5.  Mr Işık was born in 1962 and lives in İzmir. He is a member of the Alevi religious community, which is deeply rooted in Turkish society and history. Their faith, which is influenced, in particular, by Sufism and certain pre-Islamic beliefs, is regarded by some Alevi scholars as a separate religion and by others as the “essence” or “original form” of Islam. Its religious practices differ from those of the Sunni[1] schools of law in certain aspects such as prayer, fasting and pilgrimage (see Hasan and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, no. 1448/04, § 8, 9 October 2007). 6.  The applicant stated that his identity card, issued by the registrar of births, marriages and deaths, contained a “religion” box which indicated “Islam”, even though he was not a follower of that religion. 7.  On 7 May 2004 he applied to the İzmir District Court seeking to have his identity card feature the word “Alevi” rather than the word “Islam”. The relevant parts of his application read as follows:
“... the word ‘Islam’ featuring on my identity card does not reflect the true situation. As an Alevi citizen of the Republic of Turkey, I thought, on the basis of my knowledge and beliefs, that a person could not be at once ‘Alevi’ and ‘Islam’ (sic!). As a citizen of the secular Republic of Turkey, which, under its Constitution, protects freedom of religion and conscience, I refuse to continue to bear the weight of this injustice and this contradiction stemming from the desire to offset a fear, which is wholly unfounded and deeply offensive.” 8.  On 9 July 2004, following a request by that court, the legal adviser to the Directorate of Religious Affairs issued his opinion on the applicant’s request. He considered in particular that to indicate religious interpretations or subcultures in the religion box on identity cards was incompatible with national unity, republican principles and the principle of secularism. He argued in particular that the word “Alevi”, designating a sub-group within Islam, could not be considered to be a separate religion or a branch (mezhep) of Islam. It was an interpretation of Islam influenced by Sufism and having specific cultural features. 9.  On 7 September 2004 the court dismissed the applicant’s request on the basis of the following considerations:
“1.  ... the religion box on identity cards contains general information about citizens’ religion. It is accordingly appropriate to examine whether the Alevi faith (Alevilik) constitutes a separate religion or an interpretation of Islam. It is clear from the opinion issued by the Presidency of the Directorate of Religious Affairs that the Alevi faith is an interpretation of Islam which is influenced by Sufism and which has specific cultural features ... Accordingly, that faith constitutes an interpretation of Islam and not a religion as such, in accordance with the general principles laid down in this regard. Furthermore, only religions in general are indicated on identity cards and not an interpretation or branch of any particular religion. No error has therefore been made in indicating ‘Islam’ on the identity card of the applicant, who claims to be ‘Alevi’. 2.  Books and articles submitted by the applicant reveal that Ali[1] is described as the ‘lion of Allah’ or similar. The fact that certain poems contain different expressions does not mean that the Alevi faith is not part of Islam. Since Ali is one of the four caliphs of Islam and the son-in-law of Muhammad, he must be considered to be one of Islam’s eminent personalities ... 3.  For example, in Christianity too, there are sub-groups such as Catholics and Protestants, which nonetheless have their basis in Christianity. That is to say that when someone adheres to a particular interpretation of Islam, it does not mean that that interpretation is not part of Islam ...” 10.  On an unspecified date the applicant appealed to the Court of Cassation. He complained that he had been obliged to disclose his beliefs because it was mandatory to indicate his religion on his identity card, without his consent and in breach of the right to freedom of religion and conscience within the meaning of Article 9 § 1 of the Convention. He further alleged that the indication at issue, deriving from section 43 of the Civil Registration Act (Law no. 1587), could not be considered to be compatible with Article 24 § 3 of the Constitution, which provided that “no one shall be compelled ... to reveal his or her religious beliefs and convictions”. He also stated that he had lodged two applications, the first to have the word “Islam” describing his religion on his identity card deleted, and the second, to have the word “Alevi” inserted into the relevant box. He stated that the court of first instance had been able to examine the two requests separately, allowing the first and rejecting the second, finding that the indication at issue was not compatible with Article 24 § 3 of the Constitution. Lastly, he challenged the proceedings rejecting his application, in which the Directorate of Religious Affairs had described his faith as an interpretation of Islam. 11.  On 21 December 2004 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the court below without giving any other reasoning.