page_title: Pernambuco
section_title: Portuguese Reconquest
hierarchical_section_title: Pernambuco / History / Portuguese Reconquest
caption_attribution_description: English: Olinda Français&#160;: Olinda Español: Centro histórico de la Ciudad de Olinda 日本語: オリンダ歴史地区 中文: 奥林达历史中心 Nederlands: Historisch centrum van Olinda Română: Centrul istoric al orașului Olinda din Brazilia Русский: Исторический центр города Олинда العربية: الوسط التاريخي لمدينة أوليندا
context_page_description: Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha. With an estimated population of 9.2 million people in 2013, it is the seventh-most populous state of Brazil, and is the sixth-most densely populated and the 19th-most extensive among the states and territories of the country. Its capital and largest city, Recife, is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. As of estimates in 2013, Recife's metropolitan area was at that time the fifth-most populous in the country, and the largest urban agglomeration in northeastern Brazil. The state is home to 4.6% of the Brazilian population and produces 2.8% of the Brazilian GDP.
  In 1982, the city of Olinda was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Olinda and the state capital, Recife, have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals. Both have Portuguese architecture, with centuries-old casarões and churches, kilometers of beaches and much culture. The proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year, with average temperatures of 26 °C.
context_section_description: The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and Olinda regained its status of political center. However, Recife remained the commercial /port city. If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of a treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler Ganga Zumba, a war between the two remained. Zumbi who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him.
  In 1710 the Mascate War took place in Pernambuco. This conflict set the mascates (traveling salesman) from Recife against the establishment hosted in Olinda and led by the Senhores de Engenho (owners of the sugar mills, literally: sugar mill lords).
  Pernambuco was the site of the most important rebellions and insurrections in Brazilian history, especially in the 19th century.
  1817 was the year of the Pernambucan Revolution, a republican separatist movement which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Pernambuco. The main cause of the revolution was dissatisfaction with the colonial administration. The republic was declared on 7 March 1817. After military intervention, the secession ended on 20 May 1817. The republic's flag is the current flag of Pernambuco.
  As a reaction to the Emperor Dom Pedro I dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Confederation of the Equator was set up on 2 July 1824. The Confederation was another separatist movement which encompassed the provinces of Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceará. On 29 November 1824, the Confederation's forces capitulated to the Imperial army.
  Pernambuco was the site of the brief liberal republican Praieira revolt in 1848, which was Brazil's response to the European year of liberal revolutions. Deodoro da Fonseca, the marshal who crushed the revolt, much later overthrew Emperor Pedro II, and served as the first president of the Brazilian republic.
caption: Basílica Abacial do Mosteiro de São Bento de Olinda
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