1α-Hydroxy-2β-fluorocholecalciferol
Technical Field 
     The invention described herein was made in the course of work under a grant or award from the Department of Health, Education, and welfare. 
     DESCRIPTION 
    
    
     This invention relates to a compound which is characterized by vitamin D-like activity. 
     More specifically this invention relates to a derivative of vitamin D 3 . 
     Vitamin D 3  is a well-known agent for the control of calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. In the normal animal or human this compound is known to stimulate intestinal calcium transport and bone-calcium mobilization and is effective in preventing rickets. 
     It is also now well known that to be effective vitamin D 3  must be converted in vivo to its hydroxylated forms. For example, the vitamin is first hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxy vitamin D 3  and is further hydroxylated in the kidney to produce 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3  or 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 . The 1α-hydroxylated form of the vitamin is generally considered to be the physiologically active or hormonal form of the vitamin and to be responsible for what are termed the vitamin D-like activities, such as increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, mobilizing bone mineral, and retaining calcium in the kidneys. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     References to various of vitamin D derivatives are extant in the patent and other literature. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos: 3,565,924 directed to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 3,697,559 directed to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 3,741,996 directed to 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol; 3,907,843 directed to 1α-hydroxyergocalciferol; 3,715,374 directed to 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 3,739,001 directed to 25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 3,786,062 directed to 22-dehydro-25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 3,847,955 directed to 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol; 3,906,014 directed to 3-deoxy-1α-hydroxycholecalciferol; 4,069,321 directed to the preparation of various side chain fluorinated vitamin D 3  derivatives and side chain fluorinated dihydrotachysterol 3  analogs. 
    
    
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     A new derivative of vitamin D 3  has been prepared which expresses excellent vitamin D-like activity as measured by its ability to stimulate intestinal calcium transport, in its ability to mobilize calcium from bone, in its ability to increase serum inorganic phosphorus and in its antirachitic activity as measured by the rat line test. Such compound, therefore, could serve as a substitute for vitamin D in its various known applications and would be useful in the treatment of various metabolic bone diseases. 
     This derivative has been identified as 1α-hydroxy-2β-fluorocholecalciferol (1α-OH-2βF-cholecalciferol, 1α-OH-2βF-vitamin D 3  or 1α-OH-2βF-D 3 ). 
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     The compound of this invention was synthesized in accordance with the following description (in which all temperatures indicated are in °C.) and abbreviated schematic: ##STR1## 
     Treatment of 1a(1,2α-epoxycholest-5-en-3β-yl tetrahydropyranyl ether) with pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (0.1 mol equiv.) in a 1:1 mixture of CH 2  Cl 2  and MeOH at 55° for 5 hr gave the epoxyalcohol 1b (75% yield, mp 105°-107°, δ 0.72 (3H, s, 18-Me), 1.15 (3H, s, 19-Me), 3.08 and 3.20 (2H, a pair of d, J=4 Hz, 1- and 2-H), 3.90 (1H, m, 3-H), 5.5 (1H, m, 6-H), m/e 400 (M + ) 382, 342, 287, 269). (The starting material 1a is readily obtainable in accordance with the procedure of M. Morisaki, A. Saika, K. Bannai, M. Sawamura, J. R. Lightbourn and N. Ikekawa, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 23, 3272 (1975). 
     Attempts to introduce fluorine at C-2 of 1b by Et 4  NF or KF/dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 were fruitless. However, heating of 1b with potassium hydrogen difluoride (Merck KF cont. KHF 2 ) in ethylene glycol at 170° for 1.5 hr furnished the fluorohydrin 2 (48% yield, mp 167°-170°, δ 0.68 (3H, s, 18-Me), 1.13 (3H, s, 19-Me), 3.7 (1H, m, 3-H), 3.96 (1H, m, 1-H), 4.78 (1H, td, J HF  =50 Hz, J HH  =3 Hz, 2-H), 5.6 (1H, m, 6-H), m/e 420 (M + ), 405, 402, 400, 382, 307, 289, 265, 247). (See P. A. Grieco, T. Sugahara, Y. Yokoyama and E. Williams, J. Org. Chem., 44, 2189 (1979).) The β orientation of the fluorine at C-2 was predicted from diaxial opening of epoxide and evidenced with the coupling constant (3 Hz) of the triplet of doublets in 2 which is consistent with dihedral angles of θ (H 2  -H 1 )=θ(H 2  -H 3 )=60°. Transformation of 2 into 2β-fluoro-1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3  (3) was carried out by the standard vitamin D methodology. Thus, acetylation of 2 with acetic anhydridepyridine at 90° for 4 hr gave the diacetate which on bromination (N-bromosuccinimide in refluxing CCl 4  for 1.3 hr) followed by dehydrobromination (s-collidine in refluxing xylene for 15 min) was converted to a mixture of the 5,7-diene and 4,6-diene. Acid treatment (p-toluene-sulfonic acid in acetone, overnight) of the crude product converted the 4,6-diene into a much less polar material to allow for effective isolation by chromatography of the desired 5,7-diene (30% yield from 2, λ max  262, 271, 281.5 and 293 nm). This was irradiated with a medium pressure mercury lamp (Hanovia 654 A 36; 200W) in a mixture of benzene-EtOH (2:1) at 0° for 2.5 min and then refluxed for 1 hr to give, after purification by silica gel TLC developed 2 times with benzene-AcOEt (14:1), the vitamin D diacetate in 36% yield. Subsequent saponification with 2.5% KOH in a mixture of MeOH-THF (1:1) at 15° overnight and then purification by HPLC (Zorbax SiL, 15 cm×4.1 mm, CH 2  Cl 2  -hexane (4:1), 90 kg/cm 2 ) afforded 2β-fluoro-1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3  (3) (λ min  226, λ max  265 nm, m/e 418 (M + ), 403, 400, 398, 380, 365, 305, 287, 150, 135, δ 0.49 (3H, s, 18-Me), 0.82 (6H, d, J=7 Hz, 26,27-Me), 0.87 (3H, d, J=6 Hz, 21-Me), 4.3 and 4.5 (3H, a pair of m, 1-, 2- and 3-H), 5.14 and 5.54 (2H, a pair of m, 19-H), 5.99 (1 H, d, J=12 Hz, 7-H), 6.36 (1H, d, J=12 Hz, 6-H). The mass spectrum of 3 revealed only weak ion due to cleavage of C-7,8 bond (m/e 170) and instead, m/e 380 derived from M--H 2  O--HF predominated. It should also be noted that the fluorine atom has a remarkable effect of decreasing polarity and the retention time of 3 on HPLC (wide supra) was 4.1 min, when those of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3  and vitamin D 3  were 11.0 and 1.5 min, respectively.) 
     If it is desired for certain purposes the acetylated 5,7-diene product derived from the acetylation of 2 as previously described can be saponified by well known means (5% KOH in MeOH, 20° C., 15 hours) to convert the acetoxy group at the 3-position to hydroxyl. 
     Also, if desired the previtamin compound may be recovered either before or after saponification of the acetyl group or groups present, by evaporation of the solvent medium followed by chromatography on silica gel, as is well known in the art, and subsequently converted to the vitamin compound. The previtamin compound can be convenveniently depicted by the following formula ##STR2## 
     The vitamin D derivative of this invention, 1α-hydroxy-2β-fluorocholecalciferol, can be obtained in crystalline form by recrystallization from a suitable solvent or solvent system, e.g. ethanol. 
     BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 
     The biological potency of 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  was confirmed by appropriate in vivo assays in rats. 
     Male weanling rats (purchased from Holtzman Co., Madison, Wisconsin) were fed ad libtum water and either a low-calcium-adequate phosphorous, vitamin D deficient diet as described by Suda et al (J. Nutrition 100, 1049, 1970) or a high calcium-low phosphorous, vitamin D deficient diet (richitogenic dient) as described by Tanaka and DeLuca (PNAS 71 1040, 1974) for three weeks. 
     MEASUREMENT OF SERUM INORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS 
     Rats that had been fed the rachitogenic diet for three weeks were divided into six groups of 5-6 rats each and were given, respectively, 325 pmole of either 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  or 1αOHD 3  dissolved in 0.05 ml of 95% ethanol intrajugularly either 24 hours or 96 hours prior to sacrifice. The rats in control groups were given the ethanol vehicle only in the same manner. They were killed by decapitation at the indicated times after dose and blood was collected. 
     Blood was centrifuged immediately to yield serum. Ten percent trichloroacetic acid was added to the serum, and the supernatant recovered after centrifugation was analyzed by the method as described by P. S. Chen et al (Anal. Chem. 28, 1756, 1956). Results are shown in Table I. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Increase in serum inorganic phosphorous concentration                     
in response to a single dose of                                           
325 pmole either 1α-OH-2βF-D.sub.3 or 1α-OH-D.sub.3.     
           Concentration                                                  
Compound   of Serum      Inorganic Phosphorous                            
Given      24 hrs. after dose                                             
                         96 hrs. after dose                               
______________________________________                                    
Ethanol    1.6 ± 0.4*.sup.a                                            
                         1.4 ± 0.4.sup.d                               
1α-OH-2βF-D.sub.3                                              
           3.3 ± 0.4.sup.b                                             
                         2.4 ± 0.3.sup.e                               
1α-OH-D.sub.3                                                       
           2.6 ± 0.4.sup.c                                             
                         1.9 ± 0.2.sup.f                               
______________________________________                                    
 *standard deviation of the mean                                          
 Significance of difference                                               
 .sup.b from .sup.a p&lt;0.001                                               
 .sup.c from .sup.a p&lt;0.005                                               
 .sup.b from .sup.c p&lt;0.025                                               
 .sup.e from .sup.d p&lt;0.001                                               
 .sup.f from .sup.d p&lt;0.05                                                
 .sup.e from .sup.f p&lt;0.025                                               
 
    
     INTESTINAL CALCIUM TRANSPORT 
     Rats that had been fed the low calcium-vitamin D deficient diet for three weeks were divided into four groups of 5-6 rats each and were given respectively 32.5 pmole, 68 pmole or 325 pmole of 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  dissolved in 0.05 ml 95% ethanol intrajugularly 24 hours prior to sacrifice. The rats in the control group were given the ethanol vehicle only in the same manner. They were killed by decapitation and their duodena were then immediately removed to measure the intestinal calcium transport activity by the method described by Martin and DeLuca (Am. J. Physiol. 216, 1351, 1969). Results are shown below in Tabe 2, second column. 
     
                                           TABLE 2                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Increase in serum calcium concentration and in intestinal calcium         
transport activity in response to a single dose of 1α-OH-2βF-D.
sub.3                                                                     
or 1α-OH-D.sub.3 given 24 hours prior to sacrifice.                 
-       Amount of                                                         
              Serum Calcium                                               
                      Intestinal Calcium Trans-                           
Compound                                                                  
        Compound                                                          
              Concentration                                               
                      port - .sup.45 Ca serosal/                          
Given   (pmole)                                                           
              (mg/100 ml)                                                 
                      .sup.45 Ca mucosal                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
Ethanol       4.8 ± 0.1*.sup.a                                         
                      5.0 ± 1.3.sup.a                                  
        32.5  5.6 ± 0.3.sup.b                                          
                      7.2 ± 1.0.sup.b                                  
1αOH-2βF-D.sub.3                                               
        68.0  6.5± 0. 3.sup.b                                          
                      9.2 ± 2.2.sup.b                                  
        325   6.2 ± 0.3.sup.b                                          
                      8.8 ± 1.8.sup.b                                  
        32.5  5.5 ± 0.1.sup.b                                          
                      --                                                  
1αOH-D.sub.3                                                        
        68.0  6.0 ± 0.4.sup.b                                          
                      --                                                  
        325   6.2 ± 0.1.sup.b                                          
                      --                                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 Significance of difference                                               
 .sup.b from .sup.a p&lt;0.001                                               
 .sup.b from .sup.a p&lt;0.001                                               
 
    
     Another measurement of the activation of intestinal calcium transport by 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  was obtained using rats that had been fed the rachitogenic diet for three weeks. They were divided into five groups of 5-6 rats each and were given respectively either 6.5 pmol/day or 65 pmole/day of either 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  or 1α-OH-D 3  dissolved in 0.05 ml 5% ethanol - 95% propylene glycol mixture, subcutaneously daily for seven days. Twenty hours after the last dose, they were killed by decapitation, their blood was collected for measurement of concentration of serum inorganic phosphorous. Their duodena were used for measurement of intestinal calcium transport activity, respectively, as described above. The results are shown in Table 3, first column. Increase of serum phosphorous concentration in response to a daily dose of the compound is shown in Table 3, second column. 
     ANTIRACHITIC ACTIVITY 
     Rats that had been fed the rachitogenic diet were divided into five groups of 5-6 rats each and were given either 6.5 pmole/day or 65 pmole/day of either 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  or 1α-OH-D 3  dissolved in 0.05 ml 5% ethanol - 95% propylene glycol mixture for seven days as described above. Rats in the control group received the vehicle only in the same manner. A week later, the rats were killed and their duodena were used for measurement of intestinal calcium transport activity and their blood was used for measurement of serum inorganic phosphorous as previously described with results as shown in Table 3, first and second columns respectively. Their radii and ulnae were removed and evaluated in accordance with the rat line test (U.S. Pharmacopoeia, 15th Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1955, p. 889). Results are shown in Table 3, third column. 
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Intestinal calcium transport and increase in serum inorganic phosphorous  
concentration in response to                                              
and the antirachitic activity of daily dose of 1α-OH                
-2βF-D.sub.3 or 1α-OH-D.sub.3. -                               
        Amount of                                                         
Compound                                                                  
        Compound                                                          
               Intestinal Calcium Transport                               
                             Serum Inorganic Phosphorous                  
                                            Antirachitic                  
Given   (pmole/day)                                                       
               .sup.45 Ca serosal/.sup.45 Ca mucosal                      
                             (mg/100 ml)    Activity (Unit)               
__________________________________________________________________________
Ethanol        2.7 ± 0.4*.sup.a                                        
                             2.6 ± 0.5.sup.f                           
                                            0                             
1α-OH-2βF-D.sub.3                                              
        6.5    6.1 ± 1.2.sup.b                                         
                             3.4 ± 1.0.sup.g                           
                                            1                             
        65     13.9 ± 3.4.sup.c                                        
                             5.1 ± 0.7.sup.h                           
                                            &gt;5                            
1α-OH-D.sub.3                                                       
        6.5    4.8 ± 0.9.sup.d                                         
                             3.0 ± 0.4.sup.g                           
                                            1                             
        65     9.2 ± 0.8.sup.e                                         
                             4.5 ± 0.7.sup.i                           
                                            4-5                           
__________________________________________________________________________
 *Standard deviation of the mean                                          
 Significance of difference                                               
 .sup.d from .sup.a p&lt;0.005                                               
 .sup.b,.sup.c, .sup.e from .sup.a p&lt;0.001                                
 .sup.c from .sup.e p&lt;0.025                                               
 .sup.g from .sup.f N.S.                                                  
 .sup.h, .sup.i from .sup.f p&lt;0.005                                       
 .sup.h from .sup.i N.S.                                                  
 
    
     BONE CALCIUM MOBILIZATION 
     Rats that had been fed the low calcium, vitamin D deficient diet of Suda et al for three weeks were divided into seven groups of 5-6 rats each and were given respectively either 32.5 pmole, 68.0 pmole or 325 pmole of either 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  or 1α-OH-D 3  dissolved in 0.05 ml 95% ethanol intrajugularly 24 hours prior to sacrifice. The rats in the control group were given the ethanol vehicle in the same manner. The rats were killed by decapitation and the blood was collected. The blood was centrifuged to obtain serum. One tenth ml of serum was mixed with 1.9 ml of 0.1% lanthanum chloride solution and the calcium concentration was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Model 214). As intake of calcium from the diet is negligibly low, increase of serum calcium concentration in response to 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  is presumed to reflect the bone calcium mobilization ability of the compound. The results are shown in Table  2, first column. 
     It is evident from the foregoing data that 1α-OH-2βF-D 3  exhibits pronounced vitamin D-like activity and appears to be wholly as effective in this regard as 1α-OH-D 3  (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,741,996).