DC-to-DC switching converter with zero input and output current ripple and integrated magnetics circuits
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to dc-to-dc converters, and more particularly to improvements over the new optimum topology switching converters disclosed in an application Ser. No. 837,532 by Slobodan M. Cuk and Robert D. Middlebrook filed on Sept. 28, 1977. 
     In the new switching converters disclosed in the aforesaid application, two inductances are employed, one in series with the input source and the other in series with the output load, together with a storage capacitance between the inductors. Suitable switching means are provided for alternately connecting the junction between the input inductance and the storage capacitance, and the junction between the output inductance and storage capacitance, to return current paths for the source and load. The result is that dc-to-dc conversion is achieved with both input and output (inductor) currents non-pulsating, i.e., with only a small switching ripple inversely proportional to the inductance values superimposed on their dc (average) values. 
     Simplification of this new switching converter topology and further improvement of its performance is obtained by the technique of coupling the inductors of this converter into a single magnetic circuit with two windings as described in detail in the aforesaid patent application. The coupling of inductances leads to at least a reduction to half of both current ripples. However, by proper design it is possible to obtain zero-current ripple on the output (or the input), while the current ripple at the input (or the output) remains at its unreduced level, i.e. its level before the coupling. The coupled inductances thus provide nonpulsating currents with ripple reduced to zero at either the input or the output, or reduced by one half at the input and the output. 
     In applications where the source and the load may not be referenced to a common ground, an isolating transformer may be inserted by dividing the energy transferring storage capacitor into two series capacitances, and then connecting one of these capacitances in series with the primary winding of the isolation transformer, and the other capacitance in series with the secondary winding of the isolation transformer. The input and output inductances may still be coupled to reduce the input or output current ripple to zero, but not both. As in the case of the nonisolated converter with coupled inductances, either a balanced reduction of ripple on both sides, or an imbalanced reduction of ripple on either side can be achieved by a proper design (or adjustment) of the coupling. 
     However, the coupled-inductor version of either the isolated or nonisolated extension of the optimum topology converter provided, by a proper design, zero current ripple at only one side, either the converter input or output side, but not at both simultaneously. This then naturally led to a search for such a switching converter configuration which will achieve these ideally desired characteristics of zero current ripple at both input and output simultaneously. With a high efficiency constraint in mind, the further objective was to achieve these goals with the least number of storage elements and switches put together in the most favorable topology, hence the optimum topology converter described in the copending application was used as a basis. 
     From another viewpoint, the coupled-inductor extension of the optimum topology converter (both isolated and nonisolated versions) was the first time that two magnetic components (inductors), which are normally and exclusively used separately to perform their function, have been integrated into a single magnetic circuit (single core) with two windings, resulting in size and weight reduction, component count reduction and performance improvement. This then motivated the search for such switching configurations in which the integration of otherwise independent and separate magnetic components can be achieved at an even higher level, by incorporating both separate inductors and AC transformers into a single magnetic circuit with additional size and weight reduction as well as performance improvement. 
     Both of these objectives, that is zero ripple at both input and output as well as magnetic circuit simplification and reduction of its size and weight, have been achieved in the switching converter configuration as disclosed by this invention. A number of improvements over the previously disclosed optimum topology converter (Application Ser. No. 837,532) are demonstrated. In addition, it is shown how some other known as well as new switching converter configurations may be improved by the integrated magnetic circuit technique disclosed in this application. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An improved dc-to-dc switching converter is provided comprised of two inductances, an input inductance in series with the input source and an output inductance in series with the output load and two storage capacitors connected in series between the two inductances. Switching means alternately connect the junction between the input inductance and the first series capacitor to the return current path for the source, and the junction between the output inductance and the second series capacitor to the return current path for the load. Electromagnetic induction means, such as a third inductance, for connecting the storage capacitor connected to the input inductance to the return current path for the source, and for connecting the other storage capacitor to the return current path for the load. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, all three inductances are combined on the same core thus comprising a single magnetic circuit with three windings whose coupling coefficients and turns ratios between the third inductance and input inductance and between third inductance and output inductance are adjusted such that reduced current ripple is achieved simultaneously at both the input and the output of the converter. For the matching condition n i  =k i , zero ripple is achieved, where in each side n i  is equal to the square root of the ratio of self inductances of the third winding L to the inductance L i , where i is 1 to indicate the input inductor, and i is 2 to indicate the output inductor. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, an isolation transformer replaces the third inductance, and a single magnetic circuit with four windings is obtained whose two isolation transformer windings are coupled with the other two windings in such a way as to achieve simultaneously zero current ripple at both the input and the output of the converter. 
     These embodiments and a number of related extensions are all examples of a new integrated magnetic circuit concept. For the first time, a number of magnetic components normally and exclusively used separately to perform functions of inductors and/or AC transformers are now integrated into a single magnetic circuit. This not only results in the significant reduction of magnetics size and weight, but also in a substantial improvement of the overall converter circuit performance. For example, by a proper design of the magnetic circuit, even zero current ripple may be achieved simultaneously at both input and output with or without DC isolation capability. 
     Moreover, the principles and technique of this integrated magnetic circuit design are not limited to the particular optimum topology switching converter as described more fully hereinafter, but have a broad range of applications. For example, it is demonstrated that is can be implemented in other converters as well as dc-to-ac inverters or power amplifiers which satisfy certain prerequisites, and still result in both size and weight reduction and performance improvement. 
     The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will best be understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1a is a circuit diagram of a new switching converter as disclosed in the aforesaid application, and therefore labeled prior art. 
     FIG. 1b is a coupled-inductor version of the new converter also disclosed in the aforesaid application, and hence labeled prior art. 
     FIG. 1c is a new switching converter with isolation between the input and output as disclosed in aforesaid application, and hence labeled prior art. 
     FIG. 2 includes a near ideal transformer model for the isolation transformer of the converter in FIG. 1c. 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a nonisolated new switching converter with additional inductance L. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates ideal switching voltage waveforms on the inductances in the converter of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of this invention, in which inductance L of the converter in FIG. 3 is divided into two parallel inductances L a  and L b  separately coupled to the input and output inductances L 1  and L 2 . 
     FIG. 5a illustrates an exemplary realization of coupled inductances M a  and M b  in the converter of FIG. 5. 
     FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a nonisolated version of another embodiment of this invention in which inductance L in the converter of FIG. 3 is directly coupled to both input and output inductances L 1  and L 2 . 
     FIG. 6a illustrates an exemplary realization of the magnetic circuit M NI  in the converter of FIG. 6. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of this invention which provides for isolation between the input and output. 
     FIG. 7a illustrates one exemplary realization of the magnetic circuit M I  with isolation in the converter of FIG. 7, which consists of a single magnetic circuit and four windings. 
     FIG. 7b illustrates yet another exemplary realization of the magnetic circuit M I  in the converter of FIG. 7. 
     FIG. 7c illustrates input and output inductor currents for matching conditions (zero ripple-heavy line) or otherwise (dotted line). 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a multiple (two) output version of the converter in FIG. 7 in which all six windings (one input inductor, two output inductors, and three windings of the isolation transformer) constitute a single magnetic circuit, M M . 
     FIG. 9 is an isolated version of the converter in FIG. 5, in which a separate additional isolation transformer T 3  is inserted. 
     FIG. 10a is an example of a prior art converter to which the method and the technique described in this invention can be implemented, and FIG. 10b illustrates the implementation. 
     FIG. 11a is an example of another new converter to which the method and the technique described in this invention can be implemented, and FIG. 11b illustrates the implementation. 
     FIG. 12 is an example of a switching power amplifier stage to which the method and the technique described in this invention can be implemented. 
     FIG. 13a is a schematic of an arbitrary switching configuration to which the method and the technique described in this invention can be implemented if the prerequisite of synchronized and proportional ideal voltage waveforms on inductors and transformers are as shown in FIG. 13b. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1a, a new optimum topology switching dc-to-dc converter between a source 10 and a load 11 is shown as disclosed in the aforesaid application. The dc-to-dc converter is comprised of two inductances, an input inductance L 1  in series with the source, and an output inductance L 2  in series with the load, and energy transferring means 12 having storage capabilities connected between the two inductances. The energy transferring means is comprised of storage capacitance C 1  in series with the two inductances and switching means (transistor Q 1  and diode D 1 ) for alternately connecting the junction between the input inductance and the storage capacitance and the junction between the storage capacitance and the output inductance to a common point between the souce and load for return currents to the source and load. 
     In the coupled-inductor version of the prior art (also disclosed in the aforesaid application) shown in FIG. 1b, the two inductors are coupled on a single core, resulting in the inductor current ripple reduction at both input and output. In fact, when this coupled inductor transformer is designed to satisfy the matching condition n=k, where n=√L 1  /L 2  is the effective turns ratio and L 1  and L 2  are self inductances of the primary and secondary windings respectively, and k is the coupling coefficient between the two windings, even zero output current ripple can be obtained, with input current ripple simultaneously staying at its level before the coupling. Interchange of the primary and secondary of so designed coupled-inductors will result in zero ripple at the input. This coupled inductor converter has for the first time integrated the two inductors, which are usually considered as separate components, into a single magnetic circuit with two windings. This resulted not only in reduced component count, smaller size and weight, but also in performance improvement and even zero current ripple at either the input or the output. However, in this configuration, zero ripple can not be achieved simultaneously at both ends. 
     In the isolated version of the prior art (also disclosed in the aforesaid application) shown in FIG. 1c, an isolation transformer is included by dividing the energy storage capacitor C 1  of FIG. 1a into two series capacitors C a  and C b , and then connecting one of these capacitors (C a ) in series with the primary winding of the isolation transformer, and the other capacitor (C b ) in series with the secondary winding of the isolation transformer. An analysis of this switching converter shows that the voltages on the capacitors C a  and C b  are ideally DC and equal to V g  and V, respectively. Thus, due to the switching action of the transistor Q 1  and diode D 1 , primary and secondary instantenous voltages v p  and v s  of the isolation transformer are ideally rectangular waveforms switching between the input DC voltage V g  (transistor on) and output DC voltage V (transistor off) as shown in FIG. 4. These additional switching voltage waveforms discovered in the converter of FIG. 1c can be used to advantage as will now be described. 
     Consider first a simplified version of the converter in FIG. 1c, which is obtained by a replacement of the isolation transformer with its near ideal model (zero leakage inductance and finite mutual inductance L M ), as shown in FIG. 2. If isolation is of no particular concern for some applications, a nonisolated version of FIG. 2 may then be considered wherein L M  does not have to be a mutual inductance of an isolation transformer, but may be any separate inductance L as shown in FIG. 3. It is important to note that the instantaneous voltage waveform v L  on this inductance is the same as the voltage waveforms v p  and v s  in the arrangement of FIG. 2, namely the switching waveforms shown in FIG. 4 (this is also apparent from the volt-sec balance on the inductor L in the steady state). In addition, the volt-sec balance on the input and output inductors L 1  and L 2 , leads to the same rectangular switching voltage waveforms v L1  and v L2  on these inductors, as illustrated in FIG. 4 also. 
     From the foregoing it becomes apparent that the inductance L may be coupled with either the input inductor L 1  to substantially reduce the input current ripple, or it may be coupled with the output inductor L 2  to substantially reduce the output current ripple. In fact, both input or output current ripple may be reduced to zero if the appropriate matching conditions are satisfied. The matching condition, as described in the aforesaid application, is defined as n=k, where n is equal to the square root of the ratio of self inductances of the primary and secondary windings coupled, and k is their coupling coefficient. For this purpose, inductance L is considered the primary winding and inductances L 1  and L 2  are considered the secondary windings. In terms of performance, this leads to the same result as the previously described coupled-inductor (FIG. 1b) of the prior art, namely zero current ripple at either the input or output. However, with a little modification of the converter in FIG. 3 both current ripples may be reduced to zero simultaneously. By providing two inductances L a  and L b  in parallel in place of one inductance as shown in FIG. 5, and coupling inductance L a  to input inductance L 1 , while coupling the inductance L b  to output inductance L 2 , both matching conditions can be obtained at the same time, thus realizing a dc-to-dc converter with ripple in both the input and the output current reduced to zero. This is obtained when the matching conditions n 1  =k 1  and n 2  =k 2  are satisfied, where n i  =√L/L i  and i is either 1 or 2 for the input or output inductance. The two inductances L a  and L b  are not coupled magnetically, but are only connected electrically in parallel. As a consequence, the two coupled inductances M a  and M b  are connected in cascade with the switching voltage v L  imposed on the primaries (L a  or L b ) of the two transformers. As before in the coupled-inductor version of the aforesaid application, the matching condition n=k is only a property of the transformer design. Hence to the first order, zero ripple at both input and output is maintained despite the possible changes in the operating conditions (duty ratio D, switching frequency fs), parameter changes (change of load resistance R) or conduction mode changes. 
     In practicing the invention as described with reference to FIG. 5, the windings of the coupled inductances M a  and M b  are wound on U-cores to permit the matching conditions to be readily achieved by adjusting the air gap between opposing ones of the U-cores in each coupled inductor as shown schematically in FIG. 5a. Then the current ripples shown by dotted lines in FIG. 7c are vanishing at both input and output as seen by a heavy line in FIG. 7c. 
     However, it is not necessary to have separate inductances L a  and L b  in the converter. A single winding L of FIG. 3 may be coupled to both input and output inductances, resulting in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 in which previously separate magnetic components, coupled inductors M a  and M b  of FIG. 5, are now merged into a single magnetic circuit. In addition a number of windings is reduced from four to three. However, the outstanding feature of zero current ripple at both ends is still preserved. Hence, in summary, the addition of a single winding to the coupled-inductor version (FIG. 1b) of the aforesaid prior art, and its appropriate connection in the converter configuration leads to the switching converter with zero current ripple at both ends. In practicing this invention, one possible approach may be a nonisolated (NI) magnetic circuit M NI  constructed as shown in FIG. 6a, in which both matching conditions n i  =k i  (where i is 1 or 2 as defined previously) may be satisfied at the same time by adjusting the separate air gaps. Again the input and output current waveforms will be as shown by heavy lines in FIG. 7c for no ripple. 
     It may be noted that the magnetic circuit M NI  is such that the input inductor L 1  and output inductor L 2  are not directly coupled to each other as they were in the coupled inductor converter of FIG. 1b. This is illustrated in FIG. 6 by the parallel bars indicating appropriate coupling. Thus, FIG. 6 schematically shows that the input inductor L 1  is coupled to the third inductor L, and that the output inductor L 2  is coupled to the third inductor L, but that the input and output inductors L 1  and L 2  are virtually not coupled. This convention for schematically illustrating separate inductance couplings for the input and output inductances is used in the remaining figures. 
     The embodiments of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 provide for zero current ripple in both the input and the output at the same time. They do not, however, provide for isolation between the input source and the output load. To achieve that advantage in the converter with the isolation of FIG. 1c, the input inductance L 1  may be coupled to the primary winding L a  of the isolation transformer T i , and the output inductance L 2  to the secondary L b  of the isolation transformer, while still preserving the isolation transformer, as shown in FIG. 7. It is now apparent that all the magnetic components of the original isolated converter of FIG. 1c (two inductors and isolation transformer) have been merged into an isolated (I) magnetic circuit M I  with four windings. Again, by appropriate design of this magnetic circuit in respect to the matching conditions n 1  =k 1  and n 2  =k 2  between isolation windings and input and output inductor windings, zero current ripple is achieved at both ends (see FIG. 7c). One possible physical realization of such a complex magnetic structure with four windings is illustrated in FIG. 7a. The structure is the same as that in FIG. 6a, but with two windings L a  and L b  in place of one winding L. Thus, by the addition of a single winding to the magnetic circuit M NI  of FIG. 6, as shown in FIG. 7a, a dc-to-dc converter is provided with the added advantage of current ripple reduced to zero in both the input and the output at the same time. The isolation windings of the magnetic circuit in FIG. 7a now serve two purposes in the switching dc-to-dc converter of FIG. 7. They not only provide the isolation, but when coupled to input and output inductor windings they provide a means for obtaining DC currents with no ripple at both ends, leading to the most effective use of both magnetic core and the windings. 
     In addition, the magnetic circuit M I  is such that its isolation windings can be very tightly coupled(k=1 in the configuration of FIG. 7a for example), thus resulting in a low leakage inductances. This is, of course, necessary for practical applications if the large transistor voltage spikes at the switching instants are to be avoided in the converter configuration of FIG. 7. As in FIG. 6, the magnetic circuit M I  is such that the input inductor L 1  and the output inductor L 2  are not directly coupled. 
     The implementation of the magnetic circuit M I  in the switching converter of FIG. 7, is not limited to that of FIG. 7a, since there is a large number of possible shapes and configurations of a single magnetic circuit with four windings which could accomplish the same goal. A variant of the double-air-gap structure of FIG. 7a, using standard EI cores nominally used for a single-phase transformer is illustrated in FIG. 7b. An E-core 16 of the transformer is closed by an I-core 17, except at the outer legs of the E-core where the necessary air gap is provided to achieve the required matching conditions for zero ripple. All the cores may be wound on bobbins 18, 19 and 20 slipped over the legs of the E-core. The air gaps could be adjusted by screws 21 and 22 for fine tuning of the matching condition. 
     A natural extension of the converter configuration of FIG. 7 to multiple outputs is shown in FIG. 8. There, a single magnetic circuit M M  with six windings is capable of providing zero current ripple not only at the input but simultaneously at both outputs as well. The actual physical implementation of the magnetic circuit M M  may be a straightforward two dimensional extension of the magnetic structure in FIG. 7b (for example two peripendicular E cores with a common central leg). This could be extended for switching converters with three outputs. 
     The embodiments presented clearly illustrate a new integrated magnetic circuit concept in which such diversified magnetic components, such as inductors and transformers exclusively used until now as separate components, are merged into an integral magnetic circuit with multiple windings. When put into the proper circuit configurations (such as those of FIGS. 6 and 7), they not only perform the original functions, but even tremendously improve original converter performance by reducing both input and output current ripples to zero. The savings in the component count, size and weight, as well as in efficiency become apparent when the converter of FIG. 7 is compared with another arangement of FIG. 7 shown in FIG. 9 as a variant of the present invention. The converter in FIG. 9 also has both current ripples reduced to zero by the proper design of magnetic circuits M a  and M b . However, with its isolation transformer T 3 , it takes three magnetic cores with six windings as compared with the single magnetic core and four windings of the converter configuration in FIG. 7. 
     This new concept of integrated magnetic circuit is applicable to a broad spectrum of electrical circuits involving magnetic components, and it leads to the similar overall performance improvement in other converters, coupled with the simplified configuration, and reduced component count, size and weight. To substantiate this general claim, this concept is now illustrated on several other converter configurations. For example, when applied to the prior art switching dc-to-dc converter of FIG. 10a, it results in another embodiment of this invention shown in FIG. 10b. The input inductor L 1  and the isolation transformer T 4   of the converter in FIG. 10a, are merged (or integrated) into a single magnetic circuit M p  as shown in FIG. 10b, with the additional benefit of reducing the input current ripple to zero with the matching condition n 1  =k 1 . Still another example is a converter shown in FIG. 11a which also illustrates a new switching converter which has only output current nonpulsating. Again by merging the output inductor L 1  and isolation transformer T 5  into a single magnetic circuit M s , another example of this integrated magnetics design is obtained, as illustrated in FIG. 11b. In this converter, the output current ripple may be reduced to zero by the matching condition n 2  =k 2 . The multiple output extension of the converters in FIGS. 10b and 11b may be obtained easily in a manner analogous to that of converter in FIG. 8. These two converter examples thus illustrate the wide range of switching converter configurations whose performance can be tremendously improved by use of this new integrated magnetic circuit concept. However, its application is not limited to switching dc-to-dc converters. Other switching configurations performing qualitatively different functions, such as dc-to-ac inversion, or power amplification, may also utilize the concept to advantage. For example, the concept may be directly applied to a new push-pull switching power amplifier disclosed in a patent application Ser. No. 902,725 filed May 2, 1978. For example, if isolation between the input source and load is desired, each of the additional isolation transformers T 1  and T 2  may be integrated with its corresponding input and output inductances, thus resulting in the power amplifier shown in FIG. 12 which is comprised of only two magnetic circuits M 1  and M 2 . Again as before, zero current ripple at both input and output may be achieved simultaneously by design of the coupled inductances for the matching conditions n i  =k i , where i is 1, 2, 3 or 4 for the four different sets of coupled inductances. 
     All these examples now illustrate wherein a complex switching configuration consisting of a number of storage elements (inductors, transformers and capacitors) and switches interconnected in such a way as to perform some useful function, such as dc-to-dc conversion, dc-to-ac inversion, or power amplification, the otherwise separate magnetic components (inductors and transformers) can be merged into an integral magnetic circuit with multiple windings. The prerequisite for such simplification of the arbitrary switching configuration shown in FIG. 13a and further performance improvement (reduced ripple currents) is the existance of synchronized and proportional voltage waveforms on the inductors and transformers as shown in FIG. 13b. 
     Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated herein, it is recognized that modifications and variations may readily occur to those skilled in the art. Consequently, it is intended that the claims be interpreted to cover such modifications and equivalents.