Datasets for a simulated family-based exome-sequencing study

We present simulated exome-sequencing data for 150 families from a North American admixed population, ascertained to contain at least four members affected with lymphoid cancer. These data include information on the ascertained families as well as single-nucleotide variants on the exome of affected family members. We provide a brief overview of the simulation steps and links to the associated software scripts. The resulting data are useful to identify genomic patterns and disease inheritance in families with multiple disease-affected members.


a b s t r a c t
We present simulated exome-sequencing data for 150 families from a North American admixed population, ascertained to contain at least four members affected with lymphoid cancer. These data include information on the ascertained families as well as single-nucleotide variants on the exome of affected family members. We provide a brief overview of the simulation steps and links to the associated software scripts. The resulting data are useful to identify genomic patterns and disease inheritance in families with multiple diseaseaffected members.

Value of the Data
• Next-generation sequencing data from families ascertained to contain multiple relatives diagnosed with the same disease can identify rare, causal DNA variants. For example, wholeexome sequencing data has been used to prioritize several rare variants for further investigation in large multi-generational pedigrees ascertained for multiple cases of bipolar disorder [1] . • Data from realistic simulations has the potential to advance the understanding of genomic patterns of disease inheritance, while avoiding costly recruitment of ascertained families and issues of patient confidentiality. Simulated data are easily shared, enabling researchers who analyse sequences collected from ascertained families to test and evaluate different methods. • We present simulated exome-sequencing data in 150 families ascertained to contain four or more relatives affected with lymphoid cancer. These data should be useful for evaluating genomic patterns and disease inheritance in ascertained families, and for validation and benchmarking of statistical analysis methods in family-based sequencing. • Our data and simulation scripts answer important calls in genetic epidemiology [2] for the reuse of existing datasets to compare statistical methods and maximize benefit from research investment and for the sharing of source code and simulated data sets in public repositories to facilitate reuse and reproducibility.

Data Description
This article describes data simulated according to the work-flow in Fig. 1 and available in the following files: • SLiM_output.txt -a 6.3 GB text file that contains exome-wide, single-nucleotide variant (SNV) sequences for an American-admixed population of 53,876 individuals generated under an American-admixture demographic model [3] with the genetic simulation software SLiM [4] . • SLiM_output_chr8&9.txt -a 1.3 GB text file that contains the SLiM-simulated data above for all source populations as well as the American-admixed sub-population, but only for chromosomes 8 and 9. The total number of individuals in each source population is displayed in Table 1 .  Table 2 below. • SNVmaps.zip -a 2.5 MB zip-file that contains 22 chromosome-specific text files giving SNV information. The contents of this zip-file is summarized in Table 3 below.      Fig. 3 ), the number of affected members varies between 4 and 8 individuals (see Fig. 4 ) and the number of generations varies between 1 and 7 (see Fig. 6 ). Further, as the number of generations increases, so does the pedigree size (see Fig. 7 ). Note that, due to high computational cost, we did these calculations only for a single set of 150 pedigrees. However, we can increase the number of replications in this simulation and a detailed description about how users can generate more pedigrees can be found in our second supplementary material. Fig. 4 suggests that the size of the pedigrees is uncorrelated with the number of affected members. Also, as expected and shown in Fig. 5 , so-called "sporadic" pedigrees, in which all affected members have sporadically occurring disease (family IDs 72, 95, 103), tend to be larger than non-sporadic pedigrees.
The above data files have been created by simulation, performed in three major steps as outlined in Fig. 1 and implemented in the RMarkdown files provided as supplementary materials. The RMarkdown files to simulate the data are: • Supplementary Material 1-A: Simulate SNV sequence data for pedigree founders. Contains the code and methods to get the SLiM_output.txt file. • Supplementary Material 3: Simulate SNV data for affected individuals in pedigrees. Contains the code and methods to get the data files sample_info.txt , Genotypes.zip , SNVmaps.zip familial_cRV.txt and PLINKfiles.zip . Also contains a detailed description of the formats of these files.

Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
To acquire these data, we simulated exome sequences in pedigrees ascertained to have four or more relatives affected with lymphoid cancer, according to the work-flow summarized in Fig. 1 . The simulation involved three major steps which we describe in the subsections below.

Simulate SNV data for pedigree founders
Simulating the exome sequences in ascertained pedigrees requires SNV sequences for pedigree founders. We assume these founders are sampled randomly from an American-Admixed population, which we simulate with the evolutionary simulation package SLiM [4] . To mimic exome sequencing, we simulate genome-wide sequences of exons only. A detailed account of this part of the simulation is provided in Supplementary Material 1-A.   As shown in Fig. 1 , simulating the founder sequences involves three steps. First, we provide a recombination map to SLiM giving the exon positions in chromosomes. We use the create_SlimMap() function in the SimRVSequences R package [5] for this task.
Second, we specify a demographic model for the American-Admixed population [3] because our work is motivated by a family-based exome-sequencing study of lymphoid cancer in a North American population [6] . The American-Admixture demographic model of Browning et al. [3] is compiled in stdpopsim , a standard library of population-genetic simulation models [7] .
Finally, we use the Compute Canada cluster ( http://www.computecanada.ca ) to avoid the computational cost of running this large simulation on a personal computer. The batch scripts that we ran on the cluster can be found in the first supplementary materials. The resulting SNV data for pedigree founders is used as an input to simulate the SNV data for affected pedigree members in the third step of our work flow, described below.

Simulate ascertained pedigrees
The second step of our workflow is to simulate ascertained pedigrees with disease-affected relatives. We simulated 150 pedigrees ascertained to contain four or more relatives affected with lymphoid cancer using the SimRVPedigree R package [8] . A complete description of this step of the workflow can be found in our Supplementary Material 2. As the simulation is timeconsuming, we use the Compute Canada cluster. The final outcome of this step is a set of ascertained pedigrees in which to generate exome-sequencing data for the third and final step of the workflow, described next.

Simulate SNV data for affected individuals in pedigrees
To simulate exome-sequencing data for the affected members of ascertained pedigrees, we use the outcomes from the previous two steps of the workflow, together with the gene-  dropping functions in the SimRVSequences R package [5] . These functions require sparse matrices of SNV sequences but, unfortunately, the population size and number of SNVs is too large to accommodate within a single sparse matrix. Therefore, we create the sparse matrices chromosome-by-chromosome. A complete description of how we implemented this final step of our workflow can be found in Supplementary Material 3.
As shown in the Fig. 1 , we divide this step into four sections. First we read the SLiMsimulated sequencing data into R and process them chromosome-by-chromosome. Then we select the rare variants (RVs) in genes on an apoptosis sub-pathway as candidates for causal rare variants (cRVs), as described in [5] . Specifically, we use the apoptosis sub-pathway centered about the TNFSF10 gene in the UCSC Genome Browsers Gene Interaction Tool. This sub-pathway contains 23 genes : DAP3, CFLAR, CASP10, CASP8, TNFSF10, CASP3, MAP3K1, TNF TNFRSF10A, FOXO3,  IFNGR1, CYCS, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF11B, FAS, FADD, TRADD, TP53, RALBP1, BCL2, BAX, IFNAR1, IFNGR2 and BID . These genes and their chromosomal locations are provided in the hg_apopPath data set of the SimRVSequences package. Among the SNVs in this pathway, cRVs are selected from population singletons, on the basis of their absolute selection coefficients, until the cumulative probability of a sequence carrying any cRV is 0.001.
We then simulate exome sequences for the affected individuals in the 150 ascertained pedigrees by using the SimRVSequences R package. The sim_RVstudy() function of this package simulates genetic sequence data in pedigrees, but expects only a single population database of sequences as an argument in the form of a sparse matrix of SNV haplotypes and an associated mutation data frame. Unfortunately, we cannot use sim_RVstudy() without modification because the number of individuals and RVs in our American-admixed population is too large. The fundamental problem is that the population sequences of RVs cannot be contained in a single sparse matrix without exceeding the memory capacity of R. We therefore modify sim_RVstudy() and various supporting functions in the SimRVSequences package to handle chromosome-specific databases as described in the Supplementary Material 3. Finally, we deliver our data in human-readable flat-file formats. We use the simulated data to create a .sam file containing information about genotyped individuals in the ascertained pedigrees, chromosome-specific .geno files containing RV genotypes and chromosome-specific .var files containing information about RVs. The data files are in flat-file format and also in PLINK file formats [9] . These text and PLINK file formats are discussed in the Supplementary Material 3.

Declaration of Competing Interest
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Data Availability
Simulated exome-sequencing data for a family study of lymphoid cancer (Original data) (Zenodo).