Fuel cell system including source of fuel containing hydrogen sulfide and method of using
O United States Patent 1 1 [111 3,874,930  
 Pohl et al. Apr. 1, 1975 FUEL CELL SYSTEM INCLUDING SOURCE [56] References Cited 0F FUEL CONTAINING HYDROGEN UNITED STATES PATENTS SULFlDE AND METHOD OF USING 2.946.836 7/1960 his 61 al 136/120 FC [75] inventors: Franz A. Pohl. Gotzenhain; Harald g ifi rg mlg 3.480.479 11/1969 Nestor 136/86 D [73] Assignee: Licentia OTHER PUPUCATIOITJS P g pv h 4] b n Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of C hemical Technology. F kf t Gel-many Vol. 10. pages 448-450, Jan. 4, 1967, TP 9 E68.  
 [22] Filed: 1970 Primary Examiner-L. Dewayne Rutledge [21] Appl. N0 6,883 Assistant liramt&#39;ner-M. J. Andrews Attorney. Agent. or Firm-Spencer &amp; Kaye [30] Foreign Application Priority Data [57] ABSTRACT Feb. I, German) t 1 and/0r molybdenum disulfide in the fuel electrode of a fuel cell. poisoning 136/86 2 effects previously experienced with fuels containing 581 Field of Search 136/86. 120 PC; 252/439 hydmge Sulfide are 0X YGEN SUPP. Y EQUIPMENT 27 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures j In AMPI PATENIEEAPR&#39; H975 CLAMP Fig. 3  
 HYDROGEN 5 UL FIDE SUPPL Y OXYGEN SUPPL Y EQUIPMENT FUEL CELL SYSTEM INCLUDING SOURCE OF FLEI. CONTAINING HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND METHOD OF USING BACKGROLND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a fuel electrode and its use in a fuel cell with gaseous fuel. oxygen as oxidant, and acid electrolyte.  
  A known type of fuel cell uses gaseous fuel and oxygen as oxidant. The fuel electrodes of such cells are made of nickel or platinum. while electrodes of coal. silver or nickel serve as the oxygen electrode.  
  It has been proposed that an electrode of tungsten carbide be used for the electrochemical oxidation of impure hydrogen. In carrying this out. it has been found that uncleaned oxygen from the air can also be used for the oxidation without there occurring a lessening of the activity of the electrode material.  
  Unfortunately. many of the fuel electrodes of the prior art undergo a poisoning when the fuel is. or contains. hydrogen sulfide. that is. with increasing time of opertion of a fuel cell using a fuel at least containing hydrogen sulfide the ability of the fuel electrode to eatalyze the oxidation of the fuel is progressively lost.  
 SUMMARY OF THE INVEN&#39;I&#39;ION An object of the present invention. therefore. is to provide a fuel electrode that can he used with fuel containing hydrogen sulfide.  
  This as well as other objects will become apparent in the discussion that follows.  
  It has been surprisingly discovered that a fuel electrode of tungsten disulfide. W5 and/or molybdenum disulfide. M052. and an electrically conductive additive mades possibe the continued oxidation of gases containing hydrogen sulfide. without the appearance of poisoning.  
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a sectional view of an electrode of the invention. as viewed along the line ]-I of FIG. 2.  
  FIG. 2 is a view of the electrode of FIG. I as seen in the direction of arrow ll of FIG. I.  
  FIG. 3 is a view similar to that of FIG. I but containing additional structure.  
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS To the tungsten disulfide or molybdenum disulfide there is mixed an electrically conductive additive. This is advantageously tungsten carbide in an amount forming from It) to 50 weight-percent of the total mixture. An especially favorable result relative to achievable current density is obtained when the additive is present at about 20 weight-percent. Hard coal may be used in place of the tungsten carbide at the same percentages. These additives are both inert to hydrogen sulfide.  
  According to a further development of the invention. the fuel electrode of tungsten disulfide or molydenum disulfide and tungstne carbide or hard coal contains as a second additive one or more of the sulfides of molybdenum. tantalum. vanadium. titanium. or zirconium. The percentage of these sulfides is chosen such that their sum is at most equal to the percentage of tungsten disulfide or molybdenum disulfidc in the electrode.  
  Fuel electrodes according to the invention can be formed as porous electrodes in known manner. The  
 III  
 (ill  
 starting materials in the form of powders are mixed with a binder. for example polyethylene. the amount of the binder forming 2 to It) weight-percent of the total mixture. The mixture is then compacted by pressing and finally sintered.  
  A porous coal electrode may be used as the oxygen electrode of the fuel cell of the invention.  
  The fuel electrodes ofthe present invention are especially advantageous for the electrochemical oxidation of gas containing hydrogen sulfide. During this oxidation. the hydrogen sulfide is changed to water and zerovalent sulfur. This transformation is accompanied by the production of electrical current. The hydrogen sulfide causes no poisoning of the fuel electrode. It is advantageous to use sulfuric acid as the electrolyte of the fuel cell of the invention. Especially favorable results are achieved using Z-norntal acidv The special advantage of the present invention arises not only in that the electrochemical transformation of hydrogen sulfide is made possible in a technically feasible manner. An especially important advantage is that the present invention makes technically feasible the electrochemical burning of uncleaned natural gas. However. the natural gas still has to be first transformed by steam cracking into carbon monoxide. carbon dioxide. and hydrogen.  
  With a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen. or with hydrogen sulfide alone. as fuel. electrodes according to the present invention yield current densities of from It) to St) milliamps per square centimeter.  
  Representative of the practice of the present invention are the following examples:  
 EXAMPLE I The following powders are mixed:  
 2t) weight-7r tungsten carbide powder made as described in Example I of the application of Harald Biihm et al.. filed Nov. 28. I969. for an &#34;Electrode Material:  
 72 weight-7r tungsten disulfide having a particle size of 0.3 microns; and  
 8 weight-7r polyethylene of particle size range between 90 and ISO microns.  
  This mixture is compacted at a pressure of 0.55 x It) ponds (the unit of force in the cgs system) per cm&#34; to a fuel electrode I shown in FIG. I having a thickness of 3 mm and a circular area of 9 cm? The electrode I is sintered at lStlC for 30 minutes.  
  The electrode I thus prepared is then provided with a graphite ring 3 and a polytetrafluoroethylene disc 2 in the manner described in Example I ofthe application of Harald Bi&#39;ihm ct al.. filed Dec. l8. I969. for an Electrical Contact. Ring 3 ad disc 2 are shown. for example. in FIGS. I and 2.  
  Referring to FIG. 3. the electrode I of FIGS. I and 2 is shown assembled with other parts of a fuel cell. Electrode 6 is a porous carbon electrode. such as the active coal layer 8 disclosed in the application of Franz Pohl et al.. US. Ser. No. 785.887. filed Dec. 23. I968. for a Fuel Cell.&#34; or such as the hard coal electrode disclosed in US. Application Ser. No. 77l.l7(). filed Oct. 28, I968. by Harald B&#39;t&#39;ihm for an Electrode for an Electrochemical Cell and a Method for Producing the Electrode. Electrode 6 is shown provided with a ring 3 and coating 2 of the type provided for electrode 1.  
  Both electrode l and electrode 6 are set into a plastic frome 7 which is electrically non-conductive and inert to the electrolyte that is to be used. 2 normal sulfuric acid in this example. The frame 7 is provided with con duit system 9 for electrolyte removal and conduit sys tem for electrolyte inflow. During operation of the cell. electrolyte is present in the electrolyte chamber ll between the electrodes 1 and 6.  
  Oxygen and hydrogen sulfide supply equipment is proyided. so that these gases may diffuse through electrodes 6 and 1. respectively. during operation of the cell. This equipment. which is conventional. has been illustrated by a labeled box since its detailed illustration is not essential for a proper understanding of the invention.  
  The manner in which the electrodes are held in place in the frame is illustrated for electrode I. An annular. conical plate spring 4 presses against ring 3. This spring 4 is made of a conductive material, such as steel. and  
 is shown in FIG. 4(- of page l7. volume l3. McGraw- Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 1966, where it is called a Belleville spring. Backing up spring 4 is a steel ring l2 which may in turn abut against a terminal of a motorv During operation of the cell. current flou is by way of spring 4 to the load. for instance a motor. The pressure supplied to steel ring l2 may be supplied. for example, by a conventional clamp. This is illustrated by a labeled box in the drawing. since its detailed illustration is not essential for a proper understanding of the invention. Alternatively, the pressure may be supplied by the frame of another cell. The steel ring 12 bears against the frame 7 by way of an annular, rubber gasket l3. Holes are provided in the steel ring 12 for the conduit systems 9 and [0. A rubber tube (not shown) is inserted into the bores of these holes when the conduit systems are connected to for example. an electrolyte circulating system, so that electrolyte does not contact the steel.  
  With oxygen and hydrogen sulfide gas pressures each at I50 millimeters of water, electrode thickness of 3 mm. 2 normal H 50 as electrolyte. and a temperature of (10 C. electrical current densities of It) to 50 milliamps per cm are achieved.  
 EXAMPLE ll One proceeds as in Example I, except that the weight-7c tungsten carbide is replaced by an equal weight ofhard coal having a particle size of It) microns.  
 EXAMPLE lll One proceeds as in Example I. except that the 72 weight-X tungsten disulfde is replaced by an equal weight of molybdenum disulfide of 0.3 micron particle size.  
 EXAMPLES lV Vlll One proceeds as in Example I. except that the weight of tungsten disulfide is reduced to form 36 weight-7r of the total mixture and the mixture additonally contains 36 weight /z of 0.3 micron material as follows:  
 Ex. l\&#39; Ex. V Ex. VI Ex. Vll lix. Vlll EXAMPLES IX Xlll One proceeds as in Example lll. except that the weight of molybdenum disulfide is reduced to form 36 weightli? of the total mixture and the mixture additionally contains 36 weight qz of 0.3 micron material as follows:  
 t&#39;lx. IX Ex. X lix. XI lav XII Ev .(lll  
 Material Mos: l&#39;a S YS &#39;l&#39;iS ZrS EXAMPLE XIV One proceeds as in Example I. except that the hydrogen sulfide t&#39;uel is replaced by a fuel containing 96 volume-7r hydrogen and 4 volume-7r hydrogen sulfide.  
  Hard coal (mentioned on page 5 line 12) means a technical product supplied by RlNGSDORFF- WERKE. D 532 Bad GodesbergMehlem under the commercial name: &#34;EK l5.&#34;  
  it will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modifications. changes and adaptations. and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.  
 We claim:  
  I. A fuel cell system for electrochemically oxidizing gaseous hydrogen sulfide to produce electric current therefrom comprising:  
 a. a fuel cell containing a fuel electrode resistant to poisoning by hydrogen sulfide and consisting essentially of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide, and an additive which is electrically conductive and inert to hydrogen sulfide;  
 b. gaseous fuel at least containing hydrogen sulfide in contact with said fuel electrode; and  
 c. supply means connected to said fuel cell and containing gaseous fuel at least containing hydrogen sulfide for supplying said hydrogen sulfide containing gaseous fuel to said fuel electrode.  
  2. A method of using a compound selected from the group consisting of tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide, comprising the steps of incorporating such compound with a conductor of electricity selected from the group consisting of tungsten carbide and hard coal in the fuel electrode of a fuel cell and oxidizing a fuel containing hydrogen sulfide on said electrode for generating electrical energy.  
  3. The method as claimed in claim 2, said conductor being tungsten carbide.  
  4. The method as claimed in claim 2, said conductor being hard coal.  
  5. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising incorporating at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the sulfides of tantalum, vanadium, titanium. and zirconium into said fuel electrode.  
  6. The method as claimed in claim 2, said conductor being a powdered substance making up 10 to 50 Weight-7r of said fuel electrode, the step of incorporating a conductor including mixing said powdered substance with said compound.  
  7. The method as claimed in claim 6, said powdered substance making up 20 weight-&#39;7? ofthe fuel electrode.  
  8. The method as claimed in claim 2. the step of oxidizing further including the steps of electrically connecting said conductor ofelectl&#39;ieity to an oxygen electrode. contacting said fuel electrode and said oxygen electrode with a common acid electrolyte, and supplying said oxygen electrode with oxygen.  
  9. The method as claimed in claim 8. said acid electrolyte being sulfuric acid.  
  10. The method of generating electrical energy in a fuel cell comprising a fuel electrode comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of tungsten disultide and molybdenum disulfide and a conductor of electricity selected from the group consisting of tungsten carbide and hard coal. an oxygen electrode. and an electrolyte. comprising passing a gaseous fuel containing at least H 5 on said fuel electrode and a gaseous oxidant on said oxygen electrode. thereby generating electrical energy.  
  11. The method as claimed in claim 10. said conductor being tungsten carbide.  
  12. The method as claimed in claim 10. said conductor being hard coal.  
  13. The method as claimed in claim It). wherein said fuel electrode has incorporated therein at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the sulfides of tantalum. vanadium. titanium. and zirconium.  
  14. The method as claimed in claim 10. wherein said fuel consists essentially of hydrogen sulfide.  
  IS. The method as claimed in claim It]. said conductor being a powdered substance making up ll) to 50 weight-71 of said fuel electrode. admixed with said compound.  
  16. The method as claimed in claim I5. said powdered substance making up 20 weight-7&#39; of the fuel electrode.  
  [7. The method as claimed in claim 10. in which said conductor ofelectricity is electrically connected to said oxygen electrode and said fuel electrode and said oxygen elcctrode contact a common acid electrolyte, and wherein said oxidant is oxygen.  
  18. The method as claimed in claim 17. wherein said acid electrolyte is sulfuric acid.  
  I). In a method of generating electrical energy. the improvement in combination therewith comprising the steps of:  
 a. connecting an electrically conductive part selected from the group consisting of tungsten carbide and hard coal to at least one compound selected from the group consisting of tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide thereby forming a connection. and  
 b. oxidizing a fuel containing hydrogen sulfide at said connection.  
 20. The method as claimed in claim 19. the step of connecting including a. mixing said part. dispersed as powder. with said compound in powdered form. and  
 b. compacting and sintering the resulting mixture.  
  21. The method as claimed in claim 21). said part being tungsten carbide.  
  22. The method as claimed in claim 20. said part being hard coal.  
  23. The method as claimed in claim 20. said part making up It) to S() weight-C! of the sintered mixture.  
  24. The method as claimed in claim 23. said part making up 20 weight-9 of the sintered mixture.  
  25. The method as claimed in claim 20, further including the step of mixing the powdered part and conn w pound with powder of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the sulfides of tantalum. vanadium. titanium. and zirconium.  
  26. The method as claimed in claim 19. further including the steps ofelectrically connecting said part to an oxygen electrode. contacting said part. said conpound. and said oxygen electrode with a common acid electrolyte and supplying said oxygen electrode with oxygen.  
 27. The method as claimed in claim 26. said acid electrolyte being sulfuric acid.