a system for performing molecular biological diagnosis , analysis and multi - step and multiplex reactions utilizes a self - addressable , self - assembling microelectronic system for actively carrying out controlled reactions in microscopic formats . these reactions include most molecular biological procedures , such as nucleic acid hybridization , antibody / antigen reaction , and clinical diagnostics . multi - step combinatorial biopolymer synthesis may be performed . a controller interfaces with a user via input / output devices , preferably including a graphical display . independent electronic control is achieved for the individual microlocations . in the preferred embodiment , the controller interfaces with a power supply and interface , the interface providing selective connection to the microlocations , polarity reversal , and optionally selective potential or current levels to individual electrodes . a system for performing sample preparation , hybridization and detection and data analysis integrates multiple steps within a combined system . charged materials are transported preferably via free field electrophoresis . dna complexity reduction is achieved preferably by binding of dna to a support , followed by cleaving unbound materials , such as by restriction enzymes , followed by transport of the cleaved dna fragments . active , programmable matrix devices are formed in a variety of formats , including a square matrix pattern with fanned out electrical connections , an array having electrical connections and optionally optical connections from beneath the specific microlocations . a highly automated dna diagnostic system results .