Adhesive composition
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 673,517, filed Apr. 5, 1976 and now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Block copolymers have been formulated in the past to produce a number of types of adhesive compositions. The basic patent in this field, Harlan, U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,478, shows combinations of block copolymers with tackifying resins and paraffinic extending oils to produce a wide spectrum of adhesives. It is particularly advantageous to employ extending oils in the adhesive composition since extending oils are less expensive than the block copolymers, and therefore, the use of extending oils results in lower cost adhesive compositions. In addition, extending oils typically improve the tack of the adhesive. Further, since there are many advantages to hot-melt adhesives as compared to solution applied adhesives, it is important that viscosity-reducing components, such as extending oils, be present. For example, Korpman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,202, describes a two component blend of certain block copolymers with a particular type of tackifying resin. However, the compositions described by Korpman are clearly oil-free and consequently would be difficult to apply to a tape backing in the form of a melt. 
     It has now been found that a standard adhesive composition comprising a block copolymer, tackifying resin, and paraffinic extending oil does not have adequate adhesion to porous substrates such as paper and cardboard. While it is known that the adhesion to cardboard can be improved by eliminating the extending oil as in Korpman, this is not a preferred approach to solving the problem. 
     In the past, it has been the accepted rule that the extending oil contain less than about 50%, preferably less than about 30% aromatic hydrocarbons. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,478; U.S. Pat. No. 3,427,269; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,917,607. Even in Russell, U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,861, which broadly states that the oil may range from paraffinic through napthenic to highly aromatic, the only oils employed in the working examples are highly paraffinic oils. The reason given in the past for limiting the aromatic content of the extending oils was that highly aromatic extending oil would associate with the polystyrene &#34;domains&#34; present in these thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers, therein weakening the particular structure of the block copolymer that has been the most desired characteristic of these block copolymers. In other words, it was thought that highly aromatic extending oils would drastically reduce the inherently high cohesive strength of the adhesive composition. See Legge et al, Chemistry and Technology of Block Polymers, Applied Polymer Science, ACS, page 422 (1975, Craver and Tess ed.). 
     It has now been found that a particular extending oil having a relatively low saturates content can be employed in adhesive compositions and can be very useful in bonding porous substrates. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention comprises an adhesive composition which has commercially acceptable tack when used with either porous or non-porous substrates. Specifically, the adhesive composition of the present invention comprises: 
     (a) 100 parts by weight of a block copolymer having at least two monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks A and at least one elastomeric conjugated diene blocks B, said blocks A comprising 8-55% by weight of the copolymer; 
     (b) about 50 to about 200 parts by weight of a tackifying resin compatible with block B; and 
     (c) about 10 to about 100 parts by weight of a plasticizer having a saturates content of less than about 15% by weight, said plasticizer being a rubber compounding oil. 
     As shown in the following illustrative embodiments, the saturates content of the specific plasticizer employed herein is very critical. FIG. 1 reveals that at a plasticizer saturates level of less than 15%, the holding power increases dramatically to levels that are commercially acceptable. This finding is particularly surprising in view of the prevalent prior art practice of employing only those plasticizers having a saturates content of over about 50%. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The block copolymers employed in the present composition are thermoplastic elastomers and have at least two monoalkenyl arene polymer end blocks A and at least one elastomeric conjugated diene polymer mid blocks B. The number of blocks in the block copolymer is not of special importance and the macromolecular configuration may be linear, graft or radial depending upon the method by which the block copolymer is formed. Typical block copolymers of the most simple configuration would have the structure polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene and polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene. A typical radial polymer would comprise one in which the diene block has three or more branches, the tip of each branch being connected to a polystyrene block. Other useful monoalkenyl arenes from which the thermoplastic (non-elastomeric) blocks may be formed include alphamethyl styrene, tert-butyl styrene and other ring alkylated styrenes as well as mixtures of the same. The conjugated diene monomer preferably has 4 to 5 carbon atoms, such as butadiene and isoprene. A much preferred conjugated diene is isoprene. 
     The average molecular weights of each of the blocks may be varied as desired. The monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks preferably have average molecular weights between about 5,000 and 125,000, more preferably between about 15,000 and about 100,000. The elastomeric conjugated diene polymer blocks preferably have average molecular weights between about 15,000 and about 250,000, more preferably between about 25,000 and about 150,000. The average molecular weights of the polystyrene end blocks are determined by gel permeation chromotography, whereas the polystyrene content of the polymer is measured by infrared spectroscopy of the finished block polymer. The weight percentage of the thermoplastic monoalkenyl arene blocks in the finished block polymer should be between about 8 and 55%, preferably between about 10% and about 30% by weight. The general type and preparation of these block copolymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 28,246 and in many other U.S. and foreign patents. 
     The block copolymers useful in the compositions of this invention may also be hydrogenated either selectively, randomly or completely. Selected conditions may be employed, for example, to hydrogenate the elastomeric diene center block while not so modifying the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks. Two examples of hydrogenated polymers are polyvinylcyclohexane-hydrogenated polyisoprene-polyvinylcyclohexane and polystyrene-hydrogenated polyisoprene-polystyrene. Preferably, blocks A are characterized in that no more than about 25% of the original aromatic double bonds are reduced by hydrogenation while blocks B are characterized by having at least 75% of the aliphatic double bonds reduced by hydrogenation. See generally U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,942. 
     The block copolymer by itself is not tacky or sticky. Therefore, it is necessary to add a tackifying resin that is compatible with the elastomeric conjugated diene block. A much preferred tackifying resin is a diene-olefin copolymer of piperylene and 2-methyl-2-butene having a softening point of about 95° C. This resin is available commercially under the tradename Wingtack 95, and is prepared by the cationic polymerization of 60% piperylene, 10% isoprene, 5% cyclopentadiene, 15% 2-methyl butene and about 10% dimer. See South African Pat. No. 700,881. Other tackifying resins of the same general type may be employed in which the resinous copolymer comprises 20-80 weight percent of piperylene and 80-20 weight percent of 2-methyl-2-butene. The resins normally have softening points (ring and ball) between about 80° C and about 115° C. Other tackifying resins which are also useful in the compositions of this invention include hydrogenated resins, esters of resin, polyterpenes, terpenephenol resins, and polymerized mixed olefins. 
     The amount of tackifying resin employed varies from about 50 to about 200 parts per hundred rubber (phr), preferably, between about 50 and about 150 phr. 
     The composition, specifically the saturates content, of the plasticizer employed is critical to the present invention. A plasticizer is defined in the Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 8th Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, page 699 (Hawley, 1971) as: 
     &#34;An organic compound added to a high polymer both to facilitate processing and to increase the flexibility and toughness of the final product by internal modification (solvation) of the polymer molecule. The latter is held together by secondary valence bonds; the plasticizer replaces some of these with plasticizer-to-polymer bonds thus aiding movement of the polymer chain segments&#34;. 
    
    
     As seen in FIG. 1 and the following illustrative embodiments, the saturates content of the plasticizer is very critical. 
    
    
     At saturates levels above 15% by weight, the adhesion of the composition to porous substrates is not commercially acceptable for masking tapes. A standard masking tape by which to base commercial acceptability has a cross-linked-natural rubber adhesive having a holding power of at least 35 minutes. 
     The saturates content of the plasticizer is determined by clay-gel analysis according to ASTM test D-2007. The clay-gel analysis also determines the percent by weight of asphaltenes, polar compounds, and aromatics. Preferably, the aromatics content of the plasticizer should be above about 55% and the combined polar compound plus aromatics content be above about 85%. 
     The plasticizers employed are rubber compounding oils. Rubber compounding or extending oils are well known in the art, and are typically lube oil extracts. For the present invention, these oils must have a saturates content of less than about 15% by weight and should, preferably, have a specific gravity of about 0.9 to about 1.1 and a viscosity at 212° F of about 80 to about 1,000 SSU. Commercially available rubber compounding oils of the foregoing description include SHELL DUTREX® oils, particularly Nos. 739, 896, 898, and 957. 
     The amount of rubber compounding oil employed is also critical to the adhesive characteristics of the invention. The amount of oil varies from about 10 to about 100 phr, preferably about 40 to about 80 phr. 
     Optionally, a high softening point-arene block compatible resin may be employed. Compatibility is judged by the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,917,607. By the use of a high softening point resin, it is possible to either increase the holding power of the adhesive at a fixed oil concentration or increase the amount of oil that can be added at a fixed holding power. In addition to compatibility, the high softening point resin should have a softening point above about 100° C, as determined by ASTM method E 28, using a ring and ball apparatus. Useful resins include coumarone-indene resins, vinyl toluene-alphamethylstyrene copolymers, and polyindene resins. Much preferred is a coumarone-indene resin. The amount of high softening point resin varies from about 10 to about 200 phr. As stated above, the amount of extending oil that can be employed typically increases as the amount of high softening point resin is increased. 
     The compositions of this invention may be modified with supplementary materials including pigments, fillers, and the like as well as stabilizers and oxidation inhibitors. 
     The adhesive compositions of the present invention may be prepared by either blending block copolymer, oil and tackifying resin in a solvent, such as toluene, and removing the solvent by a steam stripping operation or they may be prepared by merely mixing the components at an elevated temperature, e.g. at about 150° C. In addition, if desired, the adhesive compositions may be cured, for example, by known irradiation techniques. 
     A preferred use of the present formulation is in the preparation of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes by a method such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,202 or in the manufacture of labels. The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape comprises a flexible backing sheet and a layer of the pressure-sensitive adhesive composition of the instant invention coated on one major surface of the backing sheet. The backing sheet may be a plastic film, paper or any other suitable material and the tape may include various other layers or coatings, such as primers, release coatings and the like, which are used in the manufacture of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. 
     One unique property of the present adhesive composition is its excellent adhesion to porous, as well as non-porous substrates. Typical porous substrates include cardboard, paper, foamed polyurethane, and foamed-open cell polystyrene. 
     The invention is further illustrated by means of the following illustrative embodiments, which are given for the purpose of illustration alone and are not meant to limit the invention to the particular reactants and amounts disclosed. 
     Various standard tests are employed to measure the adhesive and cohesive characteristics of the adhesive compositions. Among these tests are rolling ball tack, Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC) method, PSTC 6; Polykene Probe Tack, ASTM D-2979; 180° Peel, PSTC 1; quick stick, PSTC 5; and holding power to kraft, PSTC 7 (1/2 × 1/2 inch width 2 kg load). 
     In all embodiments, the block copolymer employed was Shell KRATON® thermoplastic rubber 1107, which is a polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene linear copolymer. The tackifying resin employed was Wingtack 95 resin, a diene-olefin resin. In addition, 1 phr Butyl Zimate (zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate) was added as a stabilizer. 
     Illustrative Embodiment I 
     In Illustrative Embodiment I, various adhesive compositions, each having 100 parts Kraton 1107 rubber, 75 parts Wingtack 95, and 1 part Butyl Zimate, were formulated. The compounding oils employed were Shell SHELLFLEX® 371 and SHELL DUTREX® 739. Shellflex 371 is a paraffinic oil having a viscosity at 100° F of 420 SSU, a viscosity at 212° F of 53.1 SSU, a specific gravity at 60° F of about 0.9, and a clay-gel analysis of about 0.3% polar compounds, 15.5% aromatics, and 84.2% saturates. Dutrex 739 is an aromatic oil having a viscosity at 100° F of 15,800 SSU, a viscosity at 212° F of 99 SSU, a specific gravity at 60° F of 1.03, and a clay-gel analysis of about 18.0% polar compounds, 76.0% aromatics, and 6.0% saturates. A 1.5 mil film was cast from a toluene solution on mylar, and a number of tests were performed. The results, presented below in Table 1 show the improvement when employing a low saturates as opposed to a high saturates compounding oil. 
     
                                           Table 1                                 
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Run No.         1    2    3    4    5    6    7                           
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Formulation (parts by weight)                                             
KRATON® 1107 Rubber                                                   
                100  100  100  100  100  100  100                         
Wingtack 95     75   75   75   75   75   75   75                          
Butyl Zimate    1    1    1    1    1    1    1                           
SHELLFLEX® 371                                                        
                --   12.5 --   25   --   50   --                          
DUTREX® 739 --   --   12.5 --   25   --   50                          
Adhesive Properties:                                                      
Rolling Ball Tack, cm.                                                    
                1.5  0.8  0.8  0.7  1.1  1.3  0.5                         
Polyken Probe Tack, Kg.                                                   
                1.1  0.7  0.9  0.7  0.8  0.6  0.8                         
180° Peel, pli.                                                    
                3.9  3.4  4.0  2.6  3.7  1.0  1.7                         
Quick Stick, pli.                                                         
Kraft           0.8  0.9  1.0  0.9  0.9  0.7  0.8                         
Steel           3.3  3.5  4.4  2.7  4.0  1.0  2.9                         
Holding Power, Kraft, min.                                                
                &gt;2600                                                     
                     19   &gt;2700                                           
                               9    1800 0    3                           
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     Illustrative Embodiment II 
     Illustrative Embodiment II was conducted in a similar manner to Illustrative Embodiment I except that 150 parts of Wingtack 95 were employed. The results are presented below in Table 2. 
     
                                           Table 2                                 
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Run No.          8    9    10   11    12   13   14   15   16              
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Formulation (parts by weight)                                             
KRATON® 1107 Rubber                                                   
                 100  100  100  100   100  100  100  100  100             
Wingtack 95      150  150  150  150   150  150  150  150  150             
Butyl Zimate     1    1    1    1     1    1    1    1    1               
SHELLFLEX® 371                                                        
                 --   25   --   50    --   75   --   100  --              
BUTREX® 739  --   --   25   --    50   --   75   1    100             
Adhesive Properties:                                                      
Rolling Ball Tack cm.                                                     
                 &gt;30  1.0  &gt;30  0.5   1.4  0.7  0.6  0.6  0.7             
Polyken Probe Tack, Kg.                                                   
                 1.1  1.7  1.6  1.1   1.7  1.8  1.7  0.6  1.2             
180° Peel, pli.                                                    
                 4.8  4.6  6.0  4.6   6.1  2.3  6.3  1.7  5.4             
Quick Stick, pli.                                                         
Kraft            0    1.3  0.7  1.3   0.7  1.0  0.7  1.3  0.9             
Steel            1.6  4-6  2.1  2.6   4.3  2.4  5.0  2.4  5.1             
Holding Power, Kraft, min.                                                
                 300  200  450  8     100  1    12   &lt;1   7               
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     Illustrative Embodiment III 
     In Illustrative Embodiment III, varying amounts of tackifying resin and compounding oil were employed. The results are presented below in Tables 3, 4 and 5. In all runs, the adhesive was cast from a toluene solution on mylar film at 1.5 mil dry thickness, air dried 1 hour, followed by drying at 104° F with 24 inches of vacuum. 
     
                                           Table 3                                 
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Run No.         17   18   19   20   21   22   23                          
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Formulation (parts by weight)                                             
KRATON® 1107 Rubber                                                   
                100  100  100  100  100  100  100                         
Butyl Zimate Stabilizer                                                   
                1    1    1    1    1    1    1                           
Wingtack 95 Resin                                                         
                150  150  150  150  150  150  150                         
Dutrex Oil 739  0    12.5 25   25   50   75   100                         
Adhesive Properties:                                                      
Rolling Ball Tack, cm.                                                    
                30+  30+  30+  11.5+                                      
                                    1.4  .6   .7                          
Polyken Probe Tack, Kg.                                                   
                1.1  1.1  1.7  1.6  1.8  1.8  1.2                         
180° Peel, pli.                                                    
                4.8  4.9  6.0  7.9  6.1  6.3  5.4                         
Holding Power to Kraft, min.                                              
                302  1893 453  1016 99   12   7                           
Quick Stick to Kraft, pli.                                                
                0    0.7  0.7  0.7  0.7  0.7  0.7                         
Quick Stick to Steel, pli.                                                
                1.6  1.2  2.1  2.0  4.3  5.0  5.1                         
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                                           Table 4                                 
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Run No.         24   25   26   27   28                                    
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Formulation (parts by weight)                                             
KRATON® 1107 Rubber                                                   
                100  100  100  100  100                                   
Butyl Zimate Stabilizer                                                   
                1    1    1    1    1                                     
Wingtack 95 Resin                                                         
                100  100  100  100  100                                   
Dutrex Oil 739  0    12.5 25   50   100                                   
Adhesive Properties:                                                      
Rolling Ball Tack, cm.                                                    
                30+  3.8  0.9  1.0  .3                                    
Polyken Probe Tack, Kg.                                                   
                1.1  1.6  1.6  1.5  1.1                                   
180° Peel, pli.                                                    
                2.8  5.1  4.9  4.1  2.6                                   
Holding Power to Kraft, min.                                              
                &gt;5400                                                     
                     720  2826 55-66                                      
                                    5                                     
Quick Stick to Kraft, pli.                                                
                --   1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0                                   
Quick Stick to Steel, pli.                                                
                1.6  3.8  5.2  4.2  2.9                                   
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                                           Table 5                                 
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Run No.         29   30   31   32   33                                    
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Formulation (parts by weight)                                             
KRATON® 1107 Rubber                                                   
                100  100  100  100  100                                   
Butyl Zimate Stabilizer                                                   
                1    1    1    1    1                                     
Wingtack 95 Resin                                                         
                75   75   75   75   75                                    
Dutrex Oil 739  0    12.5 25   50   100                                   
Adhesive Properties:                                                      
Rolling Ball Tack, cm.                                                    
                1.6  .8   1.1  .5   .6                                    
Polyken Probe Tack, Kg.                                                   
                1.1  .9   .8   .8   .7                                    
180° Peel, pli.                                                    
                3.6  4.0  3.7  1.7  2.2                                   
Holding Power to Kraft, min.                                              
                &gt;5000                                                     
                     &gt;2740                                                
                          1815 3    4                                     
Quick Stick to Kraft, pli.                                                
                0.8  1.0  .9   .8   .8                                    
Quick Stick to Steel, pli.                                                
                3.5  4.4  4.0  2.9  2.7                                   
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     Illustrative Embodiment IV 
     In Illustrative Embodiment IV, various compounding oils were employed with a standard adhesive formulation comprising: 
     
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Component     Tradename                      Parts by Weight              
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Block copolymer                                                           
              Kraton 1107                    100                          
Tackifying resin                                                          
              Wingtack 95                    100                          
High softening point resin                                                
              Cumar LX 509                   40                           
Compounding oil                                                           
              Shellflex 371                                               
              Shellflex 881                  90                           
              Dutrex 357                                                  
              Dutrex 739                                                  
Antioxidant-stabilizer                                                    
              A.O. 2246 2,2&#39;Methylenebis(4-Methyl-6-tertiarybutyl         
                                             1henol)                      
              Weston 618 Distearyl pentaerythritol disphosphite           
                                             1                            
              Butyl Zimate                   2                            
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     Cumar LX 509 is a coumarone-indene resin having a softening point of about 145° C. The various formulations, along with the test results are presented below in Table 6, and are graphically presented in FIG. 1. 
     
                                           Table 6                                 
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Run No.           34      35      36    37                                
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Formulation                                                               
KRATON® 1107 Rubber                                                   
                  100     100     100   100                               
Wingtack 95       100     100     100   100                               
Cumar LX 509      40      40      40    40                                
Butyl Zimate      2       2       2     2                                 
A.O. 2246         1       1       1     1                                 
Weston 618        1       1       1     1                                 
Oil type          Shellflex 371                                           
                          Shellflex 881                                   
                                  Dutrex 357                              
                                        Dutrex 739                        
amount            90      90      90    90                                
Molecular Analysis, clay-gel %w:                                          
asphaltenes       0       0       0     0                                 
polar compounds   0.3     12.0    10.0  18.0                              
aromatics         15.5    37.3    71.9  76.0                              
saturates         84.2    50.7    18.1  6.0                               
viscosity, SSU/212° F                                              
                  53.1    247     48.4  99.0                              
specific gravity/60° F                                             
                  0.90    0.92    1.00  1.03                              
Adhesive Properties:                                                      
Holding Power to Kraft, min.                                              
                  1       29      60    200                               
Quick Stick to Steel, pli.                                                
                  1.6     2.4     1.9   3.0                               
Quick Stick to Kraft, pli                                                 
                  0.7     --      --    0.7                               
Rolling Ball Tack, cm.                                                    
                  1.2     1.0     0.9   1.2                               
Polyken Probe Tack, Kg.                                                   
                  0.7     1.15    0.85  1.4                               
180° Peel  1.9     3.4     2.2   3.7                               
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