page_title: Willow Palisade
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Willow Palisade / History
caption_attribution_description: Français&#160;: Carte la plus generale et qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie Chinoise, et le Thibet. Dressee sur les cartes particuliers des RR PP Jesuites, par le Sr. d'Anville..., qui ya joint le pays compris entre Kashgar et la mar Caspienne, tire des geographes et des historiens orientaux English: A most general map, including China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet, based on individual maps of the Jesuit fathers. The map gives 1734 as the year, but the modern HKUST publishers say 1737 English: Fragment: Liaodong area, including all 3 sections of the Willow Palisade "D’Anville’s maps of China were based on a survey of the Chinese empire that was ordered by the emperor in 1708 and carried out by the Chinese, but under the supervision of Jesuit priests resident in China. The detail about the interior of China was far superior to any previous Western map or atlas. D’Anville’s work remained a standard Western source for the geography of China and adjacent regions until well into the 19th century, when it finally was superseded by more accurate maps." — (World Digital Library)
context_page_description: Willow Palisade was a system of ditches and embankments planted with willows intended to restrict movement into Manchuria, built by the Qing dynasty during the later 17th century. It is often conveniently divided into three connected sections: the western and eastern sections, forming the Inner Willow Palisade around Liaodong Peninsula, and the northern section, also known as the Outer Willow Palisade, separating the traditionally Manchu areas from the traditionally Mongol area north of the Inner Palisade.
context_section_description: Construction of the western section of the system (separating Liaoning from the Mongol lands in the west) is thought to have started in 1648, just four years after the fall of Beijing to the Manchus, and to have been completed before the end of the Shunzhi era (1644–62). The first gate officers were appointed in 1651-54. An expansion program, using convict labor, was undertaken in 1676-79, moving sections of the palisades 20-30 li (12–18 km) west, into the Mongol area.
  The construction of the eastern section of the system (the "Inner Willow Palisade" between Liaoning and the Manchus' Jilin) is thought to have started even before the Manchu conquest of China proper, possibly as early as 1638, and was probably completed by 1672.
  The northern section, between the Manchu and Mongol lands, was constructed ca. 1681, and therefore known as Xinbian ("The New Palisade").
  Originally, the eastern section of the system was meant to prevent the movement of Han civilians from Liaoning (where they usually were tolerated, and sometimes even were encouraged to settle) into the Manchu lands of Jilin, to pick ginseng, poach in the imperial hunting preserves, or even to settle permanently. As the palisade curved south at its eastern end, toward the mouth of the Yalu River, it was also meant to keep settlers from the Yalu River valley, which the early Qing government intended to maintain as an unpopulated "no man's land" along the Korean border.
  Similarly, the western section would keep potential Chinese settlers from occupying Yangximu pasture lands on the Mongol side of the palisade.
  Han civilians were differentiated from Han Bannermen by the Qing. The Qing settled some Han Bannermen in Jilin and Heilongjiang.
  Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han Chinese peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740-1776. Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing sold formerly Manchu only lands along the Sungari to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s according to Abbe Huc.
  The mid-18th century saw a gradual decline of the palisades system. Often, troops only guarded sections near the gates, while away from the gates one could find sections where the willows were gone, and the dikes eroded. In 1745, for example, a government censor (御史; yushi) named He Qizhong reported his concern that illegal migrants and ginseng smugglers may be crossing the palisade all too easily. By the late 18th and early 19th century the migration-control function of the palisade further diminished because of the introduction of legal migration schemes enabling Han civilian peasants to settle on certain Manchu or Mongol lands beyond both the western and eastern sections of the palisade, some of which were sponsored by Manchu and Mongol landlords interested in attracting Chinese tenant farmers on their properties.
  Between 1820 and 1860, the strip of present-day Liaoning province between the easternmost section of th
caption: All three sections of the Willow Palisade (Barriere de Pieux) on an early 18th-century French map. The eastern and western sections delimit Liaodong (Leao-Tong), and the northern sections runs to the northeast of Jilin City (Kirin Oula)
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