page_title: Gallipoli campaign
section_title: Graves and memorials
hierarchical_section_title: Gallipoli campaign / Aftermath / Casualties / Graves and memorials
caption_attribution_description: The Battle for Chunuk Bair was New Zealand’s most significant action in the Gallipoli Campaign. The battle, which took place from 6-10 August 1915, was part of the August Offensive, in which the Allies attempted to seize the Sari Bair heights from Turkish forces. Multiple attacks were launched from the Anzac sector. The Australian 1st Infantry Division assaulted the ridge at Lone Pine, experiencing rare Allied success in the campaign. Hill 971 was attacked by the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and an Indian brigade, but the attack stalled in the rugged terrain. Subsequent attempts to continue the assault were defeated with heavy casualties. At Chunuk Bair the Wellington Battalion, under the leadership of Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone, captured Chunuk Bair early on 8 August, but they and other New Zealand units suffered extensive losses defending it including the loss of Malone. The New Zealanders spent two days capturing the peak, and two days defending it in the face of fanatical Turkish counter-attacks. Chunuk Bair was lost two days later when the New Zealanders were relieved by British forces who were subsequently driven off the peak by a further Turkish counter-attack. Meanwhile, the attack by the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade on the Nek became a disaster. The attack was scheduled to occur on the 8 August in conjunction with an expected supporting attack by New Zealanders after they had captured Chunuk Bair. But the attack was ordered to proceed even though the New Zealanders were still battling for Chunuk Bair. The attack on the Nek, immortalized by the film Gallipoli, ended with heavy casualties in which 375 of the 600 attackers became casualties. Turkish counter-attacks re-captured most of the Allied gains of the August offensive. At Suvla, the British landings were met with resistance which delayed the British advance out from the beach-head until the main Turkish counter-attack could be launched. The British forces were driven back to the beach. Photos of memorial unveiling taken on 12 May 1925 (Archives Ref: ACGO 8333, IA1 32/3/136, R12333986). Chunuk Bair photos taken by Architect, June 1921 (Archives Ref: ACGO 8333, IA1 32/3/136, R12333986).
context_page_description: The Gallipoli campaign, also known as the Dardanelles campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of Çanakkale, was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula, from 17 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and Russia, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the straits that provided a supply route to the Russian Empire. The Allies' attack on Ottoman forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles in February 1915 failed and was followed by an amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915 to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople.
  In January 1916, after eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Entente powers and for the sponsors, especially First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. The campaign was considered a great Ottoman victory. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the history of the state, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire retreated.
context_section_description: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is responsible for permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth of Nations forces. There are 31 CWGC cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula: six at Helles (plus the only solitary grave, that of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie VC, Royal Welch Fusiliers), four at Suvla and 21 at Anzac. For many of those killed or died on hospital ships and were buried at sea, there is no known grave; their names are recorded on one of five "memorials to the missing". The Lone Pine Memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector, as well as New Zealanders with no known grave or who were buried at sea, while the Lone Pine, Hill 60 and Chunuk Bair memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at Anzac. The Twelve Tree Copse Memorial commemorates the New Zealanders killed in the Helles sector, while British, Indian and Australian troops who died there are commemorated on the Helles Memorial at Cape Helles. British naval casualties who were lost or buried at sea are listed on memorials in the United Kingdom. 
  There are three more CWGC cemeteries on the Greek island of Lemnos, the first one for the 352 Allied soldiers in Portianou, the second one for the 148 Australian and 76 New Zealander soldiers in the town of Moudros and the third one for the Ottoman soldiers (170 Egyptian and 56 Turkish soldiers). Lemnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the men who died of their wounds.
  Makeshift graves were created during the campaign, often with simple wooden crosses or markers. However, some graves were decorated more extensively, such as that of John Hancox (pictured).
  There is a French cemetery on the Gallipoli Peninsula, located at Seddülbahir.
  There are no large Ottoman/Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula but there are numerous memorials, the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial at Morto Bay, Cape Helles (near 'S' Beach), the Turkish Soldier's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open-air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn's Post (Bomba Sirt). There are a number of memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles, demonstrating the greater emphasis that Turkish historians place on the victory of 18 March over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula.
caption: 12 May 1925 – Unveiling of Chunuk Bair Memorial
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