Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Wheel Operated Sprayer

Plant protection equipment plays a significant role in agricultural field to the productivity of a several crops. Agricultural pests, which include organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, mites, nematodes, weeds and grain-eating birds, that live on and/or compete with plants determine, to a varying degree, if crops can be grown economically in certain situations. Usually agricultural pests inflict considerable damage to crops and represent a significant production constraint. Effective plant protection thus becomes essential to minimize the losses caused and to ensure that full benefit is drawn from other production inputs (Wolman and Fournier, 1987). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Introduction
Plant protection equipment plays a significant role in agricultural field to the productivity of a several crops. Agricultural pests, which include organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, mites, nematodes, weeds and grain-eating birds, that live on and/or compete with plants determine, to a varying degree, if crops can be grown economically in certain situations. Usually agricultural pests inflict considerable damage to crops and represent a significant production constraint. Effective plant protection thus becomes essential to minimize the losses caused and to ensure that full benefit is drawn from other production inputs (Wolman and Fournier, 1987).

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Now day's scarcity of labour is creating problem during agricultural operation because in agriculture more labour is required. Pests and weed problems, in crop production are serious both in rain fed and irrigated farms in Chhattisgarh. Farmers are forced to spray insecticides, pesticides and herbicides frequently using manually operated machines, This becomes time consuming poor in application uniformity, laborious, costly and human fatigue is major concern, these problems can be overcome by using manually wheel operated sprayer The objectives of this research saw to manufacture and evaluate wheel operated sprayer. The sprayer was tested both in laboratory and field for the uniformity of application, discharge rate, field capacity and field efficiency and had achieved an application rate of 639.09 l/ha, with coefficient of variation (CV %) of 2.50% among the nozzles discharge rate, effective field capacity of 0.075 ha/hr., theoretical field capacity of 0.126 ha/hr. and field efficiency of 56%. Based on the performance result the newly developed sprayer can cover one hectare of land within about an hour with a better spray uniformity.
Chemical application has been very successful in pest control but must be handled properly, applied in rationed proportions and spray effectively. Specialized equipment is thus essential for chemical application is the only fully mechanized farming operation. Machines previously developed for chemical application include the knapsack sprayers, the ultra-low volume sprayers and tractor boom sprayers (Liu, 2008).
The wheel is attached to sprocket and the wheel is attached to gear and that sprocket and gear is joined by chain. That assembly is mounted on frame. By push the cycle that pushing pressure developed by rotated wheels. Then the rotation of wheel joined sprocket will be rotated. As well as gear it will be rotate by the assembly of attaching the chain. The gear is attached to wheel so wheel will be rotated by pushing the operator. in this machine four bar mechanism is applied to convert the rotary motion of chain sprocket into reciprocating action for piston to developed pressure inside of air pump used in spray tank therefore this developed pressure release in the form of water vapor through sprayer boom in this sprayer there are three nozzle used and also provide boom frame for adjust the height and width of nozzle according to requirement of crops I have proposed a wheel driven sprayer, it is a portable device and no need of any fuel to operate, which is easy to move and sprays the pesticide by moving the wheel.

Materials and Methods
Indian farmers use traditional method, there is large scope for development in agricultural sector. In traditional method weeding process are done by the bull which become costly for farmers having small farming land its time consuming and requires separate setup. The spraying is traditionally done by backpack spryer with labor which requires more human effort, it cover small area, time consuming and low storage capacity. Therefore to overcome above problems, we have design and develop the flexible equipment which will be beneficial to the medium and small scale farmer for the weeding and spraying operations.
Looking to the problem of manual weeding and backload sprayer the current study is planted to remove the backpack and foot spraying techniques, eliminate the human efforts, to decrease labour cost by advancing the spraying method and constant flow of droplets

Design of frame (Deshpande, 2017)
Length of frame = Centre distance between two sprocket + width of tank + excess

Design of slider crank mechanism
Crank mechanism. A linear motion, back and forth, is transferred to a circular motion or vice versa. A rod is connected to a rotational crank, by moving the rod a circular motion is created. Alternatively, turning the rotational crank creates a linear motion. Crank, AB = 15.1 cm Connecting Rod, BC1 = 10.8 cm

Determination of dimensions in the slider cranks mechanism
According to Grashof's law for a four bar mechanism, the sum of the shortest and longest link lengths should not be greater than the sum of the remaining two link lengths if there is to be Continuous relative

Selection of bearing
The roller contact consist of four part inner and outer faces a rolling element like ball, roller or needle and cage with hold the rolling element together and space them evenly around periphery

Selection of knapsack sprayer
In manufacturing the sprayer a standard 16 litter knapsack sprayer were dismantled and the tank with piston pump integration is used

Selection of shaft
A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or cardan shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or need to allow for relative movement between them.

Selection of nozzle
The spray angle does not hold for long spray distances. As illustrated in the figure below, the spray angle tends to collapse or diverge as you move away from the orifice. Theoretical coverage of spray patterns at various distances from the nozzle orifice is listed below.

Sprayer boom's pipe
The boom is made of steel square pipe whose length is 90 cm, outside length is 30 mm and inside diameter is 28 mm. That means, distances between nozzles to nozzle is maintained by 30 cm. It has three pieces, each of them 15 cm long, which are connected with nozzle holders. Both sides of each pipe are a taper with a ring.

Design and development of the frame for holding the sprayer boom
A frame is made of MS bar. It is 100 cm long. This frame is fixed at the front of the implement main frame A holder is made on the bar rod is adjustable to distanced of nozzle to cover the crop as a required

Design and development of a frame for fixing the tank
A frame is made of MS flat bar (2 cm x 0.3 cm) for fixing the tank with the main frame at the rear side. It is made to make a provision to set tank at the frame .The tank will be attached at the rear of the main frame to support the front and back of the tank during Spraying row vegetable crops, The field tests were conducted at 15 days of crop age with height of plants ranging from 5-10 cm. The different performances of sprayer test like speed of travel, field capacity, power requirement and performance index was calculated.

Performance test
The following observations were taken during the field test.

Speed of operation
Speed of operation of wheel operated sprayer cum weeder was measured the time required to cover 8m distance. By recording speed was calculated by using following formula. (RNAM procedure)

Power requirement
Calculation of power is needed to determine the efficient use of man power. A man can produce power equal to 0.05 to 0.1 hp operated for day long work. It was the power requirement to the implement by the man with average pushing force and speed. It was calculated by using the following formula (Michael and Ojha, 1966

Nozzle discharge rate
Nozzle discharge test was done to evaluate the amount of liquid discharge from each nozzle and to check the variation between the discharge rates of each nozzle within 5 m intervals in each 5 m interval the time taken and discharge data was collected and recorded for each nozzle by tying a plastic bag on each nozzle. After each 5 m interval the sprayer were stopped,

Spray overlap
The overlap is defined as the width covered by two adjacent nozzles divided by the width covered by a single nozzle, expressed in present. It mainly affects spray pattern of the sprayer it depends on the boom height and nozzle spacing below fig. Shown some parameter were taken during testing,

Results and Discussion
The wheel operated sprayer is easy to operate due to cycle wheel as its ground wheel and The developed wheel operated sprayer used for line sown upland crops and vegetable crops, as row spacing can be adjusted. As far as physiological aspect is concern it is light in weight i.e. 30 kg and its handle height and angle of operation can be adjusted as per operator requirement.

Discharge of sprayer
During the discharge rate test in 15m with 5m interval of individual nozzle, the average nozzles discharge varies from 8.83 to 8.45 ml s -1 , 11.63 to11.38 ml s -1 and 12.43 to 12.15ml s -1 , with the average discharge of 8.63 ml s -1 , 11.54 ml s -1 and 12.33 ml s -1 at the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd 5m intervals respectively at a bar pressure of 1.8 bars. The coefficient of variation for the average of nozzle discharges was 0.01089 per cent, in 1 st 5m, 2 nd 5m and 3 rd 5m respectively, which showed that the variation in discharges of the nozzle was below acceptable variation of 10per cent as per the recommendation (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

Spray overlap
During the spray overlap test in the average per cent overlap between the nozzles varies from 15.6 per cent to 15.7 at boom height of 30cm and nozzle spacing of 30 cm. which showed that the variation in overlap of the nozzle was within the range of 15 -50 per cent. The coefficient of variation (CV per cent) of percentage overlap between the nozzles were 0.02per cent which shows very small variability of overlap between consecutive adjacent nozzles. These mean that the uniformity and coverage of the spray was good.

Discharge rate of sprayer in field
The field size, test duration, spray pressure, swath, discharge, speed of operation, field capacity and other relevant information were taken. The average discharge rate varies from 10.51to10.68ml s -1 with the average discharge of 10.55ml s -1 it was observed that at an operating pressure of 1.8 bars at the forward speed of 1.4 km h -1 .

Speed of travel of wheel operated sprayer
The test was conducted by selecting a distance of 10 m and time for travel this distance was noted. Readings of travel speed were recorded and average speed of travel was calculated and presented in Table 4:

Field capacity of wheel operated sprayer
The average travelling speed was found to be 28.2 m/min. The field capacity was measured by selecting plots of size 10x 10 m and observations were recorded while operating the sprayer in these plots (Table 5).

Conclusion
Based on result above the sprayer has managed to maintain an average nozzle pressure of 1.8 bars during both the field and laboratory test at an average speed of 1.4km/hr. The average nozzles discharge rate variation along travel distance reduced and attained an optimum discharge rate the nozzles 30 m distance.
The prayer is manufactured with tank capacity of 16 litters, a full tank can cover an area of 0.075 ha, which needs a refilling of 14 times to cover one hectare with an application rate of 638.09 l/ha, an average discharge rate 10.55ml/sec. effective field capacity of 0.075 ha/hr., it also has a good uniformity of coverage with an average percentage overlap of 15.7%.
The sprayer forward speed and spray application are synchronized, so that once the sprayer attained the optimal uniform discharge along all the nozzles it will maintain its uniformity till the next tank filling. Moreover the sprayer applies the pesticide at about 3m away from the operator, which minimized the chances of exposure of chemical to the operator and alleviates carrying the chemical tank at the back of the operator's shoulder.