Adrian (costume designer)

Adrian Adolph Greenburg (March 3, 1903 – September 13, 1959), widely known as Adrian, was an American costume designer whose most famous costumes were for "The Wizard of Oz" and hundreds of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films between 1928 and 1941. He was usually credited onscreen with the phrase "Gowns by Adrian". Early in his career he chose the professional name Gilbert Adrian, a combination of his father's forename and his own.
Early life.
Adrian was born on March 3, 1903, in Naugatuck, Connecticut, to Gilbert and Helena (née Pollak) Greenburg. Adrian's father Gilbert was born in New York and his mother Helena in Waterbury, Connecticut. Both sides of the family were Jewish. Joseph Greenburg and his wife Frances were from Russia, while Adolph Pollak and Bertha (née Mendelsohn) Pollak were from Bohemia and Germany, respectively.
In 1920 Adrian entered the New York School for Fine and Applied Arts (now Parsons School of Design). In 1922 he transferred to the NYSFAA Paris campus, and while there, he was contracted by Irving Berlin to design settings and costumes for Berlin's "Music Box Revue of 1922–23" in New York.
Career in Hollywood.
Adrian was brought to Hollywood in November 1924 by Rudolph Valentino's wife Natacha Rambova to design costumes for "The Hooded Falcon". The Valentino company dissolved, and Adrian's first screen credit was for the Constance Talmadge comedy "Her Sister from Paris". In 1925 Adrian was hired as a costume designer by Cecil B. DeMille's independent film studio. In 1928 DeMille moved to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Adrian was provisionally hired as a costume designer for M-G-M. After a few months, he signed a contract as head designer, ultimately remaining for thirteen years and 200 films.
Adrian worked with the biggest female stars of the day: Greta Garbo, Norma Shearer, Jeanette MacDonald, Jean Harlow, Katharine Hepburn and Joan Crawford. He designed twenty-eight Crawford films, eighteen Shearer films, and nine Harlow films. He worked with Garbo from 1928, when he arrived, until 1941, when both departed the company. The Eugénie hat he created for her film "Romance" became a sensation and influenced millinery styles. When Adrian emphasized Crawford's shoulders by designing outfits with shoulder pads, these created a trend.
Adrian was famous for evening gown designs, a talent displayed in "The Women". Though filmed in black and white, "The Women" includes a Technicolor fashion show of Adrian designs. Adrian was acclaimed for the period costumes of "Romeo and Juliet"; the extravagant costumes of "The Great Ziegfeld"; and the opulent gowns of "Camille" and "Marie Antoinette". Adrian insisted on the finest materials and workmanship for the execution of his designs, cultivating fabric manufacturers in Europe and New York.
Adrian's best known film is "The Wizard of Oz", for which he designed the red-sequined ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland.
Adrian left MGM on September 5, 1941, to open his own fashion firm. Adrian had contemplated leaving MGM for a year or two, upset with budgetary retrenchments caused by the Great Depression and changes in public taste. He had a serious disagreement with director George Cukor, producer Bernard Hyman, and MGM head Louis B. Mayer over the style of costumes Greta Garbo should wear in the upcoming "Two-Faced Woman", which began preproduction about April 1941. Adrian apparently resolved to leave the studio after this disagreement. He notified MGM of his decision on July 16, 1941. Adrian's departure from the studio came as a shock to Louis B. Mayer. Adrian's last day was to have been August 15, but he offered to stay on to wrap up various projects. Mayer kept him on the payroll until September 5. Adrian was not terminated by MGM, nor did he resign; his three-year contract merely expired. Robert Kalloch, Columbia Pictures' chief costume and fashion designer, was named Adrian's replacement largely because his designs strongly resembled Adrian's.
Adrian continued to design fashions for the occasional film project through the 1940s, most notably for "Humoresque" in 1946.
Sexuality and marriage.
Adrian married Janet Gaynor on August 14, 1939. Gaynor had been unmarried for six years since her previous marriage had ended. This relationship has been called a lavender marriage, since Adrian was openly gay within the film community while Gaynor was rumored to be gay or bisexual. Both Adrian and Gaynor went on record to say they were happily married, and they remained so until his death in 1959. Gaynor and Adrian had one son, Robin (born July 6, 1940).
Designer of American fashion.
In 1942 Adrian established Adrian, Ltd., at 233 North Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, in the building formerly occupied by the Victor Hugo restaurant. (He had been courted by retailers to design for public sale but rebuffed those offers. In 1932 Macy's Cinema Shop had copied his work with the studio's tacit approval, much in the same way that department stores produced so-called "Paris fashions," which were unapproved copies of French couturiers' works.)
Adrian's fashion line filled the gap left by Paris, which could not export during the German occupation. American women responded to Adrian's clean-lined designs, and he exerted a strong influence on American fashion until the late 1940s.
Adrian returned to M-G-M in 1952 for one film, "Lovely to Look At". He was never nominated for an Academy Award as the costume category was not introduced during the time of his major work for the studios.
Illness, retirement, and death.
Adrian was stricken with a heart attack in 1952. Because he never assigned work to assistants, preferring to do all drafts and designs himself, the business could not be continued under his name. Consequently, he was forced to close Adrian, Ltd.
Adrian and his wife Janet bought a "fazenda" (ranch) in Anápolis, in the state of Goiás, in the interior of Brazil. They spent a few years developing it, frequently in the company of their friends Richard Halliday and Mary Martin.
In 1958 Adrian came out of retirement to design costumes for "At the Grand", a musical version of the 1932 film "Grand Hotel" that starred Paul Muni and Viveca Lindfors and played only in Los Angeles and San Francisco.
In 1959 Adrian was hired to design costumes for the upcoming Broadway musical "Camelot". While at work on this project in his studio, Adrian suffered a fatal heart attack. He was posthumously awarded the Tony Award for Best Costume Design in a Musical. He is buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery.