Surge protection device
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 581,065, filed Feb. 17, 1984 now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates in general to the protection of electrical and telephone equipment from damage caused by excessive voltage surges. More particularly, the invention deals with a surge detector which protects entire electrical and telephone circuits from both ordinary surges and extreme voltage surges such as those caused by a direct lightning strike. 
     Surge protector and surge arrestors have long been used for the protection of electrical equipment from the erratic power surges or spikes that occur from time to time in electrical distribution systems. Each surge protector typically serves one electrical device which is deemed to be particularly important to protect, usually because of its expense or the severe problems that can result from the equipment being taken out of service. Ordinarily, the surge protector is wired in series with a fuse or circuit breaker and acts to absorb voltage spikes in order to prevent them from possibly damaging the equipment served by the protective device. The fuse of circuit breaker is relied upon to protect both the surge protector and the electrical equipment from overloads and other extreme conditions. 
     There are numerous problems with this conventional approach to the handling of voltage surges. Perhaps most importantly, it is recognized that conventional surge protectors are unable to effectively handle extreme transient voltage conditions such as those caused by a direct lightning strike to the power lines. Voltage of this magnitude are applied to the electrical equipment before the fuse or circuit breaker can operate to open the circuit, and destruction and other extreme damage to the equipment can result. Even in situations where the surge protector is effective, it is able to protect only the single appliance which it serves, and other appliances and the electrical system in general remain unprotected 
     It is thus apparent that there is a need for an electrical surge protector which acts to protect entire electrical systems and telephone systems and all appliances they serve from ordinary voltage spikes and also from the destructive effects caused by extreme transient conditions such as the surge voltages resulting from direct lightning hits. It is the primary goal of our invention to meet that need. To our knowledge, there have been no surge protectors available in the past capable of handling extreme voltage conditions, and there have likewise been no surge protectors available for the protection of the entire power or telephone systems of a residence, small business or light commercial establishment. 
     In accordance with our invention, metal oxide varistors serve to protect electrical systems and telephone circuits from voltage surges. The varistors are housed in a rigid polymeric shell which is mounted within the fire rated fuse box or circuit breaker box already present in the building served by the surge protector. The varistors are connected with the incoming power lines or telephone lines on the user side of the main circuit breakers or fuses. Connection of the surge protector with the electrical or telephone system is simple, and all connections are located within the enclosed fuse box or circuit breaker box. 
     The varistors are nonconductive when normal voltages are applied to the electrical or telephone circuit to provide power to the downline electrical or telephone equipment. However, when voltage spikes occur at levels above normal voltage levels, the varistors become immediately conductive and establish short circuits which divert the spikes from the downline equipment. In the event of extreme voltage levels such as those caused by lightning striking the power or telephone lines, the varistors accept all of the incoming power in the short circuit mode in order to protect the downline equipment long enough to permit the fuse or circuit breaker to open the circuit. The application of extreme voltages to the varistors causes them to fail sacrificially but only after they have functioned long enough to open the fuse or circuit breaker in order to protect the electrical or telephone equipment from destructive effects of the extreme voltage. The construction of the shell and the embedding of the varistors and related components in a pliable, nonflammable filler material within the shell minimizes the potential hazards resulting from catastrophic failure of the surge protector in extreme conditions. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the accompanying drawing which forms a part of the specification and is to be read in conjunction therewith and in which like reference numerals are used to indicate like parts in the various views: 
     FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a surge protection device constructed according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing the surge protection device in its assembled form; and 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the manner in which the surge protection device is connected to the incoming power lines of an electrical system. 
    
    
     Referring now to the drawing in more detail, numeral 10 generally designates a surge protection device constructed in accordance with the present invention. The surge protection device 10 has a rigid plastic shell 12 which forms a housing for three varistors 14, 16 and 18 which serve as the functional components of the surge protector. The shell 12 has a tubular wall and initially open opposite ends 20 and 22. The shell 21 can be constructed of any suitable fire rated material and is preferably formed from rigid pvc pipe. 
     The surge protection device 10 is intended for use in residential, small business and light commercial power systems and incoming telephone lines, and it is connected with the power system or telephone lines on the user side of the incoming fuses or circuit breakers. FIG. 3 illustrates schematically the manner in which the surge protector is electrically connected with the incoming power lines of a typical three wire electrical distribution system. 
     The electrical system includes a pair of incoming 115 volt power lines 24 and 26 and a neutral line 28. All of the incoming lines extend into an enclosed metal fuse box or circuit breaker box 30 which forms an enclosure for the electrical service distribution panel of the residence, small business or commercial establishment. The incoming hot lines 24 and 26 are provided with respective main circuit breakers 32 and 34 (or fuses) which serve as overload protectors and which likewise open the power circuits if a short circuit develops. The circuit breakers 32 and 34 are mounted within the box 30. Downline from the circuit breakers 32 and 34, the power lines 24 and 26 connect with branch circuits which service downline electrical equipment (not shown). 
     As previously indicated, the varistors 14, 16 and 18 are contained within the shell 12, and the shell is mounted within the box 30. Varistor 14 has lead wires 14a and 14b connecting with its opposite sides. Wire 14a has an electrical connection 36 with a lead wire 18a leading from one side of varistor 18. Extending from connection 36 to line 24 is a conductor 38 which connects with line 24 within the box 30 at a location between circuit breaker 32 and the downline equipment served by line 24. The other lead wire 14b connects at junction 40 with a lead wire 16a extending from one side of varistor 16. Extending from the connection 40 is a conductor 42 which is connected at its opposite end with the neutral line 28 or with ground potential. The other two varistor leads 16b and 18b are connected at juncture 44 from which another conductor 46 extends to connection with power line 26. The connection between conductor 46 and power line 26 is located within the box 30 between the circuit breaker 24 and the downline equipment served by line 26. 
     The wire connections 36, 40 and 44 are all soldered connections. Additionally, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, each of these wire connections is enclosed by a metal wire connector 48 which is crimped tightly on the connection. The soldered nature of the wire connections and the use of the mechanically crimped connectors 48 enhances the security of the wire connections and assures that they will not inadvertently fail. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, a retainer ring 50 projects inwardly from the tubular wall of shell 12 into the cylinder chamber 52 presented within the shell for housing of the varistors and related components. Ring 50 is located near end 22 of the shell and may be secured to the shell wall by glue or in any other suitable manner. The ring 50 presents an annular shoulder 54 which faces the opposite end 20 of the shell. A circular passage 56 is formed through the ring 50 in order to accommodate the conductor wires 38, 42 and 46 which are insulated wires. The wires extend through end 22 of the shell and through passage 56 into the crimped wire connectors 48. 
     The opposite end 20 of the shell is covered by a discoidal end plug or cap 58. Preferably, the end cap 58 is connected with the interior surface of the shell wall by a bead of glue 60 which holds the end cap in place covering the end 20. The end cap prevents a screw driver or similar device from being extended into the shell to possibly create an electrical shock hazard. The glued connection 60 between the end cap and shell wall is intentionally a relatively weak connection so that it will fail and release the end cap 58 in the event of excessive pressure build up within the shell. The end cap 58 is then displaced from the end of the shell in order to relieve the pressure within chamber 52 before the pressure level rises sufficiently to fracture the shell wall. 
     The wire connections 36, 40 and 44 are located between the varistors and the end cap 58, as are portions of the insulated wires 38, 42 and 46. The retainer ring 50 and particularly the annular shoulder surface 54 serves to retain the varistors and related components within the shell when a pulling force is applied to any of the wires 38, 42 or 46. The varistors are restricted from moving through the passage 56 when the wires are subjected to a pulling force applied within the limits specified by prevailing standards established by recognized testing organizations. 
     The varistors, electrical connectors 48, lead wires and portions of the insulated wires 38, 42 and 46 are all embedded in a pliable filler material 62 which fills the chamber 52 formed within shell 12. The filler material is nonflammable and may conveniently be silicon rubber of a similar pliable substance treated with a suitable flame retardant. The pliable character of the filler material assists in the absorption of the extreme energy generated when the surge protection device 10 is destroyed sacrificially, while its nonflammable nature reduces the fire hazard. 
     In use, the surge protector 10 protects the downline equipment on the power lines 24 and 26 (or incoming telephone lines) from damage caused by voltage surges. The surge protector is connected with the power system in the manner shown in FIG. 3, and the varistors 14, 16 and 18 are nonconductive at the voltage levels normally applied to lines 24 and 26 for operation of the downline appliance and equipment. However, when a voltage spike appears on the power system at sufficient magnitude, the varistor to which the voltage is applied becomes conductive and establishes a short circuit. For example, if a voltage spike appears on line 24 at sufficient magnitude to make varistor 14 conductive, a short circuit is established from line 24 through line 38, connection 36, lead wire 14a, varistor 14, lead wire 14b, connection 40 and line 42. This short circuit prevents the voltage spike from affecting the downline equipment. Varistor 14 reverts to the conductive state as soon as the voltage spike passes. Normally, the short circuit will not be established long enough to cause the circuit breaker 32 to open. 
     Similarly, application of a voltage spike to the other power line 26 makes varistor 16 conductive and establishes a short circuit which protects the downline equipment served by line 26. When the potential between lines 24 and 26 is sufficient to make the third varistor 18 conductive, it establishes a short circuit between the two power lines and thus protects downline equipment served by 230 volt power. 
     In the event that lightning directly strikes the power transmission lines to cause extreme transient conditions on lines 24 and 26, the varistors are able to draw all of the transient power through the short circuits they establish and to maintain the short circuits through the varistors for a sufficient time to permit the circuit breakers 32 and 34 to open. Thus, prior to opening of the circuit breakers, the varistors prevent the extreme voltage condition on the power lines from damaging the downline equipment, and the circuit breakers protect the equipment once they have opened. 
     Application of extremely high voltages such as caused by direct lightning strikes to the varistors causes the varistors to be subjected to extreme forces which result in sacrificial failue of the surge protector 10. The extreme power levels applied to the varistors mechanically rupture the varistors and create explosive forces within the shell 12. The forces are absorbed partially by the pliable filler material 62 which fills shell 12. The filler material presses against the end cap 58 and causes the glued connection 60 to fail, thereby releasing the end cap and relieving the pressure generated internally of the shell by the destruction of the varistors. Release of the pressure in this fashion normally prevents the wall of shell 12 from fracturing. 
     Additionally, since the electrical connections covered by connector 48 are located between the sacrificial varistors and the end cap 58, the pressure is applied to the lead wires of the varistors and the wires 38, 42 and 46, causing elongation of the wires which partially absorbs the energy released during rupture of the surge protection package. The wires are stretched until they snap or the pressure subsides, whichever occurs first. The result is either a reduction in the force resulting from destruction of the package or prevention of the end cap 58 from releasing in some cases. 
     Since the pressure resulting from destruction of the varistors is relieved through both ends of the shell 12, the shell wall normally does not fracture but instead only the end cap 58 and the soft filler material 62 is forced out of the shell. The filler material is soft enough to prevent significant damage, and the small end plug 58 is confined to the enclosed circuit breaker box 30 in which the device is contained so that damage to surrounding objects is minimized. Additionally, fire hazards are minimized because of the nonflammable nature of all components of the surge protector and its enclosure within the fire rated circuit breaker box. 
     It should be noted that the surge protector is equally suited for use in a two wire electrical system and also in connection with incoming telephone lines. In either of these cases, the surge protector would include only a single varistor connected on one side with the incoming power line or telephone line on the user side of the circuit breaker. The other side of the varistor would be connected to effect a short circuit in the event of a voltage surge at a level sufficient to make the varistor conductive, thereby protecting the downline electrical or telephone equipment. In the case of telephone lines, the increasing use of computers and other sophisticated and expensive electronic equipment directly on the telephone network makes it increasingly important to provide the telephone system with protection such as that afforded by our surge protector. 
     It should also be noted that the surge protector can be used in a three phase power system and will be connected for each phase in substantially the same manner desribed herein. 
     From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth together with other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the structure. 
     It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. 
     Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawing is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.