Kramer graph

A Kramer graph is a specific multiple-line 2D geometric symbolic representation of the characteristics of intake, scavenging and exhaust components in a two-stroke cycle engine.
They are typically used to visualize the opening time versus area and/ or lift of the following components:
Description.
These representations are used to describe corresponding changes in crankshaft angle and port-area.
A Kramer graph plots the relation of the open area of various ports with respect to the angle of the crankshaft in a two-stroke engine.
So that upon completion of the cycle (one revolution of 360°) there has been no net change in state of the system; i.e. the device returns to the starting position and area which is zero.
They do not show the specific configuration of ports like in a port-map, which enables it to illustrate a more useful visualization of port area distribution,
This could be useful because different types of port configurations could have the same opening time and area.
Application.
In these graphs the X-axis represents the crankshaft angle (θ) in degrees, and the Y-axis represents the open area in any square unit of measurement such as mm². To discern the different types of ports each type is given a designated color.
For example, (commonly used):
Many engineers and engine tuners prefer to use the version of a polar graph of this concept to compare different engines to one another.
These are commonly called "Kramer cams", referring to a four-stroke camshaft.
Origin.
Kramer graphs are named after Dutch engineer Hans Kramer, who is considered to have been the first to use this type of graph in a publication on the effect of port shape and area on two-stroke cycle engine performance.