Median filter

The median filter is a non-linear digital filtering technique, often used to remove noise from an image or signal. Such noise reduction is a typical pre-processing step to improve the results of later processing (for example, edge detection on an image). Median filtering is very widely used in digital image processing because, under certain conditions, it preserves edges while removing noise (but see the discussion below), also having applications in signal processing.
Algorithm description.
The main idea of the median filter is to run through the signal entry by entry, replacing each entry with the median of neighboring entries. The pattern of neighbors is called the "window", which slides, entry by entry, over the entire signal. For one-dimensional signals, the most obvious window is just the first few preceding and following entries, whereas for two-dimensional (or higher-dimensional) data the window must include all entries within a given radius or ellipsoidal region (i.e. the median filter is not a separable filter).
Worked one-dimensional example.
To demonstrate, using a window size of three with one entry immediately preceding and following each entry, a median filter will be applied to the following simple one-dimensional signal:
So, the median filtered output signal "y" will be:
i.e. "y" = (3, 6, 6, 3).
Boundary issues.
In the example above, because there is no entry preceding the first value, the first value is repeated, as with the last value, to obtain enough entries to fill the window. This is one way of handling missing window entries at the boundaries of the signal, but there are other schemes that have different properties that might be preferred in particular circumstances:
Two-dimensional median filter pseudo code.
Code for a simple two-dimensional median filter algorithm might look like this:
 1. allocate outputPixelValue[image width][image height]
 2. allocate window[window width × window height]
 3. edgex := (window width / 2) rounded down
 4. edgey := (window height / 2) rounded down
 for "x" from edgex to image width - edgex do
 for "y" from edgey to image height - edgey do
 i = 0
 for "fx" from 0 to window width do
 for "fy" from 0 to window height do
 window[i] := inputPixelValue[x + fx - edgex][y + fy - edgey]
 i := i + 1
 sort entries in window[]
 outputPixelValue[x][y] := window[window width * window height / 2]
This algorithm:
Algorithm implementation issues.
Typically, by far the majority of the computational effort and time is spent on calculating the median of each window. Because the filter must process every entry in the signal, for large signals such as images, the efficiency of this median calculation is a critical factor in determining how fast the algorithm can run. The naïve implementation described above sorts every entry in the window to find the median; however, since only the middle value in a list of numbers is required, selection algorithms can be much more efficient. Furthermore, some types of signals (very often the case for images) use whole number representations: in these cases, histogram medians can be far more efficient because it is simple to update the histogram from window to window, and finding the median of a histogram is not particularly onerous.
Edge preservation properties.
Median filtering is one kind of smoothing technique, as is linear Gaussian filtering. All smoothing techniques are effective at removing noise in smooth patches or smooth regions of a signal, but adversely affect edges. Often though, at the same time as reducing the noise in a signal, it is important to preserve the edges. Edges are of critical importance to the visual appearance of images, for example. For small to moderate levels of Gaussian noise, the median filter is demonstrably better than Gaussian blur at removing noise whilst preserving edges for a given, fixed window size. However, its performance is not that much better than Gaussian blur for high levels of noise, whereas, for speckle noise and salt-and-pepper noise (impulsive noise), it is particularly effective. Because of this, median filtering is very widely used in digital image processing.