page_title: Karl Duncker
section_title: Achievements
hierarchical_section_title: Karl Duncker / Achievements
caption_attribution_description: Français&#160;: Le problème de la bougie. A- Composantes du problème. B- Solution
context_page_description: Karl Duncker was a German psychologist.
  Until 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka. In 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett. Later he emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Köhler’s at Swarthmore College. He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age. He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment.
context_section_description: Duncker coined the term functional fixedness in visual perception and problem solving. This describes the difficulties arising from a part of a problem which normally has a fixed function. In the problem, the fixed function must be changed to reach the perception or solution.
  In his "candle problem" the situation was defined by the objects: a box of candles, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches. The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements. The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the candle box. It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution.
  Other examples of this type of problem are:
  an electromagnet must be used as part of a pendulum
  a branch of a tree must be used as a tool
  a brick must be used a paper weight
  another meaning of a word must be found that is different from the meaning within the context of the sentence
caption: The candle problem (Karl Duncker, 1945).
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