the present invention provides articles of manufacture comprising biocompatible nanostructures comprising significantly increased surface area for , e . g ., organ , tissue and / or cell growth , e . g ., for bone , tooth , kidney or liver growth , and uses thereof , e . g ., for in vitro testing of drugs , chemicals or toxins , or as in vivo implants , including their use in making and using artificial tissues and organs , and related , diagnostic , screening , research and development and therapeutic uses , e . g ., as drug delivery devices . the present invention provides biocompatible nanostructures with significantly increased surface area , such as with nanotube and nanopore array on the surface of metallic , ceramic , or polymer materials for enhanced cell and bone growth , for in vitro and in vivo testing , cleansing reaction , implants and therapeutics . the present invention provides optically transparent or translucent cell - culturing substrates . the present invention provides biocompatible and cell - growth - enhancing culture substrates comprising elastically compliant protruding nanostructure substrates coated with ti , tio 2 or related metal and metal oxide films .