6.  The applicant was born in 1957 and lives in Moscow. He was the director of a diamond manufacturing and export company (“the company”). 7.  On 9 July 1999 a criminal case (no. 144129) was opened against the applicant. He was suspected of having smuggled diamonds by using forged export contracts, an offence under Article 188 § 4 of the Criminal Code. 8.  On 18 August 1999 the applicant was arrested. On 20 August 1999 a prosecutor remanded him in custody. 9.  On 16 September 1999 the Preobrazhenskiy District Court of Moscow dismissed the applicant’s request for release on bail. On 7 October 1999 the Moscow City Court upheld the refusal on appeal. 10.  On 14 October 1999 a deputy Prosecutor General extended the applicant’s detention until 9 January 2000. On 16 December 1999 the Preobrazhenskiy District Court dismissed the applicant’s challenge to the extension order because, in the court’s view, the applicant’s “character” justified the detention. On 17 January 2000 the Moscow City Court upheld that decision on appeal. 11.  On 30 December 1999 a deputy Prosecutor General extended the applicant’s detention until 18 May 2000. On 19 April 2000 the Preobrazhenskiy District Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the extension order, finding that the order had been “lawful and justified”, but without giving further grounds in support of this finding. 12.  On 16 May 2000 a deputy Prosecutor General extended the applicant’s detention until 18 August 2000. On 4 August 2000 the Preobrazhenskiy District Court dismissed the applicant’s challenge to the extension order, finding that it had been lawful and justified. On 27 December 2000 the Moscow City Court upheld that decision on appeal. 13.  On 16 August and 18 September 2000 the acting Deputy Prosecutor General extended the applicant’s detention until 18 September and 18 November 2000 respectively. On 26 September 2000 the Preobrazhenskiy District Court of Moscow dismissed the applicant’s challenge to the extension orders, finding that they had been justified on account of the applicant’s “character” and the absence of “gross violations” of the criminal-procedure laws. On 9 January 2001 the Moscow City Court upheld that decision on appeal, referring to the applicant’s “character” and the gravity of the charges against him. 14.  On 17 November 2000 the Prosecutor General extended the applicant’s detention until 18 February 2001. On 31 January 2001 the Preobrazhenskiy District Court of Moscow dismissed the applicant’s challenge to the extension order, finding that the applicant’s “character” and the gravity of the charge rendered his detention lawful and justified. On 23 April 2001 the Moscow City Court upheld that decision on appeal. 15.  On 9 December 2000 the applicant was additionally charged with offences under Articles 188 § 3 (smuggling), 191 § 2 (unlawful trade in precious stones), and 327 (forgery of official documents) of the Criminal Code. 16.  On 28 December 2000 fifteen counts of smuggling, unlawful export of precious stones and forgery of documents were severed into a new criminal case, which was given the number 9307. 17.  On 18 February 2001 the investigation into the remaining charges in the framework of case no. 144129 was stayed. On 26 February 2002 the investigation resumed and has since been pending. 18.  On 12 January 2001 the applicant was given access to the case file. Further to the prosecution’s requests, on 16 February and 16 April 2001 the Moscow City Court extended the applicant’s detention until 18 April and 18 August 2001 respectively. On each occasion the court noted that there were no grounds to vary the preventive measure imposed on the applicant, in spite of the arguments advanced by the defence and the personal sureties offered on the applicant’s behalf by a Member of Parliament and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It also referred to the gravity of the charges and to the applicant’s “character”. On 11 April and 23 May 2001 the Supreme Court upheld the City Court’s decisions on appeal, finding that there were “no sufficient grounds to vary the preventive measure”. 19.  According to the Government, the applicant’s counsel, Mr Korolev and Mr Dudnik, were deliberately dilatory in dealing with the case-file materials. On 26 February 2001 the investigator asked the president of the Moscow bar to ensure counsel’s regular attendance. On 28 March and 25 April 2001 the investigator’s superior repeated that request. The Government produced four reports of 1, 8 and 18 June 2001. In these reports investigation officers described private conversations with the applicant’s representatives, who allegedly stated that they would procrastinate until the maximum period of the applicant’s detention had expired. 20.  On 13 July 2001 case no. 9307 was submitted for trial before the Golovinskiy District Court of Moscow. 21.  On 6 August 2001 the District Court remitted the case for further investigation. On 3 October 2001 that decision was set aside by the Moscow City Court, and the trial resumed. 22.  On 11 December 2001 the District Court fixed a hearing for 25 December but then adjourned it to 28 January 2002 because the applicant’s counsel had gone on holiday. 23.  On 28 January 2002 the District Court refused the applicant’s petition for release. On 21 February 2002 the Moscow City Court upheld that decision on appeal. 24.  On 15 March 2002 the District Court extended the applicant’s detention until 29 April 2002, finding that his release would hinder “a thorough, comprehensive, and objective examination of the case”. 25.  On 1 April 2002 the District Court remitted case no. 9307 for further investigation. It found that the charges were formulated vaguely, that the applicant had not been questioned as a suspect, that his access to the file had been unlawfully restricted, and that the severing of certain charges had not been justified. These defects were to be remedied by the investigation. The court authorised the applicant’s further detention. 26.  On 12 July 2002 the Golovinskiy District Court released the applicant on bail. 27.  The hearing fixed for 26 July 2002 had to be adjourned until 9 September 2002 because one lawyer was involved in concurrent proceedings and the other was on leave. 28.  On 2 October 2002 the hearing was adjourned on account of the prosecutor’s illness. On 18 March and 13 May 2003 the hearings were postponed at the applicant’s request. 29.  On 28 July 2003 the Golovinskiy District Court found the applicant guilty of smuggling and unlawfully trading in diamonds. The applicant was sentenced to five years and six months’ imprisonment, suspended for three years. On 29 November 2003 the Moscow City Court upheld that judgment on appeal. 30.  On 24 December 1999 the investigator refused leave for a visit by the applicant’s mother and his wife. She stated that the investigator had discretion to authorise visits, but was not obliged to do so. 31.  According to the Government, on unspecified dates in 1999 the applicant was allowed to see his wife on “humanitarian grounds”. 32.  On 27 October 2000 the investigator refused counsel’s request of 28 September 2000 to allow the applicant to see his wife. The investigator indicated that the applicant’s wife was aware “of certain circumstances that [were] relevant to the matters under investigation” and also had “an interest in the outcome [of the case]”. As “family visits [could] be used to establish contact with other members of the organised criminal group or obstruct the establishment of the truth”, the wife’s visit would be “inopportune”. 33.  On 4 January 2001 the investigator refused a visit by the applicant’s seven-year-old daughter, stating that the applicant could use the visit to obstruct the investigation. 34.  On 17 January, 23 February, 12 and 13 March, 12 April, 14 May, 1 June and 2 July 2001 the investigator allowed the applicant to see his mother and/or daughter. According to the Government, in 2001 and 2002 the applicant was granted twenty-six family visits. 35.  On 20 December 1999 the applicant sent a complaint about the refusal to allow family visits and interference with his correspondence to the Basmanniy District Court of Moscow. On the following day the head of the correspondence department of the remand centre refused to post the complaint, citing the following reasons:
“The court will not accept the complaint for examination in its present form. I also consider it necessary to explain that, under the Custody Act:
(a)  the investigator may approve no more than two visits per month but by law he is not obliged to do so (section 18 § 3);
(b)  pursuant to section 20 § 2, all correspondence is subject to censorship, including by the investigator who is in charge of the criminal case.
The complaint has no prospects of success (жалоба бесперспективна).” 36.  On 22 December 1999 the applicant complained to the Ministry of Justice and the Prosecutor General’s Office that his complaint had not been posted. On 13 January 2000 the applicant’s complaint to the Ministry of Justice was returned to him. No reply from the Prosecutor General’s Office was received. 37.  On 9 February 2000 the investigator refused to post the applicant’s letters to his wife and mother. She returned them to the director of the remand centre with the following note:
“I am returning you the letters by Mr Vlasov, the defendant in criminal case no. 144129, addressed to Mrs L. Vlasova and dated 11, 24 and 28 January 2000, and to Mrs I. Vlasova, of 11 and 25 January 2000.
On the basis of section 20 § 2 of the Custody Act these letters may not be sent to the addressees.” 38.  The applicant submitted to the Court copies of handwritten letters to his mother, dated 11, 24 and 28 January 2000. 39.  On 6 March 2000 the applicant issued forms of authority to his counsel, Mr Kuznetsov and Ms Vasilyeva. By a letter of 20 March 2000, the first deputy director of the Investigations Department of the Ministry of the Interior returned the forms to the director of the remand centre, advising him as follows:
“I would ask you to explain to Mr Vlasov, the defendant in criminal case no. 144129, that, pursuant to section 17 of the Custody Act and paragraph 12.11 of the Internal Rules for Remand Centres (approved by order no. 486 of 20 December 1995), detainees may enter into civil transactions on the basis of a form of authority certified by the head of the remand centre.
Since the forms of authority issued by Mr Vlasov to Mr V. Kuznetsov and Ms M. Vasilyeva list actions which, under the civil legislation currently in force, are not civil transactions, there are no grounds for forwarding these forms to Mr Kuznetsov or Ms Vasilyeva.” 40.  On 30 August 2000 the applicant’s counsel submitted to the investigator a series of documents concerning the customs proceedings to which the applicant’s company was a party. On 28 September 2000 the investigator refused to transmit these to the applicant and appended them to the case-file, indicating that the applicant would be able to read them only after the investigation had been completed. 41.  According to the Government, in 2001 the applicant sent no letters to his relatives. His letters to public authorities were not subject to censorship and were posted without delay. Incoming letters were handed over to him on the day of receipt. 42.  On 29 May 2001 counsel for the applicant asked for permission to pass to his client (i) a copy of a complaint to the Supreme Court, and (ii) a book “International instruments on human rights”. The director of the remand centre made a handwritten note on the petition: “I agree to accept a copy of the complaint”. 43.  On 28 March and 5 September 2000 the applicant complained to the Presnenskiy District Court of Moscow about the interception of the authority forms and commercial documents. By decisions of 7 April and 9 June 2001, the District Court disallowed the applicant’s complaints, finding that the law did not provide for judicial review of the investigator’s decisions concerning restrictions on family visits, correspondence or exchange of documents. On 3 October 2001 the Moscow City Court confirmed on appeal that the applicant’s complaints were not amenable to judicial review. 44.  On 4 and 11 September 2000 the applicant complained to the Basmannyy District Court of Moscow about the restrictions on family visits and correspondence imposed by the investigator. On 10 July 2001 the Basmannyy District Court, by a non-procedural communication, informed him that these complaints could not be examined by a court. 45.  The applicant complained to the Constitutional Court that he had not been able to obtain judicial review of restrictions on family visits, correspondence and exchange of documents. 46.  By a decision of 21 December 2001 (no. 298-O), the Constitutional Court confirmed its constant case-law to the effect that all decisions by an investigator or prosecutor which affected an interested party’s constitutional rights and were not related to the merits of the criminal charge were amenable to judicial review (see paragraph 75 below). It emphasised that this approach was fully applicable to the investigator’s decision concerning restrictions on family visits, correspondence or exchange of documents. The Constitutional Court held that the judicial decisions refusing examination of the applicant’s complaints were to be reviewed in accordance with the established procedure. 47.  On 8 July 2004 the Presnenskiy District Court of Moscow re-examined many of the complaints lodged by the applicant in course of the criminal proceedings in 2000 and 2003, including those concerning restrictions on correspondence, exchange of documents and family visits. The District Court dismissed those complaints for the following reasons. 48.  The District Court found that the refusal to transmit customs documents from the lawyer to the applicant had been justified because the former had indicated that the documents were related to the criminal case. On that basis the documents had been included in the case file as evidence, in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure. The applicant had been advised that he would be able to study the documents in question when examining the case file following completion of the preliminary investigation. 49.  With regard to the refusal to pass the power of attorney of 29 March 2000, the District Court held that the Internal Rules for Remand Centres (those issued both by the Ministry of the Interior and by the Ministry of Justice) prohibited detainees from authorising their representatives to carry out any actions other than civil transactions. As the scope of the applicant’s power of attorney had not been confined to civil transactions, the refusal had been lawful. The District Court did not refer to a specific provision of the Internal Rules for Remand Centres. 50.  As to the restrictions on family visits, the District Court referred to the relevant provisions of the Custody Act and the Internal Rules for Remand Centres. It noted that the decision on whether or not to allow a family visit was to be taken by the investigator in the light of the particular circumstances of the case. The decisions made by the investigator in the applicant’s case had subsequently been reviewed and approved by the Investigations Committee of the Ministry of the Interior and by the Prosecutor General’s Office. Accordingly, the District Court concluded that the decisions had been lawful and justified. 51.  Finally, the District Court found that five of the applicant’s letters to his relatives had been intercepted by the investigator because they either contained information on the criminal case, revealing secret information from the preliminary investigation, or expressed contempt for the law-enforcement authorities, which might foster a negative attitude among his relatives towards the law-enforcement bodies and thus obstruct the establishment of the truth in the criminal case. The District Court held that the interception of those letters had been compatible with the domestic law and with international treaties, including Article 8 of the Convention. 52.  On 27 December 2004 the Moscow City Court endorsed, in a summary fashion, the findings of the District Court. 53.  From 27 August 1999 until his release on 12 July 2002 the applicant was held in special-purpose remand centre no. IZ-99/1 (formerly no. IZ-48/4, commonly known as “Matrosskaya Tishina”). 54.  The applicant was held in ten different cells that measured either fourteen sq. m and had six sleeping places, or thirty-two sq. m and contained ten bunks. The design capacity of the cells was not exceeded. 55.  The window frames were bricked in with semi-transparent glass cubes. In addition, there was a layer of thick bars with so-called “eyelashes”, that is, slanted plates, approximately two cm apart, welded to a metal screen. This construction gave no access to natural air or light. The Government submitted that the “eyelashes” had been removed on 25 November 2002. The applicant indicated that between February 2000 and summer 2002 private fans had been prohibited in the cells, but that ventilation was on during the day. 56.  The lavatory pan was placed in the corner of the cell. The Government produced a photo of the pan showing that it was separated from the living area by an eighty-five-centimetre-high tiled brick partition and shower curtains above it. The applicant responded that the partition and curtains had apparently been a recent development; during the period of his detention there had been no tiles and the hanging of curtains of any kind had been prohibited. Furthermore, until 22 August 2001 the walls had been covered with so-called shuba, a sort of abrasive concrete lining, designed to prevent detainees from leaning on the walls or writing on them. 57.  Open-air exercise was permitted for one hour a day and a shower could be taken for twenty minutes once a week. 58.  The cells were constantly lit with fluorescent lighting. The applicant claimed that insufficient lighting had impaired his eyesight, which had fallen by 2.5 dioptres. On 21 June 2001 he asked to see an ophthalmologist and repeated his request no fewer than seven times between 30 July 2001 and 20 June 2002. The Government explained that no consultation had been arranged because the medical unit of the remand centre had no resident ophthalmologist and because the applicant had often been absent for court hearings. The applicant responded that the hearings had not started until 28 January 2002, that is, more than seven months after he had asked for consultation. 59.  Finally, the applicant submitted that he had been the only non-smoker in his cells and had suffered from passive smoking. The Government indicated that the separation of non-smokers from smokers had been materially impossible. 60.  In support of his submissions the applicant produced affidavits by his former cellmates, Mr I., Mr Ku. and Mr Ko. 61.  The applicant was transported from the remand centre to the courthouse and back more than 120 times. Transport was arranged by officers of the Convoy Regiment of the Moscow Police Department (конвойный полк ГУВД г. Москвы). 62.  The prison vans (Gaz-3307 and Gaz-3309) in which the applicant was transported had a passenger cabin which was 3.8 m long, 2.35 m wide, and 1.6 m high. The cabin was divided into two multi-occupancy cubicles, designed for twelve inmates each, and one single-occupancy cubicle. The cubicles were equipped with benches. On 7 February 2001, in response to the applicant’s complaints, the officer-in-command of the Convoy Regiment ordered that he be transported in a separate van. The applicant specified that a separate van had been made available to him only thirteen times. 63.  The Government submitted that the prison-van heaters and interior lights had been powered by the van engine. The vans were naturally ventilated through the emergency hatch and additional hatches with controlled airflow. The Government asserted that the applicant had received breakfast and dinner at the remand prison and that he had been allowed to bring his own food to court. It follows from the certificate issued by the head of remand centre no. IZ-99/1 that dry rations had been given to detainees from 2003 onwards. 64.  In their post-admissibility submissions the Government enclosed two reports prepared by the officer-in-command of the Convoy Regiment on 28 March and 3 April 2006. According to these reports, the design capacity of prison vans had never been exceeded in 2001-2003 and the travel time from remand centre no. 99/1 to the Golovinskiy District Court had been in the range of two to three hours, depending on traffic. 65.  The applicant denied that the van had been heated or sufficiently ventilated. He indicated that the travel time between the remand centre and the court had been excessively long, and sometimes as long as three or four hours. During the entire journey he had been kept in the locked van without food or drink or access to a toilet. 66.  The applicant produced a detailed table which listed the time he had spent before departure in the “waiting cubicle” at the remand centre, the time on the way to the courthouse and the time on the way back. The table covered the period from 25 December 2001 to 22 March 2002, in which he had been transported on twenty days. Of those twenty times, on six occasions the aggregate travel time on a given day had ranged from five to seven hours and on a further eleven occasions it had been longer than seven hours, with a maximum of 10.5 hours on 25 December 2001. The table also indicated that on four days the design capacity of the prison van had been exceeded by at least ten additional persons. 67.  Between 20 February 2001 and 17 June 2002 the applicant sent nine complaints about the “torturous” conditions of transport to many officials, including the director of the remand centre, the Prosecutor General and the officer-in-command of the Convoy Regiment. According to the Government, the officer-in-command of the Convoy Regiment had acknowledged that there had been “some irregularities” in the transport of detainees and ordered that the applicant be transported by a separate van. A copy of that report was not made available to the Court.