page_title: Photonic metamaterial
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Photonic metamaterial / History
context_page_description: A photonic metamaterial, also known as an optical metamaterial, is a type of electromagnetic metamaterial, that interacts with light, covering terahertz, infrared or visible wavelengths. The materials employ a periodic, cellular structure.
  The subwavelength periodicity distinguishes photonic metamaterials from photonic band gap or photonic crystal structures. The cells are on a scale that is magnitudes larger than the atom, yet much smaller than the radiated wavelength, are on the order of nanometers.
  In a conventional material, the response to electric and magnetic fields, and hence to light, is determined by atoms. In metamaterials, cells take the role of atoms in a material that is homogeneous at scales larger than the cells, yielding an effective medium model.
  Some photonic metamaterials exhibit magnetism at high frequencies, resulting in strong magnetic coupling. This can produce a negative index of refraction in the optical range.
  Potential applications include cloaking and transformation optics.
  Photonic crystals differ from PM in that the size and periodicity of their scattering elements are larger, on the order of the wavelength.
context_section_description: While researching whether or not matter interacts with the magnetic component of light, Victor Veselago (1967) envisioned the possibility of refraction with a negative sign, according to Maxwell's equations. A refractive index with a negative sign is the result of permittivity, ε < 0 (less than zero) and magnetic permeability, μ < 0 (less than zero). Veselago's analysis has been cited in over 1500 peer reviewed articles and many books. 
  In the mid-1990s, metamaterials were first seen as potential technologies for applications such as nanometer-scale imaging and cloaking objects. As of 2015, metamaterial antennas were commercially available.
  Negative permeability was achieved with a split-ring resonator (SRR) as part of the subwavelength cell. The SRR achieved negative permeability within a narrow frequency range. This was combined with a symmetrically positioned electric conducting post, which created the first negative index metamaterial, operating in the microwave band.  Experiments and simulations demonstrated the presence of a left-handed propagation band, a left-handed material. The first experimental confirmation of negative index of refraction occurred soon after, also at microwave frequencies.
caption: A comparison of refraction in a left-handed metamaterial to that in a normal material