generate questions: Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.
Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred to as what? {sep_token} Female sex hormones are immunostimulators of which immune responses? {sep_token} What is an autoimmune disease that affects women preferentially? {sep_token} What is the effect of testosterone on the male immune system?