7.  The applicant was born in 1958 and lives in Sofia. 8.  At about 6.00 p.m. on 1 June 1999 the National Service for Combating Organised Crime (“Национална служба ‘Борба с организираната престъпност’”) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was given orders to arrest the applicant in connection with information gathered by colonel B.B., a senior police officer in charge of investigating the assassination on 2 October 1996 of the former Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria, Mr Andrey Lukanov (see Lukanov v. Bulgaria, 20 March 1997, §§ 1 in fine and 7 in fine, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997‑II). The service devised a plan and assigned a number of officers to the operation. 9.  According to the findings of the military courts which later examined a set of criminal charges against three officers who took part in that operation (see paragraphs 56 and 63 below), two officers were dispatched to the applicant’s address in advance to inspect the surroundings and check whether the applicant was at home. A group of five officers was given the task of carrying out the actual arrest. At about 8.30 p.m. that group arrived at the applicant’s home in a block of flats in Sofia, where they joined the two officers previously sent there. The officers had three cars. One of them was a Volkswagen Transporter minivan that they parked at fifteen to twenty metres from the front entrance of the applicant’s building. Shortly before 9 p.m. four officers went up to the applicant’s flat, two remained in the minivan, and one was left at the building’s entrance. The four officers who went up rang the applicant’s doorbell. His fourteen‑year old daughter answered the door. The applicant showed up at the door moments after that. The officers told him that he was to accompany them to the police station. The applicant went back in, took his passport and a jacket, and followed the officers down. Two officers escorted the applicant in the lift. The two others went inside his flat and remained there until about 11.00 p.m. to prevent the persons present in the flat – the applicant’s family and two neighbours – to make telephone calls. Downstairs, the two officers escorting the applicant were joined by the officer who had remained near the building’s entrance. When the group was five or six metres from the minivan, one of the officers who was inside the vehicle opened its side sliding door. At that point, the applicant abruptly tried to move to the back of the minivan instead of its door. The two officers who were escorting him grabbed him by the arms and placed them behind his back. The applicant resisted the officers’ attempt to push him into the minivan. One officer tripped him and the applicant fell, face down, on the minivan’s floor, his legs remaining outside. The officer inside the minivan tried to pull him in. The minivan set off and, at the same moment, an officer who remained on the street pushed its side sliding door to close it. As the applicant’s feet were still hanging outside, he was hit by the door. The officers inside the minivan kept on trying to close the minivan’s door and handcuff the applicant, who resisted, keeping his arms under his body and trying to get up. The door could not be closed as the applicant’s feet protruded outside. The officers eventually managed to pull the applicant’s legs in and handcuff him. A hood was then placed on his head to blind him, so that he could not see where he was being taken. 10.  The applicant denied that he had put up any resistance to his arrest, and asserted that the above findings had been based only on evidence given by the police officers involved. According to him, when he approached the minivan he was hit on the neck and fell inside, where he was handcuffed and hooded. 11.  The minivan set off for Koprivshtitsa, a small town about one hundred kilometres east of Sofia. It seems that three officers were with the applicant in the back of the minivan, and a fourth one was driving it, but it is equally possible that only two of the officers were in the back and the third one was sitting beside the driver. 12.  According to the findings of the military courts, throughout the trip the applicant was lying, undisturbed, on the minivan’s floor, and the officers were sitting around him, monitoring his behaviour. The minivan did not stop en route, and arrived in Koprivshtitsa at about midnight. 13.  According to the applicant, during the trip the officers asked him questions and hit him. The minivan stopped several times en route. The questioning and the beating continued during those stops. The applicant received blows with solid objects to all parts of his body save for his face and genitals. During one of the stops one of the officers held the applicant’s legs and another pushed the minivan’s sliding door to strike them. The applicant was hit in the ankles. At one point, pressure was applied to his eyes. The applicant lost consciousness several times. 14.  In Koprivshtitsa, the applicant was taken out of the minivan and into a house used by the police as a “secret base”. According to him, the ill‑treatment continued there. Objects were inserted under two of his nails. Solid objects were placed between his fingers and his hand was squeezed. 15.  According to minutes drawn up by the police, the applicant was questioned between 3.45 a.m. and 7.55 a.m. on 2 June 1999 by colonel B.B. in relation to suspicions that he had been involved in the assassination of Mr Lukanov. 16.  According to the transcription of a tape on which the questioning was secretly recorded by the police (see paragraphs 26‑28 below), colonel B.B. addressed the applicant as follows:
“Be careful, if you make a mistake, it will be an enormous one. If you want to go [as a bull] with his horns forward[1], that’s your decision. But then we’ll also go forward with our horns. And our horns may turn out to be much sharper than yours ... This is because we took our time to sharpen them so as to make them prick cruelly ... If you want to play the hero – please, go ahead ... But I would say that this evening is a fateful one for you. It is decisive for you. A life to gain or lose and not only your life ... And this is the reason why this conversation is taking place here and not elsewhere ... Confession and repentance are the only chance for you ...” 17.  At some point during the interrogation the applicant made statements in which he confessed that he had taken part in a plot to assassinate Mr Lukanov. 18.  At about 10 a.m. on 2 June 1999 the applicant was taken back to Sofia in a police vehicle. He was again hooded. In Sofia he was brought before an investigator who charged him with complicity to premeditated murder. 19.  Four other persons, including a Mr A.V., who had allegedly ordered Mr Lukanov’s assassination, and a Mr A.R., who had allegedly carried it out by shooting Mr Lukanov dead, were arrested and ill‑treated by the police at the end of May and in June 1999, and also charged. Both of them also made confessions. 20.  On 2 June 1999, upon being admitted to the detention facility of the Sofia Investigation Service, the applicant was examined by Dr D.D., the facility’s on‑duty medical doctor, who noted numerous haematomas in the area of his armpits, on his torso under the arms, on his wrists, on his left thigh, on his leg below the knee, and on both of his ankles. She also found open wounds on the applicant’s left wrist and the index finger of his left hand. Her estimation was that all those injuries had been sustained one or two days earlier. When interviewed by the authorities in relation to that on 26 July 1999, a colleague of Dr D.D. said that such examinations were being carried out routinely on all incoming detainees and did not involve any forensic findings as to the origin of any injuries found on the detainees. Such findings could be made only by forensic medical doctors, and the usual practice was to refer a detainee suspected of having been subjected to physical violence to the Chair of Forensic Medicine of the Medical Faculty of the Sofia University of Medicine. When interviewed by the authorities in relation to that on 17 August 1999, Dr D.D. said that when examined by her on 2 June 1999 the applicant had told her that he had been ill‑treated after his arrest. 21.  In spite of his request, the applicant was not allowed to contact a lawyer of his own choosing. An ex officio counsel was appointed to represent him. The counsel allegedly did not heed the applicant’s request to contact his relatives and ask them to arrange for a forensic medical examination. 22.  About two weeks after the applicant’s arrest his mother and wife were allowed to visit him. After their meeting, the applicant’s mother sent letters to the Chief Prosecutor, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the President, the Prime Minister and the media, describing traces of serious violence which she had seen on the applicant and requesting an adequate reaction by the authorities. 23.  On 23 July 1999 the applicant was taken, apparently in the face of opposition by the investigator in charge of his case, to the Chair of Forensic Medicine of the Medical Faculty of the Sofia University of Medicine for examination. The doctors’ findings included the following: an injury measuring two to one centimetres to the parietal area of the skull; injuries to both wrists; a hematoma on the thumbnail of the left hand; an injury to the fingertip and the nail of the index of the left hand (with half of the nail missing); an injury to the ring finger; two injuries to the front of the left leg under the knee; six injuries to the front of the right leg under the knee. 24.  On 26 July 1999 two investigators, assisted by a medical doctor from the Chair of Forensic Medicine of the Medical Faculty of the Sofia University of Medicine and a technical assistant, examined the applicant in the presence of two attesting witnesses. They noted the following injuries on him (all of them in various stages of recovery): an injury measuring three to two centimetres to the parietal area of the skull; an injury measuring one and a half by one and a half centimetres to the inner left elbow; an injury measuring three by one and a half centimetres to the outer left elbow; two parallel linear injuries two centimetres long each to the outer left wrist; a similar injury four centimetres long to the inner left wrist; an eight‑millimetre‑long hematoma under the thumbnail of the left hand; partially missing nail and swelling of the index of the left hand; a nine‑millimetre‑long linear injury between the first and the second phalanges of the ring finger of the left hand; six injuries each measuring one or two by two centimetres to the front and inner surfaces of the lower right leg, situated in the area between seven centimetres below the knee and ten centimetres above the ankle; two similar injuries to the lower left leg; and swelling of the left ankle. 25.  The applicant remained in pre-trial detention until late 2000, when he was released on bail. 26.  The applicant’s interrogation on 2 June 1999 in the house in Koprivshtitsa was secretly recorded. This was apparently done without the applicant’s knowledge and without a judicial warrant. Judicial authorisation to carry out secret recordings in the house in Koprivshtitsa in relation to the applicant was only given on 3 June 1999 by the President of the Sofia City Court, and concerned a ten‑day period beginning on 3 June 1999. 27.  A visual examination of a photocopy of the document containing the police request for a judicial warrant and the judge’s decision shows that the request was dated 1 June and that, apparently, it was not submitted to the judge before 3 June. It can also be seen that the initial proposal by the police was for a period starting on 1 June 1999 and that the number “3” was then written over the number “1”. 28.  In January 2002 a transcription of the recording was drawn up. According to the applicant, the transcription did not reflect the whole interrogation. 29.  At the applicant’s trial (see paragraph 33 below), the prosecution sought to rely on the recording. On 11 March 2003, noting that it had been made surreptitiously and without a valid warrant, the Sofia City Court refused to admit it in evidence. 30.  In May, June and July 1999 the police allegedly made statements to the media, implying that they had arrested the persons responsible for Mr Lukanov’s assassination. 31.  On 26 May 2000 the Minister of Internal Affairs, replying in Parliament to a remark that the police had repeatedly made groundless assertions that they had found Mr Lukanov’s assassins, said that since his appointment as Minister he had only once asserted that the assassin had been arrested and that had been the day when Mr A.R. (one of the applicant’s co‑accused) had been detained. 32.  In the first months after their arrests, the applicant and his two co‑accused maintained their initial confessions and gave evidence in this sense to the investigators in charge of their case. Later, they changed their position and stated that they had never been involved in a plot to assassinate Mr Lukanov and that their confessions had been extracted under torture. 33.  During the trial, which started in 2001, the Sofia City Court admitted in evidence medical certificates and witness evidence concerning the ill‑treatment to which the applicant had been subjected on 1 or 2 June 1999. 34.  In a judgment of 28 November 2003 the Sofia City Court found the applicant and his four co-accused guilty of Mr Lukanov’s assassination, and sentenced all of them to life imprisonment (without parole for the applicant’s co‑accused and with parole for the applicant). The court relied heavily on the confessions made by the applicant and two of his co‑accused. 35.  Addressing the argument of the defence that those confessions had been extracted under torture, the court accepted that there existed solid evidence that the police had used serious physical violence and psychological harassment against them immediately after their arrests. The court observed that such acts were unacceptable and called for disciplinary and, if appropriate, criminal‑law measures against the officers concerned. 36.  However, the court went on to observe that the applicant and his two co‑accused had maintained their confessions for a long period of time, and that they had not been ill-treated after 2 June 1999. The applicant had maintained his confession in the course of eleven interviews held between 8 June and 6 October 1999 in the presence of counsel of his own choosing, retained by him on an unspecified date. The court considered that it could therefore rely on the confessions made during those interviews, which had been conducted by investigators. 37.  The applicant and the other accused appealed. 38.  The Sofia Court of Appeal court heard expert evidence concerning the ill‑treatment to which the applicant and his two co‑accused had been subjected. 39.  On 8 June 2006 the Sofia Court of Appeal quashed the Sofia City Court’s judgment and acquitted all accused on the charges concerning Mr Lukanov’s assassination. 40.  The court analysed the evidence concerning the way in which the applicant had been treated on 1 or 2 June 1999, and concluded that he had been subjected to torture in breach of the Constitution and Article 3 of the Convention. The applicant and his co‑accused had confessed under ill‑treatment which had left long‑lasting marks on their bodies. The pain from the injuries had not subsided for several months. It was moreover significant that when one looked at the medical evidence concerning each of the three accused, one could see that the higher the intensity of the torture, the longer the accused concerned had maintained his confession. The applicant, who had suffered the most serious injuries, had been the most consistent in maintaining his confession. 41.  The court went on to say that there was evidence of an attempt to delay the proper medical examination of the applicant and his co‑accused. During that time, they had been questioned by investigators although their bodies had carried marks of ill‑treatment. The investigators’ good faith was therefore open to doubt. 42.  The court therefore decided that the confessions should not be taken into account and, analysing the remaining evidence, concluded that the charges had not been made out. 43.  On 15 March 2007 the Supreme Court of Cassation, hearing the case on an appeal by the prosecution, upheld the acquittal (реш. № 161 от 15 март 2007 г. по н. д. № 843/2006 г., ВКС, І н. о.). It agreed with the finding that the applicant and his co‑accused had been subjected to ill‑treatment, and held that it could not admit the resulting confessions, which were a “fruit of the poisonous tree”, because that would be in breach of the right to a fair trial. The court went on to say that in a democratic legal system unlawful attempts to extract confessions, as in the case at hand, were in the final analysis harmful to the prosecution’s case. 44.  On 27 July 1999 the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office opened a preliminary investigation in relation to the applicant’s alleged ill-treatment. During the following month the military investigation authorities interviewed a number of people and obtained a medical expert report on the applicant’s injuries and the manner in which they had been inflicted. 45.  The report, filed on 1 October 1999, reviewed the medical findings of the examinations on 2 June and 23 and 26 July 1999 (see paragraphs 20, 23 and 24 above). The experts said that the injury to the applicant’s head had been caused by a blow with or against a blunt object. The injuries to his left elbow, his left ring finger and legs below the knees had been caused in a similar way. The lack of detailed findings in relation to them in the 2 June 1999 examination showed that they had either not been present at that point and had occurred later, or that they had not been properly noted. The injuries to the wrists had been caused by handcuffs. The injuries to the nail of the left index finger had been caused by a frontal traumatic impact to the finger. As the injury had been inflicted a long time before the examination which had noted it, its exact cause could not be determined: it could have consisted of a blow to the distal phalange, the insertion of an object under the nail, or the removal of the nail by the application of pressure to its extremity. The hematoma on the left thumbnail had been caused by a blow or by the pressing of the thumb between hard blunt objects. The hematomas noted during the examination on 2 June 1999 had been caused by blows with hard blunt objects. 46.  On 14 October 1999 the proceedings were stayed because one of the officers who had allegedly ill-treated the applicant was abroad on an official mission and could not be interviewed. On 5 January 2000, following his return, the proceedings were resumed. 47.  Between January and May 2000 the investigator in charge of the case charged three officers who had travelled with the applicant in the police minivan which had taken him to the house in Koprivshtitsa with causing him light bodily harm, contrary to Article 131 § 1 (2) in conjunction with Article 130 § 1 of the Criminal Code 1968 (see paragraph 76 below). 48.  The investigator also obtained an additional medical expert report with a view to clarifying the exact origin of the applicant’s injuries and elucidating the discrepancies in the medical findings made by Dr D.D. on 2 June 1999 and the findings of the forensic doctors of 23 July 1999. However, the report, filed on 1 March 2000, was unable to reach more definite conclusions on that point. Nor were the experts able to say – without being presented with clearer information – exactly what kind of injuries would be caused by an intensive eight‑hour beating. 49.  On 10 May 2000 the investigator proposed that the three officers be brought to trial. However, on 26 May 2000 the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office referred the case back for additional investigation. It observed, inter alia, that no information had been gathered about the officers in charge of the applicant between his arrival in Koprivshtitsa and his return to Sofia the next day. 50.  On 8 December 2000 the proceedings were stayed once again, because one of the applicant’s co-accused, who had also been taken to the house in Koprivshtitsa, had left the country and could not be interviewed as a witness. They were resumed on 2 July 2001. 51.  On 4 July 2001 the investigator again proposed that the three officers be brought to trial. However, on 30 July 2001 the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office once more referred the case back for additional investigation. It observed that the charges did not specify which of the three officers had administered which blows to which parts of the applicant’s body. 52.  On 4 October 2001 the investigator again sent the case to the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office, which again referred it back on 20 November 2001 for additional investigation, saying that the charges did not specify the exact manner in which the officers had caused the applicant’s injuries. 53.  On 28 June 2002 the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office indicted the three officers, but on 8 July 2002 the Sofia Military Court referred the case back for additional investigation. On 10 February 2003 the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office again indicted the officers, and several days later the Sofia Military Court again referred the case back. It appears that between 2003 and 2005 the case lay dormant with the military prosecuting and investigating authorities. 54.  On an unspecified date in 2005 the Sofia Military Prosecutor’s Office submitted an indictment against the three officers to the Sofia Military Court. 55.  The trial took place on 28 February, 8 June, 19 September and 26 October 2006. At the outset the applicant made a civil claim against the officers, seeking 100,000 Bulgarian levs, plus interest, in non‑pecuniary damages. 56.  In a judgment of 30 October 2006 the Sofia Military Court acquitted the officers and rejected the applicant’s civil claim. The court started by setting out its findings of fact (see paragraphs 9 and 12 above). It went on to hold that, based on those findings, the officers’ actions could not be regarded as a criminal offence because, although causing the applicant bodily harm, they had been justified under Article 12a of the Criminal Code (see paragraph 75 below). The court reproduced in its judgment the applicant’s allegations concerning his ill-treatment inside the minivan and in Koprivshtitsa, and said that those allegations, if true, meant that the applicant would have had injuries all over his body and would carry horrifying marks of ill‑treatment. However, the findings of Dr D.D. (see paragraph 20 above) had not revealed such marks and were fully consistent with the version put forward by the three accused officers. Dr D.D. had not recorded multiple injuries to the applicant’s head, but only one injury to the central parietal area. It was implausible to assume that all of the alleged numerous blows to the applicant’s head had been administered to a single spot. There were no recorded injuries to the front or the back of his torso, belly or feet, or injuries to his eyes caused by pressing. It could therefore be accepted that the officers’ account as to the amount of force that they had used to restrain the applicant and handcuff him was truthful, and that the use of force has stopped after the applicant had been subdued. The officers’ aim had been to arrest the applicant, who they believed had committed a criminal offence, and to bring him before the appropriate authority – colonel B.B. The officers had also sought to prevent the applicant from alerting his accomplices. In view of his resistance, there had been no other way of carrying out the arrest. The use of force had also been justified under section 78(1)(1) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Act 1997 (see paragraph 71 below) because the applicant had failed to heed a lawful order and had put up resistance. The three officers had not used disproportionate force. The applicant had been arrested in relation to a very serious offence – the assassination of a former prime minister –, had resisted arrest, and had not sustained very serious injuries. The use of force had stopped immediately after he had been subdued. Since the officers’ actions had not constituted an offence and had amounted to a lawful use of force, the applicant’s civil claim was to be rejected. 57.  On 14 November 2006 the prosecution appealed against the acquittal to the Military Court of Appeal. The applicant also appealed against the acquittal and the rejection of his civil claim. 58.  The Military Court of Appeal heard the appeal on 29 January 2007. It drew the officers’ attention to the fact that the limitation period for prosecuting them on the charges against them – seven and a half years – had expired on 1 December 2006. The court went on to say that the proceedings could continue only if the officers were to waive the statute of limitations (see paragraph 78 below). All three of them stated that they wished to have the charges against them determined despite the expiry of the limitation period. The court then heard the parties’ arguments and announced that it would hand down its judgment in due course. 59.  However, on 20 April 2007 the court found that it could not decide the case without re‑hearing the applicant and colonel B.B., and called them to testify. At the next hearing, held on 9 May 2007, counsel for one of the police officers requested one of the judges to withdraw from the case. She argued that he had shown bias against her client. The court said that it did not find any grounds for that but that it would accede to her request to avoid any suspicions of partiality. As a result, the appellate proceedings had to start anew, as required under the principle of immediacy. On 31 May 2007 the court, sitting in a new formation, decided to re‑hear the applicant; this time, however, it did not mention colonel B.B. 60.  When appearing in court on 9 May 2007, colonel B.B. apparently again asserted in front of journalists that the applicant and his co-accused had assassinated Mr Lukanov. 61.  The new formation heard the appeal on 6 June 2007. It likewise drew the officers’ attention to the fact that the limitation period for prosecuting them had expired, and the officers reiterated that they agreed to waive the statute of limitations. The court then heard the applicant as a witness, and admitted in evidence the judgments of the Sofia Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Cassation in the criminal proceedings against the applicant (see paragraphs 39‑43 above). It turned down a request by the officers’ defence to re‑call colonel B.B. and several other witnesses to the stand, finding that this would be superfluous. 62.  At the next hearing, held on 11 July 2007, the court turned down a request by counsel for one of the officers for a fresh medical expert report, observing that the medical evidence that had already been adduced – which included the results of the medical examinations of the applicant on 2 June and 23 July 1999 (see paragraphs 20 and 23 above) – was sufficient. The court re‑heard the officers and the parties’ oral arguments. 63.  In a final judgment of 30 July 2007 (реш. № 113 от 30 юли 2007 г. по н. д. № 215/2006 г., ВАпС), the Military Court of Appeal upheld the officers’ acquittal. It fully agreed with the lower court’s findings of fact, saying that they were based on a proper analysis of the statements of the three accused, the evidence given by the applicant, the medical expert report obtained in the course of the proceedings, and the notes made by Dr D.D. when she had examined the applicant on 2 June 1999. The court went on to say that the indictment did not contain factual allegations in respect of one of the three officers, who was therefore to be acquitted on the basis that he had not used any force in respect of the applicant. The court did not agree with the lower court that Article 12a of the Criminal Code was applicable, holding that this provision referred exclusively to the arrest of offenders who have been convicted by means of a final decision, which was not the case of the applicant. However, it went on to say that the officers’ actions were not criminal because they had constituted a lawful and proportionate use of force within the meaning of section 78(1)(1) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Act 1997 (see paragraph 71 below). The applicant had failed to heed a lawful order and had resisted the officers’ efforts to put him into the minivan and to handcuff him inside the minivan. The officers had stopped using force immediately after handcuffing the applicant. Lastly, the court noted that during the preliminary investigation the applicant had given evidence that he had been subjected to violence in the house in Koprivshtitsa, where the three officers had left him. That showed that not all injuries later found on the applicant had been caused by them. 64.  On an unspecified date in the second half of 2007 the prosecution sought the reopening of the criminal proceedings against the applicant on the ground that the acquittal of the officers was a new relevant fact showing that the applicant had not been ill‑treated. 65.  In a judgment of 7 July 2008 (реш. № 286 от 7 юли 2008 г. по н. д. № 253/2008 г., ВКС, І н. о.), the Supreme Court of Cassation turned the request down, holding that the conclusion of the criminal proceedings against the officers did not amount to grounds to reopen the criminal proceedings against the applicant because the courts in those proceedings had not found that the applicant had not been subjected to ill‑treatment. 66.  On 22 July 2002 two of the applicant’s co-accused were beaten by the officers who escorted them from prison to the Sofia City Court for a hearing in the trial against them. Noting their injuries, the court adjourned the hearing. 67.  In 2006 one of them, Mr A.K., brought a claim under section 1 of the State and Municipalities Responsibility for Damage Act 1988 (see paragraph 84 below) against the Ministry of Justice, seeking 30,000 Bulgarian levs in non-pecuniary damages. 68.  On 20 October 2008 the Sofia City Court rejected the claim. It held that although the claimant had proved that he had been ill‑treated on 22 July 2002, he had not been able to prove who exactly had ill-treated him and under what circumstances. The facts alleged in his statement of claim did not match the evidence given by a witness called by him (the other co‑accused), and that evidence did not match the evidence given by the applicant, who had also been called to testify. Moreover, the first witness had not pointed to the specific individuals who had carried out the beating, whereas torts under section 1 of the 1988 Act had to be attributed to a specified individual. 69.  The applicant’s co-accused appealed. On 12 May 2009 the Sofia Court of Appeal upheld the lower court’s judgment (реш. № 434 от 12 май 2009 г. по гр. д. № 43/2009 г., САС, VІІ с.). It held that the fact of the beating had been substantiated on the basis of the medical evidence and the applicant’s and the other co‑accused’s testimony. However, it went on to say that at the relevant time the officers escorting detainees from prison to trial had been employees of the National Police, not the Ministry of Justice; the Ministry had taken over that task on 1 January 2003, following a legislative amendment. It could therefore not be held vicariously liable for the officers’ actions. 70.  It does not seem that the applicant’s co‑accused tried to appeal on points of law.