Helkiah Crooke

Helkiah Crooke (1576 – 1648) was Court physician to King James I of England. He is best remembered for his textbook on anatomy, "Mikrokosmographia, a Description of the Body of Man". He was the first qualified doctor to be appointed Keeper of Royal Bethlem Hospital, but his conduct as Keeper was so unsatisfactory that he was eventually removed from that office on the grounds of corruption and absenteeism.
Family.
He was born in Great Waldingfield, Suffolk, the third son of Thomas Crooke, rector of the parish and later reader at Gray's Inn; his mother's family name was Samuel. His eldest brother Sir Thomas Crooke achieved distinction as the founder of Baltimore, County Cork. Thomas and another brother Samuel Crooke, (who was also a clergyman) were, like their father, inclined to Calvinism; Helkiah on the other hand is said to have leaned towards Roman Catholicism. Sir Thomas in his will of 1629 speaks with obvious affection of "dear Helkiah". The brothers seem to have been rather similar in their characters: both were men of talent and energy, but both were accused of a complete lack of scruple: just as Helkiah was accused of corruption, so Thomas was accused, rightly or wrongly, of enriching the town of Baltimore by the profits of piracy.
Early career.
Helkiah went on the Sir Henry Billingsley scholarship to St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating Bachelor of Arts in 1596; then went to the University of Leiden, where he graduated as Doctor of Medicine in only a few months. For some time he practiced privately in Suffolk; his first application to join the Royal College of Physicians was unsuccessful, but he was admitted in 1613. He became a fellow in 1620 and anatomy reader in 1629. Possibly through the influence of his brother Thomas, who had some acquaintance with King James I, he was appointed physician to the Royal Household.
Mikrokosmographia.
Among Helkiah's patients was William Jaggard, who later became famous as the publisher of William Shakespeare; Helkiah is said to have treated Jaggard for syphilis. It was Jaggard who in 1615 published Helkiah's best-known work, "Mikrokosmographia". The book was a popular success, although it was caused some controversy, partly because it was written in English, and partly because it criticised the teachings of Galen, which were still accepted without question by most of the medical profession. Most notably, it contained frank illustrations of the human sexual organs, leading the Church authorities to denounce it as "indecent". Perhaps because of Helkiah's position at Court, the controversy did his reputation little damage and a second edition appeared in 1631. How much of the book was original has been disputed: it has been described as a compilation, with little original observation; some critics accused Helkiah of outright plagiarism.
Keeper of Bedlam.
In 1619 he was appointed Keeper of Bethlem Royal Hospital, popularly known as "Bedlam", the principal London hospital for the treatment of the mentally ill. He was the first qualified doctor to hold the office. He had conducted a vigorous campaign to remove his predecessor, Thomas Jenner, due to his lack of the proper qualifications. His record at Bedlam, as elsewhere, is controversial. His admirers called him a reformer who pioneered the humane treatment of the mentally ill: his critics claimed that he embezzled funds and was usually absent from the Hospital, deputising his duties to his son-in-law, Thomas Bedford. Most serious was the complaint that care of patients was so neglected that many were "like to starve". Food intended for the patients was often stolen by the hospital steward, whom the patients had to bribe to hand it over, or go without. Helkiah was often accused of attacking others for faults of which he was himself guilty, and his denunciation of his predecessor Jenner for incompetence was is unlikely to have been forgotten. His attempts to break the long-standing oversight of the administration of Bedlam by the Governors of the Bridewell Prison were unsuccessful, and the inevitable quarrel with the Governors of Bridewell merely made him influential enemies.
Complaints about his conduct became so numerous that an inquiry was held in 1632. The death of King James I in 1625 had removed Helkiah's protection as a royal favourite, and he was found guilty
and removed from office. He was the last Keeper to be appointed simply on the basis of royal patronage.
Last years.
The cost of defending himself at the inquiry is said to have greatly impoverished him, and in 1635 he resigned his fellowship of the College of Physicians. He retired to Clerkenwell: so little is known of his last years that he is sometimes thought to have died in 1635, but there is a record of his burial at St James's Church, Clerkenwell in March 1648.
Little is known of his family except that he had a daughter, Alice, who married Thomas Bedford. His sister Sarah, widow of the noted preacher Stephen Egerton, at her death in 1624 left legacies to both Helkiah and Alice, but does not mention Helkiah's wife, who had presumably died by then.


Rosena Allin-Khan

Rosena Chantelle Allin-Khan (born 1977) is a British doctor and politician who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tooting since the 2016 by-election. She has served as Shadow Secretary of State for Mental Health since 2020. She stood as a candidate for the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election, ultimately coming second to Angela Rayner. She was previously Shadow Minister for Sport between October 2016 and January 2020.
After completing her medical studies, she earned a master's in public health. Before returning to work in British hospitals, she worked in Gaza and Israel, Africa, and Asia.
Early life and education.
Rosena Chantelle Allin-Khan was born in Tooting. Her parents were both musicians: her Polish mother had been a singer in the Polish girl group Filipinki, and met her father, originally from Pakistan, while the band was on tour in London. After having two children together, the couple separated. Rosena's mother worked at three jobs to support the girl and her brother.
Allin-Khan was educated at Trinity St Mary's Primary School, Balham, followed by what she has called "a good school", The Grey Coat Hospital. But her disappointing A-level grades, two Es and a U, dashed her hopes of being accepted to study medicine. Instead, she studied medical biochemistry at Brunel University, funding her education through a series of part-time jobs and establishing a strong record. She was accepted to study medicine at Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge, where she was assisted by scholarships.
Medical career.
After qualifying as a doctor, Allin-Khan worked at the Royal London and Homerton Hospitals. She also completed a Master's degree in public health. Following this, she worked as a humanitarian aid doctor in Gaza and Israel, Africa, and Asia.
Prior to her election to the House of Commons, she worked as a junior doctor in the accident and emergency department at St George's Hospital in Tooting. In addition to her parliamentary and ministerial work, Allin-Khan continues to work occasional shifts at St George's Hospital during parliamentary recesses.
Political career.
Allin-Khan's work in public health also led her to become active in local politics. She was elected as a councillor on Wandsworth Council for Bedford Ward in Balham, serving from 2014 to 2018. She served as deputy leader of the council's Labour group.
Allin-Khan was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the Tooting constituency, after the seat became vacant in May 2016; the sitting MP, Sadiq Khan, had resigned after he had won that year's London mayoral election.
Allin-Khan's by-election campaign emphasised her local, working-class roots and Polish-Pakistani ancestry. When the election results were announced, Allin-Khan read a tribute to Jo Cox, the Labour MP for Batley and Spen who was murdered on the day of the by-election.
She campaigned to remain in the EU during the 2016 Brexit referendum, and later campaigned with the same position for a second referendum on the issue.
In October 2016, Allin-Khan was appointed Shadow Minister for Sport. While in this position, she pledged to introduce safe standing at football matches in the UK from the 2020/21 season, if Labour won the next election. She further campaigned to have England's semi-final match against Croatia during the 2018 World Cup to be shown on big screens in public. She said that the St George's Flag had become associated with the far-right, and was pleased that the success of England in the World Cup had helped reclaim the flag for the wider population.
Allin-Khan retained her seat in the 2017 general election and the 2019 general elections. She received a higher number of votes in these elections, strengthening her position.
Allin-Khan stood as a candidate in the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election. During the campaign, she said that she would be a unifying candidate, and highlighted her working-class background, and experience as a doctor. She ultimately received 77,351 (16.8%) of first preference votes, and 113,858 (26.1%) in the final round, coming second to Angela Rayner.
She was appointed as Shadow Minister for Mental Health in Keir Starmer's first shadow cabinet, shadowing Nadine Dorries. Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic in the UK, Allin-Khan has been working 12-hour shifts at St George's Hospital in Tooting, in addition to her job as an MP and a shadow minister.
She called for more mental health support to NHS staff during the pandemic, noting that there was a "rise in suicides, self-harm and suicidal ideation among frontline NHS and care staff" due to "a lack of PPE, an increased workload ... and witnessing more patients die". She also criticised the UK Government for being too slow in acting, saying that it should have sooner introduced measures such as the lockdown and widespread testing.
In October 2020, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards rebuked Allin-Khan for breaching the Code of Conduct for Members of Parliament. As this was Allin-Khan's third breach of the rules, the matter was referred to the Parliamentary Committee on Standards.
In the 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle, she was made a Shadow Secretary of State.
Personal life.
Allin-Khan is married and lives in Tooting with her husband, who is ethnic Welsh. She is a Muslim. The couple have two daughters.
She is an amateur boxer, training at Balham Boxing Club. Allin-Khan also serves as the team doctor.


Bruce Bode

Bruce Bode, MD, FACE is a diabetes specialist with the Atlanta Diabetes Associates in Atlanta, GA and is a clinical associate professor at Emory University in the Department of Medicine. He has served on the board of directors of the Atlanta chapters of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and various Georgia-based diabetes camps. Bode is a member of the board of directors of Glytec and an active member of the JDRF research team validating the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS), and is a former president of the ADA Georgia Affiliate and editor of the ADA's 2004 edition of Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes.
Education.
Bode received his medical degree from Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, GA and completed a fellowship in diabetes with Paul C. Davidson, MD, and an internship and residency at Emory University Affiliated Hospitals.
Inpatient glycemic management.
Bode has co-authored many publications on the subject of inpatient glucose control and was a co-developer of the Glucommander software, a computer-directed intravenous insulin system manufactured by Glytec, LLC.
The Glucommander is intended to evaluate the current as well as cumulative patient blood glucose values, and, based on the aggregate of those measurements, whether one or many, regulate the infusion of I.V. fluids, through an I.V. infusion pump, and drive the blood glucose level towards a predetermined target range. Once that target blood glucose range has been reached, the system's function is to recommend a titration of insulin, glucose, and saline for the purpose of maintaining the patient's blood glucose level in that target range. The system is programmed to provide intravenous dosing of glucose, saline, and insulin, as well as subcutaneous dosing of glucose and insulin.


Skeeter syndrome

Skeeter syndrome (papular urticaria) is a localized allergic reaction to mosquito bites, consisting of inflammation and sometimes fever. It is caused by allergenic polypeptides in mosquito saliva, and therefore is not contagious. It is one of several forms of the allergic responses to mosquito bites termed mosquito bite allergies.
Although the term seems informal, it has appeared in the published literature.
Diagnosis.
Clinical examination alone cannot distinguish between a response caused by infection, such as cellulitis, and skeeter syndrome. However, skeeter syndrome usually progresses over the course of hours versus cellulitis, which typically evolves over the course of several days. As such, accurate history is imperative when making the diagnosis. Since IgE and IgG are key players in mosquito allergy, diagnosis can be confirmed by an immunosorbent assay measuring IgE and IgG to mosquito saliva antigens.
Differential diagnosis.
The Skeeter syndrome should not be confused with another type of reactivity to mosquito bites, severe mosquito bite allergy (SMBA). SMBA is most often an Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease that complicates ~33% of individuals with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection or, in extremely rare cases, individuals with Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin disease or an Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphoid disease such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma. It is a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by the rapid development of skin redness, swelling, ulcers, necrosis and scarring following mosquito bites. The reaction is often accompanied by relatively severe systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise; enlarged lymph nodes, liver, and/or spleen; liver dysfunction; hematuria; and proteinuria.
Treatment.
Taking oral cetirizine regularly has been known to help those who suffer from skeeter syndrome.


Archibald Pitcairne

Archibald Pitcairne or Pitcairn (25 December 165220 October 1713) was a Scottish physician.
Early life.
Pitcairne was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. After obtaining some classical education at the school of Dalkeith, Pitcairne entered Edinburgh University in 1668, and took his degree of MA in 1671. Having been sent to France for the benefit of his health, he was induced at Paris to begin the study of medicine, and after courses at Edinburgh and Paris he obtained in 1680 the degree of MD at Reims University.
Private practice and academic appointment.
He began practice at Edinburgh, and was appointed one of three professors of medicine at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1685. In a short time he acquired so great a reputation that in 1692 he was appointed to the Chair of the Practice of Medicine at the University of Leiden. Among his pupils were Richard Mead and George Cheyne and both of them attributed much of their skill to what they had learned from Pitcairne. During Pitcairne's time in Leiden, he is also thought to have taught the great Dutch physician and "father of physiology" Herman Boerhaave.
In 1693 Pitcairne returned to Scotland to marry a daughter of Sir Archibald Stevenson, an eminent physician in Edinburgh. The family objected to her going abroad, so he did not return to Leiden, but settled once more in Edinburgh. He rose to be the first physician in Scotland, and was frequently called into consultation both in England and the Netherlands.
Anatomical studies.
Soon after his return to Edinburgh, Pitcairne made an offer to the town council that would see him and some of his colleagues treat paupers for free at the hospital of Paul's Work at the foot of Calton Hill. In return, he requested that he could dissect the bodies of those that died at the hospital and went unclaimed by their relatives, and who had to be buried at the town's expense. While some of Edinburgh's surgeons strongly opposed the arrangement, the town council eventually accepted Pitcairne's offer, which provided an early boost to the teaching of medicine at the University of Edinburgh.
Pitcairne's medical opinions are chiefly contained in a volume of "Dissertationes medicae" which he published in 1701 (2nd ed. 1713). Pitcairne was close friends with mathematician David Gregory, with whom he wrote mathematical papers, which in turn informed his hypothesis that Newtonian physics more accurately described bodily functions than the balance of humours. The "Dissertationes" build on this idea and discuss the circulation of the blood in the smaller vessels, the difference in the quantity of the blood contained in the lungs of animals in the womb and of the same animals after birth, the motions by which food becomes fit to supply the blood, the cure of fevers by evacuating medicines, the effects of acids and alkalis in medicine, and the question as to inventors in medicine (he supported the claim that William Harvey had discovered the circulation of the blood, rather than Hippocrates). His championing of this new 'iatromechanical' theory of physiology played a large part in his professorial appointments in Edinburgh and Leiden. He corresponded occasionally with Isaac Newton himself and visited him on his journey to Leiden in 1692.
Writings.
Pitcairne was a good classical scholar, and wrote Latin verses, occasionally with something more than mere imitative cleverness and skill. He was the joint author of a comedy, "The Assembly, or Scotch Reformation", originally entitled "The Phanaticks" (1691), and of a satirical poem "Babel", containing witty sketches of prominent Presbyterian divines of the time, whom, as a loudly avowed Jacobite, he strongly disliked.
Beliefs and private life.
He was prone to irreverent and ribald jests, and thus gained the reputation of being an unbeliever and an atheist, though he was a professed deist. The stories about his over-indulgence in drink are probably exaggerated. He was repeatedly involved in violent quarrels with his medical brethren and others, and once or twice got into scrapes with the government on account of his indiscreet political utterances.
Among his friends, however, he was evidently well liked, and he is known to have acted with great kindness and generosity to deserving men who needed his help. Thomas Ruddiman, the Scottish scholar, for example, was rescued from a life of obscurity by his encouragement and assistance. Mead, too, appears never to have forgotten what he owed to his old teacher at Leiden.
When a son of Pitcairne's participated in the Jacobite rising of 1715 and was subsequently condemned to death, he was saved by the earnest interposition of Mead with Sir Robert Walpole. He pleaded, very artfully, that if Walpole's health had been bettered by Mead's skill, or if members of the royal family were preserved by his care, it was owing to the instruction he had received from Dr Pitcairne.
Death and legacy.
Pitcairne died in Edinburgh on 20 October 1713, aged 60. He had been a great collector of books, and his library, which is said to have been of considerable value, was, through the influence of Ruddiman, sold to Peter the Great of Russia.
He is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard with his wife Elizabeth Stevenson (d.1734) and his daughters. The grave lies in the southern section known as the Covenanters Prison and can be viewed by special arrangement or on an organised tour.
A second (more public) faux grave exists in the northmost section of the graveyard, erected by Dr Andrew Duncan.


Beckman Research Institute

The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope (BRI) is a not-for-profit medical research facility located at and partnering with the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, CA, United States. It is dedicated to studying normal and abnormal biological processes which may be related to cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and other life-threatening diseases. Both basic and clinical research are carried out in cooperation with the City of Hope National Medical Center. The institute itself is organized into more than 20 departments and divisions. As of 2021, the director is Steven T. Rosen. The Beckman Research Institute also hosts the Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences whose founding dean was Arthur Riggs.
History.
City of Hope was founded by the Jewish Consumptive Relief Association as a tuberculosis sanatorium, the Los Angeles Sanatorium, in 1913. As tuberculosis was increasingly controlled by use of antibiotics, executive director Samuel H. Golter proposed that the institution expand to become a national medical center studying other diseases. City of Hope's Cancer Research Institute was dedicated in 1952. Since then, the research scope has continued to expand, with cancer and diabetes as major foci, as well as other life-threatening diseases. In 1983, a major challenge grant of $10 million from the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation enabled the research division of the City of Hope to undergo significant expansion and officially create the Beckman Research Institute. Funds were available for buildings, equipment, and endowment, but had to support research and the advancement of knowledge related to the "causes, prevention, and cure of human disease." The Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope was the first of five Beckman research institutes to receive funding in the United States.
Research contributions.
Research and treatment are closely coordinated between the City of Hope National Medical Center and the Beckman Research Institute. As of 2019, over 300 clinical trials were being conducted at any one time, and at least one-third of eligible patients were enrolled in clinical trials. A number of significant achievements have been reported by researchers affiliated with the Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope. These include:
Diabetes.
Researchers associated with the Beckman Research Institute are credited with starting the biotechnology industry. Keiichi Itakura and Arthur Riggs, with Genentech scientist Herbert Boyer, were the first to develop human recombinant gene products. Their techniques were used to successfully create synthetic somatostatin in E. coli, the first expression of a human protein in bacteria, in 1977. The techniques and tools of genetic synthesis were standardizable and applicable to many similar problems. The group successfully reported the expression of human insulin in bacteria by 1978.
Barry Forman identified the first new steroid-like hormone in 30 years, androstanol, a hormone with a different mechanism of action from others, that may be useful in treatment of diabetes.
Fouad Kandeel leads clinical trials testing the use of islet transplantation to treat patients who are incapacitated by severe type 1 diabetes.
Bart Roep leads immune intervention strategies (including gene therapy, stem cell therapy and bone marrow transportation) with the ultimate goal to cure type 1 diabetes.
Cancer.
Arthur Riggs went on to work with Shmuel Cabilly on "fundamental technology required for the artificial synthesis of antibody molecules", since used to create "smart" cancer drugs. Riggs has been associated with the institute in several ways, including as directory of the Beckman Research Institute from 2000–2007, now director emeritus.
Gerd Pfeifer was able to prove a definitive link between smoking and lung cancer, by demonstrating genetic damage in lung cells, caused by a chemical in cigarette smoke.
The Beckman Research Institute has partnered with the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation in the Health of Women Study (HOW), a long-term cohort study tracking the health of women via online and mobile platforms. It will study both women who have and who do not have breast cancer. The Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation hopes to recruit one million women volunteers to become part of its participating "Army of Women".
Hua Eleanor Yu and her group are studying the involvement of STAT3 with cancer cells and the immune system, and developing possible drug treatments to attack tumor cells.
HIV/AIDS.
John Rossi has worked on treatments for AIDS-related lymphoma, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer. He was the first researcher to use RNA to block the progress of the virus that causes HIV/Aids by degrading the HIV virus within infected cells. He is involved in ongoing work with David DiGiusto and others to develop disease-resistant immune systems by transplanting gene-modified HIV-1-resistant stem and progenitor cells. With John Zaia and others, Rossi has worked on Lentiviral vectors for delivering RNA-based gene therapy. This approach combines stem cell and gene therapy to deliver RNA molecules that can block the genes that the HIV/AIDS virus uses to infect immune cells. John Zaia is also investigating the possibility that cancer chemotherapy can perturb reservoirs of HIV, which has relevance to therapeutic interventions to cure HIV.
Recognition.
As of December 2011, Charity Watch rated the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope as an "A-" grade charity.


Excess skin

Excess skin is an effect of surplus skin and fat after expansion during pregnancy or adipositas and following a massive and considerable weight loss. Further reasons can be aging effects, genetic disorders or an intentional expansion for skin reconstruction.
Methods to remove excess skin by surgery include abdominoplasty, breast reduction and brachioplasty.
Notable Cases.
In March 2015, Kaitlyn Smith shared her experience after losing 208 pounds (“half her size”), having once weighed more than 400 lbs.
In May 2017, Jessica Weber took to Instagram to show off her excess skin. Having lost 185 pounds, she shared, wanting people “to realize what obesity does.”
In September 2019, 60 Minutes Australia covered the mystery of Tomm Tennent, a young man “born hugely wrinkled by an excess of skin.” Per 60 Minutes, Tomm was then the only person in the world with this congenital condition. Hw was born in 1993 with a great excess of skin, which hung about him in many wrinkles. As he grew towards adulthood, he "grew into" his skin, as into an oversize garment, and the wrinkles flattened out. His condition is compared to Shar Pei dog puppies, which have this condition also; the boy and Shar Pei puppies in their skins both have 100 times the normal level of hyaluronic acid.
In September 2020, Biggest Loser trainer Erica Lugo underwent a 360 tummy tuck. Having quickly lost over 160 lbs, Erica was left with 8.5 lbs of excess skin. People magazine covered the pre- and post- op experience. Erica told People the decision to get surgery wasn’t easy, but that she had a “new body” and was “floored” at the postoperative results.
TLC Skin Tight TV Show.
TLC Skin Tight was a TV show with each episode following “two people who have lost massive amounts of weight and are about to undergo a full body transformation through skin removal surgery.” “It’s not unusual, says the show, for there to be “up to 50 pounds” of sagging skin following massive weight loss. Skin Tight ran for three seasons and 33 episodes, with the first episode airing 6 January 2016, and the last 20 May 2018.


Albert Moll (Canadian psychiatrist)

Albert E. Moll was a Canadian psychiatrist who pioneered the day treatment of psychiatric patients.
Dr. Moll was educated at McGill University, earning a degree in law before studying medicine. He became the Chief Psychiatrist at the Allan Memorial Institute and Chief of Staff at the Montreal General Hospital, establishing the first inpatient psychiatric unit there. Moll lectured at McGill where he was considered one of the leading academic psychiatrists at the time.
Besides his work in day treatment options in the treatment of psychiatric patients he also espoused a night treatment option.
Personal life.
Dr. Moll was married to a nurse, Patricia Mary Anthony Moll (née Moore). They had twin daughters Joan and Jill.


Webbed toes

Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet. It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet. This is normal in many birds, such as ducks; amphibians, such as frogs; and mammals, such as kangaroos. In humans it is considered unusual, occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births. Most commonly the second and third toes are webbed or joined by skin and flexible tissue. This can reach either part way up or nearly all the way up the toe.
Cause.
The exact cause of the condition is unknown. In some cases, close family members may share this condition. In other cases, no other related persons have this condition. The scientific name for the condition is syndactyly, although this term covers both webbed fingers and webbed toes. Syndactyly occurs when apoptosis or programmed cell death during gestation is absent or incomplete. Webbed toes occur most commonly in the following circumstances:
It is also associated with a number of rare conditions, notably:
Diagnosis.
This condition is normally discovered at birth. If other symptoms are present, a specific syndrome may be indicated. Diagnosis of a specific syndrome is based on family history, medical history, and a physical exam. Webbed toes are also known as "twin toes," "duck toes," "turkey toes", "tree toes" and "tiger toes."
Severity can vary. Most cases involve the second and third toes but any number of toes can be involved. In some cases the toes are joined part way while in some the webbing can extend right up to the nails. In some cases the entire toes, including the nails and bones, can be fused.
Treatment.
Webbed toes can be separated through surgery. Surgical separation of webbed toes is an example of body modification.
As with any form of surgery, there are risks of complications.
The end results depend on the extent of the webbing and underlying bone structure. There is usually some degree of scarring, and skin grafts may be required. In rare instances, nerve damage may lead to loss of feeling in the toes and a tingling sensation. There are also reports of partial web grow-back. The skin grafts needed to fill in the space between the toes can lead to additional scars in the places where the skin is removed.


Mary Loveless

Mary Hewitt Loveless (April 28, 1899 – June 2, 1991) was an American physician and immunologist who specialized in allergies. She is best known for her discovery that Hymenoptera insect venom allergies could be treated with extracts of the insects' venom sacs.
Early life.
Mary Hewitt was born on April 28, 1899, in Clovis, California. Her parents, who were British, had migrated to the United States from England to escape an economic depression. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in biology at Stanford University in 1921, supporting herself by working as a waitress and a secretary. She then began a Doctor of Medicine at Stanford as one of only two women in her class and graduated in 1925. The same year, she married and took the surname Loveless; the marriage ended in divorce soon afterwards, but she would use the surname for the rest of her life.
Medical career.
Loveless completed her medical internship at San Francisco General Hospital before setting up a private practice in the city and taking on an assistant role at the Stanford University School of Medicine in the early 1930s. In 1935, she was recruited by Robert A. Cooke to work in his allergy research laboratory at Roosevelt Hospital in New York, where she studied the treatment of hay fever with pollen extracts. She left the position in 1938 for an appointment as associate professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College. There, she continued to research blocking antibodies and their antigens, specifically in relation to hay fever, and published a series of articles published in five installments in the "Journal of Immunology" between 1940 and 1943.
Loveless turned her attention to insect venom allergies in 1946 when a colleague asked if she knew how to prevent anaphylactic reactions in patients who suffered from hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera bites. At the time, the clinical standard involved creating extracts made from grinding up the entire body of an insect and administering it in order to desensitize patients. Loveless hypothesized, however, that the allergens were concentrated in the insect venom rather than the whole body, and thus that injections of venom-sac extract would be a more effective therapy. Since pure venom was unavailable, she collected and anesthetized insect samples herself before removing their venom sacs to prepare for injecting into her patients; by 1964, she had dissected some 30,000 insects, and reported that she had become so proficient at the process that she could dissect "a bug a minute". From 1953 to 1956, she injected patients at her allergy clinic with increasing doses of venom and monitored their reactions to subsequent bee and wasp stings. Receiving booster doses each year, these patients developed immunity to the insect venom and were no longer susceptible to anaphylaxis.
In 1956 Loveless published the article "Wasp Venom Allergy and Immunity" based on the research she had performed at her clinic. Although well received by the popular press, her research was largely ignored by the scientific community, and it was not until the 1970s—after the publication of further research into venom immunotherapy by Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, Martin D. Valentine and Anne Kagey-Sobotka—that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of venom extracts to treat patients with allergies to insect venom. By the early 1990s, Loveless's contributions to the field of immunology were more widely recognized, and the American Association of Immunologists (AAI) dubbed her a "pioneer clinical immunologist". In total, she authored more than 70 research articles in her field. She was a member of the AAI and the Harvey Society, and a fellow of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.
Death and legacy.
Loveless retired in 1964 but continued to practice privately. She died on June 2, 1991, in Westport, Connecticut, at the age of 92. She bequeathed US$4 million from her estate to the Stanford University School of Medicine, which established the Mary Hewitt Loveless, M.D. Professorship in the School of Medicine in her honor.


Edwin Bickerstaff

Edwin Robert Bickerstaff (20 November 1920 – 23 November 2007), was a British neurologist. He is best remembered for describing Bickerstaff's encephalitis and a subtype of migraine (basilar migraine) that is sometimes called "Bickerstaff's migraine".


Jerry Avorn

Jerome "Jerry" Lewis Avorn (born February 13, 1948) is a Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Chief of the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He invented the practice of "academic detailing" in which pharmacists, nurses, and physicians educate doctors about cost-effective prescribing practices using the same tactics that drug companies employ to market their products. He received a B.A. from Columbia University in 1969 and M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1974.
Early life and education.
Avorn was born in 1948, in New York City and grew up in Rockaway, Queens. While attending Columbia University during the opposition to the Vietnam War and American civil rights movement, he was a campus activist against the Vietnam War with his investigative journalism for the "Columbia Daily Spectator". In the summer of 1969, he wrote "Up Against the Ivy Wall" with fellow Spectator journalists about the campus uprisings at Columbia.
Avorn graduated from Harvard Medical School with an M.D. in 1974.
Career.
Avorn was a resident at the Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts and then at the Beth Israel Hospital (now the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts). He became an associate professor at Harvard Medical School in 1985 and a full professor in 2005.
In 1983, he published his first paper on academic detailing. The practice has been taken up by several hospitals and governments, such as Pennsylvania, Washington, DC, Kentucky, Australia, Israel, and Nova Scotia. His work on academic detailing was featured in the Wall Street Journal and on The Daily Show.
In 1996 he published "Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice" in the Journal of the American Medical Association which identified cranberry juice as an effective means of controlling urinary tract infections in elderly women.
Avorn is also past president of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology.
In 2004, he founded Alosa Health, a nonprofit organization that develops and implements academic detailing programs to improve prescribing.
Avorn's paper on coxibs was one of the first medical research papers to demonstrate that Vioxx increased some patients' risk of heart attack and stroke. In 2006 he testified as a plaintiff’s expert witness in the Vioxx litigation, but he donates all profit from his involvement to Alosa Health.
Avorn lives in Brookline, Massachusetts with his wife, community activist Karen Tucker. They had two children.
Works.
Avorn is the author of the 2004 book "Powerful Medicines".


Society of Interventional Radiology

The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) is an American national organization of physicians, scientists and allied health professionals dedicated to improving public health through the use of minimally invasive, image-guided therapeutic interventions for disease management.
It was founded in 1973 as the "Society of Cardiovascular Radiology" by an active group in the field who wanted to further develop interventional aspects of radiology. It changed its name to the "Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology" in 1983. In April 2002, the name was changed to "Society of Interventional Radiology" in order to emphasise the expanding role of interventional radiology that is no longer limited to the cardiovascular system. The society comprises about 7,000 members (March 2017): including practicing physicians, trainees, scientists and clinical associates, such as physician assistants, nurse practitioners, radiologic technologists and paramedical professionals. Katharine L. Krol served as first woman president. The Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology is its official journal.


American Bronchoesophagological Association

The American Broncho-Esophagological Association (ABEA) was founded in 1917 by Chevalier Jackson, the well-known American otolaryngologist. The ABEA is a society of physicians who share their expertise and meet annually for scholarly presentations on matters relevant to the science and practice of their specialty. The association deals with the medical and surgical diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the larynx, the pharynx, the tracheobronchial tree and the esophagus.
The ABEA convenes each spring for a scientific meeting in which original research is presented to an international audience, in conjunction with other otolaryngology subspecialty societies under the auspices of COSM (Combined Otolaryngology Spring Meeting). In addition, the ABEA has endowments for several named lectures given at the annual meeting by noteworthy speakers in bronchoesophagology and allied fields. Continuing medical education courses have also been sponsored by the association. The ABEA is active in the generation of practice guidelines, and in ongoing national efforts related to coding and reimbursement.


Postgraduate Institute of Medicine

The Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (PGIM) of the University of Colombo is the graduate school that provides specialist training and board certification of medical doctors in Sri Lanka. The only type of its kind, it is similar to the prestigious Royal Medical Colleges of the United Kingdom. Internationally known for its training programs, the center was established in 1976 as the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine under the University of Ceylon Act No.1 of 1976 with Professor K. N. Seneviratne its first director. In 1980 it was reorganized and renamed under the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine Act No.1 of 1980. Areas of specialities include Anaesthesiology, Community Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Dental Surgery, Family Medicine and General Practice, General Medicine (Internal Medicine), Medical Microbiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oncology, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Paediatrics, Psychiatry, Radiology and Surgery. Professor Rezvi Sheriff was appointed director in 2006. The current director is Janaka de Silva.


AJ Kanwar

Dr Amrinder Jit Kanwar (born 29 June 1948) is an Indian dermatologist. He has been Senior Professor and Head, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGI Chandigarh and currently practices in his hometown, New Delhi, India. Dr AJ Kanwar is the son of Late Shri Inder Singh and Smt Shanti Devi and was born on 29th June 1948. He attended school in New Delhi and graduated from the prestigious institute AIIMS, New Delhi in MBBS (Dermatology) in 1969. He continued in AIIMS, New Delhi to obtain his post graduate degree (M.D.) in Dermatology and Venereology in 1975. After his senior residency in AIIMS, Dr Kanwar went on a foreign assignment in Benghazi, Libya. He also served a year in St John’s Institute of Dermatology, London during a Commonwealth Medical Fellowship. He received a special training in Pediatric Dermatology during this year. To his credit are also time in National Institute of Health, Washington USA in 2006 for a Fellowship in AIDS, and a month in Kurume, Japan in 2010 for special training in Pemphigus. Dr Kanwar's foreign assignment in Libya, ended in 1987 when he returned to join PGI Chandigarh.
In 2020, based on an independent study done by scientists at Stanford University, he was ranked amongst the top 2% Indian Scientists.. He was awarded Dr B.C. Roy National award, one of the highest recognition given in the field of medicine, by the President of India, on 1 July at the Rastrapati Bhawan. The Indian Medical Council gave him the Lala Ram Chand Kandhari Award to him, in 2010 for his outstanding work in Vitiligo. He was also the first in India to report efficacy of Rituximab for treatment of Pemphigus He was selected as a fellow of National Academy of Medical Sciences (FAMS) in 2008 and as a Fellow of Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) London in 2011.
He has more than 592 publications to his credit, in national and international Textbooks and Journals. In 2011, he was credited as first in India to report efficacy and safety of Rituximab for treatment of Pemphigus. He is co-author of Textbook of Surgical Management of Vitiligo published by Blackwell


Ian Craft

Ian Craft (11 July 1937 – 3 June 2019) was a British physician and pioneer of fertility treatment. He produced the first test-tube twins and the first triplets.
Craft died on 3 June 2019, aged 81.


Alliance of Independent Academic Medical Centers

The Alliance of Independent Academic Medical Centers (AIAMC) is an American national membership organization of approximately 70 major academic medical centers and health systems committed to quality patient care, medical education and research. AIAMC members regard medical education and research as strategic assets in providing patient-centered care; operate independently of medical school ownership or governance while maintaining major medical school affiliations; care for a patient population that mirrors their local communities; and provide teaching and research that is innovative, applicable to practice and community responsive.
History.
The AIAMC was formed in 1989 to provide a forum for those institutions whose governance and academic leadership were distinct from that of their associated medical schools. Since that time, the organization's prestige and influence have grown progressively. Today, it is considered a national resource, with Alliance members participating in leadership and governance roles in key groups as the AAMC, ACCME, ACGME, AHA, AMA and others.
National Initiative to Improve Patient Care through Graduate Medical Education.
National Initiative I.
In early 2007, the Alliance of Independent Academic Medical Centers (AIAMC) launched Improving Patient Care through Graduate Medical Education: A National Initiative of Independent Academic Medical Centers. Nineteen AIAMC-member institutions participated in this charter effort. The National Initiative (NI) featured five meetings over the course of 18 months which served as touchstones for ongoing quality improvement in AIAMC participating organizations. These meetings, as well as the monthly collaborative calls held in-between, provided structure, discussion and networking opportunities around specific quality improvement initiatives. This 18-month "NI-I" was supported by a grant from the foundation of HealthPartners Institute for Medical Education, an AIAMC member institution located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The effort was led by Carl Patow, MD, Executive Director of HealthPartners Institute for Medical Education.
As a result of these efforts, AIAMC has initial findings that demonstrate the efficacy of integrating GME into patient safety and quality improvement initiatives. These findings have been organized into a series of articles that were published in the December 2009 issue of Academic Medicine.
National Initiative II.
In 2009, AIAMC launched the second National Initiative and expanded participation to 35 AIAMC-member teaching hospitals from Seattle to Maine. Each participating hospital developed a quality improvement team led by a resident or faculty member, and included their respective quality improvement leader. These teams met four times and participated in monthly conference calls over an 18-month period. Quality improvement projects focused on the following areas: Communication, Hand Offs, Infection Control, Readmissions and Transitions of Care. The objectives of this second phase were:
National Initiative III.
National Initiative III launched in the fall of 2011, and will directly address the ACGME Common Program Requirements for Professionalism, Personal Responsibility and Patient Safety by educating program directors, faculty members and residents in a train-the-trainer approach. The structure and content of NI III will also meet directives for Teamwork by providing training in effective communication as part of inter-professional teams. The structure of the National Initiative III will resemble the previous two initiatives, with quarterly meetings for quality improvement didactics and leadership training, conference calls to assess progress, and local hospital team initiatives to improve patient care.
National Initiative IV.
The fourth National Initiative recognized the importance of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education initiative entitled the "Clinical Learning Environment Review". Teams from over 35 teaching hospitals across the United States participated in a two-year learning collaborative to improve performance in six focus areas: patient safety, quality imrpvoement, transitions of care, supervision, fatigue management and professionalism.
National Initiative V.
National Initiative V began in 2015, and focused on the role of teaching hospitals' response to health care disparities. Findings from the National Initiatives are published in the Oschner Journal.


Ann Holloway

Ann Holloway was an American technician and member of the team that developed the measles vaccine and the polio vaccine. She was an associate of John Enders. Prior to her work on the measles vaccine, Holloway helped Enders develop the polio vaccine, for which Enders won the Nobel Prize.


Artemis complex

The Artemis complex is a protein complex that functions in V(D)J recombination, the somatic recombination process which generates diversity in T cell receptors and immunoglobulins. Mutations in the Artemis complex results in hypersensitivity to DNA double-strand break-inducing agents, such as radiation; and so people with mutations in the Artemis complex may develop radiosensitive severe combined immune deficiency (RS-SCID).
Mechanism.
The Artemis protein has single-strand-specific 5' to 3' exonuclease activity, but it can also complex with the 469 kDa DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) to gain endonuclease activity on hairpins and the 5' and 3' overhangs; the DNA-PKcs phosphorylates Artemis to give it this new function.
During V(D)J recombination, the RAG complex (made up of RAG-1 and RAG-2 complexed with HMG1 or HMG2) binds to two recombination signal sequences (RSSs); the complex associates with each other, bringing the strands together, creating a loop which contains all the DNA between the two RSSs. Some of this DNA is then deleted, and the RAG complex then induce a nick precisely at the 5' end of the heptamer. This creates a 3' OH group which acts as a nucleophile in a transesterification attack on the antiparallel strand, yielding a DNA hairpin (two hairpins, as the RAG complex dimer binds to two strands). In lymphoid cells, recombination can only occur between a 12-RSS and a 23-RSS; this is known as the 12/23 rule.
The four ends of DNA (two hairpinned coding ends and the two signal ends) are held together in a postcleavage complex by the RAG complex. The Artemis:DNA-PKcs complex, along with Ku and DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 dimer, can then close up the signal ends into a 'signal joint'. It also opens the hairpins of the coding ends, and this process is thought to be mediated by the RAG complex (the RAG complex can open free hairpins by itself, but this is only observed in manganese-containing buffers, and not in magnesium-containing buffers). Nucleotides are added at the open ends by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). This occurs until there are complementary sequences at which point the opposite strands will pair up. Exonucleases then remove the unpaired nucleotides, and ligases fill in the gaps. This creates a junction between each joined segment, containing an unspecified number of nucleotide additions, flanked by a 2-residue palindromic sequence.
Other Uses.
The Artemis:DNA-PKcs is also used for processing 5' and 3' ends in non-homologous DNA end joining.


Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy

In pathology, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy, is lymph node pathology due to skin disease.
Cause.
Also known as lipomelanotic reticulosis or Pautrier-Woringer disease, represents a rare form of benign lymphatic hyperplasia associated with most exfoliative or eczematoid inflammatory erythrodermas, including pemphigus, psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis, and atrophia senilis.
Diagnosis.
Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy is diagnosed by a lymph node biopsy. It has a characteristic pattern of histomorphology and immunohistochemical staining:
Treatment.
The treatment is based on the underlying cause.


Irwandi Yusuf

Irwandi Yusuf (born in Bireuën, Aceh, Indonesia; 2 August 1960) is an Indonesian politician who was the Governor of Aceh. He was re-elected Governor in early 2017 after serving an earlier term between 2006 and 2012.
Irwandi first won a term as governor in the 2006 Aceh regional election as an independent candidate (non-party). Muhammad Nazar, S. Ag. was his running mate in 2006. However Irwandi lost his 2012 re-election campaign to Zaini Abdullah following a strong challenge and intensive campaigning by other local political rivals. Allegations that he may have wrongfully granted land concessions involving previously protected high conservation value land to palm oil companies also surfaced before the campaign. In 2017, he was reelected as the Governor of Aceh, with Nova Iriansyah as his partner.
In 2018, the former Free Aceh Movement ( (GAM) leader was the second Aceh governor implicated in a corruption case after Abdullah Puteh, who was sentenced to 10 years for graft surrounding the procurement of an MI-2 Rostov helicopter worth US$872,500.
Irwandi was arrested along with Bener Meriah Regent Ahmadi and eight other individuals on corruption charges. On April 8, 2019, Yusuf was sentenced to seven years in prison for accepting bribes from Ahmadi totaling Rp 1.05 billion (US$74,084) in exchange for granting number of infrastructure projects in the regency. He was also found to have accepted Rp 8.7 billion in gratuities from businessmen during his two terms as governor.
Biography.
Irwandi Yusuf, a veterinarian (Alumnus of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh), joined the Free Aceh Movement in 1990, participating for three years before taking up a scholarship at Oregon State University, US, in 1993, where he undertook a master's degree in Veterinary Science.
After returning to Banda Aceh to teach at his alma mater, Irwandi became a founding member of the Acehnese branch of the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society (now known as Fauna and Flora International), lending his veterinary expertise to their conservation campaigns.
Political career.
In 2018, the former Free Aceh Movement leader was the second Aceh governor implicated in a corruption case after Abdullah Puteh, who was sentenced to 10 years for graft surrounding the procurement of an MI-2 Rostov helicopter worth US$872,500.
Irwandi was arrested along with Bener Meriah Regent Ahmadi and eight other individuals following a suspicious transaction involving provincial and regency officials, according to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Since Irwandi was caught red-handed by the KPK, he started to lose supports from Acehnese people.
In the past, his concern for Acehnese socio-political issues led him into further contact with the Free Aceh Movement. He held several different positions in the movement, including as a special staff office for psychological warfare in the Central Free Aceh Movement command, as negotiation coordinator, and as Expert Staff on counter-intelligence in the Central Command of the Aceh National Army. He spent some time in 2001 with the Red Cross, taking the opportunity to study humanitarian law. Irwandi was arrested in 2003 and interned in the Keudah Prison in Banda Aceh.
Irwandi was in his jail cell when the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake struck. The epicenter of the quake was close to the Acehnese coastline. The population of Aceh before the December 2004 tsunami was 4,271,000, and as of 15 September 2005 was 4,031,589; a discrepancy of 239,411 lives. 170,000 people were confirmed dead.
As the tsunami's waters rose inside the prison, Irwandi fled to the Musholla (prayer room) on the second floor while walls crumbled around him. His only means of escape was to punch a hole through the asbestos ceiling, scramble onto the roof, and hang on until the tsunami abated.
Out of the prison population of 278, Irwandi was one of just 40 survivors.
In the aftermath of the tsunami, the Free Aceh Movement and the Indonesian central command negotiated a peace settlement, and Irwandi renounced his separatist agenda. No longer in conflict with the Indonesian government, the former rebel liaised with the international non-governmental organizations whose presence paved the way for Aceh's first democratic election in almost 30 years. It was a major victory for Irwandi, who won 39.3% of the popular vote, as announced by Public Issue Network and Indonesian Survey Circle.
He took office on 8 February 2007 and established a normal relationship with the army that once pursued him as a Free Aceh Movement rebel. In an unusual move for a former revolutionary, he kept much of the old administration in place although he also moved to reform a range of positions in the senior ranks of the provincial public service. In a 2007 New York Times interview, Irwandi said, "I tell them, 'I believe, I trust you all. You are all trustworthy until you prove otherwise. Then I will know.'" In the same interview, he remarked that his former enemies in the cabinet were welcome to 'rock and roll' with him – "Rock and roll... That means to do something new, rocky, that was never felt before. It is spirit. Spirited people. Young blood. Young spirit." His first term expired on 8 February 2012, and later he lost his reelection run against Zaini Abdullah.
In July 2018, he was arrested by the Corruption Eradication Commission, after allegedly having been caught red-handed receiving bribes.
Environmental issues.
One of Irwandi's declared priorities was the protection of Aceh's magnificent rainforest. "This is my obsession, since a long time ago – that Aceh is Aceh, and the forests of Aceh need to be kept well." His first step as a green governor was to embrace the establishment of carbon trading in Aceh using the "REDD" mechanism, (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) to reinvigorate the faltering economy and prevent further destruction of Aceh's rainforests.
Irwandi declared a moratorium on all logging in Aceh in March 2007, and personally drove out to villages to conduct spot inspections of former logging camps, encouraging the locals to take up sustainable new professions.
However, in 2011, Irwandi's apparent pro-environmental efforts were abruptly halted and reversed. He allegedly surprised supporters when information was uncovered that, on 25 August 2011, he had quietly granted a concession to palm oil supplier PT Kallista Alam which authorised the destruction of a peat swamp forest that is one of the last refuges of the critically endangered Sumatran orangutan. Some of the indigenous peoples took the about-face from the so-called 'Green Governor' personally, calling it a betrayal of their homeland and of his previous environmental credentials. On a legal level, though, many environmental organisations argued that Irwandi's decision breached a presidential moratorium – part of an international deal to save Indonesia's forests – as well as legislation protecting a conservation area where the Tripa swamp is located. Litigation was filed by environmental groups known as WAHLI, challenging the legality of this concession and contending it was granted in an area of protected forest and further violated a moratorium on peatlands conversion.
On 27 March 2012, on the eve of the WAHLI case being heard in court, over seventy illegally set fires mysteriously broke out in this protected Tripa swamp area, including fires set in the oil palm concession granted by Irwandi to PT. Kallista Alam. Many involved with the WAHLI litigation believed the fires were set in direct defiance of the pending litigation, in effect ignoring any eventual ruling on the alleged legality of Irwandi's granted concession. Mainstream media outlets and environmental organisations report that these fires could lead to the imminent and immediate extinction of the animal inhabitants of the Tripa swamp, including over 200 orangutans.
On 3 April 2012, the Council of Judges of the Banda Aceh National Administrative Court dismissed the WALHI case on jurisdictional grounds. WALHI was expected to appeal. The court acknowledged that the permit that Irwandi approved allowing PT Kallista Allam to convert the Tripa peat swamp into palm oil plantations was indeed located inside the protected Leuser Ecosystem and thus in violation of current Indonesian law. Some legal observers considered the lack of a decision by the court as a case of inappropriate behaviour because it refused to reach a ruling even though the case had been running for nearly five months.
Irwandi had spoken out amid the considerable attention that emerged in the wake of the Tripa peat swamp fires and the WALHI litigation. In reports on 5 April 2012, Irwandi claimed that the land grant, while legal, was 'immoral' yet intended by him to bring world attention to global inability to tackle global climate change, in effect destroying the Tripa forests to save them. Irwandi was quoted as saying, "That concession, 1,600 hectares, was like a pinch to the international community. Maybe I will make a threat to lift the moratorium [entirely] to make them look at Aceh." He also denied that any orangutans had died in the fires despite evidence to the contrary.
Later, after Irwandi had left office, the apparent over-exploitation of the Tripa forest area continued to attract comment. In July 2012 it was reported that officials from the national Environment Ministry who visited the Tripa area said that there were 'strong indications' that deliberate burning had been taking place in the region to convert the area to an oil palm plantation,
On 30 August 2012, judges of the Higher Administrative Court in Medan granted the WAHLI appeal, casting further doubt on Yusuf's one-time claims to be the "Green Governor." The ruling contained among other things: 1) the granting of the WALHI appeal; 2)cancellation of the contested Tripa license issued by the Governor of Aceh (then Yusuf) on 25 August 2011; 3) an order to the current governor of Aceh to withdraw the contested State Administrative Decision issued by Yusuf on the plantation permit to PT. Kalista Alam issued on 25 August 2011; 4) and an order that the Defendants jointly cover the cost of both court process.
Aceh election in 2012.
On 9 April 2012 Irwandi lost the re-election campaign that would have allowed him to continue as governor of Aceh. Irwandi claimed voter fraud and voter intimidation was the cause of his loss. Zaini Abdullah,
the new governor of Aceh elected to replace Irwandi, took office on 25 June 2012. Zaini, then 72, was the former Free Aceh Movement foreign minister in exile in Sweden before the signing of the 2005 Indonesian government-Free Aceh Movement peace agreement in Helsinki. Deputy Governor Muzakir Manaf, then 48, was the former commander of the Free Aceh Movement's Armed Wing.
Despite a guarantee from incoming deputy governor Muzakir Manaf that Irwandi's safety would be guaranteed if he attended the inauguration of the new provincial government in June 2012, following the event Irwandi was surrounded and beaten about the face and head by uniformed Aceh Party supporters. He was accused of being a traitor to the Free Aceh Movement, the Acehnese militia, because of his negotiations and compromises with the Indonesian government. Irwandi's own governorship campaign in 2006 had been as an independent candidate, not with his former rebel comrades, a fact exploited by the Aceh Party (PA) during the 2012 election campaign to sway popular opinion in their direction. Irwandi stated that the PA's propaganda implying that he betrayed the Free Aceh Movement was the cause of the attack by party supporters. Only one arrest was made.


The Colorado Health Foundation

The Colorado Health Foundation is a private foundation focused on bringing health in reach for all Coloradans by engaging closely with communities across the state through investing, policy advocacy, learning and capacity building. The organization's partners include nonprofits, health care leaders, policymakers, educators and the private sector.
The Foundation operates within four focus areas: Maintain Healthy Bodies, Nurture Healthy Minds, Strengthen Community Health and Champion Health Equity.
As of 2017, the Foundation had assets of $2.6 billion. It awarded $80 million in grants and contributions throughout Colorado the same year.
History.
In 1995, HCA-HealthONE LLC began as a joint venture between various affiliates of HCA and Denver's HealthOne hospitals. The purpose and intent of the original joint venture was to strengthen and grow the HealthONE hospitals, while maintaining an ongoing commitment to community benefit and charity care. The HealthONE Foundation assumed the trade name of HealthONE Alliance in 1999.
In 2006, HealthONE Alliance changed its name to the Colorado Health Foundation to reflect its work across the state and adopted the goal of making Colorado the healthiest state in the nation. In addition to its grantmaking, the Foundation operated five graduate medical education (GME) residency programs and three community programs.
On Oct. 13, 2011, Colorado Attorney General John Suthers approved the sale of the Foundation's 40 percent equity stake in Denver-area's HCA-HealthONE LLC health care system for $1.45 billion. In 2013, it created and seed funded an independent 501(c)(4) advocacy organization, Healthier Colorado.[5]
President and CEO Anne Warhover stepped down from the Foundation in 2014 after leading the organization for 10 years. Following a national search, President and CEO Karen McNeil-Miller joined the Foundation in Sept. 2015 from the Kate B. Reynolds Trust in North Carolina.
In 2018, the Board of Directors approved a new strategic framework for grantmaking that implemented four focus areas to guide its efforts and impact throughout the state: Maintain Healthy Bodies, Nurture Healthy Minds, Strengthen Community Health and Champion Health Equity. The Foundation also adopted a set of cornerstones on which its work is based. They are:
Grantmaking.
The Colorado Health Foundation funds impactful work that aligns with the organization’s 10 priorities: Primary Care; Children Move More; Early Childhood Social-Emotional Development; Youth and Young Adult Resiliency; Adult Recovery; Community Solutions; Food Access and Security; Affordable Housing; Advocacy; and Capacity Building.
The Foundation makes grants through funding opportunities, a responsive grants program and rapid response funding. Grant application deadlines for funding opportunities and responsive grants are Feb. 15, June 15 and Oct. 15 each year. Applications for rapid response funding, meant to support short-term advocacy initiatives, are accepted on a rolling basis.
Past Funding Initiatives.
Prior to 2017, the Colorado Health Foundation structured its funding activity across three long-term community outcome areas: Healthy Living, Health Care and Health Coverage.
In 2016, the Foundation made a $3 million program-related investment to establish the Colorado Healthy Housing Fund. The revolving fund provides loans for new and existing affordable housing developments that meet predetermined healthy housing criteria and design features.
In 2013, the Foundation invested $7.1 million in the public-private project, called the Colorado Fresh Food Financing Fund. The money helps retailers build and open grocery stores in food deserts, especially in low-income neighborhoods where fast-food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.
In 2013, the Foundation supported the state’s expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act and produced its own report showing the economic impact of Medicaid expansion to Colorado.
In 2012, the Foundation launched Healthy Places, a $4.5 million initiative to inspire and support the development of healthy communities in Colorado. Three communities, representing an urban, suburban or rural environment, each received three years of funding to implement a set of community-led project recommendations that promote physically active lifestyles.
In 2010, the Foundation announced it was investing $6.5 million to the Colorado Health Service Corps to repay student loans for doctors and other primary care health professionals in return for providing care in the state's most underserved areas. These professionals each make a three-year commitment to practice in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC), rural health clinic or other safety net facility in a rural or underserved urban community. The investment to the CHSC was administered by the Primary Care Office of the Colorado Department of Health & Environment (CDPHE).
Senior Management.
Board of Directors.
The Foundation’s Board of Directors is made up of 15 members and includes representatives from the fields of business, health care, education and philanthropy.
The Colorado Health Symposium.
Each year, the Foundation hosts the Colorado Health Symposium. The annual three-day event, formerly called the Dorsey Hughes Symposium, offers the chance to interact with cross-sector experts and dedicated professionals who are leading the way in addressing health equity. Registration typically opens in mid-May, with the Symposium in July or August.
A related Symposium Unplugged event series hosted by the Foundation puts on daylong discussions on topics related to the annual conference. These events take place in smaller, more intimate settings in communities across the state.
Both the Colorado Health Symposium and Symposium Unplugged events offer the livestreaming of select sessions for those unable to physically attend.
Dr. Virgilio Licona Community Health Leadership Award.
The Dr. Virgilio Licona Community Health Leadership Award recognizes impassioned Coloradans who are finding innovative and effective strategies to overcoming community health barriers across the state. Honoring the life and legacy of late Foundation Board member Dr. Virgilio Licona, the award was established in 2016 following his passing.
Recipients include:


Onyx (interventional radiology)

In interventional radiology, Onyx is a trade name for a copolymer used for embolisation therapy, which involves the occlusion of blood vessels. It is a liquid embolic agent. Onyx is produced and sold by Medtronic (previously Covidien, which acquired ev3 Inc., the original developer of Onyx, in 2010).
Components.
Onyx consists of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer, soluted in Dimethyl-Sulfoxide (DMSO). Depending on the desired character of the liquid, the concentration can be varied: For example, 6% EVOH (trade name Onyx 18) or 8% EVOH (trade name Onyx 34). Micronized tantalum powder is added in order to maintain Radiopacity.
Approval.
Onyx was approved as 'Humanitarian Use Device (HUD)' for the treatment of saccular aneurysms that are not surgically removable by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States on April 11, 2007.


Scapulocoracoid

The scapulocoracoid is the unit of the pectoral girdle that contains the coracoid and scapula.
The coracoid itself is a beak-shaped bone that is commonly found in most vertebrates with a few exceptions.
The scapula is commonly known as the "shoulder blade". The humerus is linked to the body via the scapula, and the clavicle is connected to the sternum via the scapula as well.
Therian mammals lack a scapulocoracoid.


College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University

The College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University () is a medical and public health school in Warin Chamrap District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand.
History.
The College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University was founded on 17 December 2002, following a meeting with Sunpasithiprasong Hospital, the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University and Ubon Ratchathani University, with the goal of increasing the provision of education for medical and healthcare personnel in the South Isan region. On 8 November 2003, the Medical Doctor (MD) course was approved by the Medical Council of Thailand and in 2005, the BSc in Public Health course was approved as well.
References.
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Thai Wikipedia.


Paul Delaunay

Paul-Marie Delaunay (16 February 1878 – 3 February 1958) was a French physician and historian.


The Waldron

The Waldron Health Centre is a National Health Service (NHS) building next to New Cross railway station in Lewisham, South London, England. It was completed in phases, with the health centre finished in 2008 and final construction ending in 2010.
Construction.
The Waldron building project had a budget of £13.4m.
The Project Architect was Craig Linnell of Henley, Halebrown and Rorrison. The Services Engineering company was Ramboll.
Construction began in 2006, with the project divided into phases. Phases I and II, which comprise the health center and some retail units, were completed in 2008. Phase III, with housing and more retail, was completed in 2010.
Use.
The complex's final footprint is . It is occupied by the Amersham Vale Training Practice, Clifton Rise Family Practice, and the New Cross Health Centre.


Frieda Petrenko

Frieda Petrenko is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama "Holby City", played by Olga Fedori. She first appears during the twelfth series episode "Together Alone", originally broadcast on 17 February 2010. Frieda was introduced as a nurse, before retraining as a foundation doctor. She departs during the fourteenth series episode "Wolf's Clothing", originally broadcast on 15 May 2012. Frieda guest stars in a series 17 episode, originally broadcast on 22 September 2015, as a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis. Fedori reprised the role again in 2017 and returns in the nineteenth series episode "We Need to Talk About Fredrik", originally broadcast on 12 December 2017. The actress quit the role a year later and Frieda departs in the twenty-first series episode "Running", originally broadcast on 26 March 2019. The character received critical acclaim and Fedori earned a nomination for Best Newcomer at the 16th National Television Awards.
Storylines.
Introduced as the cardiothoracic surgery ward's night shift sister, Frieda transfers to day shifts on the Acute Assessment Unit to cover the maternity leave of sister Chrissie Williams (Tina Hobley). Frieda has an initially antagonistic relationship with F2 doctor Penny Valentine (Emma Catherwood). When Penny learns that Frieda was a qualified doctor in her home country, Ukraine, she encourages her to retrain in the UK. Frieda resists the suggestion, but after being made redundant and having her diagnostic ability challenged by registrar Antoine Malick (Jimmy Akingbola), she decides to apply for an F1 position, which she achieves early in 2011. Throughout this series, Frieda and Penny grow closer, and Frieda’s affection turns from Penny’s brother, Oliver, to Penny herself. Frieda resolves to tell Penny her feelings, but on the morning she is going to confess, Penny is killed when the roof of a train collapses on her.
Frieda faces many difficulties in her F1 year, including the death of her father, which sees her return to Ukraine. When Frieda returns to Holby, she bonds with new colleague, senior nurse Eddi McKee (Sarah-Jane Potts), over their dislike of new F1 Lulu Hutchison (Fiona Hampton), a daddy's girl, who is determined to prove she is a better doctor than Frieda. Frieda overcomes this competition when Lulu is transferred to another hospital; but again leaves Holby to return to Ukraine. It is revealed that she returned to Ukraine as her former mentor, Lev Tereschenko (Andrew Franchuk), is ill with a serious heart condition. Whilst there, she works as waitress at a cafe. Frieda teams up with consultants Elliot Hope (Paul Bradley) and Michael Spence (Hari Dhillon) in order to save Lev. Afterwards, Elliot persuades her to return to Holby.
Frieda's return to Holby sees her struggle to adjust to working as a doctor and with new colleague, registrar Luc Hemingway (Joseph Millson). She is also under pressure to complete her F1 portfolio on time. Frieda fears that she has failed her F1 rotation when she is summoned to Henrik Hanssen's (Guy Henry) office, but is pleased to learn that she received the best score in the region and is now an F2, working on Keller ward. While working on Keller, Frieda finds herself caught between Dan Hamilton (Adam Astill) and Malick, who both want to supervise her on her first day. Frieda is later assigned the role of mentoring F1 Tara Lo (Jing Lusi), who temporarily comes from Darwin to work on Keller; although she finds her annoying at first the two eventually build up a good friendship. Frieda is offered a job at St Luke's due to her excellent F1 results, when Malick asks her if she is going to accept it, she throws the number of her potential new boss in the bin and resumes her work. When her clinical lead Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) and new consultant Serena Campbell (Catherine Russell) place her in the middle of their feud at the expense of a patient, Frieda decides that enough is enough and leaves the hospital to work for a charity treating patients outside of the system.
Three years later, Frieda is admitted to the hospital as a patient with tuberculosis. She opens up to Elliot and Oliver Valentine (James Anderson) about blaming herself for her friend's death in Ukraine. She nearly dies and has to have emergency surgery, when Elliot struggles with the procedure, Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) saves her life.
Development.
Characterisation.
The official "Holby City" website describes Frieda as "sincere, compassionate, supportive [and] honest", but "self conscious, emotionally closed [and] sarcastic."
To prepare for the role, Fedori carried out some medical research. She also researched the goth subculture, as it is "far removed" from who she is. She admitted that there were moments where she felt that she had to do more research. Fedori also regularly spoke with the costume department about her character's wardrobe, commenting that it is "just constantly expanding." The actress felt Frieda was more defined compared to some characters she has played in the past and that she had longer to work on Frieda's "subtleties". She thought there were some similarities between herself and the character, explaining that she and Frieda were both straightforward people and not good at sugar-coating things. She also thought that she was nerdy like Frieda and enjoyed studying. In one storyline, Frieda is ordered to remove her goth make-up when a patient suffers an allergic reaction to it. Without her "mask", she loses her confidence. She later rallies after making a successful diagnosis, but ultimately decides that she needs to be herself and reapplies her eyeliner and lipstick.
Frieda is introduced as a nurse, but she soon decides to retrain as a foundation doctor and takes her F1 doctor's exams, which leads to a "crisis of faith". Frieda is distracted from opening her results when she treats fellow student doctor Jez Atkins (Jake Fairbrother), who is injured falling from his bike. Frieda's "fears are compounded" when she talks to Jez about the exams, but after diagnosing him with Crohn's disease, Frieda is called up to see CEO Henrik Hanssen (Guy Henry), who informs her that she has achieved the best results in the region.
Father's death.
The character departed the series for a few episodes in series 13, as she travelled to Ukraine for her father's funeral. Series producer Myar Craig-Brown said that when she returns, Frieda has "more determination to focus on her job." She immediately forms a rivalry with F1 doctor Lulu Hutchinson, who "challenges" her. Frieda initially appears to be coping with her father's death, but she begins to find it harder to concentrate and avoids facing up to her emotions. Her colleague Sacha Levy is concerned when she struggles to deliver news of a patient's death to their family members. But Frieda soon insists on scrubbing in for surgery. Fedori commented, "There's a huge elephant in the room because of Frieda's grief."
She and Lulu compete for a chance to be part of the procedure, and Lulu tries flirting with Michael Spence to increase her chance of being chosen. Frieda is chosen to go into theatre, but when she is delayed, Lulu takes her place. When Frieda does finally get there, she realises she cannot handle the surgery and choose to step away. Fedori thought it was an important step for Frieda to admit that she is struggling. When asked by an "Inside Soap" writer if Frieda's softer side would emerge, Fedori replied "Oh, her character isn't going to change. She'll always be the type of person who says exactly what she thinks!"
Departure (2012).
On 18 April 2012, Daniel Kilkelly of "Digital Spy" reported that Fedori had filmed her final scenes as Frieda, and that she would depart during the following month. Of Fedori's exit, a spokesperson for the BBC stated "Olga has been a fantastic asset to "Holby City" and will be sorely missed by the cast and crew. Everyone wishes her all the best for the future." Consultant series producer Justin Young later revealed that Fedori had to leave the show quickly for personal reasons. Young also said that her character was beloved by the team, and he wished they had had the opportunity to make her exit bigger.
Returns.
Frieda returned during the episode broadcast 22 September 2015. The show's series producer Simon Harper had remained in contact with Fedori. She emailed him to inform him that she wanted to return. Harper was planning Paul Bradley's exit as long-standing character Professor Elliot Hope from the series. He believed that Frieda's return was "brilliant timing" because it was a "treat" for viewers who would be upset by Elliot's departure.
On 4 October 2017, Kilkelly ("Digital Spy") confirmed that Fedori had reprised the role for a six-month guest stint. Frieda will return in December, after Elliot asks her to work with Jac Naylor. Harper stated, "Frieda has a special place in the heart of the viewers, who I know will be as thrilled as I am to welcome her back to the wards. She's a familiar face back at the hospital at a time of change, with her trademark deadpan wit and unique outlook very much intact." He added that viewers should expect "fireworks" between Jac and Frieda, who does not want to be at Holby. Frieda returns in the nineteenth series episode "We Need to Talk About Fredrik", originally broadcast on 12 December 2017, as a qualified registrar who clashes with Jac.
Departure (2019).
On 26 March 2019, Frieda left the series after Fedori decided to quit the role. The character departs in the twenty-first series episode "Running". The exit was not announced beforehand and was a surprise for the audience. In the narrative, Frieda leaves Holby to work for an aid organisation where she can "make a difference" after facing an "ethical dilemma" following a long-running struggle.
Reception.
In 2011, Fedori was short-listed for the "Best Newcomer" award at the National Television Awards for her performance as Frieda. The award was ultimately won by "EastEnders" Ricky Norwood. Ian Cullen of Monsters and Critics lamented Fedori's loss, opining that her performance in "Holby City" is hilarious. Frieda has received critical acclaim, with the "Daily Mirror" Jim Shelley naming her the "best character on television". Shelley has included several of her one-liners in his regular "Soundbites of the Week" column, including her excuse: "I saw it in one of your "Carry On" films. I thought he might like it", delivered after inserting a sunflower into the rectum of a racist patient. Fellow "Mirror" critic Jane Simon has also praised Frieda, deeming her one of the series' most interesting characters. Simon describes her as a "fearless, straight talking [...] super-nurse", enjoying her ability to "liven up the place with her unlikely combination of ghoulish demeanour and slapstick sense of humour." When a 2011 storyline featured Frieda facing redundancy, Simon commented, "we would be gutted if she left. Her friendly scowl is one of the best things about the show."
Simon bemoaned Frieda's low-key exit, saying "Some staff members at Holby get massive exit storylines. Others [...] are out of the door before you realise they're going. And that's the case again tonight with our very favourite Ukrainian goth nurse turned junior doctor – Frieda Petrenko. One minute she's making an impassioned speech about patient care, the next we're told she's chucked in her job. Just like that." Justin Harp of "Digital Spy" called Frieda's second exit "emotional" and "heartbreaking".


Beverly Hofstadter


Jameel Institute

The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (commonly, the Jameel Institute, or J-IDEA) is a research institute at Imperial College London in the fields of epidemiology, mathematical modelling of infectious diseases and emergencies, environmental health, and health economics. Co-founded in 2019 by Imperial College London and Community Jameel, the Jameel Institute is housed in the School of Public Health, within the college's Faculty of Medicine. The mission of the Jameel Institute is "to combat threats from disease worldwide".
The Jameel Institute rose to prominence in 2020 under the leadership of Professor Neil Ferguson, Director of the Jameel Institute, when, as part of the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, the Jameel Institute published mathematical modelling of the COVID-19 pandemic.
History.
In October 2019, the Jameel Institute was co-founded by Imperial and Community Jameel, an organisation of the Jameel family, owners of the Abdul Latif Jameel business. The Jameel Institute was launched at a signing ceremony on Imperial's White City campus, with Imperial's president, Alice Gast, and Fady Jameel and Hassan Jameel, presidents of Community Jameel.
COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2020, from the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, the Jameel Institute began publishing regular reports with results of mathematical modelling of the spread of the virus. The Jameel Institute and other research centers in Imperial involved in the modelling were later grouped into the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. As of November 2020, the team had published 36 reports.
Report 9.
On 16 March 2020, the Jameel Institute—together with the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling and the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC GIDA)—published "Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand", with a focus on the UK and the US.
The report found: Two fundamental strategies are possible: (a) mitigation, which focuses on slowing but not necessarily stopping epidemic spread – reducing peak healthcare demand while protecting those most at risk of severe disease from infection, and (b) suppression, which aims to reverse epidemic growth, reducing case numbers to low levels and maintaining that situation indefinitely. Each policy has major challenges. We find that that optimal mitigation policies (combining home isolation of suspect cases, home quarantine of those living in the same household as suspect cases, and social distancing of the elderly and others at most risk of severe disease) might reduce peak healthcare demand by 2/3 and deaths by half. However, the resulting mitigated epidemic would still likely result in hundreds of thousands of deaths and health systems (most notably intensive care units) being overwhelmed many times over. For countries able to achieve it, this leaves suppression as the preferred policy option.
We show that in the UK and US context, suppression will minimally require a combination of social distancing of the entire population, home isolation of cases and household quarantine of their family members. This may need to be supplemented by school and university closures, though it should be recognised that such closures may have negative impacts on health systems due to increased absenteeism. The major challenge of suppression is that this type of intensive intervention package – or something equivalently effective at reducing transmission – will need to be maintained until a vaccine becomes available (potentially 18 months or more) – given that we predict that transmission will quickly rebound if interventions are relaxed. We show that intermittent social distancing – triggered by trends in disease surveillance – may allow interventions to be relaxed temporarily in relative short time windows, but measures will need to be reintroduced if or when case numbers rebound.The report led to changes in policy by the UK and US governments, including more stringent social distancing, quarantine, and other preventative measures, as well as informing policy in other countries worldwide.
Coursera.
To provide education about the pandemic, the Jameel Institute launched a free massive open online course on Coursera called "Science Matters: Let's Talk About COVID-19". The most popular course launched on Coursera in 2020, the Jameel Institute had over 130,000 enrolled learners that year. The course was presented by Jameel Institute research lead Professor Helen Ward and deputy director Dr Katharina Hauck, with specific modules in collaboration with other researchers from across Imperial.
Jameel Institute symposium.
The inaugural symposium, marking the Jameel Institute's first anniversary, took place on 24 November 2020, featuring Dame Sally Davies, former chief medical officer for England, and Professor Esther Duflo, Nobel Prize laureate and co-founder of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Prior to the symposium, the Jameel Institute published a recorded discussion between Neil Ferguson, Director of the Jameel Institute, and Tony Blair, former prime minister of the United Kingdom, on the subject of the symposium.
Faculty and leadership.
The director of the Jameel Institute since its founding is Professor Neil Ferguson, professor of mathematical biology and also director of the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC GIDA) at Imperial.
The Jameel Institute has six research leads:


Solomon Solis-Cohen

Solomon da Silva Solis-Cohen (1857–1948) was an American physician, professor of medicine and prominent Zionist.
Biography.
Solomon Solis-Cohen was educated at public schools in Philadelphia. He received the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1872 and the Master of Arts degree in 1877 from Philadelphia's Central High School. He taught Hebrew in the school of the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia for two years while studying medicine (1881–1883) and received his medical degree from the Jefferson Medical College in 1883.
Solis-Cohen taught in 1887–1902 at the Philadelphia Polyclinic and in 1890–1892 at Dartmouth College. He was a professor of clinical medicine at Jefferson Medical College from 1902 to 1927, when he retired as professor emeritus. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a trustee of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia Convention. His basic research in medicine was widely noted.
He was a founder and trustee of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and a founder of the Jewish Publication Society of America. He attended the Third Zionist Congress at Basel in 1899 and was a member of the provisional executive of the Zionist Organization of America for some time during WWI.
He published a book of his poetry, "When love passed by and other verses: including translations from Hebrew poets of the Middle Ages" (1929), and a selection of his writings and addresses, "Judaism and science, with and other addresses and papers" (1940).
Family.
In 1885, Solis-Cohen married his cousin Emily Grace Solis. They had three sons (David Hays, Leon and Francis Nathan) and one daughter (Emily Elvira). Jacob da Silva Solis-Cohen (1838–1927), a physician and founder of laryngology in the US, was Solomon Solis-Cohen's brother.


B. Robert Lewis

Bert Robert Lewis, Sr. (November 11, 1931 – April 24, 1979) was an American veterinarian and politician.
Lewis was born in Hutchinson, Kansas and was an African-American. He received his degrees in animal husbandry in 1953, biological science in 1958, and in veterinarian medicine in 1960 from Kansas State University. Lewis served in the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1962, Lewis moved to St. Louis Park, Minnesota and was a veterinarian. Lewis served on the St. Louis Park School Board from 1967 to 1971 and on the Minnesota Board of Education. Lewis served in the Minnesota Senate from 1973 until his death in 1979 and was a Democrat. He died from a heart attack at his home in Golden Valley, Minnesota. His body laid in state at the Minnesota State Capitol.


Doug Galt

Doug Galt (born 1937 or 1938) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003, and an unsuccessful contender for the House of Commons of Canada in 2004.
Background.
Galt was a veterinarian before entering political life. He was an overseas veterinary pathologist and project coordinator for CIDA in 1988 and 1992, and retired as head of the Brighton Veterinary Services Lab in 1994. In the late 1980s, he attended Queen's University and earned a Master's Degree in public administration. Galt currently lives in the hamlet of Salem, Ontario with his wife Catherine.
Politics.
He began his political career at the municipal level, serving as a warden in Northumberland County, and as reeve of Cramahe Township. Galt was also a school trustee, and chaired the Colborne-Cramahe Community Economic Development Commission in 1994.
Galt was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1995 provincial election, defeating incumbent Liberal Joan Fawcett by over 6,000 votes in the Northumberland riding. The Progressive Conservatives won the election under the leadership of Mike Harris, and Galt sat as a backbench supporter. He became known for asking "softball" questions (i.e. inoffensive questions which praise the sitting government, and allow ministers to outline new policy initiatives).
Galt was re-elected in the 1999 provincial election, though by only 903 votes over Liberal Carolyn Campbell. He introduced a resolution in the Legislature to bring forward greater protection against cruelty to animals and tried to ban riding in the back of pick-up trucks. Galt also introduced a Private Member's Bill to create a Robert Baldwin Day in Ontario which was later endorsed by Andrew Redden in an article published in the "Canadian Parliamentary Review". In 2000, Galt precipitated a minor crisis in the legislature by accidentally reading out the names of certain young offenders, whose identities were protected by law. Galt was actually praising the young offenders for graduating from a young offenders program while forgetting that they were still young offenders. Rob Sampson, the Minister of Correctional Services, had to temporarily resign from office to show ministerial accountability for Galt's error.
Galt served as chair of the Premier's Task Force on Rural Economic Renewal, which toured the province and consulted with other jurisdictions. Amongst other initiatives, the findings of this Task Force led to the creation of the O.S.T.A.R. program and Rural Economic Development funding initiative.
Galt supported Ernie Eves to replace Harris as party leader in 2002, and was named by Eves as a minister without portfolio and chief government Whip on August 22 of that year.
The Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the 2003 provincial election, and Galt lost his seat to Liberal candidate Lou Rinaldi by approximately 2,500 votes.
Federal politics.
In early 2004, Galt supported Tony Clement's unsuccessful campaign to become leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.
Galt himself ran as a Conservative in the 2004 federal election, challenging Liberal incumbent Paul Macklin in the federal riding of Northumberland. Macklin defeated Galt by 313 votes.