Phytochemical and infra-radiation test of Mangkokan leaf (Nothophanax scutellarum merr.)

Mangkokan (Nothophanax scutellarium merr.) is an ornamental plant that can be used to treat disease. Generally, the leaves are used as a lactant, diuretic or medicine to treat breast inflammation, swelling, hair loss, fever, headaches and constipation. The research objective was to identify the active compound content via Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) in Mangkokan leaf extract. This study used n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol as solvents. The yield was 2.4% with 2.4 g n-hexane extract, a yield of 3.39% with 3.39 g of ethyl acetate extract, a yield of 17.39% with 17.39 g of methanol extract, and a yield of 19.55% with 19.55 g ethanol extract. The secondary metabolite test obtained positive n-hexane extract results containing steroids, positive ethyl acetate extract containing alkaloids (using Dragendorff’s, Mayer’s and Wagner’s reagents), steroids and phenols. In contrast, methanol and ethanol extracts had the same content, namely alkaloids (confirmed via Dragendorff’s, Mayer’s and Wagner’s reagents), flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols and saponins. FTIR analyzed fuctional groups for each extract through radiation at different wavelengths.


Introduction
Nothophanax scutellarium merr. known as Mangkokan is a shrub with ornamental functions that belongs to the Araliaceae family [1], [2]. The roots and leaves of Mangkokan plants are used for medicine. The leaves act as a diuretic and lactant that can also treat breast inflammation, swelling and hair loss [1]- [3], fever, headaches [4], and constipation [5]. Population in Indonesia also use Mangkokan leaves for cooking as a curry with coconut milk or as fresh vegetable dish. The chemical content of Mangkokan leaves includes alkaloids, coumarin, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenols [1], [6]. There are still few people who know the medical uses of these decorative plants,  Magnesium powder was added to the extract solution, followed by 3-4 drops of concentrated HCl. The formation of red or orange color indicated the presence of flavonoids [6]. 3. Identification of steroid compounds 10 ml of chloroform were added to 2 ml of extract solution, followed by 1 ml of anhydrous acetic acid and 2-3 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Green discoloration indicated the presence of steroids [7], [8].

Identification of triterpenoid compounds
Identification for triterpenoids followed the procedure for steroid testing. The appearance of red or purple discoloration indicated the presence of triterpenoids [7], [8].

Identification of tannin compounds
A 1% gelatin solution containing NaCl was added to the extract. The formation of a white precipitate indicated the presence of tannins [7], [8].

Identification of phenol compounds
The extract was dissolved with a few drops of FeCl3 solution. The formation of a bluish-black colour indicated the presence of phenol [6]. 7. Identification of saponin compounds 9 ml of distilled water was added to 1 ml of extract and shaken vigorously for 15 seconds. The presence of saponins was indicated by retaining the resulting foam for ten minutes [7], [8].

FTIR test.
Fourier Transform-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical method used to analyze organic and inorganic compounds' chemical structure. This is achieved by analyzing the resulting spectra according to the peaks formed by a functional group, as these compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region [9].

Extract yield calculation
The yield value of Mangkokan leaves extract was calculated, indicating the lowest yield (2.4%) was obtained from n-hexane extract with an extract weight of 2.4 g. The highest yield value(19.55%) was ethanol extract at an extract weight of 19.55 g, illustrated in Table 1. Note: 100 g dried simplicia of Mangkokan leaves (% extract = weight of extract / weight of sample)x100).

Phytochemical test
As seen in Table 2, the results showed that n-hexane extract contained steroids. Furthermore, positive ethyl acetate extract using Dragendorff's reagent, Mayer's and Wagner's indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids and phenols. Positive methanol and ethanol extracts using Dragendorff's, Mayer's and Wagner's reagent contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols, and saponins.

FTIR test
As shown in Figure 3 and Table 3. FTIR data of a fraction of Mangkokan leaves n-hexane extract showed uptake in the 3762.32 cm -1 area with a broadband, indicating OH and NH groups' presence in the fraction. OH and NH groups produce a broad absorption peak in the area 3800-2700 cm -1 . Also, there is a sharp band with strong intensity in the area of 2966.65 cm -1 , which indicated an aromatic CH group in the absorption area range (-3030 cm -1 ). Additionally, the alkane (CH) group is also found in the 2873.09 cm -1 band. In the 1757.    As shown in Figure 4 and Table 4. FTIR spectrum data of ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of phenol groups, supported by the presence of OH groups in the widening absorption band at the wavenumbers 3297.45 cm -1 , 3638.87cm -1 , and 3762.32 cm -1 . At wave numbers 2872.13 cm -1 and 2872.13 cm -1 a sharp band shape indicates the presence of an alkane group in the form of CH, while at wavenumbers 2029.20 cm -1 , 2146.86 cm -1 , 2258.74 cm -1 and 2382.19 cm -1 a sharp absorption band indicates the presence of C = O ester compound. There is also a C = C alkene group with a sharp band absorption at wave number 1761.08 cm -1 and a taper absorption band at wave number 1643.42 cm -1 . Additionally, there is an aromatic group, nitro aromatic C-NO2 shown at 1407.13 cm -1 , 1476.57 cm -1 , and 1568.19 cm -1 . The C-O-C ether group shows absorption in a sharp band at wavenumber 1192.06 cm -1 , while the wave numbers 1085.97 cm -1 and 1253.78 cm -1 show a sharp absorption band. Wave numbers 621.11 cm -1 , 745.52 cm -1 , 796.64 cm -1 , and 849.68 cm -1 indicate aliphatic C-H groups' presence.