page_title: Flyback converter
section_title: Structure and principle
hierarchical_section_title: Flyback converter / Structure and principle
context_page_description: The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC and DC/DC conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and any outputs. The flyback converter is a buck-boost converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation. When driving for example a plasma lamp or a voltage multiplier the rectifying diode of the boost converter is left out and the device is called a flyback transformer.
context_section_description: The schematic of a flyback converter can be seen in Fig. 1. It is equivalent to that of a buck-boost converter, with the inductor split to form a transformer. Therefore, the operating principle of both converters is very similar:
  When the switch is closed (top of Fig. 2), the primary of the transformer is directly connected to the input voltage source.  The primary current and magnetic flux in the transformer increases, storing energy in the transformer. The voltage induced in the secondary winding is negative, so the diode is reverse-biased (i.e., blocked). The output capacitor supplies energy to the output load.
  When the switch is opened (bottom of Fig. 2), the primary current and magnetic flux drops.  The secondary voltage is positive, forward-biasing the diode, allowing current to flow from the transformer.  The energy from the transformer core recharges the capacitor and supplies the load.
  The operation of storing energy in the transformer before transferring to the output of the converter allows the topology to easily generate multiple outputs with little additional circuitry, although the output voltages have to be able to match each other through the turns ratio. Also there is a need for a controlling rail which has to be loaded before load is applied to the uncontrolled rails, this is to allow the PWM to open up and supply enough energy to the transformer.
caption: Fig. 2: The two configurations of a flyback converter in operation: In the on-state, the energy is transferred from the input voltage source to the transformer (the output capacitor supplies energy to the output load). In the off-state, the energy is transferred from the transformer to the output load (and the output capacitor).