Power transmission
The present invention relates to power transmissions, and more particularly to power servo control systems, e.g. electric, electropneumatic and/or electrohydraulic servo control systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is conventional practice in the art of electrohydraulic servo control systems to provide a command signal indicative of position, velocity, acceleration or pressure desired at the controlled mechanism, to measure actual position, velocity and acceleration at the controlled mechanism by means of corresponding transducers, and to drive a hydraulic actuator with an error signal representative of a difference between the command signal and the measured motion variables. Provision of three transducers mounted on or otherwise responsive to the controlled mechanism increases significantly the overall expense of the servo system while at the same time reducing overall reliability. The aforementioned deficiencies are particularly acute in the field of industrial robotics where interest in cost, simplicity and reliability is continually increasing. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 418,086, filed Sept. 14, 1982 and assigned to the assignee hereof, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,109, discloses an electrohydraulic servo control system having three dynamic state variables, namely position, velocity and acceleration. A control system includes a sensor coupled to the hydraulic actuator for measuring load position, and a digital observer responsive to measured position for estimating velocity and acceleration. Signals indicative of measured and/or estimated state variables are compared with an input state command signal to obtain a difference of error signal which drives the actuator. The observer electronics includes a digital microprocessor suitably programmed to estimate the state variables as solutions to corresponding linear equations. The several equation constants, which are functions of actuator and driven mass characteristics, are entered through a corresponding multiplicity of operator-adjustable resistors. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 699,039, filed Feb. 7, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,699, as a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 418,086, and likewise assigned to the assignee hereof, discloses a modification to the parent disclosure wherein the several equation constants are down-loaded from a remote system into observer storage registers. 
     Although the technology disclosed in the above-referenced patent applications presents a significant step forward in the art, improvement remains desirable in a number of areas. For example, the need to calculate the several state variables as solutions to a corresponding number of equations at each input sampling interval is quite time consuming, placing limitations on speed of operation and the number of tasks that can be performed. Furthermore, the requirement that system constants be loaded into the observer system limits adaptability of the system for changing conditions, such as wear or hydraulic fluid pressure variation. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A general object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a servo control system which is self-adaptive in operation, i.e. which periodically updates some or all system constants to accommodate changing conditions, and which is configured to obtain improved speed of calculation. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a servo control system which obtains the foregoing objectives, and yet remains economical and reliable to implement. 
     The present application discloses sampled-data feedback control systems wherein control is obtained by sampling the various control and error signals at discrete periodic intervals. Sampled-data control systems of this character are to be distinguished from continuous analog control systems. For purposes of disclosure and description, it is convenient to consider construction and operation of the sampled-data feedback control systems of the invention in the so-called sampled-data or Z-transform domain. In systems of the subject type, which may be described by linear difference equations with constants that do not vary significantly between sample intervals, Z transformation of system transfer functions yields rational polynomial ratios in the variable &#34;Z&#34;. This variable is complex and is related to the more-recognized Laplace transform variable &#34;S&#34; by the equation 
     
         Z=e.sup.TS                                                 ( 1) 
    
     where T is sampling interval. Indeed, in Z-transform theory, such concepts as transfer functions, mapping theorems, combinatorial theorems and inversions are related to sampled-data systems in a manner in many ways comparable to the relationship of the Laplace transformation to continuous systems. A more complete discussion of sampled-data control systems and Z-transform theory is provided in Ragazzini and Franklin, Sampled-Data Control Systems, Mc-Graw-Hill (1958). 
     In accordance with the embodiments of the invention herein disclosed, a sampled-data control system receives and samples input signals indicative of desired and actual motion at a hydraulic actuator and load, and provides control signals to the actuator necessary to obtain desired motion. The sampled-data control system includes digital processing circuitry with series and feedback compensation, coordinated with hydraulic system behavior function, to form a complete closed-loop control system operating in the sampled-data or Z-transform domain. Difference equation constants in the series and feedback compensation circuitry are recalculated at each sampling interval. In one embodiment of the invention, such constants are recalculated as a function of system behavior, so that system control automatically varies with operating conditions or load. In another embodiment of the invention, system constants are calculated based upon a single operator-variable (or remote system) input, which accommodates rapid operator-implemented tracking of system behavior while reducing calculation time. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention, together with additional objects, features and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a basic electrohydraulic servo control system in accordance with the prior art; 
     FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a basic hydraulic control system in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a more detailed functional block diagram of the sampled-data digital controller in FIG. 2 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a detailed functional block diagram of the sampled-data digital controller of FIG. 2 in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a fragmentary block diagram illustrating a further embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a graphic illustration of operation of a further embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 7 is an electrical schematic drawing of an electronic controller in accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional position command electrohydraulic servo control system 10 as comprising a valve actuator system or plant 12, which includes an electrohydraulic valve coupled by an actuator to a load. The actuator system, including the load, is characterized by an inertial mass and spring elasticity. A position sensor or transducer 14 is suitably mechanically coupled to the actuator and load to provide an electrical output signal Y as a function of actual actuator and load position. A position command or reference signal R from an operator joystick 15, for example, is fed to a summer 16, which provides an error signal E as a function of the difference between the command signal R and the actual position signal Y. The error signal E, fed through a suitable amplifier having gain 18, controls operation of actuator 12. It will be appreciated that summer 16 and gain 18 would typically be combined in a single amplifier. System 12 and transducer 14 may be of any suitable types, and indeed may be contained within a single assembly. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an electrohydraulic servo control system 20 embodying a sampled-data digital controller 22 in accordance with the present invention. Within controller 22, a first sample-and-hold circuit 24 receives and samples command signal R from joystick 15, and provides a corresponding Z-transformed output signal R(Z) in the sampled-data domain. A second sample-and-hold circuit 26 receives and samples position signal Y from sensor 14, and provides a corresponding Z-transformed output signal Y(Z) in the sampled-data domain. A feedback compensator 28 receives the output Y(Z) of circuit 26 and provides a compensation signal Q(Z) to one input of a summer 30. Summer 30 receives a second input R(Z) from circuit 24, and provides a difference or error signal E(Z) to a series compensator 32. Compensator 32 provides a command signal U(Z) through a zero-order-hold circuit 33 to plant 12. 
     For an electrohydraulic plant 12, including a hydraulic valve, actuator and spring, it can be shown that the transfer function of plant 12 in the sampled-data domain is: ##EQU1## where B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , α 1 , α 2  and α 3  are constant functions of plant parameters and sampling time. Assuming zero damping, expression (2) reduces to: ##EQU2## B 1 , B 2  and α are given by the equations: ##EQU3## where K 5  is a gain constant, T is sampling period and ω is neutral stability resonant frequency of plant 12. All of these constants are measurable or estimatable in accordance with preferred aspects of the invention to be discussed. The transfer function of system or plant 12 is thus predetermined as a function of plant characteristics. 
     The orders of the Z-domain transfer functions of compensators 28, 32 are selected to obtain desired step response and computation time. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the transfer function of compensator 28 is: ##EQU4## and the transfer function of compensator 32 is: ##EQU5## where G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , C 1 , C 2  and C 3  are constants, and P(Z) is a polynomial in Z which, in the preferred embodiments of the invention hereinafter discussed, is set equal to unity. First and second order polynomials for the transfer function of compensator 32 are also contemplated. Thus, in the general case, where the transfer function of plant 12 is of order N in the Z-domain, with N being an integer greater than one, the transfer function of compensator 28 is of order N-1, and the transfer function of compensator 32 is N or less (i.e., not greater than N). 
     For the overall system to be stable, including plant 12 and controller 22, all poles must be within the Z-plane unit circle. Ragazzini and Franklin, supra et ch. 4. The overall closed-loop transfer function, embodying the individual functions of expressions (3), (7) and (8), is a sixth order expression in Z. Thus, six poles are needed. Choosing all six poles at location -a within the Z-plane unit circle means that ##EQU6## Combining expressions (2), (6) and (7), and equating coefficients with corresponding coefficients in equation (8), yields: ##EQU7## For a given value of pole location -a, and values of constants B 1 , B 2  and α per equations (4)-(6), equation (10) can be solved for constants G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , C 1 , C 2 , C 3 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a modified controller 34 wherein the constants α, B 1  and B 2  are continuously estimated and updated based upon system performance, and the internal transfer function constants C 1 ,C 2 , C 3  and G 1 ,G 2 ,G 3  are likesise updated to obtain desired performance. In FIG. 3, an identifier 36 receives the Z-transformed position output Y(Z) of circuit 26 (FIG. 2) and the Z-domain command signal U(Z) from compensator 32. Identifier 32 estimates constants α,B 1  and B 2  as will be described, and feeds such estimated constants to the circuit block 38 wherein constants C 1 ,C 2 ,C 3  and G 1 ,G 2 ,G 3  are calculated per equation (10). The latter constants are then fed to associated compensators 32,28. 
     Briefly stated, identifier 36 estimates constants α,B 1  and B 2  periodically as a function of command signal U(Z) and system response Y(Z) thereto over a number of preceding intervals corresponding to the order of the system. More specifically, at sample time (KT-2T), the discrete equation of plant 12 is: ##EQU8## At time (KT-T), such equation is: ##EQU9## And at time (kT): ##EQU10## Equations (11)-(13) may be combined and rearranged as follows: ##EQU11## The values of Y(Z) and U(Z) are physically sampled and stored over the required number of intervals, i.e. six for a third order plant, and constants, α, B 1  and B 2  are estimated accordingly per equation (14). 
     Estimation of constants α, B 1  and B 2  per equation (14) has been found to be more time-consuming than desirable for real-time control applications. It will be noted from equations (4)-(6) that B 1  and B 2  can be determined from α based upon the common factor ω. In accordance with a modification to be discussed, identifier 36 (FIG. 3) first estimates α, and then estimates B 1  and B 2  from α. However, such computation based upon equations (4)-(6) involving trigometric functions would be too time consuming. Accordingly, equations (4)-(6) are first rewritten using Taylor series expansion, and neglecting higher-order terms, as follows: ##EQU12## Defining (ωT) 2  as Y, and solving equation (15) for Y yields 
     
         Y=6±2(3α).sup.1/2                                 (18) 
    
     The positive sign yields a trivial solution and is ignored. The result: ##EQU13## Thus, constant α is determined per equation (14), and constants B 1  and B 2  are determined per equations (18)-(20). It has been found, somewhat surprisingly, using the specific embodiment of FIG. 7 (to be described), that estimation of B 1  and B 2  per equations (18)-(20) is not only faster than solution of equation (14) for α, B 1  and B 2 , but is also more accurate. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a modification to FIG. 3 wherein a modified identifier 40 receives a single input indicative of constant α from an adjustable resistor 42. Constants B 1 ,B 2  are calculated per equations (18)-(20). This modification is thus semi-automatic in that all system constants are derived from a single operator-adjustable input. It will be appreciated that the α-indicating input to identifier 40 could also be fed from a remotely located control system or the like. The modification of FIG. 4 has the advantage of eliminating the time consuming solution for from matrix equation (14). 
     The embodiment of FIG. 4 may be made semi-adaptive by means of the modification of FIG. 5 wherein the modified identifier 44 additionally receives an input U(Z) from compensator 32. In FIG. 6, graph 46 illustrates position Y versus compensated command signal U (in the time domain) for an optimally tuned system. It will be noted that command signal U, which is a function of error E, is substantially free of oscillations. Graph 48 in FIG. 6 illustrates response of a system which is not properly tuned, i.e. wherein α set by resistor 42 (FIG. 5) is not properly set. Modified identifier 44 tunes the α input from resistor 42 to provide a modified constant α&#39;, as well as constants B 1 , B 2 , to calculator 38. This is accomplished in one embodiment of the invention by counting peaks in the U input signal during a set-up operation and modifying the α input to minimize such peaks. In another embodiment, the length of the U signal curve is measured by time integration during the setup operation, and the α input is internally modified to minimize such length. In all of these embodiments, modified identifier 44 is self-adaptive in set-up and continuous operation. 
     FIG. 7 is an electrical schematic drawing of a presently preferred embodiment of a microprocessor-based electronic controller, and a corresponding computer program in Intel 8051 machine language for implementing the embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5 (operator selectable) is appended to this specification. The R(Z),U(Z) and α inputs are connected through multiplexer circuitry 50 to a serial input port of an Intel 8051 microprocessor 52. Microprocessor 52, which possesses internal program memory, is connected through a latch 54 and a decoder 56 to a pair of 4K memory modules 58,60. The output port of microprocesor 52 is connected through an amplifier 62 to the valve actuator coil 64 of plant 12. It will be appreciated that identifier 40 (FIG. 4) or 44 (FIG. 5), compensators 28,32, constant calculator 38 and zero order hold circuit 33 illustrated functionally in FIGS. 4 and 5 are all contained within programmed microprocessor 52 and associated memory. ##SPC1##