fabrication of arrays , including glycan arrays , that combines the higher sensitivity of a layered si — sio 2 substrate with novel immobilization chemistry via a “ click ” reaction . the novel immobilization approach allows the oriented attachment of glycans on a “ clickable ” polymeric coating . the surface equilibrium dissociation constant of concanavalin a with eight synthetic glycans was determined using fluorescence microarray . the sensitivity provided by the novel microarray substrate enables the evaluation of the influence of the glycan surface density on surface k d values . the interaction of carbohydrates with a variety of biological targets , including antibodies , proteins , viruses and cells are of utmost importance in many aspects of biology . glycan microarrays are increasingly used to determine the binding specificity of glycan - binding proteins . the click polymers can be prepared in different forms such as soluble polymers , hydrogels , and multi - layers . the polymers can be prepared directly by copolymerization or by copolymerization to form a pre - polymer which is then reacted to form the target polymer . other uses include separations , including electrophoretic separations .