generate questions: The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
When did the Northern Crusades happen? {sep_token} Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades? {sep_token} Following the crusades which country was dominated? {sep_token} What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?