Process of scrubbing polyhydroxy phenols from gas
The invention relates to a process of scrubbing polyvalent phenols from gas produced by pressure gasification and of extracting these phenols from the scrubbing water, in a process in which the gas is produced in known manner under pressure from coal, oxygen and water vapor and is scrubbed and subjected to fractional condensation to form condensates which contain mono- and polyvalent phenols, NH 3 , CO 2 , H 2  S, HCN, fixed salts of NH 3  mainly with Cl, F, and fatty acids, as well as dust, tar and oil, and in which the condensates are separately collected, sub-cooled, flashed and subjected to a treatment to collect dust, tar, and oil, then cooled further, filtered and subsequently subjected to an extraction of phenol. 
     The gas condensate produced in conjunction with the pressure gasification of coal contains various substances which pollute the environment, such as free NH 3  or combined NH 3 , H 2  S, HCN, and mono- and polyvalent phenols in addition to fatty acids, chlorides, fluorides, tars, oil and dust. That gas liquor cannot readily be discarded because it contains valuable substances, which can be recovered, as well as many noxious substances, which must be removed from the gas liquor except for low residual contents in order to avoid an unnecessary pollution of the underground water and river water or to enable a further use thereof. 
     The tars and oils are removed by separation and filtration and are separately sold or burned. 
     Dust is returned to the pressure gasification process and enters the ash. 
     Free ammonia (NH 3 ) is driven off and concentrated or burned. 
     CO 2  and H 2  S as well as HCN are also driven off and supplied, e.g., to a plant for producing sulfur. 
     The monovalent phenols are preferably extracted to a few ppm and are recovered. (See LURGI Handbook 1970, Chapter 2.1, published by LURGI, Frankfurt-on-Main; Erdol und Kohle, 13, 1960, pages 252-257). 
     By the removal of the monovalent phenols, part of the polyvalent phenols are removed too. The remainder remains in the water together with the fixed NH 3 , which is mainly combined with fatty acid or is present as chloride and fluoride. The poor extraction of the polyvalent phenols is due to the fact that the partition coefficients are, on an average, lower by about one power of ten than the partition coefficients for monovalent phenols. 
     A disproportionately large solvent circulation would be required for a recovery also of the polyvalent phenols. 
     The extraction plant is normally followed by a biological afterpurification plant. These processes of removing the remaining polyvalent phenols are uneconomical and as far as the biological processes are concerned require great experience as regards the provision and preservation of the biologically active sludge. 
     If the phenols are recovered in an alkaline process, the resulting phenolate must be dissociated. 
     It is an object of the invention to overcome these disadvantages and to provide an improved process particularly for the extraction of polyvalent phenols. 
     This object is accomplished in that the condensate formed at a high temperature before the flashing step and containing a major portion of the polyvalent phenols is subjected to a separate solvent extraction of phenols. 
     According to a preferred feature of the invention the solvent which has been used for extraction of phenols from the condensates formed at low temperatures, which solvent is preladen with monovalent phenols, is used as a solvent for extracting the polyvalent phenols in part of the extraction stages. 
     It has been found that a predominant part of the polyvalent phenols can be extracted without an increase of the quantity of solvent required for removing the monovalent phenols and with the same solvent if a partial stream produced by the fractionating condensation of the gas liquor from the gas produced by pressure gasification, which partial stream contains a major part of the polyvalent phenols, is separately collected and treated. That partial stream is then treated first with the solvent used for the extraction of the remaining quantity of gas condensate, which solvent is already laden with monovalent phenols, and said partial stream is subsequently aftertreated in known manner with a comparatively small quantity of clean solvent to remove the monovalent phenols. The remaining quantity of gas condensate may be about 7-15 times the amount of said partial stream. 
     In this case, the solvent ratio obtained in the first part of the extracting plant is sufficiently high for the extraction of the polyvalent phenols. That solvent ratio is calculated according to the following formula: ##EQU1## wherein GK = total quantity of gas condensate, 
     Tk = quantity of gas condensate which contains a major part of the polyvalent phenols, 
     v = solvent ratio for the extraction of monovalent phenols, and 
     L = solvent ratio in the part for extracting polyvalent phenols. 
     The quantity of solvent L = v × GK equals that quantity of solvent which is normally required to extract the monovalent phenols from the entire gas condensate. As a result, the plants for recovering the solvent and its steam requirement remain unchanged and the plants need not be increased. 
     Besides, the ratio of fresh solvent used for the extraction of the phenols from the partial condensate stream may be greatly increased whereas the total quantity of solvent increases relatively slightly. For this reason the process according to the invention permits a selective extraction and an improved utilization of the solvent. 
     According to another preferred feature of the invention the polyvalent phenols and the remaining disturbing impurities are removed in additional counterflow stages for scrubbing the gas with water. 
     According to a further feature of the invention the counterflow scrubbing is effected in a waste heat boiler. 
     It has been found that the quantity of the polyvalent phenols in the partial stream TK may be increased further if the gas cooler contains a counterflow scrubber having a plurality of theoretical plates, and preferably the same quantity of scrubbing water is used which is required to remove the partial quantity of condensate TK. The scrubbing water may consist of condensate from the primary cooling stage following the wet dust collector and the waste heat boiler. If an additional counterflow scrubber is not installed, the waste heat boiler is suitably designed as a counterflow scrubber. 
     According to another preferred feature of the invention the scrubbing is accomplished in the counterflow scrubber or waste heat boiler by means of gas condensate from the gas cooler. 
     The process according to the invention may be improved if scrubbing water is used for scrubbing in the counterflow cooler or waste heat boiler in a quantity which corresponds to a separately removed condensate amounting to 5 - 30% of the entire condensate produced by the cooling of the gas. 
     The scrubbing effect may be improved if gas condensate having a high NH 3  content and obtained from the cooler part of the gas cooler is used in accordance with the invention as scrubbing water. This has the further advantage that a secondary effect is produced which resides in the removal of the fatty acid salts and halides to a higher degree. Because the remaining gas water (GK - TK) is free of fixed salts, it is much more attractive for further use, particularly as cooling water. This is of special interest in plants erected in dry regions. 
     According to a further modification of the process according to the invention, NaOH is added to the scrubbing water. This results also in a removal of fatty acid salts and halides to a higher degree. On the other hand, some phenols are then transformed to sodium phenolate, which must be dissociated in an intermediate stage, e.g., by a treatment with separately recovered CO 2 . That treatment will be particularly recommendable if in addition to the polyvalent phenols a maximum of fixed NH 3  salts is to be kept from the remaining gas condensate. 
     It is desirable to carry out the process according to the invention in that the polyvalent phenols are extracted with preladen solvent in four to ten stages and the monovalent phenols are subsequently extracted in 4 to 10 hours. 
    
    
     Hereinafter, a plant will be described which may be used for carrying out an illustrative embodiment of the process according to the invention (FIG. 1). 
     Gas is produced by a pressure gasification of coal 23 with oxygen 21 and water vapor 22 in a gas producer 1 and contains, inter alia, water vapor and all substances mentioned hereinbefore, from NH 3  to dust (see Lurgi Hanbuch). The gas 24 produced by pressure gasification is precleaned and cooled in a first scrubbing and cooling stage, which comprises a scrubbing tower 2, a waste heat boiler 3 and a counterflow scrubber 4, to form a precleaned gas 25 produced by pressure gasification, from which additional condensible constituents are removed in an indirect second cooling stage, which comprises coolers 5, 6 and 7, before the gas leaves the gas producer as a dry gas 26. The dust and condensed tar removed in the scrubbing-cooler 2, the waste heat boiler 3, (see 11 - 5 of Perry&#39;s Chemical Engineers&#39; Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1963) and the counterflow scrubber 4 from the gas 24 produced by pressure gasification are transferred into the draining gas condensate, in which some of the abovementioned constituents are dissolved. The withdrawn gas condensate flows through means for collecting dust, tar, and oil and is then recycled as circulating water 27 to the scrubber-cooler. A certain part of said scrubbing water is supplied in conduit 37 to another tar and dust filter 14 connected to the stage 121 for extracting polyvalent phenols. 
     In the counterflow scrubber 4, the gas is scrubbed with the gas condensate from the indirect cooling stages 5, 6, and 7. Primary condensate from the cooler 5 or high-NH 3  condensate from the cooler 7 and/or scrubbing water: 29 or 29.1 additionally enriched with NaOH 16 may be used in the counterflow scrubber and 29.2 in the waste heat boiler. The rate at which condensate is supplied to the counterflow scrubber 4 and the waste heat boiler 3 is selected so that a partial condensate stream 37 is circulated which is about 1/7 to 1/15 of the total gas condensate. The scrubber-cooler cycle 28 and the scrubbing water 27 supplied to the scrubber-cooler are adjusted so that the dust can be reliably discharged and can be separated in the dust-tar collector 8. The dust-tar 41 is supplied to the gas producer 1. 
     The oil- and tar-containing gas condensates 30, 31 flowing from the gas coolers 5, 6, and 7 are passed through the tar separator 9 and oil separator 10 in such a manner that mainly tar 42 is collected in the tar separator and mainly oil 43 is collected in the oil separator. These separated products are collected in tanks and supplied for further use. 
     The gas condensate 32 from which oil and tar have been removed in a high degree is supplied through filter 13 to a counterflow extractor 11 and leaves the extractor as a dephenolized gas condensate 35, which is passed through a plant, not shown, for a recovery of solvent and for stripping H 2  S, CO 2 , HCN, and NH 3  and is then supplied for further use, e.g., as cooling water, or may be discharged as sewage, possibly after a biological aftercleaning. 
     The solvent 33 consists, e.g., of diisopropyl ether, which flows in a countercurrent to the gas condensate 32-35 through the about ten extracting stages and leaves the extractor as a solvent 34 which is laden with mainly monovalent phenols and is used further as a solvent for polyvalent phenols. 
     The partial condensate stream 37 is passed through the filter 14 for a removal of remaining tar and dust and is then supplied to the extractor 12 for an initial extraction 121 of polyvalent phenols and a subsequent extraction 122 of monovalent phenols. If NaOH is supplied at 16, the phenolate must be dissociated in the treating chamber 15 by an addition of CO 2  17 so that it can be extracted as phenol. In the part 121, the combined solvents 34 and 36 serve to extract mainly the polyvalent phenols. The partial condensate stream flowing from part 121 into part 122 still contains monovalent phenols in a quantity which is in equilibrium with the phenols contained in the laden solvent 34 plus 36. 
     In the following extraction stages 122, these &#34;equilibrium phenols&#34; are extracted with the fresh solvent 36. The dephenolized partial condensate stream 38 has a small content of residual phenol and contains the fixed NH 3  salts which have been removed in high concentration in the scrubbing tower 4. 
     This partial stream which is relatively small compared to the total gas condensate may now be subjected to an economical special treatment for producing an ecologically satisfactory sewage. The contents of free NH 3  and other gases are very low because the partial pressures thereof at the temperatures in the scrubbers 2, 3, and 4 are so high that these substances remain mainly in the gas and are dissolved in the gas condensate only in the cooler portion of the gas cooler. 
     The following tables represent two numerical examples. EXAMPLE I relates to the extraction of phenols without the stages 121 for polyvalent phenols and EXAMPLE II with the extractor part 121 for polyvalent phenols. 
     The extractor 11 consisted of 10 extracting stages and the extractor 12 of 10 stages 122 and 5 stages 121. 
     
                       EXAMPLE I                                                   
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Without utilization of extract 34                                         
       Water                Monovalent                                    
                                     Polyvalent                           
Stream Metric tons                                                        
                 Solvent    phenols  phenols                              
(FIG. 1)                                                                  
       per hour  kg/h       kg/h     kg/h                                 
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32     1000      0          5350     600                                  
33     0.75      80,000     0        0                                    
34     2.45      73,000     5330     180                                  
35     998.30    7,000      20       420                                  
36     0.075     8,000      0        0                                    
37     100       0          60       200                                  
38     99.825    700        2        160                                  
39     0.25      7,300      58       40                                   
(without)                                                                 
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                       EXAMPLE II                                                  
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With utilization of extract 34                                            
       Water                Monovalent                                    
                                     Polyvalent                           
Stream Metric tons                                                        
                 Solvent    phenols  phenols                              
(FIG. 1)                                                                  
       per hour  kg/h       kg/h     kg/h                                 
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32     1000      0          5350     600                                  
33     0.75      80,000     0        0                                    
34     2.45      73,000     5330     180                                  
35     998.30    7,000      20       420                                  
36     0.075     8,000      0        0                                    
37     100       0          60       200                                  
38     99.275    700        1        32                                   
39     3.25      80,300     5389     348                                  
(with)                                                                    
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     As is apparent from lines 35 and 38 of Tables I and II, the content of monovalent phenols in the extracted water is reduced from 20 ppm to 10 ppm and the content of polyvalent phenols in the extracted water from 1600 ppm to 320 ppm. 
     In 11 and in part 122 of 12 the solvent ratio is 8% (33, 36). In part 121 (Example II) it increases to 80.9 without an increase of the circulation of the total solvent.