Electrically-energized glass panel and circuit breaker combination
United States Patent 1191 Newman et al. Apr. 8, 1975 [5 ELECTRlCALLY-ENERGIZED GLASS 3.800.121 3/1974 Dean et al. 219/202 PANEL AND CIRCUIT BREAKER COMBINATION Primary Examiner-Volodymyr Y. Mayewsky [76] Inventors: Irvin Newman, Box 342, Camden, Agem or Flrm-HowSon &amp; Howson NJ. 18101; Michael G. Kelly, 925 Acadia Dr., Turnersville, NJ. [57] ABSTRACT [22] Filed: Feb. 27, 1974 An electr1cally-energ1zed glass panel 15 prov1ded w1th a circuit breaker connected in a mam power circuit [21] Appl. No.: 446,429 and operable in conjunction with a breakage-sensing circuit to interrupt the flow of current to the panel 52 us. (:1. 219/509; 219/203; 219/522; breakage f T 9&#39; breaker 219543 solid-state electronlc dev1ce having a control gate, and the sensing circuit includes a frangible strip disposed [51] Int. Cl H05b 1/02; H051) 3/06 [58] Field of Search 219/202, 203, 509, 511, T a P: Patter the sensmg 219/522 541 543 circuit 15 connected to the gate and the mam power circuit and causes the device to conduct as long as the References Cited sensing circuit is continuous. However. when the panel breaks, one or more cracks propagate across the UNITED STATES PATENTS frangible sensing circuit to interrupt the same for de- 3.449.551 6/1969 Aisanich 219/511 energizing the control gate and thereby interrupting 3,475,594 Aisanich electrical power to the pane]. 3.526.753 9/1970 Aisanich et al. 219/522 3.160.157 9/1973 Newman et al 219/522 25 Clams, l0 Drawmg Flgures 45 /7 I 22 g I r 7 I PATENIEDAPR 8 ms sazman a FIGS.  
 ELECTRICALLY-ENERGIZED GLASS PANEL AND CIRCUIT BREAKER COMBINATION The present invention is described in Disclosure Document No. 024,829 filed Nov. 8, 1973.  
  The present invention relates to safety devices for glass panel structures; more particularly, the present invention relates to an electrically-heated glass panel having means for interrupting power to the panel in the event of breakage.  
  Electrically-heated insulated-glass panels are used in a variety of applications, such as in a refrigerated showcase in a supermarket. Because of the temperature differential between the inside of the showcase and the outside of the panel, it is necessary for the panel to be heated in order to prevent condensation from forming on the outside of the panel and obscuring the view of the contents of the showcase. In a typical panel, electrical current is flowed through a layer of electrical resistance material deposited between spaced bus bars on the inner surface of the outer panel.  
  Although the heated glass panel may function satisfactorily for its intended purpose, it presents a safety hazzard in the event of breakage. This is because it may be possible for a person to receive an electrical shock from accidentally contacting an electrically-energized one of the bus bars and/or the resistive layer. Accordingly, such a panel is not as safe in use as desired.  
  A circuit breaker has been provided for interrupting power to an electrically-heated panel upon breakage thereof. The circuit breaker is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,157, and although the circuit breaker operates satisfactorily, it has certain limitations. For instance, the circuit breaker operates to detect changes in the flow of electricity through the resistive layer from a pre-set steady state value. The breaker includes a current-responsive solid-state device which operates to interrupt the flow of current in the event that the current falls below a predetermined limit such as would occur, for example, if a hole were to be formed in the resistive layer of the panel and the area of the resistive layer decreased. One drawback of the patented circuit breaker lies in the fact that it must be pre-adjusted for each panel in order to compensate for variations in the resistivity of the resistive layer due to manufacturing tolerances. Another drawback resides in the fact that the breaker must be reset in the event of a complete power loss to the panel, such as may occur if a store were to lose power during a storm. An additional limitation resides in the fact that the patented circuit breaker is relatively complex, and since it must be preset, it is not as inexpensive to manufacture and install as desired. Other known devices are relatively bulky, and they are difficult to install in such panels.  
  With the foregoing in mind, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel circuit breaker for an electrically-energized glass pael.  
  It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved relatively compact circuit breaker for use with an electrically-energized frangible panel to interrupt power to the panel when the panel is cracked or broken.  
  Another object of the present invention is to provide a relatively simple circuit breaker which is relatively easy to install in an electrically-heated glass panel and which affords ready replacement of the panel in the event of breakage.  
  It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrically-heated insulated-glass panel having a circuit breaker which automatically resets itself in the event of a loss of power to the panel.  
  Still another object of the present invention is to provide a unique circuit breaker structure which may be installed in a heated glass panel without requiring any pre-adjustment of the breaker.  
  These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention should become apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
  FIG. 1 is a plan view of an electrically-heated insulated-glass panel having circuit breaker means embodying the present invention;  
 FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the upper lefthand corner of the panel illustrated in FIG. 1 with a portion of the&#39;panel being broken away to expose certain details of construction;  
  FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along lines 3-3 of FIG. 2;  
  FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram schematically illustrating the relationship of the circuit breaker and the frangible breakage sensing strip which surrounds the electrically energized area of the panel and which is connected to the circuit breaker;  
  FIG. 5 is a diagram similar to FIG. 4 but schematically illustrating a modified embodiment of the present invention;  
  FIG. 6 is a vertically-exploded perspective view ofyet another modified embodiment of the present invention schematically illustrating means for detecting breakage of either of two panels and for interrupting power to a heated one of the panels;  
  FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view illustrating means for connecting breakage sensing circuits in the embodiment illustrated schematically in FIG. 6;  
  FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of yet another modified embodiment of the present invention;  
  FIG. 9 is a transverse sectional view of the panel illustrated schematically in FIG. 8; and  
  FIG. 10 is a view similar to FIG. 9 but of a further modified embodiment of the present invention.  
  Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a window panel assembly 10 embodying the present invention. As best seen in FIG. 3, the assembly 10 comprises an upper panel 11 of frangible material such as glass, and a lower panel 12 of like construction. The panels 11 and 12 have inner confronting surfaces 11a and 12a, respectively, and the panels are separated from one another by a hollow spacer 13 which is composed of straight sections 13a and corner pieces 13b which connect the straight sections at right angles as illustrated in FIG. 2, The spacer 13 extends between the confronting surfaces 11a and 12a at the peripheries of the panels 11 and 12. The spacer 13 is permanently sealed to the surfaces 11a and 12a by layers of mastic material 15 and 16 interposed between recesses in the spacer l3 and the inner surfaces 11a and 12a of the panels. A U-shaped metal frame 17 encloses the edges 11b and 12b of the upper and lower panels 11 and 12, and a layer of cork 18 or other resilient thermallynonconductive material 18 is interposed between the edges 11b and 12b of the panels and the frame 17. In addition, layers of mastic l9 and 20 are interposed between outer peripheral margins of the panels 11 and 12 3 and the frame 17 to provide a sealed air tween the panels 11 and 12.  
  As noted above, there are instances when it is desirable for one, or the other, or both of the panels 11 and 12 to be heated in order to prevent moisture from condensing on the outer surfaces thereof. For this purpose, and as best seen in FIG. 1, a layer of opticallytransparent electrical resistance material 21 is provided in an area on one of the panels, such as the inner surgap 20 beface 11a of the upper panel 11, and electrical power of alternating or direct current is supplied to the layer 21 by a main circuit having a positive voltage or hot line 22 and a ground or return line 23. Preferably, the layer of resistance material extends between a pair of spaced parallel electrically-conductive bus bars 24 and 25 applied on the inner surface 11a of the panel 11. In the illustrated embodiment, as best seen in FIG. 3, the positive line 22 is connected to the positive bus 24 by a U- shaped spring clip 26a which is disposed between the panels 11 and 12 and which applies an outward pressure between the panels 11 and 12. A similar spring clip 27 (FIG. 1) is provided to electrically connect the ground bus 25 to the ground line 23.  
  As described thus far, the window pane] assembly is conventional. Hence, when the power lines 22 and 23 are electrically energized,.voltage is applied across the bus bars 24 and 25, and current flows through the resistive layer, 21. As the current flows, heat is generated in the panel to prevent moisture from condensing on the outer surface of the panel 11.  
  It is customary for the bus bars 24 and 25 to be energized with a 110-120 volt alternating current supply. Depending upon the resistivity of the layer 21, its size, etc., a current of the magnitude of l ampere or more can be expected to flow from the positive bus bar 24 to the ground bus bar 25. Since the panel 11 which is provided with the resistive layer 21 and the bus bars 24 and 25 is the one which is located outboard in a display case, it should be apparent that if the panel 11 were broken, and a person were accidentally to contact either the bus bar 24 or the resistive layer 21, the person to an adult, and probably would be fatal to a small child.  
  According to the present invention, the electricallyheated window 10 is provided with circuit breaker means 30 which operates to interrupt power to the positive voltage bus 24 and the resistive layer 21 in the event of breakage of the panel 11. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the circuit breaker means 30 includes a solid-state electronic device which is mounted inside the frame 17 adjacent the upper lefthand corner thereof. The circuit breaker 30 has an input 30a, an output 30b, and a control gate or trigger 300. As best seen in FIG. 2, the input 30a is&#39;connected to the positive voltage line 22, and the output 30b is connected to the spring clip 26 and hence to the bus bar 24. Preferably, the circuit breaker 30 is normally nonconductive in the absence of a small amount of voltage and current applied to its input 30a and its gate 30c. A class of devices which may be utilized satisfactorily include thyristors such as silicon control rectifiers (for DC. supply) and triacs (for AC. supply). In a silicon control rectifier, the anode is the input 30a; the cathode is the output 30b; and the gate is the trigger 300. In a triac, the main terminal one is the input 30a; the main terminal two is the output 30b; and the other terminal is the gate 30c. A triac has been tested and found satisfactory and is preferred.  
  In the present invention, a breakage-sensing circuit is associated with a triac 30 and the main power circuit to cause the same to conduct electricity to the resistive layer 21 until such time as the panel 11 breaks. To this end, the breakage sensing circuit includes an elongated relatively-narrow frangible strip of electricallyconductive material 35 (FIG. 1) which is deposited in a predetermined continuous pattern on the inner surface 11a of the panel 11 adjacent the resistive layer 21. In the embodiment of FIGS. 14, the frangible strip 35 has one end 35a connected through a resilient clip 26b and a current-limiting device 36 to the control gate 300 of the triac 30. Both the output clip 26a and the gate clip 26b extend away from the triac in spaced relation and cooperate with the corner member 13b to provide means for mounting the triac centrally in the gap between the panels and adjacent the frame. The spring clips 26a, 26b and 27 also afford ready removal and replacement of the outer panel 11 and connection of the traic 30 in the breakage sensing circuit and the resistive means. As best seen in FIG. 1, the frangible strip 35 has a pattern which surrounds substantially the entire resistive area 21, and the strip 35 has another end 35b which is preferably connected to the positive bus 24 adjacent the output 30b ofthe triac 30. The panel 11 has a peripheral margin 11c which surrounds the layer 21 and which spaces the same from the frame 17, and the frangible strip 35 is located in the margin 11c intermediate the layer 21 and the frame 1.7 and is spaced outwardly of the area 21. Hence, both the area 21 and the strip 35 are electrically insulated from the frame and from one another.  
  In operation, power applied across the lines 22 and 23, causes the triac 30 to conduct by virtue of the continuity of the frangible strip 35 which supplies triggering voltage to the triac gate 30c. The triac 30 thereby applies a voltage across the busses 24 and 25 to flow current through the resistive layer 21 for heating the panel 11. The current flows as long as the panel 11 remains unbroken. When the panel 11 is struck by a hard object, however, one or more cracks propagate outwardly from the point of impact, and the cracks extend across the frangible strip 35 and rupture the strip to remove triggering voltage from the gate 30c of the triac. When the triggering voltage to the gate 30c of the triac is removed, the triac 30 ceases to conduct, and power to the positive bus 24 is interrupted. Thus, it would not be possible for a person to receive an electrical shock.  
 by touching either the positive bus 24 or the resistive layer 21 after the panel 11 is broken.  
  In the above-noted embodiment, the frangible strip 35 extends around substantially the entire periphery of the heated area 21. Although arrangement of the frangible strip 35 in such a pattern is desirable because the strip 35 is likely to be intersected by a crack propagated in any direction from the area 21, it is possible to arrange the frangible strip 35 in different patterns on the panel 11 as long as one end of the frangible strip 35 is connected to a triggering voltage supply and the other end is connected to the gate of the triac. For instance, as best seen in FIG. 5, a modified embodiment of the present invention is provided wherein a panel 111 has a resistive layer 121 which is divided into two sections 121a and 12112 by a narrow uncoated zone which extends transversely between a positive bus 124 and a ground bus 125. A frangible strip 135 of electrically-conductive material extends around a major portion of the area 121, having one portion 135a to the left of the layer 121 and another portion 135b to the right of the layer 121. The right portion 13512 terminates intermediate the length of the left portion 135a adjacent the zone 150. The frangible strip also has a portion l35c which extends in the zone 150 and which is connected at one end to the positive bus 124 and at the other end to the upper end of the right hand portion -135b of the frangible strip as by a spring clip bridging across the bus 125. With this structure, the transverse portion of the frangible strip 135c is electrically insulated from the layers 121a and 12lb by the uncoated space on opposite sides thereof, and since the frangible strip 1350 is located centrally of the panel 111, it is capable of detecting cracks which may not, for some reason, propagate to the periphery of the panel 111.  
  In the embodiments illustrated schematically in FIGS. 4 and 5, the triacs 30 and 130 interrupt power to the positive buses 24 and 124, respectively. If the frangible strips were connected directly to the gates 30c and 1300 of the triacs 30 and 130, respectively, and the panel were broken, there would be the possibility that a person could receive an electrical shock by touching the strip 35 or 135 between its break and the triac. In order to prevent this, there is provided meansto limit the current flow in each frangible strip to a level below about 0.010 amperes which corresponds substantially to the current which causes a person to feel a mild sensation of pain. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the current limiting means 36 is provided by a resistor having a value in the range of 10,000 to 20,000 ohms, and preferably 15,000 ohms, when the line voltage is the customary l l0-l20 volts. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the current limiting means 136 is provided by a fuse which blows when the current exceeds the above-noted value. By employing either of these two current limiting means, or their equivalents, it would not be possible for a person to receive a shock by touching the strip after the panel is broken.  
  If desired, yet another embodiment of the present invention may be provided wherein power to the heated area is interrupted upon breakage of either one or the other of the glass panels in the assembly. This embodiment is illustrated schematically in FIG. 6. As seen therein, the frangible breakage-sensing circuit 235 has a portion 235a which surrounds the resistive layer 221 on the lower surface of the upper panel 211, and the breakage-sensing circuit has another portion 235b which is disposed on the upper surface of the lower panel 212. The upper portion of the sensing circuit 235a is disposed on the panel 211 and connected to a triac 230 in a manner similar to the embodiment of FIG. 4. The lower portion 235b of the sensing circuit, on the other hand, has an end 260 which terminates across from the positive bus 224 and which is connected thereto by a resilient U-shaped spring member 261 which extends across the gap between the two panels and which applies an outward pressure to the end and the bus. The lower portion of the sensing circuit 235b has a termination 262 adjacent the termination 263 of the upper portion 235a. The terminations 262 and 263 are electrically connected by&#39; a U-shaped spring clip 264 which extends across the gap between the panels, as the clip 261. Thus, the upper portion 235a is connected in series with the lower portion 23512 in the triac gate circuit. With this structure, breakage of the upper panel 211 causes a crack to interrupt current flow through the upper portion 235a of the frangible sensing circuit, and breakage of the lower panel 212 causes a crack to interrupt current flow through the lower portion 235b of the sensing circuit. Interruption of either portion interrupts power to the bus 224 on the heated panel 211.  
  A further embodiment of the present invention is illustrated schematically in FIG. 8. As seen therein, a frangible breakage sensing strip 335 is superimposed on a resistive coating 321 on a panel 311 and is electrically insulated therefrom by means of a frangible layer of insulating material 370 (FIG. 9). In this embodiment, the strip 335 has a U-shaped configuration and is located completely interiorily of the coated area rather than exteriorily as in the aforementioned embodiments.  
  Still another embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 10 wherein a breakage sensing strip 435 is located on the peripheral edge of a frangible panel 411, the glass of the panel insulating the strip 435 from the resistive area 421.  
  In each of the illustrated embodiments, the breakagesensing strip is connected to the output side of the triac. It could, of course, be connected to the input side; how ever, an additional resistor would have to be provided in the sensing circuit adjacent its connection to the input if a comparable margin of safety is to be provided. Also, the breakage-sensing strip could be connected to the ground line; however, this would have the effect of consuming more power. Preferably, the value of the current limiting means is selected so that the triac conducts during at least about a percent of the alternating current cycle.  
  One of the advantages which flows from the use of a triac resides in the fact that the circuit breaker does not have to be preadjusted to compensate for variations in the resistivity of the resistive layer. Another advantage lies in the fact that the triac is rendered conductive upon application of power to the main circuit, thereby avoiding the necessity of resetting the circuit breaker in the event of a complete power loss. Also, the triac is commercially available at relatively moderate prices enabling a completely safe window to be manufactured relatively inexpensively.  
  Preferably, the frangible breakage-sensing strip is an electrically-conductive paint such as an air dried or epoxy type applied directly on the surface of the panel. Since only a small current flows through the sensing strip, the circuit breaker arrangement of the present invention is capable of interrupting power even when the panel is merely cracked. For instance, if the frangible strip were to surround the resistive area and were arranged to conduct the full current to the positive bus bar, it is possible that breakage of the panel would not interrupt power to the resistive layer because the current flow through the frangible strip may tend to cause the strip to are when interrupted, thereby continuing to power the bus. Depending on the location of the sensing circuit strip relative to the window frame, such arcing could also present a fire and/or electric shock hazzard.  
 glass panel. The circuit breaker arrangement is relatively simple and does not have to be pre-adjusted when the panel is manufactured. Moreover, the circuit breaker is automatically resetable in the event of an interruption in power. The present invention also provides means for detecting breakage of one or the other of a pair of panels to interrupt power to an electricallyenergized one of the panels.  
  While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, various modifications, alterations and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.  
 We claim:  
 1. In combination with a frangible panel having an -electrically-energizable layer secured thereto in coplanar relation and main circuit means for supplying electrical power to said layer, the improvement comprising: circuit breaker means connected in said main circuit forinterrupting electrical power to said electricallyenergizable layer upon breakage of said panel, said circuit breaker means having electrically-actuated control means for causing the breaker means to conduct electricity when said main circuit means is energized; and frangible sensing circuit means carried by said panel to detect breakage thereof, said sensing circuit including an elongated strip arranged in a continuous pattern on said panel and extending around at least a substantial portion of said energizable layer, and including means electrically insulating said strip from said energizable layer, said frangible strip being connected to said control means and said main circuit means for supplying electrical energy to said control means for rendering said breaker means conductive as long as said frangible strip is continuous and for interrupting electrical energy to said control means when said panel breaks and a crack propagates across the frangible strip to fracture the same, whereby power to the layer is interrupted.  
 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said circuit breaker means includes a normally nonconductive solid-state device and said control means includes a trigger gate in said device operable to render said breaker means conductive, said breakage sensing circuit means having one end connected to said gate and another end connected to said main circuit means.  
  3. Apparatus according-to claim 2 wherein said solidstate device has an input and an output and said other end of said control circuit means is connected to the main circuit means at the output side of said solid-state device.  
  4. Apparatus according claim 3 wherein said main circuit means includes a voltage line and said solidstate device is connected in said voltage line and is operable upon application of a voltage to its input and trigger to conduct electrical power to said layer.  
  5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said solidstate device includes a selected one of a class of thyristor devices.  
  6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said selected thyristor is a triac.  
  7. Apparatus according to claim 1 including means connected in said breakage sensing circuit means to limit current flow therethrough to less than about 0.010 amperes.  
  8. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said current limiting means is connected in said breakage sensing circuit adjacent said control means.  
  9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said current limiting means includes a fuse.  
  10. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said current limiting means includes a resistor.  
  11. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said layer is disposed on one side of said panel and said sensing strip is superimposed in said pattern on said layer with said electrical insulating means interposed between said layer and said strip.  
  12. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said panel is fabricated of an electrical insulation material and has a margin surrounding said energizable layer and said sensing circuit strip is disposed in said margin and is separated from said energizable layer with said panel providing said insulating means.  
  13. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said electrically-energizable layer includes a bus bar connected to said circuit breaker means and located inboard of said elongated strip, said strip extending around a major portion of said energizable layer and having one end connected to said bus bar and another end connected to said breaker control means.  
  14. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said strip extends around substantially the entire area of said layer, and said one strip end connects to said bus bar adjacent one end of the bus bar.  
  15. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said strip has a portion extending across said layer and its one end connects to said bus bar intermediate the ends of the bus bar.  
  16. Apparatus according to claim 15 wherein said energizable layer includes another bus bar extending alongside said one bus bar with said layer being disposed on said panel between said bus bars and connected thereto, said strip portion extending transversely to said bus bars.  
  17. Apparatus according to claim 16 wherein said energizable layer is divided into two sections by a narrow zone extending between said bus bars, and said strip portion is located in said zone and spaced from said sections with the spacing insulating the strip portion from the sections.  
  18. Apparatus according to claim 1 including another frangible panel spaced from said first-mentioned panel with a gap therebetween, said breakage sensing circuit strip having one portion associated with the firstmentioned panel and another portion associated with said other panel, and including means connecting said one portion in series with the other portion, whereby breakage of either panel may be detected to interrupt power to the energizable layer.  
  19. Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein said panels have confronting inner surfaces and said strip portions are disposed on said surfaces, said connecting means including resilient means extending across said gap and engaging said strip portions with an outward pressure to electrically connect said portions.  
  20. Apparatus according to claim 19 wherein layer includes a bus bar on the inner surface of said first panel, said one portion of said sensing strip surrounding a substantial portion of said layer and having one termination, said portion of said sensing strip on said other panel having a termination across from said one termination on said first panel and having an end located across from said bus bar on said first panel, said resilient means including one spring element connecting said terminations and another spring element connecting said end to said bus bar.  
  21. Apparatus according to claim 1 including a panel spaced from said first-mentioned panel, spacer means interposed between said panels to space the panels apart by a gap, frame means surrounding the peripheries of the panels, and means mounting said circuit breaker means in said gap between said panels adjacent said spacer.  
  22. Apparatus according to claim 21 wherein said circuit breaker means includes a solid state device having output and gate terminals located inwardly of said spacer, and said mounting means includes a pair of resilient clips extending away from said terminals in spaced relation; said energizable layer and sensing strip said breakage sensing strip is located on said edge.