a method of using nanoscopic silicon containing agents for in situ formation of nanoscopic glass layers on material surfaces is described . because of their tailorable compatibility with polymers , metals , composites , ceramics , glasses and biological materials , nanoscopic silicon containing agents can be readily and selectively incorporated into materials at the nanometer level by direct mixing processes . improved properties include gas and liquid barrier ; stain resistance ; resistance to environmental degradation ; adhesion ; printability ; time dependent mechanical and thermal properties such as heat distortion , creep , compression set , shrinkage , and modulus ; hardness and abrasion resistance ; oxidation resistance ; electrical and thermal conductivity ; and fire resistance .