
BACH motif

In music, the BACH motif is the motif, a succession of notes important or characteristic to a piece, "B flat, A, C, B natural". In German musical nomenclature, in which the note "B natural" is named "H" and the "B flat" named "B", it forms Johann Sebastian Bach's family name. One of the most frequently occurring examples of a musical cryptogram, the motif has been used by countless composers, especially after the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century.
Origin.
Johann Gottfried Walther's "Musicalisches Lexikon" (1732) contains the only biographical sketch of Johann Sebastian Bach published during the composer's lifetime. There the motif is mentioned thus:This reference work thus indicates Bach as the inventor of the motif.
Usage in compositions.
In a comprehensive study published in the catalogue for the 1985 exhibition "300 Jahre Johann Sebastian Bach" ("300 years of Johann Sebastian Bach") in Stuttgart, Germany, Ulrich Prinz lists 409 works by 330 composers from the 17th to the 20th century using the BACH motif. A similar list is available in Malcolm Boyd's volume on Bach: it also contains some 400 works.
Johann Sebastian Bach.
Johann Sebastian Bach used the motif in a number of works, most famously as a fugue subject in the last "Contrapunctus" of "The Art of Fugue". The motif also appears in other pieces. Later commentators wrote: "The figure occurs so often in Bach's bass lines that it cannot have been accidental."
Instances of B-A-C-H appearing in Johann Sebastian Bach's compositions and arrangements:
Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht goes as far as to reconstruct Bach's putative intentions as an expression of Lutheran thought, imagining Bach to be saying, "I am identified with the tonic and it is my desire to reach it ... Like you I am human. I am in need of salvation; I am certain in the hope of salvation, and have been saved by grace," through his use of the motif rather than a standard changing tone figure (B-A-C-B) in the final measures of the fourth fugue of "The Art of Fugue".
Other composers.
The motif was used as a fugue subject by Bach's son Johann Christian, and by his pupil Johann Ludwig Krebs. It also appears in a work by Georg Philipp Telemann.
The motif's wide popularity came only after the start of the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century. A few mid-19th century works that feature the motif prominently are:
Composers found that the motif could be easily incorporated not only into the advanced harmonic writing of the 19th century, but also into the totally chromatic idiom of the Second Viennese School; so it was used by Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and their disciples and followers. A few 20th-century works that feature the motif prominently are:
In the 21st century, composers continue writing works using the motif, frequently in homage to Johann Sebastian Bach.