Hebrew riddles

Riddles in Hebrew are referred to as חידות "ḥidot" (singular חִידָה "ḥidah"). They have at times been a major and distinctive part of literature in Hebrew and closely related languages. At times they have a complex relationship with proverbs.
In the Bible.
Riddles are not common in the Bible, nor in Midrashic literature, though other tests of verbal wit are. The most prominent riddle in the Bible is Samson's riddle: Samson outwitted the Philistines by posing a riddle about the lion and the beehive until they learned the answer from his Philistine bride, costing Samson 30 suits of clothes (Judges 14:5-18). However, some passages in the Book of Proverbs in which sets of three or four objects are mentioned (e.g. 30:15 "et seq.") were likely originally in the form of riddles, while Ezekiel 17:1-10 is also a riddle of sorts.
In post-Biblical and rabbinic literature.
Sirach mentions riddles as a popular dinner pastime.
The Talmud contains several riddles, such as this one from the end of Kinnim: 'What animal has one voice living and seven voices dead?' ('The ibis, from whose carcass seven different musical instruments are made').
The Aramaic "Story of Ahikar" contains a long section of proverbial wisdom that in some versions also contains riddles.
Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
The Bible describes how the Queen of Sheba tests Solomon with riddles, but without giving any hint as to what they were. On this basis, riddles were ascribed to the Queen in later writings. Four riddles are ascribed to her in the tenth- or eleventh-century "Midrash Proverbs", including the following: 'She said to him: "Seven exit and nine enter, two pour and one drinks". He said to her: "Surely, seven days of menstruation exit and nine months of pregnancy enter, two breasts pour and the baby drinks".’ These plus another fourteen or fifteen tests of wisdom, some of which are riddles, appear in the "Midrash ha-Ḥefez" (1430 CE), for example:
The early medieval Aramaic "Targum Sheni" also contains three riddles posed by the Queen to Solomon.
In the Middle Ages.
Under the influence of Arabic literature in medieval al-Andalus, there was a flourishing of literary Hebrew riddles in verse during the Middle Ages. Dunash ben Labrat (920-990), credited with transposing Arabic metres into Hebrew, composed a number of riddles, firmly rooted, like folk-riddles, in describing everyday, physical objects. His "diwan" includes a twenty-line poem comprising ten riddles, one of which runs:
Subsequent exponents included Samuel ibn Naghrillah (born 993), the sixth section of whose philosophical verse collection "Ben Mishlei" (literally 'son of Proverbs', but more idiomatically 'after Proverbs') presents a series of philosophically inclined riddles. The subjects of his riddles generally remained concrete — examples include the moon, pen and ink, a boat or fountain — but he began to introduce riddles on abstract themes such as God, wisdom, joy, and folly, with a didactic purpose.
Frequently, the word representing the solution was integrated into the end-rhyme of the poem, making the solution to the riddle the completion of a verse.
Samuel was followed by Moses ibn Ezra (born c. 1055×60), Judah Halevi (born c. 1075), Abraham ibn Ezra (born 1089×92) and Yehuda Alharizi (born 1165).
Judah is noted as the most prolific Hebrew riddler of his time, with a corpus of at least sixty-seven riddles, some of which survive in his own hand, and even in draft form. These are mostly short, monorhyme compositions on concrete subjects such as everyday artefacts, animals and plants, or a name or word. For example, he wrote:
(The answer is 'hand-mirror'.) However, his riddles also include a piece as long as 36 verses, to be solved both as 'pomegranate' and 'Granada'.
Meanwhile, Abraham is noted for maximising the use of riddles as a meditation on knowledge and the divine.
The Andalusian tradition extended to Italy from the twelfth century, beginning with the work of Yerahmiel Bar Shlomo. Immanuel the Roman wrote riddles, as did Israel Onceneyra.
Post-medieval.
In Hebrew-speaking Spain and Italy during around 1650-1850, a baroque sub-genre of the literary riddle called "ḥiddat hatsurah vehalo‘ez" (literally 'riddles of an emblem with foreign-language passages', known in English simply as 'emblem riddles') flourished. The genre was characterised by alluding to words in languages other than Hebrew ("lo‘ez") in order to provide clues to the solution. For example, one riddle includes the Hebrew phrase "Eh ko nistarti" ('I am hidden somewhere here'). The first two of these words sound the same as the Italian/Spanish word "eco" ('echo'), and 'echo' (Hebrew "hed") is indeed the solution to the poem. Each riddle would include an 'emblem' ("tsurah") near the opening in the form of an allusive picture, poem, or phrase, or a combination of these, after which the riddle proper would commence. Poems in this genre were occasional, composed in celebration of specific high-society events such as weddings and circumcisions. The topic of the riddle would often reflect the occasion and audience (with solutions such as 'wisdom' for a gathering of scholars, or 'love' at a wedding), and the riddle might make use of information about the people at the gathering in ways which would make little sense to a wider audience.
At the end of the Haggadah, there is also the Echad Mi Yodea, characterised by Joseph Jacobs as 'a curious riddle'.