Titanium article for handling corrosive substances
O Unlted States Patent [191 n u 3,876,136  
 Bomberger, Jr. Apr. 8, 1975 TITANIUM ARTICLE FOR HANDLING 2.071.035 4/1937 Bredeson 285/363 2,157,357 5/l939 Straty CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES 3,467,410 9/1969 Chandler [75] inventor: Howard B m g r. .lr-, 3.632,l43 1/1972 Lessman 185/363 x Canfield. Ohio Assigneer RM] p y Nllfisv Ohio Primary E.raminerWerner H. Schroeder [22] Filed: 0c. 31 1972 Altorney. Agent, or Firm-Walter P. Wood App]. No: 302,467  
 Related US. Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 152.771, June 14. I97], abandoned,  
 U.S. Cl. 285/173; 285/286; 285/363; 285/378 int. Cl. Fl6l 13/02; Fl6l 58/00 Field of Search 285/286, 173, 329, 363, 285/378 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS [3U l/l9l0 Rogers 285/363 X [57] ABSTRACT A method of handling corrosive substances and a titanium article for handling such substances. Titanium resists corrosion well, but is susceptible to attack by certain solutions at restricted crevices, as are formed where one piece of an article abuts another piece. inserts of a metal which is compatible with titanium, but is more resistant to corrosion than titanium, are welded to the faces of each titanium piece where the piece confronts another piece. Restricted crevices are confined to the inserts.  
 8 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures METAL PATENTEUAPR 81% 3.876136 TITAN/UM CORROSION- RESISTANT METAL TITAN/UM INVENTOR.  
 HOWARD B. BOMBERGER, JR.  
 MHz/ha Arrbrney TITANIUM ARTICLE FOR HANDLING CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES This application is a continuation-in-part of my earlier application Ser. No. 152.771. filed June 14, 1971. now abandoned.  
  As used herein without further qualification, the term titanium&#34; includes the various titanium-base alloys, as well as unalloyed titanium. For most purposes. titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion. and hence may be used to advantage in articles in which corrosive substances are handled. However, titanium articles tend to corrode at deep restricted crevices when exposed to certain highly corrosive substances. such as hot chlorinated brine or wet chlorine gas. Smooth surface areas and open crevices of the article successfully resist corrosion. which is confined to the more restricted crevices unavoidable in many articles. A typical restricted crevice is the crevice formed between two flat abutting faces. such as that formed where the end face of one section of a conduit abuts the end face of the next section. A typical open crevice, which is not a problem, is the crevice formed between two surfaces meeting at right or obtuse angles.  
  An object of my invention is to provide an improved method and titanium article in which corrosive substances can be handled without causing corrosion at restricted crevices.  
  A more specific object is to provide a method and plural-piece titanium article which accomplishes the foregoing object and in which the crevices are confined to inserts welded to the faces of the titanium pieces where each piece confronts another piece. said inserts being of a metal compatible with titanium. but more corrosion-resistant than titanium.  
 In the drawing:  
  FIG. I is a sectional view ofa duct constructed in accordance with my invention; and  
  FIG. 2 is a sectional view ofa portion of a vessel wall also constructed in accordance with my invention.  
  FIG. 1 shows a titanium duct formed of two pieces I and I2 abutting end-to-end. The pieces are joined with a tape 13 which extends around their outside circumference. There is a restricted crevice 14 under the tape where the flat end surfaces of two pieces abut. When the duct is used for handling certain corrosive substances. such as hot chlorinated brine or wet chlorine gas. in the absence of the present invention. corrosion tends to take place at this crevice. but the remainder of the duct successfully resists corrosion.  
  In accordance with my invention. I weld inserts I and 16 to the confronting end faces of the two pieces and 12, forming smooth welds which do not themselves create crevices. The inserts are of a metal which is compatible with titanium. but is more corrosionresistant than titanium with respect to the substance handled in the duct. One preferred choice of metals for the inserts is tantalum. but other choices are zirconium and columbium. molybdenum and vanadium and alloys of these metals. Another preferred choice is a more corrosion-resistant titanium-base alloy. outstanding among which are the titanium-nickel alloy containing up to about 5% by weight nickel, and the titaniumcobalt alloy containing about 0.3 to 5% by weight cobalt. as claimed in US. Pat. No. Re. 27.286. Also the titanium-molybdenum alloy described both in the same patent and in U.S. Pat. No. 3.370.946 may be used.  
  FIG. 2 shows a portion of a titanium vessel wall formed of pieces 20 and 21. The two pieces have mating abutting flanges 22 and 23 which are joined with a titanium bolt 24. In accordance with my invention. 1 weld inserts 25 and 26 of a compatible more corrosionresistant metal to the confronting faces of flanges 22 and 23, respectively. The available choices of more corrosion-resistant metal are similar to those in the first embodiment. If the flanged side of the pieces is exposed to the corrosive substance. I also weld facing pieces 27 and 28 of similar corrosion-resistant metal to the out side faces of flanges 22 and 23, and preferably apply washers 29 and 30 of similar material over the facing pieces where the bolt 24 extends through the flanges. I insert a gasket 31 between the two inserts 25 and 26. It should be noted that the edges of the inserts 25 and 26 meet the surfaces of the titanium pieces 20 and 21 approximately at right angles. Titanium does not corrode at the resulting open crevices between the inserts and pieces.  
  I define metal compatible with titanium as a metal which has the characteristics that it can be welded to titanium without forming brittle intermetallic welds, and equally important that it does not form a galvanic couple with titanium in the presence of an electrolyte. When two different metals are in contact with each other and are exposed to an electrolyte, the metals usually form a galvanic couple. As a result. the less noble of the two metals corrodes rapidly. The compatible metals useful as inserts in the present invention differ only slightly in their electrochemical potential from titanium. and titanium undergoes polarization to approach the potential of the insert; that is. any galvanic action which may take place initially quickly develops a high-ohmicresistance film on the less noble titanium. This film stops any further galvanic action. I believe it is altogether unexpected and surprising that I am able to bring two different metals together in this fashion without actually worsening the corrosion problem. In the prior art, it has been considered necessary to line any vessel in which two metals are exposed to an electrolyte with a non-metallic material. For example. a pipe in which ordinary steel and stainless steel are exposed to salt water may be lined with concrete. When my invention is used, no lining is needed and both metals may be exposed directly to the electrolyte.  
  In both the duct of FIG. I and the vessel of FIG. 2. restricted crevices are confined to the more corrosion resistant inserts I5, 16 or 25, 26. Thus my invention effectively prevents corrosion at such crevices. even though the substance handled may induce corrosion at restricted crevices in titanium itself. and my invention forestalls any galvanic action which would worsen the corrosion problem. The metal of which the insert is formed usually is more costly than titanium. Hence my invention produces a substantial cost saving by confining use of the more costly material to locations where it is actually needed.  
 I claim:  
  1. A titanium article for handling substances which corrode titanium at restricted crevices but to which titanium is otherwise corrosion resistant. said article comprising at least two titanium pieces which carry high ohmic resistant films formed by polarization. means joining said pieces in abutting relation. and inserts welded to the faces of said pieces where each piece confronts another piece to form a restricted crevice, the restricted crevices in the article being confined to said inserts, said inserts being of a metal which is compatible with titanium, but is more resistant to corrosion than titanium, and which avoids formation of a galvanic couple with titanium in the presence of the substance.  
  2. An article as defined in claim 1 in which said inserts are of a metal of the group consisting of tantalum, zirconium, columbium, molybdenum, vanadium, and alloys thereof and highly corrosion-resistant titaniumbase alloys.  
  3. An article as defined in claim 2 in which said inserts are of tantalum.  
  4. An article as defined in claim 2 in which said inserts are of a titanium-nickel alloy containing up to about 5% by weight nickel.  
  5. An article as defined in claim 2 in which said inserts are ofa titanium-cobalt alloy containing about 0.3 to 5% by weight cobalt.  
  6. An article as defined in claim I in which said pieces form a duct, and said joining means is a tape extending around the outer circumference of said duct.  
  7. An article as defined in claim 1 in which said pieces form the wall of a vessel and have external flanges where they are joined, and a gasket between said flanges, said joining means including bolts extending through said flanges.  
  8. A titanium article for handling substances which corrode titanium at restricted crevices but to which titanium is otherwise corrosion resistant, said article comprising at least two titanium pieces arranged for direct exposure to the substance, means joining said pieces in abutting relation, and inserts also arranged for direct exposure to the substance welded to the faces of said pieces where each piece confronts another piece to form a restricted crevice, the restricted crevices in the article being confined to said inserts, said inserts being of a metal which is compatible with titanium, but is more resistant to corrosion than titanium, and which avoids formation of a galvanic couple with titanium when exposed to the substance.  
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