page_title: Interchange (road)
section_title: Hybrid four-way interchanges
hierarchical_section_title: Interchange (road) / System interchange / Four-way interchanges / Hybrid four-way interchanges
caption_attribution_description: The area around entrance of the en:Cross Harbour Tunnel, en:Hong Kong in the 1970's.
context_page_description: In the field of road transport, an interchange is a road junction that uses grade separation, and typically one or more ramps, to permit traffic on at least one highway to pass through the junction without interruption from other crossing traffic streams. It differs from a standard intersection, where roads cross at grade. Interchanges are almost always used when at least one road is a controlled-access highway or a limited-access divided highway, though they are sometimes used at junctions between surface streets.
context_section_description: Hybrid interchanges use a mixture of interchange types and are not uncommon. Their construction can consist of multiple interchange designs such as loop ramps, flyovers and roundabouts.
  Divided volleyball interchanges create a wide median between the carriageways of the two interchanging highways, using this space for connecting ramps.
  Full diamond interchanges are large, multi-level interchanges that use flyover/under ramps to handle both right and left turns. One example is the junction of Interstate 40 and I-44 in Oklahoma City.
  On interchanges with U-turns, traffic intending to complete a left turn must either pass the interchange, make a U-turn and then exit right, or exit right first and then make a U-turn.
  There is a rarely used, unnamed type of interchange using a grade-separated design, similar to the at-grade design known as a "synchronized split-phasing intersection". It is somewhat like the diverging windmill except that left turn exits use left directional ramps, which, as with the diverging windmill, merge on the left. One such interchange formerly existed between Interstate 95 and I-695 north of Baltimore, which has since been replaced by a four-level stack. There are few of these "synchronized split-phasing" interchanges, including one in Birmingham, Alabama, between I-65 and I-20/I-59, locally called Malfunction Junction (33.521505°N 86.826564°W). Another is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between the Eastern Ring Road and the Southern Ring Road (24.630868°N 46.803215°E). A variation of this type exists in Grand Rapids, Michigan, between Interstate 196 and US 131, where only the opposing carriageways of US 131 cross over each other, while the carriageways for I-196 do not cross over, but pass through the interchange on different levels. Another variation of this type exists in Charlotte, North Carolina, between I-77 and I-85, where only the opposing carriageways of I-77 cross over each other; there are loop ramps from I-77 northbound to I-85 southbound and also from I-77 southbound to I-85 northbound.
  The junction of the Ontario Highway 420 and Queen Elizabeth Way is a hybrid of a partial cloverleaf interchange and a Semi-directional T interchange. The five parclo ramps provide almost all directional movements, though the QEW off-ramps meet Highway 420 at at-grade intersections. These at-grade connections can be bypassed as the interchange has an additional pair of flyover ramps that arc from south to east and the opposite movement from west to north, directing Fort Erie-bound QEW traffic onto Highway 420 eastbound and westbound Highway 420 traffic onto the Toronto-bound QEW, respectively, and another set of flyover ramps that arc from north to east and west to south, linking Toronto-bound QEW traffic to Highway 420 eastbound and Highway 420 westbound to the Fort Erie-bound QEW, respectively.
caption: Hybrid interchange near Cross-Harbour Tunnel, Hong Kong Island side, Hong Kong. Circa 1970. 22°16′52″N 114°10′49″E﻿ / ﻿22.281189°N 114.180189°E﻿ / 22.281189; 114.180189
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