Deipnosophistae

The Deipnosophistae is an early 3rd-century AD Greek work (, "Deipnosophistaí",  "The Dinner Sophists/Philosophers/Experts") by the Greco-Egyptian author Athenaeus of Naucratis. It is a long work of literary, historical, and antiquarian references set in Rome at a series of banquets held by the protagonist for an assembly of grammarians, lexicographers, jurists, musicians, and hangers-on. It is sometimes called the oldest surviving cookbook.
Title.
The Greek title "Deipnosophistaí" () derives from the combination of ' (, "dinner") and "sophistḗs" (, "expert, one knowledgeable in the arts of ~"). It and its English derivative "s" thus describe people who are skilled at dining, particularly the refined conversation expected to accompany Greek symposia. However, the term is shaded by the harsh treatment accorded to professional teachers in Plato's Socratic dialogues, which made the English term ' into a pejorative.
In English, Athenaeus's work usually known by its Latin form "Deipnosophistae" but is also variously translated as The Deipnosophists, Sophists at Dinner, The Learned Banqueters, The Banquet of the Learned, Philosophers at Dinner, or The Gastronomers.
Contents.
The "Deipnosophistae" professes to be an account, given by Athenaeus to his friend Timocrates, of a series of banquets held at the house of Larensius, a scholar and wealthy patron of the arts. It is thus a dialogue within a dialogue, after the manner of Plato, although each conversation is so long that, realistically, it would occupy several days. Among the numerous guests, Masurius, Zoilus, Democritus, Galen, Ulpian and Plutarch are named, but most are probably to be taken as fictitious personages, and the majority take little or no part in the conversation. If Ulpian is identical with the famous jurist, the "Deipnosophistae" must have been written after his death in 223; but the jurist was murdered by the Praetorian Guard, whereas Ulpian in Athenaeus dies a natural death.
Prosopographical investigation, however, has shown the possibility of identifying several guests with real persons from other sources;
the Ulpian in the dialog has also been linked to the renowned jurist's father.
The work is invaluable for providing fictionalized information about the Hellenistic literary world of the leisured class during the Roman Empire. To the majority of modern readers, even more useful is the wealth of information provided in the "Deipnosophistae" about earlier Greek literature. In the course of discussing classic authors, the participants make quotations, long and short, from the works of about 700 earlier Greek authors and 2,500 separate writings, many of them otherwise unrecorded. Food and wine, luxury, music, sexual mores, literary gossip and philology are among the major topics of discussion, and the stories behind many artworks such as the Venus Kallipygos are also transmitted in its pages.
Food and cookery.
The "Deipnosophistae" is an important source of recipes in classical Greek. It quotes the original text of one recipe from the lost cookbook by Mithaecus, the oldest in Greek and the oldest recipe by a named author in any language. Other authors quoted for their recipes include Glaucus of Locri, Dionysius, Epaenetus, Hegesippus of Tarentum, Erasistratus, Diocles of Carystus, Timachidas of Rhodes, Philistion of Locri, Euthydemus of Athens, Chrysippus of Tyana, Paxamus and Harpocration of Mende. It also describes in detail the meal and festivities at the wedding feast of Caranos. 
Drink.
In expounding on earlier works Athenaeus wrotes that Aeschylus "very improperly" introduces the Greeks to be "so drunk as to break their vessels about one another's heads":
<poem>This is the man who threw so well
The vessel with an evil smell
And miss'd me not, but dash'd to shivers
The pot too full of steaming rivers
Against my head, which now, alas! sir,
Gives other smells besides macassar.</poem>
Homosexuality.
In addition to its main focuses, the text offers an unusually clear portrait of homosexuality in late Hellenism. Books XII-XIII holds a wealth of information for studies of homosexuality in Roman Greece. It is subject to a broader discussion that includes Alcibiades, Charmides, Autolycus, Pausanias and Sophocles. Furthermore, numerous books and now lost plays on the subject are mentioned, including the dramatists Diphilus, Cratinus, Aeschylus, and Sophocles and the philosopher Heraclides of Pontus.
Survival and reception.
The "Deipnosophistae" was originally in fifteen books. The work survives in one manuscript from which the whole of books 1 and 2, and some other pages too, disappeared long ago. An "Epitome" or abridgment (to about 60%) was made in medieval times, and survives complete: from this it is possible to read the missing sections, though in a disjointed form.
The English polymath Sir Thomas Browne noted in his encyclopaedia "Pseudodoxia Epidemica":
Browne's interest in Athenaeus reflects a revived interest in the "Banquet of the Learned" amongst scholars following the publication of the "Deipnosophistae" in 1612 by the Classical scholar Isaac Casaubon. Browne was also the author of . By the nineteenth century however, the poet James Russell Lowell in 1867 characterized the "Deipnosophistae" and its author thus:
Modern readers question whether the "Deipnosophistae" genuinely evokes a literary symposium of learned disquisitions on a range of subjects suitable for such an occasion, or whether it has a satirical edge, rehashing the cultural clichés of the urbane literati of its day.
Modern edition(s).
The first critical edition in accordance to the principles of classical philology was published by German scholar Georg Kaibel in 1887-1890 in the "Bibliotheca Teubneriana"; this three-volume set remained the authoritative text for about 120 years and the only complete critical text. Charles Burton Gulick translated the entire text into English for the "Loeb Classical Library".
In 2001, a team of Italian classical scholars lead by Luciano Canfora (then Professor of Classical Philology, now Emeritus, University of Bari) published the first complete Italian translation of the "Deipnosophistae", in a luxury edition with extensive introduction and commentary. A digital edition of Kaibel's text, with search tools and cross-references between Kaibel's and Casaubon's texts and digitalized indexes and "Dialogi Personae", was put online by Italian philologist Monica Berti and her team, currently working at the Alexander von Humboldt University. In 2001, Eleonora Cavallini (Professor of Greek, University of Bologna) published a translation and commentary on Book 13. In 2010, Gabriele Burzacchini (Professor of Greek, University of Parma) published a translation and commentary of Book 1 found among the unpublished studies of the late Enzo Degani (who was Professor of Greek in the University of Bologna); Burzacchini himself translated and commented Book 5 in more recent years.
In 2006, American classical philologist S. Douglas Olson renewed Loeb's text thanks to a new collation of the manuscripts and the progression of critical studies on Athenaeus and newly translated and commented it; in 2019, the same started a new critical edition for the "Bibliotheca Teubneriana" inclusive of the "Epitome", also edited in parallel volumes.