page_title: Timeline of meteorology
section_title: 20th century
hierarchical_section_title: Timeline of meteorology / 20th century
caption_attribution_description: English: First television image of Earth from space. Taken from TIROS-1. Deutsch: Erstes Fernsehbild von aus dem Weltraum. Aufgenommen von TIROS-1. Русский: Первое изображение телевидения земли от космоса. Português: Primeira imagem da televisão da terra do espaço. Español: Primera imagen en televisión de la Tierra vista desde el espacio, tomada desde el satélite TIROS-1. Italiano: Prima immagine della televisione di terra da spazio. Nederlands: Eerste televisiebeeld van Aarde van ruimte. Français&#160;: Première image de télévision de la terre de l'espace. Ελληνικά: Πρώτη τηλεοπτική εικόνα της γης από το διάστημα. العربية: الاولى التلفزيون صورة الأرض من الفضاء. 中文: 第一次看电视的形象，从地球上的空间。 日本語: 最初のテレビの画像から地球のスペースが必要です。 한국어: 우주에서 지구 첫 텔레비전의 이미지입니다.
context_page_description: The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of atmospheric sciences. The most notable advancements in observational meteorology, weather forecasting, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics are listed chronologically. Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change
context_section_description: 1902 – Richard Assmann and Léon Teisserenc de Bort, two European scientists, independently discovered the stratosphere.
  - The Marconi Company issues the first routine weather forecast by means of radio to ships on sea. Weather reports from ships started 1905.
  1903 – Max Margules publishes „Über die Energie der Stürme", an essay on the atmosphere as a three-dimensional thermodynamical machine.
  1904 – Vilhelm Bjerknes presents the vision that forecasting the weather is feasible based on mathematical methods.
  1905 – Australian Bureau of Meteorology established by a Meteorology Act to unify existing state meteorological services.
  1919 – Norwegian cyclone model introduced for the first time in meteorological literature.  Marks a revolution in the way the atmosphere is conceived and immediately starts leading to improved forecasts.
  - Sakuhei Fujiwhara is the first to note that hurricanes move with the larger scale flow, and later publishes a paper on the Fujiwhara effect in 1921.
  1920 – Milutin Milanković proposes that long term climatic cycles may be due to changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and changes in the Earth's obliquity.
  1922 – Lewis Fry Richardson organises the first numerical weather prediction experiment.
  1923 – The oscillation effects of ENSO were first erroneously described by Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker from whom the Walker circulation takes its name; now an important aspect of the Pacific ENSO phenomenon.
  1924 – Gilbert Walker first coined the term "Southern Oscillation".
  1930, January 30 – Pavel Molchanov invents and launches the first radiosonde.  Named "271120", it was released 13:44 Moscow Time in Pavlovsk, USSR from the Main Geophysical Observatory, reached a height of 7.8 kilometers measuring temperature there (−40.7 °C) and sent the first aerological message to the Leningrad Weather Bureau and Moscow Central Forecast Institute.
  1932 – A further modification of Luke Howard's cloud classification system comes when an IMC commission for the study of clouds puts forward a refined and more restricted definition of the genus nimbus which is effectively reclassified as a stratiform cloud type. It is renamed nimbostratus (flattened or spread out rain cloud) and published with the new name in the 1932 edition of the International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky.  This leaves cumulonimbus as the only nimbiform type as indicated by its root-name.
  1933 – Victor Schauberger publishes his theories on the carbon cycle and its relationship to the weather in Our Senseless Toil
  1935 – IMO decides on the 30 years normal period (1900–1930) to describe the climate.
  1937 – The U.S. Army Air Forces Weather Service was established (redesignated in 1946 as AWS-Air Weather Service).
  1938 – Guy Stewart Callendar first to propose global warming from carbon dioxide emissions.
  1939 – Rossby waves were first identified in the atmosphere by Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby who explained their motion. Rossby waves are a subset of inertial waves.
  1941 – Pulsed radar network is implemented in England during World War II. Generally during the war, operators started noticing echoes from weather elements such as rain and snow.
  1943 – 10 years after flying into the Washington Hoover Airport on mainly instruments during the August 1933 Chesapeake-Potomac hurricane, J. B. Duckworth flies his airplane into a Gulf hurricane off the coast of Texas, proving to the military and meteorological community the utility of weather reconnaissance.
  1944 – The Great Atlantic Hurricane is caught on radar near the Mid-Atlantic coast, the first such picture noted from the United States.
  1947 – The Soviet Union launched its first Long Range Ballistic Rocket October 18, based on the German rocket A4 (V-2). The photographs demonstrated the immense potential of observing weather from space.
  1948 – First correct tornado prediction by Robert C. Miller and E. J. Fawbush for tornado in Oklahoma.
  – Erik Palmén publishes his findings that hurricanes require surface water temperatures of at least 26°C (80°F) in order to form.
  1950 – First successful numerical
caption: The first television image of Earth from space from the TIROS-1 weather satellite.
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