human
***task***
the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences

***input***
the input is a biomedical literature

***output***
the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences

***documentation***

***examples***

input: prolonged use of topical as well as systemic steroids produces a type of glaucoma that is very similar to chronic simple glaucoma . while elevated intraocular pressure ( iop ) is reversible , glaucomatous cupping and field defects are irreversible . the aim of this study was to analyze the variations in iop and the changes in the lens in cases of steroid - induced glaucoma . we wish to draw attention to the disastrous complications that steroids can produce if these patients are not closely followed up . this was a prospective study carried out by the department of ophthalmology of the kamineni institute of medical sciences , narketpally , andhra pradesh . during a period of 1 year , from september 2009 to september 2010 , patients who were advised systemic steroids for various dermatological conditions were referred to the department of ophthalmology as part of pre - treatment workup . these patients had been advised steroids for periods ranging from 6 to 52 weeks ; patients who were prescribed steroids for a period of less than 6 weeks were not considered for the study . a detailed clinical history was taken for all patients and the indications for prescribing steroids were recorded . the patients were divided into three groups based on the mode of steroid intake : group i included patients on systemic steroids , group ii comprised patients on systemic steroids plus topical steroids , and group iii included those on systemic pulse steroids . all patients underwent ophthalmological examination and those with preexisting cataract and glaucoma were excluded from the study . patients were followed up every 2 weeks . at each visit they underwent slit - lamp examination to look for any cataractous changes in the lens and goldmann applanation tonometry to evaluate iop changes . the t - test was done using sigmastat software to look for statistical significance of difference between the median values of iop before start of steroid therapy and after 8 weeks of treatment . two hundred patients who were on systemic steroids for more than 8 weeks developed raised iop . indications for steroid therapy were as follows : pemphigus in 21 patients , lepra reaction in 18 patients , generalized vitiligo in 54 patients , and parthenium dermatitis in 107 patients [ table 1 ] . systemic prednisolone in tablet form , at a dose of 0.51.5 mg / kg body weight , was used by 107 patients for 8 weeks and by 18 patients for 12 weeks ; these 125 patients constituted group i. in addition to oral prednisolone , 21 patients concurrently used topical clobetasol cream and these patients were designated as group ii . pulse therapy with tablet methyl prednisolone , 64 mg / week , was used by 54 patients for 52 weeks ; these patients were designated as group iii [ table 2 ] . all the patients , except those on pulse therapy , had increase of iop by 30 % 50 % after 6 weeks of therapy . patients on systemic prednisolone plus topical clobetasol ( group ii ) showed 40 % rise in iop , while patients on systemic prednisolone alone ( group i ) showed a rise of 30 % . the mean iop rise in group i was 5.56 and the mean increase in group ii was 6.14 ; in both cases the change was statistically significant ( p 0.0001 ) . the mean increase in iop in group iii was 0.18 , which was not a statistically significant change ( p = 0.6057 ) [ table 3 ] . a total of seven patients ( three from the group iii , two from the group ii , and two from group i ) showed a 50 % increase in iop ; these patients were labeled as high steroid responders . the steroid dose was rapidly tapered off in these patients and they were advised steroid - sparing drugs [ figure 1 ] . three patients on pulse methyl prednisolone developed subcapsular cataract ; they were advised to undergo cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation . indications for steroid therapy drugs used for therapy posterior subcapsular cataract iop was controlled using topical timolol maleate eye drops . once the dermatological condition had resolved , steroids were discontinued and the iop returned to normal within 24 weeks . in no case were optic disc cupping or visual field changes noted . two hundred patients who were on systemic steroids for more than 8 weeks developed raised iop . indications for steroid therapy were as follows : pemphigus in 21 patients , lepra reaction in 18 patients , generalized vitiligo in 54 patients , and parthenium dermatitis in 107 patients [ table 1 ] . systemic prednisolone in tablet form , at a dose of 0.51.5 mg / kg body weight , was used by 107 patients for 8 weeks and by 18 patients for 12 weeks ; these 125 patients constituted group i. in addition to oral prednisolone , 21 patients concurrently used topical clobetasol cream and these patients were designated as group ii . pulse therapy with tablet methyl prednisolone , 64 mg / week , was used by 54 patients for 52 weeks ; these patients were designated as group iii [ table 2 ] . all the patients , except those on pulse therapy , had increase of iop by 30 % 50 % after 6 weeks of therapy . patients on systemic prednisolone plus topical clobetasol ( group ii ) showed 40 % rise in iop , while patients on systemic prednisolone alone ( group i ) showed a rise of 30 % . the mean iop rise in group i was 5.56 and the mean increase in group ii was 6.14 ; in both cases the change was statistically significant ( p 0.0001 ) . the mean increase in iop in group iii was 0.18 , which was not a statistically significant change ( p = 0.6057 ) [ table 3 ] . a total of seven patients ( three from the group iii , two from the group ii , and two from group i ) showed a 50 % increase in iop ; these patients were labeled as high steroid responders . the steroid dose was rapidly tapered off in these patients and they were advised steroid - sparing drugs [ figure 1 ] . three patients on pulse methyl prednisolone developed subcapsular cataract ; they were advised to undergo cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation . indications for steroid therapy drugs used for therapy posterior subcapsular cataract iop was controlled using topical timolol maleate eye drops . once the dermatological condition had resolved , steroids were discontinued and the iop returned to normal within 24 weeks . in no case were optic disc cupping or visual field changes noted . topical and systemic steroids have proven to be invaluable agents in the treatment of a wide range of disorders , but their use is not without potential complications . irrespective of the route of administration , steroid use has been associated with both glaucoma and cataract formation . numerous studies have shown that topical and systemic steroids cause glaucoma and posterior subcapsular cataracts . it has been reported that the elevation of iop by systemic steroids is much less than that with topical steroids . topical steroid applied around lesions over periorbital areahowever , it has also been reported that topical as well as systemic steroids are equally potent in producing glaucoma . although all patients may respond with some change in pressure after prolonged corticosteroid use , studies have shown that 30 % 40 % of the population may beintermediate responders , showing a pressure increase of at least 6 mm hg , and 5 % 6 % of individuals may bewe conclude that systemic steroids taken for more than 8 weeks leads to rise in iop . a combination of a systemic steroid along with a topical preparation is more potent in producing raised iop than the use of a systemic steroid alone . development of cataract appears to be dependent on the duration of steroid therapy : the longer the duration the greater the possibility of developing cataract . corticosteroids are widely used for various dermatological conditions and it is the duty of the prescribing physician to keep a watchful eye on the adverse effects these drugs may cause when used for prolonged periods . the dictum is vision once lost is lost forever and the dermatologist should be careful when advising steroids and should not delay referral to an ophthalmologist when indicated .
output:

agent
background : long - term use of topical and systemic steroids produces secondary open - angle glaucoma similar to chronic simple glaucoma . the increased intraocular pressure [ iop ] caused by prolonged steroid therapy is reversible but the damage produced by it is irreversible.materials and methods : in this study , we analyzed 200 patients with steroid - induced glaucoma , who were on systemic and topical corticosteroids for various dermatological conditions . the variation in iop caused by different steroid preparations was studied.results : two hundred patients who were on systemic steroids for more than 8 weeks developed raised iop . three of these patients also developed bilateral posterior subcapsular cataract.conclusion : we conclude that systemic steroids can induce rise of iop and cataract formation . if it is not detected and treated in time , rise in iop can lead to irreversible damage to the eyes .
***task***
the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences

***input***
the input is a biomedical literature

***output***
the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences

***documentation***

***examples***

input: prolonged use of topical as well as systemic steroids produces a type of glaucoma that is very similar to chronic simple glaucoma . while elevated intraocular pressure ( iop ) is reversible , glaucomatous cupping and field defects are irreversible . the aim of this study was to analyze the variations in iop and the changes in the lens in cases of steroid - induced glaucoma . we wish to draw attention to the disastrous complications that steroids can produce if these patients are not closely followed up . this was a prospective study carried out by the department of ophthalmology of the kamineni institute of medical sciences , narketpally , andhra pradesh . during a period of 1 year , from september 2009 to september 2010 , patients who were advised systemic steroids for various dermatological conditions were referred to the department of ophthalmology as part of pre - treatment workup . these patients had been advised steroids for periods ranging from 6 to 52 weeks ; patients who were prescribed steroids for a period of less than 6 weeks were not considered for the study . a detailed clinical history was taken for all patients and the indications for prescribing steroids were recorded . the patients were divided into three groups based on the mode of steroid intake : group i included patients on systemic steroids , group ii comprised patients on systemic steroids plus topical steroids , and group iii included those on systemic pulse steroids . all patients underwent ophthalmological examination and those with preexisting cataract and glaucoma were excluded from the study . patients were followed up every 2 weeks . at each visit they underwent slit - lamp examination to look for any cataractous changes in the lens and goldmann applanation tonometry to evaluate iop changes . the t - test was done using sigmastat software to look for statistical significance of difference between the median values of iop before start of steroid therapy and after 8 weeks of treatment . two hundred patients who were on systemic steroids for more than 8 weeks developed raised iop . indications for steroid therapy were as follows : pemphigus in 21 patients , lepra reaction in 18 patients , generalized vitiligo in 54 patients , and parthenium dermatitis in 107 patients [ table 1 ] . systemic prednisolone in tablet form , at a dose of 0.51.5 mg / kg body weight , was used by 107 patients for 8 weeks and by 18 patients for 12 weeks ; these 125 patients constituted group i. in addition to oral prednisolone , 21 patients concurrently used topical clobetasol cream and these patients were designated as group ii . pulse therapy with tablet methyl prednisolone , 64 mg / week , was used by 54 patients for 52 weeks ; these patients were designated as group iii [ table 2 ] . all the patients , except those on pulse therapy , had increase of iop by 30 % 50 % after 6 weeks of therapy . patients on systemic prednisolone plus topical clobetasol ( group ii ) showed 40 % rise in iop , while patients on systemic prednisolone alone ( group i ) showed a rise of 30 % . the mean iop rise in group i was 5.56 and the mean increase in group ii was 6.14 ; in both cases the change was statistically significant ( p 0.0001 ) . the mean increase in iop in group iii was 0.18 , which was not a statistically significant change ( p = 0.6057 ) [ table 3 ] . a total of seven patients ( three from the group iii , two from the group ii , and two from group i ) showed a 50 % increase in iop ; these patients were labeled as high steroid responders . the steroid dose was rapidly tapered off in these patients and they were advised steroid - sparing drugs [ figure 1 ] . three patients on pulse methyl prednisolone developed subcapsular cataract ; they were advised to undergo cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation . indications for steroid therapy drugs used for therapy posterior subcapsular cataract iop was controlled using topical timolol maleate eye drops . once the dermatological condition had resolved , steroids were discontinued and the iop returned to normal within 24 weeks . in no case were optic disc cupping or visual field changes noted . two hundred patients who were on systemic steroids for more than 8 weeks developed raised iop . indications for steroid therapy were as follows : pemphigus in 21 patients , lepra reaction in 18 patients , generalized vitiligo in 54 patients , and parthenium dermatitis in 107 patients [ table 1 ] . systemic prednisolone in tablet form , at a dose of 0.51.5 mg / kg body weight , was used by 107 patients for 8 weeks and by 18 patients for 12 weeks ; these 125 patients constituted group i. in addition to oral prednisolone , 21 patients concurrently used topical clobetasol cream and these patients were designated as group ii . pulse therapy with tablet methyl prednisolone , 64 mg / week , was used by 54 patients for 52 weeks ; these patients were designated as group iii [ table 2 ] . all the patients , except those on pulse therapy , had increase of iop by 30 % 50 % after 6 weeks of therapy . patients on systemic prednisolone plus topical clobetasol ( group ii ) showed 40 % rise in iop , while patients on systemic prednisolone alone ( group i ) showed a rise of 30 % . the mean iop rise in group i was 5.56 and the mean increase in group ii was 6.14 ; in both cases the change was statistically significant ( p 0.0001 ) . the mean increase in iop in group iii was 0.18 , which was not a statistically significant change ( p = 0.6057 ) [ table 3 ] . a total of seven patients ( three from the group iii , two from the group ii , and two from group i ) showed a 50 % increase in iop ; these patients were labeled as high steroid responders . the steroid dose was rapidly tapered off in these patients and they were advised steroid - sparing drugs [ figure 1 ] . three patients on pulse methyl prednisolone developed subcapsular cataract ; they were advised to undergo cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation . indications for steroid therapy drugs used for therapy posterior subcapsular cataract iop was controlled using topical timolol maleate eye drops . once the dermatological condition had resolved , steroids were discontinued and the iop returned to normal within 24 weeks . in no case were optic disc cupping or visual field changes noted . topical and systemic steroids have proven to be invaluable agents in the treatment of a wide range of disorders , but their use is not without potential complications . irrespective of the route of administration , steroid use has been associated with both glaucoma and cataract formation . numerous studies have shown that topical and systemic steroids cause glaucoma and posterior subcapsular cataracts . it has been reported that the elevation of iop by systemic steroids is much less than that with topical steroids . topical steroid applied around lesions over periorbital areahowever , it has also been reported that topical as well as systemic steroids are equally potent in producing glaucoma . although all patients may respond with some change in pressure after prolonged corticosteroid use , studies have shown that 30 % 40 % of the population may beintermediate responders , showing a pressure increase of at least 6 mm hg , and 5 % 6 % of individuals may bewe conclude that systemic steroids taken for more than 8 weeks leads to rise in iop . a combination of a systemic steroid along with a topical preparation is more potent in producing raised iop than the use of a systemic steroid alone . development of cataract appears to be dependent on the duration of steroid therapy : the longer the duration the greater the possibility of developing cataract . corticosteroids are widely used for various dermatological conditions and it is the duty of the prescribing physician to keep a watchful eye on the adverse effects these drugs may cause when used for prolonged periods . the dictum is vision once lost is lost forever and the dermatologist should be careful when advising steroids and should not delay referral to an ophthalmologist when indicated .
output:
