page_title: Henry Hawley
section_title: Life
hierarchical_section_title: Henry Hawley / Life
caption_attribution_description: English: West Green House, Hartley Wintney, Hampshire
context_page_description: Lieutenant General Henry Hawley was a British army officer who served in the wars of the first half of the 18th century. He fought in a number of significant battles, including Dettingen in 1743 and Fontenoy in 1745.
  During the Jacobite rising of 1745, he was recalled to Britain, appointed military commander in Scotland and in January 1746, defeated at Falkirk Muir. He commanded the government cavalry under Cumberland at Culloden in April, a victory that ended the Rising.
  He returned to Flanders in July and in 1748 was appointed Governor of Inverness; in 1752, he became Governor of Portsmouth, near his home in Hartley Wintney, where he died in March 1759.
  Although Hawley was a courageous and capable commander of cavalry, he was also a strict disciplinarian, referred to by contemporaries as 'Hangman Hawley' or 'Lord Chief Justice.' While this referred to his disciplinary methods, there is evidence he bears some responsibility for the killing of Jacobite wounded after Culloden.
context_section_description: Henry Hawley (1685-1759) was born in Westminster, London and baptised on 12 January 1685 at St Martin-in-the-Fields. His father Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Hawley (1653-1692) was related to the Hawley baronets and married Judith Hughes (1659-1735) in 1684. They had four children, Henry, Edward (ca 1686-after 1724), Anne (ca 1690-after 1762) and an unknown son who died young.
  Walter Scott's suggestion Henry was an illegitimate son of George II (1683-1760) has been dismissed by historians. If true, George would have fathered him at the age of two, thirty years before his first visit to England.
  Francis was killed at the August 1692 Battle of Steenkerque, leaving his family penniless. In 1694, his half-brother Thomas Erle (1650-1720) made Henry an ensign in his regiment, despite being only nine years old. Commissions were then considered private assets, that could be used as an investment or to provide an income; their award to children was later discouraged, but drawing pay and delegating duties to a substitute remained a common practice. His brother Edward also received a commission and his mother was given a pension.
  Hawley never married but had a long-term relationship with Elizabeth Toovey, mentioned in his will as being 'for many years my friend, companion, and often my careful nurse.' Her second son Captain William Toovey became his heir and took Hawley's name after his death in March 1759; it is suggested he may have been Hawley's son.
caption: West Green House, built by Hawley in 1720, using profits from the capture of Vigo
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