a method of manufacturing a plurality of elements by replication includes the steps of : providing a replication tool that includes a plurality of replication sections having negative structural features defining the shape of the elements , the tool further including a plurality of first spacer portions ; providing a substrate ; moving the tool against the substrate , with a replication material in a plastically deformable or viscous or liquid state located between the tool and the substrate ; hardening the replication material to form the elements , wherein the step of moving the tool against the substrate includes applying a predetermined force for moving the tool against the substrate , until the first spacer portions are located at a distance from the substrate , the distance being determined by the magnitude of the force , and with replication material remaining between the first spacer portions and the substrate .