Method of preparing ω-lactams, in particular caprolactam
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a method of preparing ω-lactams, in particular caprolactam, with improved yield and purity. 
     It is known that caprolactam can be prepared by reacting cycloaliphatic compounds with a nitrosating agent in the presence of a dehydrating agent. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,356,675 and Italian Patent Application 27018 A/79 disclose preparing caprolactams from cycloaliphatic compounds, including hexahydrobenzoic acid, by reacting them with nitrosyl acid sulphate in concentrated sulphuric acid or oleum, and utilizing oleum as the dehydrating agent. 
     Italian Patent Application 27018 A/79 claims a process for preparing ω-lactams containing 5 to 14 carbons in a multi-stage reactor, implemented by racting a cycloaliphatic acid having the general formula ##STR2## where n varies from 3 to 13, and/or the corresponding anhydrides, with a nitrosating agent in the presence of a dehydrating agent. 
     According to the prior art, moisture is to be removed completely from the lactamization reaction medium to avoid the need to decrease the reaction rate and selectively below an acceptable minimum. It is, in fact, known that the reaction rate and selectivity can only be increased through the use of an appropriate dehydrating agent. 
     Examples of cycloaliphatic acids which can be lactamized include hexahydrobenzoic acid, cyclododecanecarboxylic acid, etc. Hexahydrobenzoic acid, also referred to as cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, being preferred. 
     As the nitrosating agent, any of the agents specified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,356,675 may be used. 
     Nitrosyl sulphuric acid is preferred for the production of caprolactam. Known dehydrating agents are: SO 3 , chlorosulphonic acid, anhydride of chlorosulphonic acid, phosphoric anhydride, or even the very anhydride of hexahydrobenzoic acid, in which case, in calculating the molar ratios, one mole anhydride of hexahydrobenzoic acid is the equivalent of one mole SO 3  ; thus, for simplicity, reference will be made hereinafter to SO 3  -equivalent moles, to specify either one mole SO 3  or one mole of some other anhydride serving the same anhydrifying function. 
     The reaction temperature can vary in the range of 30° to 100° C., and in particular where hexahydrobenzoic acid is used, the reaction temperature would be preferably in the 60° to 90° C. range. 
     The reaction may be conducted in either discontinuous, semicontinuous, or continuous stirred reactors. 
     A continuous multi-stage reactor would be preferred with hexahydrobenzoic acid, anyhow. 
     Thermal regulation of the reaction (which is markedly exothermic) may be effected by using, in the reaction system, a particular inert thermostating solvent which can remove reaction heat by absorption as evaporation heat, thereby constancy of the reaction temperature is achieved by boiling the thermostating solvent. 
     Examples of thermostating solvents are: cyclohexane, n-eptane, n-hexane, n-pentane, chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbons, nitrocompounds, etc. 
     It is known to conduct the lactamization reaction in conformity with the following sequence of process steps: 
     1. Premixing step: wherein mixing is carried out at a low temperature, i.e. in the range of 0° to 40° C., of the hexahydrobenzoic acid with the dehydrating agent (e.g. oleum at a concentration in the 30% to 37% range); during this step, there occurs formation of a mixed anhydride which, in the instance of caprolactam, comprises cyclohexanecarboxysulphonic anhydride. 
     2. First reaction step: wherein there occurs the lactamization reaction between the mixed anhydride and the nitrosating agent (e.g. nitrosylsulphuric acid in oleum). This step takes place according to the continuous method within a multistage reactor where the nitrosating agent is fed into each of the stages at a temperature in the 30° C. to 100° C. range. This method affords excellent control of the reaction exothermicity through the above-mentioned thermostating solvent. 
     3. Second reaction step: wherein the reaction is completed and no nitrosating agent is fed; this step takes place in a multistage system, in series and/or within an external reactor (post-reactor) at a temperature in the 30° C. to 100° C. range. 
     4. Unreacted hexahydrobenzoic acid reclaiming step: wherein low temperature hydrolysis (approximately 20° C.+30° C.) is carried out of the reaction mass along with the extraction of the hexahydrobenzoic acid by the same thermostating solvent. 
     The control parameters of this reaction are: 
     Molar ratios of load and temperature SO 3  S tot  NOAEB(*). 
    
     By operating in accordance with these prior methods, on an industrial scale, the following lactamization outputs are to be obtained, when expressed as kmoles of caprolactam yielded per kmole hexahydrobenzoic acid (ηAEB). 
     
         η.sub.AEB =0.85+0.90 
    
     Furthermore, the byproducts that forms when operating in accordance with prior methods are of four types: 
     i. strongly acidic byproducts to be obtained by sulphonation, in the reaction conditions, of the alpha-carbon in the carboxylic group of hexahydrobenzoic acid; cyclohexane-carboxylic acid is formed which represents the largest percent amount of all the byproducts formed; 
     ii. byproducts with a weak acid function (carboxylic acids), such as ε-amino-capronic-N-hexahydrobenzoyl, ε-amino-valeric-N-hexahydrobenzoyl, etc.; 
     iii. neutral byproducts, such as lactones, amides, nitriles, etc.; 
     iv. high polarity byproducts which are, therefore, readily soluble in water; this byproduct family also represents an important reasons for not achieving higher outputs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to arrange for an improved caprolactam output. 
     A further object of this invention is to arrange for decreased production of the strongly acidic byproducts (i) which form the outstanding proportion of all the byproducts formed. 
     These and other objects are achieved by a method according to the invention, which comprises the following steps: 
     a. a premixing step wherein cycloaliphatic acids having the general formula ##STR3## where n=3-13 and/or their corresponding anhydrides are mixed with a dehydrating agent; 
     b. a first reaction step wherein a nitrosating agent and the mixture from step 1 are introduced into a reactor maintained at a temperature in the 30° to 100° C. range; 
     c. a second reaction step wherein the lactamization reaction is completed at a temperature range of 30° to 100° C.; 
     d. a step of reclaim of the unreacted cycloaliphatic acid; the improvement consisting of that, during said second reaction step, water is added in a very small amount corresponding to a molar ratio U=H 2  O/SO 3  equivalents in the 0.1 to 0.90 range. 
     The molar ratio of dehydrating agent to nitrosating agent is preferably with the range of 0.7 to 1.1. The small amount of water which is added during the second reaction step is such that a by-weight concentration of SO 3  equivalents is obtained which ranges from 2% to 10% of the reaction mass. That amount is preferably within the range of 5% to 6% where hexahydrobenzoic acid is used as the cycloaliphatic acid. 
     The dehydrating agent is preferably oleum at a concentration in the 36% to 50% range, preferably in the 38% to 40% range where hexahydrobenzoic acid is used as the cycloaliphatic acid. These concentration levels are significantly higher than the oleum concentration employed with prior methods (30% to 37%). 
     Furthermore, where hexahydrobenzoic acid is used as cycloaliphatic acid, the molar ratio U would be preferably in the 0.4 to 0.6 range; the temperature of the first and second reaction steps is preferably in the 60° to 80° C. range. The small amount water which is added during the second reaction step may be in the form of an acqueous solution containing sulphuric acid and possibly ω-lactams. 
     The method of this invention is preferably conducted on a continuous basis through a plurality of consecutive stages which implement said first and second reaction steps. Preferably, said plural consecutive stages would be split in two serially arranged discrete reactors. The first of the reactors receives the nitrosating agent and completes the markedly exothermic part of the lactamization reaction. No nitrosating agent is preferably added through the last stages of the first reactor. 
     The second of the reactors receives the small amount water and completes the low-exothermic part of the reaction. 
     The unreacted cycloaliphatic acid reclaiming step is carried out by hydrolysis with water of the product from the second reactor, that hydrolysis process being conducted at a temperature preferably in the 20° to 30° C. range. The hydrolyzed product is separated into an acqueous phase containing ω-lactams and an organic phase containing the unreacted cycloaliphatic acid and the thermostating solvent. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The invention may be more clearly understood by making reference to the following non-limitative examples and the accompanying illustrative drawings, where: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a semi-continuous method; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a continuous method. 
    
    
     Examples 1-6 relate to FIG. 1. Examples 1, 3 and 5 illustrate the method of this invention, and Examples 2, 4 and 6 are comparative examples of the prior art. 
     Examples 7 and 8 relate to FIG. 2. Example 7 shows the method of this invention, and Example 8 is a comparative example of the prior art. 
     Throughout the charts: 
     AEB=hexahydrobenzoic acid 
     SP=byproducts 
     CL=caprolactam 
     ACCSH=cyclohexanecarbonysulphuric acid 
     EXAMPLES 1-6 
     Examples 1-6 have been conducted as semi-continuous tests (with only the nitrosylsulphuric acid solution being fed continuously) on the system shown in FIG. 1. 
     The method steps are: 
     (a) formation of the premix; this operation has been carried out in a glass-lined reactor 100 having a volume of 700 ml, wherethrough cooled water was circulated to maintain a premixing temperature of 20° C. Loade first were the hexahydrobenzoic acid solution, byproducts of the hexahydrobenzoic acid, and the n-hexane solvent 1, and then let dripping slowly under powerful agitation so as to keep the temperature at 20° C., and the oleum 2 was added in the desired concentration. All this was then transferred as at 3 into a separator (settling) funnel 101 and the n-hexanic phase 4 was separated from the sulphuric phase 5. 
     (b) First lactamization step: this operation was carried out in a glass reactor 102 with a 2,000 ml capacity equipped with an internal heat exchanger adapted for connection to a source of hot water (at 90° C.) and/or a source of cold water (at 15° C.) and with a mechanical turbine stirrer. The sulphuric phase 5 was loaded into the reactor and an amount of solvent (n-hexane) 6 was added. Stirring was commenced and by circulating hot water (90° C.) through the heat exchanger, the pre-mix temperature was raised from 20° C. to 71°-72° C., setting the time lapse for bringing the pre-mix temperature from 35° C. to 71°-72° C. (=heating time). Thereafter, the reactor has been fed with the solution of nitrosylsulphuric acid 7 from a metering pump 103, in oleum (=nitrose), within 12 minutes. 
     (c) Second lactamization reaction: on completion of the step of adding nitrose, the reaction mass was held at the test temperature for 3 minutes (beginning of the maturing time), and then the water 8 was added into the reactor to quench some of the SO 3 , and the whole held under agitation at a constant temperature for 10 minutes (=maturing time). Lastly, the mass was cooled by circulating cold water (at about 15° C.) through the heat exchanger, setting the time for lowering the temperature from 71°-72° C. down to 30° C. (=mass cooling time). 
     (d) Unreacted hexahydrobenzoic acid reclaiming step: on the temperature of the reaction mass dropping down to about 20° C., the hydrolysis water 9 was begun to be added while holding the temperature low (at about 20° C.), thereby separating the unreacted hexahydrobenzoic acid from the solution of caprolactam in diluted sulphuric acid. The biphase mix 11 was then discharged quantitatively into a separator funnel 104 flushing the reactor with n-hexane 10, thereby to obtain an n-hexane phase 12 containing hexahydrobenzoic acid and a sulphuric phase 13 which contained caprolactam, lactamization byproducts, and to a lesser amount, hexahydrobenzoic acid. 
     EXAMPLES 7 AND 8 
     Examples 7 and 8 have been conducted as continuous tests on an industrial system depicted in FIG. 2. 
     The method several steps were as follows: 
     (a) Formation of the pre-mix: this operation has been carried out in a lined reactor 110, wherethrough cooled water was circulated to hold the pre-mixing temperature at 20° C. The solution of hexahydrobenzoic acid, byproducts of the hexahydrobenzoic acid, and the n-hexane solvent 1 has been loaded, and then dripped slowly and under powerful agitation, so as to hold the temperature at 20° C., the oleum 15 is added at the concentration sought. Then, the whole 16 is transferred into a separator (settling) funnel 111, and the n-hexane phase 17 is separated from the sulphuric phase 18. 
     (b) First lactamization step: this operation is carried out in a reactor 112. The reactor comprises 7 separator partitions arranged in cascade, thereby the reaction mix, in falling from one partition down onto the next, forms a plurality of consecutive reaction stages. The sulphuric phase 18 was loaded into the reactor 112, and an amount of solvent (n-hexane) added. The solution of nitrosulphuric acid in oleum (=nitrose) 19 was then added within 12 minutes. 
     (c) Second lactamization step: on completion of the nitrose adding operation, the reaction mass in the last two stages 7 and 8 of the reactor 112 has been held at the test temperature for 3 minutes (beginning of the maturing time), and thereafter, the reaction mix was transferred with the line 20 of the reactor 113 there was added into the reactor 113 the water 23 to quench some of the SO 3 , and the whole was held under agitation at a constant temperature for 10 minutes. 
     (d) Unreacted hexahydrobenzoic acid reclaiming step: the reaction products from step (c) were transferred over the line 22 to the hydrolyzer 114, whereinto there is added the hydrolysis water 23, while holding the temperature low (at about 20° C.), to produce separation of the unreacted hexahydrobenzoic acid from the caprolactam solution in diluted sulphuric acid. The biphase mix 24 was then discharged quantitatively into a decanter 115, flushing the reactor with n-hexane, so as to obtain an n-hexane phase 25 which contains hexahydrobenzoic acid and byproducts and a sulphuric phase 26 containing caprolactam, lactamization byproducts, and to a lesser amount, hexahydrobenzoic acid. 
     It may be seen from the tables that the invention affords a considerable reduction in the byproducts (i) and (ii) which form together nearly all of the byproducts yield. 
     In particular, this invention allows the SO 3  concentration to be increased during the first reaction step; this results in decreased byproducts (iv), and decreased concentration of SO 3  in the second reaction step, which affords decreased byproducts (i). As may be taken from the Tables, to that decrease in byproducts there corresponds an increased caprolactam yield. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 1                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (g) (g)                                                                
          (g)  (g)                                                        
                  (g) (g)  (g) (g)                                        
                                  (g)  (g)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1  282.2                                                                  
       24.5                                                               
          91.7                         398.4                              
2              70.2                                                       
                  107.5                177.7                              
3  282.2                                                                  
       24.5                                                               
          91.7 70.2                                                       
                  107.5                576.1                              
4  5.7 15.9                                                               
          72.3                         93.9                               
5  276.5                                                                  
       8.6                                                                
          19.4 70.2                                                       
                  107.5                482.3                              
6         133.0                        133.0                              
7              6.7                                                        
                  44.0                                                    
                      127.0            177.7                              
8                          9.5         9.5                                
9                          154.5       154.5                              
10        200.0                        200.0                              
11 153.7                                                                  
       11.5                                                               
          352.4   340.6    147.3                                          
                               103.1                                      
                                  6.4  1115.0                             
12 141.5                                                                  
       3.4                                                                
          352.4                        497.3                              
13 12.2                                                                   
       8.1        340.6    147.3                                          
                               103.1                                      
                                  6.4  617.7                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               0.96                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.51                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.16                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                                
                               0.55                                       
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               95.1                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 2                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (g) (g)                                                                
          (g)  (g)                                                        
                  (g) (g)  (g) (g)                                        
                                  (g)  (g)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1  282.2                                                                  
       24.5                                                               
          91.7                         398.4                              
2              70.2                                                       
                  107.5                177.7                              
3  282.2                                                                  
       24.5                                                               
          91.7 70.2                                                       
                  107.5                576.1                              
4  5.7 15.9                                                               
          72.3                         93.9                               
5  276.5                                                                  
       8.6                                                                
          19.4 70.2                                                       
                  107.5                482.3                              
6         133.0                        133.0                              
7              6.7                                                        
                  44.0                                                    
                      127.0            177.7                              
8                                      --                                 
9                     164.0            164.0                              
10        200.0                        200.0                              
11 148.2                                                                  
       12.0                                                               
          352.4   336.7    148.0                                          
                               103.1                                      
                                  14.8 1115.2                             
12 136.2                                                                  
       3.4                                                                
          352.4                        492.0                              
13 12.0                                                                   
       8.6        336.7    148.0                                          
                               103.1                                      
                                  14.8 623.2                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               0.96                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.51                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.16                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                                
                               no water in the post-                      
                               reactor                                    
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               91.0                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 3                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (g) (g)                                                                
          (g)  (g)                                                        
                  (g) (g)  (g) (g)                                        
                                  (g)  (g)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1  286.9                                                                  
       21.5                                                               
          95.7                         404.1                              
2              70.1                                                       
                  78.3                 148.4                              
3  286.9                                                                  
       21.5                                                               
          95.7 70.1                                                       
                  78.3                 552.5                              
4  5.3 15.8                                                               
          77.5                         98.6                               
5  281.6                                                                  
       5.7                                                                
          18.2 70.1                                                       
                  78.3                 453.9                              
6         133.0                        133.0                              
7              7.5                                                        
                  42.2                                                    
                      127.0            176.7                              
8                          10.3        10.3                               
9                          143.0       143.0                              
10        200.0                        200.0                              
11 158.6                                                                  
       9.2                                                                
          351.2   310.5    136.4                                          
                               103.2                                      
                                  6.6  1075.7                             
12 146.7                                                                  
       2.7                                                                
          351.2                        500.6                              
13 11.9                                                                   
       6.5        310.5    136.4                                          
                               103.2                                      
                                  6.6  575.1                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               0.97                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.20                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.20                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                                
                               0.59                                       
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               95.0                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 4                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (g) (g)                                                                
          (g)  (g)                                                        
                  (g) (g)  (g) (g)                                        
                                  (g)  (g)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1  286.9                                                                  
       21.5                                                               
          95.7                         404.1                              
2              70.1                                                       
                  78.3                 148.4                              
3  286.9                                                                  
       21.5                                                               
          95.7 70.1                                                       
                  78.3                 552.5                              
4  5.3 15.8                                                               
          77.5                         98.6                               
5  281.6                                                                  
       5.7                                                                
          18.2 70.1                                                       
                  78.3                 453.9                              
6         133.0                        133.0                              
7              7.5                                                        
                  42.2                                                    
                      127.0            176.7                              
8                                      --                                 
9                          153.3       153.3                              
10        200.0                        200.0                              
11 153.2                                                                  
       9.2                                                                
          351.2   306.2    135.8                                          
                               103.0                                      
                                  15.8 1074.4                             
12 141.9                                                                  
       2.7                                                                
          351.2                        495.8                              
13 11.3                                                                   
       6.5        306.2    135.8                                          
                               103.0                                      
                                  15.8 578.6                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               0.97                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.20                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.20                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                                
                               no water in the post-reactor               
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               90.8                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 5                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (g) (g)                                                                
          (g)  (g)                                                        
                  (g) (g)  (g) (g)                                        
                                  (g)  (g)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1  287.4                                                                  
       21.6                                                               
          98.7                         407.7                              
2              59.7                                                       
                  102.8                162.5                              
3  287.4                                                                  
       21.6                                                               
          98.7 59.7                                                       
                  102.8                570.2                              
4  5.8 16.7                                                               
          72.6                         95.1                               
5  281.6                                                                  
       4.9                                                                
          26.1 59.7                                                       
                  102.8                475.1                              
6         133.0                        133.0                              
7              7.5                                                        
                  42.2                                                    
                      127.0            176.7                              
8                          7.6         7.6                                
9                          146.6       146.6                              
10        200.0                        200.0                              
11 156.5                                                                  
       16.3                                                               
          359.1   322.6    139.6                                          
                               97.2                                       
                                  5.8  1097.1                             
12 144.7                                                                  
       2.9                                                                
          359.1                        506.7                              
13 11.8                                                                   
       13.4       322.6    139.6                                          
                               97.2                                       
                                  5.8  590.4                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               0.84                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.32                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.20                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                                
                               0.50                                       
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               0.88                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 6                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (g) (g)                                                                
          (g)  (g)                                                        
                  (g) (g)  (g) (g)                                        
                                  (g)  (g)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1  287.4                                                                  
       21.6                                                               
          98.7                         407.7                              
2              59.7                                                       
                  102.8                162.5                              
3  287.4                                                                  
       21.6                                                               
          98.7 59.7                                                       
                  102.8                570.2                              
4  5.8 16.7                                                               
          72.6                         95.1                               
5  281.6                                                                  
       4.9                                                                
          26.1 59.7                                                       
                  102.8                475.1                              
6         133.0                        133.0                              
7              7.5                                                        
                  42.2                                                    
                      127.0            176.7                              
9                          154.2       154.2                              
10        200.0                        200.0                              
11 155.1                                                                  
       16.3                                                               
          359.1   321.4    139.8                                          
                               97.2                                       
                                  8.3  1097.2                             
12 143.1                                                                  
       3.0                                                                
          359.1                        505.2                              
13 12.0                                                                   
       13.3       321.4    139.8                                          
                               97.2                                       
                                  8.3  592.0                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               0.84                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.32                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.20                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                                
                               no water in the post-reactor               
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               0.87                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 7                                                             
  AEB SP  n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                   H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                       
                       NOHSO.sub.4                                        
                            H.sub.2 O                                     
                                CL  ACCSH                                 
                                         Total                            
  (Kg/h)                                                                  
      (Kg/h)                                                              
          (Kg/h)                                                          
               (Kg/h)                                                     
                   (Kg/h)                                                 
                       (Kg/h)                                             
                            (Kg/h)                                        
                                (Kg/h)                                    
                                    (Kg/h)                                
                                         (Kg/h)                           
__________________________________________________________________________
14                                                                        
  6980                                                                    
      790 2201                           9971                             
15             1484                                                       
                   2348                  3832                             
16                                                                        
  6980                                                                    
      790 2201 1484                                                       
                   2348                  13803                            
17                                                                        
   341                                                                    
      620 1042                           2003                             
18                                                                        
  6639                                                                    
      170 1159 1484                                                       
                   2348                  11800                            
19              220                                                       
                    863                                                   
                       2706              3789                             
20                                                                        
  4021                                                                    
      203 4029 1639                                                       
                   5300         2196                                      
                                    160  17548                            
21                           221          221                             
22                                                                        
  4021                                                                    
      203 4029 656 6504         2196                                      
                                    160  17769                            
23                          3279         3279                             
24                                                                        
  4021                                                                    
      203 4029     7307     3132                                          
                                2169                                      
                                    160  21048                            
25                                                                        
  3831                                                                    
       62 4029                           7922                             
26                                                                        
   190                                                                    
      141          7307     3132                                          
                                2196                                      
                                    160  13126                            
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS      SO.sub.3 /NO =                                     
                                1.00                                      
                       S.sub.tot /NO =                                    
                                3.54                                      
                       AEB/NO = 2.43                                      
                       H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3 =                               
                                0.58                                      
REACTION YIELDS        ηAEB =                                         
                                95.0%                                     
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE No. 8                                                             
   AEB SP n-hexane                                                        
               SO.sub.3                                                   
                  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                        
                      NOHSO.sub.4                                         
                           H.sub.2 O                                      
                               CL ACCSH                                   
                                       Total                              
   (Kg/h)                                                                 
       (Kg/h)                                                             
          (Kg/h)                                                          
               (Kg/h)                                                     
                  (Kg/h)                                                  
                      (Kg/h)                                              
                           (Kg/h)                                         
                               (Kg/h)                                     
                                  (Kg/h)                                  
                                       (Kg/h)                             
__________________________________________________________________________
14 6980                                                                   
       790                                                                
          2201                         9971                               
15             1484                                                       
                  2348                 3832                               
16 6980                                                                   
       790                                                                
          2201 1484                                                       
                  2348                 13803                              
17  341                                                                   
       620                                                                
          1042                         2003                               
18 6639                                                                   
       170                                                                
          1159 1484                                                       
                  2348                 11800                              
19              220                                                       
                   863                                                    
                      2706             3789                               
20 4021                                                                   
       203                                                                
          4029 1639                                                       
                  5300         2196                                       
                                  160  17548                              
21                                     --                                 
22 3906                                                                   
       244                                                                
          4029 1593                                                       
                  5300         2196                                       
                                  280  17548                              
23                         3466        3466                               
24 3906                                                                   
       244                                                                
          4029    7251     3108                                           
                               2196                                       
                                  280  21014                              
25 3716                                                                   
        63                                                                
          4029                         7808                               
26  190                                                                   
       181        7251     3108                                           
                               2196                                       
                                  280  13206                              
LOAD MOLAR RATIOS     SO.sub.3 /NO =                                      
                               1.00                                       
                      S.sub.tot /NO =                                     
                               3.54                                       
                      AEB/NO = 2.43                                       
                      H.sub.2 O/SO.sub.3                                  
                               no water in the post-                      
                               reactor                                    
REACTION YIELDS       ηAEB =                                          
                               91%                                        
__________________________________________________________________________