page_title: Veitel Heine Ephraim
section_title: Mint activities
hierarchical_section_title: Veitel Heine Ephraim / Mint activities
caption_attribution_description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Berlin, Nikolaiviertel, "Ephraimpalais", Fernsehturm ADN-ZB Lehmann 13.2.90 Berlin: Wie wär's mit einem Bummel durch das Nikolaiviertel? Zahlreiche Restaurants und Sehenswürdigkeiten wie das Ephraimpalais - Berlins "schönste Ecke" (Bildmitte) - und der Fernsehturm laden zu einem Besuch ein.
context_page_description: Veitel Heine Ephraim, 1703 – 16 May 1775 in Berlin) was jeweller to the Prussian Court, a silk entrepreneur in Potsdam, the chairman of the Jewish congregation in Berlin/Prussia, and since 1756 Mintmaster in Saxony and from 1758 also in Prussia. During the Seven Years' War Frederick the Great devalued the Prussian coin five times in order to finance the war; debased coins were produced with the help from Ephraim and Daniel Itzig, and spread outside Prussia: in Saxony, Poland, and Kurland. Ephraim and his companion Itzig became infamous for adding copper, up to 70%, into the fake coins, known as Ephraimiten. The coin fraud of the entrepreneurs became an existential element of war financing. Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann, Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky and Leendert Pieter de Neufville rivalled Ephraim's exchange business.
context_section_description: After Graumann's fall in early 1755, Veitel Ephraim and his brother-in-law Moses Fränkel leased the Königsberger mint. Their success was so great that under similar conditions they were given the lease of the mint of Cleves, where one of Ephraim's sons became in charge on 16 August. In October 1755 he leased the mint facility in Aurich. On 21 November 1756 Ephraim offered the king a seignorage of 20% for leasing the Leipzig mint facility. In Poland, Russia, and Hungary the so-called buyers of entrepreneurs traded the debased coins for the better coins circulating there and delivered them to their clients, Ephraim and Itzig. 
  They used their extensive business and relational foreign relations to acquire the necessary gold and silver in Holland, especially on the Amsterdam market, in England and in Hamburg by means of Hamburg and Dutch exchange. Another way to raise money was to remelt gold subsidies received from England and to double and triple them by mixing them with other metals. 
  The revenue from the impact of the coin transactions from 1759 to 1762 exceeded 29 million Thaler and thus, for example, the amount of British subsidies. On 28 January 1764, Frederick the Great Itzig and Ephraim ordered that they invest the great assets they had earned in the Prussian economy. Ephraim left a fortune when he died; he is buried at the Jüdischer Friedhof (Berlin-Mitte).
caption: Berlin, Nikolaiviertel, Ephraimpalais
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