Phoenician joints

Phoenician joints (Latin ) is a locked mortise and tenon wood joinery technique used in shipbuilding to fasten watercraft hulls. The technique consists of cutting two rectangular mortises that line up into the edges of two adjacent planks, and filling and therefore joining the mortises with a rectangular tenon. The assembly is then locked or "pinned" or "pegged" by driving dowels into holes drilled through both the mortise side wall and the tenon. The peg merely holds the tenons tightly in the mortises. The mortises and tenons hold the planks together. The tenons, and especially pins, must be carefully crafted to fit tightly, as the joint's strength and durability rely on the mechanical forces applied to the wood, but the process is referred to as "loose tenon joinery", because the tenon is not sawn into either plank, but "loose". The joint is a clever solution to add strength to withstand forces generated by ramming other ships, and lock the hull planking tight to reduce leakage, as waterproof glues were not invented until the 1930s. Furniture makers use the term pin, timber framers use peg.
The Phoenicians pioneered the use of locked mortise and tenon joints in nautical joinery to secure in place the underwater planking of seagoing ships. The use of pegged mortises and tenons in shipbuilding spread westward from the Levantine littoral. Examples of the use of Phoenician joints in the ancient Mediterranean include the Uluburun ship, dated , Cape Gelidonya ship dated to . 
By the first millennium BC, Phoenician joints became a common edge-to-edge fastening method. Ancient Greek and Roman shipbuilders adopted the technique of Phoenician joinery. Roman writers credited the joinery technique to Phoenicians by calling it or . The ancient Greek historian Polybius reported that the Romans copied the locked mortise and tenon technique from a Punic warship that ran aground in 264 BC. They exploited this technique to their advantage early in the First Punic War in 260 BC which allowed them to build a fleet of 100 quinqueremes within a period of two months.
History.
Phoenician joints postdate the sewn watercraft lacing joinery technique; archaeological finds have revealed transitional watercrafts integrating elements from both mortise and tenon, and other joinery techniques.
Chinese Neolithic societies used the locked mortise and tenon method, but did not use a separate rectangular tenon nor edge-to-edge plank joining. 
The locked mortise and tenon method occurs as of in non-nautical Ancient Egyptian joinery, but not in hull-planking, which only featured unlocked mortises.
In the third and early second millennium BC, the Ancient Egyptians employed a joinery technique that is similar to the Phoenician joints technique, however, the mortise and tenon joints were not locked in place using pegs. To ensure ship hull stability, the Egyptians used their unlocked fastening technique together with other methods of wood fastening. An example of this technique is the Fourth Dynasty Khufu funerary ship (), an intact long Lebanon cedar lashed-lug vessel, that was unearthed in the Giza pyramid complex. The barque's cedar planks were joined together using unlocked mortise and tenon where tenons were used as coaks, and two types of lashings between bordering strakes and, from sheer to sheer. The mixed use of unlocked mortise and tenon with wood lashing is also attested in later ancient Egyptian ships from Lisht () and Dashur (). The use of pegged mortise and tenon shipbuilding in Egypt is not supported by material evidence before around 500 BC.
The Phoenicians pioneered the use of locked mortise and tenon joints in nautical joinery to secure in place the underwater planking of seagoing ships. The use of pegged mortises and tenons in shipbuilding spread westward from the Levantine littoral. According to McGrail, this joinery method could have given rise to the Phoenicians' reputation for seafaring excellence. The hull of the Uluburun ship, an Early Phoenician/Canaanite vessel dated , is the earliest evidence of pegged Phoenician joints used in Mediterranean shipbuilding. The ship's hull was built with Lebanese cedar and oak wood was used for the tenons. Additional early evidence of Phoenician joint usage comes from another Canaanite shipwreck in Cape Gelidonya in Turkey dated . The Uluburun and Gelidonya ships allowed scholars to date back the Phoenicians' maritime activity to an earlier period when it was thought that Canaanite seafaring did not start before the first millennium BC, and that maritime trade in the Eastern Mediterranean was solely conducted by Mycenaeans.
By the first millennium BC, Phoenician joints became a common edge-to-edge fastening method in the ancient Mediterranean. Greek shipbuilders abruptly abandoned the laced wood technique and adopted the Phoenician joinery. Scholars posit that Greek shipbuilders acquired the mortise and tenon joinery technique from the Phoenicians. Phoenician influence on Greek shipbuilding technology resulted from contact between the two people during the Phoenicians' westward colonization.
By the middle of the first millennium BC shipbuilders developed deeper understanding and expertise in the locked mortise and tenon joints as evidenced in the fourth century BC Kyrenia shipwreck and the third century BC wreckage of the Marsala Punic warship.
Roman writers credited the joinery technique to Phoenicians by calling it or . In 264 BC the Romans seized a Phoenician penteres that ran aground. Polybius reports that the ship served as a model for the Romans fleet ships; they realized the advantage of using Phoenician joints in shipbuilding as the lumber used in edge-joined ship strakes does not have to be dried. Early in the First Punic War in 260 BC, the Phoenician joint technique allowed the Romans to build a fleet of 100 quinqueremes within a period of two months.
The technique is also attested in Vietnam. Excavation carried out in waterlogged burials in Dong Xa in Vietnam revealed the adoption of a variety of the locked mortise and tenon technique in the construction of a logboat. The boat dates back to the Dong Son culture in the late Vietnamese prehistory (500 BC to AD 200).
Description.
The locked (or pegged) mortise and tenon technique consists of cutting a mortise, or socket, into the faces of two planks to be fastened together. A piece of wood called a tenon, usually taking the form of a rectangle, is inserted into each mortise to join the two planks together. The assembly is locked by driving a peg (or dowel pin or treenail) through one or more holes drilled through mortise side wall and tenon. This technique is known as Phoenician joint when applied to shipbuilding.
Etymology.
The origin of the term Phoenician joinery comes from the Latin , which is known through the extant writings of Cato the Elder. In his treatise on agriculture, "De agri cultura", Cato describes the construction of a wooden disk used in oil presses using locked mortise and tenon joinery; he refers to the technique as , thereby crediting Rome's enemies.
 means Punic and derives from the Latin and , which were used mostly to refer to the Carthaginians and other western Phoenicians. These terms derived from the Ancient Greek word (), plural form (), an exonym used indiscriminately to refer to both western and eastern Phoenicians.
 translates to the English "coagment" meaning to join together or unite.