health care fraud. most errors in billing insurance providers for health care services involve honest mistakes by patients, physicians, or others involved in the health care system. however, fraud is a serious problem. the national health care anti-fraud association estimates that approximately $68 billion is lost to health care fraud each year.15 when fraud is suspected, an audit of randomly selected billings is often conducted. the selected claims are then reviewed by experts, and each claim is classified as allowed or not allowed. the distributions of the amounts of claims are frequently highly skewed, with a large number of small claims and a small number of large claims. since simple random sampling would likely be overwhelmed by small claims and would tend to miss the large claims, stratification is often used. see the section on stratified sampling in chapter 3 (page 196). here are data from an audit that used three strata based on the sizes of the claims (small, medium, and large):
health care fraud. most errors in billing insurance | studysoup
am 270 week 12 chapter 8 merchandise assortment   factors to consider for assortment planning o $$$ o line plan summary  o customer service level  in regard to having products for which customers are looking   stock situation: in­stock vs. stockout  o line presentation   color variety  measurable assortment dimensions  o assortment factor   dimensions that define characteristics of a product   referred to as an “element” in the line plan summary  o stock keeping unit (sku)  unique piece of merchandise  defined by assortment factors/elements  most frequent reason for stockout: size  other factors (color, details) you can compromise on  o assortment breadth   # of product lines carried  # of categories available o assortment depth  # of items within each product line  # of skus within each category  o sku vs. assortment depth  more skus, more assortment depth  more customers have to choose from   more difficult to keep all unique pieces of merchandise in stock o more likely to have stockouts o assortment volume  total number of units in an assortment   merchandise budget / average retail price of the category   integration of assortment dimensions into assortment plans o assortment distribution  percentage allocation within each assortment factor  estimate based on rate of sale  how fast each style/size/color sells in an assortment  o volume per assortment factor  # of units per assortment factor (ex: volume per style)  (assortment volume) x (assortment distribution % of assortment factor) o volume per sku 
  # of units for each sku in an assortment   # units per style x color% x size %  example: see handout  if the style has 90 units, red constitutes 70%, size small constitutes  10% ­ o 90 x .7 x .1 = 6.3 = 6  
 am 270 week 12 chapter 8 merchandise assortment   factors to consider for assortment planning o $$$ o line plan summary  o customer service level  in regard to having products for which customers are looking   stock situation: in­stock vs. stockout  o line presentation   color variety  measurable assortment dimensions  o assortment factor   dimensions that define characteristics of a product   referred to as an “element” in the line plan summary  o stock keeping unit (sku)  unique piece of merchandise  defined by assortment factors/elements  most frequent reason for stockout: size  other factors (color, details) you can compromise on  o assortment breadth   # of product lines carried  # of categories available o assortment depth  # of items within each product line  # of skus within each category  o sku vs. assortment depth  more skus, more assortment depth  more customers have to choose from   more difficult to keep all unique pieces of merchandise in stock o more likely to have stockouts o assortment volume  total number of units in an assortment   merchandise budget / average retail price of the category   integration of assortment dimensions into assortment plans o assortment distribution  percentage allocation within each assortment factor  estimate based on rate of sale  how fast each style/size/color sells in an assortment  o volume per assortment factor  # of units per assortment factor (ex: volume per style)  (assortment volume) x (assortment distribution % of assortment factor) o volume per sku 
  # of units for each sku in an assortment   # units per style x color% x size %  example: see handout  if the style has 90 units, red constitutes 70%, size small constitutes  10% ­ o 90 x .7 x .1 = 6.3 = 6 