page_title: Trona Pinnacles
section_title: Geology
hierarchical_section_title: Trona Pinnacles / Geology
caption_attribution_description: English: A close-up of one of the major clusters of pinnacles. June 2018.
context_page_description: The Trona Pinnacles are an unusual geological feature in the California Desert National Conservation Area. The landscape consists of more than 500 tufa spires, some as high as 140 feet, rising from the bed of the Searles Lake basin. The pinnacles vary in size and shape from short and squat to tall and thin, and are composed primarily of calcium carbonate. They now sit isolated and slowly crumbling away near the south end of the valley, surrounded by many square miles of flat, dried mud and with stark mountain ranges at either side.
context_section_description: During the Pleistocene, massive runoff spilled from the Sierra Nevada into a chain of inland seas. The system of interconnected lakes stretched from Mono Lake to Death Valley and included Searles Lake.
  Deep beneath Searles Lake, calcium-rich groundwater and alkaline lake water combined to grow tufa formations.  Similar (modern) formations can be found today at Mono Lake to the north.
  Known as tufa pinnacles, these strange shapes formed underwater 10,000 to 100,000 years ago. The pinnacles did not all form at the same time. They are divided by age and elevation into three groups. The groups are dubbed the northern, middle, and southern groups because they formed during three ice ages.
  The northern group is the youngest at 11,000 to 25,000 years old. These are the best examples of what are known as tufa towers. The northern group also include shapes called tombstones, ridges and cones. The small middle group claims only 100 spires, but boasts the tallest "tower", rising 140 feet (43 m). The southern group, includes 200 tufa formations aged 32,000 to 100,000 years old.
  People have historically given names to the strange forms. These ancient spires were once dubbed "Cathedral City". Geologically, the pinnacles are classified into four general shapes. Towers are taller than they are wide and rise 30–40 feet (9–12 m). Tombstones are stubby and squat and rise 20–30 feet (6–9 m). Most tombstones are in the northern-most tufa formations. Ridges are massive toothy tufa ruins. Trona has three ridges, one in the northern tufa cluster and two in the middle group. One ridge is 800 feet (240 m) long and 500 feet (150 m) wide and 140 feet (43 m) tall. Cones are less than 10 feet (3 m) tall. Dumpy and mounded, cone shapes lie scattered throughout the Trona Pinnacles.
caption: A close-up of one of the major clusters of pinnacles. June 2018.
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