Substituted or unsubstituted p-alkanoyl toluenes as anti-diabetic agents
This is a division of application Ser. No. 546,756 filed Feb. 3, 1975 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,003, which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 445,265, filed Feb. 25, 1974, now abandoned. 
    
    
     This invention relates to the pharmaceutical activity of p-alkanoyl toluenes. More particularly, this invention concerns the use of substituted or unsubstituted p-alkanoyl toluenes in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds as an active ingredient thereof. 
     The active agents with which this invention is concerned may be represented by the following structural formula: ##EQU1## where R 1  represents hydrogen, halo having an atomic weight of about 19 to 36, and straight chain lower alkoxy, i.e., straight chain alkoxy having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy or the like, and 
     R 2  and R 3  each independently represent alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, i.e., methyl or ethyl. 
     The compounds of formula (I) above are known and may be prepared according to methods disclosed in the literature from known materials. The present invention contemplates only the novel use of such compounds as anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents. 
     The compounds of formula (I) are useful because they possess pharmacological activity in animals. In particular, the compounds of formula (I) are useful as anti-obesity agents in the treatment of obesity as indicated by (1) preventing an increase in the blood sugar level in male Wistar rats in groups of 4 which have fasted for 16 hours and then are given an initial dose of 200 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight of the test compound orally. One hour later, the rats are given 2 grams per kilogram of animal body weight of maltose load. Fifteen minutes after administration of the maltose, the rats are anesthetized with 120 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight of sodium hexobarbital after which blood is collected via cardiac puncture. The blood samples are placed in an autoanalyzer cup containing 0.1 milliliters of heparin (1,000 units per milliliter). The heparinized blood is used to determine the blood sugar level with an autoanalyzer. The blood sugar content is compared to the control group which receives 0.5% carboxmethyl cellulose and are run concurrently, and by (2) preventing an increase in the blood sugar level in male Wistar rats in groups of four which are fasted for 16 hours and then are given an initial dose of 200 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight of the test compound orally. One hour later, the rats are given 2.5 grams per kilogram of animal body weight of starch load. Thirty minutes after administration of the starch, the rats are anesthetized with 120 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight of sodium hexobarbital after which blood is collected via cardiac puncture. The blood samples are placed in an autoanalyzer cup containing 0.1 milliliters of heparin (1,000 units per milliliter). The heparinized blood is used to determine the blood sugar level with an autoanalyzer. The blood sugar content is compared to the control group which receives 0.5% carboxmethyl cellulose and are run concurrently. The blood sugar levels are calculated and compared to the control. 
     The compounds of formula (I) are also useful as juvenile anti-diabetic agents in the treatment of diabetes in adults as indicated by the lowering of blood glucose in 6 to 8-week old male Royal Hart mice weighing 30 to 35 grams which are fasted in groups of 5 for 16 hours and then are given an initial dose of 200 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight of the compound orally. One and one-half hours later, the mice are given orally 2 grams per kilogram of animal body weight of a glucose challenge. Twenty-five minutes later, the mice are anesthetized with 85 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight of sodium hexobarbital and 5 minutes later blood is collected via cardiac puncture. The blood samples are placed in an autoanalyzer cup containing 0.025 milliliters of heparin (1,000 units per milliliter); and the samples are capped, shaken, and stored in ice. The glucose content is determined by the autoanalyzer potassium ferric-cyanide N-2b method and are compared with a control group, which receives orally 0.5% carboxmethyl cellulose vehicle and are run concurrently. 
     For such uses, the compounds of formula (I) may be administered orally or parenterally as such or admixed with conventional pharmaceutical carriers. They may be administered orally in such forms as tablets, dispersible powders, capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preferably soft gelatin capsules, and emulsions, and parenterally as emulsions, e.g., a sterile injectable emulsion. The compositions for oral use may contain one or more conventional adjuvants, such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide an elegant and palatable preparation. Tablets may contain the active ingredient in admixture with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, e.g., inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, and talc, granulating and disintegrating agents, e.g., starch and alginic acid, binding agents, e.g., starch, gelatin and acacia, lubricating agents, e.g., magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc, and absorbing agents such as colloidal silicone dioxide. The tablets may be uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. Similarly, suspensions, and emulsions may contain the active ingredient in admixture with any of the conventional excipients utilized by the preparation of such compositions, e.g., suspending agents such as methylcellulose, tragacanth and sodium alginate; wetting agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate; and preservatives such as ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. Capsules may contain the active ingredient admixed with an inert solid diluent, e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and kaolin. Soft gelatin capsules may contain the active ingredient in admixture with conventional pharmaceutical excipients, e.g., inert carriers such as vegetable oils (soybean oil, corn oil and the like) polyethyleneglycol derivatives or mineral oils. The injectable compositions are formulated as known in the art. These pharmaceutical preparations may contain up to about 90% of the active ingredient in combination with the carrier or adjuvant. 
     The anti-obesity effective dosage of active ingredient employed for the treatment of obesity and the anti-diabetic effective amount of active ingredient employed in the treatment of diabetes may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration and the severity of the condition being treated. However, in general, satisfactory results are obtained for both the hypolipodemia effect and the anti-diabetic effect when the compounds of formula (I) are administered at a daily dosage of from about 1 milligram to about 200 milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight, p.o., preferably given in divided doses two to four times a day, or in sustained release form. For most large mammals, the total daily dosage for both indications is from about 75 to about 1500 milligrams. Dosage forms suitable for internal use comprise from about 20 to about 750 milligrams of the active compound in intimate admixture with a solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     Compounds of formula (I) which can be used as the active ingredient include the following: 
     a. 2-chloro-4-pivaloyl toluene 
     b. 2-methoxy-4-pivaloyl toluene, or 
     c. p-pivaloyl toluene, the latter being especially preferred. 
     A representative formulation suitable for oral administration is a tablet, capsule or soft gelatin capsule prepared by standard tabletting or encapsulating techniques which contains the following and may be administered 2 to 4 times a day in the treatment of obesity or diabetes. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     
         Ingredient              Weight (mg.)                                      
                        Capsule                                           
______________________________________                                    
p-pivaloyl toluene      100                                               
tragacanth              --                                                
lactose                 300                                               
corn starch             --                                                
talcum                  --                                                
magnesium stearate      --                                                
                          400 mg.                                         
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     EXAMPLE 2 
     
         Ingredient      Weight (mg.)                                              
              tablet  capsule  soft gelatin                               
                               capsule                                    
______________________________________                                    
p-pivaloyl toluene                                                        
                100       100      100                                    
polyvinylpyrrolidone                                                      
                15        --       --                                     
lactose         282.5     346      --                                     
corn starch     25        --       --                                     
talcum          15        --       --                                     
colloidal silicon dioxide                                                 
                50        50       --                                     
magnesium stearate                                                        
                2.5       --       --                                     
stearic acid    --        4        --                                     
soybean oil     --        --       300                                    
                500 mg.   500 mg.  400 mg.                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following pharmaceutical compositions are formulated with the indicated amount of active agent using conventional techniques. The injectable emulsion, the oral liquid suspension, and the oral liquid emulsion represent formulations useful as unit doses and may be administered in the treatment of obesity or diabetes. The injectable emulsion is suitable for administration once or twice a day whereas the oral liquid suspension and the oral liquid emulsion is suitably administered 2 to 4 times per day for this purpose. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     
         Ingredient              Weight (mg.)                                      
                        Oral liquid                                       
                        suspension                                        
______________________________________                                    
p-pivaloyl toluene      100                                               
magnesium aluminum silicate                                               
                        47.5                                              
flavor                  q.s.                                              
color                   q.s.                                              
methyl paraben, U.S.P.  4.5                                               
propyl paraben, U.S.P.  1.0                                               
polysorbate 80 (e.g., Tween 80), U.S.P.                                   
                        5                                                 
sorbitol solution, 70%, U.S.P.                                            
                        2,500                                             
buffer agent to adjust pH for desired                                     
stability               q.s.                                              
water                    q.s. to                                          
                        5 ml.                                             
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     EXAMPLE 4 
     
         Ingredient      Weight (mg.)                                              
                Sterile inject-                                           
                          Oral liquid                                     
                able emulsion                                             
                          emulsion                                        
__________________________________________________________________________
p-pivaloyl toluene                                                        
                200       100                                             
sodium, carboxy methyl-                                                   
 cellulose, U.S.P.                                                        
                --        12.5                                            
polyvinylpyrrolidone                                                      
                5         --                                              
benzoyl alcohol 0.01      --                                              
sodium chloride to be adjusted                                            
                          --                                              
                to an isotonic                                            
                concentration                                             
flavor          --        q.s.                                            
color           --        q.s.                                            
methyl paraben, U.S.P.                                                    
                --        4.5                                             
propyl paraben, U.S.P.                                                    
                --        1.0                                             
polysorbate 80 (e.g.,                                                     
 Tween 80), U.S.P.                                                        
                1         5                                               
sorbitol solution, 70% U.S.P.                                             
                --        2,500                                           
buffer agent to adjust pH for                                             
 desired stability                                                        
                q.s.      q.s.                                            
water           for injection                                             
                          q.s. to                                         
                q.s. to 1 ml.                                             
                          5 ml.                                           
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     The preferred pharmaceutical compositions from the standpoint of preparation and ease of administration are soft gelatin capsules containing from about 100 to 200 milligrams of the active ingredient.