Kumar.
Career.
Kumar began her fashion business in Kolkata, using two small tables and hand-block printing techniques. Beginning with bridal wear and evening clothes in the 1960s and 70s, she eventually moved into the international market in the subsequent two decades. As well as shops in India, Kumar's company has also opened branches in Paris, London and New York. The London branch closed after three years, in 1999. Her company's annual turnover at the time was the highest of any Indian fashion outlet, estimated at around ₹10 billion. In 2002 she launched the "Label" line in partnership with her son Amrish. Kumar discusses her career at length in a recent interview for the Creating Emerging Markets project at the Harvard Business School, beginning with how she first broke into the Paris and New York fashion houses and department stores in the 1970s.
Designs.
Kumar's designs focus on natural fabrics and traditional printing and weaving techniques. She has also included Western elements in her work, but has generally not innovated beyond traditional sari designs. Her clothes have been worn by celebrities such as Princess Diana, Priyanka Chopra, Lara Dutta, Deepika Padukone, Madhuri Dixit Nene, Madhur Jaffrey, Kalki Koechlin, Dia Mirza, Soha Ali Khan and Jemima Goldsmith.
Website.
The domain ritukumar.com attracted 1,658,109 users in the year 2019. The company has also invested on server to handle excessive traffic during wedding seasons in India. The website of Ritu Kumar is designed by Digital Impressions.
Awards & Recognition.
In 2013 she was given the Padma Shri award by the Government of India.
She won the Achievement Award in 2012 at L’oreal Paris Femina Women’s Awards.