The Ability of Fruit Fly Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) Attack Different Age and Variety of Chili Pepper

Fruit fly Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephtitidae) is the very important pest attacks many crop including chili pepper. The amount of injury to chili pepper caused by Bactrocera spp. depends on age and variety of plant. The purpose of research is to study the attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. to different age and variety of chili pepper. The research was conducted in the Teaching Farm and Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar at planting season from February to June. The sample of chili pepper fruit attacked by Bactrocera spp. was collected from different plant variety at farm, then counting their injury. After counting, the fruit samples rearing in the laboratory to observation sex ratio of the fruit flies. Based observation the age of plant, the result was showed the highest attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. in the 92 days after planting at Laris variety (16.38%), Dewata F1 (11.75%) and Cakra Putih (10.10%), respectively. The lowest result was presented at TM Rawit about 6.64%. The total number attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. in the planting season from February to June was showed in Laris (22.17%), Dewata F1 (16.94%) and Sret (10.43%), respectively. The conclusion of research: the resistant variety of chili pepper to Bactrocera spp. is TM Rawit, then susceptible variety is Laris and Dewata F1. This is very useful information to farmers in management of chili pepper on the field.


INTRODUCTION
Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is the important agricultural commodity with high value and popular spicy plant around the world. Chili pepper as the main ingredient of sambal (hot spicy sauce) and all of the activities related to food. South Sulawesi has two important center of vegetables in Malino and Baroko, including chili pepper. The total production chili pepper from three Regencies in South Sulawesi: Gowa (4.410 tonnes), Takalar (2.272 tonnes) and Jeneponto (2.046 tonnes), respectively [1].
Fruit fly Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephtitidae) is the very important pest in Indonesia. Besides chili pepper, the dipterous destructive pest are attack a wide range of fruit and vegetables. The amount injury of chili pepper in South Sulawesi caused by Bactrocera spp. [2] depend on age and variety of plant [3]. The female of Bactrocera spp. playing important roles. It is the main source of laying eggs and sustainability of their offspring in nature. In general, female fruit flies need more nutrition than males. The protein source is used to mature sexually and development of their eggs [4,5]. Larvae inside the fruit of chili pepper causing quantitative and qualitative losses [6]. In the similar research, [7] reported that commonly fruit fly develops more quickly during warmer temperatures in the tropical areas than winter or less warm temperature.
Many methods available to control the population of Bactrocera spp., however farmers used pesticides as effective treatment control presence of the fruit fly. The one alternatives used plant variety inhibit development larvae of Bactrocera spp. According to research of [8] reported that the dipterous pest, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) prefer infested Capsicum annuum than C. frutescens in dry and rainy season. In contrast, the relationship between depths of cuticle cracks on fruits and number of eggs laid showed a positive correlation. The strong correlation was showed between number of larvae and percentage fruit loss. In the another findings, [9,10] reported control of Bactrocera spp. used baits in guava and mango. The food baits containing guava pulp with ammonium acetate in guava (5.59 total fruit flies/trap/week) and casein with ammonium acetate, mango pulp and proteinex mixed 5% acetic acid is the best treatment in mango (4.63 total fruit flies/trap/week). Commonly another methods control of Bactrocera spp. used natural enemies of fruit fly, Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), egg-pupal parasitoid [11]. The purpose of research is to study the attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. to different age and variety of chili pepper.

Time and place of research
The research activities were held in February through June 2017 at The Agricultural Teaching Farm and Pests Laboratory, Department of Plant Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar.

Planting preparation
The 14 th days after planting of old chili pepper seedling variety TM Rawit were planted used planting space of 120 cm between rows and 75 cm within a row. A similar treatment used for another variety of chili pepper i. e: Laris, Bara, Sret, Cakra Putih and Dewata F1. The plant maintenance was performed by following the locally recommended practices [12].

Sample collection of fruit fly Bactrocera spp.
There were 24 treatment combinations tested in this experiment and arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design used four replicates. When the plants started blooming (about 71 days after planting) started collected total 50 chili pepper fruit samples from 5 plants in every varieties. The fruit sample collection contain characteristic symptom of fruit fly. The interval of observation and collected sampel was 7 days. The chili pepper contain fruit fly was reared in the plastic jar in the laboratory. The observation of larvae intencity based plant ages attack from the every variety were recorded.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The presence of Bactrocera spp. in the field caused yield loss up to 100% in the dry condition and absence of any control measures [5]. Based observation the age of plant, the result was showed the highest attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. in the 92 days after planting at Laris variety (16.38%), Dewata F1 (11.75%) and Cakra Putih (10.10%), respectively. The lowest result of average number of intensity attacked by Bactrocera spp. was presented at TM Rawit about 6.64% (Figure 1).
The commonly methods control presence of Bactrocera spp. used sticky trap and resistant variety of chilli pepper. Based the Figure 1, in 71 days after planting, the highest number of intensity attack showed at Laris variety (35.5%). In the similar age, the lowest result was showed at TM Rawit (9.38%). In the development of fruit, plant resulting some fitohormon in the process to be mature. The deposit eggs to be larvae of fruit fly caused damage of development cell. Sometimes find more contamination from secondary pathogen infested. Related to plant activities, [8] state that ethylene on fruit increase many abscising organs prior to abscission and feeding activities of dipterous larvae inside the fruit. Larvae activities caused injury and common problem in the post handling of vegetable products.
The varieties of chilli pepper related to the total attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. was showed in Figure 2.

Figure 2 The Varieties of Chilli Pepper Related to
The Total Attack Intensity of Bactrocera spp.
Based on Figure 2, the total number attack intensity of Bactrocera spp. in the planting season from February until June was showed in Laris (22.17%), Dewata F1 (16.94%) and Sret (10.43%), respectively. The lowest number chilli pepper attacked by Bactrocera spp. is TM Rawit (7.29%). Findings of research showed the resistant variety of chili pepper to Bactrocera spp. is TM Rawit, then susceptible variety is Laris and Dewata F1. Related to the research of fruit fly, [13]  impact on variety or season to the proportion of fruits attacked by B. latifron per infested fruit. In contrast, the number of dead larvae per infested fruit of the variety was significantly higher. The finding of an interesting phenomenon in research, some of collected larvae infected by Fopius arisanus, an egg-pupal parasitoid family Braconidae order Hymenoptera. Besides Opius sp., F. arisanus can manage in control of Bactrocera spp. larvae in crop [2]. The natural enemies especially predator and parasitoid very easy kill by pesticide application. Lost of biocontrol agents as unadvantages for agricultural sustainability because they are important component in nature [14,15]. The management habitat by preparing some flowering weeds will improve the number of beneficial insects around the field. The presence natural enemies in control pest in the field will reduce pesticides application and increasing the safe food for consumers. In the future, need more monitoring activities and identify the species of fruit fly from different variety.

CONCLUSION
The conclusion of research: the resistant variety of chili pepper to Bactrocera spp. is TM Rawit, then susceptible variety is Laris and Dewata F1. This is very useful information to farmers in the management of chili pepper on the field.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to say thank you very much to Arman Jamaluddin and his farmer for more help collected data in chili pepper field.