Taxonomy and nomenclature of some Fennoscandian Sawflies, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)

While working on an identification guide to the sawflies of Fennoscandia, we encountered numerous taxonomic problems, for some of which we present solutions. Dicrostema Benson, 1952 is a new synonym of Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916, and not congeneric with Paracharactus MacGillivray, 1908. Two species occurring in Europe are transferred to Phymatoceropsis. Dolerus aericepsellus Heidemaa and Mutanen sp. nov. and Heptamelus viitasaarii Liston, Mutanen and Prous sp. nov. are described from Finland. Abia brevicornis Leach, 1817 nom. rev. is the valid name of Abia nitens auct. nec Linnaeus, and Abia nitens (Linnaeus, 1758) is the valid name for what has recently been called Abia sericea (Linnaeus, 1767). Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1781 is treated as an unplaced species of Hymenoptera, possibly Ichneumonoidea. Calameuta variabilis (Mocsáry, 1886) is the valid name of the species recently generally called C. haemorrhoidalis. Claremontia confusa (Konow, 1886) sp. rev. and Claremontia brevicornis (Brischke, 1883) are distinct species. Dolerus coracinus (Klug, 1818) is the valid name for D. anthracinus auct. Dolerus anthracinus (Klug, 1818) is a valid species similar to D. nitens Zaddach, 1859. Dolerus coruscans Konow, 1890 sp. rev. is a valid species. Dolerus junci (Stephens, 1835) is the valid name for Dolerus cothurnatus auct. Dolerus timidus (Klug, 1818) sp. rev. is distinguished from the similar D. pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758). A neotype is designated for Astatus punctatus Klug, 1803. Lectotypes are designated for 39 nominal species. 29 species group names are new junior synonyms. We present data on some species recently collected for the first time in Finland, including first records for the Palaearctic and West Palaearctic.


Introduction
presented an informative introduction to the Symphyta, with a strong focus on the northern European fauna. Useful keys exist for many of the smaller families occurring in Fennoscandia, such as the Siricoidea, Orussoidea and Cephoidea (Viitasaari 1984), Diprionidae (Viitasaari and Varama 1987), Argidae, Blasticotomidae and Cimbicidae (Viitasaari 1990), Pamphiliidae (Viitasaari 2002b) and Xyelidae (Blank et al. 2013). Regularly updated online databases, covering all sawfly species so far recorded there, are available for Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2022) and Finland (Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility 2022). However, up-to-date, comprehensive identification works covering the Fennoscandian Tenthredinidae, by far the largest symphytan family in Europe, are still lacking. The online database ECatSym (Taeger et al. 2018) is useful for finding specialised literature on the taxonomy of smaller groups and individual taxa.
In 2021, Marko Mutanen initiated a project to compile a book which will enable, as far as possible, the identification of all Fennoscandian sawflies. For practical reasons, the geographic area covered by the book will include not only the strictly Fennoscandian territories of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russian Karelia, and the Russian districts of Murmansk and Leningrad, but also Estonia. During preliminary assessment of the identity of species occurring in these territories, we encountered several taxonomic and nomenclatural problems. The solution of these entails the modification of circumscriptions of numerous species names, and in one case the names of genera. To avoid the need for lengthy explanations in the book, we here describe some of these problems, and offer remedies. Most of the studied species occur extensively outside Fennoscandia, and our results should accordingly be of wider interest. The taxonomic results are explained in short sections, in alphabetical order of the initial letter of the taxon under discussion. Lastly, data is presented for several species recently detected for the first time in Fennoscandia. ] given after the number and sex of examined specimens are unique identifiers used respectively by the SDEI and the ZMUO. The codes used for specimens in the MZH are sometimes in the form of web addresses, which generally link to images of the specimen, but are shortened when we use them to refer to, for example, figures. Descriptions of labelling, unless stated otherwise, refer to handwritten labels on pale paper.

Material and methods
Morphological terminology and measurement conventions follow Viitasaari (2002a), except for the word "pit", as used by Goulet (1992) instead of the traditional, but less appropriate, "puncture". In most cases, genitalia preparations were made using the techniques described by Viitasaari (2002a) and temporarily mounted in glycerol on microscope slides for examination and photography. The detached parts were subsequently glued to a card and pinned with the specimen.
For species delimitation, one mitochondrial and two nuclear gene fragments were sequenced. The mitochondrial fragment is cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear fragments are sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha (NaK) and DNA dependent RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 (POL2). DNA was sequenced using Sanger (see Prous et al. 2019) or Oxford Nanopore technologies (see Prous et al. 2021). For some of the sequences reported here, the Nanopore sequencing protocol differed from Prous et al. (2021). Briefly, PCR products of different specimens were tagged with unique molecular barcodes using a Native Barcoding Expansion 96 EXP-NBD196 kit, then pooled to add sequencing adapters using a Ligation Sequencing Kit (SQK-LSK109) and sequenced with a R10.3 flow cell. Raw data was basecalled with Guppy v6.0.1 in super accuracy mode, which also sorts individual reads to different folders corresponding to different specimens based on the unique molecular tags. Reads of different genes were identified with BLAST 2.9.0+ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK279690/). Initial consensus sequences were created based on 100 random reads of each gene using MAFFT v7.427 (Katoh and Standley 2013) together with EMBOSS cons v6.6.0.0 (http://emboss.open-bio.org/rel/ dev/apps/cons.html) and abPOA 1.0.4 (https://github. com/yangao07/abPOA). Medaka v1.4.1 (https://github. com/nanoporetech/medaka) was used to polish the initial consensus sequences and resolve different variants. Additionally, many COI sequences (DNA barcodes) were generated in the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, Canada using both Sanger and SEQUEL platforms (de-Waard et al. 2008;Hebert et al. 2018). The COI sequence of the Heptamelus dahlbomi male was extracted from the sequence capture dataset (ultraconserved elements or UCEs) obtained for another study (Wutke et al.: unpublished). To extract the COI region, we first downloaded all available COI sequences of sawflies from the NCBI GenBank to build a local BLAST reference database. We then used the blastn algorithm to filter out the previously assembled contigs that matched the reference database. These contigs were then aligned using MAFFT (Katoh and Standley 2013) implemented in Geneious Prime v2021.1 (Biomatters Ltd) and the consensus sequence was used for further analyses. The newly obtained DNA sequences have been submitted to NCBI GenBank (accessions OM852106-OM852305, OM888660, OM901157-OM901165). Additional sequences were obtained from GenBank or BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/). Maximum likelihood trees were built with IQ-TREE 1.6.12 (http://www.iqtree.org/) (Nguyen et al. 2015) and genetic p-distances (proportion of nucleotide differences) were calculated in R with the package ape (Paradis and Schliep 2019). An intron of POL2 was excluded from phylogenetic analyses of the Blennocampinae and Allantinae dataset, but retained in the Pristiphora carinata group dataset because of the lack of insertions or deletions. In comparing COI barcode sequences using analysis tools provided by BOLD systems (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013) we sometimes refer to BINs (Barcode Index Numbers: see Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013).
Occurrence data of the relevant sequenced specimens is provided as a supplementary table: https://doi. org/10.3897/dez.@@.84080.suppl1 Images were taken with SEMs, and a variety of cameras, sometimes through microscopes. Their quality is correspondingly variable.

Results
The taxonomy of Abia nitens (Linnaeus, 1758) and A. sericea (Linnaeus, 1767) (Cimbicidae) Linnaeus (1758) described Tenthredo nitens very briefly [translated from Latin]: "antennae clubbed, yellow; abdomen glabrous blue. Inhabits Europe. Dorsum of abdomen with oblong black marking extending over four segments". The last character identifies the specimen as a male. Linnaeus' description fits five European Abia species occurring in Europe, namely those treated by Taeger (1998) under the names A. candens Konow, 1887(Konow 1887b, A. fulgens Zaddach, 1863, A. nitens, A. spissicornis Konow, 1902, and A. sericea (Linnaeus, 1767). Later, Linnaeus published two modified descriptions of Tenthredo nitens. These differ significantly from each other, and from the original description. In the Fauna Suecica (Linnaeus 1761), he included the characters "Tibiae flava. Maris abdomen supra longitudinaliter nigricans antennis ferrugineis, nec ut in femina nigris". The description of the male thus agrees with the original description, but the description of the black antennae of the female indicates that he had before him a different species of Abia, such as A. aenea or A. mutica. Thomson (1871) pointed out this mistake. Linnaeus (1767) again re-described T. nitens, this time omitting a mention of sexual dimorphism in antenna color, and stating "Pedes lutei". Possibly he had realized that his previous 1761 description was partly based on the "wrong" female. In the same work, Tenthredo sericea was characterized as having "[..]antennis clavatis luteis[..]Pedes testacei Femoribus nigris". These later re-descriptions have been the cause of much confusion. Indeed, Linnaeus' (1767) characterizations are congruent with the most recent characterizations of Abia nitens auct. and A. sericea auct. (Taeger 1998). Malaise and Benson (1934) wrote about the two specimens under the name T. nitens in the LSUK: "1 ♂, Abia nitens L., auct., labelled 'nitens', agrees with the description and is no doubt the type. 1♀ labelled 'Herman No. 2, 1787', also belongs to the same species". The male specimen was thus designated by Malaise and Benson (1934) as the lectotype of Tenthredo nitens. Images of the lectotype (LINN 2402) in dorsal and lateral view are available (The Linnean Society of London 2022). The image in lateral view shows that the lectotype has mostly black femora, with only the apices pale. The lectotype of T. nitens therefore does not belong to the species which has recently been called Abia nitens, which always has predominantly pale femora with only at most the basal fifth black. The entirely pale antennae of the lectotype of T. nitens, in conjunction with its mostly dark femora, identify it as what has in recent decades been called Abia sericea (Linnaeus, 1767) [rather than A. candens or A. fulgens, which both have parts of the antenna dark]. The decision by Malaise and Benson (1934) to designate LINN 2402 as the lectotype of T. nitens was undoubtedly correct, but their failure to draw the nomenclatural conclusions which necessarily follow from this is difficult to explain, because accurate characterizations of both A. nitens auct. and A. sericea auct. had been available for many years, for example by Enslin (1917). Very regrettably, we now have to accept that the valid name for Abia nitens auct. is Abia brevicornis Leach, 1817, and the valid name for what has recently been called Abia sericea is A. nitens. The taxonomic and nomenclatural changes, summarized: Notes. Abia nitens was successively mentioned as occurring in Sweden by Fallén (1807), Dahlbom (1836), and Thomson (1871), who all placed Tenthredo sericea as its synonym. Thomson's description of leg color indicates that he had before him specimens of the species called by Taeger (1998) A. sericea, or perhaps A. candens [not distinguished from the former in Thomson's time]. Influenced by the continued, widespread use of the name Abia nitens in Scandinavian literature, Taeger et al. (2006) and ArtDatabanken (2015) included Sweden within the range of A. brevicornis [as A. nitens auct.]. In fact, no Swedish specimens of A. brevicornis have been located in the MZLU or NHRS collections, and there are no published records from other Fennoscandian countries. Abia brevicornis is restricted to extremely dry, summerwarm sites, where its larval hosts occur (Scabiosa spp.) (Liston and Späth 2006). Probably it has a strongly continental distribution: its most north-westerly known localities in Europe are in Central Germany, whereas it is not definitely known in France (Noblecourt 2020), and a single old record from Spain needs confirmation. Although a presence of A. brevicornis in southern Sweden cannot be ruled out, we consider it likely that all references to A. nitens auct. in Sweden relate to either A. nitens [= sericea] or A. candens.
The taxonomy of Allantus basalis (Klug, 1818) in northern Europe (Tenthredinidae, Allantinae) Fig. 1 Allantus basalis (Klug, 1818) is one of the many species of the subgenus Emphytus Klug, 1818 that feeds chiefly on roses (Rosa spp.). However, according to Vershutskij (1981), in Siberia A. basalis is associated mainly with Betula, and less so with Rosa spp. and Dasiphora fruticosa. Whether he was dealing with the same taxon identified as A. basalis in Europe is unclear. The nominal subspecies A. basalis basalis, widely distributed in Europe and evidently feeding on roses (e.g. Stein 1929;Kontuniemi 1960), is easily distinguished from close relatives by its black hind tibiae and tarsi (Benson 1945). Based on one male and three female specimens, Benson (1945) described A. basalis caledonicus from Scotland, which differs from the nominal subspecies by the reddish-brown hind tibiae of the female and brown tibiae of the male. Reddish coloration of tibiae and tarsi is characteristic of several other species of Allantus (Emphytus), but Benson (1945) associated A. caledonicus with A. basalis using other morphological structures. He also illustrated the male genitalia of A. caledonicus showing clear differences to those of A. cinctus (Linne, 1758), A. coryli (Stritt, 1937) and A. cingulatus (Scopoli, 1763). Benson later stated that A. caledonicus occurs not only in Scotland, but also in northern Scandinavia (Benson 1952). This seems plausible, because Hellén (1948) observed apparent intergrades between two "color forms" in Finland. Indeed, we also observed that A. basalis specimens collected on roses in Finland typically have predominantly brown rather than black tibiae and tarsi (as in Fig. 1A, B). As Benson stated that only males of A. caledonicus have brown-marked (not reddish) metatibiae, females with brown metatibiae (and not reddish or black) found in Finland could indeed be held to be intermediate. Liston (1985) determined the two females and four male specimens of A. basalis that he swept from roses in two localities in Scotland as the nominal subspecies and not A. caledonicus, based on their leg coloration. This observation suggests that these forms may be sympatric, but both Benson (1945) and Liston (1985) stated that the food plant of A. caledonicus remains unknown.
The authors have collected many A. basalis from roses from several localities in Finland, including on Rosa majalis in two locations in Kuusamo, eastern Finland. Those specimens all have nearly black or dark brown markings on the hind legs (like Fig. 1A-D). In 2020, M. Mutanen collected three male specimens of Allantus from another locality in Kuusamo: a shady, limestone-affected, creekside forest with rich vegetation, where no or only few roses occur, but Rubus saxatilis is abundant. Due to the strongly reddish color on the hind legs (Fig. 1G, H), these specimens were initially identified as A. cingulatus, a species not reported from Finland. Later, we reexamined them because the pronotum is not edged with pale, and the clypeus and tegulae are not entirely pale, as typically in A. cingulatus. Finally, we concluded that the other characters fit A. basalis. It is worth noting that Benson's single male of A. caledonicus had brown, not reddish-marked hind legs.
In addition to the three males from Kuusamo, we have examined three females and one male of A. basalis collected with a Malaise trap by Ali Karhu from a peat bog area in Liperi, eastern Finland. Each of these specimens has reddish brown-marked hind legs (Fig. 1E, F). No roses occur at the locality, but there is plenty of Rubus chamaemorus. Furthermore, Guy Söderman (in litt.) informed us of a male specimen from Paltamo, central Finland, with reddish-marked hind legs. We have not examined this specimen, but he also keyed it to A. cingulatus.
So far, all the specimens with reddish-marked hind legs have been collected from localities where roses are unlikely to be host plants. At the same time, all specimens that we have collected from localities with roses in the same geographic region have the hind legs marked with black or dark brown. We find this hardly coincidental, and agree with  that A. caledonicus might represent a distinct species.  observed also that the male genitalia depicted by Benson (1945) do not agree with those of the holotype of A. basalis. For this reason, and as we find the entire group to need a thorough revision, we refrain from taking any taxonomic action in this connection, but document our observations on A. basalis in the hope that this will assist during future revisionary work on Emphytus.
The taxonomy of an undetermined species near Athalia cordata Serville, 1823 (Tenthredinidae, Athaliinae) Fig. 2 There are three BINs for specimens identified as Athalia cordata: BOLD:ACH2693, BOLD:AAP1621, and BOLD:ACB1972. The distance between BOLD:ACH2693 and BOLD:AAP1621 is small, 1.7%-1.8%, but BOLD:ACB1972 diverges from the others by 6.5-7.0%. BOLD:ACB1972 (specimens from Norway and Finland, Fig. 2A-C) is closest to A. kashmirensis Benson, 1932(BOLD:ACA1217) and A. yanoi Takeuchi, 1952 (BOLD:AEA4024), species not reported in Europe (divergence 2.4-3.0%). The lancet of one specimen (ZMUO.028057) belonging to BOLD:ACB1972 is shown in Fig. 2C, and the lancet of DEI-GISHym20310 (BOLD:AAP1621) in Fig. 2D. There is clearly a large difference in the shape of their serrulae. In external morphology, including color pattern, specimens in each of these BINs do not seem to differ from each other. Of described West Palaearctic Athalia species, A. chevini Lacourt, 1986 (type locality: French Alps) is the closest morphologically to the unidentified Norwegian and Finnish specimens. However, it seems premature to identify them as this species, because the drawing of serrulae of A. chevini in Lacourt (1986) indicates differences which may be significant. Gene sequence data for A. chevini, currently not available, might help to decide whether or not they are conspecific.
The taxonomy of two Calameuta species (Cephidae) Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1781 and Astatus punctatus Klug, 1803 were both described from specimens collected in Germany. The species names have been in recent use for two similarly colored species of Calameuta Konow, 1896(Konow 1896a. The type material of both T. haemorrhoidalis and A. punctatus is considered to be lost or destroyed. Most authors up to and including de Dalla Torre (1894) used these species names for two different species of Cephus. Konow (1905a) considered them to be conspecific and placed them in Calameuta. Gussakovskij (1935), who again placed them in Cephus, was apparently the first to notice morphological characters which clearly distinguish these two species, but he followed Konow (1905a) in regarding Cephus haemorrhoidalis and C. punctatus [Calameuta punctata] as synonyms, and described the second taxon as new to science under the name Cephus filum. More recent specialists, who since Benson (1946) have placed the species in Calameuta, continued to recognize these two species as distinct, and have generally used the name C. haemorrhoidalis for one, and C. punctata or C. filum for the other. Taeger et al. (2010) listed C. haemorrhoidalis, C. punctata and C. filum each as a valid species of Calameuta. Examination of specimens recently collected in Germany led to investigation of the taxonomy and nomenclature of several nominal species occurring in Europe that have evidently been partly wrongly interpreted. By designating primary types for two of the most important of these names, we seek to clarify the previously confused taxonomy of the species and promote nomenclatural stability. Furthermore, a critical re-evaluation of the original description of Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis led us to a novel conclusion about its identity.
Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1781: 417. ♀. Syntypes (assumed). The type material is considered to be lost or destroyed. Published type locality: "Germania". New placement: Hymenoptera (Ichneumonoidea?) species incertae sedis "Dom. de Hattorff", mentioned in the original description (Fabricius 1781), refers to one of the "Herren von Hattorf", a noble family residing in Hattorf am Harz (ca. 51. 65°N, 10.24°E). In contrast to some other taxa for which the collector's name "Dom. de Hattorff" is given in the original description, S. M. Blank did not find types of T. haemorrhoidalis in the ZMUC in 2008. Neither were extant specimens mentioned by Klug (1819) in his work on sawflies in the Fabricius' collection, nor by Zimsen (1964 At least two of these characters do not fit Calameuta punctata (or C. variabilis), in which the antennae are not even nearly as long as the abdomen, and the legs are largely black, with only the pro-and mesofemora apically pale. Furthermore, Fabricius placed T. haemorrhoidalis between other taxa which have a body length approximately close to that of Calameuta punctata, but of these species, only T. haemorrhoidalis is described as being small. We suggest that it is likely that Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis Fabricius represents a species of Ichneumonoidea, and that the name should no longer be applied to any symphytan species.
Liston (deposited in the SDEI). Labelling [printed on pale paper if not stated otherwise]: "Germany: Brandenburg; Landkreis Märkisch-Oderland, Müncheberg Trebnitz 16.05.2015 leg. A. D. Liston", "21255" [handwritten] with part of a leg gummed to card], "DEI-GISHym21255", "♀ Calameuta punctata (Klug) [handwritten] det. A. Liston 2018", "NEOTYPE ♀ Astatus punctatus Klug, 1803 designated A. Liston 2022" [red]. Klug's description states that abdominal segment 4 has obscure, paired dorsal spots; segment 5 four separate yellow spots, one pair laterally, the other dorsally; segments 6 and 7 with spots on their lower posterior margins; segment 8 immaculate; segment 9 completely yellow. Accordingly, we selected as neotype a specimen with small pale markings on terga 4-7 as well as 8-10 ( Fig. 4A-D). The abdomen of a second female (DEI-GISHym21260) collected at the same place and time has fewer and less extensive pale markings and is thus intermediate in this respect to other female C. punctata specimens collected in Germany and all known Finnish and Estonian specimens, which have a completely black abdomen apart from terga 8-10 ( Fig. 3A, C).
Astatus floralis and A. analis have in the past generally been treated as synonyms of Calameuta haemorrhoidalis auct. [our variabilis], e.g. by Konow (1905a). The opinion that A. floralis is a synonym of Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767), as in de Dalla Torre (1894), cannot be accepted: Klug's description of leg colour does not fit C. pygmeus. Our reason for placing A. floralis and A. analis as synonyms of Calameuta punctata rather than of C. variabilis is based primarily on one of the main characters which distinguishes C. punctata from C. variabilis: the structure of the maxillary palps. In the description of Astatus which precedes the descriptions of A. floralis, A. analis and A. punctatus, Klug characterized the genus thus: "Palpi[...]anteriores [...] sexarticulati, articulis duobus baseos cylindricis, aequalibus, tertio crassiori, longiori, subcylindrico, quarto longissimo, graciliori, quinto brevissimo, ultimo longitudine fere tertii subulato[...]". The described proportions of maxillary palpomeres 5 and 6 therefore fit C. punctata (Fig. 3D), not C. variabilis (Fig. 5B). Calameuta variabilis is unique in Calameuta in having maxillary palpomeres 5 and 6 of almost equal length (Gussakovskij 1935;Benson 1968;Zombori 1978). Zombori (1978) correctly identified Calameuta variabilis [which he called C. haemorrhoidalis] as a taxon distinct from C. punctata, and summarized the characters that distinguish them, but interpreted some of the names wrongly. Notably, Zombori (1978) did not mention the major contradiction in the morphology of the maxillary palps, as described by Klug, when he tentatively suggested that A. floralis and A. analis might be synonyms of haemorrhoidalis auct. ["the description of the latter two [floralis, analis] rather corresponds to the one given by Fabricius for C. haemorrhoidalis, accordingly, they are considered as synonyms of the latter name."]. Zombori's main reason for doubting that analis was synonymous with punctata, seems to have been the wording of Klug's descriptions, which suggested that the thorax of analis is shinier than that of punctata. Apart from this, Klug's description of A. analis fits the darker forms within the rather wide range of variability in the female sex of C. punctata. Strangely, in his discussion of these names, Zombori (1978) does not mention Calameuta filum at all. The explicit collection data given by Klug (1803) for Astatus floralis ("Locus in editioribus argillosis; in floribus"), A. analis ("Locus in editioribus; in floribus"), and A. punctatus ("Locus in floribus") are, in part, not easy to interpret. Clearly, "in floribus" means that the specimens were collected from flowers. We think that "in editioribus argillosis" refers simply to the type of locality, i.e. an elevated place on clayey ground. This fits well with the type of sites at which C. punctata has recently been collected in Germany (see below).
The synonymy of Calameuta filum with C. punctata can be proposed with a high degree of confidence. The characters described by Gussakovskij (1935) for the former are precisely those used by Zombori (1978) to characterize the latter. The same characters are also given by Viitasaari (1975) in his description of Finnish specimens identified as Calameuta filum, and which he compared with a syntype of that species. Viitasaari (1984) subsequently noted that Calameuta punctata sensu Zombori (1978) and C. filum are probably conspecific.
Biology and distribution. The only recorded host plant of Calameuta punctata is Alopecurus pratensis L. (Vikberg 1978;Liston 2015), on which it is possibly monophagous. Accordingly, C. punctata occurs mostly in rather moist places. Its wider geographic range is not entirely clear, particularly because the identity of Calameuta pravei (Dovnar-Zapolskij, 1926) remains unresolved. This has been considered to be a valid species (e.g. Llorente and Gayubo 1990), or a synonym of C. punctata (e.g. Taeger et al. 2010). Calameuta pravei was recorded by Gussakovskij (1935) from Transcaucasia, Crimea, and the western Kopet-Dagh (Turkmenia). Llorente and Gayubo (1990) added records from Spain. Excluding these records, C. punctata is known from south-east Russia, Transcaucasia and south Siberia to Irkutsk (Gussakovskij 1935, as Cephus filum), and central and northern Europe (specimens examined by us). The distribution of C. punctata is therefore rather different from that of C. variabilis (see below), but their ranges overlap at least in parts of south-central Europe.
Calameuta variabilis [as C. haemorrhoidalis auct.] has been stated to occur in Germany based on the mention of Germany as the type locality in the original descriptions by Fabricius (1781) of Tenthredo haemorrhoidalis and by Klug (1803) of Astatus punctatus, A. floralis and A. analis, coupled to an apparently faulty understanding of which taxa are represented by these names. Blank et al. ( , 2001 listed C. haemorrhoidalis from Germany, only for Berlin-Brandenburg, dating the record respectively as "vor 1803" and "1802". This refers to the type material of Klug's species. Later, Liston et al. (2012) treated C. haemorrhoidalis auct. [C. variabilis] as extinct in Germany, and added C. punctata to the German list, based on recently collected specimens. Although it cannot be ruled out that C. variabilis once occurred in Germany, but has since disappeared, we think it more likely that in historical times only C. punctata ever occurred there, and propose in future to include only it in the list of German Symphyta. Fennoscandian and Estonian specimens which were previously identified as C. filum also belong to C. punctata.
Based on COI sequences, C. punctata is split into two barcode clusters. Three specimens from Finland and one from Estonia are identical (BOLD:ACQ7596), but differ from two German specimens by 5.0-5.5% (no BIN assigned yet, GenBank accessions MW353981 and MW353982). The BOLD:ACQ7596 is closer to C. pallipes, differing by a minimum of 4.1%.
Calameuta variabilis (Mocsáry, 1886) comb. nov. Fig. 5 Type material examined and taxonomic notes. Lectotype of Cephus variabilis Mocsáry, 1886, hereby designated: ♀, id nr.017651 HNHM Hym.coll. (Fig. 5A); labels (Fig. 5A). Type locality: Romania, Herkulesfürdõ (HNHM). Paralectotypes (all HNHM): 5♂ and 2♀ also belong to the type series and have been labelled as paralectotypes: details of their sexes and localities were given by Zombori (1978). Note that the type series is heterogeneous, and contains specimens of Calameuta punctata as well as C. variabilis. Zombori noted the heterogeneity of the type series, but did not publish a lectotype designation, although the specimens were labelled by him as lectotype and paralectotypes. The types were found by Z. Vas in the HNHM, grouped as stated by Zombori. We do not follow Zombori's intention according to his labels, but designate the female from Herculesfürdö (= Baile Herculane, Romania) (id nr. 017651 HNHM Hym. coll., labelled by Z. Vas) as lectotype (Fig. 5A). Thus, Calameuta variabilis (Mocsáry, 1886) comb. nov. can be used as a valid name for Calameuta haemorrhoidalis sensu Gussakovskij et auct.
Cephus atripes Stephens, 1835 has sometimes been listed as a synonym of C. variabilis, e,g. by Taeger et al. (2010, under Calameuta haemorrhoidalis). The type specimen, or specimens, is probably lost. The description is short, and does not state the sex of the described specimens(s). de Dalla Torre (1894) treated C. atripes as a synonym of C. pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767) and Konow (1905a) as a synonym of C. haemorrhoidalis. The color pattern described by Stephens does not fit very well with either of these, in either sex, nor with any other known north-west European cephid species. Stephens' name is best treated as a species inquirendae.
Biology and distribution. According to Macek et al. (2020, under Calameuta haemorrhoidalis) the host plants of C. variabilis are various Poaceae, including cereals such as rye (Secale cereale) and wheat (Triticum). According to our personal experiences, adults occur in dry places, mostly on or near wild grasses. The taxon to which the name C. variabilis is now applied has so far been found only in the West Palaearctic, and has an essentially Mediterranean distribution, summarized by Gussakovskij (1935) as comprising southern Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, western Turkmenia (Kopet-Dagh) and Syria. In Central Europe, it reaches at least as far north as Hungary (Zombori 1978), but specimens recorded from Austria and the Czech Republic (see Taeger et al. 2006) should be checked. Identification of Calameuta punctata and C. variabilis 1 a Maxillary palpomere 5 much shorter than apical (6 th ) palpomere ( Fig. 3D)  The differences described above in the coloration of the abdomen apply to all European specimens seen, but very much paler specimens of C. variabilis are known from Turkey and Syria, e.g. the female described by Konow (1896b) as Cephus haemorrhoidalis var. signifer. Zombori (1978) stated that the coloration of the antennae can also be used to distinguish punctata and variabilis, but no clear differences were detected in the material studied. Hellén, 1948 with Cephalcia arvensis Panzer, 1802 (Pamphiliidae) Cephalcia arvensis Panzer, 1802 Cephalcia abietis var. intermedia Hellén, 1948: 40-41. ♀. Syntypes.
Notes. Cephalcia intermedia has in recent years mostly been understood as a distinct species close to C. arvensis (e.g. Viitasaari 2002b), but with more extensively dark-patterned adults, occurring in northern Europe and the central European mountains. Because of its dark coloration, specimens of C. intermedia can also be mixed up with C. lariciphila (Wachtl, 1898), but the host plant of C. intermedia is Picea, as in C. arvensis, not Larix as in C. lariciphila. The status of C. intermedia and the supposed differences to C. arvensis were discussed by Vikberg (1982), Shinohara (1985), Midtgaard (1987) and Viitasaari (2002b). The only differences between C. arvensis and C. intermedia are in coloration: mainly of the abdomen, and less so of the antennae and legs. Shinohara (1985) pointed out that an unbroken range of color variability occurs between pale C. arvensis and the dark specimens identified as C. intermedia. This is in accordance with our observations, as the amount of dark color on the male abdomen varies considerably even in a single locality (Fig. 6). Small differences in colouration of larvae are possibly not constant, as the larvae of C. intermedia used for comparison were offspring of a single female. At present, there seems to be no convincing evidence for treating C. intermedia as a species distinct from C. arvensis, and we therefore synonymize them.
The taxonomy of Claremontia confusa and Claremontia brevicornis (Tenthredinidae, Blennocampinae) Two morphologically similar Claremontia species have been treated taxonomically by different authors in a number of different ways.

Biology.
Substantiating the statement about the host plant by Benson (1952), the ZMUO specimens, collected in the Helsinki area, were reared from larvae feeding on cultivated Fragaria. Types probably lost  Biology. ZMUO specimens, from Finland, are not reared; Sanguisorba, recorded as a host plant by Benson (1952), can be excluded as a possible host plant at these localities, but Potentilla erecta is present in abundance at one of the localities in Eastern Finland.
we think that the original description of C. brevicornis refers to what has more recently come to be known as C. puncticeps, and that the correct name for the other species is C. confusa. Unlike some previous authors, we did not detect a clear difference in the sculpture of the head of the two forms. Distinction of the males is problematic, because of the lack of reliably identified male specimens of C. confusa. Benson (1952) stated that C. confusa "is entirely parthenogenetic, at least in Britain". On the other hand, several male specimens of C. brevicornis (Fig. 7C) have been barcoded, and can thus definitely be associated with that species. Based mainly on barcode-sequenced specimens in ZMUO, females of Claremontia confusa and C. brevicornis may be separated as follows.  (Brischke, 1883) The taxonomy and nomenclature of some Dolerus species (Tenthredinidae, Selandriinae) The syntypes of some Among 2♀ and 1♂ specimens preserved in the ZMUC collection under the name T. eglanteriae, only the above female can be regarded as a syntype. The scutellum of the other female is red, and the tip of the abdomen of the male black. Both characters conflict with Fabricius' original description. Compared with the other two specimens, the pale parts of the legs of the lectotype are darkened. The lectotype agrees with the species which has for a long time been known as Dolerus aericeps Thomson, 1871(Zhelochovtsev 1994, characterized for example by the laterally directed and distally curved setae of the ovipositor sheath. Lacourt (2000) used the name D. bajulus Serville, 1823 for this species, but Blank et al. (2009) presented arguments for the use of the name D. aericeps (nomen protectum) versus D. bajulus (nomen oblitum). Tenthredo eglanteriae was synonymized with T. germanica by Klug (1819) and with Athalia glabricollis Thomson, 1870by Konow (1897a. Since Brullé (1846), T. eglanteriae (nomen oblitum) has never again been used as valid, while between 1971-2021 the name Dolerus aericeps (nomen protectum) was used as valid by more than 120 authors in over 150 publications (Article 23.9.1, ICZN 1999 [printed]. Left forewing and metatarsi missing, half of the genital capsule glued on a paper card and pinned with the lectotype. Paralectotype ♂ ("GBIF-GISHym 2341") with same labelling (except "Paralectotypus"). All in ZMHB.
Measurements (mm). Body length: 5.0, distance from tegula to base of pterostigma: 3.1, head breadths: 1.46 (max. at eyes), 1.28 (max. behind eyes), 1.07 (min. behind eyes), head length ( Large structures. Clypeal emargination almost half as deep as clypeal median length. Clypeus asymmetrical, its antero-lateral lobes round at apex, the left lobe longer than the right. Distance between antennal sockets 1.6× as long as the malar space. Length of antennomere 3 about 1.24× that of 4. Oblique furrow not outlined. Distance between cenchri about 1.1× as long as width of cenchrus. Metatarsomere 1 about 1.75× as long as 2. Mesoscutellar appendage with weakly outlined ridge medially. Setae. Metascutellum with few setae (about 5). Abdomen dorsally mostly pubescent from segment 7 to last one (laterally and ventrally from 2 to last one). Longest setae of valvula 3 in dorsal view markedly curved in apical third, and forming an angle of about 80-90° (Fig. 9B).
Macrosculpture. Pits on head rather irregular in size and distribution, more distinct and separated on postocular and postocellar area. Density and size of pits on thorax vary, the largest (partly fused) on lateral sides of median mesoscutal lobes and on mesoscutellum. Pits on lateral lobes of mesoscutellum and near the median mesoscutal groove sparse and small. Pits on mesepisternum largest, partly isolated and round, partly polygonal and fused (Fig. 9C). Distinct pits on pectus nearly absent (Fig. 9C).
Measurements ( Genetic data. Three specimens with DNA barcode sequence data are available. They comprise a distinct cluster BIN BOLD:ABV8002, with 0.3% intraspecific variability. Based on sequences longer than 600 bp, the minimum distance to the closest relative D. aericeps (n=26) is 3.9%, but a few specimens identified as D. yukonensis from North America show a minimum distance of even less, 3.6%.
Differential diagnosis. Adults of D. aericepsellus are most similar to D. aericeps Thomson, but are distinguished by the following characters: smaller body size (similar to D. elderi Kincaid, 1900, or smaller); very short, strongly narrowing postocular area; glossy metascutellum with few distinct pits and setae (3-6); pectus without distinct pits; and thorax black, including tegulae (based on the barcoded specimens: 1♀ 2♂). Lateral postocellar furrows very distinct in both sexes (Fig 9F), like in D. aericeps and D. incisus. The thorax of female D. aericeps is usually largely red, whereas in the D. aericepsellus paratype female it is almost entirely black. Dolerus aericeps ab. nigricollis was described by Lindqvist (1943) from northern Finland close to the localities where D. aericepsellus was collected. We examined the type specimen of Dolerus aericeps ab. nigricollis deposited in the MZH and found that it is not conspecific with D. aericepsellus but with D. aericeps, although it has a nearly completely black thorax, with two obscure reddish flecks. Some other examined specimens of D. aericeps from northern Finland show reduced red markings on the thorax, suggesting that this character varies in D. aericeps.
Type material. Holotype ♀. Etymology. The name is an adjective derived from the species name of its closely similar sister species, D. aericeps Thomson, using the Latin diminutive suffix -ellus.
The taxonomy of Dolerus anthracinus (Klug, 1818) and D. coracinus (Klug, 1818) A recent, thorough study of the type specimens of D. anthracinus (a syntype male) and D. coracinus (a syntype female) revealed that the corresponding names have been applied to the wrong species by most of the later authors who followed Konow's interpretations. According to the taxonomic interpretation of the primary types proposed here, the name D. coracinus (Klug) is applied to D. anthracinus auct. while the name D. anthracinus (Klug) applies to a species resembling D. nitens Zaddach, 1859 but which has remained overlooked until present. D. anthracinus  (to be redescribed) and D. coracinus auct. (most likely an undescribed species) will be discussed in a separate article which will also include a neotype designation for D. nitens.
The original description of D. anthracinus did not mention the color of setae, but a more detailed description by Zaddach (1859), based on a male borrowed by him from coll. Klug (most likely the same syntype ♂ as is designated below as lectotype), clearly stated that the D. anthracinus male has pale setae like D. nitens Zaddach (dark brown in D. anthracinus auct.). Both Klug's and Zaddach's descriptions match the only preserved male syntype in Klug's collection labelled as "anthracina Kl." [Klug's handwriting]. According to Zaddach, the syntype female of D. anthracinus, loaned to him from ZMHB, belonged to D. carbonarius Zaddach, but its taxonomic identity remains uncertain because the specimen has not been traced.
The taxonomic identity of D. anthracinus has later been misinterpreted, probably because of the confusing comments by Konow (1885Konow ( , 1886b. At some point Konow misidentified the specimens with dark setae as D. anthracinus and regarded D. atricapillus Hartig, 1837 as its synonym. Zaddach (1859) mentioned the possibility that D. coracinus Klug (which he knew only from the description) could be a female of D. anthracinus or D. nitens. Nevertheless, Zaddach considered D. nitens to be distinct from D. anthracinus, although he recognised their close similarity. At present, this decision is also supported by the penis valve structure of the D. anthracinus lectotype (Fig. 10A) which is rather similar to that of D. nitens ( Fig. 10B; several males dissected), but still distinguishable. Additionally, the proportions of the head and the density and distribution of the pits on the vertex of the lectotype differ from males of D. nitens.
It is worth noting that Zaddach (1859) and Cameron (1882a) published reasonably detailed figures of the ovipositors of several Dolerus species, compared to the cruder illustrations of Hartig (1837), but the structure of male genitalia was not used for species delimitation at that time.
The diagnosis given by Klug (1818) for the female of D. coracinus is brief and rather uninformative [translated from Latin]: "antennae shorter than abdomen; ovate, bluish-black, glossy; wings hyaline". Additional characterization is given in German (e.g. "head strongly punctured, mesoscutellum barely convex, abdomen with particularly beautiful sheen"). Zaddach (1859) had already considered the possibility that D. coracinus could be the female of D. anthracinus, because both syntypes show some bluish reflections. Zaddach was apparently not able to borrow and examine the relevant type specimens, probably because they were the only ones available, but at his request, Gerstäcker (then custodian of Hymenoptera at the Berlin Museum) offered the opinion that D. coracinus (female) and D. anthracinus (male) could be conspecific. In forming his opinion, Gerstäcker apparently compared the type of D. coracinus with some D. anthracinus male. According to the circumscription applied here, D. anthracinus auct. (= D. atricapillus Hartig) is conspecific with the syntype female of D. coracinus Klug, because the shape and macrosculpture (distribution of pits) of the median mesoscutal lobes and the color and length of the setae on head and mesepisternum match, as well as their bluish-reflecting bodies. The types of D. anthracinus and D. coracinus are certainly not conspecific, but most likely the lectotype of D. anthracinus is conspecific with the paralectotype female of D. coruscans (see below).  Thomas (1987). Type locality:

Remarks.
Similarly to the melanic color form of D. yukonensis (see below), which was described as a distinct species, D. scoticus, by Cameron (1881a), the melanic form of D. junci was also described as a distinct species, D. thargitai, by Zombori (regarded as a synonym of D. yukonensis / D. scoticus until now). The melanic color form of D. junci has also been recorded from central Europe (Germany) and southern Europe (Italy, Switzerland: see, e.g. Pesarini 2012), but is not known from Fennoscandia. The males of the melanic forms of D. junci (01.06.1984) and D. yukonensis (24.05.1984) have been collected at the same locality at nearly the same time (Germany: Federsee, Brackenhof, leg. E. Jansen, CEJ). In addition to their different penis valve structure and other characters used in the keys by Benson (1952) and Zhelochovtsev (1994), D. junci and D. yukonensis differ in the shape and sculpture of the mesoscutellar appendage: almost unsculptured and without a distinct longitudinal keel in the former, and clearly sculptured and with a distinct keel in the latter. Most likely, the melanic color form of D. junci does not occur within the geographic range of D. incisus, but they can also be distinguished by the shape and the sculpture of the mesoscutellar appendage: meshed (nearly matt) and long, with a distinct median longitudinal keel (D. incisus) versus short and almost unsculptured (more or less glossy) and without a distinct median keel (D. junci). Type material examined and taxonomic notes. Dosytheus junci Stephens, 1835 The original description of D. junci by Stephens (1835) refers to syntypes ("Devonshire and near Windsor"). Although Kirby (1882) mentioned a "Type of D. junci", this cannot be regarded as a lectotype designation, even though he was apparently only able to locate a single specimen.
Dolerus busaei Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1858. Photos of the lectotype and of the penis valve were checked. Left midleg and two segments of the right antenna missing; the genital capsule is glued on a card. RMNH. This nominal taxon was previously treated as a synonym of D. cothurnatus auct.
Dolerus cothurnatus auct. nec Serville, 1823. Haris and later Lacourt (2000) studied the syntypes (3 ♂) of D. cothurnatus Serville, but not their genitalia. Based on their penis valve structure, none of the syntypes fits D. cothurnatus auct.: the two syntypes (among them the one labelled as lectotype) represent D. germanicus and the third one is a male of D. aericeps. The name D. cothurnatus by Serville is placed here as a junior synonym of D. germanicus, by designating its lectotype (see also under D. germanicus), and the name Dolerus junci (Stephens, 1835) has to be used for D. cothurnatus auct. nec Serville.
The taxonomy of Dolerus fumosus Stephens, 1835 andD. sanguinicollis (Klug, 1818) Based partly on some rather subtle diagnostic characters (most of them given for the females), Lacourt (1998Lacourt ( , 2020 suggested that Dolerus fumosus and D. sanguinicollis are distinct species. Their distribution overlaps only partly: the former is a more northern species than the latter. On the other hand, the existence of intermediate color forms in the females (from almost black to distinctly red-marked thorax) and at least one "outlier" from the North, a Finnish female with an extensively red-marked thorax, could suggest that the forms with black (D. fumosus) and with more or less red-marked thorax (mostly identified as D. sanguinicollis) might merely represent different color forms of the same species, as in, for example, Dolerus liogaster and Eutomostethus ephippium. The sculpture of the mesoscutellar appendage, given by Lacourt (1998) as the only diagnostic character for the separation of both sexes of D. fumosus (meshed) and D. sanguinicollis (absent, glossy), becomes problematic when specimens from wider geographical ranges are examined. One of only two red-marked specimens from Finland has an almost glossy mesoscutellar appendage, like D. sanguinicollis, but is probably nevertheless D. fumosus (the shape of the appendage is closer to D. fumosus). However, if the sculpture and shape of the mesoscutellar appendage, the shape and length of the head behind the eyes in dorsal view, and the proportions of the postocellar field are used in combination, the females can be more confidently separated into two groups which seem to correlate with slight differences in the shape of their basalmost serrulae (Fig. 12C, D). Because the two distinct clusters formed by the COI barcodes correspond broadly with the grouping based on the colour of the thorax (black versus red-marked females), but a few exceptions occur in each barcode cluster, we suggest that both species have a melanic color form as well as forms with a red-marked thorax. Dolerus sanguinicollis var. reicherti, with some red markings, belongs in fact to D. fumosus, not to D. sanguinicollis. No males of D. fumosus or D. sanguinicollis with a red-marked thorax are so far known. The differences in morphology of the head and mesoscutellar appendage are shared by both sexes, thus enabling the preliminary differentiation of the males without dissecting their penis valves. On the other hand, both sexes of the related Dolerus noblecourti Lacourt, 2004 (southern France and Iberian Peninsula) have a redmarked thorax, making its male easily recognizable. The females of D. noblecourti Lacourt, 2004 are separable from D. sanguinicollis using the sculpture of the mesoscutellar appendage, the structure of the ovipositor, and the shape and setation of the valvula 3. More material should be dissected, examined and barcoded from the regions where D. fumosus and D. sanguinicollis are sympatric and the intermediate color forms occur.
Females of the two species can usually be separated as follows:  The paralectotype of D. lucens mentioned above bears a lectotype label by L. Zombori ("Lectotypus ♂ Dolerus lucens […] des. Zombori 1980"), but Zombori never published a lectotype designation. Although the paralectotype male has a handwritten label, most probably by André ("Dolerus lucens André (typ.)", Fig. 12I) and its penis valve is dissected, another syntype male (the right forewing and flagellum missing) is selected as the lectotype because it is deposited in André's collection (in ZIN), with many other type specimens of species described by him.
The holotype female of D. sanguinicollis var. reicherti has reddish lateral mesoscutal lobes and median mesoscutal lobes only slightly reddish on the anterior part, but according to the other diagnostic characters mentioned above, it belongs to D. fumosus.   The taxonomy of Dolerus pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758) and D. timidus (Klug, 1818) We propose that D. pratensis auct. includes two distinct species: D. pratensis (L.) and D. timidus (Klug) (Figs 13-15). The holotype male of Tenthredo (Dolerus) deserta Klug, 1818 and the syntype males of T. (D.) dubia Klug, 1818, and T. (D.) timida Klug, 1818 form two groups based on the structure of their penis valves. The lectotype female of Dolerus pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758) corresponds with the holotype male of T. (D.) deserta (penis valve as in Fig. 15A) based on the color pattern of its abdomen (basal terga 1-2 black in ♀) and the legs (hind legs extensively reddish). A different form of penis valve (Fig. 14A) fits some of the syntype males of T. (D.) timida and T. (D.) dubia (tergum 1 black in ♀). The melanic form named D. variator Enslin, 1927 (described from the Russian Far East), hitherto mostly considered to be a synonym of D. pratensis, probably represents a distinct species (penis valve as in Fig. 14B). Genetics. Dolerus pratensis (BOLD:ACE4340) and D. timidus (BOLD:ACF0757) also separate based on COI sequences, with a minimum distance of 2.9% (full barcodes). Closest to D. timidus and D. pratensis are two BIN clusters of D. gessneri (minimum divergence in both cases 1.2%).  Enslin, 1913designated M. Heidemaa 2022. Some damage: left flagellum missing, abdomen glued to a card together with the dissected penis valves and pinned with the specimen. ZSM. This melanic color form was identified as D. timidus based on its penis valve structure and the sculpture of the metepimeron.

The taxonomy of the Dolerus varispinus complex
The dissertation by Heidemaa (2004) contained a disclaimer (ICZN, 1999: 8.2.) excluding taxonomic and nomenclatural results for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, because some results concerning Dolerus species were still preliminary, or in the process of being published. The work also lacked an identification key to this species complex (only one specimen of D. schneideri auct. was known to him at the time). Molecular markers have not yet been used to test whether D. schneideri auct. is a color form of D. schmidti, or a distinct species. COI barcoding does not separate D. liogaster and D. schmidti, but at least the clusters based on ITS1 markers correspond with the delimitation of D. liogaster, D. schmidti, and D. varispinus based on morphology. In addition, differences in the flight periods of the imagines of these species, based on some hundreds of specimens, were also detected by Heidemaa (2004), suggesting some difference in their phenology (the females and males of the same species showed congruent shifts). In the eastern Palaearctic the situation is further complicated because at least one, but possibly more similar species with a red-marked thorax occur there, e.g. D. manticatus Konow, 1907. This resembles the red-marked form of D. liogaster, but the upper part of the mesepisternum is additionally reddish. At present this species complex is taxonomically only partly resolved and more sequence data for some rarely collected taxa/forms are necessary. In some cases, specimens of the closely related and sympatric species, D. schmidti and D. liogaster, cannot be separated reliably without dissecting their penis valves or ovipositors. The identification of the more southern "D. schneideri" specimens, e.g. from the Czech Republic (Macek 2008) and Italy (Pesarini 1997(Pesarini , 2012, has to be checked: they are likely to refer to either D. liogaster or D. schmidti.   aa Head behind eyes about as long as the length of eye (Fig. 16B) bb Metepimeron more or less convex and partly glossy ( Fig. 16D) cc SC 1 of fore wing usually sclerotized, dark (Fig. 16F) . D. schmidti Konow, 1884 (D. schneideri auct. partim) 5(3) a Sculpticells on anterior half of katepimeron of mesopleuron bead-like, uniformly raised, at least with some distinct pits (without worm-like sculpticells) (Fig. 16J) b SC 1 of forewing fully sclerotized, dark (Fig. 16G)  6(2) a Metepimeron almost flat, more or less uniformly sculptured and without convex sparsely pitted glossy region (Fig. 16C) b Basal serrulae (3-4) shorter, mostly with 9-12 denticles (Fig. 16K) c Worm-like sculpticells on anterior half of katepimeron of mesopleuron rough and irregular (Fig. 16H) d SC 1 on forewing pale, membraneous (reduced) (Fig. 16E) e Clypeus emargination almost round, its depth almost 0.4-0.5 of clypeus length (Fig. 16Q)   The synonymy of D. schneideri with D. liogaster was first proposed by Lindqvist (1943). Treated here as a color form of D. liogaster, but still separated in the key, because the melanic color form of D. liogaster also has black legs, and D. schmidti has a color form with a red-marked thorax. Specimens resembling D. schneideri are also known from the mountain areas of Central Europe, e.g. from Switzerland at altitudes of 1500-1700 m (Benson 1961).
Dolerus truncatus Lacourt, 1988. The holotype (CTN) was studied. Its clypeus emargination looks as if it is abnormally developed. The penis valve (Fig. 18) appears to be somewhat distorted, perhaps during preparation, but resembles the valve of D. liogaster. Tentatively, we treat D. truncatus as a junior synonym of D. liogaster.  Konow, 1884designated M. Heidemaa 2022. Ovipositor dissected, gummed to a card and pinned with the specimen. SDEI.

Dolerus schmidti Konow, 1884
Konow described D. schmidti as a new species only because D. liogaster Thomson was not known to him at the time. Later D. schmidti was treated as a variety of D. liogaster by Konow (1890bKonow ( , 1898Konow ( , 1905b and synonymized with it by Enslin (1913). The lectotype female was wrongly interpreted as a holotype by Oehlke and Wudowenz (1984) and followed by Heidemaa (2004  Contrary to Fabricius' original description, the posterior half of tergum 2 is red in addition to terga 3-4.  The application of the name Tenthredo bimaculata to this particular Dolerus species remains uncertain until the type material (syntype(s) in coll. E. L. Geoffroy, MNHN or Museum d'Historié Naturelle d'Autun, France?) should be located, or a neotype designated. The diagnosis by Geoffroy (1785) for Tenthredo bimaculata is uninformative: "deux taches blanches au corcelet", but based on the description by Geoffroy (1762) it was regarded as a possible senior synonym of D. tristis (F.) by de Dalla Torre (1894). Konow (1897aKonow ( , 1905b subsequently affirmed this synonymy. Here determined as D. anthracinus. SDEI. Oehlke and Wudowenz (1984) correctly linked D. coruscans Konow, 1890 to the description of D. varispinus Hartig sensu Konow, 1884, but following the definitions used in the Code (ICZN 1999), they were wrong in categorizing it as a nomen novum proposed as a replacement for a previously existing name. Dolerus coruscans was, in fact, described as a new species, by indication on the description by Konow (1884). Konow (1890a) altered his opinion on his 1884 identification of D. varispinus, and stated that this taxon represented D. anthracinus sensu Thomson. Goulet (1986) followed Konow's 1890 opinion, but this cannot be accepted, because Konow clearly based his 1884 description on material in his own collection, not in Thomson's collection. Although D. coruscans was later synonymized (Enslin 1909) with D. nitens Zaddach, it has been used in published works more than once as a valid name since 1899 (e.g. Dittrich 1905;Fedchenko 1905;Dalglish 1914) and cannot be treated as a nomen oblitum. However, it was listed as a synonym of D. anthracinus by Liston (1981), while Konow (1890bKonow ( , 1905b and Cameron (1893) regarded it as possibly conspecific with D. possilensis Cameron. A recent study of the syntypes of D. coruscans (♀, ♂) revealed that the penis valve of the lectotype male (Fig. 17A) is identical to D. nigrominutus Haris, 1998 (the holotype and two paratype males studied) but the penis valve drawing by Haris (1998) was apparently based on a deformed valve because the other valves examined (including those of the holotype) have no such distinct depression on the ventroapical margin near the valvispina. The paralectotype female of D. coruscans (see above) is probably a female (the only one known at present) of D. anthracinus Klug (nec auct.).

Dolerus coruscans
Characters of the female. The female of D. coruscans, based on two specimens, resembles D. picipes in many characters (the males are even more similar) and the melanic form of D. liogaster with black legs, but differs by its mostly smaller body size of 6-7 mm and the rather inconspicuous setation of the ovipositor sheath (valvula 3) (Fig. 17G). Due to their similarity, the diagnostic characters of coruscans are compared to their states in picipes.
Head. (Fig. 17B, C) Closely resembles D. picipes, but the minimal distance between the antennal sockets is about 2× the length of the malar space (clearly shorter in picipes). Pits on face and vertex more unevenly distributed and vary more in their size. Postocellar field less distinctly defined than in picipes and lateral postocellar furrows less distinct: short and pit-like, rather than long and line-like in picipes. Glossy patches beside the lateral postocellar furrows less distinct (almost no difference between the males).
Abdomen. (Fig. 17F-H) The ovipositor sheath in dorsal view broadens slightly towards the apex (Fig. 17G). Cerci (Fig. 17H) yellowish (black in picipes, Fig. 17I). Setae on valvula 3 rather short and delicate compared to most other Poodolerus species (Fig. 17G, H). Setae on the abdominal terga shorter and sparser, except on the apical terga. The species can be easily differentiated from D. picipes as follows. Greece are the first for these countries. The species apparently has a wide distribution, but is probably seldom collected because of its rarity and early flight period. Probably it has also sometimes remained unidentified, or has been misidentified. Possibly, the males of this species in collections could have been placed under D. picipes and its rather small females have perhaps been mistaken for dwarf females of D. liogaster / D. puncticollis (both species also have melanic color forms).
Remarks. Haris (2003) speculated that the female of this species might be wingless, or have reduced wings. Present data exclude this possibility. Nor does the female remain unknown, as Haris (1998) suggested it would, because of the destruction of the very small type locality of D. nigrominutus. In Central Europe D. coruscans has been collected early in the season (March-April). The melanic colour form of D. ferrugatus, described by Konow as D. thomsoni var. miricolor, has sometimes been mixed up with D. pachycerus Hartig, 1837. Apart from their different penis valves, they can be separated by the shape and the structure of the mesoscutellar appendage: long, concave at the sides, and with a distinct longitudinal keel in D. pachycerus compared with D. ferrugatus.
Type locality: Germany ("Habitat in Germania."). Lectotype designated below. Thomson, 1871: 284-285  Two specimens are present in the ZMUC collection under the name Tenthredo germanica. Klug (1819) referred to one of them, which has black legs and an infuscated tip of the abdomen ("Das vorhandene Exemplar hatte schwarze Beine und einen an der Spitze schwärzlichen Hinterleib, [...]"). This specimen is selected as the lectotype. It corresponds with the current concept of Dolerus germanicus, e.g. in the shape of the sawsheath (valvula 3) setation. The species needs a thorough revision, because DNA barcoding divides the specimens into two BINs (BOLD:AAI9736 and BOLD:ABV8027) separated by a minimum of over 5% divergence, indicating the possible presence of two distinct species. The two BINs are associated with color differences, of which some appear stable within the cluster and others are variable. Based on about 80 barcoded specimens from Finland, specimens of BOLD:ABV8027 consistently have entirely black hind legs, while those of BOLD:AAI9736 usually have largely orange hind femora and tibiae, although sometimes they are completely black. Additionally, females with a red mesoscutellum always fall in BOLD:AAI9736 and always have red tegulae, pronotum and mesoscutum, whereas in BOLD:ABV8027 the mesoscutellum is always entirely or mostly black, but the tegulae, pronotum and mesoscutum vary from black to red. It is also worth mentioning that the division of specimens into two groups was not reflected in two nuclear genes (POL2 and NaK). Likewise, no useful structural characters have yet been found, but a more detailed systematic study of the male genitalia might be helpful.

Dolerus arcticus
Dolerus arcticus Thomson, 1871 The number of specimens was not given by Stephens. The species description should therefore be assumed to have been based on syntypes. However, Kirby (1882) referred to the "♀. (Type of D. fuscipennis.) S. Scotland. J. F. Stephens", and according to the labels and the collection catalogue this was the only specimen from the Stephens collection in the BMNH. The specimen fits the original description, and Kirby's statement qualifies as a valid lectotype designation, because there is no evidence in the original description that more than one type specimen existed (ICZN 1999 Article 74.6.). In the original description Stephens indicates that he had more than one specimen, because he gives color characters for both sexes. Kirby's statement "♀ Type of D. hyalinalis" (Kirby 1882) refers to the only syntype from the Stephens collection that was present in the BMNH, but cannot be accepted as a lectotype designation, because it is clear that Stephens based his description on more than one specimen (ICZN 1999 Article 74.5.). The synonymy with D. pratensis, based on a misidentification, was adopted for example by de Dalla Torre (1894) and most other subsequent works.
The color form of Dolerus gessneri with a redbanded abdomen was described as a distinct species, D. labiosus Konow, 1897(Konow 1897b, but was later mostly treated as a synonym (sometimes also as a subspecies) of D. gessneri, because intermediate color forms with variable red markings on the abdomen occur. The specimens from the Russian Far East with completely black forelegs, which have sometimes been determined as D. gessneri, probably belong to some other Dolerus (subgen. Equidolerus) species. Dolerus gessneri, a Holarctic species, needs a revision, because COI barcoding data suggest that it could include more than one species, and some morphological characters correlate with the genetic data. There are three BIN clusters (BOLD:AAL2317, BOLD:ACE7304, BOLD:ACE3617) diverging by 1.8-2.3%. BOLD:AAL2317 is closest to D. timidus and BOLD:ACE7304 is closest to D. pratensis (minimum divergence in both cases 1.2%). All three BIN clusters are represented in Fennoscandia, two of which (Fig. 19) have been found in Finland.  (Goulet 1986). The genetic and morphological affinity of D. incisus to D. junci and D. yukonensis suggests that the host plant of D. incisus is also a species of Equisetum (Goulet 1986). The habitat in Finland is a shallow oxbow lake (meander) of the Oulanka river with plenty of Equisetum fluviatile, which is also the host of D. junci. This habitat matches perfectly with that given for D. incisus in North America by Goulet (1986). Several other Dolerus species occur syntopically, including the closely related D. junci Stephens (= D. cothurnatus auct., see above). The melanic form of D. incisus is recorded from Finland (all three are females, see above, Fig. 20A) and Norway (Heimdalsmunnen, alt 1150 m, leg. E. Heibo, CEH). Melanic females of D. subarcticus (recorded from Norway and Kamtschatka, see under D. subarcticus) can be distinguished by their postocellar furrows, the sawsheath (valvula 3) shape, and its apical setation (Fig. 20B). Melanic males can be separated most reliably by their penis valves (Fig. 20C,  20D). Only the melanic colour form of D. incisus has so far been recognized from Fennoscandian countries, whereas in Canada and the USA both the black color form and a form with red-banded abdomen and partly reddish legs are known. We studied paratypes of D. incisus: 2♀, 2♂, some of them dissected, CNC. Penis valve of the lectotype as in Fig. 21. The taxonomic status of a melanic colour form closely resembling D. puncticollis (recorded from Portugal and Greece) is still under study.  Benson, 1956: 55-58 ♀ Hellén, 1956, M.Heidemaa design." [red], "Dolerus subarcticus Hellén, 1956, M.Heidemaa det." [white]. In good condition. 10♀, 8♂ paralectotypes also examined: Ivalo, Kantalaks, Kilpisjärvi, Lutto, Muonio, Paanajärvi, Petsamo, Umba, Utsjoki (Outakoski). All in MZH.
The melanic (black) form (♂) and a nearly black form, with obscure reddish patches on abdominal terga 2-4 (♀), are known from Norway (near Hovet and near Geitryggtunnelen, leg. E. Heibo, CEH), and the melanic form also from Kamtschatka, Russia (a syntype female of D. pratensis var. totus determined by R. Malaise, in NHRS, see also under D. yukonensis). Goulet, 1986 The "holotype" label attached by Zombori has no nomenclatural significance, because this interpretation was never published. Moreover, the number of specimens was not given in the original description and the ♀ symbol does not necessarily indicate that Mocsáry had only one specimen, even if only one specimen was found in the author's collection. Such assumptions about the status of specimens as holotypes should be avoided according to the Code (ICZN 1999: Articles 72.4.7, 73F). The larva is known through rearing and observations by Ponomarev (2022). Host plant: unidentified Poaceae spec.

Dolerus yukonensis Norton, 1872
Dolerus similis var. yukonensis Norton, 1872: 82. ♀, ♂. Syntypes. Lectotype ♀ designated by Ross (1931)  Dolerus yukonensis has a Holarctic distribution, and both red-banded/-marked as well as melanic color forms occur. According to Goulet (1986) the color forms developed independently in the coastal areas of both continents. This speaks against the subspecific status of the melanic color forms suggested by Benson (1959). According to Benson (1934a) D. scoticus Cameron can be distinguished from melanic forms of D. yukonensis by the strongly developed temporal furrows, like in D. junci and D. incisus, which are absent in D. yukonensis. He also wrote that "Dolerus totus Malaise, 1931, from Kamtchatka may be the same species as D. scoticus Cam." Benson (1934b) synonymized them (and D. arcticola Kiaer, 1898) with D. scoticus and later all of them with D. yukonensis (Benson 1958: corrigenda). Latterly, he regarded D. scoticus as a subspecies of D. yukonensis (Benson 1959) and reported it from Switzerland (Benson 1961) and southern Norway, Hallingskarvet District (Benson 1966). However, Benson was not aware of the presence of melanic forms of D. incisus and D. subarcticus in Norway, the males of which can most reliably be identified by their penis valves (Fig. 20C, D). The sculpture of the abdominal terga in D. yukonensis, as in D. subarcticus, is not as stable as is often assumed. The depth of the clypeus emargination and the lateral postocellar furrows also vary. However, no potential male of D. scoticus, which could support its status as a distinct species as proposed by Haris (2000), has so far been recognized. The lectotype female of D. scoticus probably belongs to D. yukonensis, and certainly not to D. junci or D. incisus. Here we retain the synonymy of D. scoticus with D. yukonensis proposed by Benson (1958) and concurred with by Goulet (1986), but admit that more DNA sequence data are needed to test the taxonomic status of the melanic forms, which show at least some coinciding structural differences. We have studied melanic and red-marked color forms from the Palaearctic, but only red-marked forms from the Nearctic.
Use of the names Dolerus stygius Förster, 1860 and D. megapterus Cameron, 1881Lacourt (2020 used Dolerus megapterus Cameron, 1881(Cameron 1881b) as a valid name, rather than its senior subjective synonym D. stygius Förster, 1860. On page 197 he wrote "megapterus Cameron, 1881(=stygius Förster, 1860 Nomen oblitum)". However, according  Thomson, 1871. Penis valve, lectotype. to the Code (ICZN 1999), this is wrong. Dolerus stygius was used by Blank and Taeger (1992) as the name of a valid species, which precludes the application of article 23.9. Lacourt himself also used D. stygius as the valid name of this species (Lacourt 1999 Notes. The species boundaries between willow-feeding taxa of the Empria immersa group (E. immersa, E. camtschatica, E. plana, and E. improba) have proved to be difficult to elucidate (Prous et al. 2014(Prous et al. , 2020. In Fennoscandia, two forms can commonly be found at the same time and place (Prous et al. 2014): E. immersa with a dark pterostigma and short antenna, and E. camtschatica with a pale pterostigma and long antenna. These two forms can also be distinguished by larval morphology (Fig. 22). Based on ex ovo rearings by M. Prous (two females from Sweden and Estonia) and ex larva rearings by Ponomarev (2022) of E. immersa, and ex ovo rearings by M. Prous of E. camtschatica (using two females from Sweden), the main difference seems to be in head coloration: E. immersa with an occipital fleck or stripe (Fig. 22F-M) and E. camtschatica with occipital and parietal stripes (Fig. 22A-E). An additional difference may be that glandubae (white conical warts) are more prominent in E. immersa than in E. camtschatica. Although based on limited specimen sampling, genome scale data (Prous et al. 2020) fig. 5 in Prous et al. 2020). Given the above, we synonymize E. plana and E. camtschatica with E. improba, because clear boundaries between these taxa cannot at present be drawn. Thus, in Europe, the specimens with dark pterostigma, short antennae and more prominent serrulae of the saw can be identified as E. immersa, and those with pale pterostigma, usually longer antennae, and less prominent serrulae as E. improba (see Prous et al. 2014). In North America, however, at least some E. improba specimens look externally more like E. immersa (dark pterostigma and metafemur), while the serrulae of the saw resemble E. camtschatica. Lacourt (2020) suggested that E. camtschatica could be a synonym of E. improba, but genetically these taxa are not necessarily closer to each other than they are to E. plana (Prous et al. 2020). If the circumscription of E. improba as proposed here is considered incorrect, then it remains unclear how many additional species should be recognized, and how these should be delimited. For example, in Europe the morphological distinction between E. camtschatica and E. plana is not clear, although these forms can be more reliably distinguished from E. immersa. Konow, 1887 with Eutomostethus ephippium (Panzer, 1797) (Tenthredinidae, Blennocampinae) Eutomostethus ephippium (Panzer, 1797) was long regarded (e.g. Enslin 1914;Benson 1952) as a widely distributed species in Europe, whose female occurs in two color forms, without intermediates. One has the mesoscutum, pronotum, tegulae and upper mesepisternum red, whereas the thorax is without red markings in the other. Males are only known from more southern parts of Europe, particularly from the south-east, and have no red markings on the thorax. In recent decades, the two female color forms have been treated as separate species: E. ephippium (redmarked) and E. nigrans (Konow, 1887) (black). Here, we re-establish the synonymy of these forms.

Syntypes. Type locality not stated.
Eutomostethus nigrans (Konow, 1887):  Eutomostethus nigrans Blank & Taeger, 1998: 161-162 Notes. COI barcodes of a few specimens identified as E. nigrans are indistinguishable from those of a large number of E. ephippium (red-marked females). Vikberg et al. (2011) discussed the distribution of the two forms in Fennoscandia and more widely in Europe, noting that the patterns of occurrence are complex, and that they are regionally often sympatric, but that the dark form becomes more common towards the West, suggesting that climatic causes may play a role in maintaining this polymorphism. No other differences have been detected between the red-marked and black forms. We therefore revert to treating them as conspecific colour forms.

Gilpinia verticalis
Notes. Although we have not studied the lectotype of Lophyrus catocalus, the interpretation of its taxonomic status is possible after referring to Gussakovskij's description of G. verticalis and the other publications cited above. We agree with Pschorn-Walcher (1982) and Viitasaari and Varama (1987) that the two forms are an expression of individual variability, linked to population differences with a geographical component. Accordingly, we treat Gilpinia catocala as a junior synonym of G. pallida.
The taxonomy of European Heptamelus species (Heptamelidae) Two European Heptamelus species were distinguished by Vikberg and Liston (2009). In recent years, a third species has been found in Finland and Russia. Colour. Fig. 26A, B. Black. Pale are: palpi, tegula, legs (except for arioli and extreme inner tip of metatibia); in fore wing base and apex of costa, apex of subcostal, base of stigma (Fig. 23A), R1, 1A, 2A+3A [color differences between veins of hind wing not clearly definable]; margins of median excision of abdominal tergum 1, medio-distal part of terga 2-4 (-6) [pale area on tergum 3 is the largest of these], all sterna, more or less the downturned parts of terga 2-8, more or less hypopygium and ovipositor valvifer 2. Wing membranes hyaline.

Heptamelus viitasaarii
Head. Pedicel about as long as scape. Head in lateral view with widest point on temple about equal to length of pedicel (Fig. 23E). Malar space slightly shorter than diameter of anterior ocellus. Lowest part of gena densely sculptured, without shining interspaces between the ill-defined pits (Fig. 23E). Clypeus densely pitted, weakly shiny; anterior margin widely emarginate, to about 0.4 of its length (Fig. 23D). Setae on upper head as long, or longer than, diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 23E).
Body length: 4.5-5.5 mm Variability: 5-6 flagellomeres, depending on whether or not the distal one is subdivided; the proportions of this antennomere are thus highly variable. Number of pits on upper mesepisternum variable. The scape and pedicel of females may be more or less pale.   Etymology. Named after Matti Viitasaari, who first recognised a very large female of this species as probably not belonging to Heptamelus ochroleucus or H. dahlbomi.
Habitat. Damp, shady places in woodland. Biology. Many female specimens have been reared from larvae in Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. (Fig. 25). Larvae found abundantly in 2021 in Matteucia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. in Kitee, Finland, were provisionally identified as H. viitasaarii by genetic comparison (identical to adults), as later confirmed when females started to emerge in 2022. The larvae feed inside the rachis, eating alternate portions nearly completely, or only partly (Fig. 25B, C). This results internally in a "ladder-like" appearance, which is externally clearly visible, especially against the light (Fig. 25A). This feeding habit is, however, possibly widespread in Heptamelus: at least H. dahlbomi larvae feed in the same way. Larvae of H. viitasaarii in M. struthiopteris regularly overwinter in a chamber made within the fertile fronds at the base of the stem. Strangely, no males have so far been reared, and the few males so far netted are all from a single locality (within an area of less than 1km 2 ). It was observed that adults reared from plants of different size varied very much in body size, and that the smallest individuals had been feeding on the smallest plant, with correspondingly thin stalks.
Distribution. Finland (North and South Karelia, Tavastia, and Helsinki area), Russia (Moscow). The record from Moscow was published by Vikberg (2017) as Heptamelus ochroleucus. Differential diagnosis. The characters which are most useful for the identification of European Heptamelus species are presented below in a key. The extensively pitted and setose mesoscutellar appendage distinguishes H. viitasaarii from the two other European species, as well as H. magnocularis Malaise, 1931(Malaise 1931b) from the Russian Far East (see Liston et al. 2018). Note that all body parts of H. viitasaarii are conspicuously more densely setose, and pitted, than most other Heptamelus species which we have so far examined.
From the females of Heptamelus dahlbomi, H. ochroleucus, H. magnocularis, H. montanus Togashi, 1961, andH. takeuchii Togashi, 1961 (the latter two from Japan), H. viitasaarii differs in its much shorter and higher apical serrulae of the lancet (Fig. 24A,  B). Heptamelus viitasaarii has a wider sawsheath in dorsal view than either H. dahlbomi or H. ochroleucus.  Togashi, 1961, only known in the male sex, differs from H. viitasaarii in its entirely pale thorax, abdomen and fore wing pterostigma. The male of H. takeuchii differs from H. viitasaarii in its more shallowly emarginate and smoother clypeus, and the pale abdominal sternum 9. The male of H. montanus resembles that of H. viitasaarii in coloration, but as in females of these species, the clypeus of H. montanus is much less deeply emarginate (approx. to about 0.2 of its length) and the setae on the upper head shorter (mostly shorter than the diameter of the anterior ocellus).
Remarks. A single specimen (DEI-GISHym83629) of the previously unknown male of H. dahlbomi was examined: Russia: Primorskiy Kray, Ussuri Nature Reserve, 150 m., 43. 644°N, 132.346°E, 23.05.2016, leg. K. Kramp, M. Prous and A. Taeger (SDEI). Its COI fragment (1376 bp, 537 bp matching the barcoding region) is identical to females from Europe and North America, but differs by 0.2% (overlap 957 bp) from a female from Primorskiy Kray. Color and morphology of the male close-ly resemble the female (see the detailed description by Vikberg and Liston 2009), but antennomeres 1 and 2 are entirely black (usually more or less pale in the female). Sternum 9 is pale; penis valve (see Fig. 24E).
During the last few years, we have collected about 50 adult H. viitasaarii in the field and reared about 90 from Finland. During the same period, we have collected about seven H. dahlbomi, one H. ochroleucus, and about eight Pseudoheptamelus runari. We have collected H. viitasaarii mostly in eastern Finland, but in the summer of 2021 also in Tavastia and the Helsinki area, where there has been lots of previous collecting activity. In Finnish collections, including the MZH, there are dozens of specimens of each of H. ochroleucus, H. dahlbomi and P. runari, but we did not find a single specimen of H. viitasaarii. The large size of most H. viitasaarii female specimens makes them easy to detect. Statistically, it seems highly improbable that not even a single H. viitasaarii was collected before 2000, if the species had been present in Finland significantly before then. Heptamelus viitasaarii now seems to be present nearly everywhere in Finland where Athyrium and other ferns occur, and it flies at a time of year when there has been much collecting activity. Vikberg collected sawflies in eastern Finland for many years, from the early 1960's, as did several other entomologists, but they never found H. viitasaarii. It is now so easy to find that we strongly believe that it has only relatively recently spread into Finland from the East. The absence of intraspecific genetic variability in the COI gene may also be indicative of recent expansion to the area, although other reasons for this are possible.
Our interpretation of Heptamelus montanus is based on the original description by Togashi (1961), photographs by A. Shinohara of one female and male (Japan, Nagano Prefecture, Mt. Jonen, 16.07.1929, leg. Takeuchi) in the National Science Museum of Japan (Tokyo) from the same series as a male paratype, and a female in the SDEI which closely fits the original description: DEI-GISHym15626, Japan: Nagano, Mt. Iizuna 5 km W, 900 m, 36. 724°N, 138.062°E, 24.05.2017, leg. H. Kojima. A. Shinohara (personal communication to Liston) informed us that no type specimens of H. montanus can be located, and that they may have been destroyed by mould and collection pests, together with the types of several other species which remained after Togashi's death in the part of his collection kept at his home.
The taxonomy of Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1910 (Tenthredinidae, Blennocampinae) In recent years, a species of Blennocampinae previously unknown in Europe has appeared in Finland, occurring locally in large numbers on its host plant Sambucus racemosa. It was first found in Finland in the Häme region, by V. Vikberg in 2009, and in every subsequent year. Since then it has been recorded extensively in Finland, south of approximately 62°N (see below). This species has previously been referred to as Rhadinoceraea sibiricola, but its generic position requires reconsideration. In morphology, along with Paracharactus gracilicornis, it was found to most closely resemble species of Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916, with slightly less similarity to species of Lagonis Ross, 1937and Paracharactus MacGillivray, 1908. Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916 Description. Antennal flagellomeres proportionately narrow; flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7× as long as distal width; the basal flagellomeres not widening distally, and setae normal (not long and coarse as in Phymatocera). Outer orbit with pronounced groove behind nearly whole length of eye. Postgenal carina developed slightly below eye (clearly in P. sibiricola, but very weakly in P. gracilicornis). Posterior of mesoscutellum with some conspicuous pits. Epicnemium variably developed, e.g. present in P. sibiricola, absent in P. gracilicornis. Claws with a small to minute inner tooth. Stub of 2A + 3A (analis) of fore wings straight, curved towards anterior, or furcate at apex; hind wing with enclosed cell M.
Diagnosis. Phymatoceropsis can be distinguished from Rhadinoceraea by its proportionately narrower flagellomeres (flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7× as long as distal width in Phymatoceropsis, 2.6-3.1× as long as distal width in Rhadinoceraea); basal flagellomeres not distally widened (widened in Rhadinoceraea); outer orbit with pronounced groove behind whole length of eye (in Rhadinoceraea, if a groove is present, then this is behind only part of the eye. Phymatoceropsis differs from Lagonis in its mainly smooth mesepisternum (upper mesepisternum of Lagonis with numerous, large, crater-like pits). Phymatoceropsis can be separated from Paracharactus (based on North American species and the European P. hyalinus) by the mesoscutellum having at least a row of deep, well-defined pits on the posterior part (mesoscutellum entirely without pits in Paracharactus). Although in all examined specimens of Phymatoceropsis the stub of 2A + 3A of the fore wing is apically furcate (as is also usual in Rhadinoceraea), and in most specimens of various Nearctic Paracharactus and the European P. hyalinus (Konow, 1886) (Konow 1886a) the apex of 2A + 3A is straight, in some individuals of Nearctic Paracharactus species, as already noted by Smith (1969), it is furcate / curved strongly upwards, e.g. in P. rudis (Norton, 1861).
Comments. The phylogeny of the Blennocampinae (Fig. 27) requires additional study, including analysis of genetic data obtained from a larger number of taxa. The large number of genus names currently in use as valid (Taeger et al. 2010 listed over 100), and their often weak morphological characterization, lead us to suspect that significant "oversplitting" may have occurred. However, at present it seems reasonable to retain Phymatoceropsis as valid, and to place P. sibiricola and P. gracilicornis there. The synonymy of Phymatoceropsis and Dicrostema is based on the close genetic similarity of the type species of Dicrostema to Phymatoceropsis sibiricola, and because these two species possess the same combination of characters exhibited by other Phymatoceropsis species, including its type species. The host plant ranges of lineages of the Phymatocerini may correlate to a certain degree with their phylogeny. As far as is known, Rhadinoceraea species are attached to Iridaceae and Liliaceae (Smith 1969), and Phymatoceropsis species to Adoxaceae, i.e. P. gracilicornis on Adoxa, and P. japonica and P. sibiricola on Sambucus. Interestingly, Sambucus species are also the hosts of Lagonis nevadensis, and L. opacicollis, which genetically also group with Phymatoceropsis, albeit with weak statistical support (Fig. 27). Unfortunately, the hosts of Paracharactus species are not known for certain. Smith (1969) reasoned that North American species might be attached to Carex, based on a tentative identification of a larva, whereas  speculated that the West Palaearctic P. hyalinus feeds on Ranunculus aconitifolius and R. platanifolius, without presenting any supporting data or observations. On the other hand, Okutani (1967) (Severin 1997) and Phymatocera aterrima (Chevin and Silvestre de Sacy 2001), but the prolonged phenological periods of activity recorded for these species may be the result of polymodal emergence of adults, rather than true plurivoltinism. (Zaddach, 1859) comb. nov. Zaddach, 1859: 34-35. ♀. Holotype. Type locality [see Introduction, p. 7]: proba- Figure 27. Maximum likelihood tree of Blennocampinae and Allantinae based on mitochondrial COI and two nuclear genes (NaK and POL2). Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Values of only well supported branches (>90 for both) are shown. Letters "f " stand for "female", "m" for "male", and "l" for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length.

Phymatoceropsis sibiricola
In the original description, Zhelochovtsev (1939) compared R. sibiricola with "Rh. japonica Malaise" [Phymatoceropsis japonica (Malaise, 1931) (Malaise 1931a)], and stated that they are "closely allied". Comparison of female P. sibiricola specimens from Finland ( Fig. 28) with a Japanese female of P. japonica in the SDEI collection confirmed their similarity. As mentioned by Zhelochovtsev, P. japonica has much longer antennae, but the differences described in the structure of the frontal area and mesopleura seemed less clear. The host plant of P. sibiricola, as discovered by Vikberg in Finland (see below), is Sambucus racemosa (Adoxaceae), since verified several times by Mutanen. The host plant of P. japonica is Sambucus sieboldiana Blume (Okutani 1956), which is sometimes treated as a synonym or subspecies of S. racemosa L. They laid eggs only on Sambucus racemosa leaves. The egg is laid through the upperside of the leaf into the tissue of the underside, usually one to two eggs per leaflet, but in one small leaflet eight eggs were counted. Oviposition occurred on 21.05.-24.05. The first larvae were observed on the morning of 28.05. Later, 28 larvae were counted. Five feeding instars were observed and after finishing feeding there was an "extra moult". Prepupae were seen on 07.06-08.06.

Summary of records in Finland
1 st and 2 nd instar larvae are gray, with a brown head. 5 th instar larvae are 13-14 mm long; head width ca. 1.6 mm (Fig. 29). Head brownish, behind the eye a black fleck which is curved backwards and upwards. Body dorsally dark gray with greenish hue; ventrally whitish gray. Black suprastigmal flecks on thoracic segment 3 and abdominal segments 1-9.
Synonymy of Pristiphora trochanterica (Lindqvist, 1952) with Pristiphora coactula (Ruthe, 1859)  Notes. The nuclear sequence data obtained for this study revealed three main clusters within the Pristiphora carinata group: P. carinata, P. coactula, and P. borea + P. groenblomi + P. albilabris (Fig. 30). No nuclear sequence data are yet available for P. breadalbanensis (Cameron, 1882b) and P. lativentris (Thomson, 1871). A nearly perfect match morphologically to the L. trochantericus holotype is ZMUO.035514, which falls within the P. coactula cluster Figure 28. Phymatoceropsis sibiricola (Zhelochovtsev, 1939). A. ♀ (ZMUO.039464); B. ♂ (ZMUO.058201). based on nuclear DNA (Fig. 30). There are two main clusters based on COI sequences, one of which contains only P. borea (Konow, 1904) and P. groenblomi (Lindqvist, 1952) and the other one all species (Fig. 31). Within the COI cluster containing all species (Fig. 31), P. borea, P. groenblomi, and P. albilabris (Boheman, 1852) (Betula feeders) tend to separate from P. coactula (Salix) and P. carinata (Hartig, 1837) (Vaccinium). Based on the specimens having nuclear data, the species (mainly females) of the carinata group may be separated by the following key, although it might not always work for all specimens, particularly P. coactula and P. borea. Excluded from the key are the (sub)arctic species P. breadalbanensis and P. lativentris. Pristiphora lativentris may have somewhat different serrulae from the other species (almost papilliform, see fig. 215 in Prous et al. 2017). The identity of Pristiphora breadalbanensis (most similar to P. borea and P. coactula) needs further research to confirm if characters (e.g. structure of median mesoscutal lobes) mentioned by Benson (1958) to separate this species are reliable.  (Zhelochovtsev, 1939). A-C. Nearly fully-fed larvae on Sambucus racemosa. Figure 30. Maximum likelihood tree of Pristiphora carinata group based on nuclear genes (NaK and POL2). Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Values of only well supported branches (>90 for both) and of P. coactula clade with moderate support are shown. Letters "f " stand for "female", "m" for "male", and "l" for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length and the number of heterozygous positions.  Letters "f " stand for "female", "m" for "male", and "l" for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length and the number of ambiguous positions. Pristiphora carinata group 1 a Pterostigma distinctly darker than costa b Legs largely orange or reddish c In female, valvifer 2 and terga 9-10 black or slightly pale d In male, sternum 9 blac ..... P. albilabris (Boheman, 1852) ♂♀ and P. groenblomi (Lindqvist, 1952)  aa Valvula 3 usually longer, slightly narrowed at apex and without invagination (Fig. 33A), but sometimes not distinguishable from P. coactula (Fig. 33B) (Konow, 1904) Examples of lancets of P. borea, P. carinata, and P. coactula are shown in Fig. 32A-C, but more specimens need to be examined to check if there are any consistent differences between the species. Morphological differences between the males of P. borea, P. carinata, and P. coactula are not clear. Externally, it seems that P. coactula tends to be paler (clypeus, pronotal angles, tegula, metafemur, and sternum 9 completely or mostly pale) than P. borea and P. carinata. The dorso-apical margin of the paravalva of P. borea (Fig. 34B) may be more strongly inclined basally compared to P. carinata and P. coactula, but differences between the penis valves of the latter two species are not clear (Fig. 34A, D, E). The most distinctive penis valve in the P. carinata group seems to belong to P. albi-  labris (Fig. 34F), which has the most distinctly inclined dorso-apical margin of paravalva. Overall shape of penis valve of P. groenblomi (Fig. 34C) is most similar to P. borea, but it may be larger. Konow, 1894 with Scolioneura betuleti (Klug, 1816) (Tenthredinidae, Blennocampinae) Altenhofer and Taeger (1998) split Scolioneura betuleti (Klug, 1816) into two species, distinguished only by their different phenology. They applied the name S. vicina Konow, 1894(Konow 1894a to specimens found early in the season, and S. betuleti to those found later. Although the flight periods appear to be separated in central Europe, this is less likely to be the case in the very short summers of northern Lapland and at higher altitudes in the mountains. MacQuarrie et al. (2007) compared mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes of putative European S. betuleti and S. vicina, as well as Canadian populations of S. betuleti, and found no significant differences. They concluded that S. vicina may not be reproductively isolated from S. betuleti. Leppänen et al. (2012) sequenced two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, and likewise found no significant differences. They considered that the two nominal species are synonymous. We follow their opinion.  Grönblom, 1939 with Brachythops wuestneii (Konow, 1885) confirmed (Tenthredinidae, Selandriinae)  In northern Fennoscandia occur specimens of a Brachythops species which look unusual (Fig. 35C) compared to specimens from further south. Unlike other European Brachythops specimens (e.g. Fig. 35A, B), the fore wing stigma and costa are entirely pale, and in lateral view the middle to apical flagellomeres are conspicuously shorter compared to their width (Fig. 35C). Like in Brachythops wuestneii (Konow, 1885), the median mesoscutal lobes are strongly setose and pitted: in B. flavens (Klug, 1816) they are weakly pitted and more glabrous. Grönblom (1939) described such specimens under the name Selandria flavistigma from six females collected in the Petsamo area (now Russia, Murmansk oblast, Pechenga). We have collected eight female specimens of this appearance from above the tree line near Abisko (Sweden) and Kilpisjärvi (Finland). The morphological differences led us to suspect that the high-northern form represents a third European species. However, although its COI barcode differs somewhat from B. wuestneii, no significant differences were found in two nuclear DNA markers (NaK and POL2). Nuclear divergence (3389 bp) between one B. wuestneii and one B. flavistigma is 0.4%, which is not much more than divergence within B. flavens (up to 0.2% based on three specimens). For comparison, nuclear divergence between B. flavens and B. wuestneii s.l. is 1.6-2.6%. On current evidence, S. flavistigma should continue to be treated as a synonym of B. wuestneii, as in Taeger et al. (2010). Perhaps it is a parthenogenetic form of B. wuestneii found instead of the "normal", sexually reproducing form, in arctic environments in northernmost Lapland. It is interesting that typical specimens of B. wuestneii have not been found at all in the Abisko or Kilpisjärvi areas, although typical B. wuestneii is distributed at least to Central Lapland in Finland (ca 68°N).
The taxonomy of Strongylogaster macula (Klug, 1817): a single species in Europe, or more? (Tenthredinidae, Selandriinae) Macek (2010) proposed that in Europe two species have formerly been mixed up under the name Strongylogaster macula. He called them S. macula and S. baikalensis Naito, 1990(Naito 1990. His opinion has since been followed by, for example, Lacourt (2020) and Mol (2021). Our own studies on about 200 specimens of S. macula from many Palaearctic localities initially suggested that three main, different morphotypes exist. All three appear to have a wide distribution in central and northern Europe. However, as we examined more specimens, it became increasingly difficult to clearly correlate the morphological traits with each other, or with available genetic data (only COI barcodes are so far available). Morphological characters which we examined were mainly: color pattern, surface sculpture, body size, penis valves and lancets. Possibly significant, but slight, variability in genitalic characters was observed, as previously by Macek (2010) and Mol (2021), but an inadequate number of specimens were dissected. The taxonomic content of the name S. macula requires further study, integrating morphological and genetic approaches. Such a study should ideally also include data on host plants, to test the assertions by Macek (2010) and Macek et al. (2020) that supposedly distinguishable morphotypes of S. macula use different genera of host plants. For the moment, we treat these forms as conspecific with S. macula.
In northern Sweden, at several localities, M. Prous and A. Liston collected a large number of small, dark S. macula males and females on and around the fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman. Later, at one of the sites, larvae were abundant on G. dryopteris, a host genus which has not previously been recorded for S. macula.

Species new to the Finnish sawfly fauna
Although the sawfly fauna of Finland is relatively well investigated compared to most other European countries, in recent years surprisingly many species have been found there for the first time. Paukkunen et al. (2020) have already mentioned some of these, but without any details. Dolerus incisus, Phymatoceropsis sibiricola and Heptamelus viitasaarii, discussed earlier in this paper, are also such cases. For some of the other more interesting species, we now present collection data, with brief commentaries on what is known about their wider distribution and biology.    Fenusa ewaldi was described from two females reared from leaf-mines on Rosa collected in Novosibirsk, West Siberia (Smith and Altenhofer 2011). Also reared from Rosa by Ponomarev (2022): Russia, Moscow oblast, Voynovo-Gora, 55.846°N, 39.063°E, 10.07.2020. Since at least 2018, leaf-mines of Fenusa ewaldi have been frequently found on Rosa, e.g. R. woodsii and R. acicularis in Oulu Botanic Garden, and numerous females reared (Fig. 36). At these three localities, cultivated Rosa species in parks and gardens were the hosts (Fig. 37A). Mines were found mostly on more sheltered rose bushes. The rearing of four females from leaf-mines on Rubus chamaemorus (above) was therefore unexpected, considering the habitat was shady, moist, natural old-growth mixed forest dominated by spruce (Fig. 37B).  (Fig. 38).

Macrophya infumata
In Europe previously recorded from the Russian regions of Kirov and Perm (Zhelochovtsev and Zinovjev 1996), but in iNaturalist (2022) more western Russian records are to be found (Kursk, Moscow, and St Peterburg Regions). The species is widespread in the East Palaearctic, from W. Siberia to Sakhalin, Japan, and northern China (Mallach 1936;Yoshida 2017). Host plant is Sambucus racemosa, including the closely related Japanese S. sieboldiana (Sakurai et al. 2009). The larvae were beaten from lower branches of S. racemosa in a shady habitat. The only previous records in the West Palaearctic were from Russia: Zhelochovtsev (1951) mentioned Archangelsk oblast, "Molotowsk" [since 1956 Severodvinsk], and Ermolenko (1975) wrote [translated] "distributed from Perm and the Urals to Sakhalin and Japan". Zhelochovtsev and Zinovjev (1996) mentioned only "Ural" as the area of occurrence within European Russia. Without locating voucher specimens, it is therefore impossible to decide whether the published distributional information for European Russia is accurate. Stromboceros koebelei occurs in the Russian Far East and Amur Region, but records are lacking from more western parts of the Russian East Palaearctic territories (Zhelochovtsev and Zinovjev 1996). It is also widespread in Japan, and occurs on the Korean Peninsula (Yoshida 2017). In Japan, species of Athyrium (Isaka et al. 2015), Dryopteris, and Polystichum (Naito 1979) have been recorded as host plants. The only known Finnish site for the species is a shady creek valley with mixed trees and rich vegetation. All specimens were swept from Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. and Jermy, which is almost certainly the food plant at this site. Other fern species present on the site, including Matteucia struthiopteris, did not yield any adults. It is noticeable that all specimens from several other localities in the same region have turned out to represent the common S. delicatulus, suggesting that S. koebelei is very local and possibly has a narrow host range.

Discussion
Our taxonomic results include name changes of species which are widely distributed and frequently recorded in the West Palaearctic. Where the name which we now consider to be valid has not been in recent use and the name previously used is no longer employed as valid for a different taxon, such changes are relatively unproblematic. An example are the names Dolerus junci and D. cothurnatus. More problematic are cases where a species name continues to be used as valid, but is applied to a different taxon, e.g. Abia nitens. The change in use of the names Dolerus coracinus and D. anthracinus is close to the "worst case": both names continue to be valid, but for taxa other than those to which they were formerly applied. Even for taxonomists specialising on the group, such changes are confusing. However, although highly regrettable, these changes are a necessary consequence of adherence to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the fundamental importance of name-bearing type specimens in defining the use of names. To avoid ambiguity resulting from the different applications of species names, we recommend that authors using these names should specify the work or works on which they base their taxonomy and nomenclature.
Many groups of sawflies are considered to be taxonomically "difficult", and this certainly applies to the West Palaearctic Cephidae. That we have discussed only one taxonomic problem in this family is merely because relatively few species occur in northern Europe: the southern European species are even less well understood. However, the evidently unsatisfactory current circumscription of genera, at least in the Cephini, is a problem which affects the entire European fauna. In view of the economic importance of some Cephidae, it is surprising that they have not been better studied.
The temporal and geographical patterns of observations on Fenusa ewaldi, Heptamelus viitasaarii,  Macrophya infumata, and Phymatoceropsis sibiricola suggest that these species have recently spread to Finland from the East. There may well be a connection between the increasing abundance of Sambucus racemosa in Finland during the past hundred years (Lempiäinen 1992), and the spread of two of the sawfly species which use it as their host: M. infumata and P. sibiricola. On the other hand, Dolerus incisus and Stromboceros koebelei may simply have been hitherto overlooked in Fennoscandia. In the case of D. incisus, which is morphologically similar to related species, it would not be surprising if it had been overlooked, but S. koebelei is considerably more easily recognized, and therefore it perhaps really has a highly disjunct distribution in the West Palaearctic.
The host repertoire (Braga and Janz 2021) of Fenusa ewaldi is noteworthy on two counts. Firstly, it is unusual for a leaf-mining sawfly to develop on hosts belonging to more than one genus, although Fenella nigrita is considered to be an exception (Macek et al. 2020). Secondly, F. ewaldi is the first leaf-mining sawfly recorded from Rubus chamaemorus. Larvae of four other sawfly species have been found to feed to R. chamaemorus in Europe (unpublished data in SDEI database), but none of these is a monophage.