page_title: Vineyard
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Vineyard / History
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Silenen im Weinberg. Attischer rotfiguriger Krater, um 490 v. Chr. Staatliche Antikensammlungen (Feb. 2007), Leihgabe. English: Sileni in wineyard. Attic red-figure volute-krater, ca. 490 BC. Staatliche Antikensammlungen (as of Feb. 2007), loan. Français&#160;: Silens en vendanges. Cratère à volutes attique à figures rouges, v. 490 av. J.-C. Staatliche Antikensammlungen (fév. 2007), prêt.
context_page_description: A vineyard is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture.
  A vineyard is often characterised by its terroir, a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted in the wine.
context_section_description: The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC. Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it wasn't until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe.
  In medieval Europe the Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of the Mass. During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe and vinum theologium was considered superior to all others.
  European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the Vitis vinifera grape. However, in the late 19th century, the entire species was nearly destroyed by the plant louse phylloxera accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Native American grapevines include varieties such as Vitis labrusca, which is resistant to the bug. Vitis vinifera varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of Native American varieties, although there is still no remedy for phylloxera, which remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock.
caption: Satyrs in vineyard. Attic red-figure volute-krater, ca. 490 BC, State Collections of Antiques in Munich.
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