Zero-lift drag coefficient

In aerodynamics, the zero-lift drag coefficient formula_1 is a dimensionless parameter which relates an aircraft's zero-lift drag force to its size, speed, and flying altitude.
Mathematically, zero-lift drag coefficient is defined as formula_2, where formula_3 is the total drag coefficient for a given power, speed, and altitude, and formula_4 is the lift-induced drag coefficient at the same conditions. Thus, zero-lift drag coefficient is reflective of parasitic drag which makes it very useful in understanding how "clean" or streamlined an aircraft's aerodynamics are. For example, a Sopwith Camel biplane of World War I which had many wires and bracing struts as well as fixed landing gear, had a zero-lift drag coefficient of approximately 0.0378. Compare a formula_1 value of 0.0161 for the streamlined P-51 Mustang of World War II which compares very favorably even with the best modern aircraft.
The drag at zero-lift can be more easily conceptualized as the drag area (formula_6) which is simply the product of zero-lift drag coefficient and aircraft's wing area (formula_7 where formula_8 is the wing area). Parasitic drag experienced by an aircraft with a given drag area is approximately equal to the drag of a flat square disk with the same area which is held perpendicular to the direction of flight. The Sopwith Camel has a drag area of , compared to for the P-51 Mustang. Both aircraft have a similar wing area, again reflecting the Mustang's superior aerodynamics in spite of much larger size. In another comparison with the Camel, a very large but streamlined aircraft such as the Lockheed Constellation has a considerably smaller zero-lift drag coefficient (0.0211 vs. 0.0378) in spite of having a much larger drag area (34.82 ft2 vs. 8.73 ft2).
Furthermore, an aircraft's maximum speed is proportional to the cube root of the ratio of power to drag area, that is:
Estimating zero-lift drag.
As noted earlier, formula_2.
The total drag coefficient can be estimated as:
where formula_12 is the propulsive efficiency, P is engine power in horsepower, formula_13 sea-level air density in slugs/cubic foot, formula_14 is the atmospheric density ratio for an altitude other than sea level, S is the aircraft's wing area in square feet, and V is the aircraft's speed in miles per hour. Substituting 0.002378 for formula_13, the equation is simplified to:
The induced drag coefficient can be estimated as:
where formula_18 is the lift coefficient, "A" is the aspect ratio, and formula_19 is the aircraft's efficiency factor.
Substituting for formula_18 gives:
where W/S is the wing loading in lb/ft2.