Henry Clay (steamboat)

Henry Clay was an American side paddle wheel steamboat. Built in 1851, it caught fire while on a run on the Hudson River between Albany, New York and New York City on July 28, 1852. Nearly fifty of its over 500 passengers died in what became the river's worst steam disaster, near Riverdale, in The Bronx, New York. 
The "Clay" operated in competition with other steamships and the Hudson River Railroad, which had been completed along the river's east shore to East Albany by 1851.
On the day of the fire she had been racing another steamboat, a common practice of the day, both for sport and the prestige of winning – which those involved believed would attract more passengers. In spite of the huge crowd aboard there were only two lifeboats, which proved useless. 
Similar to the latter sinking of the famed "Titanic", many of the victims came from prestigious families, spurring excited press coverage. Among the known victims was Stephen Allen, a former mayor of New York City. 
Several inquests and a high-publicity trial were held in the wake. In spite of the maelstrom the media had created, all officers and the owner were acquitted of the charges against them. However, the New York State Legislature soon thereafter passed a law prohibiting steamship racing on the Hudson, and Congress, previously reluctant to regulate steamboats, was forced by the public to push through aggressive new legislation.
Background.
The "Henry Clay" was built by Thomas Collyer in 1851. Not much is known about its specifications beyond a length of 198 feet, having a walking beam engine, and its promenade deck running the entire length of the boat. Collyer, the builder, owned a five-eighths interest; William Radford, Esq. owned a two-eighth interest, and Captain John Tallman, the captain on the fateful run, owned the remaining one-eighth. The "Henry Clay" ran on routes up and down the Hudson River at various points of departure and varying distances between Albany, New York and New York City.
The "Armenia", another Collyer built steamship, left Albany with the "Clay" on July 28, 1852. He was in command of the "Clay", while the "Armenia" was owned and piloted by Captain Isaac Smith. According to Allynne Lange, curator of the Hudson River Maritime Museum, steamboat racing was common between captains. “[T]he idea was the fastest boat would attract the most passengers.”
Fire.
As the "Henry Clay" passed Yonkers, New York, shortly before 3:00 pm the call of fire on board was heard. It roared up from the engine room and quickly engulfed the midsection. The pilot, Edward Hubbard, an experienced forty-three-year-old seaman, quickly turned the burning ship eastward to travel the mile distance to reach shore. Hubbard crashed the boat bow first onto the sands at Riverdale, New York, hoping to save his passengers. Those near the bow were easily able to jump to shore. However, the passengers aft of the fire were still in deep water and blocked from fleeing. Many could not swim and drowned either due to their heavy clothing or pulled below by others seeking to save their own lives. People that remained on the boat were burned to death.
Notable victims.
The disaster gained notoriety in part due to the great number of prestigious passengers – politicians, attorneys, professors, wealthy - aboard. Among them were:
Inquest and trial.
The principal inquest took place largely in Yonkers, New York. However, because several of the bodies were discovered in other towns, additional inquests were held in Manhattanville, New York, and Fort Lee and Hoboken, New Jersey. Survivors, relatives and family members were called to identify the dead and testify. As the days passed and details of the disaster emerged unrest among citizens and politicians, fueled by newspaper editorials, rose. The Inquest Panel charged the officers of the "Henry Clay" and its owner Thomas Collyer with murder.
More than a year later a trial commenced at the Circuit Court in New York City. Through political maneuvering the federal government had seized jurisdiction, deeming it regulated national waterways. Since there was no proof of premeditation on the part of the officers, the original charge of murder was reduced to manslaughter.
For two weeks the newspapers covered the trial testimony. Among the topics: who may have been in charge on the steamboat, that there were only two lifeboats on board, had there been enough water buckets on board in case of a fire, had the boat been overcrowded, had there been previous fires on the "Henry Clay", and the possibility that the boiler safety valves were tied down to allow for more speed. The trial determined that while there had been racing it had occurred much farther upriver from the scene of the fire.
Also in question was the pilot Hubbard's action of running the steamboat bow first rather than coming along parallel to shore. Witnesses at the trial testified that Hubbard's action was correct and spared lives.
In spite of the maelstrom the media had created, all officers and the owner were acquitted of the charges against them. However, the New York State Legislature soon thereafter passed a law prohibiting steamship racing on the Hudson.
Congressional legislation.
The outcries across the country caused Congress to act. A month after the disaster Congress passed the Steamboat Act of 1852. It provided for stricter rules for steamboat operation and steamboat inspection and required licensing for pilots and engineers by the Steamboat Inspection Service whose responsibilities would eventually be folded into those of the U.S. Coast Guard.