a system for performing molecular biological diagnosis , analysis and multi - step and multiplex reactions utilizes a self - addressable , self - assembling microelectronic system for actively carrying out controlled reactions in microscopic formats . these reactions include most molecular biological procedures , such as nucleic acid hybridization , antibody / antigen reaction , and clinical diagnostics . multi - step combinatorial biopolymer synthesis may be performed . a controller interfaces with a user via input / output devices , preferably including a graphical display . independent electronic control is achieved for the individual microlocations . in the preferred embodiment , the controller interfaces with a power supply and interface , the interface providing selective connection to the microlocations , polarity reversal , and optionally selective potential or current levels to individual electrodes . a system for performing sample preparation , hybridization and detection and data analysis integrates multiple steps within a combined system .