stacked , lamellar constructs comprised of , synthetic or natural , polymeric membrane structures which are brought together to form 3d scaffolds for biomaterial and guided tissue engineering applications have been developed . each layer can have 2d or 3d nano and micro topographical features similar to or different than each other which can be arranged during the construction of each lamellae and their orientation can be adjusted during construction phase of the 3d structure . such a construct was utilized in the development of an artificial cornea with human primary cells , in which patterned surface of the components of the lamellar structure mimics the oriented collagen structure inherent in natural cornea . similar exploitation of the 3d patterned structure can be made for tissues where aligned ecm architecture is crucial , such as ligaments , bone , tendon , skin .