
Cold-water geyser

Cold-water geysers have eruptions similar to those of hot-water geysers, except that -bubbles drive the eruption instead of steam from the proximity to magma. In cold-water geysers, -laden water lies in a confined aquifer, in which water and are trapped by less permeable overlying strata. This water and can escape this strata only in weak regions like faults, joints, or drilled wells. A drilled borehole provides an escape for the pressurized water and to reach the surface. The magnitude and frequency of such eruptions depend on various factors such as plumbing depth, concentrations, aquifer yield etc. The column of water exerts enough pressure on the gaseous so that it remains in the water in small bubbles. When the pressure decreases due to formation of a fissure, the bubbles expand. This expansion displaces the water and causes the eruption. Cold-water geysers may look quite similar to their steam-driven counterparts; however, often -laden water is more white and frothy. The best known of these are probably Saratoga Springs, New York, or Crystal Geyser, near Green River, Utah. There are also three cold-water geysers in Germany, named Wallender Born (a.k.a. "Brubbel"), Wehr Geyser and Andernach Geyser (a.k.a. "Namedyer Sprudel"); two in Slovakia, one in the village of Herľany and a very small one in Sivá Brada; and one in Brazil, in the municipality of Caxambu.