Chemistry Medicine
Chemistry,1970-2014-Chemistry-2006.jsonl.gz.gz
Chemistry
ffca21709298274b7e7c947b980cb59099aff2f2
Full Paper Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Molybdenum and Tungsten Tetracarbonyl Complexes with a Pyrazolylpyridine Ligand.

We report the one-step syntheses in good yields of the complexes cis-[M(CO)4(pzpy)] {M = Mo, W; pzpy = ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate} directly from the corresponding M(CO)6 starting materials by using microwave-assisted heating and reaction times of either 30 s (M = Mo) or 15 min (M = W). The structure of the molybdenum tetracarbonyl complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound is monomeric and the molybdenum atom has a highly distorted octahedral geometry. The close packing of the individual cis-[Mo(CO)4(pzpy)] species is essentially driven by the need to fill the space effectively, closely mediated by weak C-H-O and pi-pi interactions.


Introduction
Transition metal carbonyl compounds continue to be investigated for applications in various fields, particularly catalysis [1][2][3][4], non-linear optics [5][6][7] and medicine [8][9][10]. The complexes may be homoleptic, such as molybdenum hexacarbonyl [Mo(CO) 6 ], or may contain a combination of ligands, such as [Re(CO) 3 (2,2'-bipyridine)Cl]. They have been investigated as anti-cancer agents [11], biological tracer agents [12,13] and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules [14]. Several catalytic applications are also known. For example, [Mo(CO) 6 ] is used as a precursor to a Mo VI catalyst in the commercial process for the epoxidation of propylene by tert-butyl hydroperoxide [15]. Tetracarbonyl metal complexes of the type cis-[M(CO) 4 (L) n ] (M = Cr, Mo, W or Re), bearing monodentate or bidentate organic donor ligands (L), are also potentially interesting as catalyst precursors [2]. These compounds are usually prepared directly from the parent homoleptic metal carbonyls (by thermal or photochemical activation) or by treating cis-[M(CO) 4 (pip) 2 ] (pip = piperidine) with a refluxing solution of the ligand L in an organic solvent. Hogarth and co-workers showed that the important synthon, cis-[Mo(CO) 4 (pip) 2 ], could be prepared in 80-90% yield over 30-40 min by microwaveassisted reflux (in comparison with the 4 h required by conventional reflux) [16]. It was subsequently reported that the microwave-assisted synthesis (MAS) of various compounds of the type [M(CO) 4 (L) n ], using either an open reflux system or a sealed teflon-lined autoclave, results in a reduction in reaction times and an increase in yields over previously published syntheses [17,18]. The rate enhancement results from the coupling of solvents with high dielectric loss tangents with the microwave's irradiation, resulting in super-heating, thereby leading directly to reaction acceleration. Despite these promising results, the potential use of microwave-accelerated syntheses of organometallic compounds has hardly been explored, especially when compared with work in organic synthesis using this method [19]. In the present work, we report the MAS of tetracarbonyl complexes of molybdenum and tungsten with a pyrazolylpyridine ligand. The crystal structure of the Mo complex is described. We are particularly interested in the coordination chemistry of pyrazolylpyridine ligands because their complexes often possess excellent catalytic or photophysical properties [20,21].

Results and Discussion
The treatment of cis-[Mo(CO) 4 (pip) 2 ] with the ligand ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate (pzpy) in toluene at 50 ºC for 3 h was reported to give the complex cis-[Mo(CO) 4 (pzpy)] (1) in 80% yield [22]. We found that the same compound could be obtained directly from Mo(CO) 6 in 63% yield by microwave-assisted heating (using a power of 300 W) of a mixture of the hexacarbonyl and pzpy in diglyme and toluene at 180 ºC for 30 s. The corresponding tungsten tetracarbonyl complex, cis-[W(CO) 4 (pzpy)] (2), was obtained in 85% yield by MAS at 180 ºC for 15 min, using a power of 600 W. A slightly longer reaction time was required for the formation of the tungsten complex due to the lower reactivity of W(CO) 6 [23]. The IR spectra of 1 and 2 show four active ν(C≡O) normal modes in the 1810-2015 cm -1 range, typical of cis-[M(CO) 4 L] molecules. A further band is observed at 1750 cm -1 for the CO group of the pzpy ligand. The complexes were also characterized by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy (see Experimental section for details).
Compound 1 crystallizes in the space group P2 1 /c and the structure is composed of a single crystallographically unique molybdenum complex with the metallic centre being coordinated to four carbonyl groups and a bidentate N,N-chelating pzpy residue (Figure 1), giving a coordination geometry that resembles a highly distorted octahedron, {MoC 4 N 2 }. The substantial deformation arises, in part, from the markedly distinct Mo-C and Mo-N bond distances [found in the 1.954(4)-2.050(4) and 2.248(3)-2.275(3) Å ranges, respectively -see Table 1]. These values lie within the known ranges for related compounds, as revealed by searches in the CSD: For Mo-C≡O (from 3194 entries), the bond length range is 1.48-2.37 Å with a median of 1.98 Å; for Mo-(N,N) chelate (from 529 entries), the bond length range is 1.92-2.64 Å with a median of 2.24 Å. A significant angular dispersion for the cis [71.63(9)-103.15 (11)º] and trans [167.24(12)-170.12 (14)º] octahedral angles is also registered. These distortions are in close agreement with those observed in related compounds as they essentially arise from the N,N-chelating nature of the pzpy residue. In fact, the most acute cis angle corresponds directly to the bite angle which is usually found in the range of 65.8-88.6º (529 entries; median 74.7º). The bite angle for 1 is in perfect agreement with the average value of 71.6º for the two structures reported by Thiel and co-workers [22,49].
The two N-donor atoms and the two carbonyl groups which make up the equatorial pseudo-plane of the {MoC 4 N 2 } octahedron are not all located on the same geometrical plane. Indeed, the carbonyl group containing C(3) is slightly above (by about 2.2º) the plane made by N(1)-N(2)-C(2). Even within the ligand pzpy, planarity is not maintained upon coordination to Mo and a dihedral angle of about 5.8º is observed between the two rings. This distortion was also reported by Thiel and co-workers [22], but only for the compound with an ethyl acetate substituent at N(3) [this compound also had a ferrocenyl substituent on the pyrazole ring]. Consequently, it is reasonable to assume that the increased flexibility of this substituent leads to a significant steric hindrance during the close packing stage, which may be partially compensated by twisting the pyridine and the pyrazole rings out of co-planarity. The angle between the two coordinated carbonyl groups forming this equatorial plane, C(3)-Mo(1)-C(2), is close to ideal and this indicates that the weak C-H···O hydrogen bonding interactions involving these groups (see below) have a radial geometry, thus not significantly compressing this section of the {MoC 4 N 2 } octahedron.
The two mutually trans-coordinated carbonyl groups containing C(1) and C(4) are bent away from the chelating pyrazolylpyridine ligand to give a C(1)-Mo(1)-C(4) bond angle of 170.12 (14)º and the long Mo-C bonds mentioned above (Table 1). This crowding feature follows the trends reported for related complexes with, for example, the corresponding inter-moiety angle usually being found in the range of 160.7-174.5º (from 52 entries in the CSD with a median of 169.2º). Moreover, the trans Mo-C≡O groups are markedly non-linear, with ∠[Mo (1) 179.6(3)º, respectively. These distortions are common for tetracarbonyl molybdenum complexes and are probably driven mainly by the need to minimise steric repulsion between the trans-coordinated carbonyl groups and the bulky chelating organic ligand.
Since the complex cis-[Mo(CO) 4 (pzpy)] does not contain any hydrogen atoms attached to either oxygen or nitrogen, which could promote the occurrence of strong hydrogen bonds, the close packing of these individual species is essentially driven by the need to effectively fill the space, closely mediated by weak C-H···O and π···π interactions. The relatively long linear conformation and high degree of flexibility (markedly evident from the thermal displacement ellipsoids depicted in Figure 1 (Table 2), thus leading to a hydrogen bonding motif best described by the R 2 2 (13) graph set ( Figure 2a) [50]. This pattern of weak hydrogen bonds is recursive along the [010] crystallographic direction and leads to what Bernstein and co-workers described as a "chain of rings" [50]. Indeed, the shortest repetitive chain motif composed of the same types of hydrogen bonds [in this case, C(13)-H(13A)···O (2)] is that highlighted in green in Figure 2a, topologically described as C 2 2 (14). According to Bernstein, the complete notation for this "chain of rings" would be      4 (pzpy)] complexes belonging to different, but adjacent, onedimensional supramolecular tapes (represented with white-and black-filled bonds for each tape). Hydrogen atoms which are not involved in C-H···O hydrogen bonding interactions and all symmetry codes related to symmetrygenerated atoms have been omitted for clarity.
The crystal packing of 1 is not mediated only by the C-H···O hydrogen bonding interactions described above. In order for the ethyl acetate groups to be structurally positioned to maximise those weak C-H···O contacts, the 2-(3-pyrazolyl)pyridine residues have to be structurally located on top of each other, slightly offset packed via a series of weak π···π contacts, as emphasised in Figure 4. Hence, the crystal structure of 1 is ultimately formed when columnar arrangements of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular tapes are packed in a parallel fashion along the [001] direction via π···π interactions, with an average interplanar distance of about 3.5 Å.  6 starting materials by using microwave-assisted heating in a closed system. The yields are comparable with those achievable by the traditional preparation routes. In addition to the short reaction times, the microwave-assisted synthesis of these compounds requires relatively small quantities of solvents and it is not necessary to use an inert atmosphere. A slightly longer reaction time was required for the formation of the tungsten complex due to the lower reactivity of W(CO) 6 . The molybdenum complex, cis-[Mo(CO) 4 (pzpy)], crystallizes in the space group P2 1 /c and the structure is composed of a single crystallographically unique complex with the metallic centre being coordinated to four carbonyl groups and a bidentate N,N-chelating pzpy residue, giving a coordination geometry that resembles a highly distorted octahedron, {MoC 4 N 2 }. The substantial deformation arises from the markedly distinct Mo-C and Mo-N bond distances, a significant angular dispersion for the cis and trans octahedral angles, and the fact that the two N-donor atoms and the two carbonyl groups which make up the equatorial pseudo-plane of the {MoC 4

General
Mo(CO) 6 , W(CO) 6 and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) were obtained from Aldrich and Fluka, and used as received. Ethyl[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]acetate was prepared using the published procedure [51]. The microwave-assisted syntheses were conducted with a MARS5 microwave oven (CEM Corporation, USA) at 2.45 GHz and a Teflon vessel with a volume of 100 mL. The temperature was monitored with a fibre optic probe inserted inside the Teflon vessel. The vessels were locked onto a carrousel that rotates 360º clockwise and counter clockwise. The syntheses were carried out using powers of 300 W (ramp time 30 min) and 600 W (ramp time 45 min) for the molybdenum and tungsten complexes, respectively. Elemental analyses were performed on an Exeter Analytical CE 440 Elemental Analyser (University of Cambridge). IR spectra were obtained as KBr pellets using a Mattson-7000 FTIR spectrophotometer. 1 H and 13 C-NMR spectra were measured in solution using a Bruker Avance 500 Cryo ultrashield spectrometer (University of Cambridge). Chemical shifts are quoted in parts per million from tetramethylsilane.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
A suitable single-crystal of cis-[Mo(CO) 4 (pzpy)] (1) was mounted on a glass fibre using FOMBLIN Y perfluoropolyether vacuum oil (LVAC 25/6) purchased from Aldrich [52]. Data were collected at 180(2) K on a Nonius Kappa charge-coupled device area-detector diffractometer (Mo K α graphite-monochromated radiation, λ = 0.7107 Å), equipped with an Oxford Cryosystems cryostream and controlled by the Collect software package [53]. Images were processed using the software packages Denzo and Scalepack [54], and data were corrected for absorption by the empirical method employed in Sortav [55,56]. The structure was solved by the direct methods of SHELXS-97 [57] and refined by full-matrix least squares on F 2 using SHELXL-97 [58]. All non-hydrogen atoms were directly located from difference Fourier maps and refined with anisotropic displacement parameters.
Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon were located at their idealised positions using appropriate HFIX instructions in SHELXL [58] (43 for the aromatic, 23 and 137 for the -CH 2 and terminal -CH 3 groups, respectively), and included in subsequent least-squares refinement cycles in riding-motion approximation with isotropic thermal displacement parameters (U iso ) fixed at 1.2 or 1.5 (for the terminal -CH 3 groups) times U eq of the carbon atom to which they were attached.
Information concerning crystallographic data collection and structure refinement details is summarised in Table 3. The last difference Fourier map synthesis showed the highest peak (0.589 eÅ -3 ) located at 1.86 Å from C (14), and the deepest hole (-0.739 eÅ -3 ) at 0.28 Å from O(5).