The Comparative History and Development of E-Commerce in China and the United States

This research aims to investigate the differences between e-commerce in two countries, the origins of those differences, and comments on the future of E-commerce of China and US. While China is among the developing countries in Asia, the US has the greatest power to affect global market. By ana-lyzing previous research on E-Commerce, we have concluded the main differences between logistics and payment, legalization and technology, and cultural contents. Also, we predicted that B2C will become the dominating force and ultimately surpass C2C in China.


Introduction
Global electronic commerce is growing exponentially, especially in the US and China. By June 2017, the number of internet users in China reached 751 million, an increase of 92 million in the past 6 months. In addition, the Internet penetration rate was 54.3%, up 1.1 percentage points from the end of 2016. China's high population along with the rapidly increasing number of internet users has created huge potential for China's online consumption, which is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 17.4% (which can be referred to in [1] and [2]). Despite the impressive statistics, China is still behind the US in e-commerce. Although China and the US have the same E-Commerce market share, 7% of America's global transaction rate is still the largest in the world. Meanwhile, US tech giant Amazon remains ahead of its Chinese competitor Alibaba, staying on top of the market in Europe and in the US with a revenue of $136 billion in 2016 alone [3] [4]. Historically, the concept of e-commerce emerged around the same time in both countries. However, the method through which these markets were

Similarities and Differences
Judging from the history of both countries, e-commerce has developed rapidly in America and China in just over a decade. Both the US and China have enacted laws on the legality of e-commerce. Both the American and Chinese e-commerce market is monopolized by large enterprises, while small and medium-sized enterprises have a small market share.
However, the development of e-commerce in China and the U.S has a lot of differences. The two countries differ first in how businesses are structured. In America, it is more prevalent to have B2C (Business to Consumer), which is also the dominating structure of the global market. In China, however, based on the unique business environment, the primary method to conducting e-commerce is C2C (Consumer to Consumer) [7].
A second difference is that the United States has more influence globally than China. Although China and the US have the same market share in e-commerce which is 7%, the global transaction rate of e-commerce in the US is the largest in the world. Over 90% e-commerce websites are from the US, the transaction rate is over 50% above the global average. Moreover, the size of e-commerce market in the United States, which accounts for more than 50% of global e-commerce Third, the concept of e-commerce in China did not gain adoption as quickly as it did in the US. In the 1980's, Walmart had used EDI, which is very similar to the idea of "e-commerce" nowadays to sell its products. The emergence of e-commerce received a lot of attention from people, and the US government was also a big proponent of e-commerce. China, however, introduced e-commerce in 1997. Conversely, the emergence of electronic commerce had not caused a sensation, until 2000, when Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, proposed to establish an e-commerce company, but didn't receive any support from the people or the government.

Logistics and Distribution Systems
Logistics is considered a source of advantage and the efficiency of the distribution network is considered a success factor for firms in the e-commerce market.
In addition, e-commerce shipments require an entirely new distribution infrastructure to handle online business.

E-commerce Accessibility
In the 21 st century, the internet exceeded a hundred million and the popularity of the internet increased. As more people adopt the internet, more people are gaining accessibility to online shopping.

The Rule of Law
The strength of the law affects transactional integrity in e-commerce, and investment in these markets. As consumers migrate to the Web, they are more likely to turn to companies from countries where transactional integrity is greater, and in particular to firms whose reputation is well established. The U.S. government emphasizes the growth of the e-commerce market through encouraging private enterprises to play a leading role and minimizing government intervention. At the same time, in terms of tax policy, the government has created the most favorable space for e-commerce development. Putting a lot of emphasis on infrastructure, on 22 May 1998, President Clinton issued two Presidential Decision Directives (PDD), which involved network infrastructure and information security, to strengthen and coordinate critical infrastructure defense programs. In addition, the government places importance on privacy protection and consumer rights.
Compared to the U.S., the prosperity of e-commerce in China requires additional legal support. Since the Chinese regulators lack a cooperation and coordination mechanism, e-commerce legislation is far behind industrial development. On February 18, 1994, the State Council issued regulations on the protection of the computer information system in the People's Republic of China. Over the years that would follow, the policy of network information security also appeared with administrative enforcement. However, due to the lack of relevant laws, network security relies mainly on the technical strength of the individuals that protect their privacy. At the same time, due to the lack of authoritative electronic commercial arbitration institutions, the rights and benefits of buyers and sellers are not guaranteed, which increases the transaction cost of international trade. Although Chinese officials have stated they are committed to improving their protection of intellectual property and liberalizing their economy, e-commerce legislation is still far behind China's industrial development.

Cultural Content
The main cultural differences lie in a reputation system, differences in social values and relationships between individuals and businesses [8] [9].
The development of e-commerce requires a high level social reputation system. In the US, reputation had been important many years ago since the inception of the e-commerce. Compared with the US, China had serious defects which constrain the development of e-commerce, a complete reputation system hasn't yet formed.
People who shop online have different characteristics in both countries. In 2000, Only 31.9% of Chinese internet users had experience online shopping. In the U.S., however, 82% of internet users had purchased at least one product or service online. The statistics that only 2.5 percent of the whole population is online in China reflect that China's ecommerce is still stagnant, while in the U.S., internet users now comprise half of the entire US population. In China, female internet users are increasing rapidly. According to the "Statistical Report on In- Chinese society has also indirectly shaped their relationship with merchants by focusing more on social relations. In addition, Americans prefer to use the e-commerce system itself, while Chinese people prefer to deal with familiar businesses. Trademarks and intellectual property have always been one of the main components of innovation. While the US pays more attention to protecting the origin of the product as intellectual property, China likes "shanzhai" (Chinese imitation and pirated brands and goods, particularly electronics), but this has changed in recent years.

Consumption Upgrade
The main driver of China's economic growth is consumption. The contribution of consumption to China's national economic growth in 2015 further increased to 66.4% and will continue to increase in the future. China is facing a new round of transformation in consumption. By 2020, China's middle class and above will be close to 200 million households. Consumers in overseas long tail, high quality, low price, the demand of the individualized product is becoming increasingly strong.
Over the next five years, e-commerce will account for 42% of the increase in

Industry Foundation
There are about 5 million small and medium-sized enterprises in China's foreign trade, accounting for 60% of total foreign trade. As the "seller" of "selling the world," small and medium-sized enterprises have joined the cross-border e-commerce market, which is essential for the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce export. China has the advantage of exporting products with a traditional manufacturing base, with world-class design, technology and manufacturing industry. Moreover, China is the world's largest producer in clothing, shoes and hats, luggage and bags, 3C digital, household appliances and other consumer goods. shifted from an information service platform to a trading platform. The shift was accumulated by corporate transactions and credit data. The cross-border e-commerce platform can obtain real transaction data of enterprises through services such as "customs clearance, inspection, taxation and remittance" provided by a comprehensive appearance service platform. It helps enterprises establish a global network trading credit system, to better obtain trust and orders from international buyers, let credit equal wealth, and form a virtuous circle.

E-Commerce Connectivity Index between China and Major Economics
To reveal China's close trading relationship with other countries, we primarily use China as a reference here to compare with other countries.

Research Method
The ECI total index consists of ECI import index and the ECI export index. Each index takes into account both the absolute value of cross-border e-commerce and the potential value of cross-border e-commerce penetration between the country and China.
In 2015, among G20 countries, the ECI cross-border e-commerce connectivity ECI total index ECI import Index ECI export index = + (1)

Prediction
Cross-border e-commerce B2B platform will be upgraded from an information platform to a trading platform. By providing comprehensive foreign trade services, it will be beneficial for cross-border e-commerce platforms to accumulate real trade data, help foreign trade enterprises establish a global network trading credit system and reduce international trade risks. Simultaneously, cross-border e-commerce platforms can make efficient trade matching based on big data, innovate credit guarantee services, provide support services such as finance and logistics, along with creative methodologies that will enable growth in this space.
Production enterprise is connected directly to the terminal consumer, according to real-time demand of consumers and market to realize the customization and pull the flexibility of production and supply, and based on a global business platform, and professional service providers together, forming a network of production and service together. Cross-border electricity retail on the basis of the internet and big data, will gradually develop into a B2B par with one main way of global trade, on the one hand will replace traditional B2B trade, on the other hand will produce a large number of new trade. This is a major trend of business development brought about by technological revolution, which cannot be reversed. The cross-border e-commerce service ecosystem will be more prosperous. Cross-border financial services, cross-border logistics services, integrated services of foreign trade, cross-border electricity derivative services (operations, search keyword optimization, personnel training and consulting, etc.), big data and cloud computing, etc., will be around cross-border electric business platform to facilitate rapid development.
Cross-border e-commerce will promote the formation of new international trade rules and new order in the internet era. By 2020, there will be more than 900 million cross-border electricity consumers around the world, global cross-border electricity retail will become an important part of international trade, it represents the age of the internet global trade body and opportunities in changing how enterprises trade. Therefore, the international community needs to innovate the trading system, rules and standards to adapt to the rapid development of the global internet economy and cross-border e-commerce.

Discussion and Prediction (B2B & C2C)
Both B2B and B2C have a significant potential for future development, while B2C depends largely on B2B, that is, B2B2C. For consumers, B2C is within reach, and B2B is too unfamiliar. However, a well-functioning B2C enterprise must have strong support from B2B, which depends on integration of resources Although they are not as big as Amazon, they are popular, and eBay is obviously in decline. In addition, it can be found from market share distribution of American e-commerce that the shopping share of B2C also exceeds that of C2C.
C2C has many inherent flaws that are difficult to reconcile, such as counterfeit goods, credit card hype and so on. V2V merchants are mainly individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises, and their small-scale operation has contributed to the issues that exist in the C2C market. On the surface, C2C has a great price advantage, but in fact, C2C price cannot be lower than B2C price. On the one hand, as a channel merchant, B of B2C has a greater right to negotiate with the manufacturer, and the price is much lower than that of C of C2C.
B2C, on the other hand, as the primary channel and directly engages with manufacturers and consumers to reduce many intermediate links and cost, and due to size effect, also has a big advantage on how to allocate the costs. It now looks as if the price of goods on the C2C platform may be lower than that of B2C. The reason is that it is either counterfeit or via informal channels. Compared with C2C, B2C not only has a price advantage, but also provides better pre-sales and after-sales services, and product quality can be guaranteed. From the perspective of consumers, B2C is closer to the needs of consumers, especially with continuous improvement of living standards, and the demand for the quality of goods and services will become higher.  There are more products in the B2C market, more industries involved, and more products on B2B websites. Although in the past few years the domestic B2C development unsatisfactory, but traditional enterprises in the electronic commerce power, gradually showing that brands and distributors are actively exploring business online, more traditional enterprise e-commerce marketing.

Fusion
In the analysis of B2B, B2C and C2C e-commerce markets, the boundaries between B2C and C2C are increasingly blurred. The momentum of the B2B market is that the supply chain is working more closely and efficiently. The integration of the three e-commerce markets is inevitable. The competitive commanding point of future e-commerce platform lies in the competition between different e-commerce markets. For example, the Alibaba group has formed an e-commerce business ecology with its establishment of Alibaba, Taobao, word-of-mouth network and ali mother, which were gradually integrated.
Integration is only a process, "relationship" is a tool. The ultimate goal is to form the network e-commerce ecology. The key to integration of different e-commerce markets is the integration of people and formation of relationships between them. Integration drives the effective development of e-commerce, but it is not the ultimate goal. The core of integration is to resume the ecology of online business and form an ecological chain of online e-commerce.
Providers from B2B2C, from raw material to the manufacturer, from manufacturers to wholesalers, the wholesalers and retailers, and retailers to consumers, will form the network electronic commerce chain, to promote efficient transactions. In this process, the friendship, business relationship and trading relationship between people are important. The social networking of e-commerce has become key to integrating e-commerce.
E-commerce has become the best practitioner of social networking. Social networking, is still looking for a viable revenue model. Its praise for word-of-mouth marketing has not yet been widely used. On the contrary, e-commerce enterprises are more likely to take advantage of word-of-mouth marketing.
According to China's Internet survey data, word of mouth is the most important source of consumer information for internet user shopping. Before shopping, many users will refer to their shopping decisions through the evaluation of search products, and users will trust their friends' word-of-mouth more than any advertisement. For electronic commerce enterprise, e-commerce sites are not the user shopping last mile, even if the user to your site, users need to compare, Whether B2B, B2C or C2C, we can make use of the word of mouth and place it in a system to integrate it into the consumer process, to provide users' with efficiency while shopping. In addition, when using social networks, e-commerce sites not only use word-of-mouth effect, but also use the original six-degree division theory of social network to help enterprises find customers. Thus, for e-commerce enterprises, the use of social network has two major advantages: first, the use of word of mouth to facilitate transactions; second, they use relationships to help members in e-commerce companies expand their markets.
The Alibaba e-commerce ecosystem can be the best users of social networks, but its aim is to form an e-commerce ecology, attempted to seize the commanding heights of competition, practitioners have to alert. In the Alibaba B2B social network, it has introduced "connections," to establish the relationship between B and B, help potential customer relationship from mining business connections to aid in classifying customers to manage them more effectively.
In the social networking aspects of C2C, Taobao launched "tao river's lake", can launch "ask", to ask or check your friends on the value of a product or service through pick me to ask friends to help you choose goods or you choose to help a friend goods, published by "rink hijinks" yourself for the product evaluation, and so on. These initiatives further cement the importance of word of mouth and how social networks play a crucial role.
In word-of-mouth, he provides users with ali "relationship" service, you can create yourself for a life of the dealer evaluation or view the evaluation of a friend, to help others is a better decision. Alibaba's three e-commerce social networking services have taken form. Once Alibaba integrates three social networks into one large social network, Alibaba's e-commerce ecosystem will become more "systematic" and likely to dominate the competition.
Google is all about advertising, all of its free services such as Google Analytics, Ad Planner, Ad Builder as well as the acquisition of Double Click and YouTube, etc., are a part of its advertising business ecosystem. Alibaba similarly has sought to go beyond electronic commerce, trying to build an ecosystem, and its social networking initiatives have made it clear what its future direction is.

From a Technological Perspective
The improvement of online payment methods will further promote the development of e-commerce.
Online payment information search, ordering, payment and logistics delivery are three links of e-commerce transactions, among which payment is an important link, which affects other links of e-commerce. Online payment has unparalleled advantages over traditional payments. As laws and regulations are made to secure payment protocols, internet payment will become the preferred method of payment in electronic commerce and pay for the rapid development of internet will promote the development of electronic commerce. Journal of Mathematical Finance

B2B B2C C2C Convergence Will Become the Trend
Many professional merchants appear on eBay as individual sellers, and business-to-business transactions that should have been B2C are now C2C. This convergence is fundamental in internet transactions, in which both parties value convenience and security of the transaction platform more than the identity of the other party, whether it is a person or a business.
In this situation, more B2C e-commerce sites are providing platforms for C2C transactions. At the same time, an increasing amount of B2C transactions with payment tool P2P, from the third-party payment tool providers, break down the barriers between B2B B2C C2C pay, which is an important factor in their appeal.
China's B2C website dangdang plans to enter the C2C space, a trend that will intensify in the future. Along with the integration of payments, the continuous development of third-party payment platform and the intensification of mutual competition.
China now has the most third-party payment platforms in the world, in China alone has nearly 50 institutions that have launched their own internet payment tool, paid by different shopping websites using different tools to provide more convenience for users. Therefore, it is inevitable for payment platforms to integrate several payment tools through competition and survival of the fittest. From the point of competition, with its own auction site payment will establish an advantage in the competition, and further expand their market share (such as Paypal and Alipay), while pure third-party platform will be at a disadvantage in terms of costs and fees.

Advanced Technology Will Innovate Payments
In the field of security certification, single mode authentication was replaced by two-factor authentication. Modern technologies such as fingerprint recognition, voice recognition, iris recognition and other biological technologies will be more widely used in the financial services industry. Ucb adopted Digital Persona's U are U online fingerprint identification solution, which eliminates the need for a password to log onto a Web page. Comdot is rolling out a voice-activated credit card called Beepcard, which must be authenticated by voice input. With the development of more advanced technology internet payments will be more secure, and used among online consumers worldwide.
The continuous improvement of laws and regulations will promote the development of the online payments sector.

From Globalization View
The broad market prospect of e-commerce in China has attracted many foreign e-commerce websites to enter the market. Amazon acquired joyo, China's largest B2C website, and Yahoo bought a 35% stake in Alibaba, the country's largest business-to-business website. The development of e-commerce will certainly affect the development of China's online payment market. China's internet payment methods are playing an increasingly important role in the international payment network. In order to solve the problems of the electronic commerce security trading, China Unionpay CUPSecure launched an e-commerce security certification system, to the Chinese e-commerce transactions and a safe protection lock. This has contributed to the end of the long-term use of financial institutions abroad VISA, MC of 3 -D which was once standard.

Discussion and Conclusion
From the above analysis and comparison, it is clear that China's e-commerce development has room for improvement, while e-commerce in the US has reached a relatively mature and developed stage. China is a representative of Asian developing countries, and the U.S has the greatest power of affecting the global market. We also found that, China has to solve problems such as security in electronic trading platforms, immature and stagnant credit systems, and insufficient logistics distribution systems. However, because of the high population growth rate, increasing access to the internet, technological and legal support, China has the potential to catch up and close the gap.

China
China is in the midst of a consumer revolution, with foreign products taking advantage of heavily investing in marketing, advertising and research to create more effective marketing strategies. That is, China's e-commerce development has huge development potential. Brand awareness is important and sophisticated advertising plays a key role in attracting Chinese consumers. Producers of luxury goods and providers of services have seen large growth in China as a result.
Chinese society is often perceived as a "collectivist" society, where the group is more important than the individual. As a result, standards, preferences and standards of the group to which the individual belongs have a tremendous effect on purchasing habits.
The golf craze-with over a million taking up the sport in recent years-is an example of the desire to belong to a group (the affluent) and subsequent conformity to the preferences of this group. As a result, advertising is frequently directed at groups, rather than individuals.
Chinese consumers tend to be brand-sensitive. They believe price is an indicator of the quality of a product, though both price and sales are important se-Journal of Mathematical Finance lection criteria. Aspects such as warranty and possibility of product refund are less important. Generally, Chinese shoppers attach greater importance in researching a product before purchasing it. A majority of the source of their information is word of mouth.

US
The e-commerce of US is relatively mature. 29% of US consumers (aged 16 -21) browse online stores, even when they do not have a product in mind. For adult shoppers ages 22 -65, the number is 18%. In addition, US consumers are open to buying foreign products. US consumers are becoming more aware of environmental issues and over consumption. They pay more attention to the quality of a product, its origin, how it is composed and the price. The most important characteristic in shopping is finding a "good deal". This creates a euphoric experience for a potential customer that could lead to a sale.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.