page_title: Closed city
section_title: A-M
hierarchical_section_title: Closed city / Closed cities in post-Soviet states / Russia / By oblast / A-M
caption_attribution_description: Русский: Дом-радуга в Снежногорске English: Rainbow House in Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast
context_page_description: A closed city or closed town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied so that specific authorization is required to visit or remain overnight. They may be sensitive military establishments or secret research installations that require much more space or freedom than is available in a conventional military base. There may also be a wider variety of permanent residents including close family members of workers or trusted traders who are not directly connected with its clandestine purposes.
  Many closed cities existed in the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. After 1991, a number of them still existed in the CIS countries, especially Russia. In modern Russia, such places are officially known as "closed administrative-territorial formations".
context_section_description: Amur Oblast
  Uglegorsk – formerly known as Svobodny-18 (Свободный-18), site of the second Russian trial cosmodrome of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, also called Svobodny Cosmodrome.
  Arkhangelsk Oblast
  Mirnyy – site of Plesetsk Cosmodrome.
  Astrakhan Oblast
  Znamensk – formerly known as Kaputsin Yar-1 (Капустин Яр-1), home to the Kapustin Yar (air base) and the "4th Missile Test Range".
  Chelyabinsk Oblast
  Lokomotivny
  Ozyorsk – formerly known as Chelyabinsk-65 (Челябинск-65) and Chelyabinsk-40 (Челябинск-40), nuclear material processing and recycling plant.
  Snezhinsk – formerly known as Chelyabinsk-70 (Челябинск-70), site of one of the two major Russian Federal Nuclear Centers.
  Tryokhgorny – formerly known as Zlatoust-36 (Златоуст-36), site of development of parts and machinery for atomic stations and weaponry.
  Kirov Oblast
  Pervomaysky – formerly known as Yurya-2 (Юрья-2).
  Moscow Oblast
  Krasnoznamensk – formerly known as Golitsyno-2 (Голицыно-2).
  Molodyozhny – formerly known as Naro-Fominsk-5 (Наро-Фоминск-5).
  Vlasikha – formerly known as Gorky-2 (Горький-2).
  Voskhod – formerly known as Novopetrovsk-2 (Новопетровск-2).
  Zvyozdny gorodok – formerly known as Shchyolkovo-14 (Щёлково-14).
  Murmansk Oblast
  Alexandrovsk – closed administrative-territorial formation, includes the towns of Gadzhiyevo, Polyarny, and Snezhnogorsk
  Ostrovnoy
  Severomorsk
  Snezhnogorsk
  Vidyayevo
  Zaozyorsk
caption: A view of Snezhnogorsk
exif: {"Image Make": "Canon", "Image Model": "Canon PowerShot S3 IS", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "180", "Image YResolution": "180", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image DateTime": "2007:08:24 18:21:05", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered", "Image ExifOffset": "196", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "180", "Thumbnail YResolution": "180", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "5108", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "4591", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/100", "EXIF FNumber": "8", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0220", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2007:08:24 18:21:05", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2007:08:24 18:21:05", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "3", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "213/32", "EXIF ApertureValue": "6", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "29/8", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF Flash": "80", "EXIF FocalLength": "139/10", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "2816", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "1584", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "Interoperability RelatedImageWidth": "2816", "Interoperability RelatedImageLength": "1584", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "2772", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "112640/9", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "1584000/169", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "2", "EXIF SensingMethod": "One-chip color area", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Manual Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Manual", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard"}