page_title: Swedish language
section_title: Old Norse
hierarchical_section_title: Swedish language / History / Old Norse
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Ungefähre Verbreitungen der Sprachräume der altnordische Sprache und die anderen germanischen Sprachen im frühen 10. Jahrhundert. &#160;&#160; Altwestnordisch &#160;&#160; Altostnordisch (Altdänisch und Altschwedisch) &#160;&#160; Altgutnisch &#160;&#160; Altenglisch (Westgermanisch) &#160;&#160; Andere westgermanische Sprachen, denen Altnordisch wechselseitig verständlich war (Altfriesisch, Altsächsisch, Altniederländisch, Althochdeutsch). &#160;&#160; Krimgotisch (Ostgermanisch) English: The approximate extent of Old Norse and other Germanic languages in the early 10th century. &#160;&#160; Old West Norse &#160;&#160; Old East Norse &#160;&#160; Old Gutnish &#160;&#160; Old English (West Germanic) &#160;&#160; Continental West Germanic languages, with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility (viz. Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old Dutch, Old High German). &#160;&#160; Crimean Gothic (East Germanic) See also: Template:Old Norse language map - a template on the English Wikipedia containing this map and key. Esperanto: En la supra mapo pri la lingvodisdivido ĉirkaŭ la Norda Maro dum la jaro 900, la ruĝa kaj oranĝa koloroj estas la okcidenta kaj orienta varioj de la norena lingvo, violkoloras la gotlanda lingvo, flavas la anglosaksa en Britio, kaj inter la verdaj areoj estas la restaj varioj de la ĝermana lingvo, kun multe da saksa kaj marborde iom la frisa lingvoj en hodiaŭa norda Germanio kaj Nederlando. Krome bluas la krimee gota lingvo. Français&#160;: Distribution géographique approximative du vieux norrois et des langues apparentées au début du Xe siècle. En rouge, le dialecte du scandinave occidental (ou vieux norrois proprement dit), en orange, le dialecte du scandinave oriental, en rose, le vieux utnisk, en jaune, le vieil anglais, et en vert, les autres langues germaniques avec lesquelles le vieux norrois conservait une certaine intercompréhension. En bleu, le dialecte gotique de Crimée. Italiano: Distribuzione geografica dell'antico norreno e delle lingue ad esso collegate all'inizio del X secolo. &#160;&#160; Dialetto occidentale &#160;&#160; Dialetto orientale &#160;&#160; Gutnico antico &#160;&#160; Antico inglese &#160;&#160; Lingua gotica di Crimea &#160;&#160; Altre lingue germaniche con cui si ritiene che l'antico norreno abbia una certa mutua intelligibilità(es. antico frisone, antico sassone, antico olandese o l'alto tedesco antico). Nederlands: Waarschijnlijke verspreiding van het Oudnoords en verwante talen in de vroege 10e eeuw. Het rode gebied omvat het Oudwestnoords; het oranje gebied het Oudoostnoords. In het roze gebied werd Oudgutnisch gesproken, op Gotland en Fårö in de Oostzee, in het gele gebied het Oudengels, en het groene gebied toont andere West-Germaanse talen met welke het Oudnoords nog steeds onderling te begrijpen was. Het blauwe gebied toont de verbreiding van het Krim-Gotisch dialect. Norsk bokmål: Utbredelsen av norrønt og beslektede språk på 900-tallet. Det røde feltet viser utbredelsen av dialekten vestnordisk, orange av østnordisk, rosa av gammalgutnisk, blått av krimgotisk [1], gult av gammelengelsk [2] og grønt av andre germanske språk som fremdeles bar preg av stor likhet med de eldre nordiske språk. Русский: Примерные пределы распространения древнескандинавского языка и родственных ему языков в X веке. Красным выделена область распространения западного древнескандинавского диалекта, оранжевым — восточного древнескандинавского. Розовым и зелёным цветами выделены области распространения других германских языков, с которыми древнескандинавский ещё сохранял значительное взаимопонимание. Область синего цвета показывает распространение крымско-готского диалекта. Српски / srpski: Raspostranjenost različitih germanskih jezika u Evropi u 10. vijeku. Crvena boja predstavlja oblasti u kojima se govorio zapadno nordijski. Narandžasta boja predstavlja oblasti u kojima se govorio istočno nordijski dok zelena i ljubičasta boja predstavljaju ostale germanske jezike. Svenska: Utbredningen av fornnordiska och därmed besläktade språk på 900-talet e.Kr. De röda fälten visar utbredningen av den västnordiska dialekten, orange av östnordiskan och rosa av gammalgutniskan. De gröna fälten visar utbredningen av andra germanska språk som fortfarande bär stor likhet med de fornnordiska språken, och gula fält är gammalengelska. Det blå fältet visar utbredningen av den krimgotiska dialekten. Українська: Приблизні межі поширення давньоскандинавської мови та споріднених їй мов у X ст. Червоним виділена область поширення західного давньоскандинавського діалекту, помаранчевим — східного давньоскандинавського. Рожевим і зеленим кольорами виділено області поширення інших ґерманських мов, з якими давньоскандинавська ще зберігала значе взаєморозуміння. Область синього кольору показує поширення кримськоґотської мови.
context_page_description: Swedish is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, although the degree of mutual intelligibility is largely dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. Written Norwegian and Danish are usually more easily understood by Swedish speakers than the spoken languages, due to the differences in tone, accent and intonation. Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It has the most speakers of the North Germanic languages.
  Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized.
  The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, which means that the finite verb (V) appears in the second position of a declarative main clause.
context_section_description: In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish, while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of phonemes, such as the rune for the vowel u, which was also used for the vowels o, ø and y, and the rune for i, also used for e.
  From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses, ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland, Österbotten and northwestern Finland in the north.
  An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é, as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin. There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr. Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, close ø, as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish-speaking area as well, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas.
caption: The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:   Old West Norse dialect   Old East Norse dialect   Old Gutnish   Old English   Crimean Gothic   Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
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