Buff strength

Buff strength is a design term used in the certification of passenger railroad cars. It refers to the required resistance to deformation or permanent damage due to loads applied at the car's ends, either from push-or-pull loads on the buffer, Janney coupler or when rolling at slow speed into a fixed barrier such as a buffer stop.
United States.
Buff strength requirements grew out of best-practice design standards during the latter part of the nineteenth century. By the twentieth century, a design limit of was required by federal approval agencies. This was upped to for certain categories in 1945.
Federal requirements for buff strength were set in 1999 at for all passenger-carrying units, unless reduced by waivers or special order. The Federal Static and Strength Regulation (49 Code of Federal Regulations § 238.203) requires that a passenger rail car be able to support a longitudinal static compressive load of without permanent deformation.
There are other strength requirements associated with end-structure design. 49 CFR § 238.211 specifies that the cab ends of locomotives, cab cars, and self-powered multiple-unit cars have lead ends capable of supporting longitudinal force at the top of the underframe, and of force above the top of the underframe.
Europe.
Europe represents multiple certifying and approving agencies, so universal agreement on strength standards is not guaranteed. A 1977 German standard (VÖV 6.030.1/1977) presented values which have been followed by some other countries. The document was revised in 1992 and is presently known as VDV Recommendation 152 - Structural Requirements to Rail Vehicles for Public Mass Transit in Accordance with BOStrab.
In 1995 The European Common Market Committee for Standardization issued a draft document, Structural Requirements of Railway Vehicle Bodies. It mandated differing design loads for vehicles in differing categories, ranging from for tramways to for passenger coaches and locomotives.