Cathodic survey apparatus
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting electrolytic action associated with buried conductive structures and more particularly relates to detecting flaws in the cathodic protection of a buried pipeline. 
     Steel pipe employed to convey liquid petroleum products, natural gas, water and other fluids is subject to galvanic or electro-chemical corrosion which tends to cause a spot or area on the pipe to go into solution and corrode, leading to leaks and breakages in the pipeline. The industry practice and federal regulations call for cathodic protection of such pipes in which, by the application of an external source of D-C voltage, the pipe becomes lower in potential than the surrounding soil. The buried pipe is thus made a cathode instead of an anode and so long as the cathodic protection is effective, the pipe is prevented from corrosion. 
     Pipes, when used for transmission of natural gas, are typically buried 36 to 96 inches below the earth surface and have a coating of a protective insulating substance such as coal tar enamel, bonded epoxy or the like and may be suitably wrapped to protect the pipe against corrosion. The coating on the pipe is not a perfect insulator and the protective D-C energy can be measured above the pipeline. Utilizing a voltmeter connected between a conductor wire extending from a point on the pipeline and a conductor wire from an electrode in contact with the soil above the pipeline, a determination of the extent of cathodic protection can be made whereby a constant high reading on the voltmeter indicates that the protective energy is properly insulated from the ground by the protective coating on the pipeline. 
     Conversely, where the electrode encounters an electrical leakage fault path, low voltages are sensed by the voltmeter and indicate places where the D-C energy is effecting the potential of the surrounding soil, such as by a break in the protective coating on the pipeline, so that the meter indicates little potential difference between a high energy point at the connection of the conductor wire connected to the pipeline and the high energy point of the soil effected by the electrical leakage fault path. 
     Cathodic protection determination surveys have usually been conducted at intervals or spaced points along the length of the buried pipeline by a person walking the line. This method is time-consuming, expensive and subject to inaccuracies, not the least of which are missed faults if the fault is between survey points. 
     In view of the above, the principal objects of the present invention are: to provide an improved cathodic survey apparatus for locating an electrical leakage fault path in a buried conductive structure; to provide an improved cathodic protection testing apparatus that utilizes a motor vehicle for moving along the ground over a buried pipeline; to provide such an improved cathodic protection testing apparatus that eliminates the difficulties and inaccuracies of interval or point surveys; to provide a cathodic survey apparatus which measures voltages from an electrode in contact with the ground with respect to a point in physical contact with a buried pipeline; to provide an electrode which travels below an earth surface a sufficient depth to sense electrical flow in the earth; to provide such an electrode positioned within an earth-cutting blade having a relatively narrow leading edge; to provide a mounting structure for the earth-cutting blade which is adjustable to select a depth of the blade in the earth; to provide an improved reel for use with the mounting structure having level winding and distance measuring functions for a conductor wire connected to the pipeline; to provide a monitoring means permitting data derived from the electrode to be collected, stored, processed and analyzed; and to provide a cathodic survey apparatus which is relatively inexpensive, highly reliable in use and well adapted for its intended purpose. 
     Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention. 
    
    
     FIG. 1 is a diagramatic, elevational view illustrating a cathodic survey apparatus embodying the present invention and in use over a buried pipeline. 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged, elevational view of an earth-cutting blade and drafting structure for moving the blade through the earth. 
     FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, top plan view of the earth-cutting blade and drafting structure. 
     FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the earth-cutting blade taken along line 4--4, FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 5 is a vertical sectional view of a hitch connection of the drafting structure taken along line 5--5, FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of a reel for containing wire thereon and having level winding and distance measuring means. 
     FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the wire reel and showing the level winding and distance measuring members thereof. 
     FIG. 8 is a fragmentary view of the wire winding reel and showing details thereof. 
     FIG. 9 is an enlarged, fragmentary view of a distance measuring mechanism of the wire winding reel. 
     FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view of monitoring means for use with the earth-cutting blade and current sensing electrode and showing a plurality of components for collecting, storing, processing and analyzing data derived thereby. 
     FIG. 11 is an enlarged, fragmentary sectional view of the electrical current sensing electrode positioned within the earth-cutting blade. 
     FIG. 12 is an enlarged, fragmentary, transverse sectional view of the earth-cutting blade showing the electrical current sensing electrode thereof in contact with the soil as the blade is drawn therethrough. 
    
    
     As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein, however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific functional and structural details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. 
     Referring more in detail to the drawings: 
     The reference numeral 1 generally indicates a cathodic apparatus embodying the present invention and including an earth-cutting blade 2 having means for sensing electric energy in the earth 3. The earth-cutting blade 2 is mounted to suitable structure such as a drafting apparatus 4 connected to a vehicle 5 such as a tractor or truck for moving the blade 2 through the earth 3. Monitoring means 6 are included for determining electrical voltages and measurements thereof and collecting, storing, plotting and analyzing said measurements. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the use of the survey apparatus to measure, or determine the extent of cathodic protection of a buried conductive structure, such as a pipeline 8 having a protective covering of coal tar enamel, bonded epoxy or the like and which may be suitably wrapped. The pipeline 8 is provided with a source of D-C energy (not shown) and is cathodically protected against detrimental electrolytic action leading to corrosion. 
     Located at intervals along the pipeline 8 are a plurality of station markers 10 respectively comprising an insulated probe physically contacting the pipeline 8 and extending above ground level. In pipeline practice, station markers 10 are positioned at known intervals and selected locations and visually reveal the presence of the pipeline 8 therebelow. 
     A conductor wire 11 has a first end 12 connected to the station marker 10 for maintaining direct electrical contact with the cathodically protected pipeline 8. A wire second end 13 is wound on a reel 15 as described below and electrically connected to an electrode in the earth-cutting blade 2 via the monitoring means 6 for comparison of electrical signals sensed respectively by the electrode and the conductor wire 11. The wire is preferably properly shielded, such as with plastic insulation, to prevent inadvertent grounding and has an outside diameter, with insulation, in the order of 1/8th inch. 
     As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the vehicle 5 tows a drafting apparatus 4 comprising a hitch portion 17, elongate upper and lower arms 18 and 19 and a depth regulating mechanism 20 controlling the depth of the earth-cutting blade 2. The hitch portion 17 has vertically extending fixed and pivotal upright members 22 and 23 in spaced, side-by-side relationship, the fixed upright member 22 being mounted to the vehicle 5 and the pivotal upright member 23 being rotatably connected to the fixed upright member 22. In the illustrated example, FIG. 5, the fixed upright member 22 has a bottom flange or foot 24 mounted to a connecting portion 30 of the vehicle 5 with a lower ear portion 25 of the bottom flange or foot 24 having a bore 26 therethrough for connecting the pivotal upright member 23. An upper ear 27 has a bore 28 vertically aligned with the lower bore 26 and is connected, as by bolts 41, to a flange 29 mounted normally atop the fixed upright member 22. 
     The pivotal upright member 23 is, for example generally planar in shape and has respective upper and lower ends 34 and 35 with upper and lower pins 32 and 33 extending longitudinally therefrom, FIG. 5. Insulated bushings 38 and 39 respectively fit over the pins 32 and 33 and provide electrical isolation of the pivotal upright member 23 from the fixed upright member 22 to prevent interference from the engine, radio, alternator, and the like of the vehicle 5. 
     To connect the pivotal upright member 23 to the fixed upright member 22, the lower pin 33 is inserted into the insulated bushing 39 and fitted into the bore 26 of the lower ear portion 25. The upper pin 32 is inserted into the insulated bushing 38 and fitted into the bore 23 of the upper ear 27. The upper ear 27 is then attached to the fixed upright member 22 by the bolts 41 to bring the pivotal upright member 23 into parallel and rotative engagement with the fixed upright member 22. 
     The upper and lower arms 18 and 19, FIG. 2, form drawbars which respectively have first ends 43 pivotally connected for up and down swinging movement to respective upper and lower ends 34 and 35 of the pivotal upright member 23 by pins 44. Arm second ends 46 are similarly pivotally connected to the blade mounting and depth regulating mechanism 20 by pins 47 to a front portion 49 of the mechanism 20 whereby the arms 18 and 19 form lengths of a parallelogram-shaped structure for providing parallel motion of the earth-cutting blade 2 to the earth 3 at various elevations or depths. 
     The depth regulating mechanism 20 includes a body member 51 having front and rear portions 49 and 50 and upper and lower portions 53 and 54. The earth-cutting blade 2 is mounted to the body member 51 adjacent the lower portion 54, FIGS. 2 and 4, by a connecting plate 62 extending parallel to the body member 51 and secured to the lower portion 54 and the blade 2 by upper and lower fasteners such as bolts 63 and 64. A space 59 is retained between the lower portion 54 and the blade 2 for access to an electrode 60 in the blade 2. 
     To adjust the depth of cut of the blade 2 into the earth 3, an elongate arm 66 is pivotally connected by a pin 67 to the body member 51 adjacent the rear portion 50. A first end 68 of the arm 66 has a shaft or axle 69 extended normally therethrough to which spaced wheels 70 and 71 are rotatably mounted for travel over the earth surface. An arm second end 73 is seletively connectable, as by a pin 75, with one of a series of bores 74 through the body member 51 positioned equidistantly and radially of the pin 67 for up and down swinging movement of the arm 66 and selective positioning thereof at angles to the body member 51 for moving the wheels 70 and 71 up and down and regulating the depth of cut. In the higher positions, the blade 2 is moved out of ground contact for crossing roads, bridges and the like. Preferably, the earth-cutting blade 2 is set to extend approximately 2 to 6 inches below the earth surface for encountering electric currents in the ground between the pipeline and the earth and for adequate sensitivity thereto. 
     A coulter assembly 78, FIG. 2 is mounted forwardly of the earth-cutting blade 2 to cut a channel for the blade 2 and slice through interferring vegetation in a line of travel of the blade 2. The exemplary coulter assembly 78 includes a disc 79 rotatably mounted on an arm 80 affixed for sideward swinging movement to the front portion 49 of the body member 51. Spaced, upper and lower ears 81 and 82 extend from the arm 80 and interengage with spaced, upper and lower ears 84 and 85 extending from the body member 51. A pin 86 extends through the aligned ears 81, 84 and 82, 85 and thereby connects the coulter assembly 78 to the body member 51 for pivotal movement. Preferably, the arm 80 is curved laterally to provide clearance from the lower arm 19 during movement of the coulter assembly 78 about the axis pin 86. 
     For smoothly parting the earth, the blade 2 is preferably planar in shape and has a relatively narrow leading edge 91, bottom and top edges 94 and 97 and a rear or trailing edge 97. For accommodating the electrode 60 in the illustrated example, the blade 2 is formed of side-by-side sheets 87 and 88 of a non-conductive, relatively long wearing material such as Plexiglas, Lexan or the like substance resistant to abrasion, side loads and other stresses encountered while plowing through the earth. It is within the concept of this invention that the electrode 60 can be emplaced within the blade 2 by various methods such as molding a solid blade with a channel retained therein, providing a separate lip portion or the like and in the illustrated example, an elongate channel 89 is formed in and between the sheets 87 and 88 and extends within the blade 2 substantially the length of the bottom edge 94 and spaced slightly upwardly therefrom from adjacent the leading edge 91 and upwardly to an opening 96 in the top edge 97. 
     In the illustrated example, the electrode 60 includes a strip 100 preferably of a highly conductive metal such as copper having a plurality of ring portions 101 with bores 102 therethrough. Plugs 103 preferably composed of a porous and permeable material such as wood or suitable ceramics extend through the bores 102 for purposes described below. Bores 104 extend transversely through the blade 2 and in coaxial alignment with the bores 102 for insertion of the plugs 103 completely through the blade 2 and the strip 100 whereby the plugs 103 physically contact the strip 100 and the earth 3 as the blade 2 passes therethrough and so that the plugs 103 provide ultra-sensitive sensing portions of the electrode 60. 
     To provide a reference electrode standard in the industry for measuring cathodic protection potentials, a conductive liquid such as an aqueous solution of copper sulfate is poured into the channel 89 through the opening 96 and surrounds the copper strip 100, the channel 89 thereby acting as a reservoir. The plugs 103 become saturated, or wetted, with the copper sulfate solution 106 whereby an electrically conductive path of low resistance is formed from the soil contacting the blade 2 and plugs 103 to the copper strip 100. As the blade 2 moves through the earth 3, the copper sulfate solution 106 gradually seeps continuously from the reservoir through the plugs 103 and must be replenished as necessary through a removable cap 108 selectively closing the end of the opening 96 and making contact with the electrode strip 100. A conductive and shielded wire 110 extends from the cap 108 in electrical contact with the strip 100 to the monitoring means 6 for transmission of electrical signals sensed by the electrode 60. 
     The reel 15, FIG. 6-8, includes a drum 112 for winding the conductor wire 11 thereon and having a horizontal axis of rotation. The drum 112 is mounted within a frame structure 113 having opposite vertical side plates 114 and 115 respectively with flanges 116 on lower portions thereof for mounting on the vehicle 5. Spaced coaxial journals 118 and 119 in the side plates 118 and 119 rotatably support a drum axle shaft 120. Opposite ends of the drum 112 are connected to circular flanges 122 and 123 for retaining the conductor wire 11 thereon. 
     The reel 15 includes means for selectively providing powered rotation of the drum 112 such as an electric motor 125 swingably mounted to the side plate 114 by a hinged bracket 126 having an axle 126&#39; spaced from the electric motor 125 for up and down swinging movement of the motor 125 and whereby the motor 125 tends to swing downwardly and away from the drum 112 under the force of gravity. A drive shaft 128, FIG. 7, extends from the motor 125 through a relatively large opening 127 in the side plate 114 for swinging movement with the motor 125. A first pulley 129 is secured to the end of the drive shaft 128 and positioned between the side plate 114 and the drum flange 122. A second pulley 131, such as of larger diameter than the first pulley 129 for a desired drive multiplication, is mounted to the circular flange 122 for revolution therewith. A drive belt 132 connects the first and second pulleys 129 and 131 and is maintained under driving tension by the weight of the motor 125 on the hinged bracket 126 for selectively providing powered rotation of the drum 112, as when it is desired to reel in the conductor wire 11. 
     A level winding and distance measuring mechanism 135, FIGS. 8 and 9, is mounted forwardly of the reel 15 on horizontal upper and lower bars 136 and 137 extending between the side plates 114 and 115 for longitudinal sliding movement across the drum 112. The mechanism 135 includes a frame of horizontally spaced, vertically extending walls 139 and 140 secured together by transverse connecting rods 141. An upper ball bearing journal 142 and lower sleeve bearing 143 provide connections for slidably attaching the mechanism 135 to the upper and lower bars 136 and 137. 
     Upper and lower wheels 146 and 147 are mounted between the walls 139 and 140 by respective axle pins 148 and 149 for rotation in a vertical plane with the upper wheel 146 mounted in a separate hinged portion 144 of the walls 139 and 140 for access between the wheels 146 and 147. The upper wheel 146 bears upon the conductor wire 11 and the lower wheel 147 so that the lower wheel 147 rotates in response to reeling and unreeling movement of the conductor wire 11. 
     The distance measuring means includes a switch 151 with electrical leads 152 for transmitting a signal to the monitoring means 6 when the switch 151 closes and completes a circuit. The switch 151, FIG. 9, is mounted over an aperture (not shown) in the wall 139 and includes a movable arm 153 which contacts a stationary arm 154 in response to the attraction of a magnet 155 mounted on the lower wheel 147 to complete a circuit. The known circumference of the lower wheel 147 thereby provides a measurement of the length of wire 11 passing between the wheels 146 and 147. 
     Roller bearings 157 are respectively mounted on front edges of the walls 139 and 140 and facilitate paying out and winding in of the conductor wire 11 as the level winding and distance measuring mechanism 135 moves across the drum 112. 
     A level winding drive mechanism 159, in the illustrated example, includes a gear 160 in the form of an elongate housing preferably of a length commensurate with the length of the drum 112 and having internal teeth. The gear 160 is reciprocally mounted on the side plate 114 for front to rear movement by longitudinally extending guide rods 161 and 162 slidably mounted in front and rear ears 163 and 164 projecting from the side plate 114. To cause the gear 160 to move back and forth, a first sprocket 166 is fitted onto the axle shaft 120 and connected, such as by a drive chain 167, to a second sprocket 168. A pinion gear 169 is axially connected to the second sprocket 168 and drives the gear 160 therearound in intermeshing engagement. As the pinion gear 169 rotates, the gear 160 reciprocates back and forth on the side plate 114 and, via an arrangement of cables and pulleys, moves the level winding and distance measuring mechanism 135 from side to side. 
     The exemplary arrangement, FIG. 8, includes a connection block 171 affixed atop the gear 160 with first ends of cables 172 and 173 attached thereto. The cable 172 travels around a pulley 174 positioned on a rearward portion of the side plate 114 and the cable 173 around a pulley 175 on a forward portion of the side plate 114. The cable 172 leads from the pulley 174 also around the cable 175 and the cables 172 and 173 run upwardly together and around a third pulley 177, FIG. 6. From the third pulley 177, the cable 172 is connected to a block 178 on the level winding and distance measuring mechanism 135. The cable 173 extends beyond the mechanism 135, around a pulley 179 mounted on the opposite side plate 115 and back to the block 178. Thus, rotation of the pinion gear 169 causes the gear 160 to reciprocate back and forth and pull the cables 172 and 173 therewith, in turn pulling the level winding and distance measuring mechanism 135 for travel from side to side of the drum 112 and level winding of the conductor wire 11. 
     The conductor wire 11 is electrically connected to the drum 112 and electrical signals directly from the cathodically protected pipeline 8 via the connector wire 11 are transmitted to the monitoring means 4 by a wire 182 swivelably connected to the drum axle shaft 120 so that the wire 182 is not twisted as the drum 112 revolves. Signals from the electrode 60 are transmitted to the monitoring means 4 via the wire 110 and signals from the distance measuring switch 151 are transmitted via the electrical wires 152. 
     The monitoring means 4 may include a variety of electrical measuring instruments and computing devices and in the illustrated example, FIG. 10, signals received from the electrode 60 and from the pipeline are entered into a high sensitivity voltmeter 185 having a distance referencing device therewith receiving signals from the distance measuring switch 185. Measurements by the distance measuring switch 135 can be compared to known positions of station markers 10 to determine location of the electrode 60 which are in turn referenced against signals received from the electrode 60. From the voltmeter and distance referencing device 185, data are entered into a millivoltmeter recorder 185 having a print-out device 188 therewith providing a printed record of impulses received. From the millivoltmeter recorder 187, data are entered into an interfacing computer 190, which for example, changes the data readings from analog to digital form and routed to a recorder terminal 191 which, using a data computer 193 in conjunction with entries made on a keyboard 194, such as indications of weather, rivers, fences, dates and other pertinent data which may effect the signal readings, provides both a paper print-out 196 and a magnetic tape record 197. 
     In the use of the cathodic survey apparatus 1, the hitch portion 17 of the drafting apparatus 4 is connected to a suitable vehicle 5 and positioned generally adjacent a station marker 10 of known location and over the buried pipeline 8. The conductor wire 11 is electrically connected to the pipeline 8, such as by attachment to the station marker 10. 
     The channel 89 is filled with the aqueous solution of copper sulfate 106 and the earth-cutting blade 2 is positioned so that the bottom edge 94 extends approximately 2 to 6 inches into the earth 3 for encountering a cathodic protection circuit between the pipeline and the earth and sensing electrical current flow. The motor 125 is swung upwardly on the hinged bracket 126 and released from driving relation with so that the drum 112 freely pays out the conductor wire 11 through the level winding and distance measuring mechanism 135 as the vehicle 5 travels away from the station marker 10. Simultaneously, the earth-cutting blade 2 rips through the top layer of soil and plant roots below the ground surface and above the buried pipeline 8, thereby continuously sensing electrical signals relating to cathodic protection of the buried pipeline 8. 
     The coulter assembly 78 in front of the blade 2 slices through tangled plant roots and hardened earth and permits the blade 2 to slide through the earth therebehind without undue force being exerted on the blade 2. 
     As the earth-cutting blade 2 and the electrode 60 therein plow along the pipeline 8, the sensed electrical signals are constantly received by the monitoring means 6 whereby an operator inside the vehicle 5 can immediately identify some potential corrosion areas. Further, a record of the survey is made as described above so that the survey can be evaluated and compared with similar or previous surveys to determine long term degradation of cathodic protection tending to permit corrosion. 
     When approximately 2,000 to 3,000 feet of the conductor wire 11 has been unreeled from the drum 112, the conductor wire becomes increasingly subject to breakage and the wire 11 should be reeled in and connected to another station marker. By swinging the motor 125 into driving tension, power is applied to the drum 112 to reel in the conductor wire 11. The wire 11 is connected to the new station marker and the survey recommenced. 
     It is to be understood that this invention can be embodied in many and varied forms and one, two or three or more earth-cutting blades 2 and electrodes 60 can be employed to take measurements directly over and even above and to a side of the pipe line 8. Therefore, while one form of this invention has been illustrated and described, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement of parts herein described and shown, except insofar as such limitations are included in the following claims.