Constraining the conformation of peptides with Au nanorods to construct multifunctional therapeutic agents with targeting, imaging, and photothermal abilities

We demonstrated an easy-to-use strategy, instead of the tedious cyclization of the peptide backbone, to constrain the freedom of an RGD (arginine, glycine, aspartic acid) sequence with gold nanorods. We further constructed a multifunctional therapeutic agent which showed targeting, application in two-photon photoluminescence imaging, and near-infrared photothermal ability, suggesting the potential of this novel strategy in the development of RGD-containing drugs for biomedical applications.

In drug discovery and development, it has been revealed that the conformation of peptides and peptidomimetics plays a predominant role in determining their biological properties and effects. Nonetheless, the conformational exibility of peptides is a conspicuous drawback, as it leaves peptides vulnerable to proteolytic degradation and other formidable obstacles and severe limitations for bioavailability. [1][2][3][4][5] Considering the critical role of conformation in molecular recognition, practical methodology has long been pursued to improve the bioactivity of natural peptides using conformational constraints, e.g. cyclizing the molecular backbone to stabilize biologically active conformations, constraining preferred conformations with natural/unnatural amino acids as rational substitutions, and introducing N-methyl groups to enhance the population of a single conformation that is essential for bioactivity. [6][7][8][9][10] These scanning methodologies make conformational control of peptides possible, but on the other hand, it is difficult to predict or rationalize the bioactivity/effect of even simple series/analogues, due to the non-additive and cooperative effects of cyclization, substitution and N-methylation.
Recently some novel solutions have been developed. For example, redox-switchable surfaces have been used to control the structures of peptides through electrochemistry. 11,12 A bifunctional chelating agent (BFCA) approach has also been established to constrain the conformation of peptides and mediate bioactivity, 13 while simultaneously introducing additional functions such as imaging, etc. [14][15][16][17] The difficulties of this strategy lie in that it has to be delicately designed with selected chelators and metal complexes for the purpose of matching the desired conformation to be constrained, as well as further providing additional functions such as photoluminescence/radioactivity that are benecial for biomedical and therapeutic applications. However, conventional imaging techniques are unable to full the urgent demands in early diagnosis, accurate staging, and imageguided cancer treatment, due to their low sensitivity and spec-icity, poor spatial resolution, low penetration, and/or use of harmful ionizing radiation. 18 Here, we presented an easy-to-use strategy to constrain the conformation of a peptide with gold nanorods (AuNRs) for further use in near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy (Scheme 1). With terminal-thiol RGD (arginine, glycine, aspartic acid) sequence containing peptides, LA-RGDK-LA (LA: lipoic acid) and CRGDC (C: cysteine), the AuNRs act as structural constrainers via Au-S interactions to bend the exible peptides and x the RGD sequence to a rigid conformation. Besides the role of conformation constrainers, the AuNRs can also confer other advantageous features, such as properties for two-photon photoluminescence (TPPL) imaging and photothermal therapy, with respect to biomedical applications. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] AuNRs (48.5 Â 15.5 nm) were prepared with a modied procedure from a previously reported seed-mediated growth method, and then modied with methoxy-PEG-thiol (mPEG-SH, MW ¼ 1000 Da) to obtain AuNR-PEG. Aer reduction of the disuldes in the peptides LA-RGDK, c(CRGDC), and LA-RGDK-LA, AuNR-PEG was added into the reduced peptide solutions for conjugation of the peptides with AuNRs, and thus peptide-modied gold nanorods AuNR-LA-RGDK, AuNR-c(CRGDC) and AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) were fabricated, respectively. Two sets of peptide-modied AuNRs were obtained, one set with the number of peptides per AuNR as 5000 : 1 ( Fig. 1A-C) and the other set with 20 000 protein molecules ( Fig. 1D-F) per AuNR. The zeta-potentials of the various AuNRs modied with peptides of different kinds and numbers were measured and are listed in Table 1. The zeta-potentials changed from negative to positive as the ratio of the numbers of peptide molecules per nanoparticle increased from 5000 : 1 to 20 000 : 1. As shown in Fig. 2, the prepared AuNRs showed two typical local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) bands, with transverse LSPR centred at 520 nm and longitude LSPR centred at 680 nm, respectively. Aer conjugation with various peptides, the LSPR bands of the two sets of AuNRs exhibited no signicant changes.
Integrin is a critical mediator and regulator in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, including tumour angiogenesis. Therefore, this means that integrin is a very promising therapeutic target and an excellent candidate for cancer therapy. [26][27][28] The recognition and mode of interaction between the integrin receptor and the RGD sequence is basic, and is the most predominant recognition motif involved in cell adhesion. Hence, the targeting efficiencies of AuNR-LA-RGDK, AuNRc(CRGDC), and AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) nanoparticles toward integrin were examined and compared through their cellular uptake by cancerous cells with different levels of integrin a V b 3 expression, A549 cells (high), HepG2 cells (medium) and MCF-7 cells (low) and doxorubicin resistant MCF-7/ADR cells (low) (the HepG2 cells were purchased from Keygen Biotec, and the MCF-7, MCF-7/ADR, and A549 cells were subcultured in our lab). Overall, the cellular uptake of the peptide-modied AuNRs was cell-line-dependent ( Fig. 3 and 4) and correlated with a V b 3 levels, indicating that cellular uptake occurs through receptormediated endocytosis via integrin receptors on the membrane. As listed in Table 1, the values of the zeta-potentials are comparable for each set of AuNRs, therefore, the effect of surface potential of the various AuNRs on the cellular uptake of     the nanoparticles could be rationally ignored, and integrin receptor-mediated endocytosis was thus the predominant way that the nanoparticles entered into the cells. For each cell line, the mean uorescence intensity (MFI) of intracellular AuNRc(LA-RGDK-LA) was the highest, and that of AuNR-LA-RGDK the lowest. In addition, no obvious difference between the MFI for MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR was observed, suggesting that this strategy is powerless in overcoming multidrug resistance. This result conrms the existence of the receptor-mediated endocytosis cellular uptake pathway, and the rigid conformation of the RGD sequence is a predominant factor in integrin a V b 3 -mediated endocytosis. With only one LA terminal of LA-RGDK xed on the Au surface, the exible conformation of the RGD sequence is retained, whereas for AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA), where two terminal LAs interact simultaneously with a single AuNR, the freedom of the RGD sequence is greatly restricted. Therefore, the conformation of LA-RGDK-LA is perturbed, and the restrictions imposed in the conjugation of the peptides with the AuNR surface makes the peptides adopt the specic rigid conformation that is required for the efficient binding to the RGD-sensitive receptor of integrin. The cellular uptake of peptide-modied AuNRs is timedependent. As the incubation time was prolonged from 0.5 h to 3 h, the MFI increased, implying increased cellular uptake ( Fig. 4 and S1-S8 in the ESI †). The ratio of peptides per AuNR also played an important role. When the ratio of peptides per AuNR was increased from 5000 to 20 000 molecules per AuNR, the most profound differences for cellular uptake of AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) and AuNR-LA-RGDK by A549 cell were amplied from 9.6-to 33.4-fold (Table S1 in ESI †). The cellular uptake results suggest that xing the RGD sequence via interaction of LA with the AuNR surface is benecial for bending the RGD sequence to a preferential rigid conformation for targeting the integrin receptor. This was further conrmed with the cellular uptake of RGDK, indicating the presence of the conformational constraint of the RGD sequence via interactions of the thiol groups of cysteine with the AuNRs surface. The targeting efficiency was different between AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) and AuNRc(CRGDC) groups, suggesting that other factors such as Au-S bond strength, peptide length, and variety of amino acids may also nely tune the conformation of the RGD sequence in the conjugation of the RGD-containing peptides with the AuNR surface, and therefore impose effects on the cellular uptake. With respect to this, it is necessary to further explore these effect and mechanisms in future work.
Further, the targeting efficiency of the RGD sequence was conrmed with a competition experiment by using A549 cells and the known ligand c(RGDyK) (Fig. 5 and Table S2 †). 28 Without the effective integrin ligand c(RGDyK) to interact with the integrin receptor on the membrane, AuNR-LA-RGDK, AuNRc(CRGDC), and AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) could enter into the cells via receptor mediated endocytosis, and thus the TPPL of the AuNRs could be observed (Fig. 5A1-C1). In contrast, the intracellular TPPL was almost invisible when the receptor was blocked by the ligand c(RGDyK) aer pre-incubation of the A549 cell with c(RGDyK) and thus the AuNR-LA-RGDK, AuNRc(CRGDC), and AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) could not be internalized by the cells.
To investigate hyperthermia effects, the temperature increase caused by the photothermal conversion of AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) was recorded (Fig. 6). Aer irradiation with a laser at 808 nm, of the cells which were pre-incubated with AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) for 3 h, the MCF-7 and HepG2 cell groups did not experience a signicant temperature increase, with a DT of only up to 3 C, due to the lower uptake of AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA). In contrast, the A549 group experienced a large degree of heat generation. This veries the high uptake of AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) and thereby the improved targeting ability toward the a V b 3 receptor. Thereaer, targeted photothermal treatment was   further explored with MTT assays. The cells were pre-incubated with AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) for 3 h and then treated with/without a laser. As shown in Fig. 7, the induced harm to the cells was insignicant without irradiation. If the laser was applied, the cell viability decreased remarkably, especially, for the A549 group, suggesting higher uptake by the A549 cell. The photothermal effects were further demonstrated with multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (Fig. 8). The A549 cells were rst incubated with AuNR-c(LA-RGDK-LA) for 3 h and then stained with propidium iodide (PI), which only enters into dead cells. To visualize the microbubble-induced destruction of the cells within the irradiated regions, time-resolved images were recorded to monitor how the cell responded to the microbubbles formed right aer laser irradiation ( Fig. 8 and video in ESI †). Aer irradiation, a contraction of the cellular volume was observed as a result of localized mechanical destruction caused by the microbubbles that formed. 29,30 Aer about 25 min of irradiation, the intracellular PI uorescence became stronger and stronger, but on the other hand, the cellular morphology gradually became irregular and the cells disintegrated to cellular debris.

Conclusions
In summary, we demonstrated a novel and easy-to-use strategy by anchoring RGD-containing peptides on AuNRs, and constraining the conformation to a preferential rigid one, to improve target ability. The strategy conveniently combines structural constraining of peptides with TPPL imaging and photothermal capabilities, which facilitates not only functional and intracellular characterization but also the biomedical application of potential peptide-based drugs, thus introducing a new tool for emerging demands in cancer therapy.

Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.