Endothelial Jak3 expression enhances pro-hematopoietic angiocrine function in mice

Jak3 is the only non-promiscuous member of the Jak family of secondary messengers. Studies to date have focused on understanding and targeting the cell-autonomous role of Jak3 in immunity, while functional Jak3 expression outside the hematopoietic system remains largely unreported. We show that Jak3 is expressed in endothelial cells across hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic organs, with heightened expression in the bone marrow. The bone marrow niche is understood as a network of different cell types that regulate hematopoietic function. We show that the Jak3–/– bone marrow niche is deleterious for the maintenance of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and that JAK3-overexpressing endothelial cells have increased potential to expand LT-HSCs in vitro. This work may serve to identify a novel function for a highly specific tyrosine kinase in the bone marrow vascular niche and to further characterize the LT-HSC function of sinusoidal endothelium.

A dult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside primarily in the bone marrow, where interactions with the surrounding microenvironment modulate their fate decisions 1 . HSC quiescence, for instance, can be disrupted by said microenvironment or niche 2 . Some of the earliest research in this field showed that radiation-induced myeloablation induces the recruitment of Mmp9 to the membrane of bone marrow niche cells 3 . Mmp9 was found to cleave membrane-bound Scf, releasing it in its soluble form. Increased bio-available Scf, in turn, promoted the expansion and differentiation of quiescent HSCs for hematopoietic recovery. Since then, efforts to identify and interrogate the various cellular players and their molecular interactions in an attempt to define the HSC niche have proven a fertile ground for investigation 4 .
The osteogenic niche was one of the first to be linked to hematopoiesis 5,6 , but in vivo imaging studies have since revealed that HSCs rarely localized to the vicinity of osteoblastic cells 7,8 . In comparison, stromal cell populations marked by Nestin or Lepr expression have been implicated more thoroughly in HSC localization and function. Nestin-expressing cells secrete Scf and Cxcl12, now known as the two major HSC chemoattractant and survival factors [9][10][11] . Nestin-cre ERT2 knock-in mice present significant reductions in bone marrow HSCs, as measured in vitro by colony-forming unit (CFU) assays in a limiting-dilution manner 12 . Lepr + bone marrow stroma is a major producer of Scf as well, and Lepr-cre; Scf fl/GFP knockout mice also exhibit HSC depletion 13 . Even the hematopoietic progeny of HSCs themselves constitute another fraction of their microenvironment 2 . Caspaseactivated mosaic ablation of megakaryocytes has been associated with HSC proliferation and exhaustion [14][15][16] , and Cd169 + macrophages have been shown to promote Cxcl12 secretion in Nestin + cells, ultimately leading to HSC mobilization into the circulation 17 .
Endothelial cells (ECs), in contrast, comprise the only type of bone marrow niche cell that is able to maintain and expand HSCs in vitro, by sustained production of cytokines such as Scf, Flt3, and Csf2 9,18 . This phenotype has been shown to be contactdependent, since Notch1 -/-; Notch2 -/-HSCs fail to expand in coculture with bone marrow ECs (BMECs) 19,20 . Growing research of the pro-hematopoietic milieu provided by ECs, or vascular niche, has led to the coinage of angiocrine signaling as its operative term 21 , and, more tangibly, to the development of a tractable in vitro platform to expand long-term repopulating HSCs (LT-HSCs) under xenobiotic-free conditions 22 .
Angiocrine function has been found to vary from organ to organ [23][24][25] . The expansion and maintenance potentials of ECs derived from the bone marrow, a primary hematopoietic organ, are higher than those of neighboring stromal cells or ECs derived from other vascular beds, such as the lungs 26 . Even co-infusion of BMECs along with HSCs confers a radioprotective effect postmyeloablation 27 . ECs from the lungs 28 and the liver 29,30 also display similar, organotypic regenerative function. Remarkably, ECs derived from non-hematopoietic tissues, like the central nervous system, also display pro-hematopoietic ability in vitro; 31,32 moreover, brain ECs have been shown to expand HSCs in a contactindependent manner by pleiotrophin secretion 33 . Knowledge of the role that angiocrine signaling plays in HSC maintenance has led to intensive characterization of the arteries and sinusoids that make up the bone marrow vascular niche. Fenestrated bone marrow sinusoids are considered to be VE-Cad + CD31 + Sca1 lo Vegfr3 + and abundant, while arterial ECs are defined by VE-Cad + CD31 + Sca1 hi Vegfr3expression and are less numerous or permeable than their venous counterparts 26,34,35 . HSCs are broadly distributed close to sinusoids, and some imaging-based studies have been quick to claim that HSCs reside in a "peri-sinusoidal" niche 36 . However, endothelial Scf and Cxcl12 are both secreted primarily by bone marrow arterioles 37,38 , suggesting that quiescent HSCs may localize to this microenvironment instead.
Despite increasing characterization of secreted factors and surface markers produced by ECs, the intracellular landscape of the bone marrow vascular niche remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the expression of Jak3, a secondary messenger, in the endothelial compartment of the bone marrow microenvironment. Jak3 is one of the four Janus kinases, a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases involved in multiple cytokinemediated aspects of immunity 39 . First cloned from human natural killer cells 40 , JAK3 possesses two distinctive qualities for a Janus family kinase: (i) it selectively associates with the common cytokine receptor sub-unit γc 41,42 and (ii) it is not ubiquitously expressed 40 . JAK3 mutations have been associated with hematological malignancies 43 and Jak3-null mice display a SCID phenotype 44 . As a result, the study of JAK3 has been focused on hematopoietic tissues, although its expression has also been reported in osteoblasts 45 , smooth muscle cells 46 , and solid tumors 47 . The presence of Jak3 in endothelium has been reported as well 48 , but a thorough assessment of EC-specific function has been lacking. We show that Jak3 is expressed across all vascular beds, though more so in venous ECs of sinusoidal morphology that are abundant in primary and secondary hematopoietic organs. Our data show that Jak3 expression is associated with vascular niches that promote LT-HSC maintenance and expansion. As a result, we predict that Jak3 is only one piece of the larger puzzle that attributes specialized ECs their prohematopoietic function.

Results
Jak3 expression in vitro correlates with pro-hematopoietic culture conditions. To ascertain the transcriptomic signature of BMECs, we performed comparative bulk RNA-seq analyses. Transcript quantification of primary Ter119 -CD45 -CD31 + VE-Cad + cells from the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and bone marrow, respectively, showed a reliably vascular transcriptomic signature across all samples (Fig. 1a). In addition to Pecam1 (CD31) and Cdh5 (VE-Cad), our dataset was characterized by consistent expression of other canonical EC surface markers such as Kdr, Cldn5, and S1pr1, as well as angiocrine factors like Egfl7, Igfbp4, Dll4, and Kitl. ETS transcription factors Ets1, Ets2, Erg, and Fli1 were found across all EC types, too. A number of these transcripts are also expressed by hematopoietic cells, but our dataset was comprised of ECs exclusively, since surface markers restricted to the hematopoietic system such as Spn and Csfr3 or transcription factors like Runx1 or Gfi1 were effectively absent from all samples. This expression pattern was congruent with the expected bulk transcriptomic profile of any purified, adult vascular bed without hematopoietic contamination 23 .
The transcriptomic distance between ECs from different organs was apparent by principal component analysis (PCA), where PC2 separated BMECs from their liver, lung, heart, and kidney counterparts, accounting for 21.5% of the total variance ( Supplementary Fig. 1a). More specifically, differential expression analyses of these data, systematically comparing each vascular bed against the rest, yielded hundreds of unique organotypic gene transcripts per group (Fig. 1b). Plotting the normalized read counts showed that Jak3 was among the gene transcripts uniquely enriched in the bone marrow vascular niche ( Supplementary  Fig. 1b). Concomitantly, we observed restricted expression of known organotypic EC markers in each of the remaining groups: Gata4 expression was increased in liver ECs 25 , Sftpd was enriched in lung ECs 49 , Rbp7 was most highly expressed in heart ECs 50,51 , and kidney ECs were the only group expressing Slc14a1 52 ( Supplementary Fig. 1b). As a result, Jak3 emerged as a potential marker of bone marrow endothelium.
contribute to the transcriptomic identity of the bone marrow vasculature in particular ( Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. 1d). In sum, the centrality and overrepresentation of Jak3 alongside angiocrine factors in the bone marrow further suggested its involvement in aspects of hematopoietic function.
Although the presence of JAK3 in endothelium has been reported before in human cells 48 , most of the research to date has focused on its role in hematopoietic cell biology 43,58 . Analyses of open-source-available murine BMEC RNA-seq datasets reported by another group 26,27 showed that Jak family gene expression decreased to negligible levels in vitro under xenobiotic culture conditions (Fig. 1f). We found an increase in Jak3 expression in BMECs that were placed in co-culture with hematopoietic cells under xenobiotic-free conditions (Fig. 1g, left). Together, our observations from new and historical, publicly available RNA-seq data indicated that Jak3 expression is enriched in primary BMECs compared to those of other organs, including the ones rich in sinusoidal endothelium such as the liver. These analyses also suggested that Jak3 function is likely specific to the bone marrow, a primary hematopoietic organ, where it may regulate microenvironmental cues that affect the HSC compartment.
Jak3 regulates sinusoidal specification of BMECs. To investigate the organ-specific purview of Jak3, we used a global knock-in mouse model that carries an enzymatically inactivated Jak3 kinase domain (Jak3 -/-; Supplementary Fig. 2) 44 . We performed bulk RNA-seq on primary BMECs from C57BL/6 (wild-type, WT) and Jak3 -/mice, respectively, and compared them to their counterparts from the lungs, which, as derived from a non-hematopoietic vascular bed, served as negative controls. PCA of these data showed that WT vs. Jak3 -/-BMECs accounted for most of the variance across all samples (Fig. 2a). PC1 separated WT BMECs from Jak3 -/-BMECs and both WT and Jak3 -/lung ECs, yielding 73.7% of the variance. PC2 accounted for another 13.3% of the variance and separated Jak3 -/-BMECs from the rest of the samples. These results indicated that even though Jak3 -/mice are devoid of functional Jak3 in all tissues, their vascular defect may be localized to the bone marrow niche and so bring about a hematopoietic phenotype.
Differential expression analyses of Jak3 -/against WT ECs yielded 3922 transcripts among bone marrow-derived samples, 13 transcripts among their lung counterparts, and 15 transcripts that were differentially expressed in both cohorts (Fig. 2b). GSEA of the 3937 differentially expressed transcripts in Jak3 -/against WT BMECs yielded enrichment of KEGG terms "Hematopoietic cell lineage" and "B cell receptor signaling pathway" (Fig. 2c), suggesting that the loss of Jak3 may affect the interactions between the ECs assayed and their neighboring blood cells. GSEA also showed dysregulation of signaling pathways with known hematopoietic function, namely the Notch, Tgfβ, Hippo, and Hedgehog signaling pathways 24,59,60 . More specifically, Notch ligands Jag1, Jag2, and Dll4, as well as receptors Notch1 and Notch3 and transcription factor Hes1, all characteristic of the bone marrow vascular niche and involved in HSC regulation 20,61-64 , were decreased in BMECs devoid of enzymatically active Jak3 (Fig. 2d). Exhaustive mining of the gene lists that contributed to the KEGG terms retrieved by GSEA recovered multiple additional angiocrine factors with pro-angiogenic and -hematopoietic functions that were also downregulated in the absence of Jak3, among them are:  Fig. 3a). Taken together, dysregulation of key angiocrine factors and transcription factors indicated that absence of Jak3 is concomitant with a bone marrow vascular program that is deleterious for HSC maintenance at steady state. Furthermore, the corresponding transcripts exhibited little to no change between WT and Jak3 -/lung ECs, supporting the notion that Jak3, as expressed by the vasculature, is enriched in the bone marrow and an active participant in the regulation of organotypic EC function.
Targeted differential expression analyses showed consistent downregulation of transcripts associated with sinusoidal endothelial identity, such as Sele, Nrp1, Stab2, Nr2f2, Flt4, Vcam1, Aplnr, and Jag2, in Jak3 -/compared to WT BMECs ( Supplementary  Fig. 3b, left). Transcripts associated with arterial fate like Cxcr4, Vwf, Aqp1, and Ly6a (which encodes protein Sca1) were upregulated in the absence of enzymatically active Jak3. By contrast, none of these transcripts were differentially expressed in Jak3 -/compared to WT lung endothelial samples (Supplementary Fig. 3b, right). Loss of the gene expression signature characteristic of sinusoids upon its functional deletion suggested that Jak3 may be associated with sinusoidal fate acquisition or arterial fate suppression. To verify whether Jak3 expression is heterogeneous within primary WT BMECs at steady state, we combined published single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets obtained from non-hematopoietic, bone marrow niche cells as reported by two groups 62,74 . The approach by Tikhonova et al. consisted of isolating and sequencing three known constituent populations of the bone marrow niche discretely, using reporter mice to identify Cdh5 + , Lepr + , or Col2.3 + cells, respectively. In Baryawno et al., bone marrow cells were isolated either by flushing the marrow or by crushing the whole bone to include osteogenic cells, without further cell-specific selection other than to eliminate hematopoietic cells. We were able to successfully merge and batch-correct these independently generated datasets to render an even more comprehensive map of the bone marrow niche at steady state. Our analysis yielded clusters according to cell identity, not sample provenance (Fig. 2e, top); cells from either dataset contributed to the identified clusters, as expected (Fig. 2e, bottom). As a result, we were able to confirm that Jak3 is present in the bone marrow microenvironment, especially in ECs (Fig. 2f). Within the EC clusters (Cdh5 + ), Jak3 expression was increased in the sub-populations corresponding to sinusoidal (Flt4 + and Stab2 + ) rather than arterial/arteriolar (Ly6a + ) cells ( Supplementary Fig. 4a).
Further, Jak3 transcript abundance and expression pattern was similar to those of angiocrine factors such as Dll4 and Inhbb as well as receptors like Notch1 and Tgfbr2 ( Supplementary Fig. 4b).
These transcripts not only contributed to the two KEGG terms retrieved by GSEA that are most suppressed in BMECs in the absence of Jak3, they also figure among the severely downregulated genes in the bone marrow vasculature specifically (Fig. 2c, d). Notably, deletion of Dll4 from the bone marrow vascular niche has been shown to result in premature, non-cellautonomous myeloid differentiation of HSCs in Tikhonova et al. 62 . In all, through combined transcriptomic analyses, we have shown that Jak3 is enriched in sinusoidal BMECs and may regulate aspects of sub-organotypic fate acquisition as well as hematopoietic function, since the loss of its enzymatically active form was correlated with both the emergence of arterial marker expression and the downregulation of genes such as Dll4.
These findings were corroborated by means of immunofluorescent staining followed by flow cytometry and microscopy. Flow cytometric analyses of CD45 -CD31 + VE-Cad + BMECs generally yield CD31 vs. VE-Cad plots that consist of two double-positive sub-populations: a larger, VE-Cad hi subpopulation that is also Sca1 lo and corresponds to the sinusoids, and a smaller, VE-Cad lo sub-population that is Sca hi and thus arteriolar 26,34 (Supplementary Fig. 5a). Jak3 -/-BMECs appeared largely devoid of the latter, VE-Cad lo Sca1 hi sub-population conventionally assigned to arterioles. Since loss of Jak3 had seemed to promote an arteriolar transcriptional program ( Supplementary Fig. 3b, left), we measured Sca1 protein expression to reconcile these seemingly conflicting results. By flow cytometry, the sinusoidal (VE-Cad hi ) sub-population showed increased Sca1 expression in knockouts compared to controls ( Supplementary Fig. 5b). We observed the same results by immunofluorescent staining of the bone marrow, where Jak3 -/mice displayed Sca1 + sinusoids (Fig. 2g), and of other hematopoietic organs, such as the thymus and the spleen ( Supplementary Fig. 6a). Jak3 -/lungs, heart, and brain, however, showed no vascular phenotype by immunofluorescent staining (Supplementary Fig. 6b). Instead of the disappearance of arterioles, our results suggest that bone marrow sinusoids display markers of arterial fate in the absence of Jak3. In sum, we observed not only Jak3 induction in ECs after hematopoietic coculture in vitro (Fig. 1g), but also Jak3 enrichment in the sinusoidal compartment of the bone marrow in vivo ( Fig. 2f and Supplementary Fig. 2). Loss of Jak3 disrupted the phenotype of bone marrow sinusoids at the transcript level and altered protein zonation of canonical arterial marker Sca1. Since HSCs are thought to localize to either the arteriolar 4,38,62,75,76 or the sinusoidal 1,13,36,77 vascular niches in the bone marrow, our data suggested that Jak3 is implicated in some aspect of HSC regulation as well.
Jak3 regulates LT-HSC maintenance and expansion. HSC function relies on bone marrow niche chemotaxis effectuated by Kitl, Pgf/Vegfb, and Cxcl12 3,10,78-81 as well as angiocrine signaling via FGF2, IGFBP2, and ANGPT1 24,64 and Notch ligands Jag1, Jag2, Dll4, and Dll1 19,20 . To carry out studies of hematopoietic maintenance and expansion in vitro, our laboratory developed a model of the vascular niche that consists an overexpression of adenovirus 5 early gene 4 (E4ORF1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) 82 . HSCs thrive under serum-free conditions that are noxious for EC culture, and E4ORF1 endows HUVECs with the ability to grow in completely xenobiotic-free medium while maintaining their angiocrine repertoire without oncogenic transformation 64 . Having shown that loss of Jak3 function lead to a dysregulated vascular program in the murine bone marrow, we set out to measure whether JAK3 overexpression would enhance LT-HSC expansion. For this purpose, we exogenously expressed JAK3 in our model of the vascular niche ( Fig. 3a and Supplementary Fig. 7a, b) and placed the cells in co-culture with murine Lineage -cKit + Sca1 + (LKS) cells for 8 days in the presence of 50 ng μl -1 recombinant Kitl, Tpo, and Flt3, respectively (Fig. 3b). While we observed no difference in the proportion of phenotypic LKS cells after expansion (Fig. 3c), we did measure increased LKS cell output following coculture with JAK3-overexpressing vascular niche cells compared to HUVEC-E4ORF1 transduced with empty retroviral vectors as controls (Fig. 3d). A kinetics assay carried out throughout the expansion process showed that the number of LKS cells expanded on Vector-transduced ECs began to plateau on day 4, while their counterparts expanded on JAK3-transduced ECs continued to grow through the end of the experiment ( Supplementary Fig. 8a). Concurrent cell cycle analyses showed that most LKS cells on either Vector-or JAK3-transduced ECs are likely to be cycling for the duration of the expansion, with a proportion of cells in G1 measurable only on day 8 ( Supplementary Fig. 8b). Total CD45 + and Lineage + cell expansion, respectively, echoed the results obtained in the LKS sub-population ( Supplementary Fig. 8c). These results indicated that, compared to controls, JAK3-overexpressing ECs promote a steadier, more proliferative state in the LKS with which they are co-cultured. Next, CFU assays were performed to assess the progenitor ability of the hematopoietic cells after in vitro co-culture. Control groups yielded significantly increased CFU monocytic (CFU-M) and CFU granulocytic/ monocytic (CFU-GM) potential compared to JAK3-enhanced niche cells (Fig. 3e). No significant change in CFU granulocytic (CFU-G) or CFU granulocytic/erythrocytic/macrophagic/megakaryocytic (CFU-GEMM) potential was detected between Vectorand JAK3-enhanced ECs. To test whether JAK3-overexpressing vascular niche cells provided an expansion advantage to LT-HSCs, we performed competitive transplantations of CD45.2 + whole bone marrow (WBM) cells and congenic, CD45.1 + LKS cells expanded on either control or JAK3-enhanced ECs. Longterm, multilineage engraftment analyses by flow cytometry revealed no change in chimerism or lineage distribution of myeloid (Cd11b + or Gr1 + ) or lymphoid (CD3 + or B220 + ) donor cells for 16 weeks ( Supplementary Fig. 8d, e). To quantify the frequency of LT-HSCs after co-culture, we designed a limitingdilution assay (LDA) by which expanded CD45.1 + LKS cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated CD45.2 + recipients with a co-infusion of 1 × 10 6 CD45.2 + WBM cells (Fig. 3f). Endpoint flow cytometric analyses of donor (CD45.1) chimerism were used as input for LDA calculations 20 weeks following transplantation (Fig. 3g). Adhering to the Extreme Limiting Dilution Analysis (ELDA) toolkit 83 , we determined the frequency of HSCs after coculture on JAK3-overexpressing ECs to be 1:92.4 cells, which was equivalent to 3511 LT-HSCs in culture on day 9 (Fig. 3h). This compared to a 1:746 HSC frequency within the control-expanded LKS population, which was equivalent to 253 LT-HSCs in culture at day 9 for that group. We therefore found that the LT-HSC maintenance potential of JAK3-enhanced vascular niche cells was increased almost 14-fold and significant (p = 7.82 × 10 -6 ) with respect to controls. Flow cytometric analyses of multilineage engraftment were run across highest dose transplant recipients and revealed no lineage distribution abnormalities between experimental and control groups other than a discrepancy in the B cell compartment (Supplementary Fig. 8f). To show viability and HSC potential of the grafts subjected to LDA, secondary transplantations were carried out using WBM from highest dose primary-transplant recipients. Flow cytometric analyses of multilineage engraftment were run after 16 weeks, revealing no lineage distribution abnormalities between experimental and control groups ( Supplementary Fig. 8g). Altogether, these data show that JAK3 expression improves the LT-HSC maintenance potential of human vascular niche cells in vitro.
We have shown that loss of enzymatically active Jak3 alters the transcriptional program of murine bone marrow, not lung, endothelium (Fig. 2a, b, d and Supplementary Fig. 3a, b). As a primary hematopoietic organ, the bone marrow vascular niche has been shown to display increased LT-HSC maintenance and expansion potential in vitro than its pulmonary counterpart 26,27 . We set out to investigate whether loss of functional Jak3 would disrupt this in vitro phenotype in an organotypic manner as well using a mouse-on-mouse expansion strategy. For that purpose, we placed LKS cells in co-culture with WT and Jak3-depleted lung-and bone marrow-derived ECs. Similar to our mouse-onhuman system, LKS cells were expanded under xenobiotic-free conditions and in the presence of 50 ng μl -1 recombinant Kitl, Tpo, and Flt3 for 8 days. We observed a decrease in the hematopoietic expansion potential of lung ECs in the absence of functional Jak3 both proportionally (Fig. 4a) and by absolute cell number (Fig. 4b); however, CFU assays of expanded LKS cells yielded no significant difference between experimental and control groups (Fig. 4c). A kinetics assay carried out throughout the process of expansion on WT and Jak3-depleted lung-derived ECs, respectively, mirrored the expansion results ( Supplementary  Fig. 9a), while cell cycle analyses showed little to no difference between experimental and control groups ( Supplementary  Fig. 9b). Unexpectedly, loss of Jak3 brought about contrasting results in BMECs, as we measured an increase in percent and absolute number of immuno-phenotypic LKS cells after expansion on knockout ECs with respect to controls (Fig. 4d, e). As with previous experiments, these results were also corroborated by a kinetics assay (Supplementary Fig. 9c). Concurrent cell cycle analyses showed a sizable proportion of LKS cells on either WT or Jak3 -/-BMECs in G1 for the duration of the experiment ( Supplementary Fig. 9d, left), which not only contrasted our findings from lung EC expansions ( Supplementary Fig. 9b, left) but also from hematopoietic co-cultures with human ECs (Supplementary Fig. 8b, left). By day 8, however, we measured about twice as many cycling LKS cells in co-culture with Jak3depleted BMECs compared to controls ( Supplementary Fig. 9d,  right). We ascribe these results to an increase in the proliferation of progenitor cells, since the accompanying CFU assays showed the cells expanded onto Jak3-depleted BMECs harbored significantly decreased CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM potentials, respectively (Fig. 4f). Next, we set out to test whether a Jak3 -/bone marrow niche is deleterious for LT-HSC maintenance in vivo. To that end, we designed an LDA that consisted of two rounds of WT WBM (CD45.1 + ) transplantations, the first into WT or Jak3 -/mice, respectively (Fig. 4g, left). After 20 weeks, primary-transplanted mice were euthanized and LKS cells from experimental and control cohorts were transplanted in a limitingdilution manner into secondary WT recipients (Fig. 4g, right). At the moment of WBM collection for LDA, WT and Jak3 -/-primary-transplanted mice displayed no multilineage reconstitution defect in the peripheral blood (PB) (Supplementary Fig. 9e). However, the proportion of LKS cells in the bone marrow was marginally higher for Jak3 -/mice ( Supplementary Fig. 9f), but only a fifth of these were CD45.1 + , which suggested that the rest of the graft had been lost (Supplementary Fig. 9g). By contrast, most of the LKS cells in the bone marrow of WT primarytransplanted mice were CD45.1 + . Regardless, we carried out secondary transplants in a limiting-dilution fashion using the same number of CD45.1 + LKS cells in experimental and control cohorts of recipient mice, respectively. Endpoint flow cytometric analyses of donor (CD45.1) chimerism were used as input for LDA calculations 20 weeks after secondary-transplanted (Fig. 4h). We calculated the frequency of LT-HSCs after primary transplantation, homing, and engraftment into the bone marrow of Jak3 -/mice as 1:15,716 cells. This frequency was equivalent to 127 LT-HSCs educated in a Jak3-depleted bone marrow niche (Fig. 4i). Within the control-educated WBM population, we measured a 1:239 frequency of functional HSCs, i.e., 8368 LT-HSCs after primary transplantation. We therefore found a 66-fold decrease in LT-HSCs upon in vivo education in a bone marrow niche devoid of enzymatically active Jak3 (p = 6.8 × 10 -7 ). Interestingly, we only detected bone marrow engraftment in one of the 35 secondary transplant recipients from the group subjected to Jak3 -/education. Flow cytometric analyses of multilineage engraftment were run across highest dose controltransplant recipients and the single grafted Jak3 -/nicheeducated specimen, revealing no lineage distribution abnormalities between the groups (Supplementary Fig. 9h). For this multilineage analysis, we incorporated data from all recipient mice regardless of extent of donor chimerism. Taken together, these results showed that functional Jak3 expression in the bone marrow niche is necessary for LT-HSC maintenance in vivo.

Discussion
The bone marrow microenvironment is thought to provide an intricate milieu that preserves the repopulating capacity of HSCs or directs their differentiation in a carefully orchestrated manner. We have shown that Jak3, as expressed in the murine bone marrow, is necessary for local arterial-venous zonation and for the maintenance of hematopoietic function. Our approach combined in-house and publicly available RNA sequencing (RNAseq) obtained in bulk and at the single-cell level with functional studies in vitro and in vivo using a Jak3 -/mouse model.
Although the bone marrow is the primary hematopoietic organ in mammalians from the perinatal stage and onward, the liver, a site for HSC expansion in utero 84 , possesses vestigial hematopoietic function through adulthood 85,86 . By means of bulk transcriptomic analyses, we contrasted the vascular beds of the bone marrow and the liver as well as those of non-hematopoietic organs such as the lungs, heart, and kidneys. These analyses yielded unique transcriptomic signatures for each of the organs assayed that were characterized by overrepresentation of known markers such as Gata4 25 in the liver and Slc14a1 in the kidneys 52 . In addition, we found that Jak3 expression was uniquely enriched in the bone marrow vascular bed. Jak3 encodes a kinase that has been characterized predominantly in immune cells 58 . Here, we show that Jak3 is not only enriched in BMECs, but also that its expression in endothelium is modulated by direct contact with hematopoietic cells in vitro.
Jak3 expression was detected in all the vascular beds assayed, but we found that its endothelial function is localized to the bone marrow. There was no measurable transcriptomic difference between Jak3 -/and WT lung ECs, whereas the expression pattern of multiple surface markers, angiocrine factors, and transcription factors was dysregulated in Jak3 -/compared to WT BMEC samples. We used open-source single-cell RNA-seq data to further show that Jak3 expression is enriched in the sinusoidal, as opposed to the arterial, compartment of the bone marrow vasculature. Moreover, Jak3 -/-BMECs displayed increased expression of known arterial markers such as Procr, Gja5, and Efnb2 at the expense of gene transcripts associated with sinusoidal endothelium like Vcam1, Sele, and Nrp1. Anti-Sca1 immunofluorescent staining, routinely used to discriminate arterial from sinusoidal endothelium in the bone marrow, yielded positive results on Jak3 -/sinusoids, too. Taken together, our data show that loss of Jak3 results in aberrant arterial-venous zonation in the bone marrow at both the transcript and protein levels.
Of note, we found that Jak3 -/-BMECs display decreased expression of Cxcl12 and Jag2 ( Supplementary Fig. 3b, left), two angiocrine factors that are necessary for proper hematopoietic function 20,63 . Given that Jak3 is expressed by ECs in a hematopoietic milieu and its presence is associated with the regulation of angiocrine factors in the microenvironment of HSCs, we used an in-house HSC expansion model to gauge the effect of Jak3 on murine hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. By means of limitingdilution transplantation assays, we showed that JAK3-overexpression provided an expansion advantage to HSCs in vitro; conversely, the Jak3 -/bone marrow microenvironment proved deleterious for long-term HSC maintenance. Consistent with our loss-of-function findings at the transcriptomic level, Jak3 -/lung ECs yielded no measurable phenotype following co-culture with hematopoietic cells. These functional readouts implicate the Jak3expressing niche as a novel player in the complex HSC microenvironment of the bone marrow. However, since our work relied on a global knockout mouse, more research will be necessary to definitively ascertain whether sinusoidal ECs are responsible for the observed hematopoietic phenotype. In particular, whether Jak3 expression by other cells in the bone marrow niche, which has been observed by single-cell RNA-seq 62,74 , can affect HSC behavior remains to be shown.
) provides an expansion advantage to hematopoietic stem cells during in vitro co-culture. a Western blot of Vector-or JAK3-transduced human ECs for in vitro co-culture experiments (n = 2). b Schematic depiction of co-culture setup. CD45.1 + Lineage -cKit + Sca1 + (LKS) cells were plated onto confluent monolayers of Vector-(gray) or JAK3-(red) transduced ECs under serum-free conditions and in the presence of Kitl, Tpo, and Flt3 for 8 days. c Representative flow cytometry plots depicting endpoint LKS cell expansion experiment gated on CD45.1 + Lineagelive single cells (left and center; n = 9). LKS cell percentages were averaged (right). d Total number of LKS cells following expansion as gated on DAPI -CD45.1 + Lineagelive single cells (n = 9). Center lines represent the average number of cells. e Quantification of colony-forming unit (CFU) assays using expanded LKS cells measuring CFU-granulocytic (CFU-G), CFU-monocytic (CFU-M), CFU-granulocytic/monocytic (CFU-GM), and CFU granulocytic/erythrocytic/macrophagic/megakaryocytic (CFU-GEMM) potential (n = 3). f Schematic depiction of transplantation setup (left). CD45.1 + LKS cells were expanded onto Vector-or JAK3-transduced ECs, then transplanted into CD45.2 + recipients in a limiting-dilution manner. Positive engraftment was deemed as 0.2% and higher donor chimerism at experiment endpoint (20 weeks post-transplant. Results summary table (right) where the Group column refers to the cells used in co-culture, the Dose column refers to the number of LKS cells transplanted in each mouse, the Tested column refers to the number of mice that survived to experiment endpoint (week 20), and the Response column refers to the number of engraftment mice at experiment endpoint. g Representative flow cytometry plots depicting endpoint chimerism after co-culture with Vector-(gray) or JAK3-(red) transduced ECs and transplantation into lethally irradiated recipients in a limiting-dilution manner (n = 5 or 10 mice per dosage cohort). Plotted events were gated on DAPIsingle cells. Low and high doses correspond to initial injections of 10 and 1000 LKS cells, respectively. h Log-fraction plot of limiting dilution analysis showing the frequency of long-term multilineage engraftment following limiting-dilution assay. Dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. Stem cell frequency and statistics were determined using Extreme Limiting Dilution Analysis. ***p value < 0.001, *p value < 0.05, and ns (not significant) > 0.05, by unpaired, two-tailed Student's t test. On all plots, each replicate is represented by an individual dot. All error bars represent the standard deviation from the mean.
The vasculature within each organ is heterogeneous and responds to the specific physiological requirements of its milieu. Here, we show that Jak3 expression in ECs is not only induced by hematopoietic co-culture in vitro, but also enriched in the bone marrow sinusoidal compartment in vivo. Most notably, we demonstrate that non-cell-autonomous Jak3 is required for hematopoietic function. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate how Jak3 signals in endothelial compared to immune cells, what cytokines lead to its phosphorylation, and what its downstream targets are. As the only non-promiscuous Jak family kinase, targeting Jak3 in the niche has the potential to become a viable means to manipulate hematopoietic output in myriad contexts, from cancer to injury to congenital disease.

Methods
Animals. Primary ECs from the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and bone marrow, respectively, were isolated from WT mice (C57BL/6J; Jackson Laboratory, strain 000664) for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) or in vitro culture. For loss-of-function experiments, we used a knock-in mouse model (B6;129S4-Jak3 tm1Ljb /J; Jackson Laboratory, strain 002852), where the sequence encoding sub-domains 1 through 4 of the Jak3 kinase domain were replaced by a neomycin resistance cassette, inactivating Jak3 enzymatic activity 44 . ECs from functionally knockout mice (Jak3 -/-) were compared to those from WT mice. For transplantation experiments, we   For bone marrow isolation, the sternum, pelvic bones, femurs, and tibias were mechanically denuded of muscle and connective tissue, crushed using a mortar and pestle, and placed in the same digestion solution as above and at the same temperature for 15 min. All tissue digests were filtered through a 40-μm sieve and centrifuged at 500g for 10 min. To prevent non-specific antibody binding, pellets were resuspended in a 1:50 solution of FcR Blocking Reagent (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-092-575) in PBS containing 2 mM EDTA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 15575020) and 0.2% wt/vol bovine serum albumin (BSA; Gemini Bio, 700-100 P), henceforth referred to as blocking buffer, for 10 min at 4°C. Blocked cell suspensions were co-stained for 30 min at 4°C using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against Ter119, CD45, and CD31 at a concentration of 0.2 μg per 10 6 cells. Stained samples were washed once and resuspended in blocking buffer with 1 μg ml −1 DAPI (Biolegend, 422801) for viability discrimination. Between 10 4 and 10 5 live Ter119 -CD45 -CD31 + VE-Cad + ECs per sample were sorted using a BD FACSAria II instrument and BD FACSDiva 8.0.1 software (BD Biosciences). Respectively, the liver, lungs, heart, and kidneys of an individual mouse corresponded to a single biological replicate; the bones of three mice were combined prior to sorting to obtain enough ECs for a single biological replicate. Gating was determined using unstained controls and fluorescence-minus-one strategies. FACS antibodies were obtained from Biolegend and are specified in Table 1.
Bulk RNA sequencing analyses. Sorted EC samples that yielded at least 100 ng total RNA by phenol-chloroform separation using TRIzol LS Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 10296028) were purified using an RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, 74004), following the manufacturers' instructions. RNA quality was verified using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). RNA library preps were prepared and multiplexed using a TruSeq RNA Library Preparation Kit v2 (non-stranded and poly-A selection; Illumina), after which 10 nM cDNA were subjected to highthroughput sequencing using a HiSeq 4000 (Illumina). The resulting 50-bp-long paired-end reads were checked for quality (FastQC v0.11.5) and processed using the Digital Expression Explorer 2 (DEE2) 88 workflow. Adapter trimming was performed with Skewer (v0.2.2) 89 . Further quality control was done with Minion, part of the Kraken package 90 . Filtered reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome GRCm38 using STAR aligner 91 and gene-wise expression counts were generated using the "-quantMode GeneCounts" parameter. The R package edgeR 92 was used to calculate FPKM and log2 counts per million (CPM) matrices as well as perform differential expression analyses (Supplementary Data 1). Principal component analyses were performed using log2 CPM values. Data from Poulos et al. 26 were accessed from GEO: GSE61636 and analyzed as above. For GSEA 53 against the KEGG database 54-56 , we used WebGestalt 93 . Network visualization was carried out using the STRING app 57 on Cytoscape software v3.8.0 94 . Heatmaps were generated with the pheatmap package in R. Bar plots were generated using Graphpad Prism software v7.0d.  (Table 2). For both datasets, libraries had been prepared independently using Chromium Single Cell 30 v2 Reagent Kits (10X Genomics). All single-cell analyses were performed using the Seurat version 3.1.4 package in R version 3.6.1. After initial quality control, cells from GSE128423 that were included in the analysis were required to have a minimum 500 genes expressed and a maximum 5500 genes expressed, in addition to a maximum 40,000 UMIs and maximum mitochondrial content of 15%. Similarly, cells from GSE108892 that were included in the analysis were required to have a minimum 1000 genes expressed and a maximum 5000 genes expressed, in addition to a maximum 40,000 UMIs and maximum mitochondrial content of 10%. This resulted in a total 23,020 cells passing quality filters across the 22 samples. Following best practices in the package suggestions we used the sctransform function from Seurat to perform normalization and batch correction between the two datasets. PCA was subsequently performed on the combined set of cell transcripts, and after reviewing principal component heatmaps and jackstraw plots Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plots were generated using the top 50 dimensions. Clustering was performed using the Seurat function FindClusters and clustering resolution was set at 0.2. Differential gene expression for gene marker discovery across the clusters was performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test from the Seurat package.   Cell culture media. Human EC medium was prepared by combining and filtering M199 (Sigma, M4530), 10% vol/vol FBS (Omega Scientific, FB07), 50 μg ml −1 endothelial mitogen (Alfa Aesar J65416), 100 μg ml −1 heparin (Sigma, H3393), 20 mM HEPES (Invitrogen, 15630080), and 1× GlutaMAX (Gibco, 35050-061). Serum-free EC medium was prepared by combining and filtering X-Vivo serumfree medium (Lonza, 04448Q), 100 μg ml −1 heparin, 20 mM HEPES, and 1× GlutaMAX. Mouse endothelial cell (EC) medium was prepared by combining and filtering DMEM/Ham's F-12 (Sigma, D6421), 10% vol/vol FBS, 50 μg ml −1 endothelial mitogen, 100 μg ml −1 heparin, 20 mM HEPES, 1× GlutaMAX, and 1× MEM nonessential amino acids (Corning, 25-025-CI). SB431542 (R&D, 1614) was added to the filtrate at a 5 μM concentration. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion medium was prepared by combining and filtering StemSpan SFEM (StemCell Technologies, 09650), 10% vol/vol KnockOut Serum Replacement (Invitrogen, 10828028), 100 μg ml −1 heparin, 20 mM HEPES, and 1× GlutaMAX. All media were filtered using a 45-μm filter bottle and stored at 4°C for up to 2 weeks, with the exception of HSPC expansion medium, which, upon filtering, was distributed into 50-ml conical tubes for storage at -20°C for up to 6 months. As needed, tubes were thawed in the dark at 4°C the day before use and 5 ng ml −1 human FGF-basic (Peprotech, 100-18), 50 ng ml −1 human SCF (Peprotech, 300-07), 50 ng ml −1 human TPO (Peprotech, 300-18), and 50 ng ml −1 human FLT3 ligand (Peprotech, 300-19) were added. Thawed HSPC expansion medium with cytokines was stored at 4°C for up to 1 week.

Single
Human EC isolation and generation of JAK3-overexpressing vascular niche cells. HUVECs were isolated following the method first described in Rafii et al. 95 to produce E4ORF1-ECs (E4ECs) as outlined in the work of Seandel et al. and others 19,22,82 , with the modifications that appear in Barcia Durán et al. 87 . Briefly, HUVECs were isolated and cultured in human EC medium until transduction with a lentiviral vector encoding the E4ORF1 protein from human adenovirus 5. Exogenous expression of E4ORF1 confers the capacity to survive under xenobiotic-free conditions to ECs exclusively, so newly transduced E4ECs were positively selected by exposure to serum-free EC medium for 10 days. Selected E4ECs were used in all the expansion experiments described herein after transduction with a retroviral vector encoding JAK3 or an empty retroviral vector with the same backbone, respectively. Confluent populations of JAK3-or Vector-transduced lines were contact-inhibited, non-transformed, and could be cultured until their Hayflick limit, generally 20-25 passages from harvest at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , and 20% O 2 .
JAK3 retrovirus design, production, and transduction. The human JAK3 construct was provided by Giorgio Inghirami (Weill Cornell Medicine) and cloned as previously described 96 . Briefly, JAK3 cDNA (NM_000215) was sub-cloned first into the pcDNA3 expression vector and later into a Pallino retroviral vector that includes an eGFP cassette. Empty retroviral constructs were used as negative controls of transduction, referred to as Vector controls. We generated JAK3 and Vector retroviral particles as described in Zamo et al. 97 with the following modifications. Sub-confluent GP2-293 cells (Clontech, 631458) were co-transfected with 1 μg Pallino-based retroviral vector and 1 μg VSV-G, passage number 4-9. Supernatants were collected only once, at 48 h after transfection; they were then filtered, concentrated, and stored at -80°C for up to 1 year. To assess the quality of virus produced, we added 1, 5, or 10 μl of viral concentrate to 100,000 HUVECs, respectively; assessed eGFP fluorescence by flow cytometry; and used the smallest dose that yielded over 80% fluorescent cells. Consistently, an~60% confluent well of a 6-well plate of E4ECs transduced with 5 μl of viral concentrate and 5 μg of polybrene (Sigma, TR-1003) in 1 ml of human EC medium yielded over 99% eGFP + cells. Cells and retroviruses were routinely cultured undisturbed for 72 h.
Murine EC culture in vitro. Murine lung and bone marrow ECs were isolated following the method first described in Kobayashi et al. 64 , with the modifications that appear in Barcia Durán et al. 87 . Briefly, the lungs and, separately, the sternum, pelvic bones, femurs, and tibias of individual WT or Jak3 -/mice were excised and processed as described for FACS previously. ECs were purified using microbeads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 11035), conjugated to a monoclonal CD31 antibody (Biolegend, 102502), and plated in mouse EC medium. Prior to bead purification, bones were also subjected to Lineage depletion (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-090-858). The resulting lung and bone marrow ECs were transduced with a myristoylated-Akt1expressing lentivirus 64 , after which they remained contact-inhibited and nontransformed, and could be cultured until their Hayflick limit, generally 20-25 passages from harvest at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , and 5% O 2 .
Murine HSPC expansion in vitro. For bone marrow isolation, the sternum, pelvic bones, femurs, and tibias of individual CD45.1 + mice were mechanically denuded of muscle and connective tissue, crushed using a mortar and pestle, and filtered through a 40-μm sieve using up to 40-ml blocking buffer. Lineage-committed hematopoietic cells were depleted by magnetic separation using microbeads conjugated to monoclonal antibodies against CD5, B220, CD11b, Gr-1, 7-4, and Ter-119 to bind T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and red blood cells, respectively (Miltenyi Biotech, 130-110-470), following the manufacturer's instructions. To prevent non-specific antibody binding, lineagedepleted cells were centrifuged at 500g for 10 min and resuspended in a 1:50 solution of FcR Blocking Reagent in blocking buffer for 10 min at 4°C. Blocked cell suspensions were co-stained for 30 min at 4°C using fluorochromeconjugated antibodies against CD45, Sca1, cKit, and a Lineage Cocktail at a concentration of 0.2 μg per 10 6 cells. Stained samples were washed once and resuspended in blocking buffer with 1 μg ml −1 DAPI for viability discrimination. Live CD45 + LKS cells were sorted using a BD FACSAria II instrument and BD FACSDiva 8.0.1 software and plated onto confluent monolayers of human (Vectoror JAK3-transduced) or murine lung or bone marrow (WT or Jak3 -/-) ECs. Cells were co-cultured at 10 3 LKS cells per well of a 6-well plate in HSPC expansion medium at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , and 5% O 2 . Expanded HSPC cultures were harvested for flow cytometric analyses and downstream functional assays after 8 days.
Proliferation and cell cycle studies. Total cell counts were performed using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Countess II FL (AMQAF1000) and cell counting chamber slides (C10283) following the manufacturer's instructions on days 1, 2, 4, and 8 after expansion setup. Flow cytometry was used to back-calculate LKS cell numbers specifically and to perform cell cycle analyses by combining a PE Mouse Anti-Ki-67 Set (BD Biosciences, 556027) with our LKS staining protocol. Briefly, cells were fixed in 80% vol/vol methanol in PBS at each time point, then washed in blocking buffer at 250 g for 10 min, and resuspended in a 1:50 solution of FcR Blocking Reagent in blocking buffer for 10 min at 4°C to prevent non-specific antibody binding. Blocked cell suspensions were co-stained for 30 min at 4°C using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against Ki67, CD45, Sca1, cKit, and a Lineage Cocktail at a concentration of 0.2 μg per 10 6 cells. Stained cell suspensions were washed once and resuspended in blocking buffer with 1 μg ml −1 DAPI in order to fully ascertain cell cycle phase using a BD FACSAria II instrument and BD FACSDiva 8.0.1.
Bone marrow repopulation assays. Competitive transplantations were carried out to compare the long-term, multilineage engraftment potentials of LKS cells following expansion on Vector-vs. JAK3-transduced ECs. For this purpose, 3000 CD45.1 + expanded LKS cells were delivered retro-orbitally into WT recipients alongside 500,000 WBM WT cells. PB chimerism and lineage distribution of myeloid (Cd11b + or Gr1 + ) or lymphoid (CD3 + or B220 + ) donor cells were assayed weekly for 16 weeks. Limiting-dilution transplantations were carried out to quantify the frequency of multilineage, LT-HSCs after (i) in vitro expansion on human (Vector-or JAK3-transduced) ECs or (ii) in vivo education in a WT or Jak3 -/bone marrow microenvironment. For (i), expanded LKS cells from control and experimental groups were FACS-purified and delivered retro-orbitally in a limiting-dilution fashion into recipient mice. Control and experimental groups, respectively, were allotted 35 mice divided into five cohorts corresponding to the following dosage system: 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 2500 sorted LKS cells postexpansion. The two lowest doses of 1 and 10 cells were allotted 10 mice each, whereas 5 mice were allotted to the remaining three dosage cohorts of 100, 1000, and 2500 cells. For (ii), a primary transplant of 2 million CD45.2 + WBM cells were delivered retro-orbitally into 5 WT and Jak3 -/mice. At 20 weeks post-transplantation, donor-derived LKS cells were FACS-purified as described previously and delivered retro-orbitally into secondary recipient mice using the same limiting-dilution scheme as in (i). All limiting-dilution transplant recipients in (i) and (ii) were given a radioprotective dose of 1 million CD45.2 + WBM cells in the same injection. Long-term engraftment was assessed by flow cytometry 20 weeks after limiting-dilution transplantation. HSC frequency and 95% confidence intervals were determined using the ELDA online tool 83 and quantifying only the surviving mice. A secondary transplantation of WBM from highest dose, primary-transplanted mice in (i) was carried out to ensure self-renewal potential of the grafts. This experiment was assayed at 16 weeks and was not necessary for the LDA in (ii), which itself took place as a secondary transplant. All transplants were carried out in mice that had received a lethal dose (950 cGy) of radiation using a cesium-137 irradiator 18 h prior to transplantation.
Flow cytometric analyses of PB. Using heparinized micro-hematocrit capillary tubes (Thomas Scientific, 41B2501),~35 μl PB were retrieved retro-orbitally from anesthetized transplant recipient mice. Red blood cells were depleted using a lysis buffer (Biolegend, 420301) and following the manufacturer's instructions. Lysed cells were washed twice at 300g for 10 min using blocking buffer. After the second wash, and to prevent non-specific antibody binding, lysed cells were resuspended in a 1:50 solution of FcR Blocking Reagent in blocking buffer for 10 min at 4°C. Blocked cell suspensions were co-stained for 30 min at 4°C using fluorochromeconjugated antibodies against Ter119, CD45.2, and CD45.1 at a concentration of 0.2 μg per 10 6 cells. Stained samples were washed in blocking buffer and fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde (Agar Scientific, AGR1026) in blocking buffer with 1 μg ml −1 DAPI for viability discrimination. Using a SORP-LSR2 instrument and BD FACSDiva 8.0.1 software (BD Biosciences), engraftment was determined when >1% or >0.1% live cells appeared CD45.2 -CD45.1 + in limiting-dilution transplantation experiments (i) and (ii), respectively. Highest dose experiments were also co-stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD3, B220, Cd11b, and Gr1 at a concentration of 0.2 μg per 10 6 cells. Gating was determined using unstained controls and fluorescence-minus-one strategies. FACS antibodies were obtained from Biolegend and are specified in Table 1.
Statistics and reproducibility. All data in bar plots are presented as mean ± s.d. To identify statistical significance between single comparisons, groups of data were compared using an unpaired, two-tailed paired Student's t test. Multiple comparisons were analyzed by one-or two-way ANOVA, as indicated. p values > 0.05 were considered not significant. One asterisk (*) was used to indicate p values < 0.05, two asterisks (**) for p values < 0.01, three asterisks (***) for p values < 0.001, and four asterisks (****) for p values < 0.0001. In all the figures, n refers to the number of biological replicates and is indicated in every figure legend. All statistical analyses and data wrangling were performed using Graphpad Prism software v7.0d. No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size; all animal experiments included at least five animals per group, and all groups included a litter-dependent, near-balanced ratio of males-to-females. All animals used were 10-12 weeks of age and age-and sex-matched between control and experimental groups when applicable. No animals were excluded from quantification. In addition, transplanted animals were not individually labeled. Nevertheless, transplantation experiments were not randomized, and the investigators were not blinded to allocation of control vs. experimental groups during outcome assessment.
Reporting summary. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Data availability
Bulk RNA sequencing of primary endothelial cells in Figs. 1 and 2 is available for download from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository: GSE159755, hosted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Bulk RNA sequencing of in vitro studies by Poulos et al. 26 can be accessed from GEO: GSE61636. Single-cell RNA sequencing from Tikhonova et al. 62 and Baryawno et al. 74 can be accessed from GEOs GSE108892 and GSE128423, respectively. Processed bulk RNA sequencing data are provided in Supplementary Data 1 and 2. Source data for main and supplementary figures are provided in Supplementary Data 3. All primary and supplementary data may be provided by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.