page_title: Public bookcase
section_title: Origin
hierarchical_section_title: Public bookcase / Origin
caption_attribution_description: This file was uploaded with Commonist. This picture as been uploaded as part of L'Été des régions Wikipédia. বাংলা&#160;| brezhoneg&#160;| English&#160;| français&#160;| македонски&#160;| +/− Deux cabines téléphoniques reconverties en microbibliothèque, à Giromagny.
context_page_description: A public bookcase is a cabinet which may be freely and anonymously used for the exchange and storage of books without the formalities associated with libraries. When in public places these cabinets are of a robust and weatherproof design which are available at all times. However, cabinets installed in public or commercial buildings may be simple, unmodified book-shelves and may only be available during certain periods.
context_section_description: Closely allied with the BookCrossing concept, the original public bookcases were conceived as artistic acts. Very early examples are the creations of performance artist duo Clegg & Guttmann in 1991. Collections of bookcases were conceived as "free open-air libraries" in Darmstadt and Hannover in Germany in the late 1990s.
  In 2002, the Bonn Community Foundation awarded Trixy Royeck funding for her idea "outdoor books – books in the open" which she submitted while studying interior design in Mainz and since this time the concept has been widely replicated. A public bookcase opened in 2010 in Vienna, Austria. In Basel, Switzerland, where many coffee shops and other venues host open bookshelves, a public bookcase was unveiled in June 2011.
  Open bookcases are financed by a wide range of organisations (individuals, foundations, Lions Clubs, civic associations, and so on). Visitors to the bookcases decide which books to deposit and borrow, and whether to return or exchange borrowed books for others.
caption: Street library, made with a telephone booth, at Giromagny, France.
exif: {"Image ImageDescription": "b'Deux cabines t\\xe9l\\xe9pho, ... ]", "Image Make": "NIKON CORPORATION", "Image Model": "NIKON D7100", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "300", "Image YResolution": "300", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "DxO Optics Pro 9.5.2", "Image DateTime": "2017:08:17 15:45:47", "Image Artist": "Thomas Bresson", "Image Copyright": "Thomas Bresson", "Image ExifOffset": "440", "GPS GPSVersionID": "[2, 2, 0, 0]", "GPS GPSLatitudeRef": "N", "GPS GPSLatitude": "[47, 44, 62876/2081]", "GPS GPSLongitudeRef": "E", "GPS GPSLongitude": "[6, 49, 51079/1298]", "GPS GPSAltitudeRef": "0", "GPS GPSAltitude": "470", "GPS GPSTimeStamp": "[13, 45, 47]", "GPS GPSMapDatum": "WGS-84", "GPS GPSDate": "2017:08:17", "Image GPSInfo": "23746", "Image Tag 0x9216": "[1, 0, 0, 0]", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "24066", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "16576", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/200", "EXIF FNumber": "28/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Aperture Priority", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "100", "EXIF Tag 0x882A": "2", "EXIF SensitivityType": "Recommended Exposure Index", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2017:08:17 15:45:47", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2017:08:17 15:45:47", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "477741/62500", "EXIF ApertureValue": "99417/20000", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "5", "EXIF SubjectDistance": "71/20", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF LightSource": "Fine weather", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "16", "EXIF SubSecTime": "30", "EXIF SubSecTimeOriginal": "30", "EXIF SubSecTimeDigitized": "30", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "3279", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "4610", "EXIF SensingMethod": "One-chip color area", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CVAPattern": "[2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2]", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Manual", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "24", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF GainControl": "None", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF SubjectDistanceRange": "0"}