Isotope analysis
This invention relates to isotope analysis. In a particular aspect this invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the differences in the concentration of a selected isotope in two materials. In another particular aspect this invention relates to a method and apparatus for making fast, accurate measurements of the differences in the concentration of a selected isotope in two materials. In still another particular aspect this invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the isotope ratio difference (δ) for a selected isotope in two materials. 
     It is often desirable to measure differences in the concentration of a selected isotope in two materials. For example, such a procedure can be used as an aid in determining if petroleum samples derived from two different wells came from a common reservoir. U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,124 describes a system for measuring the differences in the concentration of the selected isotopes in two materials. However, it is very difficult to make a fast analysis using the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,124 and it is particularly difficult to make a plurality of identical measurements very quickly, which is desirable in measuring differences in the concentration of a selected isotope in two materials. 
     There are two basic reasons why it is desirable to be able to make the measurements very quickly. In many cases, only a very small sample of either one or both of the materials is available. If the measurements cannot be made quickly, sufficient sample may not be available to complete the desired measurements. Also, it is often desirable to obtain a plurality of measurements for the same selected isotope in two materials to improve the reliability of the measurements. However, the plurality of measurements must be made very quickly to avoid changes which may be caused by changes in temperature, drift of amplifiers or other similar factors. 
     It is thus an object of this invention to provide an improved dual beam mass spectrometer system which will allow faster more accurate measurements of the differences in the concentration of a selected isotope in two materials. 
     It is common in the art of isotope analysis to refer to isotope ratio differences. It is thus another object of this invention to provide method and apparatus for converting the measurement of the difference in the concentration of a selected isotope in two materials into an isotope ratio difference measurement. 
     In accordance with the present invention, molecular beams are formed from two materials and these two molecular beams are directed in separate paths towards the inlet of a mass spectrometer which is set to measure a selected isotope. A shutter is positioned in the path of each of the two molecular beams and actuated so that the beams are alternately transmitted through the shutter to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. Means is also provided for blocking either one or both of the two molecular beams for a desired period of time. The output signal from the mass spectrometer together with a reference signal, which is representative of the frequency at which the two molecular beams are being alternately transmitted to the mass spectrometer, are applied to a synchronous detector which establishes a single output signal representative of the difference in the concentration of the selected isotope in the two materials if both molecular beams are being passed through the shutter to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. The sequential operation of the above described apparatus is controlled automatically so as to provide faster, more accurate measurements than are possible with the apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,124. 
     Two sample materials may be compared directly and the output from the differential amplifier will be representative of the difference in the concentration of a selected isotope in the two sample materials. If desired, the two sample materials may be compared to a reference material having a known concentration of a selected isotope. In this manner, both the difference in the concentration of a selected isotope in the two sample materials and a quantitative measurement of the concentration of the isotope of interest in the two sample materials may be obtained. 
     The output signal from the synchronous detector is representative of the concentration of the selected isotope in the first material if only the gaseous beam of the first material is being passed through the shutter to the mass spectrometer. The output signal from the synchronous detector is representative of the concentration of the selected isotope in the second material if only the gaseous beam of the second material is being passed through the shutter to the mass spectrometer. These two signals, together with the output representative of the difference in the concentration of the selected isotope in the two materials, are utilized to calculate the isotope ratio difference for the selected isotope in the two materials based on the following equations. 
     The equation defining the isotope ratio difference (δ) is ##EQU1## where 
     A and B are the concentration of two isotopes and the subscripts &#34;S&#34; and &#34;R&#34; refer to the sample and reference gases respectively. In the present technique for determining the isotope ratio difference, the intensity of the two beams reaching the mass spectrometer must first be balanced. The balance can be made while monitoring the mass of the most abundant isotope in the material and detecting the beam concentration difference on the phase sensitive detector output. When balanced, the concentrations of the most abundant mass in each beam reaching the mass spectrometer are equal. Thus, A S  =A R  and equation (I) becomes ##EQU2## 
     Two quantities are required to obtain a value for δ using the present method. The first is the magnitude of the concentration difference between minor components of the two molecular beams and the second is the magnitude of the minor component concentration in the reference beam. The value for the difference is obtained when both beams are allowed to reach the mass spectrometer alternately. The reference beam concentration is determined by blocking the path of the sample beam. The value for δ is obtained by dividing the concentration difference result by the reference beam concentration result and is expressed mathematically as ##EQU3## where 
     V B  and K B  are the output voltage and gain respectively of the phase sensitive detector for mass B when both beams reach the mass spectrometer alternately, V B&#39;   and K B&#39;   are corresponding values when only the reference beam is being detected, and the constant (1000) is utilized to convert to parts per thousand. 
    
    
     Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the foregoing description of the invention and from the claims as well as from the detailed description of the drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a view, shown partially in section, of the apparatus utilized in the present invention to introduce the two molecular beams into the mass spectrometer; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the shutter employed in the apparatus of FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the isotope ratio difference measurements system of the present invention. 
    
    
     The present invention is described in terms of specific apparatus for introducing two molecular beams into a mass spectrometer. The invention is, however, applicable to different apparatus configurations for introducing two molecular beams into a mass spectrometer. 
     Referring now to the drawings in detail, and to FIG. 1 in particular, there is shown a mass spectrometer 10 having a sample inlet section 11. The mass spectrometer 10 is preferably an Extranuclear Model 324-9 quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a cross-axis ionizer. Inlet section 11 is provided with a first opening 12 through which a molecular beam can be introduced into the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer. Inlet section 11 is surrounded by a sleeve 13 which has an opening 14 therein in alignment with opening 12. Sleeve 13 is surrounded by a sleeve 15 which supports a conical member 16. A small hole is formed in the tip of member 16, which hole can be of a diameter of the order of 0.381 to 0.762 mm, for example. A plate 17, which has a central opening therein, is attached to an annular member 18 which is supported by a bellows 19 that extends from a plate 20. The central opening in plate 17 can have a diameter of the order of 0.025 to 0.152 mm, for example. Plate 20 is secured to a housing 21 which supports the mass spectrometer and the elements thus far described. A tube 24 extends from member 18 through a plate 25 to which it is attached. Plate 25 is secured to plate 20 by a plurality of adjusting screws 26. 
     A sample of a first gas to be analyzed is supplied by tube 24. A molecular beam of this gas passes through the opening in plate 17, the opening in the tip of cone 16, and openings 14 and 12 to enter the inlet section of mass spectrometer 10. Adjusting screws 26 permit tube 24 to be aligned so that a narrow beam can pass through the small opening in cone 16. 
     Inlet section 11 of the mass spectrometer is provided with a second opening 12&#39; on the opposite side from opening 12. Additional elements corresponding to those thus far described are located on this side of the instrument and are designated by corresponding primed reference numerals. These additional elements permit a sample of a second gas to be introduced though tube 24&#39; to enter opening 12&#39; in inlet section 11. 
     A shutter 30 is rotated by a motor 31 which is supported by a plate 32 that extends across the bottom of sleeve 15. Shutter 30 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 2 as comprising a disk 33 having a sleeve 34 extending upwardly therefrom. Disk 33 is provided with three openings 35 in the periphery thereof, and sleeve 34 is provided with three openings 36. As illustrated, the openings 35 and 36 are offset and are equally spaced with each extending approximately 60° about the circular shutter. Thus, openings 36 permit molecular beams to be transmitted alternately through openings 14 and 14&#39;. Shutter 30 can be rotated at a speed of 10 to 30 revolutions per second, for example. 
     A light source 37 and a photocell detector 38 are mounted by a bracket 39, as shown in FIG. 1, so that light is transmitted from source 37 to detector 38 when one of the slots 35 of shutter 30 appears between the two elements. The output signal from detector 38 thus comprises a series of pulses at a frequency corresponding to the frequency at which the molecular beams are alternately transmitted to the mass spectrometer. 
     The apparatus of FIG. 1 is normally maintained at a relatively low pressure. The gas sample can be introduced through tube 24 at a pressure approximately atmospheric. However, pressures considerably above and below atmospheric can be employed if desired. The interior of housing 21 outside sleeve 15 and plate 32 is connected to a vacuum pump, not shown, so as to reduce the pressure to a value which is generally in the range of 0.133 to 1.33×10 -5  Pa. The interior of sleeve 15 can be connected to a vacuum pump, not shown, to reduce the pressure to a value in the general range of 1.33×10 -3  to 1.33×10 -6  Pa. A coolant, such as liquid nitrogen, can be introduced through a conduit 40 into a chamber 41 which surrounds sleeve 13. This coolant is vented through a conduit 42. A rotatable plate 43 is mounted on a rod 44 which is connected to a stepping motor 45 so that the beam entering through cone 16 can be blocked if desired. A similar plate 43&#39;, mounted on rod 44&#39; which is connected to stepping motor 45&#39;, can be positioned in the beam which enters through cone 16&#39;. The plates 43 and 43&#39; are termed beam blocking plates hereinafter. The beam blocking plates 43 and 43&#39; are said to be in an open position if the respective beams are not being blocked and are said to be in a closed position if the respective beams are being blocked. Electrical leads to the mass spectrometer can be attached to a series of terminals 11a. 
     The stepping motors 45 and 45&#39; are preferably the HS25 stepping motor manufactured by Superior Electric Corporation. If desired, different types of motors could be utilized or a solenoid or other means for rotating a rod could be utilized in the present invention. The means for rotating the rods 44 and 44&#39; need only be capable of rotating the plates 43 and 43&#39; from a first position to a second position and then back to a first position in response to an electrical signal. 
     As is illustrated in FIG. 3, the mass spectrometer 10 is controlled by a mass programmer 61 which is preferably the Model 091-3 Mass Programmer manufactured by Extranuclear Laboratories, Inc. The mass spectrometer 10 and the mass programmer 61 are built as a functional unit by Extranuclear Laboratories, Inc. and function in a standard manner. The mass programmer 61 provides a means for setting the mass which will be accepted by the mass spectrometer 10 and also provides a means for providing sweep voltages to the ion current collector plates of the mass spectrometer 10. 
     At the initiation of a sweep period, the mass programmer 61 provides a triggering pulse to the sequencer 63 by means of the electrical conductor 64. The sequencer 63 is preferably the 5TI Programmable Control System manufactured by Texas Instruments, Inc. The 5TI Programmable Control System includes a sequencer, programmer and input and output modules. The operation of the 5TI Programmable Control System is fully set forth in the brochure entitled &#34;Meet the 5TI Programmable Control System,&#34; Texas Instruments, Inc., November, 1977. In response to the triggering pulse, the sequencer 63 provides programmed stepping pulses to the stepping motors 45 and 45&#39; via electrical conductors 66 and 67 respectively. In response to the stepping pulses, the stepping motors 45 and 45&#39; rotate the rods 44 and 44&#39; to either block or transmit the reference and sample molecular beams as desired. The sequencer 63 simultaneously provides an enabling pulse to the data processor 71 via the electrical conductor 73. The enabling pulse causes the data processor 71 to begin accepting analog data from the phase sensitive amplifier 74. The data processor 71 is a preferably an HP9854A manufactured by Hewlett Packard Corporation. The phase sensitive amplifier 74 is preferably a Model 5204 manufactured by Princeton Applied Corporation. 
     In operation, the mass spectrometer 10 is set to measure a desired isotope by the mass programmer 61. If the two samples being compared contain the same amount of this isotope, the output signal from the mass spectrometer is constant because the two samples are alternately received. However, a square wave output signal is obtained from the mass spectrometer if one of the samples contains a greater concentration of the isotope than the other. The phase sensitive amplifier 74 serves to amplify the signal which is in phase with the reference signal established by the detector 38. The output signal 78 from the phase sensitive amplifier 74 is essentially equal to the integral of the amplified square wave signal from the mass spectrometer 10. The amplitude of the output signal 78 which is supplied from the phase sensitive amplifier 74 to the data processor 71 is representative of the difference in concentration of the selected isotope in the two samples. 
     The following example is presented to more fully illustrate the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE 
     A sample of carbon dioxide gas is obtained from two different wells. The carbon dioxide gas will be primarily made up of carbon 12 with only trace amounts on the order of 100 parts per million of carbon 13. Carbon dioxide molecules containing carbon 12 will have a mass number of 44. Carbon dioxide molecules containing carbon 13 will have a mass number of 45. 
     As has been previously stated, the two samples of carbon dioxide gas could be compared directly to each other to determine if there is a difference in the concentration of an isotope of interest (carbon 13) in the two samples of carbon dioxide gas. This could be accomplished simply by injecting the two samples alternately into the mass spectrometer and noting the output from the phase sensitive amplifier. However, it is preferred to compare each sample to a reference gas having a known concentration of carbon 13. In this manner, the difference in the isotope concentration in the two carbon dioxide samples can be obtained and also the concentration of carbon 13 in the two carbon dioxide samples can be calculated. 
     An operational sequence for comparing two gas samples is set forth in Table I. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
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Beam Blocking                                                             
Plate Position                                                            
             Beam Gas to   Mass Spectrometer                              
Step Ref.    Sample  Mass Spectrometer                                    
                                 Mass Number                              
______________________________________                                    
1    Open    Closed  Ref.        44                                       
2    Open    Open    Ref. &amp; Sample                                        
                                 45                                       
3    Closed  Open    Sample      44                                       
4    Closed  Open    Sample      45                                       
5    Open    Open    Ref. &amp; Sample                                        
                                 44                                       
6    Open    Closed  Ref.        45                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Before the operational sequence is begun, one of the samples is supplied to both of the inlets 12 and 12&#39; illustrated in FIG. 1. The intensity of the two beams is balanced with the mass spectrometer being set to a mass number of 44. The mass spectrometer is set to a mass number of 44 because carbon 12 is the predominant isotope in the carbon dioxide gas. Balance is accomplished by adjustments such as changing the flow rate of the gases or other similar adjustments. The balance is made for monitoring the mass of the most abundant isotope (carbon 12) and detecting the beam concentration difference on the phase sensitive detector output. When balanced, the concentrations of the most abundant mass in each beam reaching the mass spectrometer are equal. Under these conditions, the isotope ratio difference can be determined from the concentration difference of the less abundant isotope (carbon 13) in the two beams as has been previously stated. 
     Referring now to Table I, in step 1 the reference beam blocking plate is open and the sample beam blocking plate is closed so as to block the flow of the sample molecular beam to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. The mass programmer sets the mass spectrometer to a mass number of 44 and also sets the sweep time for the mass spectrometer. The sweep time may vary from 3 to 1000 milliseconds or longer as desired. A preferred sweep time is on the order of 200 milliseconds. Each of the steps 1-6 occur in a time sequence. The period of each step may range from about 1 second to about 5 seconds although other time periods could be utilized if desired. If a step period of 1 second is selected, then 5 measurements are obtained from the mass spectrometer during each step because the sweep time is 200 milliseconds. Each measurement is provided to the phase sensitive amplifier 74 and the output signal 78 from the phase sensitive amplifier is supplied to the data processor 71. The data processor 71 averages the 5 measured values and stores the average value. During the second step both the reference and the sample molecular beams are provided to the mass spectrometer and the mass programmer sets the mass spectrometer to a mass number of 45. Again the sweep time is 200 milliseconds and the period of step 2 is 1 second. Thus again, 5 measurements are obtained and these 5 measurements are averaged and the result is stored by the data processor 71. This procedure is continued until the 6 steps have been completed and then the 6 steps are repeated as often as desired to provide a plurality of average measured values. The values for R44 and S44 and the value for R44-S44 are utilized to assure that the intensity of the two molecular beams has been balanced. The measurement for R45-S45 and R45 is utilized in equation 3 to calculate the isotope ratio difference. The value for S45 provides another comparison of the sample of the reference molecular beams. Since the concentration of carbon 13 in the reference gas is known, the data processor 71 prints out the measured values and also calculates the concentration of carbon 13 in the sample based on the known concentration of carbon 13 in the reference and the measured difference between the concentration of carbon 13 in the sample and the concentration of carbon 13 in the reference. This procedure can then be repeated for the second sample of carbon dioxide gas and in this manner both a qualitative and quantitative measurement of the difference in the concentration of carbon 13 in the two carbon dioxide samples can be obtained. 
     The beam blocking plate position is set automatically by the sequencer 63 which also provides an enabling signal to the data processor 71. This automatic control of the beam blocking plates and the automatic enabling of the data processor providing means by which very fast measurements can be made and very repeatable measurements can be made. High speed measurements are extremely desirable because often only a small amount of one of the two samples will be available and also because if measurements are made over a long period of time temperature variations or other similar variations may cause drift of the phase sensitive amplifier or other similar problems which will affect the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements thus affecting the reliability and condifence in the final measurements. 
     The invention has been described in terms of specific apparatus and has also been described in terms of specific control apparatus for which the model numbers and manufacturers have been specified. The invention is not limited to the specific apparatus and is also not limited to the specific control apparatus listed. A plurality of manufacturers provide similar control equipment and different types of apparatus for introducing two molecular beams into a mass spectrometer alternately could be utilized if desired. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiment, reasonable variations and modifiations are possible by those skilled in the art, within the scope of the described invention and the appended claims.