page_title: European early modern humans
section_title: Body art
hierarchical_section_title: European early modern humans / Culture / Art / Body art
caption_attribution_description: Français&#160;: Godet à ocre, Paléolithique supérieur, provenant de la grotte de la Laugerie ( haute-Dordogne ). Musée Saint-Remi à Reims.
context_page_description: "European early modern humans" is a term for the earliest populations of anatomically modern humans in Europe, during the
  Upper Paleolithic. It is taken to include fossils from throughout the Last Glacial Maximum, covering the period of about 48,000 to 15,000 years ago, spanning the Bohunician, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian periods.
  The term EEMH is equivalent to Cro-Magnon Man, or "Cro-Magnons", a term derived from the Cro-Magnon rock shelter in southwestern France, where the first EEMH were found in 1868. Louis Lartet proposed Homo sapiens fossilis as the systematic name for "Cro-Magnon Man". W. K. Gregory proposed the subspecies name Homo sapiens cro-magnonensis. In literature published since the late 1990s, the term EEMH is generally preferred over the common name Cro-Magnon, which has no formal taxonomic status, as "it refers neither to a species or subspecies nor to an archaeological phase or culture". Use of "Cro-Magnon" is mostly restricted to times after the beginning of the Aurignacian proper, c. 37 to 35 ka.
  The oldest known EEMH fossil remains are found in Bacho Kiro cave, Bulgaria. They are dated from c. 47,000 BC. up to c. 44,000 BC.
context_section_description: EEMH are commonly associated with large pieces of pigments ("crayons"), namely made of red ochre. For EEMH, it is typically assumed that ochre was used for some symbolic purposes, most notably for cosmetics such as body paint. This is because ochre in some sites had to be imported from incredibly long distances, and it is also associated with burials. It is unclear why they specifically chose red ochre instead of other colours. In terms of colour psychology, popular hypotheses include the putative "female cosmetic coalitions" hypothesis and the "red dress effect". It is also possible that ochre was chosen for its utility, such as an ingredient for adhesives, hide tanning agent, insect repellent, sunscreen, medicinal properties, dietary supplement, or as a soft hammer. EEMH appear to have been using grinding and crushing tools to process ochre before applying it to the skin.
  In 1962, French archaeologists Saint-Just and Marthe Péquart identified bi-pointed needles in the Magdalenian Le Mas-d'Azil, which they speculated might have been used in tattooing. Hypothesised depictions of penises from most commonly the Magdalenian (though a few dating back to the Aurignacian) appear to be decorated with tattoos, scarification, and piercings. Designs include lines, plaques, dots or holes, and human or animal figures.
caption: Magdalenian ochre bowl
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