Substituted 4-benzoyl-3,5-dioxotetrahydropyrans and thiopyrans useful as herbicides
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Japanese Pat. No. 85/024793, assigned to Nippon Soda, relates to certain oxacyclohexene derivatives. The compounds are intermediates and have the following structural formula ##STR2## wherein R 1  is lower alkyl, R 2  is hydrogen or lower alkyl and R 3  is lower alkyl. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to certain substituted 4-benzoyl-3,5-dioxotetrahydropyrans and -thiopyrans and their use as herbicides. 
     One embodiment of this invention is an herbicidal composition comprising an herbicidally active 4-benzoyl-3,5-dioxotetrahydropyran or -thiopyran and an inert carrier therefor. The 2- and 6-positions of the dione ring can be substituted, preferably with the groups hereinafter recited. More preferably, the dione ring has no substituents or the 2- or 6-positions are substituted with one or two methyl groups. The benzoyl moiety can be substituted, preferably with the groups hereinafter recited. 
     Also embodied within the scope of this invention are novel compounds having the following structural formula ##STR3## wherein X is oxygen, sulfur or sulfonyl (SO 2 ); 
     R is halogen; C 1  -C 2  alkyl, preferably methyl; C 1  -C 2  alkoxy, preferably methoxy; nitro; cyano; C 1  -C 2  haloalkyl, preferably trifluoromethyl; or R a  SO m  -- wherein m is 0 or 2, preferably 2 and R a  is C 1  -C 2  alkyl, preferably methyl. Preferably, R is chlorine, bromine, C 1  -C 2  alkyl, C 1  -C 2  alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1  -C 2  alkylthio or C 1  -C 2  alkylsulfonyl; more preferably chlorine, nitro, methyl, trifluoromethyl or methylsulfonyl; and 
     R 1  is hydrogen or C 1  -C 4  alkyl, preferably C 1  -C 2  alkyl, more preferably methyl; most preferably R 1  is hydrogen or methyl; 
     R 2  is hydrogen or C 1  -C 4  alkyl, preferably C 1  -C 2  alkyl, more preferably methyl; most preferably R 2  is hydrogen or methyl; or 
     R 1  and R 2  together are alkylene having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; 
     R 3  is hydrogen or C 1  -C 4  alkyl, preferably C 1  -C 2  alkyl, more preferably methyl; most preferably R 3  is hydrogen or methyl; 
     R 4  is hydrogen or C 1  -C 4  alkyl, preferably C 1  -C 2  alkyl, more preferably methyl; most preferably R 4  is hydrogen or methyl; or 
     R 3  and R 4  together are alkylene having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; 
     R 5  and R 6  independently are (1) hydrogen; (2) halogen, preferably chlorine, fluorine or bromine; (3) C 1  -C 4  alkyl, preferably methyl; (4) C 1  -C 4  alkoxy, preferably methoxy; (5) trifluoromethoxy; (6) cyano; (7) nitro; (8) C 1  -C 4  haloalkyl, more preferably trifluoromethyl; (9) R b  SO n  -- wherein n is the integer 0, 1 or 2, preferably 2; and 
     R b  is 
     (a) C 1  -C 4  alkyl, preferably methyl; 
     (b) C 1  -C 4  alkyl substituted with halogen or cyano, preferably chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl or cyanomethyl; 
     (c) phenyl; or 
     (d) benzyl; 
      (10) --NR c  R d  wherein 
     R c  and R d  independently are hydrogen or C 1  -C 4  alkyl; 
      (11) R e  C(O)-- wherein R e  is C 1  -C 4  alkyl or C 1  -C 4  alkoxy; (12) --SO 2  NR c  R d  wherein R c  and R d  are as defined; or (13) --N(R c )C(O)R d  wherein R e  and R d  are as defined. 
     Preferably R 5  is in the 3-position. More preferably R 5  is hydrogen. Preferably R 6  is in the 4-position. Most preferably R 6  is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, or R b  SO 2  wherein R b  is C 1  -C 4   alkyl, preferably methyl or C 1  -C 4  haloalkyl, preferably chloromethyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl. 
     The term &#34;C 1  -C 4  alkyl&#34; includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl. The term &#34;halogen&#34; includes chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine. The terms &#34;C 1  -C 4  alkoxy&#34; includes methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy and t-butoxy. The term &#34;C 1  -C 4  haloalkyl&#34; includes the alkyl groups defined above under C 1  -C 4  alkyl in which one or more hydrogen is replaced by chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine. 
     The compounds of this invention can have the following four structural formulae because of tautomerism: ##STR4## wherein X, R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are as defined above. 
     The circled proton on each of the four tautomers is reasonably labile. These protons are acidic and can be removed by reaction with a base to form a salt having an anion of the following four resonance forms: ##STR5## wherein X, R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are as defined above. 
     Examples of cations of these bases are inorganic cations such as alkali metals, e.g. lithium, sodium and potassium; the alkaline earth metals, e.g. calcium and magnesium or ammonium or organic cations such as substituted ammonium, sulfonium, sulfoxonium or phosphonium wherein the substituents are aliphatic or aromatic groups. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize in considering the salts of this invention that varying degrees of association between the anion and cation will exist depending upon the nature of the cation. In some instances with a suitable cation, such as copper, the salt can exist in a chelated form. 
     The compounds of this invention and their salts are active herbicides of a general type. That is, they are herbicidally effective against a wide range of plant species. The method of controlling undesirable vegetation of the present invention comprises applying an herbicidally effective amount of the above-described compounds or their salts to the area where control is desired. 
     The compounds of the present invention can be prepared by one of the following general methods. Steps (1) and (2) show one general method and steps (3) and (4) show an alternative method. 
     In step (1) the process proceeds via the production of an enol ester intermediate as shown in reaction (1). The final product is obtained by rearrangement of the enol ester as shown in reaction (2). The two reactions may be conducted as separate steps by isolation and recovery of the enol ester using conventional techniques prior to conducting step (2), or by addition of a cyanide source to the reaction medium after the formation of the enol ester, or in one step by inclusion of the cyanide source at the start of reaction (1). ##STR6## wherein X is oxgyen, R through R 6  and moderate base are as defined and Y is halogen, preferably chlorine, C 1  -C 4  alkyl--C(O)--)--, C 1  -C 4  alkoxy--C(O)--O-- or ##STR7## wherein R, R 5  and R 6  in this portion of the molecule are identical with those in the reactant shown above and the moderate base is as defined, preferably tri-C 1  -C 6  alkylamine, alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal phosphate. 
     Generally, in step (1) mole amounts of the dione and substituted benzoyl reactant are used, along with a mole amount or excess of the base. The two reactants are combined in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, toluene, ethyl acetate or dimethylformamide. The base or benzoyl reactant preferably is added to the reaction mixture with cooling. The mixture is stirred at 0° C.-50° C. until the reaction is substantially complete. ##STR8## wherein X is oxygen, the moderate base and R through R 6  are as defined above. 
     Generally, in step (2) a mole of the enol ester intermediate is reacted with 1 to 4 moles of the base, preferably about 2 moles of moderate base and from 0.01 mole to about 0.5 mole or higher, preferably about 0.1 mole of the cyanide source (e.g., potassium cyanide or acetone cyanohydrin). The mixture is stirred in a reaction pot until the rearrangement is substantially complete at a temperature below 50° C., preferably about 20° C. to about 40° C., and the desired product is recovered by conventional techniques. ##STR9## wherein X and R through R 6  are as defined. 
     Generally, in step (3) mole amounts of the dione and substituted benzoyl cyanide are combined in a suitable solvent such as acetonitrile. Two to five mole excess of triethylamine is slowly added to the reaction mixture and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for several hours. The reaction product is worked up by conventional techniques. ##STR10## wherein R through R 6  are as defined. 
     Generally in step (4) the thiopyran is treated with two mole equivalents of an oxidizing agent such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in a suitable solvent such as chloroform or methylene chloride. The reaction mixture is worked up by conventional techniques. 
     The above described substituted 2H-pyran-3,5(4H,6H)-dione can be prepared according to the teachings of M. A. Morgan and E. Van Heyningen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 79, 422-424 (1957). 
     The above described substituted 2H-thiopyran-3,5(4H,6H)-dione can be prepared according to the teaching of German Offen. DE No. 3,318,648 (1984). 
     The term &#34;cyanide source&#34; refers to a substance or substances which under the rearrangement conditions consists of or generates hydrogen cyanide and/or cyanide anion. 
     The process is conducted in the presence of a catalytic amount of a source of cyanide anion and/or hydrogen cyanide, together with a molar excess, with respect to the enol ester, of a moderate base. 
     Preferred cyanide sources are alkali metal cyanides such as sodium and potassium cyanide; cyanohydrins of methyl alkyl ketones having from 1-4 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, such as acetone or methyl isobutyl ketone cyanohydrins; cyanohydrins of benzaldehyde or of C 2  -C 5  aliphatic aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, etc., cyanohydrins; zinc cyanide; tri(lower alkyl) silyl cyanides, notably trimethyl silyl cyanide; and hydrogen cyanide itself. Hydrogen cyanide is considered most advantageous as it produces relatively rapid reaction and is inexpensive. Among cyanohydrins the preferred cyanide source is acetone cyanohydrin. 
     The cyanide source is used in an amount up to about 50 mole percent based on the enol ester. It may be used in as little as about 1 mole percent to produce an acceptable rate of reaction at about 40° C. on a small scale. Larger scale reactions give more reproducible results with slightly higher catalyst levels of about 2 mole percent. Generally about 1-10 mole % of the cyanide source is preferred. 
     The process is conducted with a molar excess, with respect to the enol ester, of a moderate base. By the term &#34;moderate base&#34; is meant a substance which acts as a base yet whose strength or activity as a base lies between that of strong bases such as hydroxides (which could cause hydrolysis of the enol ester) and that of weak bases such as bicarbonates (which would not function effectively). Moderate bases suitable for use in this embodiment include both organic bases such as tertiary amines and inorganic bases such as alkali metal carbonates and phosphates. Suitable tertiary amines include trialkylamines such as triethylamine. Suitable inorganic bases include potassium carbonate and trisodium phosphate. 
     The base is used in an amount of from about 1 to about 4 moles per mole of enol ester, preferably about 2 moles per mole. 
     When the cyanide source is an alkali metal cyanide, particularly potassium cyanide, a phase transfer catalyst may be included in the reaction. Particularly suitable phase transfer catalysts are the Crown ethers 
     A number of different solvents may be usable in this process, depending on the nature of the acid chloride or the acylated product. A preferred solvent for this reaction is 1,2-dichloroethane. Other solvents which may be employed, depending on the reactants or products include toluene, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). 
     In general, depending on the nature of the reactants and the cyanide source, the rearrangement may be conducted at temperatures up to about 50° C. 
     The above described substituted benzoyl chlorides can be prepared from the corresponding substituted benzoic acids according to the teaching of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Vol. I, L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser, pp. 767-769 (1967). ##STR11## wherein R, R 5  and R 6  are as previously defined. 
     The substituted benzoic acids can be prepared by a wide variety of general methods according to the teaching of The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Esters, S. Patai, editor, J. Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. (1969) and Survey of Organic Synthesis, C. A. Buehler and D. F. Pearson, J. Wiley and Sons, (1970). 
     The following are three representative examples of the methods described therein. ##STR12## wherein R, R 5  and R 6  are as previously defined. 
     In reaction (a) the substituted benzonitrile is heated to reflux in aqueous sulfuric acid for several hours. The mixture is cooled and the reaction product is isolated by conventional techniques. ##STR13## wherein R, R 5  and R 6  are as previously defined. 
     In reaction (b) the substituted acetophenone is heated to reflux for several hours in an aqueous hypochlorite solution. The mixture is cooled and the reaction product is isolated by conventional techniques. ##STR14## wherein R, R 5  and R 5  are as previously defined. 
     In reaction (c) the substituted toluene is heated to reflux in an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate for several hours. The solution is then filtered and the reaction product is isolated by conventional techniques. 
    
    
     The following examples teach the synthesis of representative compounds of this invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     4-(2&#39;-Nitro-4&#39;-chlorobenzoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran-3,5-(4H,6H)-dione ##STR15## 
     2-Nitro-4-chlorobenzoyl chloride (2.2 g, 10 mmol) and 2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran-3,5-(4H,6H)-dione (1.4 g, 10 mmol) were dissolved in 150 milliliters (ml) chloride. Triethylamine (3 ml, 22 mmol) was added and the resulting solution stirred at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The solution was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, 5% potassium carbonate and saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml acetonitrile. Triethylamine (3 ml, 22 mmol) and acetone cyanohydrin (0.2 g) were added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After dilution with ether, the solution was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted with 5% potassium carbonate. The basic extract was acidified with hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether. The ether extract was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 1.4 g of the desired product as a viscous oil. It was identified as such by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     4-(2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl)-2H-thiopyran-3,5(4H,6H)-dione ##STR16## 
     Triethylamine (3 g, 30 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide (3 g, 15 mmol) and 2H-thiopyran-3,5-(4H,6H)-dione (2 g, 15 mmol) in acetonitrile and stirred at room temperature for thirty minutes. Diethyl ether was added and the solution was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography to yield 2.0 g of a viscous oil. It was identified as the desired product by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     2-Methyl-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-3,5-dioxopentamethylenesulfone ##STR17## 
     m-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (2.6 g) was added to a solution of 2-methyl-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-2H-thiopyran-3,5-(4H,6H)-dione (2.0 g, 6.3 mmol) in chloroform. The mixture was heated to reflux. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography to yield 2.0 g of a viscous oil. It was identified as the desired product by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. 
     The following is a table of certain selected compounds that are preparable according to the procedure described herein. Compound numbers are assigned to each compound and are used throughout the remainder of the application. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
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 ##STR18##                                                                
                                        Phy-                              
                                        sical                             
Cmpd.                                   Con-                              
No.   RR.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 R.sup.5                            
                         R.sup.6   X    stant                             
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.sup. 1.sup.a                                                             
      NO.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 HHH                                      
                         4-Cl      O    oil                               
2     ClHHCH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H                                             
                         4-SO.sub.2 CH.sub.3                              
                                   O    oil                               
3     CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 HHH                                      
                         4-SO.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5                       
                                   O    oil                               
4     CF.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 HHH                                      
                         4-CF.sub.3                                       
                                   O    oil                               
.sup. 5.sup.b                                                             
      ClHHHHH            4-Cl      S    oil                               
6     ClHHHCH.sub.3 H    4-Cl      S    oil                               
7     ClCH.sub.3 HCH.sub.3 HH                                             
                         4-Cl      S                                      
.sup. 8.sup.c                                                             
      ClCH.sub.3 HHHH    4-Cl      SO.sub.2                               
                                        oil                               
9     ClHCH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 HH                                             
                         4-Cl      SO.sub.2                               
                                        oil                               
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 .sup.a Prepared in Example 1.                                            
 .sup.b Prepared in Example 2.                                            
 .sup.c Prepared in Example 3.                                            
 
    
     HERBICIDAL SCREENING TESTS 
     As previously mentioned, the herein described compounds produced in the above-described manner are phytotoxic compounds which are useful and valuable in controlling various plant species. Selected compounds of this invention were tested as herbicides in the following manner. 
     PRE-EMERGENCE HERBICIDE TEST 
     On the day preceding treatment, seeds of seven different weed species are planted in loamy sand soil in individual rows using one species per row across the width of a flat. The seeds used are green foxtail (FT) (Setaria viridis), watergrass (WG) (Echinochloa crusgalli), wild oat (WO) (Avena fatua), annual morningglory (AMG) (Ipomoea lacunosa), velvetleaf (VL) (Abutilon theophrasti), Indian mustard (MD) (Brassica juncea), and yellow nutsedge (YNG) (Cyperus esculentus). Ample seeds are planted to give about 20 to 40 seedlings per row, after emergence, depending upon the size of the plants. 
     Using an analytical balance, 600 milligrams (mg) of the compound to be tested are weighed out on a piece of glassine weighing paper. The paper and compound are placed in a 60 milliliter (ml) wide-mouth clear bottle and dissolved in 45 ml of acetone or substituted solvent. Eighteen ml of this solution are transferred to a 60 ml wide-mouth clear bottle and diluted with 22 ml of a water and acetone mixture (19:1) containing enough polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier to give a final solution of 0.5% (v/v). The solution is then sprayed on a seeded flat on a linear spray table calibrated to deliver 80 gallons per acre (748 L/ha). The application rate is 4 lb/acre (4.48 Kg/ha). 
     After treatment, the flats are placed in the greenhouse at a temperature of 70° to 80° F. and watered by sprinkling. Two weeks after treatment, the degree of injury or control is determined by comparison with untreated check plants of the same age. The injury rating from 0 to 100% is recorded for each species as percent control with 0% representing no injury and 100% representing complete control. 
     The results of the tests are shown in the following Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
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Pre-Emergence Herbicidal Activity                                         
Application Rate - 4.48 kg/ha                                             
Cmpd.                                                                     
No.   FT      WG     WO    AMG   VL    MD   YNG                           
______________________________________                                    
1     95      100    70    90    100   100  80                            
2      0      80     0     95    100   100  80                            
3      0      95     0     20     90   100  80                            
4      0      80     0     80    100   100  80                            
5     80      95     10    90    100   100  80                            
6     50      80     0     90    100   100  80                            
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     POST-EMERGENCE HERBICIDE TEST 
     This test is conducted in an identical manner to the testing procedure for the pre-emergence herbicide test, except the seeds of the seven different weed species are planted 10-12 days before treatment. Also, watering of the treated flats is confined to the soil surface and not to the foliage of the sprouted plants. 
     The results of the post-emergence herbicide test are reported in Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
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Post-Emergence Herbicidal Activity                                        
Application Rate - 4.48 kg/ha                                             
Cmpd.                                                                     
No.   FT      WG     WO    AMG   VL    MD   YNG                           
______________________________________                                    
1     100     85     80    100   100   100  80                            
2     0       30     0     80    80    80   30                            
3     20      70     20    75    90    95   --                            
4     0       20     0     90    90    80   0                             
5     40      30     0     90    85    80   0                             
6     0       20     0     70    100   95   0                             
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     PRE-EMERGENCE MULTI-WEED HERBICIDE TEST 
     Several compounds were evaluated at an application rate of 2 or 1 lb/acre (2.24 or 1.12 kg/ha) for pre-emergence activity against a larger number of weed species. 
     The process was generally similar to the pre-emergence herbicide test described above except that only 300 or 150 milligrams of test compound were weighed out and the application rate was 40 gallons per acre. 
     Indian mustard was eliminated in this test and the following weed species were added: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Grasses                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
annual ryegrass Lolium multiflorum                                        
                                (ARG)                                     
shattercane     Sorghum bicolor (SHC)                                     
hemp sesbania   Sesbania exaltata                                         
                                (SESB)                                    
sickepod        Cassia obtusifolia                                        
                                (SP)                                      
cocklebur       Xanthium sp.    (CB)                                      
broadleaf signalgrass                                                     
                Brachiaria platyphylla                                    
                                (BSG)                                     
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     The results of the test are shown in Tables IV and V. 
     
                                           TABLE IV                                
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Pre-Emergence Multi-weed Herbicide Test                                   
Application Rate - 2.24 kg/ha                                             
Cmpd.                                                                     
No. FT ARG WG SHC                                                         
                 WO BSG                                                   
                       AMG SESB                                           
                               VL SP                                      
                                    YNS                                   
                                       CB                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
7   40 25  80 40 15 30 25  25  100                                        
                                  40                                      
                                    90 0                                  
8    0  0   0  0  0  0 50  60  100                                        
                                  30                                      
                                    50 0                                  
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                                           TABLE V                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Pre-Emergence Multi-weed Herbicide Test                                   
Application Rate - 1.12 kg/ha                                             
Cmpd.                                                                     
No. FT ARG WG SHC                                                         
                 WO BSG                                                   
                       AMG SESB                                           
                               VL SP                                      
                                    YNS                                   
                                       CB                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
9   10 0   15 20 0  0  25  0   35 0 0  0                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     POST-EMERGENCE MULTI-WEED HERBICIDE TEST 
     This test is conducted in an identical manner to the testing procedure for the post-emergence herbicide test, except the seeds of the eight weed species used in the pre-emergence multi-weed herbicide test were used and the seeds were planted 10-12 days before treatment. Also, watering of the treated flats is confined to the soil surface and not to the foliage of the sprouted plants. 
     The results of the post-emergence multi-weed herbicide test are reported in Tables VI and VII. 
     
                                           TABLE VI                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Post-Emergence Multi-Weed Herbicidal Activity                             
Application Rate - 2.24 kg/ha                                             
Cmpd.                                                                     
No. FT ARG WG SHC                                                         
                 WO BSG                                                   
                       AMG SESB                                           
                               VL SP                                      
                                    YNG CB                                
__________________________________________________________________________
7   0  0   35 25 0  0  25  30  60 35                                      
                                    0   25                                
8   0  0    0  0 0  0  40   0  35  0                                      
                                    0   45                                
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                                           TABLE VII                               
__________________________________________________________________________
Post-Emergence Multi-weed Herbicide Test                                  
Application Rate - 1.12 kg/ha                                             
Cmpd.                                                                     
No. FT ARG WG SHC                                                         
                 WO BSG                                                   
                       AMG SESB                                           
                               VL SP                                      
                                    YNG CB                                
__________________________________________________________________________
9   0  0   20 0  0  0  25  15  25 0 0   35                                
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     The compounds of the present invention and their salts are useful as herbicides and can be applied in a variety of ways at various concentrations. In practice, the compounds or salts are formulated into herbicidal compositions, by admixture, in herbicidally effective amounts, with the adjuvants and carriers normally employed for facilitating the dispersion of active ingredients for agricultural applications, recognizing the fact that the formulation and mode of application of a toxicant may affect the activity of the materials in a given application. Thus, these active herbicidal compounds or salts can be formulated as granules of relatively large particle size, as wettable powders, as emulsifiable concentrates, as powdery dusts, as flowables, as solutions or as any of several other known types of formulations, depending upon the desired mode of application. These formulations may contain as little as about 0.5% to as much as about 95% or more by weight of active ingredient. A herbicidally effective amount depends upon the nature of the seeds or plants to be controlled and the rate of application varies from about 0.01 to approximately 10 pounds per acre, preferably from about 0.02 to about 4 pounds per acre. 
     Wettable powders are in the form of finely divided particles which disperse readily in water or other dispersants. The wettable powder is ultimately applied to the soil either as a dry dust or as a dispersion in water or other liquid. Typical carriers for wettable powders include fuller&#39;s earth, kaolin clays, silicas and other readily wet organic or inorganic diluents. Wettable powders normally are prepared to contain about 5% to about 95% of the active ingredient and usually also contain a small amount of wetting, dispersing, or emulsifying agent to facilitate wetting and dispersion. 
     Emulsifiable concentrates are homogeneous liquid compositions which are dispersible in water or other dispersant, and may consist entirely of the active compound or salt with a liquid or solid emulsifying agent, or may also contain a liquid carrier, such as xylene, heavy aromatic naphthal, isophorone and other non-volatile organic solvents. For herbicidal application, these concentrates are dispersed in water or other liquid carrier and normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated. The percentage by weight of the essential active ingredient may vary according to the manner in which the composition is to be applied, but in general comprises about 0.5% to 95% of active ingredient by weight of the herbicidal composition. 
     Granular formulations wherein the toxicant is carried on relatively coarse particles, are usually applied without dilution to the area in which suppression of vegetation is desired. Typical carriers for granular formulations include sand, fuller&#39;s earth, attapulgite clay, bentonite clays, montmorillonite clay, vermiculite, perlite and other organic or inorganic materials which absorb or which may be coated with the toxicant. Granular formulations normally are prepared to contain about 5% to about 25% of active ingredients which may include surface-active agents such heavy aromatic naphthas, kerosene or other petroleum fractions, or vegetable oils; and/or stickers such as dextrins, glue or synthetic resins. 
     Typical wetting, dispersing or emulsifying agents used in agricultural formulations include, for example, the alkyl and alkylaryl sulfonates and sulfates and their salts; polyhydric alcohols; polyethoxylated alcohols; esters and fatty amines; and other types of surface-active agents, many of which are available in commerce. The surface-active agent, when used, normally comprises from 0.1% to 15% by weight of the herbicidal composition. 
     Dusts, which are free-flowing admixtures of the active ingredient with finely divided solids such as talc, clays, flours and other organic and inorganic solids which act as dispersants and carriers for the toxicant, are useful formulations for soil-incorporating application. 
     Pastes, which are homogeneous suspensions of a finely divided solid toxicant in a liquid carrier such as water or oil, are employed for specific purposes. These formulations normally contain about 5% to about 95% of active ingredient by weight, and may also contain small amounts of a wetting, dispersing or emulsifying agent to facilitate dispersion. For application, the pastes are normally diluted and applied as a spray to the area to be affected. 
     Other useful formulations for herbicidal applications include simple solutions of the active ingredient in a dispersant in which it is completely soluble at the desired concentration, such as acetone, alkylated naphthalenes, xylene and other organic solvents. Pressurized sprays, typically aerosols, wherein the active ingredient is dispersed in finely-divided form as a result of vaporization of a low boiling dispersant solvent carrier, such as the Freons, may also be used. 
     The phytotoxic compositions of this invention can be applied to the plants in the conventional manner. Thus, the dust and liquid compositions can be applied to the plant by the use of power-dusters, boom and hand sprayers and spray dusters. The compositions can also be applied from airplanes as a dust or a spray or by rope wick applications because they are effective in very low dosages. In order to modify or control growth of germinating seeds or emerging seedlings, as a typical example, the dust and liquid compositions can be applied to the soil according to conventional methods and can be distributed in the soil to a depth of at least 1/2 inch below the soil surface. It is not necessary that the phytotoxic compositions be mechanically admixed with the soil particles since these compositions can also be applied merely by spraying or sprinkling the surface of the soil. The phytotoxic compositions of this invention can also be applied by addition to irrigation water supplied to the field to be treated. This method of application permits the penetration of the compositions into the soil as the water is absorbed therein. Dust compositions, granular compositions or liquid formulations applied to the surface of the soil can be distributed below the surface of the soil by conventional means such as discing, dragging or mixing operations. In the following examples the herbicidal compound can be substituted with the herbicidal salt of the compound. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE FORMULATIONS                                     
General Formula with Ranges                                               
                 Specific Formula                                         
______________________________________                                    
Herbicidal compound                                                       
             5-55    herbicidal compound                                  
                                     24                                   
surfactant(s)                                                             
             5-25    proprietary blend of oil-                            
                                     10                                   
solvent(s)   20-90   soluble sulfonates and                               
             100%    polyoxyethylene ethers                               
                     polar solvent   27                                   
                     petroleum hydrocarbon                                
                                     39                                   
                                     100%                                 
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WETTABLE POWDER FORMULATIONS                                              
______________________________________                                    
herbicidal compound                                                       
              3-90   herbicidal compound                                  
                                     80                                   
wetting agent                                                             
             0.5-2   sodium dialkyl  0.5                                  
dispersing agent                                                          
             1-8     naphthalene sulfonate                                
diluent(s)   8.5-87  sodium lignosulfonate                                
                                     7                                    
             100%    attapulgite clay                                     
                                     12.5                                 
                                     100%                                 
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         ______________________________________                                    
EXTRUDED GRANULAR FORMULATIONS                                            
______________________________________                                    
herbicidal compound                                                       
             1-20    herbicidal compound                                  
                                     10                                   
binding agent                                                             
             0-10    lignin sulfonate                                     
                                     5                                    
diluent(s)   70-99   calcium carbonate                                    
                                     85                                   
             100%                    100%                                 
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         ______________________________________                                    
FLOWABLE FORMULATIONS                                                     
______________________________________                                    
herbicidal  20-70     herbicidal compound                                 
                                     45                                   
compound                                                                  
surfactant(s)                                                             
             1-10     polyoxyethylene ether                               
                                     5                                    
suspending agent(s)                                                       
            0.05-1    attagel        0.05                                 
antifreeze agent                                                          
             1-10     propylene glycol                                    
                                     10                                   
antimicrobial agent                                                       
             1-10     1,2-benzisothiazoline-                              
                                     0.03                                 
                      3-one                                               
antifoam agent                                                            
            0.1-1     silicone defoamer                                   
                                     0.02                                 
solvent      7.95-77.85                                                   
                      water          39.9                                 
            100%                     100%                                 
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     When salts are used as the active ingredient in the herbicidal compositions of this invention it is recommended to use salts that are agriculturally acceptable. 
     The phytotoxic compositions of this invention can also contain other additives, for example, fertilizers, other herbicides and other pesticides, used as adjuvant or in combination with any of the above-described adjuvants. Fertilizers useful in combination with the active ingredients include, for example, ammonium nitrate, urea and superphosphate.