503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion

The 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion (; abbreviated: "s.Pz.Abt. 503") was a german heavy Panzer "Abteilung" (independent battalion-sized unit) equipped with Tiger I and Panzer III tanks. In 1944, it was re-equipped with the new Tiger II. The battalion saw action on the Eastern and Western Fronts during World War II. As with other German heavy tank battalions, it was normally not assigned to a single corps, but shuffled around according to war circumstances. Later the battalion became part of the newly formed Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle as the Feldherrnhalle Heavy Tank Battalion.
World War II.
The unit was created on May 4, 1942. The unit consisted of 45 Tiger Is on May 10, 1943. In the aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad, the battalion was deployed to Army Group Don and arrived at the front on January 1, 1943. The battalion, along with several divisions of the 4th Panzer Army, was tasked with securing the withdrawal of Army Group A; it then retreated to Rostov. On February 11, 1943, the unit was transferred to Kharkiv. It took part in the Third Battle of Kharkov and the Operation Citadel in 1943. Four days before the start of Citadel, the battalion reported that 42 of their 45 Tiger tanks were operational. The unit lost three Tigers during the operation and five more during the subsequent retreat.
In January 1944, the battalion, together with a panzer regiment and infantry units, formed Panzer Regiment Bäke. The regiment was part of the relief force, which tried to unsuccessfully break through to encircled forces in the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket. The battalion was then trapped in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. In late April 1944, the regiment was dissolved and sent West for refitting and equipped with 45 new Tiger IIs.
In Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, the unit was transferred to the command of 5th Panzer Army. On the launch of Operation Goodwood, the 3rd company, which was based in Cagny, Calvados, was destroyed in the preliminary Allied bombing, with impacts powerful enough to turn a 56-ton Tiger upside down. Only one Tiger was operational at the end of the day. During the first day of Goodwood, the unit reported the loss of thirteen tanks. At the end of July, the 3rd company received new Tiger II tanks, which were subsequently destroyed in the Allied aerial attacks, with only two brought back to Germany.
In October 1944, the refitted 503rd took part in the Battle of Debrecen. In early-November, the battalion provided a mobile reserve for the 6th Army (Wehrmacht), re-designated as Army Group Hermann Balck. By mid-December, the German forces had been pushed back to Budapest. In January 1945, the unit took part in several failed attempts to relieve Budapest, code-named Operation Konrad. Though the 17-24 of February, the 503rd took part in one of the last successful German offensives of the war, "Operation Südwind (G:Southwind)."


VF-84

Fighter Squadron 84 or VF-84 was an aviation unit of the United States Navy. Originally established on 1 May 1944, it was disestablished on 8 October 1945. It was the first US Navy squadron to be designated as VF-84.
Operational history.
VF-84 flew F4U Corsairs and was formed around a nucleus of veterans of VF-17, the "Jolly Rogers". The new squadron's commanding officer was Lt. Cdr. Roger R.Hedrick, former executive officer of VF-17.
VF-84 was assigned to the . As part of Task Force 58, the carrier and Carrier Air Group 84 (CVG-84) participated in the final drive across the central Pacific. Roger Hedrick was promoted to head CVG-84 on the combat loss of the air group's commanding officer, and Lt. Cdr. Raymond "Ted" Hill took over the fighter squadron.
VF-84 took part in the invasion of Iwo Jima; raids on Tokyo and other targets in Japan; the discovery and sinking of the Japanese battleship Yamato and support of the invasion of Okinawa, including combat air patrol over the invasion fleet to defend against Kamikaze attack, ground support, and combat air patrol over targets on Okinawa.
On 11 May 1945, while off Okinawa, two Japanese kamikazes struck the "Bunker Hill" in quick succession, with a bomb penetrating to the pilots' ready room, killing 22 members of VF-84. Both the "Bunker Hill" (then the TF-58 flagship) and CAG-84 were knocked out of the war. Although VF-84 was reformed in July 1945 as an F6F Hellcat squadron, the war ended while it was still in training. While in the Pacific, VF-84 was credited with 92 kills for a loss of 4 aircraft and nine of the squadron's pilots became aces.


Military ranks of Turkey

The Military ranks of Turkey are the military insignia used by the Turkish Armed Forces.
Turkish Naval Forces.
Officers.
Note : Commodores in the Turkish navy are not given special ranks or insignia. In the Turkish navy a commodore is not a rank but a position (usually group commander). Commodores almost always have the rank of Captain (Albay), but can fly their special pennants and wear special ribbons.
Rank pennants and flags (ensigns).
Pennants are only flown for officers who assume command of an independent unit. Staff officers who work in headquarters do not fly pennants.
Enlisted.
Rates (insignia of category).
There are several major categories in the Navy for different professions. Insignia of category are worn right above the circle in the topmost stripe, both on the sleeve and the shoulder board. It is a small round patch with gold-coloured needlework. Line officers and admirals do not wear these patches. (Admirals with special circumstances (doctors and engineers) may wear them on their sleeves, but not shoulders)


Seven Pines Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1, 1862. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Potomac.
MG George B. McClellan
Chief of Staff: Col Randolph B. Marcy
II Corps.
BG Edwin V. Sumner
III Corps.
BG Samuel P. Heintzelman
IV Corps.
BG Erasmus D. Keyes
V Corps.
BG Fitz John Porter
VI Corps.
BG William B. Franklin


Good Morning, Night

Buongiorno, notte (Good Morning, Night) is an Italian film released in 2003 and directed by Marco Bellocchio. The title of the feature film, "Good Morning, Night", is taken from a poem by Emily Dickinson.
The plot is freely adapted from the 1988 book "The Prisoner" by the former brigadeist Anna Laura Braghetti, which tells of the 1978 kidnapping, detention and murder of Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades.
Plot.
A small group of terrorists of the Red Brigades rent an apartment. They kidnap Aldo Moro, former prime minister of Italy and leader of the "Democrazia Cristiana" (Christian democracy) party. Moro writes many letters to politicians, Pope Paul VI, and his family, but the Italian government refuses to negotiate. A female member of the group, played by Maya Sansa, suffers doubts about the plan.
Production.
Bellocchio had already directed a documentary, in 1995, about the Red Brigades and the kidnapping of Aldo Moro. It was entitled "Sogni infranti" ("Broken Dreams").
The title of the film comes from the poem "Good morning, midnight" by Emily Dickinson, in the 2001 Italian translation by the poet and novelist Nicola Gardini, who first used the form «Buongiorno, notte».
The film was produced by Filmalbatros and Rai Cinema in collaboration with Sky Italia, and distributed in theaters by 01 Distribution. It was recognized as being of national cultural interest by the Directorate General for Cinema of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, based on the ministerial resolution of 17 June 2002.
Soundtrack.
The original music of the film was composed by Riccardo Giagni. The film's soundtrack also includes compositions by Franz Schubert, Giuseppe Verdi and Jacques Offenbach, as well as two of the most famous songs by Pink Floyd, "The Great Gig in the Sky" and "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" - for example, while Chiara sees on television the images of the partisans shot by the Nazis, while reading the "Letters of condemned to death of the Italian Resistance (September 8, 1943 - April 25, 1945)" - the latter also used in the trailer; The song that the former partisans sing is, instead, "Fischia il vento".
Reality and fiction.
In addition to the book by Anna Laura Braghetti, the director took inspiration from other sources; for example, the sentence pronounced by the leader of the brigadists, Mariano, to motivate his followers, namely that the imminent killing of Moro "is the highest act of humanity possible in a society divided into classes", is taken directly from a press release on May 10 in the courtroom at the La Marmora barracks in Turin, by the imprisoned founders of the BR, Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini: «...This is why we claim that the revolutionary act of justice exercised by the Red Brigades against the criminal Politician Aldo Moro, (...), is the highest act of humanity possible for the communist and revolutionary proletarians, in this class-divided society».
Reception.
The film was selected for competition in September 2003 at the 60th Venice International Film Festival, receiving significant critical acclaim, and was also appreciated by the relatives of Aldo Moro. At the same time, the film was released in cinemas, becoming the highest grossing film ever made by Marco Bellocchio at the cinema, with around 4,000,000 euros in Cinetel revenue.
Some former Red Brigades, such as Morucci and Gallinari, said they had seen the film; the former also expressed a moderate appreciation: "His friends denied the authenticity of his letters while some of us, in reading them, we were associating them with those of the condemned to death of the Resistance. This is underlined by the film, and it is really true. It was a shocking thing."
Controversy.
Although the film was seen as a favorite to win the Golden Lion at the Venice International Film Festival, its only significant award was for the screenplay, arousing much controversy among experts; the director Marco Bellocchio, disappointed, abandoned the event, delegating to the actor Luigi Lo Cascio the task of collecting the prize. Following the statements of the jury president Mario Monicelli, which corroborated the motivations that had not convinced the jurors to assign the maximum recognition to the film ("it was impossible to convince foreigners ... this film was not up to its precedent, "My Mother's Smile""), Rai Cinema announced in protest that it no longer wanted to participate in the Show: a declaration right after following a meeting between the then president of the Venice Biennale, Franco Bernabè, and the CEO of Rai Cinema Giancarlo Leone.


MP 38 Machine Pistol 0.3 In (9mm)

The MP 38 Machine Pistol 0.3 In (9mm) was the first rapid fire pistol created. It was primarily used by the Wehrmacht infantry divisions so they would have the ability to attack quickly and not be bogged down by common rapid fire weapons.


Arctus Baran


96th Infantry Division (German Empire)

The 96th Infantry Division (96. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


Zeke Bonura

Henry John "Zeke" Bonura (September 20, 1908 – March 9, 1987) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball. From 1934 through 1940, he played for the Chicago White Sox (1934–1937), Washington Senators (1938, 1940), New York Giants (1939) and Chicago Cubs (1940). Bonura batted and threw right-handed. He was born in New Orleans.
In a seven-season career, Bonura posted a .307 batting average (1099-for-3582) with 119 home runs and 704 RBI in 917 games played. Defensively, he was a good first baseman, recording a career .992 fielding percentage.
One of Bonura's more noteworthy athletic accomplishments has nothing to do with the sport of baseball. In June 1925, at the age of sixteen, Bonura became the youngest male athlete ever to win an event at the National (AAU) Track and Field Championships. He threw the javelin 65.18 meters (213-10) to claim the title. Bonura's winning effort was a meet record by nearly twenty-feet; a prodigious mark that remained on the books until 1930.
Military service.
in 1941, Bonura joined the army and was stationed at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. With the outbreak of World War II, he was recalled to active duty, and returned to Camp Shelby where he was in charge of organizing baseball. In mid 1943, he was posted to Oran, Algeria. He organized large-scale baseball operations, consisting of 150 teams in 6 leagues. Playoffs among the teams narrowed them to two finalists – the Casablanca Yankees, consisting of medics, and the Algiers Streetwalkers, consisting of MPs. The North African World Series was a best two-out-of-three-game championship played on October 3 and 4, 1943, at Eugene Stadium in Algiers, Algeria, between the two teams. The Casablanca Yankees won the series in two straight games. The winners were presented with baseballs autographed by General Eisenhower, and the winning team received a trophy made from an unexploded Italian bomb.
In mid 1945, Bonura was discharged from the army with the rank of master sergeant. He received the Legion of Merit medal while serving in the US Army during World War II, for his work as athletic director for the Army in Algeria in 1943 in 1944.
College career.
Bonura did not play baseball at Loyola New Orleans because the university did not field a team. Instead he lettered in basketball, football, and track and field.


Army Group Don

Army Group Don was a short-lived army group of the German Army during World War II.
On 20 November Hitler ordered again to reorganize the southern front in the Soviet Union. The order was following: "Between the Army Group A and B at the turn of the river Don has to be sent another Army Group." Army Group Don was created as an attempt to hold the line between Army Group A and Army Group B.
Army Group Don was created from the headquarters of the Eleventh Army in the southern sector of the Eastern Front on 22 November 1942. Army Group Don only lasted until February 1943 when it was combined with Army Group B and was made into the new Army Group South.
The only commander of Army Group Don during its short history was Field Marshal ("Generalfeldmarschall") Erich von Manstein. It consisted of the Sixth Army in the Stalingrad pocket, which included the encircled elements of the 4th Panzer Army, together with the Romanian Third Army.
Zhukov stated, "We now know that Manstein's plan to rescue the encircled forces at Stalingrad was to organize two shock forces - at Kotelnikovo and Tormosin." The attempt "was a total failure."


Vietnamese military ranks and insignia

Vietnamese military ranks and insignia were specified by the National Assembly of Vietnam through the "Law on Vietnam People's Army Officer (No: 6-LCT/HĐNN7)" on 30 December 1981.
The Vietnam People's Army distinguishes three careerpaths: Officers ("sĩ quan"), non-commissioned officers ("hạ sĩ quan"), and enlisted personnel ("chiến sĩ").
Because the shoulder insignia of all ranks are represented by an elongated pentagonal epaulette, they are, hence, either detailed or colour-coded to indicate rank, branch, as well as unit.
The shoulder epaulettes from those of enlisted soldiers to field officers are detailed with a silver crest with an encircled silver star. Those of generals and admirals have fully golden epaulettes with corresponding golden crests and encircled stars.
Ranks can show information about branches of military personnel.
The branch colours that form the piping of the shoulder boards are as follows:
The shoulder insignia ranks are in gold shoulder boards in the Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy.
Border Defense Force's ranks are in dark green shoulder boards with red piping. Coast Guard rank and rating insignia are in blue with gold piping.
Table of ranks.
Officers.
The following are the current rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army, navy, air force, border guard and coast guard, respectively.
Warrant officers.
The following are the insignia for warrant officers for the army, navy, air force, border guard and coast guard respectively.
Rank insignia used by warrant officers since 2008 have a pink silk line running along the shoulder board (before 2008 it was a V-shaped chevron) to distinguish them from the officer corps.
Enlisted.
The following are the enlisted rank insignia for the army, navy, air force, border guard and coast guard respectively.


Air Force Data Systems Design Center

The Air Force Data Systems Design Center (AFDSDC) was activated on 26 Oct 1967. The unit was located at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington D.C. Its mission was to analyze, design, develop, program, test, implement and maintain all automated data processing systems; incorporate HQ USAF-approved integration and interface requirements in assigned automated data systems; develop and maintain general purpose software required by assigned systems; and develop and recommend standards covering programming languages and documentation requirements for automated data systems. The AFDSDC moved to Gunter AFS in 1971 and has since gone through a number of transformations including: Headquarters Air Force Teleprocessing Center (1984); Headquarters Standard Information Systems Center (1985); Headquarters Standard Systems Center (1986); Headquarters Standard Systems Group (1995); 554th Electronic Systems Wing (2006), Enterprise Information Systems Directorate (July 2010), Business and Enterprise Systems (September 2011).


Adam Benjamin Jr.

Adam Benjamin Jr. (August 6, 1935 – September 7, 1982) was an American politician and a United States Representative from Indiana's 1st congressional district, serving from 1977 until his death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C. in 1982. Benjamin was the first Assyrian-American to be elected to the United States House of Representatives in American history. Benjamin served in the Indiana Senate from 1971 to 1977, the Indiana House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971, and was a member of the Democratic Party.
Early life and career.
Born to an Assyrian father, Adam Benjamin, and Armenian mother, Margaret Marjanian, in Gary, Indiana, on August 6, 1935, Adam Benjamin Jr. graduated from Kemper Military School in Boonville, Missouri, in 1952. Benjamin joined the Marine Corps in 1952, and served as a Corporal in the Korean War until he was honorably discharged in 1954. After serving in the Marine Corps, he gained an appointment to the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, earning a B.S. degree in engineering in 1958. Following three years in the 101st airborne division the "Screaming Eagles", and ranger training in the U.S. Army, in 1961 Benjamin left the Army as a First lieutenant.
After his service in the Military, Benjamin returned to Gary in 1961 and began teaching math and physics at Edison High School. Two years later, he entered public service as Gary's zoning administrator from 1963 to 1965, and gained further experience in local government acting as Gary Mayor A. Martin Katz's executive secretary from 1965 through 1966.
During his work in public service, Benjamin worked on his law degree from Valparaiso University, he graduated with his Juris Doctor and was admitted to the Indiana Bar Association in 1966. Shortly after Benjamin was admitted to the Indiana Bar, he ran for a seat in the Indiana House of Representatives, winning two consecutive terms in 1966, and in 1968. Benjamin served in the Indiana House until he won a seat in the Indiana Senate in 1970, winning reelection in 1974, and served in the Indiana Senate from 1971 to 1977. During his time in the Indiana Senate, Benjamin was named Outstanding State Senator by newsmen assigned to report on the Indiana General Assembly. As a state legislator, Mr. Benjamin developed a new code of ethics for legislators, worked on a new state medical malpractice act, and facilitated court reform for the Lake County Superior Court system. Two years after Benjamin won a seat in the Indiana Senate, he challenged incumbent 12-term Congressman Ray J. Madden for the Democratic nomination for Indiana's 1st congressional district, but eventually lost the hotly contested primary. By 1976, having gained significant name recognition as an Indiana legislator, Benjamin again challenged Madden in the Democratic primary, this time defeating him with 56% of the vote, compared with Madden's 34%. In the general election Benjamin beat evangelical Protestant educator, and co-founder of Moral Majority, Robert J. Billings, with a 40% margin of victory.
United States House of Representatives.
Benjamin served in the 95th, 96th, and 97th Congresses from 1977 until his death in 1982. Benjamin sat on the House Appropriations Committee, and served as the chairman of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation, aiding Northwest Indiana with projects such as improved Amtrak facilities, new South Shore Railroad commuter cars, and funding for an I-94 interchange to provide access to the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore as well as improvements in Gary's bus system and municipal airport. In addition, Benjamin chaired the executive committee of the Congressional Steel Caucus, a bi-partisan coalition of congressman that promotes the health and stability of the domestic steel industry. To encourage the Calumet Region's economic recovery, Benjamin worked to establish the Calumet Forum, with representatives of labor, industry, banking, publishing, education, politics, transportation, and the religious community seeking to promote the economic resurgence and development of the Region. Regarding the importance of the Forum, Benjamin commented, "I've put myself on the line for this ... I've got to do it. It just has to be done."
Benjamin continued to gain a reputation for hard work, dedication, effectiveness, and loyalty among both his colleagues and his constituents. He retained his seat in the 1978 and 1980 elections, and was seeking a fourth congressional term when he died suddenly from a heart attack in September 1982. He is buried in Merrillville, Indiana's Calumet Park Cemetery.
The Veterans Affairs clinic in Crown Point, Indiana, is named in his honor. Indiana State Road 51 in Hobart, Indiana is signed as the Adam Benjamin Highway.


Mill Springs Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Mill Springs during the American Civil War on January 19, 1862 near present-day Nancy, Kentucky. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
First Division, Army of the Ohio.
BG George Henry Thomas


Army Group South Rear Area

Army Group South Rear Area ("Rückwärtiges Heeresgebiet Süd") was one of the three Army Group Rear Area Commands, established during the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union. Commanded by General Karl von Roques, it was an area of military jurisdiction behind Wehrmacht's Army Group South.
The Group South Rear Area's outward function was to provide security behind the fighting troops. It was also a site of mass murder during The Holocaust and other crimes against humanity targeting the civilian population. In the words of historian Michael Parrish, the army commander "presided over an empire of terror and brutality".
Organisation.
The commander of the Army Group South Rear Area, General Karl von Roques, was responsible for the rear area security. Its headquarters was subordinated to Army Group South, while also reporting to the Wehrmacht's Quartermaster General Eduard Wagner, who had the overall responsibility for rear area security.
Roques controlled three Security Divisions (213th, 444th, and 454th) and oversaw the units of Secret Field Police of the Wehrmacht. He operated in parallel, and in cooperation, with Friedrich Jeckeln, the Higher SS and Police Leaders appointed by the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler.
Security warfare and crimes against humanity.
The area commanders' duties included security of communications and supply lines, economic exploitation and combatting guerillas (partisans) in Wehrmacht's rear areas, which were the primary tasks of the security divisions. In addition, security and police formations of the SS and the SD (SS Security Service) operated in the areas, being subordinated to the respective Higher SS and Police Leaders. These units included multiple "Einsatzgruppen" death squad detachments, Police Regiment South and additional Order Police battalions. These units perpetrated mass murder during The Holocaust and other crimes against humanity. While under military jurisdiction, the area was the site of the massacres at Babi Yar and Kamianets-Podilskyi.
The security formations, often in coordination with or under the leadership of the Wehrmacht, conducted security warfare targeting the civilian population. The so-called anti-partisan operations in "bandit-infested" areas amounted to destruction of villages, seizure of livestock, deporting of able-bodied population for slave labour to Germany and murder of those of non-working age.


Carolinas campaign Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Carolinas campaign of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign.
Union Forces.
MG William T. Sherman

Headquarters guard:
Engineers:
Artillery: Bvt MG William Farquhar Barry
Right Wing, Army of the Tennessee.
MG Oliver O. Howard

Escort:
Pontoon Train Guard:
XV Corps.
MG John A. Logan
XVII Corps.
MG Francis Preston Blair, Jr.

Escort:

Left Wing, Army of Georgia.
MG Henry W. Slocum

Pontoniers:
XIV Corps.
Bvt MG Jefferson C. Davis

Provost guard: Ltc E. Hibbard Topping
XX Corps.
Bvt MG Alpheus S. Williams

MG Joseph A. Mower
Center, Army of the Ohio.
MG John M. Schofield

Escort:

Signal Corps: Cpt Edmund H. Russell

Engineers:

Artillery: Ltc Terance J. Kennedy
X Corps.
MG Alfred H. Terry

Escort: Company I, 20th New York Cavalry: Cpt John J. Carroll
XXIII Corps.
MG Jacob Dolson Cox

Engineer Battalion: Cpt Oliver S. McClure

Provost Guard:

Artillery: Ltc George W. Schofield, Cpt Giles J. Cockerill


Chickasaw Bayou Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana.
LTG John C. Pemberton


Dirlewanger Brigade

The Dirlewanger Brigade, also known as the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger (1944), or the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (, or Black Hunters, was a unit of the Waffen-SS during World War II. The unit, named after its commander Oskar Dirlewanger, consisted of convicted criminals who were not expected by Nazi Germany to survive their service with the unit. Originally formed in 1940 and first deployed for counter-insurgency duties against the Polish resistance movement, the brigade saw service in anti-partisan actions in German-occupied Eastern Europe.
During its operations, the unit participated in the mass murder of civilians and in other war crimes in German-occupied Eastern Europe; it gained a reputation among Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS officers for its brutality. Several members such as Hans Von Cullen were put to death post war by ad-hoc tribunals. Several commanders attempted to remove Dirlewanger from command and to dissolve the unit, but powerful patrons within the Nazi apparatus protected Dirlewanger and intervened on his behalf. Amongst other actions, the unit took part in the destruction of Warsaw in late 1944 and in the massacre of around 100,000 of Warsaw's inhabitants in August 1944 during the Warsaw Uprising - as well as in the brutal suppression of the Slovak National Uprising of August to October 1944.
Oskar Dirlewanger.
The eponymous Dirlewanger Brigade was led by World War I veteran and convicted criminal, Oskar Dirlewanger, an amoral violent alcoholic who possessed a sadistic sexual orientation and a barbaric nature;
he has been described as "the most evil man" in the SS.
After enlisting in the Prussian Army as a machine gunner in 1913, Dirlewanger served in the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps rising to the rank of Leutnant (Lieutenant) and receiving the Iron Cross first and second class during WWI. He joined the "Freikorps" and took part in crushing the German Revolution of 1918–19. After graduating from Frankfurt's Citizens' University with a doctorate in political science in 1922, he worked at a bank and a knitwear factory. By 1923 Dirlewanger had joined the Nazi Party.
Dirlewanger was a violent alcoholic. In 1934 he was sentenced to two-years imprisonment for the statutory rape of a 13-year-old girl and for stealing government property. The conviction led to him being expelled from the Nazi Party (but he was permitted to reapply for membership). Soon after his release, Dirlewanger was rearrested for sexual assault and sent to a concentration camp at Welzheim. In desperation, Dirlewanger contacted his old WWI comrade Gottlob Berger who was now a senior Nazi working closely with Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Berger used his influence to help Dirlewanger join the Condor Legion, a German unit which fought in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).
On his return to Germany in 1939, Berger helped Dirlewanger join the "Allgemeine SS" (General-SS) with the rank of SS-"Untersturmführer". In mid-1940, after the invasion of Poland, Berger arranged for Dirlewanger to command and train a military unit of convicted poachers for partisan-hunting ("Bandenbekämpfung").
Composition.
On 23 March 1940 a department in the Ministry of Justice received a telephone call from Himmler's headquarters informing them that Hitler had decided to give "suspended sentences to so-called 'honorable poachers' and, depending on their behaviour at the front, to pardon them". A confirmation of Hitler's order was sent specifying that the poachers should where possible be Bavarian and Austrian, not be guilty of crimes involving trap setting, and were to be enrolled in marksmen's rifle corps. The men were to combine their knowledge of hunting and woodcraft similar to traditional Jäger elite riflemen with the courage and initiative of those who willingly broke the law. In late May 1940 Dirlewanger was sent to Oranienburg to take charge of 80 selected men convicted of poaching crimes who were temporarily released from their sentences. After two months training, 55 men were selected with the rest sent back to prison. On 14 June 1940, the "Wilddiebkommando Oranienburg" ("Oranienburg Poacher's Unit") was formed as part of the "Waffen-SS". Himmler made Dirlewanger its commander. The unit was sent to Poland where it was joined by four Waffen-SS NCOs selected for their previous disciplinary records and twenty other recruits. By September 1940, the formation numbered over 300 men. Dirlewanger was appointed an SS-"Obersturmführer" by Himmler. With the influx of criminals, the emphasis on poachers was now lost, though many of the former poachers rose to NCO ranks to train the unit. Those convicted of other more severe crimes, including the criminally insane, also joined the unit.
From the beginning the formation attracted criticism from both the Nazi Party and the SS for the idea that convicted criminals who were forbidden to carry arms, therefore then exempt from conscription in the Wehrmacht, could be a part of the elite SS. A solution was found where it was proclaimed that the formation was not part of the SS, but under control of the SS. Within a couple of years, the unit had grown into a band of common criminals. Accordingly, the unit name was changed to "Sonderkommando Dirlewanger" ("Special Unit Dirlewanger"). As the unit strength grew, it was placed under the command of the "SS-Totenkopfverbände" (the formation responsible for the administration of the concentration camps) and redesignated as the "SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger". In January 1942, to rebuild its strength, the unit was authorised to recruit Russian and Ukrainian volunteers. By February 1943 the number of men in the battalion doubled to 700 (half of them "Volksdeutsche"). It became a Waffen-SS unit again in late 1944. In May 1944, the 550 men (Turkestanis, Wolgatatars Azerbaijanis, Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Tadjiks) from the Ostmuslemanische SS-Regiment were attached to the SS Dirlewanger brigade.
Although other "Strafbataillons" were raised as the war proceeded and the need for further manpower grew, these penal military units were for those convicted of military offences, whereas the recruits sent to Dirlewanger Brigade were convicted of major crimes such as premeditated murder, rape, arson and burglary. Dirlewanger provided them with an opportunity to commit atrocities on such a scale that it even raised complaints within the brutal SS. The historian Martin Windrow described them as a "terrifying rabble" of "cut-throats, renegades, sadistic morons, and cashiered rejects from other units". Some Nazi officials romanticized the unit, viewing the men as "pure primitive German men" who were "resisting the law".
Operational history.
During the organization's time in the Soviet Union, Dirlewanger burned women and children alive, let starved packs of dogs feed on them, and injected Jews with strychnine. Transcripts of the Nuremberg Trials show Soviet prosecutors frequently questioning defendants accused of war crimes on the Eastern Front about their knowledge of the Dirlewanger Brigade.
Poland.
On 1 August 1940, the "Dirlewanger" was assigned to guard duties in the region of Lublin (site of a Nazi-established "Jew reservation" established under the Nisko Plan) in the General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. According to journalist and author, Matthew Cooper, "wherever the Dirlewanger unit operated, corruption and rape formed an every-day part of life and indiscriminate slaughter, beatings and looting were rife". The General Government's "Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer" (HSSPF) Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger was disturbed by the unlawful behaviour of the "Dirlewanger". His complaints resulted in its transfer to Byelorussia in February 1942.
Byelorussia.
Byelorussia (modern-day Belarus) formed part of "Reichskommissariat Ostland" and had formerly been part of the Soviet Union. In this region, the unit came under the command of local HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. The "Dirlewanger" resumed so-called anti-partisan activities in this area, working in cooperation with the Kaminski Brigade, a Soviet nationals militia under the command of Bronislav Kaminski. Dirlewanger's preferred method of operation was to gather civilians in a barn, set it on fire and shoot machine guns at anyone who tried to escape; the victims of his unit numbered about 30,000.
According to the historian Timothy Snyder:
In September 1942, the unit murdered 8,350 Jews in Baranovichi ghetto and then a further 389 people labeled "bandits" and 1,274 "bandit suspects". According to the historian Martin Kitchen, the unit "committed such shocking atrocities in the Soviet Union, in the pursuit of partisans, that even an SS court was called upon to investigate."
On 17 August 1942, the expansion of the "Dirlewanger" to regimental size was authorized. Recruits were to come from criminals, Eastern volunteers ("Osttruppen") and military delinquents. The second battalion was established in February 1943 when the regiment's strength reached 700 men, of whom 300 were anti-communists from Soviet territory; and the unit was redesignated as the "SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger". In May 1943, the eligibility to volunteer for service in the regiment was extended to all criminals and as a result 500 men convicted of the most severe crimes were absorbed into the regiment. May and June saw the unit taking part in Operation Cottbus, an anti-partisan operation. In August 1943, the creation of a third battalion was authorised. With its expansion, the "Dirlewanger" was allowed to display rank insignia and a unique collar patch in form of crossed rifles with a stick grenade under them. During this period, the regiment saw heavy fighting; Dirlewanger himself led many assaults.
In November 1943, the regiment was committed to front-line action with Army Group Centre in an attempt to halt the Soviet advance, and suffered extreme casualties due to ineptitude. Dirlewanger received the German Gold Cross on 5 December 1943 in recognition of his earnestness, but by 30 December 1943, the unit consisted of only 259 men. Large numbers of amnestied criminals were sent to rebuild the regiment and by late February 1944, the regiment was back up to full strength. It was decided that Eastern volunteers would no longer be admitted to the unit, as the Russians had proven to be particularly unreliable in combat. Anti-partisan operations continued until June 1944, when the Soviets launched Operation Bagration, which was aimed at the destruction of Army Group Centre. The "Dirlewanger" was caught up in the retreat and began falling back to Poland. The regiment sustained heavy casualties during several rearguard actions but reached Poland.
Return to Poland.
When the "Armia Krajowa" began the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944, "Dirlewanger" was sent into action as part of the "Kampfgruppe" formation led by SS-"Gruppenführer" Heinz Reinefarth; once again serving alongside Bronislav Kaminski's militia (now named "SS Sturmbrigade RONA"). Acting on orders that came directly from "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler, Kaminski's and Dirlewanger's men were given a free hand to rape, loot, torture and butcher.
In what became known as the Wola massacre, "Kaminski" and "Dirlewanger" personnel indiscriminately massacred Polish combatants along with civilian men, women and children, in the Wola District of Warsaw. Up to 40,000 civilians were murdered in Wola in less than two weeks of August, including all hospital patients and staff.<ref name="Nowak/Kuźniak"></ref> Many otherwise unknown crimes committed by "Dirlewanger" at Wola were later revealed by Mathias Schenck, a Belgian national who was serving in the area as a German Army sapper. Regarding an incident in which 500 small children were murdered, Schenck stated:
The regiment arrived in Warsaw with only 865 enlisted personnel and 16 officers but it soon received 2,500 replacements. These included 1,900 German convicts from the SS military camp at Danzig-Matzkau. Nevertheless extremely high casualties were inflicted on "Dirlewanger" during fighting in Warsaw by the Polish resistance. During the course of the two-month urban warfare "Dirlewanger" lost 2,733 men. Thus, total casualties numbered 315% of the unit's initial strength. While some of the regiment's actions were criticized by Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (who after the war described them as "a herd of pigs") and the sector commander, "Generalmajor" Günter Rohr, Dirlewanger was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross by Reinefarth and promotion to "SS-Oberführer der Reserve".
By 3 October 1944, the remaining Polish insurgents had surrendered and the depleted regiment spent the next month guarding the line along the Vistula. During this time, the regiment was upgraded to brigade status, and named "SS-Sonderbrigade Dirlewanger" (SS Special Brigade Dirlewanger). In early October, it was decided to upgrade the "Dirlewanger" again, this time to a Waffen-SS combat brigade. Accordingly, it was redesignated "2. SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger" in December 1944, and had soon reached its complement of 4,000 men.
Slovakia and Hungary.
When the Slovak National Uprising began in late August 1944, the newly formed brigade was committed to action. The brigade played a large part in putting down the rebellion by 30 October. With the outcome of the war no longer in doubt, large numbers of communist and socialist political prisoners began applying to join the "Dirlewanger" in the hope of defecting to the Soviets. SS-"Brigadeführer" Fritz Schmedes, disgraced former commander of the 4th SS Polizei Division, was assigned to the "Dirlewanger" by Himmler as punishment for refusing to carry out orders. With his extensive combat experience, Schmedes became the unofficial advisor to Dirlewanger on front line combat.
In December, the brigade was sent to the front in Hungary. While several newly formed battalions made up of communist and socialist volunteers fell apart, several other battalions fought well. During a month's fighting, the brigade suffered heavy casualties and was pulled back to Slovakia to refit and reorganize.
Germany.
In February 1945, orders were given to expand the brigade to a division; however, before this could begin it was sent north to the Oder-Neisse line in an attempt to halt the Soviet advance. On 14 February 1945, the brigade was redesignated as the "36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS". With its expansion to a division of 4,000 men, the "Dirlewanger" had regular Army units attached to the formation: a Grenadier regiment, a "Pionier" brigade and a "Panzerjäger" battalion. Individual "Sturmpionier" demolition engineers had already been attached to the force during the fighting in Warsaw.
When the final Soviet offensive began on 16 April 1945, the division was pushed back to the northeast. The next day, Oskar Dirlewanger was seriously wounded in combat for the twelfth time. He was removed from the front and he was sent to the rear and Schmedes immediately assumed command; Dirlewanger would not return to the division. Desertion became more and more common; when Schmedes attempted to reorganize his division on 25 April, he found it had virtually ceased to exist. On 28 April 1945, SS-"Sturmbannführer" Ewald Ehlers, who commanded the 73rd Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS within the Dirlewanger Brigade, was hanged by his own men. He had been a former commandant of Dachau concentration camp who had been convicted of corruption. On 1 May 1945, the Soviets wiped out all that was left of the "36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division" in the Halbe Pocket. A small remnant of the division managed an escape attempt to reach the U.S. Army lines on the Elbe river. Schmedes and his staff managed to reach the Americans and surrendered on 3 May.
Only about 700 men of the division survived the war. In June 1945, Dirlewanger was captured by French forces in Germany; he had died in their custody by 8 June, allegedly killed by Polish soldiers in Altshausen. In 2009, Polish authorities claimed to have identified three surviving members of "Dirlewanger" living in Germany and announced the intent to prosecute them.
Legacy.
The cross-grenades emblem of the "Dirlewanger" are still used by neo-Nazis.


Kenneth LeFevre

Kenneth C. LeFevre (born January 18, 1945) is an American Republican Party politician. He served three terms in the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1996 to 2000, where he represented the 2nd Legislative District.
Early career.
LeFevre attended Camden County College, where he earned an associate's degree in marketing, and he earned a bachelor's degree with a major in management from Rutgers University-Camden. He served in the United States Coast Guard from 1964 to 1968, attaining the rank of Petty Officer First Class. He was employed as director of economic development for Atlantic Electric.
LeFevre served on the Folsom Borough Council from 1976 to 1978. He was a member of the Atlantic County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 1978 to 1983 and again from 1991 to 1996, where he served as chair in 1993 and as vice chair from 1978 to 1983. LeFevre was a member of the board of directors of the Delaware River Port Authority from 1994 to 1996.
Assemblyman.
He was elected to the General Assembly in 1995 together with Francis J. Blee, and the two were re-elected in 1995 and 1997. He served in the Assembly as assistant majority whip starting in 1998, served as vice chair of the Labor Committee as well as being a member of the Commerce, Tourism, Gaming and Military and Veterans' Affairs Committee.
Beginning in 1995, representatives of the Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma expressed their desire to open a casino in Wildwood, New Jersey, going so far as to file a suit in New Jersey Superior Court against the city of Wildwood in March 1998, claiming that the land originally belonged to the tribe. Shortly after filing, the tribe dropped the suit of its own accord, but the events prompted LeFevre and fellow Assemblyman George Geist to propose legislation asking Congress to amend the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act to require authorization at the state level before allowing a Native American gambling enterprise to open. LeFevre cited a concern that "Indian gaming" would cause a reduction in tax revenue from casinos in Atlantic City.
In 2000, LeFevre introduced legislation to ban motorized scooters and skateboards on streets, sidewalks and parks, and would impose fines of as much as $1,000 on those violating the ban; LeFevre noted that they are typically "unregistered, uninsured and operated by unlicensed drivers" in their teens who are unfamiliar with the rules of the road. The bill passed unanimously in the Assembly.
After LeFevre decided not to run for re-election, Linwood mayor Paul D'Amato took LeFevre's place on the 2001 Republican ticket with Blee. Both won.


Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle

The Guadalcanal Campaign was fought from the initial American landings on 7 August 1942 until the final Japanese evacuation on 9 February 1943. It was the first major Allied offensive in the Pacific Theater of Operations.
United States.
High-Level Command.
The roles of Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA) and Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), were both exercised by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz from his headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Since the Solomons lie in the Southern Pacific, the landings of 7 August 1942 on Guadalcanal were the responsibility of the South Pacific Fleet, led by Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley from his headquarters at Nouméa, New Caledonia. Adm. Ghormley's pessimism, inadequate staff work and unwillingness to visit the front led Adm. Nimitz to replace him with the much more aggressive and hands-on Vice Admiral William F. Halsey on 18 October 1942.
Operational command of the invasion was assigned to Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. He also had direct command of the covering force, designated Task Force 61, where he flew his flag aboard fleet carrier "Saratoga". The amphibious forces, Task Force 62, were led by Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner aboard attack transport "McCawley".
Bitter disputes between the two men arose during both the planning and execution of the invasion over how long Fletcher's aircraft carriers would stay in the vicinity of Guadalcanal to provide air cover for the Marines ashore. Fletcher decided the matter after multiple assaults on the Allied amphibious force by bombers from the Japanese base at Rabaul on D-Day and D+1. These attacks convinced Fletcher that his crucial aircraft carriers could not be risked in the waters of the Solomons any longer and he ordered his carriers out of the area on the night of 8 August. Unsettled by the removal of air cover and rattled the following morning by the discovery that his cruiser screen had been decimated at the Battle of Savo Island, Turner ordered his vulnerable, and still half-full, cargo ships back to Nouméa around sundown 9 August. The Marine Corps forces ashore were thus left without air cover or the planned level of food and ammunition.
The 1st Marine Division's struggle to take Guadalcanal from the Imperial Japanese Army achieved legendary status; the unit's insignia features a large red numeral 1 with the word "Guadalcanal" superimposed. Three future commandants of the Marine Corps fought on "The Canal": Alexander A. Vandegrift, Clifton B. Cates and Lemuel C. Shepherd.
The initial US landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August 1942 were made by the 1st Marine Division under the command of Maj. Gen. Alexander A. Vandegrift. On 8 December he was replaced by Army Maj. Gen. Major General Alexander M. Patch, who then was named commander of the XIV Army Corps on 2 January 1943.
Marine Corps.
1st Marine Division.
Maj. Gen. Alexander A. Vandegrift

The D-Day (7 August) landings on Guadalcanal were carried out by the 1st and 3rd Battalions/5th Marines at 0910 hours, followed by the 1st Marines at 0930. Landings on the Florida Islands across the sound were carried out earlier that morning by the 2nd Battalion/5th Marines, the 1st Parachute Battalion, and the 1st Marine Raider Battalion. The 7th Marines and 1st Battalion/11th Marines arrived 18 September. The division began withdrawal from the island 12 December.
2nd Marine Division.
Brigadier General Alphonse DeCarre

The 2nd Marines reinforced by the 3rd Battalion/10th Marines were part of the initial 7 August landings. The reinforced 8th Marines landed on 2 November and the reinforced 6th Marines on 4 January 1943.
Army.
Americal Division.
Major General Alexander M. Patch

Arrived in echelons beginning 13 October
Landed 13 October
Landed 12 November
25th Infantry Division.
Major General J. Lawton Collins

Arrived in echelons beginning 17 December
Service Command, South Pacific Theater of Operations.
Brigadier General Raymond E. S. Williamson
Japanese.
On 10 August 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army's Seventeenth Army under Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake assumed command of the Japanese efforts to retake Guadalcanal. The General arrived on the island to take direct command on 10 October.
2nd Infantry ("Sendai") Division.
Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama

Landed between 5 September and 4 October
38th Infantry Division.
Lieutenant General Tadayoshi Sano

The depleted 38th Division landed 5–15 November
35th Brigade.
Major General Kiyotaki Kawaguchi

Landed 29 August–5 September; included a late-arriving battalion of the 28th Infantry Regiment. The "Ichiki" detachment arrived 18–24 August.
Other units.
Arrived on Guadalcanal 6 July to begin construction of an airstrip:


Fort Stevens Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the July 11, 1864 Battle of Fort Stevens during the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Valley District.
LTG Jubal Early
Breckinridge's Corps.
MG John C. Breckinridge


Jacob Poroo

Jacob Poroo (December 1, 1938 - June 18, 1968) was a medic for the United States Coast Guard who died of burns suffered when fire struck the remote Alaskan base he was assigned to.
On 2 June 1968, the recreation hall of the Loran station at Adak, Alaska, started to burn. After Poroo and other men escaped from the burning building, he re-entered it when he thought he heard cries for help. After he had been terribly burned, a head count determined that no one was missing. A Coast Guard account of the event records that, even though he was horribly burned himself, Poroo guided uninjured men in how to properly care for those who had been burned.
Poroo died on June 18, 1968.
Legacy.
A posthumous Coast Guard Medal was awarded to Poroo.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all 58 cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. In 2015 the Coast Guard announced that Jacob Poroo would be the namesake of the 25th cutter, USCGC "Jacob L. A. Poroo". She was built in Lockport, Louisiana, at the Bollinger shipyards, and delivered to the Coast Guard on September 5, 2017. After completing her sea trials, the cutter was commissioned in December 2017.


Peachtree Creek Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Peachtree Creek of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Cumberland.
MG George Henry Thomas
IV Corps.
MG Oliver O. Howard
XIV Corps.
MG John M. Palmer
XX Corps.
MG Joseph Hooker


Fort Donelson Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Fort Donelson of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the casualty returns, and the reports. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Union Forces.
District of Cairo.
BG Ulysses S. Grant, Commanding
Western Flotilla.
Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote (w)
Rear Guard.
These units were attached to the District of Cairo but were posted to guard duty and did not take part in the campaign against Fort Donelson.


Louisbourg Grenadiers

The Louisbourg Grenadiers was a temporary unit of grenadiers formed by General James Wolfe in 1759 to serve with British Army forces in the Quebec campaign of the Seven Years' War.
Grenadiers from the 22nd, 40th, and 45th regiments were brought together by Wolfe at the Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia in preparation for action along the St. Lawrence River. The unit was involved in numerous battles during the months-long prelude to the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, including the ill-fated Battle of Beauport on July 31, 1759. After Quebec City's capture, the Grenadiers went on to be involved in the fall of Montreal the next year. After the end of the Seven Years' War, the unit was disbanded and its members returned to their original regiments.


Rae Yang

Rae Yang (, born December 1, 1950) is a Chinese-American professor emerita and writer. Her book, "Spider Eaters", chronicles her experience during the Cultural Revolution.
Early life.
Yang was born in 1950 in the People's Republic of China at the start of the Communist Party of China's rule over the Central government. Her parents were enthusiastic followers of Mao Zedong, having joined the party in the 1940s. When she was one year old Yang moved with her parents to Switzerland, where her parents served at the Chinese Consulate. During this time she grew to have a close relationship with her nanny "Aunty", who lived with Yang's family in Geneva and provided her with the parental love and care while her parents were away. Yang later returned with her family to China to attend Beijing 101 Middle School. During this time Yang was an enthusiastic follower of Mao and eventually joined the Red Guards. She became disillusioned by the movement after being sent to the countryside where she had gruelingly worked in peasant conditions on a pig farm in Cold Springs, a life in which she was not accustomed. After three years on the farm, Yang returned home to find her parents "had both changed literally beyond recognition." After these experiences, Yang began to question the Cultural Revolution as she felt deceived by the political struggle for power.
Leaving Cold Springs left Yang without a valid "hukou", which meant she lived as an undocumented resident in her own country. Yang had to return to the countryside to bribe an official with "Big China brand cigarettes and Maotai brand "baijiu"" to grant her a "hukou", before moving to Shijiazhuang to return to her studies. After gaining permanent residence in Beijing, Yang was accepted into the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, majoring in journalism. In 1981, Yang was accepted into the University of Massachusetts in the United States, studying comparative literature.
Career.
Yang became an associate professor, later the Professor of Chinese Language and Literature, at Dickinson College in Pennsylvania. In 1997, she published a memoir about her experience in the Cultural Revolution, "Spider Eaters", the title a reference to a quote by Chinese writer Lu Xun: "Since someone ate crabs, others must have eaten spiders as well. However, they were not tasty. So afterwards, people stopped eating them. These people also deserve our heartfelt gratitude." The experience of her generation, the "spider eaters" of her book, would therefore serve as a warning to the later generation not to repeat the same thing. The work chronicles her role as both a victimizer as well as a victim in the Cultural Revolution, and won praise from the critics.


Rocroi order of battle

The following units and commanders of the French and Spanish armies fought in the Battle of Rocroi on May 19, 1643.
French forces.
Army of Picardie
Louis II of Bourbon, Duc d'Enghien
Artillery
Henri de Chivre, Marquis de la Barre
Spanish forces.
Army of Flanders
Captain General Don Francisco de Melo
Artillery
Alvaro de Melo


San Juan Hill order of battle

The following units and commanders of the U.S. and Spanish armies fought at the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War on July 1, 1898.
U.S..
V Corps.
MG William R. Shafter
Headquarters
Spanish.
IV Corps.
Gen Arsenio Linares (w.)
Gen José Toral y Velázquez


47th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 47th Brigade was a formation of British Army. It was part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army. It was assigned to the 16th (Irish) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.
As the 47th (London) Brigade, it was part of the 56th London Division/District in the 1960s.
Units in the First World War.
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


174th (2/2nd London) Brigade

The 174th (2/2nd London) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line of the 168th (1/2nd London) Brigade.


Fort Sam Houston

Fort Sam Houston is a U.S. Army post in San Antonio, Texas.
Known colloquially as "Fort Sam", it is named for the U.S. Senator from Texas, U.S. Representative from Tennessee, Tennessee and Texas Governor, and first President of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston.
The installation's missions include serving as the command headquarters for the United States Army North (formerly the Fifth United States Army), United States Army South, the Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) headquarters, the Army Medical Department (AMEDD) Center and School, the Fifth Recruiting Brigade, Navy Regional Recruiting, the San Antonio Military Entrance and Processing Station, and the Medical Education and Training Campus (METC). On October 1, 2010, Fort Sam Houston joined Lackland Air Force Base and Randolph Air Force Base to create Joint Base San Antonio, under Air Force administration.
Hosted units.
U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) Elements
U. S. Army Elements
U. S. Air Force Elements
Senior Command.
United States Army North is the senior command and responsible for all Army activities on Fort Sam Houston, but not for the post itself. Commanded by Lt. Gen. Laura J. Richardson, Army North's primary missions are land-based Homeland Defense, Defense Support of Civil Authorities and Theater Security Cooperation with the Bahamas, Canada and Mexico. Because Fort Sam Houston is part of Joint Base San Antonio, the installation commander is the commander of the 502d Air Base Wing.
Military medicine.
Fort Sam Houston is known as the "Home of Army Medicine" and "Home of the Combat Medic." At the end of World War II, the Army decided to make Fort Sam Houston the principal medical training facility.
In conjunction with this decision came the determination to develop Brooke General Hospital into one of the Army's premier medical centers. This combined the capabilities of Wilford Hall Medical Center located at nearby Lackland Air Force Base to create the largest medical treatment facility and teaching hospital in the Department of Defense. Construction associated with this transition increased the square footage of the hospital by 50%, including a much larger, variable capacity emergency department, additional surgical suites and recovery facilities, as well as teaching facilities and bed space. Despite the installation transitioning to Air Force control, the command and control of the facility will remain with the Army. The command and other key positions will rotate between the Army and Air Force. Staffing consist of members of both services, as well as a large number of civilians.
As of 2011, Fort Sam Houston is the largest and most important military medical training facility in the world.
Military Medical Training is provided by numerous elements, including METC, AMEDD Center and School, Brooke Army Medical Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, The Center for Battlefield Health and Trauma, Defense Medical Readiness Training Institute, as well as many smaller organizations.
Known as the brain trust for the Army Medical Department, the Army Medical Department Center and School annually trains more than 25,000 students attending 170 officer, NCO and enlisted courses in 14 medical specialties. The command maintains several academic affiliations for bachelor's and master's degree programs with major universities such as Baylor University, University of Texas Health Science Centers at Houston and San Antonio, and University of Nebraska.
As a result of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) 2005 recommendations, all military medical training has been consolidated at Fort Sam Houston. This consolidation concluded with the opening of the Military Education and Training Campus (METC) in 2011. The Navy moved its medical training from San Diego, California; Great Lakes, Illinois; and Portsmouth, Virginia. The Air Force moved its medical training from Sheppard Air Force Base in Wichita Falls, Texas. This increased the average student load and required additional support staff. The expansion in training has required construction approaching one billion dollars, a windfall of federal investment in Texas.
Historic buildings.
The Sundry Civil Service Bill of 3 March 1873, included a $100,000 for a new army post in San Antonio, on 93 acres of land deeded by the city on Government Hill. Edward Braden Construction Co. won the contract to build the post on 7 June 1876, for $83,900. Included on the Quadrangle was a combination 87 foot watch tower and 6,400 gallon water tank designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs, based on one he had seen in Europe, and which he called "his work of art". On 19 Feb. 1877, the new train station on Austin Street opened, connecting San Antonio to Galveston. The quartermasters soon moved their depot supplies from the Alamo to the Quadrangle, and the headquarters of the "Post at San Antonio" moved in on 22 Dec. 1879. In 1880, 15 officers' quarters were designed by architect Alfred Giles, west of the Quadrangle, and bordering a parade ground, which included the Commanding General's home, now known as the Pershing House, and first occupied by Brig. Gen. Christopher Augur. The hospital, now known as Sam Houston House, was built in 1886. Between 1885 and 1891, 60 additional buildings were built on 43 acres, Upper post or Infantry Post, purchased by the army east of the Quadrangle, including the 1893 Band Barracks overlooking another parade ground. The post was formally named Fort Sam Houston on September 11, 1890. The Gift Chapel was dedicated by President William Taft on 17–18 Oct. 1909.
Construction at Fort Sam Houston began in the middle 1870s under the supervision of the military commander of the Department of Texas, Major General Edward Ord, a West Point-trained army engineer. Today, as one of the Army's oldest installations, and with more than 900 buildings in its historic districts, Fort Sam Houston boasts one of the largest collection of historic military post structures. The significant contributions of Fort Sam Houston to the United States were recognized in 1975 when the post was designated as a National Historic Landmark.
The Fort Sam Houston Quadrangle, built by George Henry Griebel, is the oldest structure at Fort Sam Houston. It was originally a supply depot. During that time, it housed the Apache war chief Geronimo and warriors captured with him, while the Federal government decided whether to treat them as prisoners of war or common criminals. Legend has it that the deer in the Quadrangle were there because Geronimo refused to eat food he did not hunt. The deer pre-date Geronimo in the Quadrangle. It is unknown why the deer (and peacocks/penhens) were introduced into the confined courtyard of the Quadrangle.
The Quadrangle is now an office complex housing the commanding general and staff of U.S. Army North as well as the Fort Sam Houston Museum. The base has maintained the historical integrity of the post's different sections, which represent different eras of construction, and reflect various Army concepts in planning and design. Careful preservation of these areas allows the post to live with its history, surrounded by the traditions established when the first soldier arrived here in 1845.
Pershing House, home of the base commandant, was designed by the architect Alfred Giles and constructed in 1881.
During World War II space at the fort was made available for up to 1,000 German POWs. This took place on 15 Sept. 1942 while POW camps could be built.
Notable postings.
Several famous figures have served at the fort, including Arthur MacArthur Jr., Leonard Wood, Benjamin Foulois, Frederick Funston, and John J. Pershing. Maj. Gen. John Wilson Ruckman, Commander of the Southern Department, was based at Fort Sam just after the Houston Riot of 1917. Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell was posted there after being demoted to colonel for disobeying orders. Dwight D. Eisenhower was posted to Fort Sam Houston twice during his career, as was Walter Krueger. During Eisenhower's first posting from 1915 to 1917, he met and married Mamie Doud. He was posted at the fort when the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred in 1941. Their first home is one of the buildings preserved as an historic monument. Gen. Wainwright took command of the Fourth United States Army here in 1946.
Community connections.
Throughout its existence, a close and harmonious relationship has prevailed between Fort Sam Houston and the City of San Antonio. The two have grown and matured together. The city often has been called the "mother-in-law of the Army" because so many soldiers including Dwight D. Eisenhower, met their future spouses there. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, in 2003 the Army decided to close New Braunfels Avenue to through traffic. Until the 2003 closure, New Braunfels had been a major north–south thoroughfare used by soldiers and San Antonio citizens alike; this had the result of closing many businesses near the north and south entrances from New Braunfels Avenue.
More than 27,000 military and civilian personnel work at the post, with an annual payroll and operating budget of $1.9 billion. Local purchases made by installation activities total almost $105 million annually. Funding for construction projects on post average $30 million annually. Fort Sam Houston has also initiated public–private partnerships to renovate and adaptively reuse significant historic buildings.
In June 2006, the "San Antonio Express-News" reported that Fort Sam Houston received utility disconnection notices due to budget constraints.
Fort Sam Houston is one of three military facilities in Texas (all in the San Antonio area) to have its own school district, the Fort Sam Houston Independent School District.
The United States Postal Service operates the Fort Sam Houston Post Office at 1804 Stanley Road.


754th Tank Battalion

The 754th Tank Battalion was an independent tank battalion that participated in the Pacific Theater of Operations with the United States Army in World War II.


Fort Hindman Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Arkansas Post (otherwise known as Battle of Fort Hindman) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Fort Hindman.
BG Thomas J. Churchill


Bob Andrzejczak

Robert John "Bob" Andrzejczak (born May 1, 1986) is an American Democratic Party politician who represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey State Senate from January 15, 2019, when he was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Jeff Van Drew, until December 5, 2019. Andrzejczak previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from March 21, 2013, to January 14, 2019, when he was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Matthew W. Milam.
Early life.
Andrzejczak was raised in the North Cape May section of Lower Township, New Jersey, and graduated from Lower Cape May Regional High School in 2004. He attended the Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades in Media, Pennsylvania, before joining the United States Army in 2005. Andrzejczak had served in the Iraq War as a sergeant in the Army's 25th Infantry Division until his discharge following an injury from a grenade explosion which led to the amputation of his left leg in 2009. As a result, he was awarded the Purple Heart and Bronze Star; his recovery was featured on a 2009 episode of "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Following his return from military service, Andrzejczak joined the Cape May Veterans of Foreign Wars where he became active in veterans' issues.
New Jersey Assembly.
After Matthew W. Milam resigned from his seat in the Assembly on February 28, 2013, Andrzejczak was appointed to the Assembly after being selected by Democratic committee members from Atlantic, Cape May and Cumberland counties. He was sworn in on March 21, 2013, and subsequently won election to a full term in 2013. Andrzejczak is a resident of Middle Township. He is married to his wife Trisha, with whom he has two children. He resigned from the Assembly on January 14, 2019.
New Jersey Senate.
On November 5, 2018, 1st District State Senator Jeff Van Drew won a seat to the United States House of Representatives, creating a vacancy for his state senate seat. On January 6, 2019, Van Drew formally nominated Bob Andrzejczak for his replacement, which the Democratic Committees of the 1st Legislative District approved unanimously. On January 15, the state senate formally swore in Andrzejczak as state senator.
Tenure.
Andrzejczak has said he is opposed to the legalization of Marijuana in 2019. The Chairman of the Cumberland County GOP Mike Testa has announced he would challenge Andrzejczak in the 2019 special election. In the first quarter of 2019 Testa out-raised Andrzejczak 6 to 1. Testa went on to beat Andrzejczak in the November special election.
District 1.
New Jersey's 1st Legislative District encompasses parts of Atlantic County, New Jersey, Cumberland County, New Jersey, and all of Cape May County, New Jersey. The current representatives from the 1st district to the 218th New Jersey Legislature are:
Electoral history.
New Jersey Assembly.


4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment

4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War and Spanish–American War.
Service.
During the Mexican–American War the regiment was known as the 4th Regiment of Illinois Volunteers and was raised for 12 months (July 1846 – May 1847). It was under the command of Colonel Edward D. Baker.
During the Spanish–American War the regiment served as part of the occupation forces in Cuba. It was mustered in on 19–20 May 1898 at Springfield, Illinois, and was mustered out on 2 May 1899 at Augusta, Georgia.


Opha May Johnson

Opha May Johnson (née Jacob, 4 May 1878 – 11 August 1955) was the first woman known to have enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve on 13 August 1918, officially becoming the first female Marine.
Early years.
Opha May Johnson was born on 4 May 1878 in Kokomo, Indiana. She graduated from the shorthand and typewriting department of Wood's Commercial College in Washington, D.C., in 1895. As salutatorian of her class, she "entertained the audience with a carefully prepared paper." Jacob married Victor Hugo Johnson (1873–1950) on 20 December 1898 at the Sixth Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. At the time of their marriage, Victor Johnson was the musical director at the Lafayette Square Opera House. Prior to joining the Marines, Johnson was in the Civil Service, working for the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Military service.
Johnson became the first known woman to enlist in the Marine Corps on 13 August 1918, when she joined the Marine Corps Reserve during World War I. Johnson, due to being first in line that day, was the first of over 300 women to enlist in the Marine Corps Reserve during World War I. She was 39 years old at enlistment.
According to 1918 newspaper articles, as well as the published history of Women Marines in World War I, Johnson's first duties were as a clerk at Headquarters Marine Corps, managing the records of other female reservists who joined after she did. She was promoted to sergeant in September, and was the highest-ranking woman in the Marine Corps during her time in service.
On 11 July 1919, the American Legion granted a charter to the first post of women's Marine Corps reservists. Known as Belleau Wood Post No. 1, its membership consisted of 90 women who had worked at Headquarters Marine Corps. Johnson was a charter member of this post.
At the end of World War I the Marine Corps, like all services, began the steady disenrollment of women, including Johnson, from active service. After her brief military career, she became a clerk in the War Department, and worked for the Marine Corps as a civil servant until retiring in 1943.
Common biographical errors.
Marine Corps historians have pointed out that errors concerning the first official female Marine have been circulated and published, the first of which concerns her middle name. Although many have identified the spelling of her middle name as Mae, her middle name is actually spelled May. That is the way she penned it in on the applicant line of a Marine Corps Reserve form. As an official document, her full middle name was required on the form, and thus documented for historical reference.
The second fallacy typically published is her age when she enlisted. Although many report her birth year as 1900, placing her in her late teens at the time of her enlistment, historians cite her as being almost 40 when she enlisted. Various historical records and photographs verify that.
A third, more recent error involves her official photograph. Another well known photograph of three female Marine PFCs (Mary Kelly, May O'Keefe, and Ruth Spike) in 1918, was cropped to show just the center figure and published correctly as being May O'Keefe. At a later date, that cropped picture was erroneously attributed as being Opha May Johnson and subsequently used by otherwise reliable sources.
Death and burial.
Johnson died on 11 August 1955, at Mount Alto Veterans Hospital in Washington, D.C. Services were held at Warner E. Pumphrey Funeral Home on Saturday, 13 August, 37 years to the day from when she stood first in the line of women answering the call to become a U.S. Marine. Buried near her husband and parents in Rock Creek Cemetery, her grave was unmarked. In late 2017 the Women Marines Association began raising funds to place a marker at her burial site. On 29 August 2018, she received a grave marker which celebrated 100 years of women in the marines.


Reuben La Fave

Reuben La Fave (September 27, 1915 – March 12, 1995) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate.
Biography.
La Fave was born in Oconto, Wisconsin on September 27, 1915. During the World War II era, he served as a chief petty officer in the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary. He died due to complications from a stroke in Portage, Wisconsin on March 12, 1995.
Career.
La Fave was a member of the Assembly from 1951 to 1955 and a member of the Senate from 1957 to 1976. He was also a member of the Oconto County, Wisconsin Board. La Fave was a Republican.


Cedar Creek Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the October 19, 1864 Battle of Cedar Creek, the culminating battle of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Valley.
LTG Jubal Anderson Early, Commanding


Robert Erwin Johnson

Robert Erwin Johnson (3 February 1923 – 28 January 2008) was a University of Alabama professor of history and considered "one of the finest scholars of the nineteenth century U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard".
Early life and education.
Johnson was born in Marshfield, Oregon to Franz Oscar Johnson, a farmer, and his wife, Agnes Sandquist. Johnson enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard in 1941 and served until 1946 on the "Haida" (WPG-45). After his wartime service at sea as a quartermaster, he attended the Oregon State Agricultural College from 1946 to 1948, then transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree and was elected Phi Beta Kappa in 1951. From 1951–52, he served again on active duty in the U.S. Naval Reserve, rising to Petty Officer First Class. On release from active duty, Johnson went on to complete his Master of Arts degree in 1953. Going on for further graduate work, he attended the Claremont Graduate School, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1956 with a thesis on "United States Naval Forces on Pacific Station, 1818–1923". On 19 December 1959, he married Vivian Ellis.
Academic career.
Immediately on completion of his doctoral work in 1956, the University of Alabama appointed him assistant professor in the faculty of history. He was promoted to associate professor in 1963, and to professor of history in 1967. He retired in 1993 after serving as interim chairman of the history department during a critical time of transition for the history department.
A member of the Democratic Party, he was also a member of the American Historical Association, Society for Nautical Research, World Ship Society, Naval Historical Foundation, and the United States Naval Institute.
He received numerous awards for his publications on naval history, including his book, "Guardians of the Sea", which won the Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History from the New York Council of the Navy League of the United States, the North American Society for Oceanic History's John Lyman Book Award for the best book in U.S. naval history, and the U.S. Naval Institute's Special Award of Merit.
Johnson died in Tuscaloosa, Alabama on 28 January 2008.


Beneficiarius

Beneficiarii (singular "beneficiarius") were soldiers of the Roman army performing an extraordinary task such as military policing or a special assignment.


Glorieta Pass order of battle

The following Union Army and Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Glorieta Pass of the American Civil War.
Union Army.
Col John P. Slough
"Flanking Column"
Maj John M. Chivington
"Main Column"
Col John P. Slough
Confederate Army.
Ltc William Read Scurry


Forfar and Kincardine Artillery

The Forfar and Kincardine Artillery was a British artillery militia regiment of the 19th century. It was based in and named after Forfarshire and Kincardineshire in Scotland.
Following the Militia Act of 1797, the regiment was raised as an infantry regiment in 1798 as the Forfarshire Militia. Four years later its territorial scope was broadened when it became the Forfarshire and Kincardine Militia and in 1854 it was converted to a Militia Artillery unit and redesignated the Forfar and Kincardine Artillery.
In 1815, the regiment was serving in Ireland; Colonel Hon. A. Douglas, Lt. Colonel Hon. C. Douglas.
By 1882 the regiment had a total of eight batteries and over 800 men. In 1902 it was renamed as the Forfar and Kincardine Royal Garrison Artillery (Militia). On the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908 the unit was transferred to the Special Reserve Royal Field Artillery. It was disbanded in 1909.


Pioneer Brigade

The Pioneer Brigade was a brigade of Army pioneers that served in the Union Army of the Cumberland during the American Civil War. The brigade was created by Major General William Rosecrans and commanded by James St. Clair Morton and George P. Buell, and served in the Stones River, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga campaigns.
Brigade History.
On November 3, 1862, William Rosecrans, the Commander of the XIV Army Corps, issued General Orders No. 3, which stated: "There will be detailed immediately, from each company of every regiment of infantry in this army, 2 men, who shall be organized as a pioneer or engineer corps attached to its regiment...Under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to mass this force." This order officially created what would be known as the Pioneer Brigade.
Due to the confusing nature of Rosecrans' order, many officers misinterpreted how the men were to be organized, and many of the pioneers remained a part of their regiments. This would prove to be a recurring problem in the structure of the brigade. Nevertheless, the soldiers were eventually placed in three battalions (one from each wing of the army). They were placed under the command of James St. Clair Morton, the chief engineer of the XIV Army Corps. The men received their training in Nashville before returning to the army in time for the Battle of Stones River.
On December 31st, the first day of the Battle of Stones River, the brigade was placed near army headquarters by Rosecrans himself, in a reserve position. Here, along with the Chicago Board of Trade Battery, the Pioneers played a key role in halting the high tide of the Confederate advance, allowing Rosecrans time to rally his army and eventually win the battle.
In the months following the battle, the brigade helped to construct Fortress Rosecrans in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
During the Tullahoma Campaign, the brigade became infamous for lacking in discipline. They men were not drilled and brought scandal on themselves by their drunken behavior.
At the Battle of Chickamauga, the brigade was at the wrong place at the wrong time, and was swept away by the Union retreat on September 20th.


Richard R. Callahan

Coast Guardsman - Boatswain Mate Second Class (BM2) Richard R. Callahan of Cicero, Illinois was awarded the Coast Guard Medal for heroic life saving actions along with two comrades.
Boatswain Mate First Class (BM1) Edgar Culbertson, 32, of Ferndale, Michigan lost his life on April 30, 1967 while trying to rescue three teenagers in Duluth, Minnesota. Three teenage boys had been seen on the north pier break wall of the Duluth entry during a horrific storm. Meteorologist and Minnesota residents often refer to this day as Black Sunday describing the fierce 1967 Southern Minnesota tornado outbreak, with reports of heavy rain as far north as Duluth that day.
BM1 Edgar Culbertson, along with two other Coast Guardsmen; Boatswain Mate 2nd Class Richard R. Callahan, 21, of Cicero, Illinois; and Fireman Ronald C. Prei, 21, of St. Francis, Wisconsin braved the storm and ventured out along the pier in search of the missing teenagers. A witness had reported seeing the teenagers caught in the storm on the pier while one of the boys was swept over the side by a huge wave. Local resident and friend of "Ed", Captain Tom Mackay, recalled the evening of this infamous storm as being so windy and rough it blew the chimney down on the Mackay house which was a few miles from the north pier break wall of the Duluth entry and farther down Park Point.
The three Coast Guardsmen connected themselves to each other by tying between them. They struggled through the storm to the end of the pier but did not find the missing boys, who had already been swept over the side themselves before the Coast Guardsmen could save them. As the team of rescuers shuffled back along the pier to safety another large wave crashed into the team, knocking BM1 Edgar Culbertson over the side and away from the others. He was soon found on the beach by his shipmates but it was too late, he had been killed trying to save lives.
A permanent marker, honoring the brave acts of Edgar Culbertson, was placed on the pier near the Lake Superior Maritime Visitor Center near the spot where Culbertson perished. Culbertson is one of only two Coasties to have died in the line of duty while serving in Minnesota, the other was EN3 Keith Brubaker who fell overboard and perished on July 11, 1967 while serving the Station North Superior in Grand Marais, Minnesota.
The original bronze plaque was erected some time after Culbertson gave his life to the vicious storm. However, in the early 1980s the plaque was removed as the pier was widened and reinforced. Captain Tom Mackay, then a Captain for the Vista Fleet and president of the International Shipmasters Association (ISMA) Twin Ports Lodge #12 realized the plaque had not been reinstalled. Fearing that his friend, and fellow sailor would be forgotten forever, Mackay rallied those at the ISMA to help him locate the plaque and have it reinstalled. A short time later, fellow members of the ISMA found the plaque in storage and had it reinstalled on the new pier so BM1 Edgar Culbertson could continue to be memorialized as the only known member of the United States Coast Guard to lose his life in Duluth in service to his country and community of Duluth, Minnesota.
BM1 Edgar Culbertson was posthumously awarded the Coast Guard Medal as well as BM2 Richard R. Callahan, FN Ronald C. Prei were awarded the Coast Guard Medal.
Coast Guard Medal Citation.
Date of Action: 30 April 1967
Date of Award: 17 August 1967
For heroism on the evening of April 30, 1967 while engaged in searching for two teen-age boys reportedly stranded at the Duluth Entry North Breakwater Light, Minnesota. Twin 16-year-old boys and a brother had been seen running along the jetty challenging the 10 to 15-foot waves when witnesses observed a huge wave sweep one boy into the water. When two boys were reported stranded at the light, Petty Officer CALLAHAN and two comrades volunteered to attempt the rescue. Lashing themselves together, the three men proceeded, with hand lanterns as the only illumination, to the end of the breakwater. Despite the high waves, winds gusting to 40 knots, driving rain, and 36 degree water, the rescue party diligently searched the breakwater and light but found no trace of the boys. While returning to the beach a 20-foot wave swept the lead man off the jetty nearly causing the loss of all three men. Petty Officer CALLAHAN in attempting to retrieve his fellow Coastguardsman suffered a broken wrist and severe body bruises. In spite of excruciating pain, through sheer determination, Petty Officer CALLAHAN and his companion managed to pull their teammate onto the beach, where all efforts to revive him failed. Petty Officer CALLAHAN's courage, unselfish actions, perseverance and unwavering devotion to duty reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Coast Guard.


Heath Calhoun

Heath Calhoun (born June 29, 1979) is an American alpine skier and veteran of the United States Army, who achieved the rank of staff sergeant. A double-leg amputee due to injuries received in the Iraq War, Calhoun uses a sit-ski in competitions.
Born in Bristol, Tennessee, Calhoun, a native of Grundy, Virginia, graduated from Grundy Senior High School in 1997. After earning an associate's degree from Southwest Virginia Community College in 1999, he joined the U.S. Army, as his father and grandfather had done.
Upon his enlistment, he was sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, where he completed infantry, airborne, and Ranger training. He was sent to serve in Iraq as a squad leader in the 101st Airborne Division. While riding in a convoy, his Humvee was struck by a rocket-propelled grenade. The explosion killed one soldier and severely damaged Calhoun's legs, necessitating the amputation of both limbs above the knee. He spent the next nine months recuperating at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
Five months after his injury, Calhoun tried skiing for the first time at a sports clinic in Aspen, Colorado. In 2008, he moved to Aspen to begin training seriously for international alpine skiing competitions. At the 2009 U.S. Adaptive Alpine National Championships, he took second place in the sit-ski slalom and first in the sit-ski super G. He was selected for the U.S. alpine skiing team at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Calhoun is a spokesperson for the Wounded Warrior Project and for Hanger Prosthetics and Orthotics. He is also involved with the Amputee Coalition of America as a peer counselor. Calhoun, who lives in Clarksville, Tennessee, has three children; a son and two daughters.
The 2010 NASCAR spring race at Richmond International Raceway has been named the "Heath Calhoun 400" in his honor, following a contest in which fans were asked to nominate and vote for military members who had performed a "selfless act".


48th Royal Tank Regiment

The 48th Royal Tank Regiment (48 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army during the Second World War. It was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps.
It was originally formed as a duplicate of the 42nd Royal Tank Regiment, a newly mobilised Territorial Army unit formerly the 23rd (County of London) Battalion
It was part of the 21st Army Tank Brigade equipped with Churchill tanks.
During preliminary engagements before the Battle of Longstop Hill in Tunisia, 1943 it disabled a German Tiger I tank; it was sent back to UK and is currently the only operating Tiger tank in the world, Tiger 131.


Kanadbak

Kanadbak, also known as Kanara, was an Iranian nobleman, who was the "kanarang" during the reign of the Sasanian king Khosrau II (r. 590-628), and various other Sasanian monarchs, which includes Yazdegerd III (r. 632-651), the last Sasanian king.
Biography.
Kanadbak is first mentioned in 628, as one of the conspirators who overthrew Khosrau II. After Khosrau's overthrow, his son Kavadh II crowned himself as "shahanshah" of the Sasanian Empire. Three days later, Kavadh ordered Mihr Hormozd to execute his father. In 632, after a period of coups and revolts, Yazdegerd III was crowned as king of the Sasanian Empire at Estakhr. One year later, the Muslim Arabs invaded Persia, and by 636, they were camping at Al-Qādisiyyah, a city close to Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire.
The Sasanian "spahbed", Rostam Farrokhzad, then prepared a counter-attack, and prepared an army which included: The Parsig faction under Piruz Khosrow, Bahman Jadhuyih and Hormuzan. The Pahlav faction under Rostam himself and Mihran Razi. An Armenian contingent under Jalinus and Musel III Mamikonian. The army also included Kanadbak himself and his son Shahriyar bin Kanara. During the battle, the Sasanian army was defeated, and Shahriyar, along with Musel, Bahman, Jalinus and Rostam, were killed.
Kanadbak then fled to his domains in Abarshahr, and is later mentioned in 652, when Abdullah ibn Aamir invaded Khorasan, and made a treaty with him. In the treaty Kanadbak agreed to pay tribute to the Arabs while still remaining in control of his territories in Tus. However, the Karenids of Nishapur under Burzin Shah and Sawar Karin, were threatening both Kanadbak and Abdullah, and reclaimed territory in Khorasan which was once under their control. In promise of regaining his lost territories, Kanadbak agreed to aid Abdullah in capturing Nishapur from the Karenid rebels. Abdullah and Kanadbak started pillaging the areas of Nishapur, and fought heavily to capture the city.
Sawar then tried to make peace with Abdullah, and told him that he would open the gates of Nishapur if the latter pardoned him. Abdullah agreed, however, when the gates were opened, he entered the gate with his army, and started to plunder the city and killing citizens, until Kanadbak said to him: "O amir, once you have been victorious and triumphant forgiveness is a higher [virtue] than revenge and retribution." Abdullah then did as the latter said and restored the city to Kanadbak's domains. What happened to Kanadbak after is not known. The 10th-century Iranian nobleman Abu Mansur Mamari, was said to have been descended from Kanadbak.


37th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 37th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served in both the First and the Second World Wars.
First World War.
The 37th Brigade was one of the "New Army" or "Kitchener's Army" brigades, and was assigned to the 12th (Eastern) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. The brigade was raised in August 1914 from the thousands of men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies.
Order of battle.
The 37th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:
Second World War.
The 37th Infantry Brigade was reformed on 7 October 1939 as a 2nd Line Territorial Army infantry brigade as a duplicate of 133rd Infantry Brigade. The 37th Infantry Brigade was with the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division when they were sent in 1940 to France to join the British Expeditionary Force. The division suffered very heavy casualties during the Battle of France and was disbanded in July 1940 after having been evacuated to England from Dunkirk. In November 1941 the brigade joined the 3rd Infantry Division and was redesignated the 7th Infantry Brigade.
Order of battle.
37th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:
Commanders.
The following officers commanded 37th Brigade during the war:


VF-80

Fighter Squadron 80 or VF-80 was an aviation unit of the United States Navy. Originally established on 1 February 1944, it was disestablished on 16 September 1946. It was the first US Navy squadron to be designated VF-80.
Operational history.
VF-80 equipped with the F6F-5 Hellcat was assigned to Carrier Air Group 80 (CVG-80) on the . From 5–14 November 1944, VF-80 attacked Japanese targets around the Philippines in support of the invasion of Leyte and conducted combat air patrols to protect the task group. Returning to action in late November, CVG-80 continued to hit targets in the Philippines until "Ticonderoga" retired to Ulithi for the Christmas holidays.
In early January 1945, CVG-80 struck airfields, shipping and industrial targets on Formosa and the Sakishima Islands in support of the invasion of Lingayen Gulf. On 21 January, "Ticonderoga" was hit by two Kamikazes and retired to Ulithi where CVG-80 was offloaded and VF-80 assigned to the .
On 16 February 1945, VF-80 participated in strikes against airfields and military installations on Honshu, also shooting down 71 Japanese aircraft—a single day record for carrier-based squadrons. VF-80 supported the invasion of Iwo Jima from 21 February and hit other Japanese targets until early March when it was relieved and returned to Ulithi.


Order of battle for the Battle of France

The order of battle for the Battle of France details the hierarchy of the major combatant forces in the Battle of France in May 1940.
Allies.
The bulk of the forces of the Allies were French, although the United Kingdom (British Expeditionary Force), Netherlands, and Belgium had significant forces in the battle opposing Germany. Supreme Command was held by the French Commander-in-Chief Général d'armée Maurice Gamelin, his deputy Général d'armée Alphonse Joseph Georges was appointed Commander of the North Western Front.
French First Army Group.
The First Army Group guarded the north-east frontier of France, ready to move into Belgium and the Netherlands to oppose any German invasion of those nations. The First controlled four French armies as well as the Belgian Army and the British Expeditionary Force. "Général d'armée" Gaston Billotte was Commander-in-Chief until his death in a car crash on 23 May 1940, "Général d'armée" Georges Maurice Jean Blanchard was appointed to succeed him.
Belgian Army.
The Belgian Army field approximately 600,000 personnel in 22 divisions, backed by 1,338 artillery pieces, 10 tanks and 240 other combat vehicles. King Leopold III of Belgium had assumed personal command of the army upon mobilization. His principal military advisor was Lieutenant-general Raoul van Overstraeten, while General-major Oscar Michiels was Chief of the General Staff.
French Second Army Group.
The French 2nd Army Group was responsible for manning the bulk of the Maginot Line from Montmedy to south of Strasbourg, and controlled three armies. General de Armee Andre-Gaston Pretelat was Commander-in-Chief of the army group throughout its existence.
French Third Army Group.
The 3rd Army Group was responsible for manning the southern end of the Maginot Line, along the River Rhine and controlled one army. The army group's Commander-in-Chief was Général d'Armée Antoine-Marie-Benoit Besson.
Royal Netherlands Army.
The Netherlands had four corps, one motorized division and a defense division deployed to begin the battle. Total strength was 240,000 personnel, equipped with 676 artillery pieces and 32 armoured cars. Generaal Henri Winkelman was Supreme Commander of the Royal Netherlands Army and Navy.
French army facing Italy.
14th Army Corps
15th Army Corps
Originally the French Sixth Army, the Army of the Alps was responsible for manning the southeast frontier with Italy. Overall, French forces in the region numbered about 35,000 soldiers.
French reserves.
The French began the battle with three reserve corps positioned behind the army groups. The VII and XXIII Corps were stationed behind the 2nd and 3rd Army Groups.
Axis.
The commander-in-chief of the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) was Generaloberst Walter von Brauchitsch. Initially the Axis forces consisted of the forces of the German army. They were joined in the conflict by the Italian army on 10 June.
German Army Group A.
Commanded by Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt (Chief of Staff: Generalleutnant Georg von Sodenstern)
German Army Group B.
Commanded by Generaloberst Fedor von Bock (Chief of Staff: Generalleutnant Hans von Salmuth)
German Army Group C.
Commanded by Generaloberst Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
Italian Army Group "West".
Commanded by Prince General Umberto di Savoia
Overall, the Italian forces numbered about 312,000 troops. However they had inadequate artillery and transport and most were not equipped for the cold Alpine environment.