Method and apparatus for electrical machining
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 600,905, filed July 31, 1975, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 395,590, filed Sept. 10, 1973, both abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     My present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for machining a metallic workpiece by electro-erosion, with the aid of an electrode separated from the workpiece by a narrow gap which is occupied by an ionizable liquid, the electrode being periodically pulsed to generate ionic discharges within the liquid which erode the confronting workpiece surface and give it a profile substantially constituting a negative replica of the electrode profile or matrix. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In my prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,777,108, issued Dec. 4, 1973, I have disclosed a system of this nature, designed to practice the so-called EDM (electric-discharge machining) process, wherein the applied voltage pulses folow one another in close succession, the energizing circuit for the electrode and the workpiece including one or more reactances designed to maintain a residual potential difference across the gap at instants when the applied voltage goes to zero. The liquid in the gap being of a dielectric nature, this residual potential difference serves to initiate an intensified current flow through the gap on a rising flank of each new voltage pulse, thereby enhancing the erosion effect while preventing the buildup of excessive peak voltages which would tend to accelerate the wear of the electrode. 
     On the other hand, it is also known to shape a metallic workpiece electrochemically, with the use of an electrolytic liquid and a driving voltage making the electrode potential more negative than that of the workpiece. Generally, surfaces shaped by electrochemical machining (ECM) are smoother than those produced with the EDM technique but do not as faithfully replicate the shape of the electrode. 
     A combination of both techniques has also been proposed in order to minimize their respective disadvantages. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,299 to Kiyoshi Inoue, for example, electrochemical machining is carried out by a d-c component while a pulsating voltage insures better approximation of the shape of the electrode or tool by the eroded workpiece surface. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The principal object of my present invention is to provide an improved method of and apparatus for machining metallic workpiece surfaces by a modified EDM technique which, in a single operation, faithfully replicates the electrode profile on the workpiece, leaving that workpiece with a smooth and polished surface to enable its use, for example, as part of a casting mold for glass, plastic or light metals. 
     A related object is to minimize electrode wear, not only for economical reasons, but also to enhance the accuracy of reproduction of the original shape. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     I have discovered that excessive electrode wear can be prevented even without the maintenance of a d-c component across the gap if the liquid in that gap is weakly conductive so that current begins to flow practically simultaneously with the energization of the electrode and the workpiece. On the other hand, if excess ions due to the preceding spark discharge are allowed to remain in the liquid within the gap during the interval between voltage pulses, the likelihood exists that an ensuing spark will find a zone of ion concentration in the path of the preceding spark so that successive sparks will preferentially occur in the same location instead of being randomly distributed over the electrode surface, resulting in objectionable pitting of the machined surface. Pursuant to my present invention, this risk is eliminated by mechanically removing the excess ions from the gap between pulses, together with metallic or other detritus present in the gap, by maintaining a continuous flow of the liquid through the gap and spacing successive pulses sufficiently far apart to allow a restoration of the conductivity (or resistivity) of the liquid within the gap to substantially its intrinsic value before each new pulse. 
     In such a system, machining is quickly started by a discharge at the beginning of each voltage pulse and continues thereafter by electrolysis, the latter effect leading to a smooth surface finish which could never be obtained with spark-discharge machining alone. At the same time, the recurrent discharges insure that the machined workpiece surface precisely parallels the working face of the electrode. 
     Thus, it is the judicious combination of the two techniques of spark erosion and electroforming which, in accordance with my invention, provides faithful replication without objectionable pitting. The optimum relationship of the two effects can be selected in each specific instance, according to requirements, by suitable choice of such parameters as open-circuit voltage (determined by the gap width), width of the applied voltage pulses, spacing of these pulses, and resistivity of the liquid, within ranges indicated below. In making molds for the casting of multifaceted glass bodies resembling cut crystal, for example, the electrolytic effect should predominate to provide a high degree of polish; in replicating a spherically curved surface, on the other hand, relatively more intense spark discharges may be used. 
     The conductivity of the liquid may vary between substantially 0.001 and 0.15 mho/cm, thus ranging from that of tap water to that of weak electrolytes; a preferred value is 0.05 mho/cm, or about 50 times the conductivity of natural water. Within that range, and with peak open-circuit voltages not exceeding a few hundreds of volts (preferably about 50 - 100 V), spark discharges will be regularly generated. The width of the erosion gap between the workpiece and the electrode is preferably between about 0.1 and 0.2 mm, resulting in the initiation of discharges upon attainment of a potential difference of approximately 4 to 20 V across the gap on the rising flank of the voltage wave; the gap width may be controlled by a servomechanism responsive to a predetermined mean potential difference within that range, e.g. of about 6 V. 
     I have determined that, under these conditions and with discharge pulses recurring at a cadence or repetition frequency of substantially 20 to 200 Hz, the desired sweep-out of excess ions by a moving electrolyte can usually be achieved within inter-pulse pauses or intervals of a duration substantially equaling the pulse width, i.e. with a duty ratio of about 50%. Thus, the electrode and the workpiece may be energized from a source of alternating voltage (such as the usual utility mains having a supply frequency of 50 or 60 Hz) via a simple half-wave rectifier suppressing alternate half-cycles, preferably letting pass only the pulses which drive the electrode negative with reference to the workpiece in order to eliminate electrolytic wear of the electrode. A smaller duty ratio, i.e. longer pauses with reference to the pulse width, can be realized by a variety of means, advantageously with the aid of an electronic switch such as a thyratron or a thyristor having a control electrode connected to the power supply through a timing circuit designed to pass only part of the unsuppressed voltage cycles, either a fraction of each negative half-cycle or one out of every two, three etc. half-cycles of this polarity. Thus, the timing circuit may comprise an integrating network or a binary counter inserted between the supply and the control electrode. 
     Although the flow velocity of the liquid in the gap is not critical, a more or less even flow distribution over the workpiece surface is desirable to prevent undue concentrations of residual ions in localized areas. In accordance with a further feature of my invention, therefore, I prefer to circulate the liquid into the gap through a central aperture in the electrode, preferably a narrow slot extending parallel to a major dimension of the workpiece surface. With a slot width on the order of 1 mm, the liquid may be driven through that slot under a pressure difference between substantially 1 and 5 bars (or atmospheres) generated by a pump which is in series with a conduit leading to the slot from a reservoir for the liquid. It is also advantageous to set the electrode and the workpiece in relative vibration, naturally with a stroke which is less than the width of the intervening erosion gap, with at least one substantially complete vibratory cycle accompanying each discharge pulse; this action further stimulates the dislodgment of detritus from the gap and helps eliminate localized ion concentrations. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The above and other features of my invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic side-elevational view, partly in section, of an apparatus for machining a metallic workpiece in accordance with my invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional detail view taken on the line II -- II of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 shows part of a modified energizing circuit for the apparatus of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 4 and 5 diagrammatically illustrate two versions of a component of the circuit of FIG. 3; 
     FIGS. 6A, 7A and 8A show voltage pulses generated by the circuits of FIGS. 1, 4 and 5, respectively; and 
     FIGS. 6B, 7B and 8B show the corresponding discharge currents. 
    
    
     SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION 
     The apparatus shown in FIG. 1 comprises a U-shaped frame 1 with a bearing arm 2 traversed by a vertical column 3 whose elevation is limitedly adjustable by a servo-control mechanism 23. The top of column 3 is formed by a plate 7 which carries a vibrator 8 driven by a source of alternating current 30, such as a utility mains with a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. With the vibrator responding to each half-cycle of the supply voltage, its operating frequency is twice the mains frequency. 
     A holder 9 at the foot of column 3 carries an electrode 10 which serves as a tool or matrix for machining a metallic workpiece 12, the electrode and the workpiece being separated by a gap 24 shown greatly exaggerated in FIG. 1. Electrode 10 is a prismatic copper block of rectangular (nearly square) outline. A central slot 11, parallel to the major sides of the rectangle, extends over most of the length thereof and communicates via a conduit 13a and a pump 13 with a reservoir 16 containing a weakly electrolytic liquid 14 whose conductivity ranges between about 0.001 and 0.15 mho/cm. The action of pump 13 produces across the slot 11 a pressure differential between about 1 and 5 bars, thereby continuously recirculating the electrolyte through a vessel 15 which receives the workpiece 12 and communicates through a drain 17 with reservoir 16. 
     Electrode 10 and workpiece 12 are connected in an energizing circuit 26 which includes the secondary of an input transformer 19 in series with a diode 18, the primary of transformer 19 being energized from source 30. Diode 18 passes only those voltage pulses from the secondary of transformer 19 which drive the electrode 10 negative with reference to workpiece 12; the amplitude of these voltage pulses can be varied with the aid of a tap on that secondary. Transformer 19 is advantageously of the magnetic-loss type so as to limit the flow of primary current in the event, for example, of an accidental short circuit between the electrode and the workpiece. 
     In FIG. 6A I have shown the primary voltage from source 30, the half-cycles effective to energize the electrode 10 and the workpiece 12 being indicated by vertical shading. A voltage level V 1  represents the breakdown potential (as reflected to the primary side of the transformer) giving rise to the passage of a discharge current through the liquid in gap 24. As shown in FIG. 6B, however, a current I starts flowing through the gap practically at the beginning of the half-cycle, owing to the conductivity of the liquid, the current rising sharply upon attainment of the breakdown level V 1 . After the voltage has returned to zero, some current continues to flow on account of the charge stored in the capacitance constituted by electrode 10 and workpiece 12; thanks to the action of pump 13, however, the liquid 14 within the gap 24 quickly regains its inherent high resistance so that current flow virtually ceases well before the commencement of the next half-cycle passed by diode 18. 
     As best seen in FIG. 2, the liquid traversing the slot 11 distributes itself substantially uniformly over the surface of the underlying workpiece 12 as indicated by arrows 22. A recess 12a machined in the workpiece 12 is only slightly wider than the electrode (the difference having been exaggerated in the drawing) and has a profile faithfully conforming to that of its matrix. Servomechanism 23 is connected across the gap 24 by a circuit 25 to sense the mean voltage difference across that gap and to vary the position of column 3 accordingly with a view to maintaining that mean voltage and therefore the gap width constant. 
     EXAMPLE 
     An electrode 10 of square outline, with a side length of 2 cm, had a slot 11 whose width was about 1 mm; the effective thickness of the liquid stream passing therethrough, under a pressure differential of 3.5 bars, was approximately 0.7 mm. The pulses passed by diode 18 had a peak open-circuit value of 60 V and the servomechanism 23 was set to maintain a mean gap voltage of about 6 V, this voltage ranging between 4 and 8 V with an effective discharge current of about 85 amps. The electrolyte 14 was soap water (an alkalinic medium) with a conductivity of 4.5 mho/m. Workpiece 12 was a steel block and, upon being machined to a depth of 5 mm, was found to have a recess 12a exceeding the dimensions of the electrode by a uniform distance of 0.12 mm. The impression or recess 12a had a perfectly polished and bright surface. 
     Other possible electrolytes, which do not chemically attack metallic workpieces, include mineral oils combined with emulsifiers. 
     As shown in FIG. 3, the diode 18 of FIG. 1 can be replaced by a thyristor or SCR 28 whose control electrode is connected via a timing circuit 27 and a diode 29 to a tap of the secondary of transformer 19. Timing circuit 27, designed to allow only a part of the unsuppressed cycles of the secondary voltage to pass to the electrode 10 and the workpiece 12 of FIG. 1, is triggered by a fraction of that secondary voltage to fire the thyristor 28. As shown in FIG. 4, this timing circuit may be an integrating network 27&#39; with a series resistor 31 and a shunt capacitor 32, the latter being in parallel with a diode 33 and a resistor 34. This network delays the firing of the thyristor for a predetermined period, as illustrated in FIG. 7A, to a point in the cycle in which the applied voltage has reached a level V 2  higher than the breakdown voltage V 1  ; thyristor 28 cuts off at a lower level V 3 . The resulting current I, FIG. 7B, therefore consists of spaced pulses whose width is less than in FIG. 6B so that more time remains between these pulses for the sweep-out of excess ions. As shown in FIG. 5, the timing circuit could also be a binary counter 27&#34;, here simply represented by a flip-flop which is alternately set and reset by incoming trigger pulses from diode 29 (FIG. 3); the flip-flop has an output only during every other cycle of the supply voltage so that energization of the erosion gap can occur only once in every two cycles as illustrated in FIG. 8A; the corresponding current pulses I are shown in FIG. 8B and have the same width as those of FIG. 6B but are spaced more widely apart, thereby again increasing the sweep-out time. 
     My invention is particularly applicable to the electrical machining of smooth-surfaced dies conforming with great precision to the shape of a matrix represented by the elctrode 10, this electrode being subject only to negligible wear in the process.