bioactive substances are imbedded or mixed into functionalized matrices to form homogenous water - insoluble solid complexes with desirable field properties such as reduced leaching in soil , improved leaf retention , selective unloading to roots and convenient packaging and application . bioactive substances that may be so complexed include pharmaceutical agents and pesticides including herbicides , insecticides , bacteriocides , rodenticides , nematicide and fungicides . the matrices comprise either a monomeric -, oligomeric - or polymeric backbone which may be derivatized with chemical groups that exhibit ionic , hydrophobic , and ligand - binding interactions to form the matrix of the formulation . the various matrices may be mixed with additives or modifiers , grafted , or fused to obtain optimal properties . the matrix / pesticide formulations may be applied as granules , as suspensions , emulsions in sprays , as foams , or as coats for seeds and fertilizers . alternatively they may be melted and sprayed as concentrates . the formulations may be applied to foliage , soil , irrigation water , construction materials , seeding materials , grains , and buildings .