5.  The applicant was born in 1957 and is currently detained in Schwalmstadt Prison. 6.  On 26 January 1979 the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court convicted the applicant, inter alia, of repeated rape and of two counts of attempted rape, together with dangerous assault respectively, committed against three young women he did not previously know and whom he had seriously beaten or injured with weapons, and sentenced him to three years’ imprisonment. The court found that owing to a sadistic sexual deviation, the applicant had acted with diminished criminal responsibility. 7.  On 20 May 1983 the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court convicted the applicant of dangerous assault and sentenced him to two years and six months’ imprisonment. It found that the applicant had caused a knife injury to a prostitute who had resisted sexual intercourse with him. It considered that the sadistic sexual deviation the applicant suffered from had not diminished his criminal responsibility. 8.  On 28 August 1987 the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court convicted the applicant, in particular, of four counts of rape, sexual assault and assault and of one count of attempted rape, attempted sexual assault and assault, committed against five drug-addicted prostitutes in 1985 and 1986. It found that the applicant had raped or attempted to rape the five women, had beaten and mistreated them in a torture-like manner and had partly urinated on them or forced them to have obscene photographs taken of them. It sentenced him to eight years and six months’ imprisonment and ordered his placement in a psychiatric hospital (Article 63 of the Criminal Code, see paragraph 51 below). It considered that the applicant suffered from a serious personality disorder and from a sadistic sexual deviation and had committed his offences with diminished criminal responsibility. 9.  The Regional Court further found that the applicant was liable to reoffend and was therefore dangerous to the public as long as he was not undergoing therapy. The therapy in question was only possible in a psychiatric hospital. The court considered that the conditions for the applicant’s preventive detention under Article 66 § 1 of the Criminal Code (see paragraphs 41-42 below) were also met. However, owing to the fact that preventive detention only entailed a person’s safe custody, without offering any specific medical and psychological treatment, this measure was clearly less suitable in the applicant’s case than his placement in a psychiatric hospital. Therefore, the court did not order the applicant’s preventive detention in addition to his placement in a psychiatric hospital. 10.  The judgment became final in March 1988 and from August 1988 onwards the applicant was initially detained in a psychiatric hospital in Giessen. 11.  On 19 February 1992 the Marburg Regional Court ordered that the applicant serve his prison sentence prior to his continued placement in a psychiatric hospital. It argued that the applicant denied the offences he had been found guilty of and refused to undergo therapy. Furthermore, doubts had arisen as to whether he had actually acted with diminished criminal responsibility. 12.  The applicant was retransferred to prison on 8 April 1993 and then served his full sentence mainly in Schwalmstadt Prison. 13.  In 1994 an expert, C., confirmed that the applicant, who suffered from a borderline personality disorder, had originally been wrongly placed in a psychiatric hospital from a present-day perspective. 14.  From 20 October 1995 onwards the applicant, having served his full sentence, was again detained in a psychiatric hospital, initially in Giessen and subsequently in Hanau, on an order of the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court, based on the Regional Court’s judgment of 28 August 1987. In these proceedings, expert L., who had already examined the applicant prior to the Regional Court’s judgment in 1987, confirmed that the applicant, an autistic psychopath, had acted with diminished criminal responsibility and that his placement in a psychiatric hospital had therefore been justified. 15.  On 24 July 2007 the Marburg Regional Court terminated the applicant’s detention in a psychiatric hospital (Article 67d § 6 of the Criminal Code, see paragraph 48 below). Having heard evidence from another expert, F., it found that the applicant did not suffer from a serious personality disorder or from a sadistic sexual deviation which diminished his criminal responsibility. It further ordered the applicant’s provisional detention pending the competent court’s decision whether or not he was to be placed in preventive detention retrospectively as the applicant still had a propensity to commit serious offences. The applicant was accordingly detained in Weiterstadt Prison since August 2007. 16.  On 8 January 2008 the Frankfurt am Main Court of Appeal quashed the Regional Court’s order for the applicant’s detention. The applicant was released on that day. Shortly afterwards, he harassed a young woman and threatened her presumed partner. 17.  Following the applicant’s failure to appear at the hearing before the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court on 22 January 2008 in the proceedings at issue, that court ordered the applicant’s arrest in order to secure the conduct of the proceedings. The applicant has been in detention since that date, first in Weiterstadt Prison and subsequently, since December 2008, in Schwalmstadt Prison. 18.  On 9 April 2008 the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court, relying on Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code (see paragraph 47 below), ordered the applicant’s preventive detention retrospectively (nachträgliche Sicherungsverwahrung). 19.  The Frankfurt am Main Regional Court found that, in accordance with Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code, the Marburg Regional Court had terminated the applicant’s placement in a psychiatric hospital on 24 July 2007 pursuant to Article 67d § 6 of the Criminal Code as the requirements for placing him in such a hospital had not been met at the time of that court’s decision. The court further noted that the requirements of Article 66b § 3 (1) of the Criminal Code were met. The order for the applicant’s placement in a psychiatric hospital had been made in the judgment of the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court of 28 August 1987 convicting him, inter alia, of four counts of rape and one count of attempted rape and sentencing him to eight years and six months’ imprisonment. Moreover, the applicant had already been convicted of rape and sentenced to three years’ imprisonment by a judgment of the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court of 26 January 1979. 20.  The Regional Court further found that a comprehensive assessment of the applicant, his offences and his development during his placement in a psychiatric hospital revealed that it was very likely that, if released, he would again commit serious sexual offences resulting in considerable psychological or physical harm to the victims (Article 66b § 3 (2) of the Criminal Code). It based its findings on the reports submitted by a psychological expert, D.-S., and a psychiatric external expert, S. Both experts had considered that the applicant was a psychopath suffering from a serious dissocial personality disorder and from a sexual deviation, sadism. There was a high risk that the applicant would commit further violent sexual offences if released. The experts and all the witnesses confirmed that the applicant had not changed throughout his detention and placement in a psychiatric hospital and had not made any serious effort to reflect on his offences. 21.  On 21 November 2008 the Federal Court of Justice dismissed the applicant’s appeal on points of law as ill-founded. It found that Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code was compatible with the Basic Law and applied also to cases in which a person’s placement in a psychiatric hospital was terminated because the person concerned had not been suffering from a disorder warranting his or her placement from the outset. 22.  On 30 December 2008 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court. He complained, in particular, that the retrospective order for his preventive detention had violated the prohibition of retrospective punishment under the Basic Law (Article 103 § 2). He argued that Article 66b of the Criminal Code had been applied with retrospective effect to him as, at the time of his conviction, ordering preventive detention retrospectively had not been authorised. In view of the manner in which preventive detention orders were executed in practice, there was no material difference compared to the execution of a prison sentence. Preventive detention therefore had to be treated as a penalty to which the prohibition of retrospective punishment applied. 23.  The applicant further submitted that the retrospective order for his preventive detention amounted to the correction of a final judgment of a criminal court without any new facts having emerged. Even though the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court had considered, in its judgment of 1987, that the requirements of Article 66 § 1 of the Criminal Code had been met, it had not ordered his preventive detention. 24.  On 5 August 2009 a chamber of three judges of the Federal Constitutional Court declined to consider the applicant’s constitutional complaint – as well as that of another applicant, G., who lodged application no. 65210/09 before this Court – on the grounds that it was ill-founded (file no. 2 BvR 2633/08). 25.  The Federal Constitutional Court noted that Article 67d § 6 and Article 66b § 3 had been inserted into the Criminal Code because, under the Federal Court of Justice’s well-established case-law, a person could no longer be detained in a psychiatric hospital under Article 63 of the Criminal Code and had to be released if that person no longer suffered from a condition excluding or diminishing his criminal responsibility. This was considered problematic in cases in which the person concerned, without suffering from the said condition, was still dangerous to the public. 26.  The Federal Constitutional Court found that Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code and the courts’ decision to order the applicant’s placement in preventive detention retrospectively were compatible with the Basic Law. Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code did not breach the ban on the retrospective application of criminal laws imposed by Article 103 § 2 of the Basic Law. That Article applied only to State measures which expressed sovereign censure of illegal and culpable conduct and involved the imposition of a sanction to compensate for guilt. Unlike such a penalty, preventive detention was not aimed at punishing criminal guilt, but was a purely preventive measure aimed at protecting the public from a dangerous offender. For the same reason, Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code did not breach the right not to be punished twice for the same offence under the Basic Law. 27.  The Federal Constitutional Court further took the view that Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code was in conformity with the protection of legitimate expectations guaranteed in a State governed by the rule of law, even if applied to a case such as that of the applicant, who had committed his offences and had been convicted and sentenced prior to the entry into force of the said provision. It considered as compatible with the Basic Law the legislator’s decision whereby the effective protection of the public from very dangerous offenders who were liable to commit serious offences resulting in considerable psychological or physical harm to the victims – which was a paramount public interest – outweighed the offender’s interest in protection of his legitimate expectations. 28.  The Federal Constitutional Court noted that the impugned provisions allowed the courts in a case like that of the applicant to amend retrospectively a sanction fixed in a previous final judgment in the light of new evidence (in particular new expert reports), without new facts having come up. It emphasised that the sentencing criminal courts’ decision not to order preventive detention became final even if it later emerged that the courts had erred in considering the offender not to be dangerous. Nevertheless, the retrospective preventive detention order under Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code, read in conjunction with Article 67d § 6 of the Criminal Code, entailed only very limited disadvantages of constitutional relevance. In substance, the ordering of a measure of indefinite duration depriving the person concerned of his or her liberty – namely, placement in a psychiatric hospital – was merely replaced, under certain qualified conditions, by the ordering of a different such measure of indefinite duration, namely preventive detention. Any remaining disadvantages for the offender in the protection of his legitimate expectations were outweighed by the paramount interest of the public pursued by the provisions in question. 29.  The Federal Constitutional Court further found that Article 66b § 3 of the Criminal Code was compatible with the applicant’s right to liberty under the Basic Law (Article 2 § 2). In order to protect the right to life, physical integrity and liberty of citizens the legislator was authorised, within the limits set by the principle of proportionality, to deprive of his liberty a person who could be expected to violate the citizens’ said rights. 30.  In Schwalmstadt Prison, persons in preventive detention are placed in a separate building from prisoners serving their sentence. They have certain minor privileges compared with convicted offenders serving their sentence (see, for instance, M. v. Germany, no. 19359/04, § 41, ECHR 2009). As regards therapeutic measures, persons held in preventive detention in Schwalmstadt Prison are offered a weekly discussion group proposing ideas for recreational activities and for structuring daily life. They are further offered discussions with an external psychiatrist once per month as well as psychological or psychotherapeutic measures and social training considered suitable for them. 31.  When placed in preventive detention, the applicant was not motivated to undergo therapy. He denied the offences he had been convicted of and considered himself to be detained unlawfully. Therefore, he had not been transferred to a social therapeutic department of another prison. He worked in prison in 2009 and has been out of work since then. In 2010 he participated in a social training course. 32.  On 15 April 2010 the Marburg Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s request to suspend the execution of his preventive detention and to grant probation. 33.  On 1 July 2010 the Frankfurt am Main Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s appeal against that decision. It found that there was a risk that the applicant would commit further violent sexual offences if released (Article 67d § 2 of the Criminal Code; see paragraph 50 below). Having regard to this Court’s judgment in the case of M. v. Germany (cited above), the Court of Appeal took the view that the question of whether the applicant’s preventive detention breached the prohibition of retrospective punishment could not be examined in the present proceedings concerning the execution of the applicant’s preventive detention. That issue could only be dealt with following a reopening of the proceedings in which that detention had been ordered.
(b)  Second set of proceedings 34.  Following the Federal Constitutional Court’s judgment of 4 May 2011 (see paragraphs 52-55 below), the applicant again requested the Marburg Regional Court to order his release. On 30 August 2011 the Marburg Regional Court refused to suspend the applicant’s preventive detention, ordered retrospectively on 9 April 2008, and to grant probation. Having regard to the expert reports obtained in those proceedings, it found that it could not be expected that the applicant would not commit any further unlawful acts on his release (Article 67d § 2 of the Criminal Code). There was, on the contrary, a risk that the applicant, owing to specific circumstances relating to his person and his conduct in prison, would commit the most serious crimes of violence or sexual offences soon after his release from prison. The stricter standards for a prolongation of his preventive detention set up by the Federal Constitutional Court in its judgment of 4 May 2011 were therefore met. 35.  The Regional Court considered, in particular, that according to the pertinent findings of the Federal Constitutional Court in the said judgment, a retrospective order of preventive detention following the termination of a person’s placement in a psychiatric hospital did not breach the protection of legitimate expectations guaranteed in a State governed by the rule of law or the prohibition of retrospective punishment. As the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights only had the force of Federal legislation in Germany, the fact that that Court had considered, in its judgment of 17 December 2009, that retrospective preventive detention was in breach of human rights, did not alter that conclusion. 36.  On 15 November 2011 the Frankfurt am Main Court of Appeal, endorsing the reasons given by the Regional Court, dismissed the applicant’s appeal. 37.  On 8 October 2010 the Darmstadt Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s request of 6 July 2010 for a reopening of the proceedings in which his preventive detention had been ordered as inadmissible as there was currently no ground for reopening. In particular, a reopening on the ground that the European Court of Human Rights had found a domestic court’s judgment to be in breach of the Convention applied only to applicants who had themselves obtained a judgment of that Court in their favour. 38.  On 26 November 2010 the Frankfurt am Main Court of Appeal, endorsing the reasons given by the Regional Court, dismissed the applicant’s appeal.