Climate of Oklahoma City

Oklahoma City lies in a temperate humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), with frequent variations in weather daily and seasonally, except during the consistently hot and humid summer months. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Oklahoma City's climate transitions toward semi-arid further to the west, toward humid continental to the north, and toward humid subtropical to the east and southeast. The normal annual mean temperature is ; the coolest year was 1895 with a mean of , while the warmest 2012 at . Precipitation averages annually, falling on an average 84 days, with the warmer months receiving more; annual precipitation has historically ranged from in 1901 to in 2007. The sun shines about 69% of the time, with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 60% in December to 80% in July.
Winter.
Winters are typically cool, relatively dry, and somewhat brief, albeit highly variable. January has a normal mean temperature of , but temperatures "reach" freezing on an average 71 days and "fail to rise above freezing" on an average 8.3 days, and, with an average in December thru February of 6.3 days reaching , warm spells are common and most winters see the thermometer rise that high. The last reading or colder occurred on February 10, 2011. The official record low is on February 12, 1899, while the lowest daily maximum is on February 12, 1905 and January 11, 1918; the coldest month on record was January 1930 with a mean temperature of . Snow occurs in almost every winter, with the normal seasonal snowfall being ; winter accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1931−32 and 1934−35 to in 1947−48. The most snow in one day was on December 24, 2009.
Spring.
In spring (March to early June), Oklahoma City lies in a zone of frequent conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada. Furthermore, the "dryline," separating hot, dry air from Mexico and the southwestern U.S. from warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, often spawns strong to severe thunderstorms across central Oklahoma. Accordingly, precipitation sees a marked uptick in spring, not uncommonly accompanied by severe weather, including severe thunderstorms, large hail, and tornadoes, especially from mid-April to early June, with May the highest-risk month. Oklahoma City, and central Oklahoma generally, is one of the most tornado-prone places in the world.
The average date of the last spring freeze is March 29, while the first of summer can be expected on May 6.
Summer.
Summers are very hot and rather humid, but from mid-June onward, are relatively dry, with less-severe and less-frequent showers and thunderstorms compared to the late-April to early-June period. In many years, long stretches of hot, dry weather, punctuated by occasional shower/thunderstorm activity, predominate. July has a normal mean temperature of . On average, temperatures reach on 70 days per year and on 10.4, and in the worst heat waves may reach the former mark on every day of a month. The official record high is on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012, while the highest daily minimum is on August 3, 2012; the hottest month on record was July 2011 with a mean temperature of , followed closely by August 2011.
Autumn.
On average, Oklahoma City experiences a secondary peak in precipitation in September and October, compared to the heat and dryness of July and August. Temperatures cool off quickly in the autumn, especially in November, but daytime temperatures can be warm (80s to low 90s) into mid-October. A testament to the high variability of conditions in autumn is the extreme temperature drop of November 11, 1911, with a daily high and low of , both of which still hold as the record high and low for the date. The last of the warm season can be expected on September 26, and the average date of the first freeze in autumn is November 6.
Severe weather.
Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Located in the center of a region colloquially known as Tornado Alley, Oklahoma City is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year in Oklahoma City, and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during the early autumn, especially in mid-September to late-October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4's and two F/EF5's. On May 3, 1999 parts of southern Oklahoma City and nearby suburbs suffered one of the most powerful tornadoes on record, an F5 on the Fujita scale, with wind speeds estimated by radar at . On May 20, 2013, far southwest Oklahoma City, along with Newcastle and Moore, was hit again by another EF5 tornado; that one was wide and killed 23 people. On May 31 of that same year, another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area, including an EF1 and an EF0 within the city and a tornado several miles west of the city that was in width, the widest tornado ever recorded, and it, as was the May 3, 1999 F5, was one of the most powerful tornadoes on record.