Optical system for laser doppler homodyne detection
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows one preferred embodiment of the optical system of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 shows a roof reflector in combination with an attenuator which may be used in conjunction with the optical system of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the laser Doppler homodyne optical system of the present invention. This system includes a laser 10, a 90° roof reflector 12 having first and second reflecting surfaces 12a and 12b, a twin off-axis Cassegrain reflector system formed by primary reflector 14 and secondary reflector 16, lens 18, and detector 20. 
     Laser 10, which may be, for example, a carbon dioxide laser, produces a laser beam 22. Beam 22 is directed to first reflecting surface 12a of roof reflector 12. A first portion 22a of beam 22 is reflected by first reflecting surface 12a to form the output beam of the system. A small second portion 22b of beam 22 passes through hole 24 in roof reflector 12. Second portion 22b forms the local oscillator beam required for homodyne detection. 
     Output beam 22a passes through opening 26 in primary mirror 14. Output beam 22a then is reflected by third reflecting surface 16a of secondary reflector 16. Third reflecting surface 16a preferably is a spherical reflecting surface which diverges beam 22a. 
     Fourth reflecting surface 14a of reflector 14 receives the diverging output beam 22a from third reflecting surface 16a. Fourth reflecting surface 14a is preferably a parabolic surface and is positioned with respect to third reflecting surface 16a so that output beam 22a is collimated. The collimated output beam 22a is directed to the target, in some cases by a scanning mirror (not shown). 
     Incident radiation 28 (which is primarily the returning beam which has been back reflected and scattered by the target) is received by the receiver optics formed by fifth reflecting surface 14b of reflector 14 and sixth reflecting surface 16b of reflector 16. Fifth reflecting surface 14b is preferably a parabolic surface which is a common surface with fourth reflecting surface 14a. Sixth reflecting surface 16b is preferably spherical and forms part of a common surface with third reflecting surface 16a. Incident radiation 28 is converged and reflected by fifth reflecting surface 14b to sixth reflecting surface 16b. Incident radiation 28 is then collimated by sixth reflecting surface 16b  and is directed to second reflecting surface 12b of roof reflector 12. 
     Second reflecting surface 12b reflects incident radiation 28 and directs it along an essentially common path with local oscillator beam 22b. Local oscillator beam 22b and incident radiation 28 are focused by lens 18 onto detector 20. The interference of the two beams at detector 20 produces a Doppler homodyne signal which is detected by detector 20. 
     The optical system of the present invention has several advantages. First, there is no 6 db loss in a system as there is in co-linear optical systems. This system does not use 50% beam splitters to separate the output and local oscillator beams nor does it use a 50% beam splitter to recombine the incident radiation with the local oscillator. The separation of the beam into output and local oscillator beams and the recombining of the incident radiation with the local oscillator beam is performed by roof reflector 12. 
     Second, the transmitter and receiver optics contain no on-axis surfaces that can back-reflect laser energy under variable phase and frequency into the laser and deteriorate laser frequency stability. The axis of the transmitter-receiver system is represented by dashed line 30 in FIG. 1. It can be seen that the beam expanding of output beam 22 and the beam reducing of incident radiation 28 is &#34;off-axis&#34;. 
     Third, the present invention minimizes the use of transmitting optics. Only lens 18 is a transmitting optical device. All other components (roof reflector 12, primary reflector 14, and secondary reflector 16) are reflecting optical components. This leads to lower cost, since transmitting (refracting) optical components are considerably more expensive than reflecting optical components. 
     Fourth, the system uses a minimum of optical components. The beam separation, beam combining, transmitting, expanding, reducing, and receiving functions are all performed by three reflectors: roof reflector 12, primary reflector 14, and secondary reflector 16. 
     Fifth, although the system is a twin off-axis system, transmitter and receiver reflectors 14a and 14b may be formed on a common mirror substrate. Similarly, transmitter and reflector surfaces 16a and 16b may be formed on a common mirror substrate. This results in greater precision and ruggedness of the system. 
     Sixth, the system of the present invention provides the same beam spread (and thus spot size) for output beam 22a and incident radiation 28. 
     Seventh, the use of the twin off-axis Cassegrain reflector system in conjunction with the roof reflector 12 allows output beam 22a and incident radiation 28 to be parallel beams. 
     FIG. 2 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention. The optical elements used in FIG. 2 are generally similar to those shown in FIG. 1, and similar numerals and letters have been used to designate similar elements. 
     The system of FIG. 2 has even greater ruggedness than the system of FIG. 1. Roof reflector 32 is mounted in opening 26 of primary reflector 14. 
     Beam 22 from laser 10 is directed to roof reflector 32. The major portion 22a of beam 22 is diverted to spherical secondary mirror 16 by first reflecting surface 32a. Output beam 22a strikes third reflecting surface 16a, which is the lower half of secondary mirror 16. Beam 22a is reflected and diverged to illuminate fourth reflecting surface 14a, which is the lower half of parabolic primary mirror 14. The spacing of secondary mirror 16 and primary mirror 14 are such that output beam 22a is collimated. 
     Incident radiation 28, which is primarily back reflected and scattered energy from the target, strikes fifth reflecting surface 14b, which is the upper half of primary mirror 14. Incident radiation 28 is converged and reflected by fifth reflecting surface 14b to sixth reflecting surface 16b. Sixth reflecting surface 16b, which is the upper half of secondary mirror 16, reflects and collimates incident radiation 28 and directs it to second reflecting surface 32b of roof reflector 32. Incident radiation 28 is reflected by second reflecting surface 32b, passes through lens 18, and is focused on detector 20. 
     Local oscillator beam 22b is provided by allowing a small spillover of beam 22 as it strikes roof reflector 32. This spillover is collected by lens 18 and is focused on to detector 20 to provide the necessary local oscillator power for homodyne operation. The amount of local oscillator power, which is typically about one to two milliwatts, may be adjusted by adjusting the position of roof reflector 32 along axis 30 to increase or decrease the amount of spillover. 
     In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the desired output beam diameter for output beam 22a is about 0.6 centimeters. The ratio of the primary mirror focal length to the secondary mirror focal length gives the expansion effect of the optical system. In this preferred embodiment, therefore, a 10X expansion ratio is required. Thus, the laser output beam divergence of typically 3 × 10.sup. -3  radians is reduced by a factor of 10 to 3 × 10.sup. -4  radians. 
     Polishing of the parabolic primary mirror 14 is carried out on a quartz blank of 13 cm. diameter. After the mirror is properly figured, a hole 26 is drilled at the center, and the unused areas of the sides are removed. The finished mirror surface of 14, therefore, is only as wide as the required 6 centimeter output beam. 
     The focal lengths and mirror spacings are chosen to satisfy the 10× beam expansion. Aberrations limit the allowable focal length of spherical secondary mirror 16 to approximately 4.32 cm. The focal length of primary mirror 14, therefore, is approximately 43.2 cm., and the separation between primary mirror 14 and secondary mirror 16 is approximately 38.9 cm. 
     Proper homodyne operation of the detector requires that the intensity of local oscillator beam 22b be adjusted to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. This adjustment is made in FIG. 2 by adjusting the position of roof reflector 32 along axis 30 to increase or decrease the amount of spillover. 
     FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the roof reflector which allows adjustment of the local oscillator beam intensity. In this embodiment, roof reflector 40 includes a cavity 42 through which beam 22 passes. Variable attenuator 44 is positioned in cavity 42 so that the adjustment of local oscillator beam intensity is accomplished inside roof reflector 40, where local oscillator beam 22b is separated from output beam 22a and from incident radiation 28. Variable attenuator 44 is preferably two uncoated gallium arsenide plates 46 and 48 oriented at Brewster&#39;s angle with respect to the local oscillator beam 22b. In the unattenuated position, the normal of the Brewster angle plate is located in the plane of polarization of the laser light. Rotation of variable Brewster attenuator 44 about the beam axis provides variable transmission of local oscillator beam 22b. 
     In conclusion, the laser Doppler homodyne system of the present invention overcomes several of the shortcomings of prior art systems, and uses a minimum of optical components to achieve this desired performance. Although the present invention has been described with reference to a series of preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.