page_title: Bishophill
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Bishophill / History
caption_attribution_description: English: Baile Hill The Old Baile ..... tree clad site of the first York Castle motte 1068-69
context_page_description: Bishophill is an area of central York, in England. It lies within the city walls and has been occupied since at least the Roman period.
context_section_description: The area was probably occupied in the pre-Roman period, and a few artifacts of the period have been found nearby, outside the present walls.  In the Roman era, it was the site of the principal civil built-up area of Eboracum, which later became a colonia.  The site had defences and some stone buildings, remains of which have been excavated in the churchyard of the former St Mary Bishophill Senior.  George Pace suggested that the church may have been on the site of a Romano-British cathedral, but there is no evidence for this.
  Following the Roman withdrawal, the history of the area is obscure until the construction of St Mary Bishophill Junior in the 10th-century, a large stone building for the period.  Following the Norman Conquest, Baile Hill was built up at the south of the Bishophill area, with one of the city's two castles atop.  A bailey with earth ramparts lay to its north west; the castle may also have had its own mill.  However, after Clifford's Tower on the other bank of the River Ouse was rebuilt in stone, the castle was allowed to decay, some of its defences being incorporated into the city walls. By the 14th-century, the current line of the city walls had been developed, and in the 15th-century, the site was handed over to the city corporation and used for sports. Meanwhile, wharves were developed along the riverside, notably Queen's Staith, which opened in 1660, and warehouses were built.  Over time, more houses were constructed in the area; the most significant was Buckingham House, home of Lord Fairfax.  In 1667, the Friends' Burial Ground was created, and Ann Middleton's Hospital was founded in 1659.
  A small number of buildings from the late Mediaeval period and 17th-century survive in Bishophill; aside from St Mary Bishophill Junior, and the walls, these include 29 Trinity Lane, Cransfields on St Martin's Lane, Old Rectory on Victor Street.  Other important early buildings were demolished in the 20th-century.  The Old Warehouse on Skeldergate, dating from the 17th-century, was demolished in 1970, and the Plumbers' Arms, built about 1575, was rebuilt as the Cock and Bottle in 1964.
  The early-18th century was a period of decline for the area; several houses were demolished and replaced with orchards.  This changed in 1756, when the City Corporation began designating building plots, the first at the north side of Bishophill Junior.  In 1765, the architect John Carr built his own house on Skeldergate, which survived until 1945.  56 Skeldergate was built in the 1770s, probably by Carr, and survives.
  A gaol was built in the 1800s on what is now Cromwell Road; the Skeldergate Postern in the city wall was demolished to provide better access, but the public outcry led to the start of preservation efforts, and instead of further demolition, a new archway was constructed.  Access to the area was further improved by the construction of Victoria Bar gate in the walls in 1838, and the replacement of the Skeldergate ferry with Skeldergate Bridge.
  Development of the area continued through the 19th-century, with the second half of the century seeing much of the remaining open area covered with small terrace housing.  Notable buildings of the period include the warehouses on Queen's Staith and the Bonding Warehouse on Skeldergate.  The large Emperor's Wharf was devoted to the transshipment of timber but, by the end of the century, seagoing ships docked further downstream.  Away from the river, the former sawmill at 52 Skeldergate and the Golden Ball pub are key survivals.  A community cooperative took over the Golden Ball in 2012, as the owners sought to retire.  Many 19th-century churches survive, including the former Victoria Bar Primitive Methodist Chapel, Wesley Chapel on Priory Street, and St Columba's Presbyterian Church.
  In the twentieth century, slum clearance took place in the area, many smaller properties being replaced by low-rise flats and maisonettes. Plans to erect a multi-storey car park in the centre of the district were opposed by a newly-formed residents' association and were subsequently abandoned.
caption: Baile Hill and the city walls
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