`  == Treaty of Lahore ==  The Treaty of Lahore of March 9, 1846, was a peace treaty marking the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty was concluded, for the British, by the Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge and two officers of the East India Company and, for the Sikhs, by the seven year old Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur and seven members of the Lahore Durbar acting on his behalf.  The terms of the Treaty were punitive.  Sikh territory was reduced to a fraction of its former size, losing Jammu, Kashmir, Hazara, the territory to the south of the river Sutlej and the forts and territory in the Jalandhar Doab between the rivers Sutlej and BeasArticles 2, 3 and 4.  In addition, controls were placed on the size of the Lahore army and thirty-six field guns were confiscatedArticles 7 and 8. The control of the rivers Sutlej and Beas and part of the Indus passed to the British, with the proviso that this was not to interfere with the passage of passenger boats owned by the Lahore GovernmentArticle 9. Also, provision was made for the separate sale of Kashmir by the East India Company at a later date to Gulab Singh, the Raja of JammuArticle 12.  ==The Anglo-Sikh Treaties of 1846== ===Background=== Maharaja Ranjit Singh Sukerchakia had made Lahore the capital of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab, which he built up between 1799 and his death in 1839.  After his death, factions and assassinations destroyed the unity of the StateAll About Sikhs The Causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War, causing alarm to the British because it weakened the buffer against the perceived threat of invasion from the north.  Provocative acts by both the British and the Sikhs escalated tension and, on December 13, 1845, Hardinge issued a proclamation declaring war on the SikhsAll About Sikhs The First Anglo-Sikh War.  The course of the First Anglo-Sikh War is described in detail in the article on that subject. The British came very near to defeat at the Battle of Ferozeshah, but were eventually victorious and, after the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Sobraon, the British marched unopposed into Lahore on February 20, 1846Punjab - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 20, p. 273..  ===The Peace Treaty=== The peace treaty was negotiated and drafted by Frederick Currie, assisted on military aspects by Brevet-Major Henry Lawrence, acting under powers vested in them by Hardinge.  The text is given later in this article.  Currie's diplomatic skills so impressed Hardinge that the home authorities rewarded him with a baronetcy in January 1847Currie Baronets.  On March 11, 1846, two days after the signing of the Treaty, a supplement, comprising eight Articles of Agreement, was signed by the same parties.  It provided that a British force would remain in Lahore until no longer than the end of the year ``for the purpose of protecting the person of the Maharajah and the inhabitants of the City of Lahore, during the reorganization of the Sikh Army``.  This supplementary agreement was at the request of the Lahore Durbar. The Lahore army would vacate the City, convenient quarters would be provided for the British troops and the Lahore Government would pay the extra expensesArticle 1 to 4 of the supplementary Agreement.  The Agreement also provided that the British would respect the bona fide rights of jagirdars in the Lahore territories and would assist the Lahore Government in recovering the arrears of revenue justly due to the Lahore Government from the kardarskardar: an official entrusted with the collection of tax and managers in the territories ceded by the provisions of Articles 3 and 4 of the TreatyArticles 5 and 6 of the supplementary Agreement.  ===The Treaty of Amritsar=== The British demanded payment of 15 million rupeesthese were Nanak Shahi Rupaiya, the main currency of the Sikh Empire, named after the first Guru of the Sikhs (one and a half crore) as reparations for the cost of the war.  As the Lahore Government was unable to pay the whole of this sum immediately, it ceded some of the territories mentioned above, including Hazara and Kashmir, as equivalent to 10 million rupees (one crore).  The Maharaja was also required to pay 6 million rupees (60 lakhs) immediatelyArticles 4 and 5 of the Treaty.  The British then sold Kashmir to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for 7.5 million rupees (75 lakhs). The treaty of sale was concluded on March 16, 1846, in the Treaty of Amritsar and signed by Gulab Singh, Hardinge, Currie and LawrenceKashmir Legal Documents Treaty of Amritsar. Gulab Singh thus became the founder and first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.  ===The Treaty of Bhyroval=== The supplementary Articles of Agreement had specified that the British troops would remain in Lahore until no later than the end of 1846. When the time approached for the British to leave, the Durbar requested that the troops should remain until the Maharaja attained the age of 16. The British consented to this and new articles of agreement were drawn up, forming the Treaty of BhyrovalAll About Sikhs The Treaty of Bhyroval.  This was signed on December 26, 1846, by Currie, Lawrence and 13 members of the Durbar and later ratified by Hardinge and the young Maharaja.  A key condition of the British agreement was that a Resident British officer, with an efficient establishment of assistants, was to be appointed by the Governor-General to remain at Lahore, with ``full authority to direct and control all matters in every Department of the State``Article 2 of the Treaty of Bhyroval. The Regent, Maharani Jindan Kaur, mother of the Maharaja, was awarded an annual pension of 150,000 rupees  and replaced by a Council of Regency composed of leading Chiefs and Sirdars acting under the control and guidance of the British ResidentArticles 4, 5 and 10 of the Treaty of Bhyroval.  This effectively gave the British control of the Government.  ==The Text of the 1846 Treaty of Lahore== Treaty between the British Government and the State of Lahore - 1846All About Sikhs The Lahore Treaty of 1846The British Library, India Office Records:  {{quote|``Whereas the treaty of amity and concord, which was concluded between the British government and the late Maharajah Runjeet Sing, the ruler of Lahore, in 1809, was broken by the unprovoked aggression, on the British Provinces, of the Sikh army, in December last; and whereas, on that occasion, by the proclamation, dated 13th December, the territories then in the occupation of the Maharajah of Lahore, on the left or British bank of the river Sutlej, were confiscated and annexed to the British Provinces; and since that time hostile operations have been prosecuted by the two Governments; the one against the other, which have resulted in the occupation of Lahore by the British troops; and whereas it has been determined that, upon certain conditions, peace shall be re-established between the two Governments, the following treaty of peace between the Honourable East India Company and Maharajah Dhuleep Sing Bahadoor, and his children, heirs and successors, has been concluded on the part of the Honourable Company by Frederick Currie, Esquire, and Brevet-Major Henry Montgomery Lawrence, by virtue of full powers to that effect vested in them by the Right Hon'ble Sir Henry Hardinge, G.C.B., one of her Britannic Majesty's Most Hon'ble Privy Council, Governor-General, appointed by the Honourable Company to direct and control all their affairs in the East Indies, and on the part of His Highness Maharajah Dhuleep Sing by Bhaee Ram Sing, Rajah Lal Sing, Sirdar Tej Sing, Sirdar Chuttur Sing Attareewalla, Sirdar Runjore Sing Majeethia, Dewan Deena Nath and Fakeer Nooroodden, vested with full powers and authority on the part of His Highness.  Article 1. There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government on the one part and Maharajah Dhuleep Sing, his heirs and successors on the other.  Article 2. The Maharajah of Lahore renounces for himself, his heirs and successors, all claim to, or connection with, the territories lying to the south of the River Sutlej, and engages never to have any concern with those territories or the inhabitants thereof.  Article 3. The Maharajah cedes to the Hon'ble Company, in perpetual sovereignty, all his forts, territories and rights in the Doab or country, hill and plain, situated between the Rivers Beas and Sutlej.  Article 4. The British Government having demanded from the Lahore State, as indemnification for the expenses of the war, in addition to the cession of territory described in Article 3, payment of one and half crore of Rupees, and the Lahore Government being