Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria

Ruggiero di Lauria was an ironclad battleship built in the 1880s for the Italian "Regia Marina" (Royal Navy). She was the lead ship of the , which included two other ships, and . "Ruggiero di Lauria", named for the medieval Sicilian admiral Ruggiero di Lauria, was armed with a main battery of four guns, was protected with thick belt armor, and was capable of a top speed of .
The ship's construction period was very lengthy, beginning in August 1881 and completing in February 1888. She was quickly rendered obsolescent by the new pre-dreadnought battleships being laid down and, as a result, her career was limited. She spent her career alternating between the Active and Reserve Squadrons, where she took part in training exercises each year with the rest of the fleet. The ship was stricken from the naval register in 1909 and converted into a floating oil tank. She was used in this capacity until 1943, when she was sunk by bombs during World War II. The wreck was eventually raised and scrapped in 1945.
Design.
"Ruggiero di Lauria" was long overall and had a beam of and an average draft of . She displaced normally and up to at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by eight coal-fired, cylindrical fire-tube boilers. Her engines produced a top speed of at . She could steam for at a speed of . She had a crew of 507–509 officers and men.
"Ruggiero di Lauria" was armed with a main battery of four /27 guns, mounted in two pairs "en echelon" in a central barbette. She carried a secondary battery of two /32 guns, one at the bow and the other at the stern, and four /32 guns. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she carried five torpedo tubes submerged in the hull. 
She was protected by belt armor that was thick, an armored deck that was thick, and her conning tower was armored with of steel plate. The barbette had of steel armor.
Service history.
Construction – 1895.
"Ruggiero di Lauria" was laid down at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard on 3 August 1881 and launched on 9 August 1884. She was not completed for another three and a half years, her construction finally being finished on 1 February 1888. Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century, her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service. The year after she entered service, the British began building the , the first pre-dreadnought battleships, which marked a significant step forward in capital ship design. In addition, technological progress, particularly in armor production techniques—first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor—rapidly rendered older vessels like "Ruggiero di Lauria" obsolete.
The ship served with the 1st Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers, along with the ironclad , which served as the divisional flagship, the torpedo cruisers and , and four torpedo boats. During the maneuvers, which lasted from 6 August to 5 September, the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet. In 1895, "Ruggiero di Lauria", the ironclad , and the torpedo cruiser were assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet in the Reserve Squadron. At the time, the ships of the Reserve Squadron were based in La Spezia. "Ruggiero di Lauria" joined the ironclads , "Sardegna", and and the cruisers , , and "Partenope" for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895. Later that year, the squadron stopped in Germany for the celebration held to mark the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal.
1897–1945.
In February 1897, the Great Powers formed the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, "Regia Marina", Imperial Russian Navy, and British Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897-1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire. "Ruggiero di Lauria" deployed to Cretan waters as part of the Italian contribution to the squadron. In March 1897, she broke up a threat to Ottoman Army forces by Cretan insurgents at Heraptera (now Ierapetra) by threatening to bombard the insurgents.
For the periodic fleet maneuvers of 1897, "Ruggiero di Lauria" was assigned to the First Division of the Reserve Squadron, which also included the ironclads and "Lepanto" and the protected cruiser . The following year, the Reserve Squadron consisted of "Ruggiero di Lauria", "Francesco Morosini", "Lepanto", and five cruisers. In 1899, "Ruggiero di Lauria", "Andrea Doria", , and "Sardegna" took part in a naval review in Cagliari for the Italian King Umberto I, which included a French and British squadron as well. That year, "Ruggiero di Lauria" and her two sisters served in the Active Squadron, which was kept in service for eight months of the year, with the remainder spent with reduced crews. The Squadron also included the ironclads "Re Umberto", "Sicilia", and "Lepanto". In 1900, "Ruggiero di Lauria" and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats. These included a pair of guns, ten 40-caliber guns, twelve guns, five 37 mm revolver cannon, and two machine guns.
In 1905, "Ruggiero di Lauria" and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three s and , three cruisers, and sixteen torpedo boats. This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers, and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews. During the annual training maneuvers in October 1906, a severe storm swept a man overboard, drowning him. During a gunnery competition held during the maneuvers, "Ruggiero di Lauria"s gunners came in last place. In 1908, the Italian Navy decided to discard "Ruggiero di Lauria" and her sister "Francesco Morosini". The former was stricken from the naval register on 11 November 1909. The ship was then converted into a floating oil depot. She was renamed "GM45" and stationed at La Spezia until 1943, when she was sunk in shallow water by an air raid during World War II. Her wreck was scrapped after the end of the war in 1945.