Hyaloid artery

The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrients to the developing lens in the growing fetus.
During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous humor, called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790–1883) who first described it.
Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition "persistent hyaloid artery". More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as "Mittendorf's dot", a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla.


Emmanuel Quarshie

Emmanuel Quarshie (May 6, 1953 – September 16, 2013) was a Ghanaian international footballer and a coach who played as an attacking midfielder.
Biography.
Emmanuel Quarshie played 1 game in 1978 African Cup of Nations, he was the captain of Ghana's champion selection in 1982 African Cup of Nations with 5 games played.
At club level, he is the captain of Sekondi Hasaacas, with whom he won the West African Club Championship 1982. He then moved to Egypt and joined Zamalek SC, winning its first African Cup of Champion Clubs 1984. He plays the last years of his career in Bahrain's Al Muharraq Club.
He then became coach of Sekondi Hasaacas from 2001 to 2002 and All Stars from 2007 to 2013.
Hospitalized in Egypt in July 2013 with the help of Zamalek club, he died from throat cancer in September at the age of 59 years in Takoradi.
Honors.
International.
Ghana


Lung recruitment maneuver

Lung recruitment maneuvers are efforts to open collapsed areas of the lungs and keep them open. They are primarily used in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).


Felix Lewandowsky

Felix Lewandowsky (1 October 1879, Hamburg – 31 October 1921, Basel) was a German dermatologist.
Biography.
In 1902, he earned his doctorate at the University of Strassburg. From 1903 to 1907, he worked at the dermatological clinic in Bern, where he served as an assistant to Josef Jadassohn (1863–1936). Afterwards, he returned to his hometown of Hamburg, where he worked in dermatologist Eduard Arning’s department at St. Georg's Hospital. In 1917, he was appointed director of the dermatological clinic at Basel. While at Basel, he was the author of works on leprosy.
Lewandowsky specialized in the study of tuberculosis and pediatric skin diseases, and published an important work in 1916 on tuberculosis of the skin titled "Die Tuberkulose der Haut". With Dr. Jadassohn, he described an ectodermal dysplasia now known as "Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome". Just prior to his death, he described epidermodysplasia verruciformis, a rare skin disorder sometimes known as "Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia" (named along with dermatologist Wilhelm Lutz 1888-1958).
He died on 31 October 1921 in Basel.


Control of ventilation

The control of ventilation refers to the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and balancing of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration.
The most important function of breathing is the supplying of oxygen to the body and balancing of the carbon dioxide levels. Under most conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), or concentration of carbon dioxide, controls the respiratory rate.
The peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are located in the arterial aortic bodies and the carotid bodies. Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in the pH in the blood, (resulting from changes in the levels of carbon dioxide) and they are located on the medulla oblongata near to the medullar respiratory groups of the respiratory center.
Information from the peripheral chemoreceptors is conveyed along nerves to the respiratory groups of the respiratory center. There are four respiratory groups, two in the medulla and two in the pons. The two groups in the pons are known as the pontine respiratory group.
From the respiratory center, the muscles of respiration, in particular the diaphragm, are activated to cause air to move in and out of the lungs.
Control of respiratory rhythm.
Ventilatory pattern.
Breathing is normally an unconscious, involuntary, automatic process. The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into an inhalation stage and an exhalation stage. Inhalation shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the respiratory muscles (and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles). Before the end of inhalation, there is a decline in, and end of motor discharge. Exhalation is usually silent, except at high respiratory rates.
The respiratory centre in the medulla and pons of the brainstem controls the rate and depth of respiration, (the respiratory rhythm), through various inputs. These include signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors; from the vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve carrying input from the pulmonary stretch receptors, and other mechanoreceptors in the lungs. as well as signals from the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.
Control of ventilatory pattern.
Ventilation is normally unconscious and automatic, but can be overridden by conscious alternative patterns. Thus the emotions can cause yawning, laughing, sighing (etc.), social communication causes speech, song and whistling, while entirely voluntary overrides are used to blow out candles, and breath holding (for instance, to swim underwater). Hyperventilation may be entirely voluntary or in response to emotional agitation or anxiety, when it can cause the distressing hyperventilation syndrome. The voluntary control can also influence other functions such as the heart rate as in yoga practices and meditation.
The ventilatory pattern is also temporarily modified by complex reflexes such as sneezing, straining, burping, coughing and vomiting.
Determinants of ventilatory rate.
Ventilatory rate (respiratory minute volume) is tightly controlled and determined primarily by blood levels of carbon dioxide as determined by metabolic rate. Blood levels of oxygen become important in hypoxia. These levels are sensed by central chemoreceptors on the surface of the medulla oblongata for increased pH (indirectly from the increase of carbon dioxide in cerebrospinal fluid), and the peripheral chemoreceptors in the arterial blood for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Afferent neurons from the peripheral chemoreceptors are via the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and the vagus nerve (CN X).
The concentration of CO2 rises in the blood when the metabolic use of O2, and the production of CO2 is increased during, for example, exercise. The CO2 in the blood is transported largely as bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions, by conversion first to carbonic acid (H2CO3), by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and then by disassociation of this acid to H+ and HCO3−. Build-up of CO2 therefore causes an equivalent build-up of the disassociated hydrogen ions, which, by definition, decreases the pH of the blood. The pH sensors on the brain stem immediately respond to this fall in pH, causing the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing. The consequence is that the partial pressure of CO (PCO2) does not change from rest going into exercise. During very short-term bouts of intense exercise the release of lactic acid into the blood by the exercising muscles causes a fall in the blood plasma pH, independently of the rise in the PCO2, and this will stimulate pulmonary ventilation sufficiently to keep the blood pH constant at the expense of a lowered PCO2.
Mechanical stimulation of the lungs can trigger certain reflexes as discovered in animal studies. In humans, these seem to be more important in neonates and ventilated patients, but of little relevance in health. The tone of respiratory muscle is believed to be modulated by muscle spindles via a reflex arc involving the spinal cord.
Drugs can greatly influence the rate of respiration. Opioids and anesthetics tend to depress ventilation, by decreasing the normal response to raised carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood. Stimulants such as amphetamines can cause hyperventilation.
Pregnancy tends to increase ventilation (lowering plasma carbon dioxide tension below normal values). This is due to increased progesterone levels and results in enhanced gas exchange in the placenta.
Feedback control.
Receptors play important roles in the regulation of respiration and include the central and peripheral chemoreceptors, and pulmonary stretch receptors, a type of mechanoreceptor.


National Association for Ambulatory Urgent Care

The National Association for Ambulatory Urgent Care, or NAFAC, is a national professional organization for ambulatory care clinic owners and physicians specializing in ambulatory care. The association was founded in 1973. As of July 2006, the group had about 500 members representing roughly 1,700 clinics. Members include single office urgent care centers, primary care physicians, urgent-care chain facilities, ambulatory surgery centers, and large healthcare systems across the United States.
NAFAC publishes a reference titled "Bill's Book: Developing Urgent Care Centers". The Association, also, offers the National Urgent Care Practice Standards Certification as a voluntary, self-administered method for urgent care centers to improve quality measures without the hassles of preparing for outside inspection teams.


Coracoid

A coracoid (from Greek κόραξ, "koraks", raven) is a paired bone which is part of the shoulder assembly in all vertebrates except therian mammals (marsupials and placentals). In therian mammals (including humans), a coracoid process is present as part of the scapula, but this is not homologous with the coracoid bone of most other animals.
In other tetrapods it joins the scapula to the front end of the sternum and has a notch on the dorsal surface which, along with a similar notch on the ventral surface of the scapula, forms the socket in which the proximal end of the humerus (upper arm bone) is located. The acrocoracoid process is an expansion adjacent to this contact surface, to which the shoulderward end of the biceps brachii muscle attaches in these animals. In birds (and generally theropods and related animals), the entire unit is rigid and called scapulocoracoid. This plays a major role in bird flight. In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle.
In fish it provides the base for the pectoral fin.
Monotremes, as well as the extinct therapsids, possess both the coracoid bone of reptiles (aka the "procoracoid", or "anterior coracoid"), and the coracoid process of other mammals, with the latter being present as a separate bone.


Kano Ikeda

Kano Ikeda (1887–1960), was a Japanese American professor of pathology who wrote several articles relating to his experience of the 1923 smallpox epidemic in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Ikeda's 1925 report on laboratory findings in haemorrhage smallpox were used by Derrick Tovey to diagnose early cases of smallpox during the Bradford smallpox outbreak of 1962.
Ikeda was a native of Tokyo, Japan, and came to the United States in 1904. In 1953, he was the first person from Japan to become a U.S. citizen in Minnesota. He worked at Miller Hospital in St. Paul and at the University of Minnesota.


Emil Huschke

Emil Huschke (December 14, 1797 – June 19, 1858) was a German anatomist and embryologist who was a native of Weimar.
He studied medicine at the University of Jena, and spent most of his professional career at Jena. In 1827 he was appointed professor of anatomy and director of the anatomical institute. Huschke was politically active and took part in the foundation of the "Deutsche Burschenschaft", a student movement for German national unity. In 1867 his daughter, Agnes Huschke, married famed biologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919).
Although Huschke was a devoted advocate of nature philosophy, and sought to find the connection between brain and soul ("Hirn und Seele"), he made significant contributions in comparative anatomy. He was the first to describe a handful of anatomical structures that now contain his name, including:
In 1829 Huschke described the heteronemertean genus "Notospermus" (family Lineidae).
References.
ags


Luhansk State Medical University

Luhansk State Medical University (Луганський державний медичний університет) was founded in 1956 in Luhansk, Ukraine. Initially known as Voroshilovgrad State Medical Institute (Ворошиловградский государственный медицинский институт), it received university status in 1994. In 1979 the then institute began offering postgraduate training, and from 1983 it began training foreign students in paediatrics, recruiting students from Middle Eastern countries (Iran, Iraq); Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco); and Asia (India, Malaysia, Singapore). In 1998 the university also opened schools of pharmacy and dentistry. The university has three academic buildings with scientific laboratories, a pharmacy, a dental clinic, a library and a fitness centre, and it has operated a number of clinics in Luhansk's various medical institutions.
There are 22 clinical and 18 theoretical professorships, and over 400 instructors, including 76 doctors of science; over 87 percent of its instructors hold higher scientific degrees. Most programs are taught in either English or Russian as the medium of instruction. The university's research focus is on the medical aspects of ecological problems in the heavily industrialized Donbass region and on the development and application of medical life support for casualties in man-made disasters. The university publishes several scientific journals and anthologies. By 2012, the university had more than 3,000 students from over 60 countries. Graduates are eligible for the United States ECFMG certification and are also eligible for certification in Canada and many other countries after passing a medical licensing examination in one of these countries.
Due to the War in Donbass, the university's faculty and students evacuated the area in September 2014, and classes resumed in Rubizhne, another city in Luhansk Oblast.
History.
Founded as Voroshilovgrad State Medical Institute on May 6, 1956, pursuant to Decree 2522 of Ukraine's Council of Ministers, the institute's first rector was Ivan Danilovich Vashchenko, acting chief physician of the Dzerzhynsk regional hospital.
He was succeeded by Prof. Evgenij Ignatovich Palchevskij, MD, who led the Institute from 1957 to 1960. Palchevskij was a Second World War veteran who was a graduate of Kyiv Medical Institute, later renamed the Bogomolets National Medical University. Under his leadership, the academic staff and students of the institute were first organized as an Academic Council and a Student Society.
Associate Prof. Fedir Dmitrovich Povelitsya, PhD, who led the institute from 1960 to 1963, was a graduate of the Kharkiv National Medical University and had also fought in World War II. He was instrumental in developing the institute's clinical site.
Associate Prof. Donat Grigorovich Korchikov, PhD, institute director from 1963 to 1966, studied at Kharkiv National Medical University from 1941 to 1942, at Tashkent Medical Institute till 1943, then in the Kharkiv infantry mortar school as a Second World War combatant. In 1950 he graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute, now the Dnipro State Medical University. Having completed the institute's clinical sites, he worked part-time as an assistant professor of surgery.
Campus infrastructure.
The University campus is located in a forested area of Luhansk. The university's three academic buildings include laboratories for scientific research and a vivarium for maintaining laboratory animals, a facility for pharmacy instruction, a modern, fully equipped dental clinic and a centre for family medicine. The campus has a modern library, a sports complex with fitness centre, tennis courts and cricket pitch, and three multi-storey student residences with Internet access. It maintains a technical centre with lathes for metalworking, two pumping stations and five transformer substations. The university has also operated a number of clinics in Luhansk's various medical institutions. The total area of all campus buildings is 73,957m² — including classroom facilities, 18,172m²; training and support, 15,870m²; utility services, 25,135m²; and residences, 14,870m².
Internship Specialties.
The university offers interns the opportunity to specialize in any of 25 areas — obstetrics and gynaecology, anaesthesiology and intensive therapy, internal medicine, dermatology, children’s anaesthesiology, children’s otolaryngology, paediatric surgery, family medicine (general practice), general pharmacy, infectious diseases, clinical oncology, emergency medicine, neurology, neonatology, orthopaedics and traumatology, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, anatomical pathology, paediatrics, psychiatry, pulmonology and phthisiology, radiology, dentistry, urology and surgery.
Notable people.
Some well-known LSMU graduates include Raisa Bogatyrova, an obstetrician-gynaecologist and a former Ukrainian Minister of Health; the late Vladimir Sergeevich Zemskov, an internationally famous oncologist and surgeon in Kyiv; the late Valery K. Ivchenko, a trauma surgeon who was himself rector of LSMU from 2003 to 2014; and Tatiana Tkachuk, a specialist in gynaecological oncology who has authored numerous scientific papers.


William Scott Maclaren

William Scott Maclaren (January 29, 1845 – September 13, 1909) was a political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Huntingdon in the House of Commons of Canada from 1900 to 1904 as a Liberal.
He was born in Lachute, Canada East, the son of John Maclaren and Janet McIntosh, and was educated at the Huntingdon Academy. In 1875, he married Mary Henderson. Maclaren was secretary-treasurer for Huntingdon and Godmanchester Township. He served in the 50th battalion from 1863 to 1889, retiring at the rank of major. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1904.


Steven J. Burakoff

Steven J. Burakoff is a cancer specialist and the author of both "Therapeutic Immunology" (2001) and "Graft-Vs.-Host Disease: Immunology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment" (1990). He served as Director of The Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai (2007-2017), which was created in 2007 to focus on translational medicine. He is the Lillian and Henry M. Stratton Professor of Cancer Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center as well as Dean for Cancer Innovation and Chief, Pediatric Oncology at the Icahn School of Medicine.
Biography.
Before joining Mount Sinai, he was recruited by New York University School of Medicine to revitalize the research and treatment mission of NYU's Cancer Institute, which during his tenure experienced a 31 percent growth and a 50 percent increase in funding from the National Cancer Institute. He completed a residency in medicine at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center and pursued fellowships in immunology at both Rockefeller University and Harvard Medical School.
He has received 84 grants as of 2020 in fields related to core administration, cancer, T-Cell activation and regulation, as well as various immunological studies.
His brother, Robert Burakoff, is a gastroenterologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, MA.
Publications.
Burakoff has published 404 articles as of 2020 and has been cited more than 23,000 times according to RearchGate.


Lynda Marie Jordan

Lynda Marie Jordan (born 20 September 1956) is an American biochemist, ordained minister, and CEO & founder of A Place to Heal Ministries, Inc. (APTHM). She was the third Black woman to receive a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a Ford Fellow at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, an associate professor of chemistry at North Carolina A&T State University, and the first woman to be invited to the MLK Visiting Professor program at MIT. Jordan was also the first person at Harvard University to complete a Master of Public Health and Master of Divinity simultaneously.
Early life & education.
Jordan was born at Boston City Hospital, Roxbury, Boston in 1956 to Charles Thessel Jordan, a meat cutter, and Charlene Veasley Jordan, a homemaker. Jordan was the oldest of the couple's three daughters, and when her parents divorced, Jordan assisted her mother with finances, child care and other adult responsibilities in the household despite her young age. The family moved into the Bromley-Heath Housing Project, where, like the Jordans, 85% of the households depended on welfare to survive.
When Jordan was 11, her mother remarried, and Jordan, her sisters and her mother moved to Dorchester with their new stepfather and his 12 children. Jordan got "lost in the shuffle"and began hanging out on the streets. During this time, while evading a teacher at Dorchester High School who had caught her smoking in the gym locker room, Jordan took cover in the audience of an invite-only Upward Bound presentation in progress in the school auditorium. She describes hearing the speaker, Joseph Warren, ask the assembled group "What are you going to do with your life - hang out on the street corner?" Jordan was struck that he seemed to know her situation. She approached the speaker, expressed interest in the program, applied, and was accepted.
Halfway through her first summer in Upward Bound, which followed her sophomore year and was hosted at Brandeis University, Jordan was recognized as one of the six most improved of the 100 participants. She recalls this recognition as a key moment when she realized her academic potential, and she returned to Upward Bound for the following two summers. During her second summer there, Jordan completed the science curriculum before finishing the program, and Warren hired a private tutor to teach her organic chemistry.
Jordan graduated from high school in 1974. Encouraged by Warren, an alumnus, Jordan entered North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University as a nursing major but switched to chemistry. She was the president of the Beta Kappa Chi honor society and a member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. After attending the Harvard Health Careers summer program, Jordan became increasingly interested in biochemistry. She graduated from North Carolina A&T in 1978 with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, becoming the first person in her family to graduate from college.
Jordan continued to Atlanta University (AU) where she conducted research at Morehouse School of Medicine and graduated with a Master of Science in Biochemistry in December of 1980. As part of the graduate program at AU, Jordan regularly took the Graduate Record Examination, performed exceptionally well, and was recruited by MIT to complete a Ph.D. in biological chemistry.
Before beginning her MIT program, Jordan interned at the Polaroid Corporation during the summer of 1981, beginning her Ph.D. in the fall. At the time, the Ph.D. program was comprised mainly of men, and only 3% of the students were Black. Jordan co-chaired the Black Graduate Student Association while at MIT, and in 1985 she became only the third Black woman ever to receive a Ph.D. from MIT.
Career & research.
Jordan completed her postdoctoral research as a Ford Fellow at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, also receiving fellowships from the French Institute of Health and Medical Research and Chateaubriand. She worked under Françoise Russo-Marie, who had been studying lipocortin, the protein inhibitor of the phospholipase A2 (PLA-2) enzyme, in non-human sources. Jordan successfully isolated the PLA-2 from human placentas, contributing to ongoing research goals of isolating and treating the underlying causes of PLA-2 diseases such as asthma, arthritis and pre-term labor.
Jordan returned to North Carolina A&T in 1987 as an assistant professor of chemistry. She began improving and developing the biochemistry lab there; continued her work with PLA-2; presented her research alongside her students at various conferences in the United States, Switzerland, Japan and Australia; and received national and international recognition for her teaching and support for under-represented groups.
In 1997, Jordan was the first woman to be invited to MLK visiting professor program at MIT, and served in that position until 2000. She completed both a Master of Divinity from Harvard Divinity School and a Master of Public Health from the Harvard School of Public Health simultaneously, becoming the first person in the history of Harvard University to do so. She became the associate minister at the Holy Temple Church in Roxbury, MA and the CEO and Founder of A Place to Heal Ministries in Cambridge, which she established in 2010.
Awards & publications.
In 1995, Nova and WGBH-TV produced a documentary series, "Discovering Women", which aired through March and April and included a one-hour segment on Jordan. Titled "Jewels in a Test Tube," the segment followed Jordan's life story and scientific achievements. Jordan was honored by First Lady Hillary Clinton at the premiere of the documentary, who cited Jordan's "contributions to science and science education."
Jordan received the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Leadership Award during the 24th MLK Celebrations at MIT in 1998, and in 2000 she participated in the Commemorative Meeting for World Peace in Hong Kong.
In 2017, Jordan published "Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities: Building Bridges of Hope through the Holy Spirit", published by Redemption Press, .


Designability

Designability Charity Limited (formerly known as the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering) is a charity and limited company working in the field of user centred design and medical engineering. Its main focus is the research and design of products that meet an unmet need for disabled people and those living with a long-term health condition.
History.
Designability (formerly known as the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering) was established in 1968 as an independent charity by an inventor and engineer, Bevan Horstmann, and local consultant surgeon, Kenneth Lloyd-Williams. BIME was first situated at St Martin's Hospital in Bath but in 1987 it was moved to the Royal United Hospital (RUH) in Bath.
Achievements.
During the last 50 years, Designability has completed 300 projects in various disciplines.
In 1970, Designability created the world's first spring assisted armchair.
In 1990 the original Designability Junior Buggy was developed for young children with limited mobility which led to the creation of the current Wizzybug. The Wizzybug is a powered wheelchair designed for specifically children aged from 14 months and 5 years and aims to support development, independence and socialisation of preschool disabled children.
Designability is active in applying technology to the needs of people with dementia. Designability was the first to design a simple clock, which is helping to dispel confusion for people living with dementia.
Designability is also an active participant in a range of research projects including "Robotics in Care Chiron Project" (www.chiron.org), Nutrition in aging, task promoting for dementia and autonomous vehicles for the elderly.
Funding.
Designability are funded by 3 income streams, Charitable donations, Research grants and Commercial income from sale of products.


David Henshaw (administrator)

Sir David Henshaw was the Chief Executive of Liverpool City Council, from 1998 to 2005. He was knighted in the 2004 Birthday Honours.
He was tasked with an investigations into administrative problems at the Child Support Agency in 2006. He was Chair of Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust from 2011 to 2014, after chairing NHS North West. He was Interim Chair at University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust in 2012-3. In 2014 he was appointed interim Chair of Dorset HealthCare University NHS Foundation Trust, and subsequently chair of St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust


GWAS in allergy

GWAS in allergy is a study of a meta-analysis of GWAS in which allergy is associated with different susceptibility loci . The three allergic phenotypes studied were to cat, dust mites and pollen, for which found patients presenting allergic symptoms.
History.
Allergy is a very common disease and leads to numerous health problems, with allergies and allergic asthma are the two most common diseases in the industrialized world, where half of the population of United States tested positive in a test of awareness for at least one common allergen. It has been shown that this type of disease has risen in prevalence over the past ten years.
Furthermore, is estimated that allergy has a hereditary component, suggesting that knowledge of the genetic component is a key to understand the disease.
It has been shown that the genes involved in allergy and asthma, are implicated in both immune and inflammatory processes . These genes belong to the family of Toll receptors ( LTRs ) type, a family of proteins that form part of the innate immune system . These receptors are transmembrane and recognize molecular patterns expressed by a wide spectrum of infectious agents, thereby stimulating inflammatory responses, as well as being a link between innate and adaptive immunity . Apart from these receptors, associated with allergy genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and other transcription factors occur.
GWAS study.
For the study of the relationships between loci and cat allergy, dust mites and pollen, questionnaires and 23andMe ALSPAC mothers association were performed .
They have conducted numerous studies of genome-wide association, or GWA which are an analysis of genetic variation across the entire human genome in order to identify their association to an observable trait. In this case the association being studied is a polymorphism between SNPs or single nucleotide and allergy. Thus it can be concluded that the appearance of one or several SNPs or deletion appears in a disease phenotype.
GWAS for allergies shared effects were performed, and 22 loci were identified with a significant association to allergy symptoms and other immune-related phenotypes or asthma in previous GWAS studies, being therefore a meta-analysis.
Furthermore, it has been found to evidence a single locus specific allergy on chromosome 6, namely in a region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), clearly associating with cat allergy effects.
EQTL study.
The eQTL analysis determines loci associated with a quantitative trait, where expression studies of loci associated with traits such as allergy are performed, with a functional explanation . Through these studies, an overlap between loci associated with allergy was observed and it loci previously implicated in autoimmune diseases. Thus, in a region of chromosome 5, presents a loci associated with allergic asthma, which is in the path of PTGER4, which encodes a prostaglandin receptor, and poses linkage disequilibrium ( LD ), which is the association between two alleles located near each other on a chromosome, which assumes more frequent than expected at random co-inheritance, as it presents a great LD with other SNPs associated with the disease of spondylitis. In addition, many loci associated with allergies are near genes involved in the differentiation of T helper cells. The association, according to the analysis can be eQTL since said SNP associated gene causes BCL6 expression, a transcription factor that suppresses the differentiation of T helper type 2 cells in animal models.
Many autoimmune diseases are associated with increased activation of the Th1 response, while allergies are associated with the activity of TH2, so that these results can help to identify factors that influence the balance between the activity of TH1 and TH2, as well as elements which contribute to both responses.


Trigonocephaly

Trigonocephaly is a congenital condition of premature fusion of the metopic suture (from Greek "metopon", "forehead"), leading to a triangular forehead. The merging of the two frontal bones leads to transverse growth restriction and parallel growth expansion. It may occur syndromic, involving other abnormalities, or isolated. The term is from Greek "trigonon", "triangle", and "kephale", "head".
Cause.
Trigonocephaly can either occur syndromatic or isolated. Trigonocephaly is associated with the following syndromes: Opitz syndrome, Muenke syndrome, Jacobsen syndrome, Baller–Gerold syndrome and Say–Meyer syndrome. The etiology of trigonocephaly is mostly unknown although there are three main theories. Trigonocephaly is probably a multifactorial congenital condition, but due to limited proof of these theories this cannot safely be concluded.
Intrinsic bone malformation.
The first theory assumes that the origin of pathological synostosis lies within disturbed bone formation early on in the pregnancy. Causes can either be genetic (9p22–24, 11q23, 22q11, FGFR1 mutation), metabolic (TSH suppletion in hypothyroidism) or pharmaceutical (valproate in epilepsy).
Fetal-head constraint.
The second theory says that synostosis begins when the fetal head gets hindered in the pelvic outlet during birth.
Intrinsic brain malformation.
The third theory predominates disturbed brain formation of the two frontal lobes as the main issue behind synostosis. Limited growth of the frontal lobes leads to an absence of stimuli for cranial growth, therefore causing premature fusion of the metopic suture.
Diagnosis.
Diagnosis can be characterized by typical facial and cranial deformities.
Observatory signs of trigonocephaly are:
Imaging techniques (3D-CT, Röntgenography, MRI) show:
The neuropsychological development is not always affected. These effects are only visible in a small percentage of children with trigonocephaly or other suture synostoses.
Neuropsychological signs are:
Treatment.
Treatment is surgical with attention to form and volume. Surgery usually takes place before the age of one since it has been reported that the intellectual outcome is better.
Fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling.
A form of surgery is the so-called fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. Firstly, the supraorbital bar is remodelled by a wired greenstick fracture to straighten it. Secondly, the supraorbital bar is moved 2 cm. forward and fixed only to the frontal process of the zygoma without fixation to the cranium. Lastly, the frontal bone is divided into two, rotated and attached to the supraorbital bar causing a nude area (craniectomy) between the parietal bone and frontal bone. Bone will eventually regenerate since the dura mater lies underneath (the dura mater has osteogenic capabilities). This results in an advancement and straightening of the forehead.
'Floating forehead technique'.
The so-called 'floating forehead technique' combined with the remodelling of the supraorbital bar is derived from the fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. The supraorbital bar is remodelled as described above. The frontal bone is split in two pieces. Instead of using both pieces as in fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling, only one piece is rotated and attached to the supraorbital bar. This technique also leaves a craniectomy behind.
Other.
These approaches are 2D solutions for a 3D problem, therefore the results are not optimal. Distraction osteogenesis and minimal invasive endoscopic surgery are yet in experimental phase.
Outcomes.
Surgical.
Trigonocephaly seems to be the most compliant form of craniosynostosis for surgery. Because of standardization of current surgical approaches there is no surgical mortality and complications are few to none.
The simple suturectomy is presently insufficient to adjust the complicated growth restrictions caused by metopic synostosis. On the other hand, the fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling and the 'floating forehead technique' create sufficient space for brain growth and result in a normal horizontal axis of the orbits and supraorbital bar. The fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling is the most used method nowadays.
Over the past few years distraction osteogenesis has been gradually acknowledged since it has a positive effect on hypotelorism. Expanding the distance between the orbits using springs seems to be successful. However, there are discussions whether hypotelorism really needs to be corrected.
The minimal invasive endoscopic surgery has been gaining attention since the early '90s, however, it has technical limitations (only strip craniectomy is possible). Attempts have been made to reach beyond these limits.
Aesthetic.
Aesthetic outcome of metopic synostosis surgery is persistently good with reoperation hazards below 20%. In 1981 Anderson advised "that craniofacial operations for synostosis should be as extensive as necessary" after a study of 107 cases of metopic and coronal synostosis. Surgery does not provide a 100% natural outcome, mostly there will be minor irregularities. Reoperations are usually performed on more severe cases (including syndromic metopic synostosis). The hypotelorism and temporal hollowing are the most difficult to correct: the hypotelorism usually remains under corrected and a second operation is often needed for correction of temporal hollowing.
Neurological.
The highest rate of neurological problems of single suture synostosis are seen in patients with trigonocephaly. Surgery is performed generally before the age of one because of claims of better intellectual outcome. Seemingly surgery does not influence the high incidence of neurodevelopment problems in patients with metopic synostosis. Neurological disorders such as ADHD, ASD, ODD and CD are seen in patients with trigonocephaly. These disorders are usually also associated with decreased IQ. The presence of ADHD, ASD and ODD is higher in cases with an IQ below 85. This is not the case with CD which showed an insignificant increase at an IQ below 85.
Epidemiology.
The incidence of metopic synostosis is roughly between 1:700 and 1:15,000 newborns globally (differs per country). Trigonocephaly is seen more in males than females ranging from 2:1 to 6.5:1. Hereditary relations in metopic synostosis have been found of which 5.5% were well defined syndromic. Maternal age and a birth weight of less than 2500g may also play a role in trigonocephaly. These data are based on estimations and do not give factual information.
Only one article gives valuable and reliable information regarding the incidence of metopic synostosis in the Netherlands. The incidence in the Netherlands showed an increase from 0.6 (1997) to 1.9 (2007) for every 10,000 live births.
History.
In former times people born with malformed skulls were rejected based upon their appearance. This still persists today in various parts of the world even though the intellectual development is often normal. The Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall presented the science of phrenology in the early 19th century through his work "The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular".
Hippocrates described trigonocephaly as follows: "Men's heads are by no means all like to one another, nor are the sutures of the head of all men constructed in the same form. Thus, whoever has a prominence in the anterior part of the head (by prominence is meant the round protuberant part of the bone which projects beyond the rest of it), in him the sutures of the head take the form of the Greek letter 'tau', τ".
Hermann Welcker coined the term trigonocephaly in 1862. He described a child with a V-shaped skull and a cleft lip.
Popular culture.
Via a photo shown on a Facebook page, the mother of a child previously diagnosed with this condition recognised the symptoms and reported them to the family involved, resulting in an immediate diagnosis that medical professionals had overlooked in all earlier consultations.


Asian Athletics Association

The Asian Athletics Association is the continental governing body for the sport of athletics in Asia. It is headquartered in Singapore. It organises the Asian Championships in Athletics and other continental competitions.
The current president Qatari Dahlan Jumaan al-Hamad, who was elected to the position in 2013. Suresh Kalmadi of India was the president from 2000 to 2013.


National Academy of Sports Medicine

The National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) is an American fitness training provider founded in 1987. Its headquarters is located in Gilbert, Arizona.
History.
The original founder was Robert M. Goldman. NASM is a subsidiary of Ascend Learning. NASM members attend and conduct health and fitness conferences that provide networking opportunities, discussion, review and formation of the Association's certification requirements. NASM is accredited by the Institute for Credentialing Excellence. The organization is registered with the Better Business Bureau as a sole proprietorship.
NASM's CEO is Micheal Clark who joined NASM as a partner in 2000 and also serves as the physical therapist for the Phoenix Suns.
Educational partnerships.
Successful completion of the National Personal Training Institute program allows the graduate to be eligible to take the NASM Certification examination.
Veterans and military.
Since 2010, NASM has been listed as a Military Friendly School.


Mary Knight Dunlap

Mary Knight Dunlap (1910–1992) founded the Association of Women Veterinarians in 1947.
Dunlap was from Baltimore, Maryland. In 1926, she began a four-year degree in veterinary medicine at Colorado A&M; however, she dropped out after her second year. She continued to pursue her interest in veterinary medicine and wrote abstracts and reports of meetings for the "North American Veterinarian" and other publications.
In 1947, Dunlap founded the Women's Veterinary Medical Association, now known as the Association of Women Veterinarians Foundation. She wrote, "through our organization we should offer guidance and help where it is needed, so that others will avoid our mistakes and most easily find happiness and success."
Dunlap edited and contributed to Dr. Joseph Arburua's book, "Narrative of Veterinary Medicine in California". She worked in the toxicology department of the University of California, San Francisco College of Medicine until poor health led to her resignation.


Toni Antonucci

Toni Claudette Antonucci (born September 9, 1948) is an American psychologist, currently the Elizabeth R. Douvan Collegiate Professor at University of Michigan and formerly President of Gerontological Society of America Her husband was James S.Jackson.


National Service Framework

A National Service Framework (NSF) was any of several policies set by the National Health Service (NHS) in England to define standards of care for major medical issues such as cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, kidney disease, long-term conditions, mental health, old age, and stroke care.
NSFs were ten-year plans developed in partnership with health professionals, patients, carers, health service managers, voluntary agencies and other experts.
The two main roles of NSFs were to:
The first NSF was published in 1999. NSFs were discontinued in 2013 with the formation of NHS England.


Strathcarron Hospice

Strathcarron Hospice is a free palliative care resource in Denny, Scotland, serving people in the Forth Valley and North Lanarkshire areas.
It was established in 1981 by Dr. Harold Lyon and friends, and cares for patients with an active, life-limiting disease. It relies heavily on volunteers and fundraising to provide its service.


Subglottic stenosis

Subglottic stenosis is a congenital or acquired narrowing of the subglottic airway. Although it is relatively rare, it is the third most common congenital airway problem (after laryngomalacia and vocal cord paralysis). Subglottic stenosis can present as a life-threatening airway emergency. It is imperative that the otolaryngologist be an expert at dealing with the diagnosis and management of this disorder. Subglottic stenosis can affect both children and adults.
Types.
Subglottic stenosis can be of three forms, namely congenital subglottic stenosis, idiopathic subglottic stenosis (ISS) and acquired subglottic stenosis. As the name suggests, congenital subglottic stenosis is a birth defect. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis is a narrowing of the airway due to an unknown cause. Acquired subglottic stenosis generally follows as an after-effect of airway intubation, and in extremely rare cases as a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Diagnosis.
Subglottic stenosis is graded according to the Cotton-Myer classification system from one to four based on the severity of the blockage.
Grade 1 – <50% obstruction
Grade 2 – 51–70% obstruction
Grade 3 – 71–99% obstruction
Grade 4 – no detectable lumen
Management.
Treatments to alleviate the symptoms of subglottic stenosis includes a daily dose of steroids such as prednisone, which reduces the inflammation of the area for better breathing. Other medications such as Methotrexate is also being tested by patients but results are pending.


National Radium Trust

The National Radium Trust was a British quasi-governmental organisation, set up on 25 July 1929, and abolished with the introduction of the NHS in 1948. It was intended to collect funding from the general public, and use it for supplying radium and other radiotherapeutic devices, to treat sick people in Great Britain.


Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer

The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), previously known as The International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer (iSBTc) is a professional society of influential scientists, academicians, researchers, clinicians, government representatives, and industry leaders from around the world dedicated to improving cancer patient outcomes by advancing the science and application of cancer immunotherapy. Currently, SITC has more than 2,400 members, representing 22 medical specialties from 42 countries around the world, who are engaged in the research and treatment of cancer.
Through emphasis on high-caliber scientific meetings, dedication to education and outreach activities, focus on initiatives of major importance to the field, and commitment to collaborations with like-minded organizations and patient advocacy groups, SITC brings together all aspects of the cancer immunology and immunotherapy community in an effort to make cancer immunotherapy one of the four standards of care and the word “cure” a reality for cancer patients living with this disease.
The goals of SITC are directed towards the rapid dissemination of information in these areas to expedite the safe transfer of both basic and applied research to the clinical setting.
Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs.
The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs brings together stakeholders across the cancer immunotherapy field to advance the science, discover breakthroughs and educate the world on cancer immunotherapy.
As the largest conference solely focused on cancer immunotherapy, the Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs provides more than 5,000 international leaders from academia, regulatory and government agencies, as well as industry representatives with a multidisciplinary educational and interactive environment focused on improving outcomes for all cancer patients.
Activities.
SITC continues to increase the number of programs it offers each year. The purpose of these programs – which include the Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs, Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy™ educational series, and an array of collaborative education programs – is to bring together leaders to discuss the latest developments in cancer immunotherapy and biological therapy, and to focus on and educate the clinical and translational aspects of biologic approaches to cancer treatment.
Membership.
SITC's membership consists of leaders in the field of cancer immunotherapy and up-and-coming scientists. This group includes research scientists, physician scientists, clinicians, patients, patient advocates, government representatives and industry leaders. In 2018, SITC grew to more than 2,400 members, representing 22 medical specialties and 42 countries around the world and are engaged in research and treatment of cancer.
Publications.
The Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (JITC) is the official journal of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC). It is an open access, online journal created by the Society for the many stakeholders in the tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy community. JITC is an outlet and targeted publication platform dedicated to advancing the science of tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy.


Neil Kessel

William Ivor Neil Kessel (10 February 1925 – 30 December 2003) was a British psychiatrist with expertise in attempted suicide and alcoholism. He trained at the Maudsley Hospital under Sir Aubrey Lewis, before working with Michael Shepherd at the General Practice Unit. He moved to Edinburgh as part of G. M. Carstairs' unit on Psychiatric Epidemiology, and then on to the University of Manchester as a Professor of Psychiatry where he was advisor on alcoholism to the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS).
Early life and education.
Kessel was born on 10 February 1925, the only son of a General Practitioner in North London. He was educated at Highgate School, Cambridge, and University College Hospital (UCH). He was awarded Distinction in his Diploma in Psychological Medicine (DPM) (the standard psychiatric qualification at that time) by Sir Aubrey Lewis at the Maudsley Hospital in South London.
Research.
He conducted research with Michael Shepherd at the General Practice Research Unit at the Maudsley Hospital, where he contributed the concept of 'conspicuous psychiatric morbidity' - which describes the amount of psychiatric disorder known to a General Practitioner. He also conducted a study on neurotic disorder in general practice with Shepherd. In the early 1960s he moved to the University of Edinburgh as part of a research unit on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) which later changed its name to the Unit on Psychiatric Epidemiology.


Sarah Cowley (nurse)

Professor Dame Sarah Cowley is a British district nurse and academic, specialising in the field of health visiting.
Biography.
Cowley started a career in Eastbourne as a health visitor and practice teacher. After completing doctoral studies, she joined the faculty of King’s College London leading the University's programme in health visiting and district nursing programme. She was appointed Professor of Community Practice Development in 1997, and retired in 2012.
During her career she served on a number of editorial boards, and was the author of paper and books including "Community Public Health in Policy and Practice" (Elsevier, 2008) and, with Marion Frost, "The Principles of Health Visiting: Opening the door to public health" (2006).
Career.
Professor Cowley has served as:
Honours.
In 2012, she was awarded a lifetime achievement award by the CPHVA. She was raised to Dame Commander of the British Empire (DBE) for services to health visiting in the 2013 New Year Honours.


Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University

The Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University () has long been regarded as Thailand's most prestigious medical school.
History.
Following the Second National Economic and Social Development Plan (1964–1966), the Thai government aimed to increase the number of doctors and nurses in order to meet the needs of the country. In August 1964, the government cabinet approved the plan of setting up a new medical school which would be located around the Phaya Thai area, on the Thung Phaya Thai grounds owned by the Treasury Department and located opposite the Ministry of Industry. Furthermore, a new hospital called was also to be built on the site. On December 30, 1965, HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej graciously conferred upon the name of this new medical school “Ramathibodi” and laid the foundation stone for the faculty and hospital's buildings, as well as officially enrolling the first cohort of medical students at the Faculty of Science. Four years later, the King opened the new faculty and hospital on May 3, 1969 and patient admission started three days later. Apart from the government's fund, the faculty was financially and academically supported by the Rockefeller Foundation of the United States. Since then the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital has been fully equipped and has provided medical education and services as well as research facilities to the public.
The Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital is one of two main medical schools within Mahidol University. The other older medical school is the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.
About.
The hospital is located on Rama 6 Road, close to Chitralada Royal Villa. There are 3 main health servicing buildings (Building 1, Queen Sirikit Building, and Somdech Phra Debaratana Building) on the medical school campus which serve at least 5,000 out-patient visits per day and in-patients with more than 1,000 beds for tertiary medical care. It is served by Ramathibodi Hospital Railway Halt, operated by the State Railway of Thailand. There are dormitories and sports facilities for medical students located on-site.
Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute (CNMI).
In 2010, the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital launched a new project, named the Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute (CNMI) () as a center for medical excellence in Asia to celebrate the 84th Anniversary of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's birthday. The project approximately costed 6 billion Baht and is located in Bang Phli District, Samut Prakan Province. The institute opened on the 25th of December 2017 and was attended by Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn.
Education.
The faculty offers a range of courses including the following:
Apart from regular programs, the faculty also offers numerous resident specialty programs, sub-specialty programs, and fellowship programs.
Medicine.
Ramathibodi develops the American style of study due to assistance from the Rockefeller Foundation during its founding period. The medical course aims to produce competent doctors with high professionalism, strong communication, teamwork, leadership and interpersonal skills. There is also an emphasis on research and English-language skills and all medical students can enter the 'Ton Kla Ramathibodi' Project () which aims to develop such skills to better healthcare and society. High school students compete in an extremely competitive entrance examination and grueling interview process. Since 2017, the faculty was one of the first institutions in Thailand to use BMAT testing as part of student admissions for some entry quotas. The acceptance rate was 0.8% as of the 2017 academic year. For the 2018 academic year, a total of 180 undergraduate medical (RAMD) students were accepted into the course at the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital.
Medicine at the faculty is a six-year course. Until the 2019 academic year, the first year, consisting of basic sciences, was taught at the Salaya Campus, and the second and third year being preclinical medical sciences was taught at the Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Phaya Thai Campus. The clinical years 4-6 were mainly based at Ramathibodi Hospital also at the Phaya Thai Campus, as well as some ward rotations at CNMI and affiliated provincial hospitals to the faculty. From the 2020 academic year, first year students remain at Salaya while second to sixth-year medical students will be mainly based at CNMI. For the 2020 academic year, around 30 students are accepted for a joint-degree "MD-M.Eng" program with the Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University was introduced, adding an additional year to the course. Students receive an additional Master of Engineering (Biomedical Engineering) before entering clinical years. Furthermore, some students may also be selected complete a PhD prior to entering clinical years; completion of the medical course dependent on the duration taken for their dissertation.
Since 2017, the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital has agreed with the HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science for the medicine course (PCMD) to provide educational facilities for students. Around 30 PCMD students study together with RAMD students throughout the six-year medicine course.


Paraveterinary workers in Italy

In Italy, veterinary support personnel do not hold any official state recognition. People with several years of experience and training in animal clinics can present themselves as "veterinary technicians".
There are not accredited programs by "l'Associazione Nazionale Medici Veterinari Italiani" (ANMVI-the Italian veterinary medical association) and there is not a national exam. Although no formal education is required, since 2001 there are various programs of study:
At this date there is not an official national association representing the interest of veterinary technicians but two private organizations provide courses, congresses, and continuing education:
(Melania Spica, VT, Tecnivet secretary, 1 Sep 2011).


Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is a condition that affects the development of the human brain by multiple small gyri (microgyri) creating excessive folding of the brain leading to an abnormally thick cortex. This abnormality can affect either one region of the brain or multiple regions.
The time of onset has yet to be identified; however, it has been found to occur before birth in either the earlier or later stages of brain development. Early stages include impaired proliferation and migration of neuroblasts, while later stages show disordered post-migration development.
The symptoms experienced differ depending on what part of the brain is affected. There is no specific treatment to get rid of this condition, but there are medications that can control the symptoms such as seizures, delayed development or weakened muscles as some of the noted effects.
Syndromes.
Significant technological advances have been made within the past few decades that have allowed more extensive studies to be made regarding syndromes from conditions such as polymicrogyria. Research, imaging, and analysis has shown that distribution of polymicrogryia does not always appear to be random, which revealed different types polymicrogyria. A summary of clinical manifestations of each syndrome can be found below, in the section labelled "Clinical presentation".
Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria (BFP).
BFP appears to be a symmetrical polymicrogyria that extends anteriorly from the frontal poles to the posterior precentral gyrus, and inferiorly to the frontal operculum. Patients who had polymicrogyria distribution similar to this also experienced similar symptoms including delayed motor and language developments, spastic hemiparesis or quadriparesis, and forms of mild mental retardation.
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP).
BFPP was one of the first discovered forms of polymicrogyria to have a gene identified linking to the syndromes caused. This gene is called GPR56. Symmetrical distribution is also evident in this form, but more distinctly, patients with BFPP were found to have atrophy of the cerebellum and brain stem, as well as bilateral white matter abnormalities. BFPP is characterized by estopia, global development delay, pyramidal signs, cerebral signs, and seizures. Estopia is also known as dysconjugate gaze, and is a common feature of severe static encephalopathy. This differentiates BFPP from the other bilatieral polymicrogyria syndromes.
Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP).
BPP is similar to the other types of polymicrogyria in that it is usually symmetrical, but BPP can vary among patients. BPP is characterized by its location; the cerebral cortex deep in the sylvian fissures is thickened and abnormally infolded, as well as the sylvian fissures extending more posteriorly up to the parietal lobes and more vertically oriented. BPP has been classified into a grading system consisting of four different grades that describe that variations in severity:
The grades move from most severe (Grade 1) to least severe (Grade 4). Although BFPP was the first form of polymicrogyria to be discovered, BPP was the first form to be described and is also the most common form of polymicrogyria. The clinical characterizations of BPP "include pseudobulbar palsy with diplegia of the facial, pharyngeal and masticory muscles (facio-pharyngo-glosso-masticatory paresis), pyramidal signs, and seizures." These can result in drooling, feeding issues, restricted tongue movement, and dysarthria. Disorders in language development have also been associated with BPP, but the extent of language disorder depends on the severity of cortical damage. Patients who suffer from BPP can also have pyramidal signs that vary in severity, and can be either unilateral or bilateral.
The sodium channel SCN3A has been implicated in BPP.
Bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria (BPOP).
BPOP is located in the parasagittal and mesial regions of the parieto-occipital cortex. This form has been associated with IQ scores that range from average intelligence to mild mental retardation, seizures, and cognitive slowing. The age of seizure onset has been found to occur anywhere from 20 months to 15 years, and in most cases the seizures were intractable (meaning hard to control).
Bilateral generalised polymicrogyria (BGP).
BGP is most severe in the perisylvian regions, but occurs in a generalised distribution. Associated factors include a reduced volume of white matter and ventriculomegaly. BGP tends to show excessively folded and fused gyri of an abnormally thin cerebral cortex, and an absence of the normal six-layered structure. The abnormally thin cortex is a key factor that distinguishes this form of polymicrogyria from the others, which are characterized by an abnormally thick cortex. Most of the patients have cognitive and motor delay, spastic hemi- or quadriparesis, and seizures in varying degrees. The seizures also vary at age of onset, type, and severity. There have been pseudobulbar signs reported with BGP, which are also seen in patients suffering from BPP. This association leads to the belief that there is overlap between patients suffering from BGP and patients suffering from grade 1 BPP.
Unilateral polymicrogyria.
The region in which unilateral polymicrogyria occurs has been generalized into different cortical areas. Features associated with this form of polymicrogyria are similar to the other forms and include spastic hemiparesis, mental retardation in variable degrees, and seizures. The features depend on the exact area and extent to which polymicrogyria has affected the cortex. Patients who have unilateral polymicrogyria have been reported to also have electrical status epilepticus during sleep (EPES), and all suffered from seizures.
Signs and symptoms.
The diagnosis of PMG is merely descriptive and is not a disease in itself, nor does it describe the underlying cause of the brain malformation.
Polymicrogyria may be just one piece of a syndrome of developmental abnormalities, because children born with it may suffer from a wide spectrum of other problems, including global developmental disabilities, mild to severe intellectual disabilities, motor dysfunctions including speech and swallowing problems, respiratory problems, and seizures. Though it is difficult to make a predictable prognosis for children with the diagnosis of PMG, there are some generalized clinical findings according to the areas of the brain that are affected.
Cause.
The cause of polymicrogyria is unclear. It is currently classified as resulting from abnormalities during late neuronal migration or early cortical organization of fetal development. Evidence for both genetic and non-genetic causes exists. Polymicrogyria appears to occur around the time of neuronal migration or early cortical development. Non-genetic causes include defects in placental oxygenation and in association with congenital infections, particularly cytomegalovirus.
An association with the gene WDR62 and SCN3A has been identified., as well as other ion channels.
Pathology.
Polymicrogyria is a disorder of neuronal migration, resulting in structurally abnormal cerebral hemispheres. The Greek roots of the name describe its salient feature: many [poly] small [micro] gyri (convolutions in the surface of the brain). It is also characterized by shallow sulci, a slightly thicker cortex, neuronal heterotopia and enlarged ventricles. When many of these small folds are packed tightly together, PMG may resemble pachygyria (a few "thick folds" - a mild form of lissencephaly).
The pathogenesis of polymicrogyria is still being researched for understanding though it is historically heterogeneous-4. It results from both genetic and destructive events. While polymicrogyria is associated with genetic mutations, none of these are the sole cause of this abnormality. The cortical development of mammals requires specific cell functions that all involve microtubules, whether it is because of mitosis, specifically cell division, cell migration or neurite growth. Some mutations that affect the role of microtubules and are studied as possible contributors, but not causes, to polymicrogyria include TUBA1A and TUBB2B. TUBB2B mutations are known to contribute to polymicrogyria either with or without congenital fibrosis or the external ocular muscles, as well as bilateral perisylvian.
The gene GPR56 is a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family and is directly related to causing Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, (BFPP)-6. Other genes in the G protein-coupled receptor family have effects with this condition as well such as the outer brain development, but not enough is known to carry out all the research properly so the main focus is starting with the specific GR56 gene within this category. This malformation of the brain is a result of numerous small gyri taking over the surface of the brain that should otherwise be normally convoluted. This gene is currently under studies to help identify and contribute to the knowledge about this condition. It is studied to provide information on the causes along with insight into the mechanisms of normal cortical development and the regional patterning of the cerebral cortex using magnetic resonance imagine, MRI. Specifically found to polymicrogyria due to mutation of this gene are myelination defects. GPR56 is observed to be important for myelinations due to a mutation in this gene results in reduced white matter volume and signal changes as shown in MRI's. While the cellular roles of GPR56 in myelination remains unclear, this information will be used to further other studies done with this gene.
Another gene that has been associated with this condition is GRIN1 and GRIN2B.
Diagnosis.
The effects of polymicrogyria (PMG) can be either focal or widespread. Although both can have physiological effects on the patient, it is hard to determine PMG as the direct cause because it can be associated with other brain malformations. Most commonly, PMG is associated with Aicardi and Warburg micro syndromes. These syndromes both have frontoparieto polymicrogyria as their anomalies. To ensure proper diagnosis, doctors thus can examine a patient through neuroimaging or neuropathological techniques.
Neuroimaging techniques.
Pathologically, PMG is defined as “an abnormally thick cortex formed by the piling upon each other of many small gyri with a fused surface.” To view these microscopic characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used. First physicians must distinguish between polymicrogyria and pachygyria. Pachygria leads to the development of broad and flat regions in the cortical area, whereas the effect of PMG is the formation of multiple small gyri. Underneath a computerized tomography (CT scan) scan, these both appear similar in that the cerebral cortex appears thickened. However, MRI with a T1 weighted inversion recovery will illustrate the gray-white junction that is characterized by patients with PMG. An MRI is also usually preferred over the CT scan because it has sub-millimeter resolution. The resolution displays the multiple folds within the cortical area, which is continuous with the neuropathology of an infected patient.
Neuropathological techniques.
Gross examination exposes a pattern of many small gyri clumped together, which causes an irregularity in the brain surface. The cerebral cortex, which in normal patients is six cell layers thick, is also thinned. As mentioned prior, the MRI of an affected patient shows what appears to be a thickening of the cerebral cortex because of the tiny folds that aggregate causing a more dense appearance. However, gross analysis shows that an affected patient can have as few as one to all six of these layers missing.
Treatment.
The Polymicrogyria (PMG) malformation cannot be reversed, but the symptoms can be treated. The removal of affected areas through hemispherectomy has been used in some cases to reduce the amount a seizure activity. Few patients are candidates for surgery. The global developmental delay that affects 94% can also be mitigated in some patients with occupational, physical, and speech therapies. The important aspect to realize is PMG affects each patient differently and treatment options and mitigation techniques will vary. Many services are available to help, most children's hospitals can direct caregivers guidance where to get the information they need to seek assistance.
History.
Limited information was known about cerebral disorders until the development of modern technologies. Brain imaging and genetic sequencing greatly increased the information known about polymicrogyria within the past decade. Understanding about development, classification and localization of the disorder have greatly improved. For instance, localization of specific cortex regions affected by the disease was determined. This allowed for clinical symptoms of patients to be linked with localized cortex areas affected. A gene that was identified to be a contributor to Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria was GPR56.


Charles Anderson (Texas politician)

Charles “Doc” Anderson (born June 29, 1945) is a veterinarian from Waco, Texas, who is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 56. He was first elected in 2004 and has won six additional terms thereafter.
A graduate of the Texas A&M University School of Veterinary Medicine in College Station, Anderson has been a small animal veterinarian in Waco since 1981. He and his first wife, Sandie, have one son, Thomas, and one grandson. He is listed as a resident of Lorena, south of Waco.
Anderson began his involvement in the political process as an advocate for small business. He served on committees for the Texas Association of Business and the National Federation of Independent Businesses and was appointed to the Texas Small Business Advisory Council by former Governor Rick Perry. In 1998 and 2000, he represented Texas as a delegate to the Congressional Small Business Summit in Washington, D.C.
His District 56 encompasses Waco and most of McLennan County. Anderson sits on the Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee and the Rules & Resolution Committee. He has been the vice-chairman of the Agriculture and Livestock committee. Additionally, he has been appointed to the statewide Agricultural Policy Council, the multinational Energy Council, and the National Conference of State Legislatures Committee on Agriculture, Energy, and the Environment. Anderson serves on the Community College Caucus, Rural Caucus, Veteran Caucus, Clean Air Caucus, Republican Caucus, and the Texas Conservative Coalition.
Anderson introduced major legislation concerning school bus safety belts, Jessica's Law, and a constitutional amendment to require a two-thirds vote of the legislature to raise the 1 percent business franchise tax. In his first term, he successfully obtained partial funding for the construction of the new Company F Headquarters for the Texas Rangers Division, which houses a public education center for the Rangers. During the 81st session, Anderson worked to secure funding for the Waco skate park and Texas State Technical College in Waco. Anderson has also been a leader in community organizations and in the veterinary medicine profession.
In 2008, Anderson won the Republican renomination for his third term in the House by defeating Jonathan Sibley, a son of former State Senator David McAdams Sibley, Sr., also of Waco.


Mary Gaulden Jagger

Mary Esther Gaulden Jagger (April 30, 1921 – September 1, 2007), known professionally as "Mary Esther Gaulden", was an American radiation geneticist, professor of radiology and political activist who authored some 60 scientific publications.
Early life.
Mary Esther Gaulden was the daughter of Daniel Harley Gaulden, Sr. and Virginia Carson Gaulden. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Winthrop College, where she double-majored in music and biology, and later earned her doctorate in biology at the University of Virginia.
Her genealogical information is available: WikiTree Profile Gaulden-51, Mary Esther Gaulden
Oak Ridge.
In 1949, she began working as a senior radiation biologist in the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee under Alexander Hollaender. There, in 1956, she met biophysicist John Jagger, whom she married 19 October 1956. While working in Oak Ridge, Gaulden Jagger became locally famous as the person who "threw the rascals out" of the Anderson County Election Commission, and was also active in the county's desegregation movement, participating in drugstore and restaurant sit-ins alongside her husband. Gaulden was a founding member of the Radiation Research Society and the Environmental Mutagen Society and was president of the Association of Southeastern Biologists in 1959.
UT Southwestern Medical Center.
In the mid-1960s, the couple and their two young children relocated to Dallas, Texas. Gaulden took a position as a professor of radiology at the UT Southwestern Medical Center, where she retired in 1992. In 1966 she was a co-founder of the National Organization for Women.
Gaulden served on the Committee on Toxicology of the U.S. National Research Council from 1989–1999, studying (among other things) the environment on the International Space Station.


Michael Barrett (physician)

Michael Barrett (16 May 1816 – 26 February 1887) was a physician and teacher. He was born in London, England, received his early education at Caen, France and emigrated with his family to Upper Canada in 1833.
Barrett is best remembered for his role in the establishment of the Ontario Medical College for Women. Women were being denied admission to existing medical schools and an appeal to Barrett and other medical people by Augusta Stowe-Gullen resulted in the opening of the college in 1883. He received the appointment dean and also taught there until his death.


CUHK Faculty of Medicine

Faculty of Medicine of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) () was established in 1981 and consists of five schools which offer an array of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in the field of medicine, nursing, pharmacy and public health. The Hong Kong's Prince of Wales Hospital is the faculty's teaching facility and base of research. The medium of instruction of all programs is English while Chinese is also retained for the teaching of Chinese Medicine.
It is one of the only two medical training faculties established in Hong Kong, along with the older Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong. They are also the only two tertiary institutions in Hong Kong that provide medical and pharmacy programmes. CUHK's medical school has been ranked as one of the top 50 medical schools in the world, despite its short history of 35 years as of 2016.
History.
The medical school of CUHK was approved to be established in 1974 by the Hong Kong legislative council and finished its basic construction to receive its first batch of medical undergraduates in 1981. The United Christian Hospital and the Kowloon Hospital were the teaching hospitals of the school prior to the opening of the Prince of Wales Hospital in 1984.
Later on, various schools and departments were opened as well, followed by the introduction of different programmes in other fields of healthcare and biomedical sciences other than the original medical one. With the establishment of the Department of Nursing, the Bachelor of Nursing (post-registration) and Bachelor of Nursing (pre-registration) degrees were introduced in 1991 and 1995 respectively at CUHK and the Department was then renamed as "The Nethersole School of Nursing" in 2002. Moreover, the Bachelor of Pharmacy programme was launched in 1992, being Hong Kong's first educational course in that domain. This is followed by the construction of the School of Public Health 7 years later which then has been providing the city's first and sole Bachelor of Science in Public Health programme starting from 2009. The School of Chinese Medicine which originally affiliates with the University's Faculty of Science transferred to the Medical Faculty from 1 July 2013 in consideration of the School's reconfiguration and development. During the time, various important medical related discoveries were also explored by the institute.
The first full-time Dean of Faculty of Medicine, Professor G. H. Choa, was appointed in 1977. Currently, the Dean of Medicine is Professor Chan, Ka Leung Francis.
Programmes and admission.
Currently, the majority of the seats are offered for students who are selected based on their strength in the local university entrance examination (HKDSE or previously HKALE) — the JUPAS students. Remaining ones are provided for non-JUPAS students, students who take overseas examinations such as GCE, or postgraduate students who have already completed a bachelor's degree. For example, the MBChB (medicine) programme offers 265 places annually, of which close to half of the places are allotted to non-JUPAS students. The duration of all programmes under the new HKDSE curriculum is at least 4 years, one more than that for former students who received HKALE qualifications. Non-JUPAS students will be assessed by the schools to decide their stream.
It is one of the only two tertiary institutions in Hong Kong which provide medical and pharmacy programmes and is the sole one that has a public health undergraduate programme. The competition is therefore fierce due to the limited numbers of intakes and a good examination performance is required, especially for medicine (MBChB) and pharmacy. Moreover, interviews are part of the selection process.
Following the UK model, medical students graduating from CUHK will be awarded the MBChB, which is the equivalent of the MBBS awarded by HKU. Other graduates will also be conferred with the corresponding Bachelor's degrees.
Moreover, the Faculty also provides different postgraduate programmes, including postgraduate diploma, Master's degrees and Doctoral degrees.
Schools and departments.
Schools.
CUHK Medical Faculty now consists of five schools: School of Biomedical Sciences; The Nethersole School of Nursing; School of Pharmacy, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, and The School of Chinese Medicine.
The School of Chinese Medicine, which originally affiliates with the University's Faculty of Science, transferred to the Medical Faculty from 1 July 2013.
Departments.
Departments at the faculty include:


Intertransverse ligament

The intertransverse ligaments are ligaments that are placed between the transverse processes of the spine.
In the cervical region they consist of a few irregular, scattered fibers that are often replaced by muscles. In the thoracic region they are rounded cords intimately connected with the deep muscles of the back. In the lumbar region they are thin and membranous.
The intertransverse ligaments often blend with the intertransverse muscles.
The function of the intertransverse ligaments is to limit lateral flexion of the spine.


Abdominal wall defect

Abdominal wall defects are a type of congenital defect that allows the stomach, the intestines, or other organs to protrude through an unusual opening that forms on the abdomen.
During the development of the fetus, many unexpected changes occur inside the womb. Specifically, the stomach, intestines, or other organs begin to develop outside the fetus’ abdomen through the abnormal hole in the abdomen and, as development progresses, the abdominal wall eventually encloses these organs. In some cases of defect either the umbilical opening is too oversized or has developed improperly which allows the organs to remain outside or to squeeze through the abdominal wall.
There are two main types of abdominal wall defects that result due to the changes during development. They are omphalocele and gastroschisis. Gastroschisis develops when the abdominal wall does not completely close, and the organs are present outside of the infant's body. Omphalocele occurs when some of the organs protrude through the muscles of the abdomen in the area surrounding the umbilical cord. Omphalocele can be either minor, with only some of the organs exposed, or severe, with most, if not all of the abdominal organs being exposed.
Presentation.
Complications.
Concerns that arise due to abdominal wall defects can be threatening and require immediate and intensive medical care. Some infections may persist for long periods of time and lead to serious complications, such as feeding problems, which can cause the infant to require several surgeries. Since these complications can be severe, it is recommended that parents work closely with a team of physicians throughout the duration of the treatment. After the treatment is completed, children with abdominal wall defects may need additional help. Additional services are usually necessary for with omphalocele and the associated chromosomal abnormalities and birth defects that also arise. Treatments in these cases are long-term and focus on the physical and developmental difficulties that the children will endure. The parents may find this process difficult and need assistance in dealing with the process by a service that is provided by the healthcare team.
Cause.
Out of all of the causes of birth defects information about a great number is still unknown. As of 2004, the reason that abdominal wall defects occur has yet to be determined or understood. The symptoms that the mother may present that would indicate the development of the defect and unnoticeable . Most cases of abdominal wall defects have been found to be sporadic and have no relationship with the history of the disorder within the family.
The EPA is aware that a common herbicide called Atrazine causes abdominal wall defects as well as other birth defects and cancer. Atrazine has been banned in the EU since 2004, yet is still commonly used in the US despite the evidence of harm. Atrazine affects the drinking water supply, most predominantly in the midwest.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention did a study on the relationship between Atrazine and abdominal wall defects:
"Gastroschisis and omphalocele are congenital abdominal wall defects (AWD). Atrazine and nitrates are common agricultural fertilizers"
and concluded:
"Indiana has significantly higher rates of AWD [abdominal wall defects] compared with national rates. Increased atrazine levels correlate with increased incidence of AWD."
Diagnosis.
Before birth, openings in the abdomen can usually be detected by a detailed ultrasound or AFP screening. In addition to the ultrasound or AFP scanning, it is also necessary for children with this defect to be checked for other birth defects because genetic disorders are usually associated with some of the abdominal wall defects. In looking for other genetic disorders that may be associated, Genetic counseling and further genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, are offered.
Treatment.
Abdominal wall defects can be treated surgically if there are no accompanying anomalies. The surgical procedure also called omphalocele repair/closure or gastroschisis repair/closure is not overcomplicated. The organs are normal but are misplaced.
However, if the abdominal cavity is too small or when the organs are too large or swollen to close the skin, it may be difficult to fit all the viscera into the small abdominal cavity. In such cases, the surgeon will place a covering pouch generally made of silastic, commonly called a "silo" (because it's shaped like an agricultural silo), over the abdominal organs on the outside of the infant. The silo serves to conserve heat and prevent infection. The silo is spring-loaded so that the device can be attached to the inside of the abdominal wall without sutures. The top of the silo is secured in a way that causes it to stand upright, so that the bowels are gradually coaxed into the abdominal cavity by gravity. This process can take up to a week, and final closure may be performed a few weeks later. More surgery may be required to repair the abdominal muscles at a later time.
Prognosis.
If there are no other defects, the prognosis after surgical repair of this condition is relatively good. However, 10% of those with more severe or additional abnormalities die from it. The organs themselves are fully functional; the difficulty lies in fitting them inside the abdomen. The condition is, in fact, a hernia requiring only replacement and strengthening of the passageway through which it occurred. After surgery, increased pressure in the stretched abdomen can compromise the function of the organs inside.
Incidence.
Abdominal wall defects, specifically the main two types, gastroschisis and omphalocele, are rare, occurring in about one out of every 5000 births. There is no difference in prevalence between boys and girls. Mothers who are below the age of twenty are almost four times as likely to have an offspring that has developed an abdominal wall defect compared to mothers who is in her late twenties and older.


University of Health Sciences (Turkey)

The University of Health Sciences () is a state university in Turkey established in 2015. It is the country's only higher educational institution for health sciences. As of 2019, the rector of the university is Prof. Dr. Cevdet Erdöl.
History.
The University of Health Sciences (SBÜ) was established as a state university on 27 March 2015. The Haydarpaşa Campus of the Marmara University at Haydarpaşa neighborhood of Kadıköy in Istanbul was allocated to the SBÜ on 15 April 2015. The Haydarpaşa Campus of the university was named "Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye-i Şahane Külliyesi" ("Imperial School of Medicine Campus") to honor the original name of the building.
In August 2016, "Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi" ("Gülhane Military Medical Academy") in Etlik, Ankara was incorporated into the University of Health Sciences by lifting its military status.
The university began its education in the 2016–17 academic year with 82 students in medicine.
Hamidiye Campus, Istanbul.
The construction of the Haydarpaşa Campus building was ordered by Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II (reigned 1876–1909) in 1894. The building was designed by the architects French-Ottoman Alexander Vallaury (1850–1921) and Italian Raimondo D'Aronco (1857–1932). The rectangular-plan building covers with an inner courtyard land.
The opening of the School of Medicine, named (literally: "Imperial School of Medicine"), took place by the sultan on his birthday on 6 November 1903. While the building hosted the Military Medicine School until 1909, it later served for a civilian Medicine School. It had a botanic garden with medicinal plants. It featured faculties of medicine and pharmacy. The school had an underground tunnel connection to the military hospital across it.
In 1933, with the reorganization of the higher education in Turkey after the Atatürk's Reforms, the Medicine School was closed. The building was allocated to the Haydarpaşa High School. From 1983 on, the building was used by the Marmara University as a campus including also a Faculty of Medicine.
All faculties, colleges and institutes situated at the Haydarpaşa Campus were prefixed "Hamidiye" by a presidential decree in June 2019 after Abdul Hamid II, the founder of the initial medical school.
Gülhane Campus, Ankara.
In 1897, a protocol was signed with the German Empire to improve the medicine education in the Ottoman Empire. Prof. Robert Rieder of University of Bonn and Dr. Georg Deycke of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf came to Istanbul in 1898. In addition to their works at the Imperial School of Medicine, they converted the building of the military junior high school inside Gülhane (literally: Rose Garden), the courtyard of Ottoman sultan's Topkapı Palace, into a modern healthcare facility. It was opened on 30 December 1898 and named "Gülhane Seririyat Hastanesi" ("Gülhane Clinic Hospital").
Gülhane Hospital's first active presence took place in 1909 when its physicians, who were transferred to the newly established Faculty of Medicine, made out the majority of the academic staff. During World War I, the hospital undertook important duties in the successful delivery of health services to the Ottoman Army, and in the treatment of wounded soldiers brought from the Battle of Gallipoli (1915–1916). During the occupation of Istanbul from 1918 to 1923, Gülhane Hospital was transferred to Gümüşsuyu quarter of Beyoğlu, Istanbul, and continued to serve during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922). Following the end of the occupation of Istanbul, the hospital returned to its previous location.
With the beginning of World War II, it was decided to move the hospital to Ankara. In 1941, it started as "Gülhane Askeri Tababet Okulu ve Hastanesi" ("Gulhane Military Medical School and Hospital") in the buildings of the military hospital at Cebeci quarter of Çankata district of Ankara. Iy played an important role in the establishment of Ankara University Medical School in 1945. Eleven of the fourteen professors and founding staff members originated from the Gulhane Military Medical School and Hospital. In 1947, it was renamed to "Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi" (GATA) ("Gülhane Military Medical Academy"), and collaborated with the Ankara University's Medical School until 1952.
In 1952, the Academy moved from Cebeci to Bahçelievler, Ankara leaving its buildings to the university's Medical School. As the buildings became insufficient, it was decided in 1963 to build a modern hospital complex in Etlik neighborhood of Keçiören, Ankara. In 1971, the Academy moved into its new location.
After the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt on 15 July, all of the 32 military hospitals, including the GATA, were transferred from the Ministry of National Defense to the Ministry of Health in August the same year. The GATA was renamed "Gülhane Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi" ("Gülhane Education and Research Hospital"), and was incorporated into the SBÜ by a presidential decree.
Academics.
Hamidiye Campus.
The academic units situated at the Hamidiye Campus in Haydarpaşa, Istanbul are:
Gülhane Campus.
Following academic units serve at the Gülhane Campus in Etlik, Ankara:


Andrew Christensen

Andrew Christensen is a distinguished research professor at University of California, Los Angeles, specializing in clinical psychology. He is also a published author of 10 books, and is held in 3,151 libraries worldwide, the highest held book being in 804 libraries.


International Crossbow Shooting Union


V. Mohan Reddy

Vadiyala Mohan Reddy is an Indian professor at UCSF Medical Center in the United States.