Salvianolic Acid B Attenuates Iopromide-Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway

Postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) is directly caused by the use of contrast, indicating a clear causal relationship between the contrast and the injury. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a water-soluble compound of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. We conducted a study to explore whether the protective effect of Sal B on iopromide-induced injury in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) is related to inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway. The results showed that 100 μmol/L Sal B counteracted the decrease in cell viability, the increase of ROS and the number of apoptotic cells, and the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) induced by iopromide. Molecular docking analysis showed that Sal B binds TLR4 and NLRP3 proteins. Moreover, 100 μmol/L Sal B also decreased the expression of TLR4, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, p-NF-κB, cleaved caspase-3, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 induced by iopromide. TAK-242, a TLR4 antagonist, was added to further explore the mechanism of Sal B. However, the cotreatment group with TAK-242 and Sal B had no significant difference in cell viability and apoptosis rate compared to the treatment group with TAK-242 or Sal B alone. These results indicated that Sal B can inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway, resulting in the alleviation of iopromide-induced HK-2 cell injury.


Introduction
With the widespread use of radiology and interventional therapy, acute kidney injury (AKI) after intravenous injection of iodinated contrast media has become a common complication after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with an incidence of 3-15% [1]. Although PC-AKI is usually transient and reversible, it remains a serious clinical problem due to its high incidence and associated outcomes [2]. However, there is currently no effective treatment for PC-AKI. e treatment is limited to hydration therapy and statins [3]. erefore, an in-depth study of the pathogenesis of PC-AKI and seeking more effective prevention and treatment measures are important to patients and clinical work.
Iopromide has been widely used in clinical practice as a new nonionic low-permeability contrast agent. e hypertonic environment produced by iopromide can cause changes in renal hemodynamics, increase the hydrostatic pressure, and reduce the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [4]. Iopromide can also exert direct cytotoxicity in vitro and induce apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by activating the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domainlike receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome [5].
e Toll-like receptor (TLR) family consists of highly conserved glycoprotein receptors that are parts of the body's natural immune system. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activates transcription factors, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through the MyD88-dependent pathway, which is also important for the activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, and costimulatory molecules [6]. NF-κB regulates the expression of proinflammatory factors, transcription factors, and other adhesion molecules, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induces inflammation by activating NF-κB or NF-κB kinase. Activation of TLR4 induces NF-κB signal transduction, resulting in increased expression of NLRP3, proinflammatory interleukin pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18. e NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly composed of NLRP3, adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain), and effector protein cysteine-aspartic acid protease 1 (Caspase-1) [7]. e exogenous stimuli or endogenous risk signals, the NLRP3 receptors, promote inflammasome formation, which leads to Caspase-1 activation. e activated Caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to mature and secrete them into extracellular cells, producing inflammatory responses [8]. e renal tubules of wild-type mice with iohexol-induced AKI were severely damaged, and their serum creatinine levels were significantly higher than that of nlrp3 -/and casp1 -/mice that indicate the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in iohexol-induced-AKI mice and alleviation of iohexol-induced kidney injury and apoptosis in nlrp3 -/and casp1 -/mice [9]. erefore, activation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway plays an important role in the contrast-induced renal tubular injury. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has a variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimyocardial ischemia, antitumor, and antiinflammatory, and has protective effects on the heart, brain, kidney, and other organs [10][11][12]. Sal B alleviated iohexolinduced renal injury by activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway [13]. In addition, Sal B reduced LPS-stimulated H9c2 cell injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway [14]. Our previous study also confirmed that Sal B can inhibit iopromide-induced human proximal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2) injury. However, the specific mechanism needs to be studied [15]. e TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway has been a research hotspot in recent years, but the mechanism of Sal B inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in PC-AKI has not been reported. erefore, in this study, we used iopromide to establish an in vitro model of PC-AKI and investigate the protective effect of Sal B to provide an experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of PC-AKI. en, 10% Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Japan) prepared in serum-free medium was added to each well (100 μL), followed by incubation at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 2 h. e absorbance of the cells was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader ( ermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole
Staining. HK-2 cells were seeded in a 6-well plate, grown to 90% confluency, and received indicated treatments for 3 h. e original medium was aspirated, and then 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining solution (1 μg/L; Sigma, USA) prepared in methanol (1 mL) was then added to each well, followed by incubation at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 20 min. e cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Gibco, USA) and visualized under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan) at ×400 magnification. e number of apoptotic cells was counted using the ImageJ software.

Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential.
HK-2 cells were seeded in a 6-well plate, grown to 90% confluency, and received indicated treatments for 3 h. en, en, the cells were washed three times with PBS, treated with Rh123 solution (100 μg/L; Sigma, USA) in serum-free DMEM, and incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 15 min. e cells were visualized under the fluorescence microscope at ×200 magnification.
HK-2 cells of the experimental group were inoculated in a 6.0 cm Petri dish, followed by administration of indicated treatments for 3 h (another Petri dish was used to inoculate the HK-2 cells of the blank/control group). e cells were washed three times with PBS, digested with trypsin (without EDTA), and then treated with Rh123 solution (100 μg/L) in serum-free DMEM, followed by incubation at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 15 min. Fluorescence was detected using flow cytometry (Partec, Germany) after resuspending 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine the cells in PBS and was analyzed using FCS Express software (version 4.0).

Examination of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species
Generation. HK-2 cells were seeded in a 6-well plate and received indicated treatments for 3 h when they reached 90% confluency. en the cells were washed with PBS three times, treated with 2′-7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) solution (100 μg/L; Sigma, USA) in serum-free DMEM, and incubated for 15 min. e cells were visualized under a fluorescence microscope at ×200 magnification.
HK-2 cells were inoculated in a 6.0 cm Petri dish, given the indicated treatments for 3 h. And then, the cells were washed with PBS three times, digested with trypsin, treated with 100 μg/L DCFH-DA solution in serum-free DMEM, and incubated in the dark for 15 min. Fluorescence was detected using flow cytometry after resuspending the cells in PBS and was analyzed using FCS Express software (version 4.0).

Detection of Apoptosis.
HK-2 cells were cultured in a 6.0 cm Petri dish, treated until they reached 90% confluency, and incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere. After washing three times with PBS and digesting by trypsin without EDTA, the cells were harvested and centrifuged at 1000 r/min for 3 min. e supernatant was then discarded, and 500 μL binding buffer was added to resuspend HK-2 cells. e cells were treated with 5 μL of FITC-Annexin V at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 10 min. en 5 μL of propidium iodide (PI) (KeyGEN Biotech, Nanjing) was added to the mixture, and the cells were stained for 5 min. PBS (3 mL) was then added to each group. Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry and analyzed using FCS Express software (version 4.0).

Molecular Docking.
Possible targets and pathways of Sal B were detected using molecular docking. TLR4 (PDB ID: 3FXI) and NLRP3 (PDB ID: 6NPY) were obtained from the PCSB protein database (https://www.rcsb.org), and the small molecular chemical structure of Sal B was obtained from the PubChem Compound database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pccompound), respectively. Molecular docking between Sal B and target proteins (TLR4, NLRP3) was calculated using Molecular Operating Environment 2019 software.

Western Blot Analysis.
After the indicated treatment, HK-2 cells were lysed in ice-cold radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) containing 1% phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride for 30 min. e samples were centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 30 min, and the concentrations of total protein were quantified using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit ( ermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Total protein samples (40 μg) were then separated by 8-12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. en the membranes were blocked with 5% fat-free milk for 2 h at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies against TLR4, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, TNF-α, p-NF-κB, IL-18, IL-1β, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 (1 : 1000, CST, USA). After washing with PBS-Tween-20, the membranes were indicated with the secondary antibody (1 : 5000, CST, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. e membranes were visualized using electrochemiluminescence reagents (Millipore, USA) and exposed to an infrared laser scanning-imaging instrument (Analytik Jena, Germany). e target proteins were detected with ImageJ software.

Statistical
Analysis. Data are presented as the mean-± standard deviation. Statistical significance between multiple groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Fisher's least significant difference post hoc test using SPSS (20.0). P < 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Sal B Increased the Cell Viability and Mitigated the
Iopromide-Induced Apoptosis, the Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio, and the Protein Expression of Cleaved Caspase-3. Different concentrations of iopromide (50, 100, 150, and 200 mgI/mL) were used to detect the cell viability of HK-2 cells using the CCK-8 assay. e cell viability decreased with an increase in the concentration of iopromide (Figure 1(a)). Based on these results, we established a PC-AKI model using 150 mgI/mL iopromide. After adding Sal B (10, 50, and 100 μmol/L), the cell viability increased (Figure 1(b)), indicating that Sal B can mitigate HK-2 cell injury caused by iopromide. After treatment with iopromide, some of the nuclei showed highdensity fluorescence and apoptotic characteristics, such as karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis. However, these apoptotic nuclei decreased after treatment with different concentrations of Sal B (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)). Iopromide significantly increased the levels of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3. Different concentrations of Sal B reduced the ratio of Bax/ Bcl-2, while only 100 μmol/L Sal B decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 ( Figure 1(e)).

Sal B Reduced Iopromide-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Increased the Level of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential.
When compared with the control group, the fluorescence intensity of the iopromide group was significantly increased; however, the administration of Sal B resulted in a lower level of green fluorescence (Figure 2(a)). Similar results were obtained using flow cytometry. Cells treated with iopromide showed higher mean fluorescence intensity than the control cells. However, the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was abolished by treatment with Sal B (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). Iopromide significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) levels, as measured using a fluorescence-based assay. Administration of Sal B increased the intensity of green fluorescence, indicating higher levels of ΔΨm (Figure 2  ese results suggest that Sal B directly regulates TLR4 or NLRP3 and may play a protective role by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Iopromide increased the levels of TLR4, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, p-NF-κB, IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α. We found that 100 μmol/L Sal B reduced the expression of these proteins caused by iopromide (Figures 3(b) and 3(c)).

Effect of Sal B or TAK-242 on Iopromide-Induced Cell
Viability. To investigate whether the protective role of Sal B is related to the activation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3, we treated cells with TAK-242 (an inhibitor of TLR4). After the addition of different concentrations of TAK-242, the cell viability increased in the TAK-242 groups compared to that in the iopromide group (Figure 4(a)). e protective effect of 5 μmol/L TAK-242 was similar to that of 100 μmol/ L Sal B (Figure 4(b)). e nuclear morphology was observed using DAPI staining. e nuclei of the control, Sal B, and TAK-242 groups exhibited low-density blue     Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine fluorescence. After 3 h of treatment with iopromide, part of the nucleus showed high-density fluorescence, karyopyknosis, and karyorrhexis. Treatment with Sal B or TAK-242 reduced these apoptotic indicators (Figure 4(c)). e increased number of apoptotic cells was verified by flow cytometry (Figure 4(d)).

Sal B or TAK-242 Reduced Apoptosis Rate, the Ration of Bax/Bcl-2, and the Expression of Cleaved Caspase-3.
e increase in the number of apoptotic cells was verified using flow cytometry. e results showed that the apoptosis rate was significantly increased after treatment with iopromide, while Sal B or TAK-242 reduced apoptosis (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Iopromide significantly increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Treatment with either Sal B or TAK-242 reversed these increases to a similar extent ( Figure 5(c)).

Sal B or TAK-242 Protected HK-2 Cells against Iopromide-Induced ROS Generation and Loss of ΔΨm.
Treatment of HK-2 cells with 150 mgI/mL iopromide significantly increased ROS generation compared to the controls. Treatment with Sal B or TAK-242 significantly decreased ROS production induced by iopromide (Figure 6(a)). Similar results were obtained using flow cytometry (Figures 6(b) and 6(c)). As illustrated in Figure 6(d), iopromide promoted a significant decrease in ΔΨm compared to the controls, indicating that iopromide may induce mitochondrial damage. However, the loss of ΔΨm was significantly reversed by treatment with Sal B or TAK-242. Similarly, the results of flow cytometry were consistent with the fluorescence microscope (Figures 6(e) and 6(f )). Figure 7(a), the expression levels of p-NF-κB, IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly upregulated following treatment with iopromide compared to the controls. However, the upregulated expression levels of these proteins were suppressed by treatment with Sal B or TAK-242. In addition, Sal B or TAK-242 also reduced the expression of TLR4, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 (Figure 7(b)), indicating that Sal B may alleviate cell injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Effects of Sal B and TAK-242 on Cell Viability and
Apoptosis.
e addition of Sal B and TAK-242 at the same time showed no significant difference compared to treatment with TAK-242 or Sal B alone (Figure 8(a)), and the flow cytometry results were consistent with the CCK-8 results (Figures 8(b) and 8(c)).

Discussion
PC-AKI is a common complication of invasive cardiovascular surgery and is considered the third most common cause of hospital-acquired AKI [16,17]. e toxic effect of iodinated contrast media on proximal renal tubular cells plays an important role in PC-AKI, and massive renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis lead to severe renal failure and significantly increase the risk of death [18]. In this study, we first set different concentrations of iopromide (50, 100, 150, and 200 mgI/mL), following which the HK-2 cells were treated with iopromide for 3 h. e results showed that with the increase in iopromide concentration, the viability of HK-2 cells gradually decreased, and the number of apoptotic cells significantly increased. However, there was no significant difference between the results obtained using 150 mgI/ mL and 200 mgI/mL iopromide. erefore, 150 mgI/mL iopromide was selected for follow-up experiments.
Studies have shown that Sal B has renal protective effects [14]. Our study showed that after treatment with Sal B (10, 50, and 100 μmol/L), HK-2 cell viability was increased and the number of apoptotic cells was decreased significantly, suggesting that Sal B can resist iopromide-induced HK-2 cell injury through antiapoptosis. Molecular docking results also showed that Sal B can stably bind to TLR4 and NLRP3 spontaneously, with binding free energies of −7.64 kcal/mol and −8.56 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the protective effect of Sal B against iopromide-induced HK-2 cell injury was similar to that of TAK-242. erefore, we concluded that Sal B may alleviate iopromide-induced HK-2 cell death by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Apoptosis is an autonomous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes [19,20]. Apoptosis can be divided into two main pathways: exogenous and endogenous [21]. e exogenous pathway refers to the apoptosis process mediated by the death receptor. e membrane receptors involved in apoptosis belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, whose activation is mainly dependent on two     ligands: TNF and Fas [22]. TNF receptor-associated and Fasassociated death domain proteins bind to their corresponding ligands to recruit the downstream factor procaspase-8, which is automatically cleaved to produce active caspase-8, thus initiating apoptosis. Caspase-8 further activates pro-caspase-3 through protein hydrolysis, resulting in cleaved caspase-3, which is ultimately responsible for intracellular protein hydrolysis and apoptosis induction [23][24][25]. Endogenous apoptosis is characterized by mitochondrial regulation [26]. Cytochrome C binds to apoptotic protease activating factor −1 to form apoptotic bodies, which recruit and activate pro-caspase-9, and then activate downstream caspase-3 and caspase-7 to perform apoptotic reactions [27][28][29].
e openness of mitochondrial membrane potential (mPTP) is affected by Ca 2+ , ATP, ROS, the Bcl-2 family, and other factors [30,31]. ROS not only directly regulates the opening of mPTP through oxidation of different sites but also promotes the release of Ca 2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria, indirectly regulating the openness of mPTP and resulting in a decrease in ΔΨm [32]. e Bcl-2 family is divided into three groups: antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, proapoptotic effector proteins Bax and Bak, and BH-3 only domain proteins [33]. When apoptosis is initiated, Bax and Bak are activated and accumulated in the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), which changes the mPTP and leads to activation of the caspase cascade and cell death [34][35][36]. In addition, antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and BH-3 are the only domain proteins that act in MOM, guaranteeing cell survival by inhibiting the activity of proapoptotic proteins [37].

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
In this study, HK-2 cells in the control group showed uniform low-density blue fluorescence after DAPI staining, whereas some cells showed high-density fluorescence and other apoptotic characteristics after treatment with iopromide for 3 h. Iopromide increased ROS generation, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 level in HK-2 cells and decreased ΔΨm, indicating that iopromide may decrease ΔΨm through the Bcl-2 family and ROS generation and then induce the apoptosis of HK-2 cells. However, after treatment with Sal B, apoptotic cells, ROS generation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cleaved caspase-3 levels decreased, whereas ΔΨm increased, suggesting that Sal B may play an antiapoptotic role through the mitochondrial pathway and reduce iopromideinduced cell injury. e excessive inflammatory response may induce tissue damage through the direct toxic effects of circulating cytokines and chemokines, thicken the glomerular basement membrane, and aggravate renal interstitial fibrosis [38].
ere is increasing evidence showing that renal tubular epithelial cells, as specialized immune cells, can mitigate renal injury to some extent by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses [39]. e activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is of great significance in PC-AKI. In the resting state, NLRP3 inflammasome exists in autoinhibitory form, but in response to external stimuli, it is activated and assembled into a mature complex of NLRP3, ASC, and procaspase-1. Activated Caspase-1 subsequently lyses pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to form mature IL-1β and IL-18, which further activates an inflammatory cascade, followed by inflammatory cell infiltration and renal tissue destruction [40]. NLRP3 inflammasome not only mediates the progression of renal disease by activating inflammatory responses in immune cells but also regulates the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by interacting with mitochondria and mediating the production of ROS and mitochondrial autophagy [39]. Our results showed that iopromide can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in HK-2 cells, increase the expression of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1, and activate IL-1β and IL-18 to produce extracellular inflammatory responses. However, the NLRP3 inflammasome was inhibited, and the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were decreased in HK-2 cells after treating with Sal B. ese results suggested that HK-2 cell injury induced by iopromide is related to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and Sal B can alleviate the injury by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
In response to various invasive pathogens and tissue damage, the innate immune system activates pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to initiate inflammatory responses [41]. Currently, identified members of the PRR family include Toll-like receptor (TLR), c-type lectin receptor (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-(NOD-) like receptor (NLR), and secretory proteins [42]. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the first identified mammalian Toll-like protein, plays an important role in initiating innate immune response [43]. TLR4 can be linked to TLR2 through the connector molecule MyD88, resulting in the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and AP1, and the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 [6]. Activation of TLR4 induces NF-κB signal transduction, leading to increased expression of NLRP3, pro-IL-1 β, and pro-IL-18. Studies have shown that the inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in rats treated with loversol, resulting in renal dysfunction, apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, and serious renal tubular damage, while antithrombin III could reduce renal injury by inhibiting inflammation [44]. In our study, the expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α in HK-2 cells were significantly increased after administration of iopromide. ese results suggest that iopromide may further activate the NLRP3 inflammasome  16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, resulting in the injury of HK-2 cells and that Sal B treatment decreased the expression of these proteins.
To further investigate the effects of the TLR4/NF-κB/ NLRP3 signaling pathway on HK-2 cells, these cells were treated with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. e results showed that after treatment with TAK-242, HK-2 cell viability and ΔΨm levels increased, whereas apoptosis rate, ROS generation, expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome-related components, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 decreased significantly. In addition, the protective effect of Sal B is similar to that of TAK-242. ese results suggest that iopromide-induced HK-2 cell injury is closely related to activating the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. e cotreatment group with TAK-242 and Sal B had no significant difference in cell viability and apoptosis rate compared to the treatment group with TAK-242 or Sal B alone. e use of TAK-242 can inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB/ NLRP3 signaling pathway to produce a protective effect. If Sal B acts on other pathways at the same time, the protection effect may be more obvious. Double inhibition did not enhance the protection of HK-2 cells, which further verified that Sal B may inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. e schematic diagram of this study is shown in Figure 9

Conclusion
e present study investigated the activation of the TLR4/ NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in iopromide-induced HK-2 cell injury. We found that Sal B attenuates iopromideinduced HK-2 cell injury, reduces apoptosis and ROS generation, enhances ΔΨm level, and inhibits TLR4/NF-κB/ NLRP3 signaling pathway.
Data Availability e data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author.

Disclosure
A preprint of this article has previously been published.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions
Mingxin Pei and Shujun Dong completed the study and manuscript writing. Xinyue Gao and Ting Luo completed data collation and analysis. Dong Fan, Junfeng Jin, and Xiaoduo Zhao revised the manuscript. Yanling Chen designed the experiment scheme and revised the manuscript. e authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest in this work.