Fourteen new species of the spider genus Psiloderces Simon, 1892 from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Psilodercidae)

Abstract The genus Psiloderces Simon, 1892 is the second largest genus of Psilodercidae, a family restricted to Asia, occurring from East India to the Philippines. Fourteen new species of Psiloderces from Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam are described: P. heisesp. nov. (♂♀), P. gawanaensissp. nov. (♂♀), P. bontocensissp. nov. (♀), P. cuyapoensissp. nov. (♂♀), P. xichangsp. nov. (♂♀), P. cattienensissp. nov. (♂♀), P. pingguosp. nov. (♂♀), P. palopoensissp. nov. (♂♀), P. penajamensissp. nov. (♂), P. grohotensissp. nov. (♂♀), P. bangkiraiensissp. nov. (♂♀), P. bolangsp. nov. (♂♀), P. wangousp. nov. (♂♀), and P. malinoensissp. nov. (♂♀). Types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing.

During the examination of a spider collection from Southeast Asia, we found fourteen new species of Psiloderces from Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Indonesia), the Philippines, and Vietnam. The goals of this paper are to provide detailed descriptions of the new species with images of their copulatory organs and chelicerae, as well as discuss their placement in the aforementioned species groups (Deeleman-Reinhold 1995).

Materials and methods
Types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing. All specimens were observed and preserved in 95% ethanol. The specimens were measured and examined using a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope, and further morphological details were observed with an Olympus BX41 compound microscope. The left palp of the male was detached for further examination (except for Psiloderces penajamensis, the right palp was detached). Carapace length was measured excluding the clypeus. The internal genitalia and male palpal bulb were dissected and immersed in lactic acid. An Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope was used to take photos in different focal planes. The photos were then transferred to Helicon Focus 6.7.1 image stacking software to improve depth of field before further revision with Adobe Photoshop CC 2014. Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus). Leg segments were measured from their retrolateral side. All measurements are given in millimetres (mm). All terminology follows Li et al. (2014).
Emended diagnosis. Psiloderces resembles Thaiderces by having a shallow, dark brown fovea, a cheliceral promargin with a lamina bearing 3 triangular extensions, the retromargin with 2 small teeth, and the anterior part of the thoracic region is distinctly elevated, but it can be differentiated by the following characters: 1) the presence of a cymbial protrusion (vs. absent in Thaiderces); 2) the presence of an inconspicuous clypeal protrusion in P. enigmatus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, P. pulcher Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995, P. incomptus, P. nasicornis, P. gawanaensis sp. nov., P. cuyapoensis sp. nov., P. xichang sp. nov., P. cattienensis sp. nov., P. pingguo sp. nov., andP. penajamensis sp. nov. (vs. absent in Thaiderces); and 3) the presence or absence of a laminar apophysis or a bulge. If present, then the embolus and laminar apophysis are not separated basally, or the bulge is separated basally from the embolus (vs. absence of bulge and such combination of embolus and laminar apophysis in Thaiderces).
Remarks. The type species of the genus is known from a female, and the female genitalia is insufficient for genus identification. However, the somatic morphology together with the morphology of male of the species and DNA barcoding data all confirm that these species belong to the genus Psiloderces.
Species groups. Nine Psiloderces species groups were established by Deeleman-Reinhold (1995 Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin "hēisè" (black) and refers to the unique black color of the embolus.
Diagnosis. Males of P. heise sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the structure of the bulb with a distinct prolateral indentation (Fig. 2C, D), a cymbial protrusion with a right-angled attachment (Fig. 2C), and the thick and dark embolus (vs. the absence of an indentation, a right-angled attachment, and different colored embolus in congeners); females can be differentiated from congeners by a pair of horizontally stalked spermathecae that width almost equally wide with globose distal part (Fig. 1A).
Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to those of male ( Fig.  1D (Fig. 1A): transverse stalked spermathecae bearing globose distal parts, heads almost as wide as stalks, stalks 10 times longer than heads.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30). Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of P. gawanaensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the human heart-shaped bulb (inverted pyriform) (Fig. 4B) bearing a threadlike embolus, the presence of 4 distinct bristles on the cymbial protrusion, and the clypeal projection bearing a few setae (Fig. 4C, D) (vs. absence or less than 4 bristles on cymbial protrusion); females can be differentiated from congeners by the widely spaced, horseshoe-shaped spermathecae (Fig. 3A).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30). Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. The female of P. bontocensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from others by a pair of stalked spermathecae with bulbous distal parts, spermathcae almost 8 times wider than stalk, resembling balloons (vs. balloon-shaped spermathecae absent in congeners) (Fig. 5A).
Male. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).  Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of P. cuyapoensis sp. nov. resemble those of P. xichang sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the rounded embolus (vs. wavy embolus), 3 distinct bristles on the cymbial protrusion (vs. 2 distinct bristles on cymbial protrusion), length of palp ca 6 times the length of bulb (vs. extremely slender and long palp, ca 10 times the length of bulb (Fig. 9C, D), and coloration of male and female are pale brown (vs. coloration of male and female are darker brown); females can be distinguished by tubular spermathecae (vs. earlobe-shaped spermathecae).
Female ( Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30). Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin "xìcháng" (slender and long) and refers to the extremely slender palp structures.

Psiloderces xichang
Diagnosis. Diagnostic features of males and females are discussed in the diagnosis of P. cuyapoensis sp. nov.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30). Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of P. cattienensis sp. nov. resemble those of P. pingguo sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the relatively long embolus, which is equal to the length of the tegulum (vs. embolus two times shorter than the tegulum), the bulb is rather angular (vs. bulging); females can be distinguished by the merged tubular spermathecae (vs. stalked spermathecae globose distally).

Psiloderces pingguo
Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin "píngguǒ" (apple) and refers to the structure of the bulb which resembles an apple.
Diagnosis. Diagnostic features of the males and females are discussed in the diagnosis of P. cattienensis sp. nov.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).   Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of P. palopoensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the swollen ovate shape of the bulb bearing a short embolus distally (Fig. 15B), 5 times shorter than the length of the tegulum (vs. absence of the extreme length difference of the embolus and tegulum in congeners), and relatively pale color of the male and female; female can be distinguished by widely separated, short, digitiform spermathecae (Fig. 14A).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).   Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. The male of P. penajamensis sp. nov. can be recognized by the structure of laminar apophysis of the bulb that arises distally, bearing the embolus and bulge (Fig. 17B) (vs. absence of laminar apophysis in congeners), a relatively short clypeal protrusion in which the length does not exceed the anterior tip of the carapace (vs. a clypeal projection that exceeds the anterior tip of carapace).
Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30).    Etymology. The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of P. bangkiraiensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the relatively slender and elongated bulb bearing a distinct pointed bulge posteriorly (vs. bulb not elongated and slender), the angular tip of the cymbial protrusion (vs. tip of cymbial protrusion rounded), the tibia of the male palp swollen anteriorly (vs. tibia not swollen); females can be distinguished by the curled spermathecae (Fig. 20A).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30). Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin "bōlàng" (wave) and refers to the unique undulated base of the bulb which resembles a wave pattern.

Psiloderces bolang
Diagnosis. Males of P. bolang sp. nov. resemble those of P. torajanus by the trilobate base of the bulb and indented ventrally but can be distinguished by the undi-  vided bulb (vs. bulb distinctly divided into two parts (proximal and distal); figs 8, 9 in Deeleman-Reinhold 1995), the bulb with a crooked periphery and rounded tip (vs. bulb with smooth periphery and pointed tip), the length of cymbial protrusion is at least half the width of the bulb (vs. length of cymbial protrusion narrower than the width of the bulb); females of both species resemble looped spermathecae but can be distinguished by rippled spermathecae (vs. smooth elliptical spermathecae).
Female ( Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 30). Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin "wāngōu" (hook) and refers to the hook-shaped embolus.

Psiloderces wangou
Diagnosis. Males of P. wangou sp. nov. resemble those of P. malinoensis sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the relatively long, protruding, bent embolus (vs. relatively short and embedded embolus in P. malinoensis sp. nov.); females can be distinguished by the enclosed spermathecae (vs. ribbon-like spermathecae with 3 branches).