Piling
O United States Patent H 1 H 1 3,875,752  
 Merjan 1 Apr. 8, 1975 FILING [56] References Cited [76] Inventor: Stanley Merjan. l6 Beacon Dr., UNITED STATES PATENTS Fort Washington. NY. I lOSO 1.490.532 4/1924 Guyoue 175/22 J N i The ponion of the term of this 1.778.925 ill/i934 Thornlcy ...6l/56.5 patent Subsequent to Aug 14 1990 3.75193: 8/1973 Merym 61/53 has been diSClaimed FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 7&#39; 33.562 4/l934 Netherlands M 61/53 May 1972 730.9% M943 Germany m se. [2i] Appl. No.1 256.163  
 Related U.S. Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 97.997. Dec. [4. 1970. abandoned, and u continuznion-in-part of Ser. No. 235.790. March 17. 1972. Pat. No. 3.75l.93l.  
 U.S. Cl. 6l/53; 61/535. fill/53.6;  
  61/56 Int. Cl E02d 5/30: E02d 5/48 Field of Search 61/53. 53.5. 53.52. 53.56,  
 6l/53.64, 53.66. 56. 56.5. 53.7; l75/2l. 22; 52/]70. 297. 298  
 Primary Examiner-Jacob Shapiro Attorney, Agem. or Firm-Abner Sheffcr {57] ABSTRACT A concrete pile fitted with a special slightly tapered concrete tip of larger area. The tip has a central stub with an open socket for receiving a stem.  
 l2 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures PATENTEUMR 8W5 FIG. 3  
 FIG. I  
 FIG. 2  
 PILING This application is a continuation-in-part of my application Ser. No. 97.997 filed Dec. 14. I970. now abandoned. and my application Ser. No. 235.790 filed Mar. l.7, I972 now US. Pat. No. 3.75l.93l of Aug. l4. I973 as a continuation-in-part of said earlier application. The entire disclosures of said applications (including FIGS. I to 11 thereof) are incorporated herein by reference.  
 This invention relates to piling.  
  The present application contains additional disclosure of the use of the tip of this invention with various stems in pile constructions which are driven directly without the use of a mandrel. Unless otherwise indi&#39; cated herein, the constructions and processes are the same as in said parent applications.  
  In the drawings FIGS. 1. 2 and 4 are views of the lower end of the pile. including the tip. in elevation partly in cross section. and FIG. 3 is a horizontal cross section through the upper portion of the tip of FIG. 2. More particularly, FIG. 1 illustrates the use of a length of wood pile as the stem; FIGS. 2 and 3 show the use of a precast pile as the stem; FIG. 4 shows the use. as a stern. of a pipe pre-filled with concrete.  
  The arrangement shown in FIG. I is suitable for relatively light pile loadings l5 to 30 tons). Tip II has a stub 34 which is as in said FIGS. 6 to 9 of said Patent 3.751.931. a short piece of pipe (e.g.. steel pipe of. say. about 8 inch outside diameter and 3/16 inch wall thickness). &#39;To keep concrete out of the socket during the casting of the tip there is a barrier 63 which may be of any suitable material; conveniently it is a pipe cap of light gauge metal which is force-fitted to the bottom of stub 34 before the casting operation. A length of ordinary wood piling 64 is driven so that its lower end fits tightly in the socket. (The lower end is preferably first trimmed to roughly the same crosssection as the cross-section of the socket but slightly larger than the socket so that the wood is compressed somewhat during this initial driving. which aids in making a tight fit). Driving may be effected. for instance. by placing the tip. socket upwards. on the ground at the point where the pile is to be driven. positioning the wood stem 64 above the socket. and then driving the latter into the socket with the pile driving hammer; the wood stem may then be secured in place by any suitable means. such as bolts and nuts 65. A pile of this type may be driven with a low-energy pile hammer (e.g.. of energy about 7.000 to I9.500 ft. lbs. per blow) and is capable of producing required driving resistances in soils substantially looser than would be the case for a wood pile driven without the tip ll. As compared to ordinary wood piles the invention provides higher load capacities and/or shorter piles in soils which are generally loose and granular. Typically. for this use the tip has a height ofabout 2 /2 feet. and diameters of about l7 inches (at the base) and 20 inches (at the top). the stub 34 being about 30 inches long. half of which is within the concrete. The wood pile stem may be. for instance. about 10 to 90 feet long.  
  In FIG. 2 there is employed precast reinforced concrete pile stem 66. Such stems are available (see page 200-206 of the Chellis book. for instance) in various cross sections. most commonly square as illustrated (see FIG. 3) although other cross sections. such as hexagonal, octagonal or circular may be used. Element 67 may be a cup-shaped piece (or assemblage) oflight material. such a sheet metal. which serves as a form to define the cavity or socket at the top of the tip during the casting of the tip. Preferably it is tapered slightly (being wider at the top) and the lower end of the concrete stem 66 may be similarly tapered so that the pile may be assembled simply by driving the stem into the cavity and thereby wedging the lower end of the stem in said cavityv One may also remove all or part of the element 67 after the tip is cast and hardened; thus when the pile is assembled the concrete surface of the lower end of the stern may be in contact with the concrete inner surface of the cavity of the tipv Piles of this type may be constructed. for instance. in sizes suitable to produce bearing capacities of. say. from about 30 to I00 tons or more when driven with hammers whose energies may range from. say. about l5.000 to 36.000 ft. lbs. or more per blow. In a typical pile of this construction the stem is about 14 inches square. the tip has a height of about 3 feet and is about 2 feet square at the top and about 20 inches square at the bottom.  
  In FIG. 4 the stem 68 is a pipe that has been filled with concrete. which is poured into the pipe [containing spaced reinforcing wires or bars as indicated) and hardened there. before the stem is fitted to the tip. This arrangement offers a very rigid driving medium with the economy of the pre-poured pile stem; it may be used. for instance. in a range of capacities from. say. about 25 to I00 tons or more when driven with hammers whose energies would be. for instance. about l9.000 to 30.000 ft. lbs. per blow. The pipe ofthe stem may be heavy-walled steel pipe having an external diameter such that there will be a close slip fit between said pipe and the inner wall of stub 34. To provide uplift capability for the pile. if desired. the stem may be welded to the stub 34 as indicated by the fillet at the top of stub 34 in FIG. 4.  
  It is understood that the foregoing detailed description is given merely by way of illustration and that variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. The Abstract given above is merely for the convenience of technical searchers and is not to be given any weight with respect to the scope of the invention.  
 I claim:  
  I. A pile comprising a preformed stem and a separately preformed tip. said tip being of reinforced concrete and tapered to increase in diameter from the bottom upwards for an axial distance of at least 2 feet. the taper being less than about 3 inches per foot and the axial height of the tip being at least about 2 feet. said tip having an upper central cavity tightly receiving the lower end of said stem. said cavity and stem extending down within said taper.  
  2. A pile as in claim I in which the axial height of said tip is at least I foot greater than the depth of said cavity.  
  3. A pile as in claim 2 in which the depth of said cavity is at least 3/10 less than 7/l0 of said axial height. and the horizontal cross sectional area of the upper portion of said tip is above twice the cross-sectional area ofsaid stem. said tip increasing in diameter continuously from below the level of the bottom of said cavity to above said level.  
  4. A pile as in claim I in which said cavity is lined with a tubular metal liner bonded to the concrete of the tip.  
  5. A pile as in claim 1 in which said stem is a wood stem.  
  6. A pile as in claim I in which said stem is of precast reinforced concrete.  
  7. A pile as in claim 1 in which said stem is a pipe prefilled with reinforced concrete.  
  8. A driven load-carrying pile in place in the ground. comprising the pile of claim 1, said pile extending through non-bearing soil to a bearing layer of loose. granular soil. said layer having an N value less than 30. said tip being embedded in said loose granular soil which has been compressed by the driving of said pile,  
  9. A driven load-carrying pile in place in the ground. comprising the pile of claim 3. said pile extending through non-bearing soil to a bearing layer of loose granular soil, said layer having an N value less than 30. said tip being embedded in said loose granular soil which has been compressed by the driving of said pile said stem being of wood.  
  10. A driven pile as in claim 9 in which said tip has a height of about 2 /2 feet. a diameter of about 2O inches at the top, a taper of about 3/5 inch per foot and a substantially flat top and bottom, the ground engaging surfaces of said tip being of smooth concrete, said tip being of circular cross-section.  
  11. A driven load-carrying pile in place in the ground comprising the pile of claim 3, said pile extending through non-bearing soil to a bearing layer of loose granular soil, said layer having an N value less than 30. said tip being embedded in said loose granular soil which has been compressed by the driving of said pile, said stem being a pipe pre-filled with reinforced concrete.  
  12. A driven load-carrying pile in place in the ground. comprising the pile of claim 3, said pile extending through non-bearing soil to a bearing layer of loose. granular soil, said layer having an N value less than 30, said tip being embedded in said loose granular soil which has been compressed by the driving of said pile,  
 said stem being of precast reinforced concrete,