page_title: Extreme ultraviolet lithography
hierarchical_section_title: Extreme ultraviolet lithography
context_page_description: Extreme ultraviolet lithography is a lithography technology using a range of extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, roughly spanning a 2% FWHM bandwidth about 13.5 nm.
  While EUV technology is available for mass production, 53 machines worldwide capable of producing wafers using the technique were delivered since Q1 2018, while 201 immersion lithography systems were delivered during the same period. Issues that make EUV adoption difficult are tool costs, tool uptime and stochastic phenomena. The latest NXE:3400 tools have been equipped with lower pupil fill capability for better imaging, but this leads to lower productivity due to limited use of the exposure field.
context_section_description: Extreme ultraviolet lithography (also known as EUV or EUVL) is a lithography technology using a range of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths, roughly spanning a 2% FWHM bandwidth about 13.5 nm. 
  While EUV technology is available for mass production, 53 machines worldwide capable of producing wafers using the technique were delivered since Q1 2018, while 201 immersion lithography systems were delivered during the same period. Issues that make EUV adoption difficult are tool costs (ASML's EUV scanners can cost up to US$120 Million), tool uptime and stochastic phenomena. The latest NXE:3400 tools have been equipped with lower pupil fill capability for better imaging, but this leads to lower productivity due to limited use of the exposure field.
caption: Image formation mechanism in EUV lithography. Top: EUV multilayer and absorber (purple) constituting mask pattern for imaging a line. Bottom: EUV radiation (red) reflected from the mask pattern is absorbed in the resist (yellow) and substrate (brown), producing photoelectrons and secondary electrons (blue). These electrons increase the extent of chemical reactions in the resist. A secondary electron pattern that is random in nature is superimposed on the optical image. The unwanted secondary electron exposure results in loss of resolution, observable line edge roughness and linewidth variation.