Business
Computer Science-2021.gz:143197
Computer Science Business
3cd029e9897402e118e3aa8d2c8b7148de30ffb1
Promoting Information-Resource Sharing within the Enterprise: A Perspective of Blockchain Consensus Perception

: The prevalence of information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) provides opportunities for enterprises to sustain open innovation. However, information silos that appeared with IS use have made IS inconvenient and thus impeded enterprises’ open innovation. The present study, therefore, aims to resolve this issue by helping understand how to encourage information-resource sharing within the enterprise. We ﬁrst proposed a new concept—consensus perception—based on the blockchain characteristics and advantages derived from prior studies, and then developed a conceptual model based on the consensus perception and principal–agent theory. Second, we used this conceptual model to investigate whether blockchain technology (BT) can be used to promote information-resource sharing. The results showed that information security concern, perceived rewards, and openness have direct inﬂuences on information-resource sharing intention and that trust has indirect effects. The ﬁndings provide useful theoretical and practical contributions to sustain enterprises’ open innovation by adopting BT to solve the information-resource sharing issues.


Introduction
In recent decades, information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) are catalysts that provided opportunities for enterprises to maintain their competitive edge and sustain their open innovation [1][2][3], especially for small-to-medium enterprises (SME) [4,5]. Information resources, as the fuel for sustaining IS operation, have been paid more and more attention by enterprises. For this reason, information resources are considered a strategic resource for many companies using IT and IS [6,7]. The triggers such as distrust, information security issues, and openness, make enterprise departments often unwilling to share information resources and engenders information isolation [8]. This phenomenon is called a 'silo' by Tett [9], who stated that silos block enterprises' open innovation and development.
To help enterprises overcome the disadvantages of open innovation caused by information silos and maintain their competitiveness, prior scholars have found that informationresource sharing is effective in breaking silos [7,9,10] and sustaining open innovation [11]. Due to the dual features of information resources as both the information container and information assets [12], the studies of information-resource sharing show that using intentionbehavior theories (e.g., TAM and UTAUT) do not provide an effective solution to promote information-resource sharing [13]. Using principal-agent theory to explore informationresource sharing is better because principal-agent theory can be used to explain the transactional behavior between principal and agent in the presence of uncertainty [14,15], and this behavior is similar to the information-resource sharing behavior.
According to prior research, there are many uncertainties in information-resource sharing, such as distrust issues and concerns about information security [3,16,17]. These uncertain factors have impeded information-resource sharing [17,18]. Moreover, some Fourth, due to the characteristics of smart contracts, reward mechanisms can be easily added into the smart contract as rules are run automatically [23]. Participants can use the smart contract to easily build any reward system that meets the consensus among participants [10,23,24]. Therefore, the reward is deemed as another BT advantage.
Moreover, due to the characteristics of openness and rewards that can benefit environmental and motivational factors of information-resource sharing [26], and the advantages of trust and security that can address the uncertainties of information-resource sharing [31], some scholars stated that BT can be used to promote information-resource sharing [10,26,31].
Therefore, this study extracted a new concept from these characteristics and advantages and called it "consensus perception" because they are considered to represent the features of BT. It includes four factors-trust, information security concern, openness, and perceived rewards. Since not only can the factors of consensus perception influence information-resource sharing behavior, but also are major features of BT [16,17,29], the concept of consensus perception is ideal for investigating information-resource sharing behavior based on BT, and the present study will investigate information-resource sharing based on this concept.

Principal-Agent Theory
The principal-agent theory attempts to explain the transactional agreement between principal and agent in the presence of uncertainty or with a discordant purpose [32]. Prior scholars used principal-agent theory on IM to resolve information problems caused by perceived uncertainty and information asymmetry. For example, Pavlou et al. [33] studied the influence of information asymmetry on buyers' purchase intention through online transaction platforms from the principal-agent perspective, and found that trust and information security concerns have significant effects on perceived uncertainty and buyers' purchase intention. Moreover, users' concerns about information security caused by information asymmetry between users (principal) and service providers (agent) let users perceive more uncertainty and reduce their intention to use the online services provided by service providers [14,15].
For investigating information-resource sharing intention, the principal-agent theory is certainly better than traditional theories, because the relationship between the informationresource provider and the recipient is similar to the relationship between the principal and the agent: while sharing the information resource, the information provider perceives the uncertainty due to information asymmetry between the provider and the recipient. Therefore, the present study based on the principal-agent theory proposed a conceptual model from the perspective of the consensus perception to investigate the informationresource sharing intention.

Research Model and Hypotheses
The conceptual model was built based on the principal-agent theory and four factors of the consensus perception of BT. Figure 1 shows this research model. This model was used to investigate how those factors influence the intention to share information resources within an enterprise. It included six constructs: two independent variables, trust and perceived rewards; three mediators, openness, information security concern, and perceived uncertainty; and one dependent variable, information-resource sharing intention. Additionally, of the proposed nine hypotheses, four are positive, and five are negative.
All constructs and the hypotheses will be discussed in the following section.

Perceived Uncertainty
Perceived uncertainty is the degree to which future risk cannot be accurately predicted due to asymmetric information [34]. If individuals perceive the Internet to be uncertain, they will be unwilling to conduct transactions [35] or use online services [36]. Similarly, environmental risks in supply chain networks, such as supplier's morality, affect informa-tion sharing within supply chain participants [37]. According to the principal-agent theory, perceived uncertainty reflects people's capacity of enduring risks. It negatively connects to the buyer's intention to purchase products in e-commerce [33]. When the person perceived more uncertainty, they will have a lower willingness to conduct transactions [38], or to share information [37]. That leads to the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1 (H1). Perceived uncertainty will have a negative influence on information-resource sharing intention. All constructs and the hypotheses will be discussed in the following section.

Perceived Uncertainty
Perceived uncertainty is the degree to which future risk cannot be accurately predicted due to asymmetric information [34]. If individuals perceive the Internet to be uncertain, they will be unwilling to conduct transactions [35] or use online services [36]. Similarly, environmental risks in supply chain networks, such as supplier's morality, affect information sharing within supply chain participants [37]. According to the principalagent theory, perceived uncertainty reflects people's capacity of enduring risks. It negatively connects to the buyer's intention to purchase products in e-commerce [33]. When the person perceived more uncertainty, they will have a lower willingness to conduct transactions [38], or to share information [37]. That leads to the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1 (H1). Perceived uncertainty will have a negative influence on informationresource sharing intention.

Perceived Rewards
Perceived rewards are the people's perception that rewards (e.g., money, reputation, and reciprocity) could promote the intention of information-resource sharing [39,40]. Rewards such as reputation motivate individuals to be involved in social interactions or contribute to the community such as sharing knowledge or information because they can enhance their reputation due to those behaviors [19]. Similarly, if people believe they can receive reciprocal benefits, they will exhibit more positive intention to share knowledge [41]. Moreover, economic rewards (e.g., money) and social rewards (e.g., reputation and reciprocity) are incentives that encourage individuals to share their genomic data by using blockchain-based platforms [24]. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between perceived rewards and information-resource sharing intention is hypothesized as follows: Hypothesis 2 (H2). Perceived rewards will have a positive influence on information-re-

Perceived Rewards
Perceived rewards are the people's perception that rewards (e.g., money, reputation, and reciprocity) could promote the intention of information-resource sharing [39,40]. Rewards such as reputation motivate individuals to be involved in social interactions or contribute to the community such as sharing knowledge or information because they can enhance their reputation due to those behaviors [19]. Similarly, if people believe they can receive reciprocal benefits, they will exhibit more positive intention to share knowledge [41]. Moreover, economic rewards (e.g., money) and social rewards (e.g., reputation and reciprocity) are incentives that encourage individuals to share their genomic data by using blockchain-based platforms [24]. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between perceived rewards and information-resource sharing intention is hypothesized as follows: Hypothesis 2 (H2). Perceived rewards will have a positive influence on information-resource sharing intention.

Information Security Concern
Information security is an issue that appeared with the growth of the Internet and is studied by various domains. For example, Tsai and Yeh [42] stated that information security is a major concern for online purchase intentions. In addition, Fan et al. [17] found that it is the main factor that influences local government decision-making of choosing information technology to share information across agencies and departments. Similar findings that people's concern about information security reduces their intentions to share has been shown by other scholars [29,30,43,44]. In this study, information security concern is defined as the degree of security that people feel about the Internet [45], and it is assumed that it will reduce people's intention to share information resources. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 3a (H3a). Information security concern will exert a negative effect on the intention to share information resources.
Moreover, people's concern about information security will lead them to produce perceived uncertainty when sharing information resources. Because when people find it difficult to assess the information recipient's capacity to safeguard their information, they cannot predict whether their information will be protected and whether they will be harmed due to information disclosures. It will cause them to perceive more uncertainty [15,33,43]. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 3b (H3b). Information security concern will positively influence perceived uncertainty.

Openness
Openness under the Internet context has attracted the interest of scholars. Openness not only can effectively promote communication and exchanges between employees thereby improving organizational performance [46], but can also effectively encourage communication and knowledge sharing due to disclosing information and unambiguous communication [47,48]. Moreover, it can also promote knowledge sharing through the positive effects of a community sharing culture [49]. Furthermore, openness can provide an open environment for research and innovation of institutions or enterprises [16]. Therefore, openness is defined as the extent to which information can be shared among all participants [50], and we proposed the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 4a (H4a). Openness has a positive relationship with the intention to share information resources.
Moreover, it has also been found that openness can reduce uncertain factors in uncertain environments [51]. Individuals in a high degree of an open environment can more easily absorb new experiences, accept changes, and effectively use novel strategies to deal with unknowns, and thus will perceive less uncertainty when facing unknowns [52,53]. This study, therefore, hypothesizes that higher openness will lower employees' uncertainty when they communicate or share information: Hypothesis 4b (H4b). Openness has a negative impact on perceived uncertainty about informationresource sharing.

Trust
Trust is a crucial concept. It has been widely studied in technology and society [54], economics [33], and IS [18]. Scholars found trust to be a social complexity-reducing mechanism that leads to a willingness of organizational dependence, used to assess whether an organization is trustworthy [54,55]. It can reduce information security concerns by reducing fears of information asymmetry [33], and can positively influence secure authentication and concerns for an attack [18].
The empirical evidence showed that trust negatively connects with concerns about information security [56], because it can increase the belief that people apply appropriate security control strategies to protect information [57,58]. The same proposal is adopted in this study; that trust can reduce concerns about information security where people share information. The following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 5a (H5a). Higher trust will exert a negative effect on reducing the anxiety of information security.
Not surprisingly, some scholars found that trust and openness are related but separate concepts. A higher level of trust will lead to a higher willingness to communicate thoughts and information with each other [59,60]. Moreover, scholars stated that trust is an important requisite for open communication due to it being able to promote open communication and information sharing through the reduction of opportunistic behavior [61]. Thus, this study assumed that trust facilitates openness shaping and proposed the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 5b (H5b). Trust will facilitate enterprise to build an environment with openness.
Moreover, trust can reduce the perceived uncertainty through decreasing people's perception of risk, because trust can ensure people attain the desired result of events in the unknowable future as if being assured from the knowable past [62] and allow people to ignore the impact of uncertainty [35]. For example, Yang et al. [35] claimed that trust is one of the most effective factors to reduce uncertainty because trust can decrease the conscious consideration of uncertainty. Therefore, this study proposed the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 5c (H5c). Trust will reduce the perceived uncertainty in information-resource sharing.

Measurement Development
To achieve the research objective, this study employed an empirical approach. All data were collected through a questionnaire survey, and measurement items were adopted or adapted from the scales of previous studies to fit the study's context. Appendix A outlines the definitions of the constructs, and Appendix B lists the measurement items.
For the information-resource sharing intention, four measuring items were derived from Hooff and Weenen [63] and He and Wei [64]. For perceived uncertainty, four measuring items were adopted from a study by Pavlou et al. [33]. For the construct of perceived rewards, three items were derived from Hung et al. [65] and Zhang et al. [39]. For information security concern, four measuring items were adopted from a study of Flavián and Guinalíu [66] and Trenz et al. [15]. For the construct of openness, five items are derived from Haesevoets et al. [50], and trust's four measurement items are from Gefen and Straub [55] and Chiu et al. [67].
All items are on a 7-point Likert scale; all items ranged from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". To ensure the balance and randomness of the items, two constructs use reverse items, and all were randomly arranged to reduce the potential ceiling (or floor) effect [49].

Sampling and Descriptive Statistics
The study used online surveys, and the sample was derived from three types of enterprises or institutions in the first-tier cities of China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, which are in the IT, finance, and university sectors. The first-tier cities represent the vanguard of China's technological and economic development; IT and finance enterprises are the first enterprises to know and study blockchain, and universities are the research institutions that are interested in cutting-edge technology. Therefore, sampling from these three types of enterprises or institutions in the first-tier cities of China was representative.
The online questionnaire was developed through a survey website called "Wenjuanxing", and the URL of the questionnaire was distributed to potential participants of the institutions and enterprises. One respondent represents one institution or enterprise.
The questionnaire collection took about two months and was completed on 15 September 2020. After eliminating insincere responses through data filtering, 401 valid and usable responses were used for the final data analysis. Table 1 shows the respondents' demographics.

Common Method Bias (CMB)
To minimize the influence of CMB, this study first assured the anonymity of respondents and informed them that there were no right or wrong responses during the data collection [5,28]. We then conducted Harman's single factor test after data collection, and the result shows that a single factor explains 25.79% of the total variance, which is less than 50%; there is no issue of CMB [28,68].

Results Analysis
To test the study's proposed model, investigate the relationships between the variables, and examine the mediation effects, structural equation modeling (SEM) with the maximum likelihood method was used in a comprehensive and combined analysis of both measurement and structural models. All constructs were measured as first-order reflective constructs using three or more indicators, and all statistical procedures and research hypotheses were tested using Amos 24.0 and SPSS 24.0. Data analysis was divided into two sections-measurement estimation and structural model analysis-which are described below.

Measurement Model Evaluation
Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all constructs ranged from 0.73 for information security concern to 0.85 for openness. All constructs were above the suggested level of 0.70 [69]. The CR for all constructs ranged from 0.80 for trust to 0.85 for openness, indicating that all were over the benchmark of 0.60 recommended by Fornell and Larcker [70]. Table 2 shows the results for construct reliability. The result of the discriminant validity showed that all structures are acceptable because each indicator loads highest on the construct of intending to measure, which implies that this structure does not overlap with other constructs [70]. The results of discriminant validity are reported in Table 3. Intention = information-resource sharing intention, Uncertainty = perceived uncertainty, Rewards = perceived rewards, Security = information security concern. The square root of AVE is displayed in bold style.
Convergent validity is demonstrated when different items are used to measure the same construct. The results indicate that all items had a significant factor loading with each construct, shown in Table 4. According to the common rule of a loading value above 0.50 for acceptability [71], all items had a factor loading above 0.5. Moreover, the CR of all constructs is above their AVE. That indicated their convergent validity is acceptable.

Structural Model Estimation
A structural model is used to investigate and illustrate the relationship among variables in a proposed model. Table 5 shows the overall fit indices of the research model. Results show that the research model has good fitness levels for the indices of the CMIN/DF, AGFI, RMSEA, and acceptable levels for the indices of the SRMR, GFI, NFI, IFI, TLI, and CFI, which means the findings had achieved an acceptable level and could be used to explain the hypotheses.

Interpretation of Structural Model Testing
Path coefficients of the models are exhibited in Figure 2, and the results of the hypothesis of the structural relationships are shown in Table 6. These results indicate that all nine causal paths of the proposed model are found to be statistically significant. Trust has a significant effect on information security concern (H5a, beta = −0.19) and openness (H5b, beta = 0.66). It explains 44% of the variance of openness and 4% of the variance of information security concern. Moreover, trust (H5c, beta = −0.55), openness (H4b, beta = −0.17), and information security concern (H3b, beta = 0.11) have significant impacts on perceived uncertainty and explain 50% of its variance. Information security concern (H3a, beta = −0.31), openness (H4a, beta = 0.24), perceived uncertainty (H1, beta = −0.25), and perceived rewards (H2, beta = 0.20) significantly influence information-resource sharing intention and explain 43% of its variance.

Interpretation of Mediating Effects
Except for the direct effects of constructs, the conceptual framework of this study also includes several implicit mediating effects on information-resource sharing intention. To investigate the mediating effects on information-resource sharing intention, the bootstrapping procedure (5000 iterations) was adopted, as scholars have said that the Baron-Kenny

Interpretation of Mediating Effects
Except for the direct effects of constructs, the conceptual framework of this study also includes several implicit mediating effects on information-resource sharing intention. To investigate the mediating effects on information-resource sharing intention, the bootstrapping procedure (5000 iterations) was adopted, as scholars have said that the Baron-Kenny test and Sobel test cannot provide sufficient information of this effect [72,73]. The bootstrapping procedure is more appropriate and more powerful than either of the other tests [15,74]. The results are shown in Table 7.
However, the indirect effects of trust on information-resource sharing intention mediated by openness (indirect effect = 0.110, 95% bias-corrected CI [0.025, 0.233]), trust on information-resource sharing intention mediated by perceived uncertainty (indirect effect = 0.123, 95% bias-corrected CI [0.014, 0.283]), and trust on information-resource sharing intention mediated by information security concern (indirect effect = 0.047, 95% bias-corrected CI [0.008, 0.117]) are statistically significant. Additionally, the direct effects of trust on information-resource sharing intention is not statistically significant (direct effect = 0.002, 95% bias-corrected CI [−0.227, 0.228]). That means openness, perceived uncertainty, and information security concern have full mediating effects on the indirect influence of trust on information-resource sharing intention. Note: Standardized estimation of a 5000 bootstrap sample. Security = information security concern, Uncertainty = perceived uncertainty, Intention = information-resource sharing intention.

Discussion
The present study finds several factors that can be used to understand informationresource sharing behavior and to guide whether BT can be used to promote informationresource sharing and thus sustain enterprises' open innovation.
Our results show that perceived uncertainty is a negative factor that could reduce employees' intention to share information resources (H1), which is consistent with previous studies [31,33,47]. This finding suggests that decreasing uncertainties in an enterprise facilitates information-resource sharing. Perceived rewards are a positive factor that significantly influence information-resource sharing intention (H2), which is aligned with previous studies [24,31,39]. This finding suggests that adopting BT can help to promote informationresource sharing because BT can easily implement a reward mechanism through the smart contract and thus helps an enterprise to deploy reward mechanisms easier [23,24].
Information security concern is a significant negative factor that can directly diminish employees' intention to share information resources (H3a) and increase their perceived uncertainty (H3b). These two relations have been validated by earlier studies by Kshetri [43], Pavlou et al. [33], and Trenz et al. [15]. Moreover, the uncertainty caused by concern about information security cannot trigger employees' unwillingness to share information resources. These findings suggest that adopting BT also can promote information-resource sharing because BT can reduce information security concerns by providing a secure platform for employees [25,75].
Openness is an essential environmental factor that directly promotes informationresource sharing intention (H4a) and moderates perceived uncertainty (H4b). These two influences are consistent with prior studies [50,76]. Moreover, reduced uncertainty caused by the open environment of an enterprise cannot increase employees' willingness to share information resources. These findings suggest that adopting BT can promote informationresource sharing because BT has benefits to enterprises creating an open atmosphere [29,30].
Trust is the most important stimulator for the enterprise. It can decrease employees' concern for information security (H5a), facilitate open environment shaping (H5b), and reduce perceived uncertainty (H5c). These effects align with prior studies by Singh and Srivastava [44], Thusi and Maduku [77], Trenz et al. [15], and Yang et al. [35]. Moreover, except for these direct effects, trust can indirectly encourage employees to share information resources with other departments through diminishing employees' concern about information security, mitigating perceived uncertainty, and facilitating the shaping of the open environment of an enterprise [27,33,78,79]. These findings suggest that adopting BT can promote information-resource sharing because BT provides a new trust pattern to resolve the issues of distrust between employees and between departments, making sharing information resources in the low-trust environment possible [29,30].
Therefore, BT can help enterprises to sustain open innovation. Open innovation is the mindset that using all internal and external knowledge, sources, and resources can drive innovation [80,81]. Its core is collaboration and co-creation, and the barriers of knowledge and collaboration are the main barriers for open innovation [82]. Information-resource sharing first facilitates collaboration. Because employees can unambiguously communicate with other employees or departments through sharing information, that could reduce their opportunistic behaviors and let them more easily find right partners [47,48]. Informationresource sharing also facilitates co-creation, because through sharing information resources, employees not only efficiently develop new ideas and opinions but also can easily exchange thoughts and knowledge with each other, thereby diminishing knowledge barriers [46,83]. Therefore, adopting BT can sustain enterprises' open innovation by promoting informationresource sharing because information-resource sharing can diminish barriers of knowledge and collaboration through facilitating collaboration and co-creation.

Implications for Research
This study developed a model from the perspective of consensus perception to enable a better understanding of the influence of information-resource sharing intention and thus to support enterprises sustaining open innovation by using BT. It provides several valuable contributions to the fields of BT, IM, and open innovation. The present study first provides an empirical study to investigate information-resource sharing from the perspective of consensus perception of blockchain, which attempts to close a gap in the blockchain literature presented by Ying et al. [20], Queiroz and Wamba [27], and Wang et al. [30], who stressed that current blockchain research is chiefly conceptual and exploratory, and it has a narrow focus on the empirical evidence. Moreover, the present study's research model was derived from prior literature principal-agent models [15,33]. This model from the perspective of consensus perception of blockchain provides new insights into the research of information-resource sharing and sustaining open innovation. Furthermore, due to prior studies focusing on the direct effects of trust [27,78,79], the present study result extends previous research to indirect influence.

Implications for Practitioners
Our findings offer essential insights for practitioners of IM, IS, and open innovation. First, this study presented a model based on the classic principal-agent theory, from the perspective of consensus perception of blockchain to study information-resource sharing. The results reveal inter-relationships between the factors of consensus perception and information-resource sharing intention. These relationships give managers a new direction to practice whether BT can be used to promote information-resource sharing and thus to sustain open innovation.
Second, the environmental factors such as openness and information security are the crucial determinants for influencing information-resource sharing between departments [26,43,52,53]. Therefore, creating an open atmosphere and a secure information environment can help an enterprise to encourage employees to share information resources with other departments, and adopting BT can help an enterprise to create an open atmosphere and secure information environment.
Third, trust not only directly facilitates the creation of an open environment [59,60], but reduces information security concern [57,58], and decreases perceived uncertainty [35,77]. It also indirectly increases information-resource sharing intention by the mediators of openness, information security concern, and perceived uncertainty [15,61]. Therefore, increasing trust between employees and between departments is the first choice for an enterprise to encourage information-resource sharing, and adopting BT can help an enterprise to resolve the issues of distrust between employees and between departments.
Moreover, designing some reward mechanisms can also help an enterprise to encourage information-resource sharing between departments because perceived rewards have a significant effect on information-resource sharing intention [24,31,39], and adopting BT can help an enterprise to deploy reward mechanisms easier.
Additionally, adopting BT can sustain enterprises' open innovation by promoting information-resource sharing, because BT can help an enterprise to share information resources, and information-resource sharing can help an enterprise to sustain open innovation by diminishing barriers of knowledge and collaboration through facilitating collaboration and co-creation [82].

Conclusions
To understand whether BT can be used to promote information-resource sharing and thus sustain enterprises' open innovation, the present study developed an integrated model based on principal-agent theory, and the results obtained supported the proposed model. This study proposed a new concept derived from blockchain, called consensus perception, and used it as the predictor of information-resource sharing intention. Openness, information security concern, and perceived rewards proved to have a direct effect on information-resource sharing intention, and trust proved to have an indirect effect on it; this was the case only in China. Information-resource sharing behavior between organizations or agencies, as well as in other countries and contexts, need to be investigated to complete our findings and enable generalization.
According to the results obtained, our proposed model was adequately explained, and all hypotheses are aligned with those from previous literature. This indicated that the factors of consensus perception can help enterprises to understand whether BT can be used to promote information-resource sharing and thus sustain enterprises' open innovation. For example, adopting BT can resolve the issues of distrust between employees and between departments and thus promote information-resource sharing [27,33]; adopting BT also can promote information-resource sharing by creating an open atmosphere [50,53] and creating a secure information environment to reduce employees' concern for information security [15,43]; moreover, adopting BT can help to implement reward mechanisms easier and thus promote information-resource sharing [24,31]. Therefore, adopting BT can be used to sustain enterprises' open innovation by promoting information-resource sharing because information-resource sharing can diminish barriers of knowledge and collaboration through facilitating collaboration and co-creation [82].
Some limitations of this study will need further investigation and additional scrutiny. First, the results explain only information-resource sharing intentions within an organization. Further studies can examine the information-resource sharing intention between organizations or agencies from the perspective of the consensus perception of blockchain. Second, the sample was collected from Chinese companies. Since cultural and national differences will impact information-resource sharing intention, further studies can examine the effects of the consensus perception on information-resource sharing intention using samples from other countries. Third, it is unclear whether the concept of consensus perception can be generalized to other circumstances; further studies can examine the effects of the consensus perception on other behavior intentions.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A Table A1. Definitions of the constructs.

Constructs Definitions
Perceived uncertainty The degree to which future risk cannot be accurately predicted due to asymmetric information [34].

Perceived rewards
The people's perception that rewards (e.g., money, reputation, and reciprocity) could promote the intention of information-resource sharing [39].

Information security concern
The degree of security that people feel on the Internet [45].

Openness
The extent to which information can be shared among all participants [50].
Trust A social complexity-reducing mechanism which leads to a willingness for organizational dependence [55].

Intention of sharing information resources
The probability of people sharing information resources [84].
Appendix B Table A2. Questionnaire items.

Constructs Items
Perceived uncertainty (reverse) PU1. The IT infrastructures used to share information resources (e.g., network framework and operating system) involve a low degree of uncertainty. PU2. The uncertainty associated with using IT systems or services provided by the organization or other departments to share information resources is low. PU3. It is not exposed to many process uncertainties when using IT systems or services provided by the organization or other departments to share information resources. PU4. There is a low degree of unexpected results (i.e., the provided information is stolen or abused) when using IT systems or services provided by the organization or other departments to share information resources.

Constructs Items
Perceived rewards PR1. I expect to receive material rewards when sharing information resources with other departments. PR2. I expect to improve our reputation in the organization by sharing information resources with other departments. PR3. I expect to improve our status in the organization by sharing information resources with other departments.
Information security concern (reverse) S1. I am sure that the information resources we provide to other departments is well protected. S2. I am sure that other departments show great concern for the information security. S3. I am sure that information resources cannot be tampered with by others when we send them to other departments. S4. I am sure that information resources will not be intercepted by unauthorized third parties when we send them to other departments.