Weighted average cost of capital

The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. The WACC is commonly referred to as the firm's cost of capital. Importantly, it is dictated by the external market and not by management. The WACC represents the minimum return that a company must earn on an existing asset base to satisfy its creditors, owners, and other providers of capital, or they will invest elsewhere.
Companies raise money from a number of sources: common stock, preferred stock, straight debt, convertible debt, exchangeable debt, warrants, options, pension liabilities, executive stock options, governmental subsidies, and so on. Different securities, which represent different sources of finance, are expected to generate different returns. The WACC is calculated taking into account the relative weights of each component of the capital structure. The more complex the company's capital structure, the more laborious it is to calculate the WACC.
Companies can use WACC to see if the investment projects available to them are worthwhile to undertake.
Calculation.
In general, the WACC can be calculated with the following formula:
formula_1
where formula_2 is the number of sources of capital (securities, types of liabilities); formula_3 is the required rate of return for security formula_4; and formula_5 is the market value of all outstanding securities formula_4.
In the case where the company is financed with only equity and debt, the average cost of capital is computed as follows:
formula_7
where formula_8 is the total debt, formula_9 is the total shareholder's equity, formula_10 is the cost of debt, and formula_11 is the cost of equity. The market values of debt and equity should be used when computing the weights in the WACC formula.
Tax effects.
Tax effects can be incorporated into this formula. For example, the WACC for a company financed by one type of shares with the total market value of formula_12 and cost of equity formula_13 and one type of bonds with the total market value of formula_14 and cost of debt formula_15, in a country with corporate tax rate formula_16, is calculated as:
formula_17
This calculation can vary significantly due to the existence of many plausible proxies for each element. As a result, a fairly wide range of values for the WACC of a given firm in a given year may appear defensible.
Components.
Debt.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
"The firm's debt component is stated as kd" and since there is a tax benefit from interest payments then the after tax WACC component is kd(1-T); where T is the tax rate.
Equity.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
3 ways of calculating Ke:
"Cost of new equity should be the adjusted cost for any underwriting fees terme flotation costs (F)"
Ke = D1/P0(1-F) + g; where F = flotation costs, D1 is dividends, P0 is price of the stock, and g is the growth rate.
Weighted average cost of capital equation:
WACC= (Wd)[(Kd)(1-t)]+ (Wpf)(Kpf)+ (Wce)(Kce)
Marginal cost of capital schedule.
Marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule or an investment opportunity curve is a graph that relates the firm's Weighted cost of each unit of capital to the total amount of new capital raised. The first step in preparing the MCC schedule is to rank the projects using internal rate of return (IRR). The higher the IRR the better off a project is.