IRIS Kharg

The Kharg () is a modified fleet replenishment oiler of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy, named after Kharg Island. Built by Swan Hunter in the United Kingdom and launched in 1977, she was delivered to Iran in 1984.
"Kharg" is the largest naval vessel of Iran in terms of tonnage.
Design.
According to the "Combat Fleets of the World", she was "greatly modified" in comparison to her "Ol"-class sister ships in service of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. Her design is described by the "Jane's Fighting Ships" as "incorporating some of the features" of the class, and fitted to carry dry stores and ammunition in addition to fuel.
"Kharg" displaces of standard load and up to at full load. She has a gross tonnage of , and a deadweight tonnage of . According to "Jane's" the vessel is long, would have a beam of and a draft of . The "Combat Fleets of the World" records the dimensions slightly different, with , and for length, beam and draft respectively.
Her original installed machinery includes a pair of two-drum boilers built by Babcock & Wilcox, that rotate two Westinghouse geared turbine sets. The system was designed to generate 7,000 kW of electricity, and to provide for her single shaft coupled with the propeller. The ship is capable of reaching a nominal top speed of .
Her original navigation radar was manufactured by Decca Radar, a Decca 1229 model working on I-band, while the installed tactical air navigation system was a U.S.-made URN 20. She is also fitted with Inmarsat. 
She is armed with an OTO Melara 76 mm/62 compact gun on her forecastle, as it was designed. The planned armament included two 40mm AA guns, one on the helo deck and the other on the forecastle pedestal, that were never installed. She is equipped with four USSR 23mm/80 anti-aircraft autocannons arranged in two twin mounts, as well as two 12.7mm heavy machine guns.
Her crew totals 248 officers and men. "Kharg" has a helipad with twin hangars, making up a capacity of three helicopters.
Operational capabilities.
International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) classifies "Kharg" as AORH, i.e. fleet replenishment oiler with replenishment at sea (RAS) capability and hangar. According to Anthony H. Cordesman, the only other Iranian vessel capable of conducting legitimate RAS operations is .
An assessment published by Stratfor in 2014, mentions that "Kharg" is an essential long-distance blue-water asset for the IRIN because of her ability to extend the range of Iranian warships, adding that "[w]ithout this vessel, the small number of Iranian frigates would be unable to embark on extended deployments without consistent and frequent port visits along the way".
Eric H. Arnett, a project leader at Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), comments that "Kharg" can provide extra operational flexibility for the Iranian fleet and her capacity to carry large and heavy helicopters like Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King can improve anti-submarine warfare abilities of the naval group she belongs to.
Christopher Harmer of the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) finds her ability to lift heavy cargo of particular interest. He argues considering the sanctions against Iran, "Kharg" is potentially ideal for safe transfer of valuable or politically sensitive assets, such as imported military equipment, gold or currency. In such a scenario, "Kharg" would be the vessel supported by the warship she accompanies (an escort), rather than vice versa. According to Harmer, the fact that she is a naval vessel, will deter foreign navies from an attempt to prevent her. After "Kharg"'s 2011 visit to Syria via the Suez Canal, U.S. Navy officer Joshua C. Himes opined that "the "Kharg" will raise suspicion simply due to its logistics capacity and potential to transport weapons/materiel to Iranian surrogates in the region".
Construction and commissioning.
Iran ordered the ship to the English shipyard Swan Hunter in October 1974 in a contract worth £40 million (equivalent to $54 million).
"Kharg" was laid down on 27 January 1976 and launched on 3 February 1977 by Gholamreza Pahlavi and named by Manijeh Pahlavi, members of the royal family. R. J. Daniel, a Royal Corps of Naval Constructors officer wrote in his memoirs that the ceremonial ship launching was attended by the wife of the Shah's brother, and a cleric with black turban blessed the battle honors, who called the name of the ship wrong in his first attempt. She ran some trials in November 1978, but delays in fitting-out postponed her commissioning by the Imperial Iranian Navy and shortly afterwards the Iranian Revolution took place. In August 1979, it was reported that the Interim Government of Iran intended to cancel the contract and as a result, Swan Hunter was looking for a new purchaser.
She was painted in battleship grey and between September 1979 and February 1980, she made sea trials in secrecy. Though she was delivered to Iranian government on 25 April 1980, the UK government refused an export license for the ship wholly paid by Iran. This resulted in "Kharg"'s some 200 crew members being trapped in the United Kingdom. Swan Hunter declared that it is uninvolved in any political implications and considers building "Kharg" a "straightforward commercial contract". "The Guardian" warned Iranians that "Kharg" may become subject to a "theft" similar to "Reşad V", the battleship ordered by the Ottoman Navy to Vickers and seized by the British in 1914 to join the Royal Navy fleet. 
Much negotiations were made to release the vessel, and the British told Iranians that as long as the American hostages are not released, "Kharg" will remain in the United Kingdom. However, after the hostages returned to the United States the export license was not issued and in August 1981 the Foreign Office declared that the ship will not be handed to Iran for a foreseeable future, citing detention of a British national in Iran, Andrew Pyke, as the one reason why "Kharg" won't be released. In July 1982, Iran sent three high-ranking officers to inspect the situation of "Kharg". On 10 July 1984, "Kharg" arrived at Tyne Shiprepairers for overhaul and later that year, she started sea trials on 4 September. "Kharg" left the dock for Iran on 5 October 1984, after the UK government approved her export without any armaments on the grounds that she is "not suitable for use in the war against Iraq".
Service history.
Though completed in 1980, "Kharg" was not present in more than half of the Iran–Iraq War. She was added to the order of battle in 1984 and served almost three years during the war, supporting Iranian warships with refuel, and carrying ammunition and stores. In August 1987 "Kharg" led a fleet of six vessels, including , aided by two Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters to conduct a minesweeping operation in the Sea of Oman. The area of operation included 10 nautical miles east of the Fujairah to the Khor Fakkan. Reports indicated that during the operation, American and French warships were nearby and exchanged radio communications with Iranians for identification without any further contact. When Operation Praying Mantis took place in April 1988, she was stationed at her home port in Bandar Abbas Naval Base. 
"Kharg" was refitted in 1994.
She visited Jeddah on 7 March 1998, marking the first port call of an Iranian naval ship to Saudi Arabia since 1979.
On 31 August 2009, along with the frigate as the 3rd naval group, she left home for an anti-piracy mission in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden that lasted 73 days until 17 November 2009. During her next mission she sailed about to support the same warship in a similar mission, as part of the 7th naval group, lasting for 92 days between 17 March and 17 June 2010. Later that year, "Kharg" supported in another Aden anti-piracy mission from 28 August to 15 November 2010.
"Kharg" entered the Suez Canal on 22 February 2011, with the frigate "Alvand", on a deployment reported to be a training mission to Latakia, Syria. While decked at Latakia, a new cooperation agreement between Iran and Syria was signed aboard "Kharg". The two ships compromising the 12th naval group were on a mission since 27 January and returned home on 21 March 2011, and in the Red Sea they saved a Hong Kong merchant vessel from Somali pirates.
She entered the Suez Canal again on 18 February 2012, after briefly docking at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. She was sent along with the corvette of the 18th naval group on a combined mission involving anti-piracy, training and intelligence collecting activities, lasting for 64 days from 22 January to 26 March 2012. During this mission, she sailed some as far as the Mediterranean Sea and the personnel performed the Hajj. The two ships were together as the 22nd naval group deployed for anti-piracy measures in the Red Sea between 1 September and 14 November 2012. They docked briefly at Port Sudan, which was described as an "unprecedented visit". The two also engaged with Somali pirates during the mission and released two hijacked merchant vessels in April, including the Bolivian-flagged bulk carrier "Eglantine" (whose deck was cleared by commandos), as well as the Panamanian-flagged cargo ship "Xiang Hua Men". The mission was reportedly "closely monitored by Western and Israeli militaries".
In the very first presence of IRIN vessels in the Pacific Ocean, "Kharg" and the frigate "Sabalan" were allocated to the 24th naval group for a journey to Jinjiang, China. The two ships made a port call at Colombo, Sri Lanka en route. The voyage started on 22 January, and lasted 72 days until 4 April 2013. The mission was described as the "longest range deployment in Iranian naval history".
On 19 August 2013, along with "Sabalan" she left home composing the 27th naval group for another anti-piracy and intelligence operation near Bab-el-Mandeb. However, she was replaced by the landing ship in the middle of that mission.
She was teamed up again with "Sabalan" as the 29th naval group, departing for a scheduled three-month cruise to the Atlantic Ocean, starting on 21 January 2014. In mid-April, the plan was called off and the two were ordered to return.
Bellingcat reported that the satellite imagery showed "Kharg" being moved to floating drydock in August 2015, while she has been berthing at ISOICO shipyard, Bostanu since November 2014. She left the floating drydock in January 2016. During the time, she was undergoing a major refit that included overhaul of her boiler, replacement of steam turbines and changing navigation systems with modernized successors. Iranian officials said the new systems are domestically-built.
For the first time since refit, she was deployed in June 2018 to the Bab-el-Mandeb, supporting "Sabalan" and "Naghdi" of the 54th and 55th naval groups respectively. She returned home on 21 August 2018.
On 8 December 2018, "Kharg" was teamed up again with the frigate "Alvand" (as the 59th naval group) and departed for an intelligence collection and escort operation in the Gulf of Aden. The two navigated in total, and on 20 January 2019 their mission was concluded.
"Kharg" was tasked to support the newly-commissioned "Sahand" (74) in her first oceangoing mission, including tanker escort and maritime patrol in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. The voyage of the 63rd naval group lasted 100 days from 26 August to 29 October 2019.
She departed home on 30 January 2020, as the ship supporting the corvette in a voyage to cross the Strait of Malacca. The 66th naval group anchored at the Port of Tanjung Priok, Jakarta, between 25 and 28 February to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Indonesia–Iran relations. The mission was partly for training purposes, as "Kharg" carried hundreds of cadets from the naval academy.
References.
Primary sources.
Between 2010 and 2013, the UK government declassified some confidential documents regarding the ship, that were published by the Margaret Thatcher Foundation: