page_title: Salamander
section_title: References
hierarchical_section_title: Salamander / References
caption_attribution_description: salamander in the Redwoods in Northern California.
context_page_description: Salamanders are amphibians. They are the order Caudata. There are about 500 different species.
  Salamanders live in water and on land, and look rather like lizards, with four legs and a tail. They hatch as larvae from eggs in the water. At that stage, they have gills that stick out.
  Most salamanders live on land when they are adults, after their change of shape. On land, salamanders live in moist habitats. Their method of respiration varies. Some salamanders stay in the water, but look like adults. These are called newts. Some salamanders retain gills into sexual maturity, such as the Axolotl. This process is called neoteny.
  Often, salamanders may have a chemical defence to predators; they are poisonous to eat. In this case, they will have warning colouration. Otherwise, if not poisonous, they will usually have camouflage.
  Salamanders are the only tetrapods able to regenerate limbs, as well as other body parts.
context_section_description: San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences, Marina Alcobendas, Rafael Zardoya and Axel Meyer (May 2005). "Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea". American Naturalist 165:  590-599.
  Anderson, J. S. (2012). "Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of Salamandroidea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (15):  5557–5558. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202491109. PMC 3326514. PMID 22460794.
  Cogger, Harold G. (ed) 1998. Encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  "Trichromatic color vision in the salamander (Salamandra salamandra)".
  James R Monaghan1 et al. 2009. Microarray and cDNA sequence analysis of transcription during nerve-dependent limb regeneration. BMC Biology 7:1 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-7-1
caption: Salamander with camouflage
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