Method for thickening, igniting and projecting hydrocarbon fuels
United States Patent 11 1 Bannister et al.  
 1 1 Apr. 29, 1975 l l METHOD FOR THICKENING, IGNITING AND PROJECTING HYDROCARBON FUELS [76] Inventors: William W. Bannister, John R. Pennace, William A. Curby, all c/o Alice Sias Memorial Laboratory, 21 1 Summit Ave. Brookline, Mass. 02146 [22] Filed: Dec. 26, I972 1211 Appl. No.: 318.422  
  Related U.S. Application Data [63] Continuation of Set. No. 73,556. Sept. |8 l970 abandoned. which is u continuation-in-purt of Scr, No. 73.634. Sept. 11%. 1970. Put. No, 3.684133.  
 {52] U.S. Cl 431/4; 44/7 A; 44/7 C; 44/7 D; 89/1 A; 431/2; 431/91 [51 Int. Cl. F23 7/00; C101 7/00 l58| Field of Search 431/4. 91. 2; 89/1 A; 44/7 A-D [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1851,09 4 9/1958 Griffin 89/1 A 3.038.530 6/1962 Fowler 431/91 3.285.718 11/1966 Whitfield et al. 44/7 A 3.335.780 8/1967 Klaubcrt 431/91 Primary liruminer-Benjamin R. Padgett Assixmm I:&#39;.rumim&#39;rE. A. Miller Almrnc). Agent. or Firm-Krufft &amp; Wells [57} ABSTRACT A method for projecting a gelled liquid hydrocarbon, whereby a solution of a suitable compound in :1 normally liquid hydrocarbon is projected under pressure from a reservoir tank through an orifice. at which orificc a solution of a suitable compound is added under pressure to the first hydrocarbon solution, causing a gelling reaction between the two suitable compounds; and at which orifice the combined stream of thickened fuel is caused to be ignited.  
 3 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PFJENIED APR 2 9 i9?5 &#34;Ilu&#39;lununuunnnfl INVENTORS WILLIAM W. BANNISTER JOHN R. PENNACE WILLIAM A. CURBY fla/f/ f @e/[ ATTORNEYS METHOD FOR THICKENING. lGNlTlNG AND PROJECTING HYDROCARBON FUELS CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Applicants incorporate herein the disclosures of copending applications of Bannister. Pennace and Smith. entitled Methods for Separation and Purification of Aliphatic Amines. Ser. No. 73.633. and now abandoned. and of Bannister Pennace and Curby. entitled &#34;Gelation of Liquid Hydrocarbons.&#34; Ser. No. 73.634. both filed on the same day as the present application. The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 73.556. filed Sept. [8. 1970. which in turn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 73.634. filed Sept. l8. l970. now US. Pat. No. 3.684.733.  
 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The field of the invention is solidified liquids for fuels and igniting devices. The present invention is particularly concerned with the method of gelling a hydrocarbon composition and the apparatus for projecting and igniting this.  
  The state of the prior art of gelling liquid hydrocarbons. such as gasoline. may be ascertained by reference to the Kirk=Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Tech nology. Vol. 4 1964). pages 893-894 under the section Flame Agents. US. Pat. No. 2.606.107 of Feiser. which issued Aug. 5. 1952. and US. Pat. No. 2.966.401 of Myerholtz. which issued Dec. 27. 1970. The Feiser patent is the original Napalm&#34; patent and Myerholtz discloses Napalm B&#34; which makes use of ABS polymers. An apparatus for projecting a multicompound flammable mixture is disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3.447.879 of Smith et al. which issued June 3.  
 other appropriate substance or substances at the orifice of the projector effects more or less immediate gelation of the fuel.  
  The use of such an apparatus embodying the features outlined above has the following particular advantages;  
  1. Since the hydrocarbon fuel containing only one of the required reagents for thickening in solution is still a thin liquid oflow viscosity. higher ranges of trajectory can be realized with the same pressure as used for a pre-thickened fuel; or alternatively the same trajectory can be realized with less expenditure of pressurizing force. This means lighter equipment and is thus useful in forest fire fighting for the purpose of constructing backfires.  
  2. Higher viscosities can be achieved. if desired. by using greater ratios of thickening agent to fuel. with thickening being achieved at the orifice; under these conditions. no decrease in range is suffered. and indeed higher ranges can be achieved than when using prethickened fuel.  
  3. Since the hydrocarbon liquid in the fuel tank is still a thin liquid of low viscosity. the contents of the fuel tank can be removed easily by simple draining.  
  4. A variety of thickened fuel types can be achieved using the same apparatus.  
 DESCRlPTlON OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following sets of gelling agents have been found to achieve excellent results in prototypes ofthe apparatus described in this invention (in the following list the reagents are grouped according to their maximum effectiveness when used as a solute in the hydrocarbon fuel or correspondingly as an additive at the orifice of the projector apparatus).  
 Solute in fuel Additive at nozzle l. Primary or secondary aliphatic amines Long chain carboxylic acids. or mixtures of these with nuphthenic acid or similar Napalm Carbon dioxide. or carbon disulfide Bases such as metal hydroxides. carbonates. or amines. in water or organic solvents.  
 components 3. Olefinic monomers Dicarboxoyl halides Free radical or cationic initiators in appropriate solution Solutions of dior poly amines in water or organic solvents; or diols or polyols Equipment and apparatus in present use or heretofore devices for the projection and ignition of thickened hydrocarbon fuels have depended on the use of pre-thickened fuel. projected from an orifice from a fuel tank under pressure and with ignition at the orifice. Despite the viscosity of the thickened fuel. significant ranges of trajectory can be realized with such fuel under the application of sufficiently high pressures with the fuel tank.  
 SUMMARY OF THE lNVENTlON lt has been discovered according to the present invention that thickening of the hydrocarbon fuel can be achieved at the orifice of a projecting apparatus. most feasibly by using a solution ofan appropriate substance in the hydrocarbon liquid which. upon admixture of an- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS (In the discussion to follow. use of the amine CO gelation system is described by way of example. ln actual practice. any of the types of reagents cited above as a feasible solute for the fuel can be used instead of the amine. and the corresponding additive at the nozzle for the carbon dioxide. Thus. a palmitic acidnaphthenic acid solution in gasoline can be projected from the fuel tank with aqueous sodium hydroxide being added to the fuel stream at the nozzle. with simultaneous ignition).  
  The apparatus and method of gelling the hydrocarbon compositions containing the amines may best be explained by reference to the drawings. wherein:  
  FIG. I shows in cross-section a simplified form of flame thrower apparatus; and  
  PK}. 2 shows in cross-section a modified form of the apparatus of HO. 1 wherein a gelling initiator is introduced into the stream being projected.  
  With particular reference to FIG. I, the container 2 holds a mixture 4 of hydrocarbon and amine. Pressure is applied to the inside of the container by means of nitrogen. air or other propelling gas through conduit 6. The barrel of the flame thrower receives the hydro carbon admixed with amine by way of conduit 8. Carbon dioxide is introduced into conduit 16 and the CO reacts with the liquid hydrocarbon and amine mixture at the constriction 12 prior to expulsion front nozzle 13 into jet 15. The jet of gelled fuel is ignited by igniter 14.  
  In the modified form of the apparatus as shown in FIG. 2, the tank 22 holds a mixture 24 ofa liquid fuel such as gasoline. plus an additive such as styrene polymer. Nitrogen. air or other propelling gas is introduced into the tank 22 by way of conduit 26 and the solution 24 is forced into flame thrower barrel 30 by way of conduit 28. Tank 38 contains a gelling initiator 40. such as a solution of one part of azo-bis-isobutyronitrile in 9 parts by weight of gasoline. Nitrogen, air or other propelling gas is directed into tank 38 by way of conduit 42 and the gelling initiator is forced through conduit 36 through the barrel 30. and the gelling initiator and solution 24 are admixed at constriction 32. The jet 35 exits from muzzle 33 and is ignited by igniter 34.  
  Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can. using the preceding description. utilize the present invention to its fullest extent.  
 EXAMPLE I.  
  A solution of 5 parts benzylamine is mixed with 100 parts by weight of gasoline and this solution is added to tank 2 of FIG. 1. Nitrogen gas is introduced under pressure through conduit 6 and carbon dioxide under pressure is introduced through conduit 16. The gasoline/amine mixture is reacted with carbon dioxide gas expelled and ignited.  
 EXAMPLE 2.  
  Example I is repeated with the solution of 5 parts benzylamine in lOO parts by weight gasoline. but dry ice is added to the solution in the container 2. This prethickened gel in tank 2 is not easily propelled through the conduit 8 and the barrel 10. There is. therefore. a decided advantage in adding the carbon dioxide to the mixture of gasoline and amine immediately before projecting the gelled fuel as in Example 1.  
 EXAMPLE 3 A solution of 5 parts of dodecylamine is mixed with 100 parts by weight of gasoline and this solution is added to tank 2 of FIG. I. Nitrogen gas is introduced under pressure through conduit 6 and carbon disulfide under pressure is introduced through conduit l6. The resulting gel is expelled and simultaneously ignited.  
 EXAMPLE 4.  
  Example 1 is repeated with 1 part of normal nbutylamine in 100 parts by weight of gasoline.  
 EXAMPLE 5.  
  A solution of l0 parts by weight of palmitic acid in parts by weight of gasoline is added to tank 22 of P10. 2. To tank 38 a solution of 25 percent sodium hy droxide in water is added. Pressure is applied by way of conduits 26 and 42 and the contents of tank 22 are mixed with the gelling initiator of, tank 38 in the barrel 30. Gelation of the palmitic acid/gasoline solution occurs immediately at the orifice 33 with little or no effect on the trajectory length as compared with tests in which no gelling initiators were used. (For other specific examples ofNapalm compositions see U.S. Pat. No. 2.606.107).  
 EXAMPLE 6.  
  A solution of l0 parts by weight styrene in 90 parts by weight of gasoline is added to tank 22 of FIG. 2. A solution of 1 part by weight of azo-bis&#39;isobutyronitrile in 9 parts by weight of gasoline is added to tank 38. Tank 22 is pressurized by compressed nitrogen spplied through conduit 26 and the tank 38 is pressurized by compressed nitrogen applied through conduit 42. The two solutions are admixed in barrel 30, ejected and ignited at nozzle 33. (For other specific examples 0fNapalm B&#34; compositions see U.S. Pat. No. 2,966,401).  
 EXAMPLE 7.  
  A solution of 10 parts of isoprene in 90 parts by weight of hexane is placed in tank 22 of FIG. 2. A solution of ZieglenNatta catalyst is placed in tank 38. The two solutions are pressurized. admixed and ejected from the nozzle 33 without ignition. The fuel is collected at the end of its trajectory and it is found that there is a significant increase in the viscosity.  
 EXAMPLE 8.  
  A solution of 10 parts by weight of sebacyl chloride in 90 parts by weight of gasoline is added to tank 22 of HO. 2. A solution of 1 part by weight of bis-phenol A in 9 parts by weight of pyridine is added to tank 38. Tank 22 is pressurized by compressed nitrogen applied through conduit 26 and the tank 38 is pressurized by compressed nitrogen applied through conduit 42. The two solutions are admixed in barrel 30, ejected and ignited at nozzle 33. Upon extinguishing the flames, it is found that the unburnt fuel is of significantly increased viscosity.  
 EXAMPLE 9.  
  Example 8 is repeated using a water solution of hexanediamine in place of the bis-phenol A. A similar increase in viscosity in the unburnt fuel is again noted.  
  The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically and specifically described reactants and operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.  
 We claim:  
  1. A method for gelling a normally liquid hydrocarbon comprising admixing said hydrocarbon with an additive capable of effecting gelatioit of the hydrocarbon upon reaction with a suitable gelling initiator; placing said gelling initiator in a second containiner; mixing the admixture of an amine having 1 to 30 carbon atoms and said gelling initiator is carbon dioxide in excess of 1 mole carbon dioxide per 2 moles of said amine.  
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein traces of water are added to said admixture.