Free radical based biochemical method for detecting substances in fluids
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A variety of techniques as described in the Methods of Enzymology, Vols. 70-73, Ed. J. J. Langone and H. U. Unhais, Academic Press, 1981, are routinely used to assay fluids for molecules present in micromolar amounts or less, that are indicative of disease, or alterations in the normal physiology of a living system. Nearly all of these techniques are premised on the use of molecules that specifically recognize the molecule sought to be assayed, the former being termed a ligand-recognition molecule, and the latter a ligand. Perhaps the best example is the detection of antigen with antibody, although, as described by Erb, L. et al in Steroids Vol. 39, p. 33 (1981) other nonimmune related specific binding receptors have been used. Generally such assays involve the formation of a complex, either in solution, or on a solid surface, of a labelled ligand bound to a ligand-recognition molecule. The amount of ligand in the fluid sought to be assayed is determined by its ability to either compete off ligand from the ligand-recognition molecule subsequent to complex formation, or to compete with ligand for binding to the ligand-recognition molecule simultaneous to complex formation. Since the resulting amount of labelled ligand bound to the ligand-recognition molecule is inversely related to the amount of ligand present in the fluid, the presence of the latter can be ascertained and/or quantitated. A second method of detecting ligands is to label the ligand-recognition molecule such that the amount of ligand-recognition molecule detected reflects the amount of complex formed which is in turn a function of ligand concentration present in the fluid being assayed. 
     Both ligands or ligand-recognition molecules are commonly labelled either by direct covalent attachment of radioactive atoms, such as 125 I , to the molecule, or by synthesis of the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule using radioactive starting materials so as to incorporate radioactive atoms into their structure. In lieu of using radio labels, ligands or ligand-recognition molecules can be labelled by covalent attachment of either fluorescent or enzymatic molecules. The latter, when incubated with the appropriate substrate give readily detectable color reactions, and is termed ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay). 
     The presently used immunoassays are sensitive and versatile enough to detect most ligands. Nonetheless, these assays have some undesirable features. Notably they rely on the use and detection of radioactive substances which necessarily require expensive instrumentation, generally scintillation or gamma counters, in either a medical or research setting. Also, because of the heightened awareness of the dangers associated with radiation, it is becoming increasingly difficult, partly due to newly implemented state regulations, to dispose of such substances after they have been used. Thus, other less expensive methods of performing immunochemical assays that do not use radioactive labels are desirable. To some extent the detection of ligands or ligand-recognition molecules based on enzyme labels have circumvented the problems associated with the use of radioactive tracers. Nevertheless, these assays have certain limitations, the major one being the large size of the enzymes used which, when bound to the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule, have the potential to alter their normal structure and hence mask their recognition sites. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, a liquid or solid phase free radical based chemical method for detecting ligand molecules is described that relies on the formation of a ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex wherein either part of the complex carries a free radical forming molecule suitable for detection. To detect the concentration of ligand in fluids the latter is mixed either simultaneously with labelled ligand to the ligand-recognition molecule, or added subsequent to complex formation, and ligand present in the fluid allowed to compete for binding to the ligand-recognition molecule. Alternatively, the ligand-recognition molecule may carry the label and be added to the fluid to be assayed. The amount of labelled ligand bound to the ligand-recognition molecule or alternatively the amount of labelled ligand-recognition molecule present in the complex is determined by separating the bound from unbound reactants and initiating free radical formation. Upon initiation there is a detectable physical or chemical change in the solution, or sol, this being a change in pH, absorbance, phase or surface property, and which is either directly or indirectly related to the concentration of ligand present in the fluid assayed. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention describes a free radical based biochemical assay premised on labelling a ligand or ligand-recognition molecule with a free radical forming group. To accomplish this the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule must first be isolated and then covalently attached to the free radical forming group. Alternatively, in some instances it is not necessary to covalently attach a free radical forming group as the ligand or ligand recognition molecule itself is capable of free radical formation. 
     Ligands are typically, but not necessarily, small molecular weight molecules such as drugs, steroid hormones, and other bioactive molecules. Ligand-recognition molecules are generally but also not necessarily large molecular weight molecules, usually proteins such as antibody. Both can be isolated by following biochemical isolation and purification protocols that are characteristically unique for a specific substance, or, in some instances, they can be purchased commercially. 
     Antigen and antibody are preferred embodiments of a ligand and ligand-recognition molecule respectively. Antibodies with exquisite antigenic specificity can be produced by immunization of animals with antigen, either alone or with adjuvant. For poor antigenic substances, particularly steroids or small peptides, in addition to injecting adjuvant, it is often necessary to couple these ligands to an antigenic carrier as described by R. C. Jenkins and E. C. Sandburg, in the Methods of Enzymology, Vol. 15, p. 351, Ed. Raymond P. Clayton, Academic Press, 1969. Generally the carrier is a large molecular weight protein, such as bovine serum albumin. Coupling of the ligand prior to immunization results in antibody against the ligand as well as the carrier. The latter is not used for the assay. 
     Regardless of whether a ligand alone is used for immunization or is coupled to an antigenic carrier, antibodies are generated by one of two ways. First, polyclonal antibodies can be produced by conventional methods as described by Vaitukaites in &#34;Production of Antisera With Small Doses of Immunogen: Multiple Intradermal Injections&#34;, in Methods of Enzymology, Vol. 73, Part B, p. 46, Eds J. Langone and H. Vinakis, 1981; or, second, monoclonal antibodies can be generated either by in vivo or in vitro immunization. Both methods consist of one or more injections of the antigen, generally but not exclusively into mice in the case of monoclonal antibodies, or a variety of additional animals in the case of polyclonal antibodies. The immunizations are spaced out over several weeks. To obtain polyclonal antibody the animal is bled and antibody isolated from the serum by techniques well known to those familiar with the art. Polyclonal antibody contains a mixture of antibodies that recognize several epitopes on the antigen. 
     The second method of making antibody is to make monoclonal antibody by generating cell lines called hybridomas, each of which secrete a chemically distinct antibody that recognizes a single antigenic epitope. The latter is obtained by the hybridoma technique of Kohler and Milstein as described in Nature, Vol. 256, p. 495 (1975). The procedure consists of one or more immunizations of mice with antigen followed by the removal of the spleen, and fusion of splenocytes to a myeloma cell line either chemically with polyethylene glycol, or electrically, and subsequently plating the cells in growth media containing drugs that rid the culture of unfused myeloma cells. A fraction of the fused cells, hybridomas, that grow up produce monoclonal antibodies. 
     Mouse monoclonal antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies can also be produced by in vitro immunization techniques as described by Boss in Brain Research, Vol. 291, p. 193 (1984) and Dosch and Gelfand in Journal of Immunology, Vol. 118, p. 302 (1977) respectively. 
     Regardless of whether the antibody is polyclonal or monoclonal it is desirable to purify the antibody by standard techniques as described by Springer in Monoclonal Antibodies, p. 194, Eds R. Kennett, T. McKearn and K. Bechtol, Plenum Press, New York (1980). Generally this consists of at least one ammonium sulfate precipitation of the antibody using a 50% ammonium sulfate solution, and subsequent affinity purification by passage over an affinity column containing attached antigen as described by Stryer in Biochemistry, p. 791, W. Freeman and Co. (1975). The antibody is eluded from the column by several techniques, one being extremes in pH, or chaotropic agents. 
     In those instances when the ligand or ligand-recognition molecules do not themselves form a free radical, the covalent attachment of free radical forming molecules to ligands or ligand-recognition molecules is accomplished by numerously commonly practiced chemical reactions which those skilled in the art are understood to be aware of. In order to affect covalent attachment, reactive groups on both molecules must exhibit a chemical affinity for each other so as to share electrons when combined under conditions that are favored for covalent bond formation, as described by Kemp and Vellaccio in Organic Chemistry, Eds S. Poulson and S. Anderson, Worth Publishers, Inc., New York (1980). The preferred embodiment of covalent bond formation of a free radical forming group to a ligand or a ligand-recognition molecule is dependent upon the specific requirements necessary to affect complex formation. Hence, placement of the free radical forming group must be situated such that similar binding characteristics are displayed by labelled and unlabelled ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complexes. To a large extent this must be determined empirically, as is currently done for other immunochemical assays as is described by O&#39;Sullivan and Marks in &#34;Methods for the Preparation of Enzyme-Antibody Conjugates for Use in Enzyme Immunoassay&#34;, in Methods of Enzymology, Vol. 73, Part B, p. 147, Eds J. Langone and H. Vinikis, Academic Press (1981), by introducing one or more free radical forming groups into a ligand or ligand-recognition molecule and assaying for functional complex formation. 
     It is anticipated that due to the large number of free radical forming molecules, particularly peroxides, metal compounds, vinyl polymers, or organic molecules that form or propagate free radicals, covalent attachment to any desired ligand or ligand-recognition molecule is possible. 
     Once the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule has been isolated and conjugated to a free radical forming or propagating molecule, the conjugates can be used to assay fluids that contain unknown amounts of ligands. Virtually any type of fluid is assayable, but particularly fluids from biological sources such as cellular homogenates, tissue culture media containing cell excreted products, urine salvia and other bodily fluids. 
     The amount of ligand present in fluids can be determined by first demonstrating dose response with known increments of unlabelled ligand so as to construct a standard curve as described by Yalow and Berson in Hormones, Vol. 4, p. 557 (1964) and the methods described therein are hereby incorporated by reference. The latter relates the amount of labelled molecules present in a ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex to known amounts of non-labelled molecules. The procedure can be conducted with ligand or ligand-recognition molecule in solution or attached to a solid surface. With this information, fluids with unknown amounts of ligand can be assayed. 
     The amount of ligand present in fluids can be determined indirectly or directly. Indirect assay is accomplished by adding an amount of labelled ligand to a constant amount of ligand-recognition molecule or vice-versa. The ligand sought to be assayed is subsequently added and allowed to compete for ligand-recognition molecule binding such that an algebraic relationship exists over a known range of concentrations. Assays utilizing labelled ligand an non-labelled ligand-recognition molecules involve adding labelled ligand to tubes in order that about 50-80% of the amount added is bound to the ligand recognition molecule. In contrast if the ligand-recognition molecule is labelled then maximal binding to the ligand standard is determined empirically. Direct assay for ligands in fluids is accomplished by combining labelled ligand-recognition molecules and the fluid, separating the complex as described below and then comparing the amount of labelled ligand-recognition molecule present in the complex with standard samples run in parallel with different known concentrations of ligand. 
     Regardless of whether ligand is assayed directly or indirectly the mixture is incubated at a temperature of 0°-37° C. for 1-12 hours at pH 7.0-7.4. Next, labelled and non-labelled ligand bound in the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex is separated from their unbound counterparts. This can be accomplished by a number of techniques as described by Yalow and Berson supra, and as described by Wide in &#34;Use of Particulate Immunosorbents in Radioimmunoassay&#34;, p. 203 (1981), in Methods of Enzymology, Vol. 73, Part B, Eds J. Langone and H. Vinakis, Academic Press. Four satisfactory but not exclusive separation techniques are: precipitation of the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex with either 50% saturaded ammonium sulfate; or, second, precipitation with an antibody that recognizes the ligand-recognition molecule, to which the ligand is bound. The third technique removes labelled or non-labelled ligand that is not bound to the ligand-recognition molecule by absorption of the ligand to one of several possible absorbants, particularly charcoal, talc, or zirconyl phosphate. Lastly, when either the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule is fixed to a solid surface, the site of complex formation, unbound reactants can be removed simply by washing. 
     After the labelled ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex is separated from unbound reactants, the amount of label present in the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex is determined by resuspending the complex in an organic or aqueous solvent containing reacents which undergo a chemical reaction upon free radical initiation that is detectable, directly or indirectly, as a physical or chemical change of the solution, particularly, but no exclusively, a change in pH, absorbance, phase or surface tension. 
     Where pH is the parameter being measured the free radical forming complex is resuspended in an organic solution containing a halogenating agent. Cyclohexane is a particularly useful solvent, but any organic solvent capable of being halogenated is suitable as described by Karasch and Brown in the Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 61, p. 2142 (1939). Halogenation is accomplished by chlorinating agents such as sulfuryl chloride. Initiation of free radical formation associated with either the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule is accomplished as described by Kharasch and Brown, supra, or by other methods well known to those familiar with the art, that is by physical stimuli, particularly radiation, heat, or chemical initiators, (i.e. peroxides metal compounds such as silver salts), or a combination of physical and chemical treatments. Generally a combination of physical and chemical initiation is preferred as shorter reaction times and higher yield of free radical result. Upon initiation of free radical formation associated with the ligand or ligand-recognition molecule a reaction is induced between the organic solvent and halogenating agent to cause a decrease in the pH of the solution. 
     In those instances where the solution properties being measured are changes in absorbance, or phase or surface tension the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex can be contacted with an aqueous sol containing a monomer of a polymerizable organic molecule and a surface active agent. Typically usable monomers are sytrene, ethylene or propylene. A variety of long or short chain detergents are suitable surface active agents particularly potassium or sodium laurate or myristate. The detergents are used at their critical micelle concentration which is ascertainable from the work of Harkins in &#34;A General Theory of the Mechanism of Emulsion Polymerization&#34;, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 69, p. 1428 (1946). Free radical initiation is induced with typical water-soluble peroxides, particularly sodium or potassium persulfate. The latter causes the formation of a free radical associated with the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex that reacts with the hydrocarbon monomers to cause polymerization. The latter &#34;removes&#34; detergent molecules from solution which is measurable as a change in surface tension using the capillary rise method as described by Levine in Physical Chemistry, pgs. 325-326, Eds. D. C. Jackson and Mc Gardman, McGraw-Hill Inc. (1978), or as a change in the absorbance or phase properties of the solution. The latter is assayed with the aid of a spectrophotometer, or fluorescent dyes whose solubility is dependent on detergent concentration as described by Harkins, supra. Additionally, absorbent or phase changes can be assessed turbidmetrically as described by Levine, supra, or Stearms in The Journal of Chemical Physiology. Vol. 15 (1947). 
     The following examples are given to aid in understanding the invention but the invention is not limited to the particular procedures, conditions or materials of the examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligands labelled with free radical forming groups, and detection based on free radical induced pH changes--indirect assay 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     Rabbit antisera is raised and isolated, as described essentially by Abraham in Abraham In Acts Endoctrinology, Vol. 75, p. 1, Sup. 183 (1974), against estrone-3-sulfate to produce an antibody which can competitively bind both estrone-3-sulfate, and its free radical forming derivative, estrone-3-sulfonyl-benzoyl peroxide. The former was obtained commercially, while the latter is produced by reacting estrone-3-sulfuryl chloride with benzoyl chloride in an alkaline, aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. Next, a constant amount of anti-estrone-3-sulfate rabbit antibody is added to several 12×75 mm test tubes containing 1 ml of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered solution such that the antibody binds 50% of a 1000 pg standard of estrone-3-sulfate. A 1000 pg aliquot of estrone-3 sulfonyl-benzoyl peroxide is added to each tube, followed either by the addition of known amounts of estrone-3-sulfate which varies from 5 to 1000 pg, or an aliquot of fluid containing an unknown quantity of estrone-3-sulfate. The tubes are allowed to incubate for two hours at 10° C. at which time an empirically determined amount of second antibody, goat anti-rabbit, is added to separate the bound ligands from their unbound counterparts. The tubes are spun at low speed in a clinical table top centrifuge, and the supernate discarded. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating changes in pH to ligand concentration, and its use to determine the concentration of ligand in fluids sought to be assayed. 
     Since the amount of estrone-3-sulfonyl benzoyl peroxide present in the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex is algebraically related to known amounts of estrone-3-sulfate used to compete with estrone-3-sulfonyl-benzoyl peroxide for binding to the antibody, a standard curve can be constructed and used to ascertain the amount of ligand present in the fluid sought to be assayed. 
     To construct a standard curve and determine the amount of ligand present in a fluid containing unknown amounts of ligand the residuals left in each tube above are dissolved in 1 ml of cyclohexane containing 0.05 to 0.2 moles of sulfuryl chloride. The tubes are heated to 100° C. to cause the following reaction: ##STR1## where RH is cyclohexane. The HCl generated causes a decrease in pH of the solution which can be measured by pH meters, or by including a pH indicator in the solution. The concentration of HCl generated is dependent upon the number of free radicals released when the solution is heated. Thus, a relationship exists between the original concentration of free radical forming groups in the ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complexes present in the residuals of each tube, and the decrease in pH. A standard curve is then constructed which relates the changes in pH to the known amounts of estrone-3-sulfate used. Finally, the pH of the fluid containing ligand sought to be assayed is noted, and by extrapolation using the standard curve the amount of estrone-3-sulfate present is determined. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligands labelled with free radical forming groups and detection based on free radical induced pH changes--indirect assay 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     Rabbit antisera is raised and isolated as described in Example I against estrone to produce an antibody which can competitively bind both estrone and the free radical forming group estrone-6-polystyrene. The former can be purchased commercially with estrone-6-polystyrene was produced by taking estrone-6-amine and coupling it to a small molecular weight polystyrene molecule by use of a carbodiimide reagent. The remaining procedures were identical to those in Example I. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating changes in pH to ligand concentration, and its use to determine the concentration of ligand in fluids sought to be assayed. 
     The residuals left in each tube above are dissolved in 1 ml of an aqueous solution containing 0.005 moles acrylic acid and 0.005 to 0.01 moles of sodium persulfate. The solution is exposed to a UV light source for 15 minutes to initiate free radical formation, and then 0.015 moles of hydroquinone are added to stop the reaction. 1 ml of isooctane is then aliquoted into each tube, and the mixture is allowed to incubate at 10° C. for 2 hours, after which the isooctane is decanted off and the pH measured by means of a pH meter or suitable pH indicator. 
     Since the amount of acrylic and polyacrylic acid which diffuses into the isooctane layer is dependent on the amount of acrylic acid incorporated onto the polystyrene molecules as a graft polymer, and the number of graft polymers is dependent upon the concentration of the estrone-6-polystyrene, a relationship exists between the amount of acrylic acid that diffuses into the isooctane layer, and subsequent pH. 
     Similar to Example I, a standard curve is constructed and used to determine the amount of ligand present in the fluid sought to be assayed. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligand-recognition molecules labelled with free radical forming groups and detection based on free radical induced pH changes--direct assay 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     Rabbit antisera is raised and isolated as described earlier against estrone to produce an antibody which can bind estrone. A second antibody, goat anti-rabbit/estrone is raised against complexed anti-estrone and estrone which is incapable of binding to the first antibody unless estrone is bound to it. Estrone is purchased commercially while the ligand-recognition molecule is labelled with a free radical forming group by covalently attaching persulfate anions to the second antibody. This is accomplished by an anhydride reaction utilizing the hydroxyl groups of several of the amino acid residues on the antibody and reacting them with chloropersulfate in pyrydine. A standard concentration of first antibody (anti-estrone) is covalently attached to a paper fiber strip by the method of C. F. Chang and V. L. Estergreen, Steroids, Vol. 41, Number 2, p. 173 (1983), and such methods are hereby incorporated by reference. The concentration of the anti-estrone is such that the antibody can bind a 1000 pg standard of estrone when the fiber strip is dipped into a test tube containing estrone in 1 ml of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered solution. Next, to a series of 12×75 test tubes containing 1 ml of 7.4 pH phosphate buffered solution is added either known amounts of estrone ranging from 5-1000 pg, or fluid containing an unknown amount of estrone. The tubes are allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 10° C. The second antibody is added to the tubes in an amount capable of binding all the estrone that had been bound previously to the first antibody, and allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 10° C. at which time the fiber strip was removed. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating changes in pH to ligand concentration, and its use to determine the concentration of ligand in fluids sought to be assayed. 
     To construct a standard curve, and determine the amount of ligand present in a fluid containing unknown amounts of ligand it is sufficient to follow the procedures in Example I with the following alterations: first, the fiber strip is dipped into cyclohexane and then heated to start the reaction. Second, the peroxide source, rather than being estrone-3-sulfonyl benzoyl peroxide, is the persulfate labelled goat antibody. After completion of the free radical reaction, a standard curve is constructed relating changes in pH to known amounts of estrone, and used to determine the amount of ligand present in the fluid sought to be assayed. 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligand-recognition molecules labelled with free radical forming groups and detection based on free radical induced pH changes--direct assay 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     Rabbit antisera is raised and isolated as described in Example I, against estrone, and a second antibody, goat anti-rabbit estrone is raised against estrone bound to anti-estrone antibody. The second antibody is incapable of binding to the first antibody unless estrone is bound to it. The second antibody is labelled with a free radical forming groups by covalent attachment of polystyrene molecules. This is accomplished by coupling polystyrene to lysine residues of the antibody by use of a carboidimide reagent. A standard concentration of the first antibody (anti-estrone) is covalently attached to a paper fiber strip as described previously in Example III. Subsequent procedures to ensure ligand/ligand-recognition complex formation were identical to Example I. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating changes in pH to ligand concentration, and its use to determine the concentration of ligands in fluids sought to be assayed. 
     These procedures were identical to those in Example II. 
     EXAMPLE V 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligand-recognition molecules labelled with free radical forming groups and detection based on free radical induced pH changes--direct assay 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     A standard amount of estrone is covalently coupled to 12×75 mm test tubes containing 1 ml pH 7.4 phosphate buffered solution. The ligand-recognition molecule, rabbit anti-estrone, is labelled with a free radical forming group by covalently coupling persulfate anions as described in Example III. The antibody, along with varying concentrations of estrone from 5 to 1000 pg, is aliquoted to one set of tubes. To other tubes is added antibody and fluid containing an unknown concentration of ligand. The solutions are incubated for 2 hours at 10° C. at which time the fluids were decanted. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating changes in pH to ligand concentration and its use to determine the concentration of ligands in fluids. 
     The materials and methods used in Example I were identical to those used in this section with the following exception. The peroxide source is persulfate anions attached to antibody rather than estrone-3-sulfuryl benzoyl peroxide. As in Example I, a standard curve is constructed relating changes in pH to known amounts of estrone, and used to determine the amount of ligand present in the fluid sought to be assayed. 
     EXAMPLE VI 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligand-recognition molecules labelled with free radical forming groups and detection based on free radical induced pH changes 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     The materials and methods used in Examples IV and V were identical to those used in this section with antibody being labelled with the free radical forming group, polystyrene. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating changes in pH to ligand concentration, and its use to determine the ligand concentration in fluids. 
     The materials and methods used in Example II are identical to those used here with the following exception: the free radical forming group, polystyrene, is attached to the antibody rather than estrone-6-polystyrene. 
     EXAMPLE VII 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using free radical forming groups and detection of ligands based on solution phase changes 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     The materials and methods used to synthesize a labelled ligand, estrone-6-polystyrene, and establish complex formation are identical to those of Example II. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve relating solution phase changes to the concentration of ligands, and determination of ligands in fluids. 
     The ligand/ligand-recognition molecule complex formed in Example II is dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water and agitated by sonication in a water bath for 5 to 20 minutes. Next, 0.005 to 0.01 moles of sodium persulfate, 0.05 to 0.1 moles of styrene and 0.024 moles of potassium laurate is added. The tubes are capped and heated to 100° C. for 15 minutes, and then 0.015 moles of hydroquinone is added to stop the reaction. A standard curve is constructed relating the degree of phase change, specifically, the degree of conversion of styrene into a colloidal suspension as it is incorporated into the polystyrene molecules to the different amounts of ligand used. Phase change can be measured by determining changes in the absorbance of the resulting solution. 
     EXAMPLE VIII 
     Assay for ligands in fluids using ligands labelled with free radical forming groups and detection based on free radical induced changes in solution surface tension 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     The materials and methods used were identical to Example II. 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve and its use to determine the ligand concentration in fluids. 
     The methods and materials are identical to those of Example VII with the exception that a standard curve is constructed by relating changes in surface tension to different amounts of ligand. Surface tension is determined using the capillary-rise method. 
     EXAMPLE IX 
     Assay ligands in fluids premised on a ligand/ligand-recognition molecule comples. Wherein the preradical forming group is derived from the covalent attachment of ligand and ligand-recognition molecules 
     LIGAND/LIGAND-RECOGNITION MOLECULE COMPLEX FORMATION 
     Rabbit antisera is raised and isolated as described in Example I against estrone-3-sulfonyl benzyl peroxide. The later molecule is generated by reacting the ligand estrone-3-chlorosulfate with ligand-recognition molecule benzyl chloride using an alkaline aqueous solution containing an excess of hydrogen peroxide. The assay is performed by adding to a series of 12×75 mm test tubes estrone-3-chlorosulfate over a range of 5-1000 pg, and benzylchloride at a concentration in excess of estrone-3-chlorosulfate. Benzylchloride is also added to additional tubes containing, unknown amounts of estrone-3-chlorosulfate. Next, strips with bound anti-estrone-3-sulfonyl benzyl peroxide antibody constructed as described in Example VIII. With the capacity to bind 1000 pg estrone-3-sulfonyl benzyl peroxide are incubated in the tubes for 2 hours at 10° C. and then removed 
     FREE RADICAL FORMATION AND REACTION 
     Derivation of a standard curve and its use to determine the ligand concentration in fluids. 
     The materials and methods used in Example VIII are similarly used here to derive a standard curve and to extrapolate from it the concentration for ligand present in the fluids containing unknown ligand concentration.