Additions to the cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of Mongolia, with description of eleven new species

Abstract An addendum to the recent checklist of the Chrysididae from Mongolia is given. Examination of old museum material and recently collected specimens has led to the discovery of eight new records for the country and eleven new species for science. Eight species are newly recorded from Mongolia: Chrysisinclinata Linsenmaier, 1959, C.martinella du Buysson, 1900, C.speciosa Radoszkowski, 1877, Euchroeuspurpuratus (Fabricius, 1787), Holopygalucida (Lepeletier, 1806), H.similis Mocsáry, 1889, Hedychridiumfemoratum (Dahlbom, 1854) and H.leleji Rosa, 2017. Two species, Hedychridiumcupreum (Dahlbom, 1845) and H.propodeale Rosa, 2017 are excluded from the checklist of Mongolian Chrysididae: the former is described here as H.erythrosomasp. nov., the latter is identified as H.leleji Rosa, 2017. The hitherto unknown male of Chrysismocsaryi Radoszkowski, 1889 is described and illustrated. Eleven new species are described: Chrysisstrakaisp. nov., C.woodisp. nov., Hedychridiumerythrosomasp. nov., H.frontalesp. nov., H.jacobsisp. nov., H.splendenssp. nov., H.striatumsp. nov., H.varvaraesp. nov., H.weiisp. nov., Holopygatyrnerisp. nov., and Philoctetesborekisp. nov. Keys to males and females of all known Mongolian species of Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin, 1878 are provided. The Mongolian cuckoo wasp fauna now comprises 107 species in 18 genera and two subfamilies.


Introduction
recently provided the first checklist of the Mongolian cuckoo wasps, including 90 species in 18 genera. The checklist was based on specimens collected by Czech entomologists (M. Halada, J. Halada, J. Straka and M. Kadlecová) in [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007] and on the revision of published data, to clarify the confusion given in previous literature on true Mongolian localities. In fact, most of the published bibliographical data recorded for "Mongolia" actually refer to localities currently included in China (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu).
The present article is based on additional material collected by the same Czech entomologists and not included in the first checklist of the Mongolian cuckoo wasps. Further specimens were made available by Pavel Tyrner (Czech Republic) for this study. During our research, it was noticed that the cuckoo wasps, collected during the Soviet-Mongolian entomological expeditions in 1967-1982, were still unprepared and unidentified. The second author (MP) sorted out the unprepared specimens deposited at the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg and isolated about 150 specimens to be studied for the next planned publications.

Materials and methods
Terminology follows Lanes et al. (2020), Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO 2021) and partly Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Abbreviations used in the descriptions are as follows: F, T and S are used for flagellomere, metasomal tergum and metasomal sternum, respectively; l/w=length/width; MOD = anterior ocellus diameter; MS = malar space, the shortest distance between base of mandible and lower margin of compound eye; OOL = the shortest distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye; P = pedicel; PD = puncture diameter; POL = the shortest distance between posterior ocelli. Other abbreviations used in the text: cat. (= catalogue), descr. (= description).
Pictures of the types were taken with a Nikon D700 connected to the microscope Togal SCZ and stacked with the software Combine ZP. We

Remarks.
The taxonomic treatment is given according to Kimsey & Bohart (1991), who placed several species and subspecies in synonymy of Chrysis martinella. The validity of these taxa is currently under revision. Diagnosis. Male (hitherto unknown). Body length 6.7 mm. Head. Transverse frontal carina raised, with two lateral branches encircling the anterior ocellus ( Fig. 2A and B); punctation in this area shallow to undefined; F1 as long as F2 and slightly me- tallic only basally; subantennal spaces elongate, 1.3 × MOD. Mesosoma. Anteromedial pronotal area widely depressed and anteromedian line indistinct (Fig. 2B); pronotum and mesonotum with even punctures, larger on the latter and polished interspaces; notauli as narrow, deep line; posterior propodeal projections narrow, apically acute and slightly divergent; mesopleuron with scrobal sulcus formed by wide, triangular and impunctate area; episternal sulcus deep and fully developed (Fig. 2D); fore wing with radial sector almost reaching wing margin; tarsi light yellow, meso-and meta-basitarsus whitish. Metasoma. Terga with dense punctures and polished interspaces (Fig. 2F); T1 dorsally, T2-T3 apicolaterally greenish to golden-greenish (possibly red in nature), contrasting with dark blue to black anteromedian area; apical margin of T3 blue after pit row; pits of pit row small, deep and rounded; apical margin quadridentate, with short, acute teeth (Fig. 2E); interval between median teeth slightly wider than interval between median and lateral tooth; metasomal longitudinal carina faint; black spots on S2 small, subrectangular, medially largely separated (Fig. 2G); genital capsule similar in structure to other species of the C. scutellaris group.

Chrysis mocsaryi Radoszkowski, 1889
Distribution. Mongolia (Khovd) (Radoszkowski 1889). Remarks. The specimen examined ( Fig. 2A-G) belongs to the scutellaris species group and it is here considered as the unknown male of Chrysis mocsaryi, based on the unusual metasomal colouration, similar to that of the female. Examination of more material is anyway needed to confirm this identification. Figure 3A-G Chrysis speciosa Radoszkowski, 1877: 17. Lectotype ♂, designated by Bohart in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 464 Radoszkowski, 1877 is a member of the C. maculicornis group and it is recognised by the colour pattern with body fully metallic blue; first and second flagellum short; flagellomeres extensively yellowish and tarsi yellow; metasoma with large, deep and even punctures (Fig. 3E); post pit row area on T3 wide; apical teeth on T3 elongate ( Fig. 3D and F), with apex non-metallic brown ( Fig. 3E and F); black spots on S2 large and subrectangular (Fig. 3G). Only two species with blue males are known in this group, C. tatianae Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1967 andC. kokomerenica Tarbinsky, 2002, both separated from C. speciosa by flagellomeres fully black. Several Asiatic species are described in the maculicornis group, most of which are based on females only, with habitus and colouration similar to the common "Chrysis distincta Mocsáry, 1887": C. contrasta Tarbinsky, 2002;C. fata Tarbinsky, 2002;C. kabulica Balthasar, 1957;C. semenovi Radoszkowski, 1891;C. subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968;C. zarudniella Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1967. Based on the copious Central Asian specimens deposited at ZIN, we can state that the males of some of these species, closely related to C. disticta, are entirely blue. Nevertheless, the correct attribution of the two sexes to the same species can be considered a challenge at this stage and without direct observation of copula in the field. Moreover, specimens collected in the same collecting event in Mongolia show large variation, although genitalia are rather similar. Diagnosis. Chrysis strakai sp. nov. is characterised by body colour metallic dark blue to violet with green and bluish reflections on metasoma. Face almost flat, with scapal basin, genae and clypeus laterally fully covered with long, appressed and silvery setae; transverse frontal carina faint; pronotum elongate with subparallel sides and deep, irregularly-sized punctures; mesonotum with sparse and polished interspaces; metasoma double punctate; T3 lateral margin deeply emarginated before lateral tooth; median teeth widely separated, with interval between median teeth almost twice as wide as interval between median and lateral tooth. The female is unknown.

Chrysis strakai
Description. Male. Body length 5.4 mm. Head. Vertex and brow with sparse, small punctures (about 0.2 × MOD), with tiny punctures on polished interspaces; brow with confluent punctures, forming radial pattern around anterior ocellus; depressed area in front of anterior ocellus and lateral to posterior ocelli; transverse frontal carina faint (Fig. 4A); in frontal view, uppermost margin of scapal basin edged, appearing as transverse carina; scapal basin flat densely micropunctate, with deep median line extended from uppermost margin of scapal basin to ¾ of scapal basin; scapal basin, excluding median line, genae and clypeus laterally fully covered with long, appressed and silvery setae; apical margin of clypeus triangular, non-metallic brown; mandi-ble unidentate; genal carina developed from mid-eye to mandibular insertion, F1 as long as F2. OOL 2.5 × MOD; POL 2.0 × MOD; MS 1.1 × MOD; relative length of P:F1:F2:F3 = 1.0:1.3:1.3:0.9; subantennal space 1.4 × MOD. Mesosoma. Medial pronotal line unusually wide on anterior pronotal margin, as long as half-length of pronotum; pronotum coarsely punctate, with uneven sized punctures, denser and larger than those on mesonotum; interspaces with tiny punctures; mesoscutum with smaller, scattered and shallow punctures with wide interspaces (up to 3 PD); notauli as deep line, larger and triangular at base; lateral areas of mesoscutum with denser to sub-confluent punctures towards tegula; parapsidal signum hardly visible, as thin line amongst punctures; mesoscutellum with punctures similar to those on median area of mesoscutum, smaller and shallow punctate medially, denser laterally; metanotum with large, deep, irregular punctures mixed with smaller punctures, contiguous to confluent along the mesoscutellar-metanotal suture; posterior propodeal projections small, short, slightly divergent with straight posterior margin; posterior margin of metanotum with wide impunctate stripe (Fig. 4F); mesopleuron with scrobal sulcus wide, triangular and impunctate; episternal sulcus deep and fully developed only in the upper part of . Chrysis strakai sp. nov., male, holotype A head, frontal view B habitus, dorsal view C genital capsule D habitus, lateral view E metasoma, posterior view F metasoma, postero-lateral view G metasoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm. mesopleuron (Fig. 4D); forewing with radial sector complete, reaching wing margin and second radial cell closed. Metasoma. T1 with double punctation, punctures smaller than those on mesosoma and broadly separated with small punctures on interspaces; T2 dorsally with medium-sized, irregular punctures, deep and contiguous, obliquely engraved, well visible in posterior view (Fig. 4E); T3, with similar punctures; pits of pit row small, shallow and longitudinally elongate ( Fig. 4E and F) separated to contiguous; T3 lateral margin deeply emarginated before apical, lateral tooth; apically with four short, pointed, triangular teeth ( Fig. 4E and F); median teeth widely separated, with interval between median teeth almost twice as wide as interval between median and lateral tooth (Fig. 4F); metasomal terga without distinct median longitudinal carina; black spots on S2 large, medially separated, yet scarcely visible on the dark coloured sternum (Fig. 4G). Colouration. Body entirely metallic light blue with green reflections all over the body, on face, on bottom of mesosomal punctures, on lateral sides, on legs and sterna. Scape, pedicel and F1 light blue, other flagellomeres black. Wings clear, with brownish veins. Vestiture. Body with relatively short (1.0-1.5 × MOD) and whitish setae laterally.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet strakai (masculine noun in genitive) is dedicated to Jakub Straka (Prague, Czech Republic), who collected this undescribed species and other several new records for Mongolia, published in this article and in Rosa et al. (2020).
Comparative diagnosis. Chrysis strakai sp. nov. belongs to the C. ehrenbergi group. It cannot be confused with any other species known in the C. ehrenbergi group so far, based on its colouration, elongate pronotum and shape of T3.
Remarks. Members of the C. ehrenbergi group usually show a red to golden-red colouration, which may turn into greenish in specimens preserved in collections. For this reason, based on a single specimen, we cannot exclude that the colouration of the holotype is based on a melanic specimen. However, the elongate shape of pronotum, the apical margin of T3 and genital capsule differentiate this species from the other few Central Asian species known so far.
Distribution. Mongolia (Bayankhongor). Diagnosis. Chrysis woodi sp. nov. is characterised by the unusual colouration of flagellomeres, yellowish to brownish. Other relevant diagnostic characters are shape of the genital capsule, with different shape of gonocoxae before gonostylus; apical teeth on metasomal T3, aligned and almost subequal in length, with lateral ones slightly longer than the median pair; pits of the pit row on T3 deep, large or confluent; black spots on S2 large, medially fused, covering 2/3 of segment length.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet woodi (masculine noun in genitive) is dedicated to Thomas J. Wood (Mons, Belgium), for his continuous help in proofreading the manuscripts of our team.
Comparative diagnosis. Chrysis woodi sp. nov. belongs to the C. varidens group. Other two western Asian species show green colouration and similar habitus in this subgroup: Chrysis brunneamarginata Farhad, Rosa & Talebi, 2019 (known from Iran) and C. reperta Vinokurov, 2010 (known from Kazakhstan). The first species is easily separable by shape of apical margin of T3, without metallic reflections and by shape of genital capsule (see Farhad et al. 2019). The second is separated by shape of apical margin of T3 with wavy median teeth and shape of black spots on S2 with straight posterior margin (vs. median apical teeth acute and arched posterior margin of black spots).
Remarks. Chrysis reperta Vinokurov, 2010 was originally described with the name C. repertus and the name is here emended in C. reperta, being repertus a Latin masculine adjective not in accordance with the gender of the genus Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761.
Male. Body length 5.0-5.5 mm. Similar to female in habitus and sculpture; main differences are: scapal basin with less sharp ridges (Fig. 8H) and with distinct lateral punctures; posterior propodeal projections smaller; genital capsule as in Fig. 8F.
Etymology. The specific epithet erythrosoma derives from the Greek adjective eruthros (red) and the Greek noun sōma (body) and refers to the red body colouration of this species.
Comparative diagnosis. We describe Hedychridium erythrosoma sp. nov. in the H. cupreum species group. Species in this group are separated from those of the H. ardens group by the ridged scapal basin (punctate in H. ardens group), with ridges convergent to midface (transverse and parallel in H. femoratum group). In the previous checklist of the Mongolian cuckoo wasps, members of this taxon were identified as H. cupreum (Dahlbom,  1845), with a remark on their unusual colouration. Besides the red body colouration, Hedychridium erythrosoma sp. nov. is separated from H. cupreum by shape of metanotum (see Fig. 7D and H. cupreum Fig. 7E), elongated medially in both sexes and metatibia black spot, shorter and deeply impressed (Fig. 7F) compared with the elongated and shallow pit of H. cupreum (Fig. 7G). Some paratypes lost their bright red colouration, which is partially turned into green. Males can be recognised by differently-shaped metanotum and shape of genital capsule (Fig. 8F), with different digitus and apex of gonocoxae.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet frontale derives from the Latin adjective frontalis (forehead) and refers to the different sculpture and colouration of this species compared with the common and widespread H. ardens.
Distribution. Mongolia (Bayankhongor, Govi-Altai). Mesosoma. Pronotum with irregular punctures of different size, somewhere contiguous and with polished to corrugated interspaces; mesonotum with small punctures and wide interspaces, somewhere corrugated; punctures slightly larger at base of mesoscutum and distinctly larger at sides of mesoscutellum, medially with scattered punctures; posterior propodeal projections acute, divergent; metatibia with depression on inner side, as long as half of its length and only partially darkened; light brown metatarsomere 2 shorter than metatarsomere 3; pro-, mesopleuron and femora with long whitish setae. Metasoma. T1-T3 with minute, even and dense punctures on all surface; S2 with sparse, minute punctures bearing long setae; with large violet spot, covering about half segment; apical margin of T3 bordered by thin hyaline rim; genital capsule as in Fig. 11B. Colouration. Head and mesosoma metallic green with bronze to violet reflections dorsally; metasoma with rosy to violet reflections (possibly metallic red in nature); scape and pedicel bronze, F1 yellowish (Fig. 11D); F2 brownish; rest of flagellum brown; tegulae non-metallic yellowish; femora joints yellowish, tibiae yellowish with slight greenish reflections on outer side of fore tibia; tarsi yellowish, brownish distally; wing membrane clear, nervures light brown.

Hedychridium jacobsi
Female. Body length 3.5-4.0. Similar to male in habitus and body sculpture; F1 slightly shorter than male, yellowish; spot on second metasomal sternum golden.
Paratypes. Males show variability in antennae colour, with F1-F2 pale yellowish; distribution of dark, black area amongst ridges on face (Fig. 11F); punctures on pronotum, more or less spaced with polished interspaces; shape of posterior propodeal processes, more or less spiny rather than triangular.
Etymology. The specific epithet jacobsi (masculine noun in genitive) is dedicated to Maarten Jacobs (Herentals, Belgium), for his contribution to the study of Chrysididae with superb images taken in nature and for providing some Mongolian specimens from his past naturalistic trips in the country.
Comparative diagnosis. We describe Hedychridium jacobsi sp. nov. in the Hedychridium femoratum species group. It is related to H. femoratum and other species in this group for its general habitus, yellowish legs and F1. It is separated from other species of this group by elongate F1 (l/w = 3.0 in female, 4.0 in male) (Fig. 11D); yellowish F1 in male (brown like other flagellomeres in other species); unique sculpture of scapal basin with sharp transverse ridges covering almost all face in frontal view; ridges on scapal basin produce a unique darkened to black effect on scapal basin, when examined at different angles (Fig. 11 E and F).
Distribution. Mongolia (Bayankhongor, Dornogovi). Remarks. This specimen was previously identified as Hedychridium propodeale Rosa, 2017. After the re-preparation and re-examination of the specimen, the correction of the previous identification was needed. Diagnosis. Hedychridium spendens sp. nov. is characterised by sparse and shallow body punctures with wide, polished interspaces, which generate a shining effect; legs and F1 yellowish, F1 short (l/w = 2.0); metatibia with small, brownish spot; S2 with wide, bronze spot.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin splendens (shining), present participle of the verb splendeō, which refers to the shining body of this cuckoo wasp, due to sparse, small and shallow punctures, with wide polished interspaces.
Comparative diagnosis. We describe Hedychridium spendens sp. nov. in the H. femoratum species group and it is related to H. jacobsi by its general habitus, F1 and yellowish legs. However, it is separated from the latter by unmodified sculpture of the face, with scapal basin only finely, transversally microridged (vs. sharp transverse ridges covering almost all face); shorter F1, l/w = 2.0 (l/w = 3.0 in female, 4.0 in male); sparse and shallow body punctation with wide, polished interspaces (vs. punctation denser).

Hedychridium striatum
Male. Body length 3.5-4.0 mm. Similar to female in habitus, colour pattern and unusual sculpture, yet face unmodified, whereas in female, looks narrow and elongate; genital capsule as in Fig. 14E, triangularly shaped, narrowed apically. Etymology. The specific epithet striatum derives from the Latin adjective striatus, a, um (striated) and refers to the unusual striated sculpture on mesosoma.
Comparative diagnosis. We tentatively describe Hedychridium striatum sp. nov. in the Hedychridium ardens species group; nevertheless, for some diagnostic characters, such as genital capsule and yellowish legs, it can be confused with members of other species group (H. rhodinum and H. femoratum groups); the female shows narrow and elongate eyes as members of the H. planifrons group. This species is anyway easily recognisable from all other Hedychridium species by its unique mesonotal sculpture with punctures amongst transversal wrinkles on mesoscutum, longitudinal wrinkles on mesoscutellum and oblique wrinkles on mesopleuron (more evident in male); propodeal posterior projections divergent and spiniform; legs largely yellowish; metasoma with scattered punctures, with wide polished interspaces.
Male. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet varvara (feminine, noun in apposition) is dedicated to Varvara M. Proshchalykina (Vladivostok, Russia), for daily support to her father's research study.
Comparative diagnosis. We describe Hedychridium varvarae sp. nov. in the Hedychridium ardens species group. It is easily separable from all other members of this group by yellowish F1 (black or brown, concolorous with following flagellomeres in the other species) (Fig. 15D); uniform fore body green colouration, including face and propodeum (with contrasting colours at least on face and/or propodeum in other Mongolian species); brow with wide, polished interspaces (usually with dense punctures in other species) (Fig. 15B).
Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet weii (masculine noun in genitive) is dedicated to Nasen "Nelson" Wei (Guanghzou, China), for his contributions to the study of the Chrysididae of Inner Mongolia and China and his kind support to the studies of the first author.
Comparative diagnosis. We describe Hedychridium weii sp. nov. in the H. femoratum species group. It is closely related to H. femoratum for its general habitus, yet it is separated by sparser mesonotal punctures, shape of genital capsule (Fig. 16C), elongate shape of the black spot on metatibia (Fig. 16F) and darker mesosoma colouration. It is separated from the other two newly-described species in this species group, H. splendens sp. nov. and H. jacobsi sp. nov., by flagellomeres black, different genital capsule and different shape of black spots on metatibia.
Remarks. The Mongolian specimen has narrower scapal basin, more arcuate beneath brow compared with European specimens; however, the ratio between head width and inter-ocular distance is almost equal. Moreover, the punctation of the Mongolian specimen is without wide, polished interspaces, whereas European specimens have mesonotal punctures sparser, with shining intervals. We did not observe additional differences and, therefore, we identify this specimen as H. lucida, waiting for the examination of more material.
Female. Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Similar to male in habitus and colour pattern and with dimorphic T3, acutely arcuate (Fig. 18E). Flagellum I distinctly longer l/w = 3.5 (l/w 2.5 in male); posterior propodeal projections more divergent and acute; metasoma with more scattered, minute punctures.
Etymology. The specific epithet tyrneri (masculine noun in genitive) is dedicated to Pavel Tyrner (Litvínov, Czech Republic), who collected and provided data from Mongolia and for his precious contribution to the knowledge of the European Chrysididae. Comparative diagnosis. Holopyga tyrneri sp. nov. is closely related to Holopyga similis Mocsáry, 1889 [= H. chrysonota sensu Linsenmaier (1959)] for habitus and same colour pattern in both sexes. It can be immediately separated by metasoma with noticeably scattered and shallow punctures (Fig. 18E)   Diagnosis. Philoctetes boreki sp. nov. is characterised by greenish-blue body colour and metanotal projection, more or less projecting over propodeum; flattened body; shallow punctuation and long, blackish erect setae.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet boreki (masculine noun in genitive) is dedicated to Borek Halada (České Budějovice, Czech Republic), son of Marek, for his precious contribution in the organisation of the present article. Comparative diagnosis. Philoctetes boreki sp. nov. is related to a few other high altitude Alpine and Central Asian species. They all share some morphological features, such as flattened body, shallow punctuation and long, blackish erect setae (Rosa et al. 2017b). It shares with the Alpine Philoctetes putoni (du Buysson, 1892) and P. helveticus (Linsenmaier, 1959) greenish-blue body colour and metanotal projection, more or less projecting over propodeum. P. boreki sp. nov. is separated from these species by distribution of black setae, mostly focused on the last visible tergum and different shape of metanotal plate (Rosa et al. 2017b). Central Asian species belonging to this group are P. elongatus (Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Nikol'skaya, 1954) (from Tajikistan), P. hirsutus (Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932) (Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan) and P. hirtus (Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932) (Kyrgyzstan). P. boreki sp. nov. is separated from these Central Asian species by mucronate metascutellum (vs. metanotum conical, without distinct mucronate projection) and by P. hirtus for green-blue body colour (vs. metasoma metallic red). Another Central Asian species, P. lyubae, shares with P. boreki sp. nov. body uniformly coloured, although green to golden-green and elongate metascutellar plate, yet the habitus is normally shaped, not flattened, with short, whitish setae.

Conclusions
The Mongolian Chrysididae fauna is largely unknown and a first, preliminary list was recently published by Rosa et al. (2020) with a total of 90 species in 18 genera. In this article, we list another eight species Chrysis inclinata Linsenmaier, 1959, C. martinella du Buysson, 1900, C. speciosa Radoszkowski, 1877, Euchroeus purpuratus (Fabricius, 1787), Holopyga lucida (Lepeletier, 1806), H. similis Mocsáry, 1889, Hedychridium femoratum (Dahlbom, 1854), H. leleji Rosa, 2017 and excluded two from the previous checklist: Hedychridium cupreum (Dahlbom, 1845) and H. propodeale Rosa, 2017. We also describe eleven new species which increase the number of known Mongolian species to 107 species in 18 genera. The high number of new species, described in this article and the new records for the countries listed in this and in the previous paper (Rosa et al. 2020), show how poor the current knowledge is of the Mongolian and the Central Asian fauna in general. In fact, the new records extend eastwards the distribution of several species by thousands of kilometres (e.g. Chrysis inclinata, Hedychridium femoratum). Due to this largely incomplete knowledge, the richness of the Mongolian chrysidid fauna cannot be assessed with confidence yet, underlining the need to improve research projects in this country and in the Central Asian Countries as well.
Estonia), an anonymous reviewer and subject editor Thorleif Dörfel (Berlin, Germany) for their valuable comments, which helped to improve the quality of this paper. The reported study for Maxim Proshchalykin was funded by RFBR and MECSS, project number 20-54-44014.