Computer Science-2021.gz:143386
Computer Science
c5f7de65ee09226e0691b7028e50fa51fd643c79
Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Gears Based on Deep Learning Feature Extraction and Particle Swarm Support Vector Machine State Recognition

Gear faults have always been a problem encountered in mechanical processing. For gear fault diagnosis, using mathematical statistical feature extraction methods, deep learning neural networks (DLNN), particle swarm algorithm (PSA), and support vector machines (SVM), etc. According to the feature extraction of deep learning and particle swarm SVM state recognition, the intelligent diagnosis model is established, and the reliability of the model is verified by experiments. The model uses the combination of spectral features extracted by deep learning adaptively and the time domain features extracted by mathematical statistics methods to form a joint feature vector, and then uses particle swarm SVM to diagnose the joint feature vector. After research, this paper draws a classification fitness curve combining the fault spectrum features extracted by DLNN and traditional time-domain statistical features. The classification result obtained by using this method is 95.3%. The reliability of the model is verified, and satisfactory diagnosis results are obtained. In addition, the application results also verify the effectiveness of adaptively extracting spectral features based on deep learning. energy of wavelet coefficients and Shannon entropy as two new features of the classifier, and uses other statistical parameters as inputs to the classifier. Vikas Sharma takes kernel functions and multi-kernel functions as a new method, and combines three strategies to multi-classify gearboxes. The fault classification results show that using multi-core and OAOT strategies, LSSVM can more accurately identify the fault category of the gearbox [17-18]. Oil gear operation plays an important role in the helicopter, which has a great impact on the flight safety of the helicopter. Zeng Ming has a dynamic impact on the active gear bearing system. Zeng Ming established the torsional vibration mode of a cracked gear transmission system, which considered the same nonlinear factors as the time-varying information. It is verified by Qiangsheng, bailasi and Ming that the crack of the gear frame affects the angular deformation of the car column. The deformation of the soaking bearing plate is studied under the static adaptability. When the existing dynamic model is used to predict the dynamic characteristics of the gears, the accuracy is very good. The defect features extracted from the model prediction show the consistency between the vibration characteristics of the meteor gearbox and the Kr horn conditions (length and position) [19-20]. In this paper, a diagnosis method based on deep learning of fault frequency domain features and time domain statistical features combined by PSO support vector machine for state recognition is proposed.Through the analysis and comparison of the test bench data, the superiority of this method is demonstrated: First, a DLNN is established by cascading a noise reduction autoencoder, and the fault features are adaptively extracted directly from the frequency domain signals, Based on the signal processing technology of diagnosis experience, the complex process of manual fault feature extraction is adopted. Secondly, deep learning is used to extract fault frequency domain features and manual methods are used to extract vibration time domain statistical features. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the fault diagnosis, we use the deep learning to extract the frequency-domain features of obstacles, and use

Intelligent diagnostic methods have always been a research hotspot in the field of fault prediction and diagnosis of rotating machinery. Pei Cao proposed a DNN method for gear fault diagnosis based on stacked self-encoding (SAE) and softmax regression. Pei Cao first used SAE to extract features from the frequency spectrum of the vibration signal. Then use the learned features to train a softmax regression classifier to identify gear failures. The diagnosis results verify the feasibility of the method and can obtain better classification performance. As the number of DNN layers increases, the learning characteristics of each hidden layer become more robust to classification [13][14]. In the gearbox-based electromechanical system, some electrical signals, such as electromagnetic torque and motor current, can track the pulsation of the load torque. This allows the motor to be regarded as a non-destructive sensor for diagnosing gear failures. Jin Shoufeng first established the mechatronics model of the motor and gear transmission system. Then, Jin Shoufeng analyzed and simulated the theory of electromagnetic torque characteristic analysis (ETSA) and motor current characteristic analysis (MCSA) for fault diagnosis. It can be seen that the electromagnetic torque not affected by the main frequency can more directly reflect the fault information. The fault characteristics in the frequency domain are more obvious than the fault characteristics in the time domain. Finally, Jin Shoufeng experimentally compared the performance of the two methods under different speed and load torque conditions. Jin Shoufeng's research results show that both methods are affected by speed and load torque, and fault diagnosis is more effective at low speed and heavy load [15][16]. Vikas Sharma proposed a gear bearing fault identification method based on least squares SVM . The two energy selection criteria of maximum energy shadow speed and maximum relative energy are selected, and the appropriate microblog extraction is selected. The method of fault diagnosis consists of three stages. Please consider six basic microblogs first. According to the criteria of ripple selection, statistical features are extracted from the ripple coefficients of the original vibration signals. Shannon en en Tropi benchmark Weibo considering the largest energy and the largest energy. Finally, Vikas Sharma uses these statistical features as input to LSSVM technology to classify gearbox failures. Based on the Shannon entropy ratio criterion for maximum energy, the optimal decomposition level of the wavelet is selected. In addition, Vikas Sharma takes the energy of wavelet coefficients and Shannon entropy as two new features of the classifier, and uses other statistical parameters as inputs to the classifier. Vikas Sharma takes kernel functions and multi-kernel functions as a new method, and combines three strategies to multi-classify gearboxes. The fault classification results show that using multi-core and OAOT strategies, LSSVM can more accurately identify the fault category of the gearbox [17][18]. Oil gear operation plays an important role in the helicopter, which has a great impact on the flight safety of the helicopter. Zeng Ming has a dynamic impact on the active gear bearing system. Zeng Ming established the torsional vibration mode of a cracked gear transmission system, which considered the same nonlinear factors as the time-varying information. It is verified by Qiangsheng, bailasi and Ming that the crack of the gear frame affects the angular deformation of the car column. The deformation of the soaking bearing plate is studied under the static adaptability. When the existing dynamic model is used to predict the dynamic characteristics of the gears, the accuracy is very good. The defect features extracted from the model prediction show the consistency between the vibration characteristics of the meteor gearbox and the Kr horn conditions (length and position) [19][20].
In this paper, a diagnosis method based on deep learning of fault frequency domain features and time domain statistical features combined by PSO support vector machine for state recognition is proposed.Through the analysis and comparison of the test bench data, the superiority of this method is demonstrated: First, a DLNN is established by cascading a noise reduction autoencoder, and the fault features are adaptively extracted directly from the frequency domain signals, Based on the signal processing technology of diagnosis experience, the complex process of manual fault feature extraction is adopted. Secondly, deep learning is used to extract fault frequency domain features and manual methods are used to extract vibration time domain statistical features. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the fault diagnosis, we use the deep learning to extract the frequency-domain features of obstacles, and use the manual method to extract the time-domain statistical features of vibration, which are combined with the frequency-domain features.

SVM Theory and Classification Strategy
(1) Machine learning theory The purpose of machine learning is to find the relationship between the input and output of the system, so that the unknown output can be predicted most correctly [21]. The problem of machine learning can be expressed as: there is a certain unknown dependency relationship between the known variable and the input , that is, there is an unknown joint probability , which mainly focuses on finding rules from data samples, and using these obtained rules to detect data for effective prediction. The traditional statistical research institute satisfies the asymptotic theory when the number of samples approaches infinity, but in actual engineering, the number of samples we obtain is usually very small, which makes many learning methods in practical application better than those in theory [22][23].
(2) Basic ideas of statistical learning theory For a certain type of machine failure, its feature vector is selected as training data. In this way, several sets of training data constitute a set of regions in n-dimensional space. Different fault types correspond to different areas. The so-called fault diagnosis becomes the interface to find these areas in the dimensional 29 space. The determination and expression of the interface must be able to be completed by training on the training data. The accuracy of fault diagnosis essentially becomes the accuracy of regional demarcation. To this end, the following three factors determine the accuracy of the classification:

1) Selection of feature vectors
The selected feature vector should characterize the corresponding fault most prominently, and contain the information with the most obvious difference from other fault features. Otherwise, the fault areas cross or overlap in the feature vector space. In this case, no matter what classification method is adopted, it is difficult to accurately determine the delimitation hyperplane, or even find the delimitation hyperplane. Therefore, the accuracy of the diagnosis will not be too high. This paper believes that the selection of feature vectors is as important as the selection of classification methods.

2) Choice of classification method
To be able to find the interface accurately, you need to choose a suitable classification algorithm. The classification algorithm can determine the parameters and expressions of the interface through the training of samples, and the training process has the characteristics of monotonic approximation. However, the existing classification algorithms have shortcomings. For example, for the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, the optimal structure and structural parameters of the neural-network cannot be determined through sample training and depend entirely on personal experience.

3) Noise immunity training
The data contains noise interference and randomness. The interface determined after training is actually a boundary hyperplane with certain noise immunity (including randomness). During fault diagnosis, the input data is also noisy, and the influence of noise may make classification errors. Therefore, anti-noise ability is an issue that every classification algorithm must consider. In many cases, the fault feature space is not linearly separable, and sometimes even completely inseparable. SVMs use a simple method to solve this problem-upscaling. Through "dimensional improvement", the information contained in the data can be mined more deeply, which makes the low-dimensional linear inseparable problem rise to the high-dimensional and become linearly separable. The idea of upgrading dimension is often used in fault diagnosis, which can show the information hidden in the data, so as to better diagnose the fault.
(3) Support vector classification machine 1) Linear SVM for two types of linearly separable problems, the maximum interval can be transformed into a problem of optimizing the variables and finding the optimal value: For the two types of linear inseparable problems, we can solve it by introducing the relaxation variable , which weakens the constraints. The slack variable describes the degree of misalignment in the training set. Although we encounter linear inseparability problems, we always want to maximize the Received: February 08, 2021 Accepted: June 12, 2021 30 hyperplane interval and the degree of misalignment reaches the minimum value. This introduces the penalty parameter , which is used to weigh the classification intervals and mismatched samples. Thus the objective function becomes: 2) Non-linear SVM For non-linear classification, first use a non-linear mapping to map the data samples from the original space R to a high-dimensional feature space, and then find the optimal classification surface in the highdimensional feature space. SVM is to first transform the input space to a high-dimensional space through a non-linear transformation defined by a kernel function, and then find the optimal classification surface in this space [24][25]. The form of SVM classification function is similar to that of neural-network, and its output is a linear combination of intermediate nodes. Each intermediate node, also known as a support vector network, corresponds to the inner product of the input sample and the support vector, as shown in Figure 1. The high-dimensional mibert space has a very large number of dimensions, and a dot product operation is required between the vectors. The huge computational workload will cause a "dimensional disaster" in the operation. According to the relevant theorem of the function, as long as the function meets the Mercer condition, it corresponds to the dot product of a certain transformation space, so that a nonlinear classification problem can be converted into a quadratic programming problem to solve: The corresponding decision function is When constructing a classification function, the SVM first calculates the dot product in the input space, and then performs a non-linear transformation. Such a large amount of work is done in the input space, rather than in a high-dimensional space.

3) SVM classification strategy
Compared with the original two-class classification model of the SVM, it cannot meet the multi-class faults encountered in practice. The current multi-class processing methods mainly include: classic one-toone classification (OVO), one-to-many classification (OVR) directed acyclic graph SVM (DAG -SVM), decision tree SVM (DT -SVM).
OVR method and OVO construction method adopt voting strategy, the algorithm is relatively simple, but there are problems of indivisible regions, which affects the effect of classification. Both DT and DAG are based on the decision tree construction strategy. Among them, DT algorithm greatly reduces the training SVM by establishing an effective decision tree, so it provides a guarantee for the fast and effective classification of mechanical faults. In the following, the classification effect and practicability of the decision tree SVM are further analyzed through two aspects of classification complexity and classification accuracy: First, the classification complexity comparison analysis, for fault data, assuming the fault category is K, the traditional SVM training "one-to-one" method with DAG requires the most SVMs to be trained, and it increases exponentially with the increase of the number of categories K; OVR uses the "one-to-one" method, which greatly reduces the complexity of training; (Decision tree SVM) Because of the tree structure, the complexity of training is minimal. This can effectively reduce the complexity of training and improve the efficiency of classification. Finally, the classification effect is compared and analyzed. Compared with the traditional SVM of OVO, OVR, DAG and DT (decision tree) classification strategies, the classification results are shown in Table 1: It can be seen from Table 1 that although the OVO method and OVR are relatively simple, the recognition efficiency is not high. The main reason is that the voting strategy uses the method of probability statistics. There are indivisible regions. When there are many classifications and the amount of classification data is relatively large, this problem will become more prominent. And the classification method of DT enables the SVM to actively establish the corresponding decision tree according to the actual fault, which effectively diagnoses the fault. However, the traditional DT algorithm generally adopts a fixed tree structure when constructing decision trees. The choice of decision nodes is arbitrary and easy to generate cumulative errors. The decision tree constructed in this way cannot adapt to the complex and diverse characteristics of equipment faults, so how to effectively construct a decision tree is a problem that needs to be studied. However, consulting related literatures, SVMs are mainly based on applications in the process of equipment fault diagnosis, and there are few related studies on the optimization and selection of decision-making. The purpose of deep plan is to simulate the learning process of brain, build deep model, combine a lot of training data and learn the hidden characteristics.
(2) Laminated noise reduction automatic encoder Most of the noise eliminators overlap the automatic controllers to form a neural-network of hunger strike noise eliminators. The autoencoder is divided into three layers of new network without monitoring to encode the network and decode the network. The structure of noise to reduce automatic coder is Figure  2.   In the formula, is the activation function of the coding network; is the parameter set of the coding network, and ; and are the connection weight and bias parameters of the coding network, respectively.
The decoding network uses the decoding function to inversely transform the encoded vector into a reconstructed representation of : DAE completes the training of the entire network by minimizing the reconstruction errors of and , which is (10) Through labeled samples for training, the errors are transmitted from-top-to-bottom, and the deep learning network is fine-tuned (that is, top-down supervised learning). This process is a supervised training process.
Set the health status type to , and DNN to fine-tune by minimizing , which is (11) Where is the parameter set of DNN and .

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Model Based on DLFE and SVM State Recognition
The DNN-SVM model will receive the input signal of the gear vibration signal, and repeat the multi sparse noise to reduce the automatic encoder. The output of the first stage automatic recording output is the second level automatic compilation. The input of the second stage auto encoder will be used as the input of the 3 stage auto encoder.The output of the last-stage autoencoder is the adaptively extracted features of deep learning, which are combined with the artificially extracted time domain feature parameters to classify as the input of a particle swarm SVM, thereby completing fault diagnosis.
Deep learning-based gear fault diagnosis method includes the following steps: (1) This method takes the gear's original vibration data as the input sample, and performs a fast Fourier transform on it to obtain a new input sample spectrum signal .

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(2) Normalize the vibration spectrum signal of the gear by linear normalization method to obtain the vibration spectrum signal . Assuming the data length of the gear vibration spectrum signal is , then (12) In the formula, is the data point of the vibration spectrum signal , ; is the data point of the vibration spectrum signal ; is the minimum value of the vibration spectrum signal ; is the maximum value of vibration spectrum signal .
(3) The vibration spectrum signal is input into a DLNN to perform deep learning on the gear spectrum characteristics.
(4) Combining the features automatically extracted by deep learning with artificially extracted timedomain statistical features, input SVMs for training, use PSA to optimize the parameters of SVMs, test the test samples, and complete the gear troubleshooting.

Particle Swarm
(1) Application of PSA As an emerging swarm intelligence algorithm, particle swarm optimization is widely used in engineering fields such as engineering design and optimization, robot control, traffic dispatching, communication engineering, industrial production line optimization, and computers. Engineering design and optimization include neural-network optimization, fuzzy-neural-network rule extraction, circuit design, digital filter design, semiconductor device synthesis, layout optimization, control parameter, system identification and state optimization. In the field of power system, Party movement optimization is used to achieve power. Optimization, voltage control, power station reliability and most applicable composition. In robot control, particle swarm optimization is used in robot vibration suppression trajectory planning and mobile robot path planning. In the transportation field, particle swarm optimization is applied to the dynamic programming problem in the field of traffic grooming and path planning. In computer field, particle swarm optimization is applied to tasks such as task assignment, pattern recognition, image processing, and data mining. In the field of industrial production, particle swarm optimization is used to optimize raw material mixing and optimize computer control.
(2) Basic theory of PSA Some scholars have proposed particle optimization algorithm based on the principle of swarm intelligence. This algorithm gets inspiration in the tide activities, shares information among individuals, and makes the group movement develop into evolutionism in the disordered process. Get the best solution.
If there is a particle swarm in D-dimensional space, and the particle swarm consists of particles.
is the speed of the particle, is the position of the particle, 35 is the optimal position currently found by the particle, and is the optimal position found by the entire population. The update formula is as follows: When , take ; When , take .
In the formula: ; , is a random number between ; is the current number of iterations; is the inertia weight; , is the acceleration constant.

Experimental Environment
A fault simulation test was performed in a test bench of a multi-stage gear shifting system to verify the extraction effect of gear intelligent fault diagnosis method based on deep learning function extraction and particle group SVM state recognition. The test bench that you selected with this white paper can simulate a variety-of-gear-boxes such as gear-wear, tooth breakage, cutting, root cracking, and gear eccentricity.

Experimental Parameters
In this paper, the original vibration signal, the original vibration time-domain signal and the frequency-domain signal are measured under the six states of broken gear, gear cutting, tooth-root-crack, and eccentric gear. In each state, 100 samples were collected, of which 50 were used as training samples and the other 50 were used as test samples. The experimental parameters are shown in Table 2.

Experimental Implementation
The DNN structure is set to 350-250-150-60-6 in this document. The new enabling function is the sigma function, the input sample is determined by the input sample, the output is in the pre training and fine ( ) The results show that based on DLFE and particle swarm SVM state recognition, effective fault features in the frequency spectrum can be adaptively extracted, which avoids the complexity brought by the frequency domain feature extraction process by manual methods and saves a lot of time. Enhance the intelligence of the recognition process, and increase the accuracy of feature classification to a certain extent.

4.2Frequency Domain Feature Classification Analysis
(1) Frequency domain feature classification of artificial method According to the statistical feature of frequency domain extracted by artificial method and the defect of dlnn adaptive extraction, particle swarm SVM is input for classification.The classification results are shown in Figure 6 and  Figure 6 shows an adaptive curve of a particle swarm support vector machine for statistical feature classification in the frequency domain extracted by an artificial method. Figure 7 is a fit curve of the fault spectrum feature classification of particle spectrum support vector machines. 6 and 7, the frequency domain statistical feature classification extracted by the artificial method was 84.6%, and the frequency domain statistical feature classification result extracted by the artificial method was adaptively extracted using the DLNN, and 84.6% of the feature of the obstacle spectrum occupied Yes.

Conclusions
Gear faults have always been the top priority in mechanical processing problems. This paper proposes a method based on the use of mathematical statistical feature extraction methods, DLNN, PSA and SVM for gear fault diagnosis. DLNN adaptive extraction of fault spectrum diagnosis method.
In this paper, an intelligent diagnostic model is established based on the combination of DLFE and particle swarm SVM state recognition, and the reliability of the model is verified through experiments. The model uses the deep learning adaptive extraction of spectral features and mathematical statistics to extract the time-domain features are combined to form a joint feature vector, and then the particle swarm SVM is used to diagnose the joint feature vector. This model realized the reliable identification of different fault types of the large gears of the medium-speed shaft in the fault diagnosis of the multi-stage gear transmission system test bench, and obtained satisfactory diagnosis results. The application results also verify the effectiveness of adaptively extracting spectral features based on deep learning.
Compared with the traditional diagnostic method of statistical features in the frequency domain, the method in this paper gets rid of the reliance on a large amount of signal processing knowledge and diagnostic engineering experience, saves a lot of time, and achieves higher monitoring and diagnostic accuracy. In addition, the time-domain statistical feature parameters and the fault spectrum features extracted by the DLNN are fault features extracted from different angles. The combination of the two can effectively improve the classification accuracy of the classifier.