Synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide analogs
This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 658,736, filed Oct. 9, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,641. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was first discovered, isolated and purified from porcine intestines. U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,371. The peptide has twenty-eight (28) amino acids and has extensive homology to secretin and glucagon. Carlquist, M. et al., Horm. Metabol. Res., 14, 28-29 [1982]. The amino acid sequence of VIP is as follows: ##STR1## 
     VIP is known to exhibit a wide range of biological activities throughout the gastrointestinal tract and circulatory system. In light of its similarity to gastrointestinal hormones, VIP has been found to stimulate pancreatic and biliary secretion, hepatic glycogenolysis, glucagon and insulin secretion and to activate weakly pancreatic bicarbonate release. Kerrins, C. and Said, S. I., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 142, 1014-1017 (1972), Domschke, S., et al. Gastroenterology, 73, 478-480 (1977). 
     Neurons containing VIP have been localized by immunoassay in cells of the endocrine and exocrine systems, intestine and smooth muscle. Polak, J. M. et al. Gut, 15, 720-724 (1974). VIP has been found to be a neuroeffector causing the release of several hormones including prolactin (Frawley, L. S., et al., Neuroendocrinology 33; 79-83 (1981)), thyroxine (Ahren, B. et al., Nature, Lond. 287; 343-345 (1980)), and insulin and glucagon. Schebalin, M. et al., Am. J. Physiol. E. 232; 197-200 (1977). VIP was also found to stimulate renin release from the kidney in vivo and in vitro. Porter, J. P. et al., Neuroendocrinology 36; 404-408 (1983). VIP has subsequently been found to be present in nerves and nerve terminals in the airways of various animal species and man. Dey, R. D. and Said, S. I. Fed. Proc. 39, 1062 (1980), Said, S. I., Kitamura, S., Yoshida, T., Preskitt, J., and Holden, L. D., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sciences 221, 103-114, (1974). VIP&#39;s cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary effects are of interest as VIP has been found to be a powerful vasodilator and potent smooth muscle relaxant, acting on peripheral, pulmonary, and coronary vascular beds, Said, S. I., et al. Clin. Res. 20, 29 (1972). VIP has recently been found to have a vasodilatory effect on cerebral blood vessels. Lee, T. J. and Berczin, I., Science, 224, 898-900 (1984). In vitro studies demonstrated that exogenously applied vasoactive intestinal peptide to cerebral arteries induced vasodilation suggesting VIP as a possible transmitter for cerebral dilation. Lee, T. and Saito, A., Science 224, 898-901 (1984). 
     VIP has also been found to relax smooth muscle. Since it is normally present in airway tissues, as noted above, it is hypothesized that it may be an endogenous promoter of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. Dey, R. D. and Said, S. I., Fed. Proc., 39, 1962 (1980). In vitro and in vivo testing have shown VIP to relax tracheal smooth muscle and protect against bronchoconstrictor agents such as histamine and prostaglandin F 2 α. Wasserman, M. A. et al. in Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, ed. S. I. Said, 177-184, Raven Press, N.Y. 1982, Said, S. I. et al. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 221, 103-114 (1974). VIP, when given intravenously, has been found to protect against bronchoconstrictor agents such as histamine, prostaglandin F 2 α, leukotriene, platelet activating factor as well as antigen-induced bronchoconstrictions. Said, S. I. et al., supra, 1982. However, when given by intravenous administration there are also cardiovascular effects including tachycardia and hypotension, not acceptable for use as a pharmaceutical. VIP, substituted at position 8 with glutamic acid in place of aspartic acid, was found to be less potent than VIP in effecting pancreatic secretion. Takeyama et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 28(7), 2265 (1980). 
     Wendlberger et al., Pept. Proc. Eur. Pept. Symp. 16th (1980), 290-295 discloses a new synthetic route to the preparation of 17-norleucine VIP. The peptide was tested for its ability to displace radioiodinated VIP bound to liver plasma membranes. 17-Norleucine VIP was reported to be as potent as natural VIP in the binding assay. 
     VIP when administered by aerosol to humans has been somewhat inconsistent in ameliorating histamine bronchoconstriction. Altieri et al., Pharmacologist, 25, 123 (1983). VIP given by inhalation to humans was found to have no significant effect on baseline airway function but did have a protective effect against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Barnes, P. J. and Dixon, C. M. S., Rev. Resp. Dis. 130; 162-166 (1984). VIP when given by aerosol displayed no tachycardia or hypotensive effects in conjunction with the bronchodilation. Said, S. I. et al., in Vasoactive Intestinal Peptides, edited by S. I. Said, pp. 185-191, Raven Press, N.Y., 1982. In addition, VIP has failed to relax bronchial smooth muscle in in vitro experiments, Davis et al. 1982. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to novel peptides of the formula: ##STR2## R is Asn or Ala; R 2  is Thr or Ser; R 3  is Arg, Lys or Orn; R 4  is Leu or Phe; R 5  is Arg or Lys; R 6  is Nle, Ile or Leu; R 7  is Asn or Thr; R 8  is Ser or Thr; R 9  is Ile or Val; R 10  is Asn or Thr; X is hydrogen, ##STR3## R 11  is C 1-3  alkyl; Y is --OR 12  or NHR 12  ; R 12  is hydrogen or C 1-3  alkyl; with the proviso that (Nle) 17  -VIP is excluded from the scope of Formula I; and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts thereof. 
     The peptides of the invention are useful in producing sustained relaxation of trachobronchial smooth muscle without cardiovascular side effects and, thus, are useful in the treatment of bronchoconstrictive disorders such as asthma. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to novel analogs of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which have enhanced sustainable bronchodilation activity without observable side effects. The peptides of the invention have the formula: ##STR4## R is Asn or Ala; R 2  is Thr or Ser; R 3  is Arg, Lys or Orn; R 4  is Leu or Phe; R 5  is Arg or Lys; R 6  is Nle, Ile or Leu; R 7  is Asn or Thr; R 8  is Ser or Thr; R 9  is Ile or Val; R 10  is Asn or Thr; X is hydrogen, ##STR5## R 11  is C 1-3  alkyl; Y is --OR 12  or NHR 12  ; R 12  is hydrogen or C 1-3  alkyl; with the proviso that (Nle) 17  -VIP is excluded from the scope of Formula I; and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts thereof. The invention is further directed to compositions containing such peptides as well as to a method of treating brochotracheal constriction disorders. 
     As used herein, the term &#34;C 1-3  alkyl&#34; refers to methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl. A preferred embodiment of the invention are peptides of Formula I wherein R 6  is Nle, X is ##STR6## i.e., Acetyl (Ac) and Y is --OH or --NH 2 . 
     The nomenclature used to define the peptides is that typically used in the art wherein the amino group at the N-terminus appears to the left and the carboxyl group at the C-terminus to the right. By natural amino acid is meant one of the naturally occurring amino acids found in proteins, i.e., Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, Thr, Lys, Arg, Asp, Asn, Glu, Gln, Cys, Met, Phe, Tyr, Pro, Trp and His. By Nle is meant norleucine. By Orn is meant ornithine. Where the amino acid residue has isomeric forms, it is the L-form of the amino acid that is represented unless otherwise expressly indicated. 
     Analogs of VIP are indicated by setting forth the substituted amino acid in parentheses before &#34;VIP&#34;; that is, for example, &#34;(Orn 12 , Nle 17 )-VIP&#34; indicates a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to VIP in which an ornithine has been substituted for arginine at position 12 and a norleucine has been substituted for methionine at position 17. The suffixes &#34;--OH&#34; and &#34;--NH 2  &#34; following VIP refer to the free acid and amide forms of the polypeptide, respectively. In the event neither suffix is used, the expression is intended to encompass both forms. 
     Representative compounds of the present invention include peptides having the following amino acid sequences: 
     (Lys 12 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Lys 12 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     (Orn 12 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Orn 12 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     (Ser 11 , Phe 13 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Ser 11 , Phe 13 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     (Nle 17 , Thr 25 )-VIP 
     (Nle 17 , Thr 24 )-VIP 
     (Ala 9 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Ala 9 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     (Lys 14 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     (Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     (Lys 12 , Lys 14 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     (Nle 17 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Nle 17 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     (Lys 12 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Lys 12 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Orn 12 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Lys 12 , Lys 14 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     Ac-(Lys 12 , Nle 17 , Thr 25 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP ##STR7## 
     The above representative compounds may be readily synthesized by any known conventional procedure for the formation of a peptide linkage between amino acids. Such conventional procedure includes, for example, any solution phase procedure permitting a condensation reaction between the free alpha amino group of an amino acid or residue thereof having its carboxylic group or other reactive groups protected and the free primary carboxylic group of another amino acid or residue thereof having its amino group or other reactive groups protected. 
     The process for synthesizing the representative compounds may be carried out by a procedure whereby each amino acid in the desired sequence is added one at a time in succession to another amino acid or residue thereof or by a procedure whereby peptide fragments with the desired amino acid sequence are first synthesized conventionally and then condensed to provide the desired peptide. 
     Such conventional procedures for synthesizing the novel compounds of the present invention include for example any solid phase peptide synthesis method. In such a method the synthesis of the novel compounds can be carried out by sequentially incorporating the desired amino acid residues one at a time into the growing peptide chain according to the general principles of solid phase methods Merrifield, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149-2154 (1963); Barany et al, The Peptides, Analysis, Synthesis and Biology, 2, Gross, E. and Meienhofer, J., Eds. Academic Press 1-284 (1980). In such embodiment, the peptides of this invention were assembled in a stepwise manner on a solid support using a Vega 250C peptide synthesizer. The chemistry module was controlled by a Zenith Z-89 microprocessor with manual operations at steps 2, 4, 16 and 20. 
     Experimental Procedures and Methods Reagents 
     All solvents, methylene chloride (CH 2  Cl 2 ), 2-propanol, and dimethylformamide, were Burdick &amp; Jackson &#34;Distilled in Glass&#34; grade and used without additional distillation. Trifluoracetic acid (TFA), diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) were purchased from Chemical Dynamics Corp. and were &#34;sequanal&#34; grade purity. Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. and used without further purification. All protected amino acids were of the L configuration and were obtained from Chemical Dynamics or Bachem. 
     Such syntheses typically protect the reactive side chain groups of the various amino acid moieties with suitable protecting groups which will prevent a chemical reaction from occurring at that site until the protecting group is ultimately removed. While specific protecting groups have been disclosed in regard to the solid phase synthesis aspect, it should be noted that each amino acid can be protected by any protective groups conventionally used for the respective amino acids in solution phase synthesis. Among such protecting groups there are included for example conventional protecting groups for carboxyl groups selected from esters such as aryl esters, particularly phenyl or phenyl substituted with lower alkyl, halo, nitro, thio or sustituted thio, i.e., lower alkyl (1-7 carbon atoms) thio and the like. All α-amino groups were blocked with t-butyloxycarbonyl functions. Side chain groups were substituted as follows: Arg, His with p-toluene-sulfonyl; Asp, Ser, Thr with benzyl; Orn with benzyloxycarbonyl; Lys with 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl; and Tyr with 2,6-dichlorobenzyl. Purity of these compounds was confirmed by thin layer chromotography (TLC) and optical rotation. The benzhydrylamine (BHA) resin was a copolymer of styrene--1% divinylbenzene in bead form (200-400 mesh) obtained from Beckman Instruments. Total nitrogen content was 0.654 meq/g. 
     The following instrumentation was utilized. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on glass backed precoated silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck) using appropriate solvent systems. Detection of spots was by UV fluorescence quenching (254 nm absorption), iodine staining, or ninhydrin spray (for primary and secondary amines). 
     For amino acid analyses, peptides were hydrolyzed in 6N HCl containing 2-4 μl ethanedithiol at 115° C. for 24 hours in evacuated Reacti-Therm hydrolysis tubes. Analyses were performed on a Beckman 121M amino acid analyzer. 
     High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted on an LDC apparatus consisting of a Constametric I pump, a Constametric III pump, a Gradient Master solvent programmer and mixer, and a Spectromonitor III variable wavelength UV detector. Analytical HPLC chromatography was performed on reversed phase with Waters Micro Bondapak C 18  columns (0.4×25 cm). Preparative HPLC separations were run on Whatman Magnum 20 partisil 10 ODS-3 columns (2×25 cm or 2×50 cm). In both cases, a pre-column of Whatman Co: Pell ODS pellicular packing was used. 
     Peptides were prepared using solid phase synthesis by the method generally described by Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 2149 (1983) although other equivalent chemical synthesis known in the art could also be used as previously mentioned. Solid-phase synthesis is commenced from the C-terminal end of the peptide by coupling a protected α-amino acid to a suitable resin. Such a starting material can be prepared by attaching an α-amino-protected amino acid by an ester linkage to a chloromethylated resin or a hydroxymethyl resin, or by an amide bond to a BHA resin or MBHA resin. Preparation of the hydroxymethyl resin is well known in the art. Chloromethylated resins are commercially available and their preparation is also well known in the art. BHA and MBHA resin supports are commercially available and generally used when the desired peptide being synthesized has an unsubstituted amide at the C-terminal. 
     The peptides were assembled in a stepwise manner on a solid support using a Vega 250C peptide synthesizer. The chemistry module was controlled by a Zenith Z-89 microprocessor with manual operations at steps 2, 4, 16 and 20. 
     Boc-Asn was coupled to the benzhydrylamine resin (3 g) using the preformed HOBt ester, formed from Boc-Asn (268 mg, 1.15 mmol), HOBt (213 mg, 1.57 mmole), and DCC (216 mg, 1.05 mmole) at 0° C. Loading was determined by amino acid analysis to be 0.27 mmole/g resin. Any unreacted amino groups were capped by treating with 6 equivalents each of acetic anhydride and pyridine. 
     The initial synthesis was started with Boc-Asn-BHA or Boc-Thr(Bzl)-BHA resins and portions of peptide resin were removed at various points for separate analog preparation. The protocol for a typical synthetic cycle was as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Step    Reagent              Time                                         
______________________________________                                    
 1      1% EDT/CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2                                          
                             1 × 30 sec                             
 2      50% TFA/CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 w/1% EDT                                
                             1 × 1 min                              
 3      Repeat Step 1                                                     
 4      50% TFA/CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 w/1% EDT                                
                             1 × 15 min                             
 5      CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2    1 × 30 sec                             
 6      2-Propanol           1 × 30 sec                             
7-8     Repeat steps 5 &amp; 6                                                
 9      CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2    2 × 30 sec                             
10      8% DIPEA             2 × 2 min                              
11-15   Repeat steps 5-9                                                  
16      2 equiv. Boc-AA anhydride                                         
                             1 × 10 min                             
17      1% DIPEA             1 × 5 min                              
18-19   Repeat steps 6 &amp; 9                                                
20-21   Repeat steps 16 &amp; 17 if Kaiser                                    
                             test is positive                             
22      2-Propanol           1 × 30 sec                             
23-24   Repeat steps 5 &amp; 6                                                
25      CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2    1 × 30 sec                             
26      DMF                  2 × 30 sec                             
27      CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2    3 × 30 sec                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     wherein BOC represents t-butyloxycarbonyl, HOBt represents hydroxybenzotriazole, TFA represents trifluoroacetic acid, DIPEA represents diisopropylethylamine, DCC represents dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, EDT represents 1,2-ethanedithiol, DMF represents dimethylformamide and CH 2  Cl 2  represents methylene chloride. 
     Solvents for all washings and couplings were measured to volumes of 10-20 ml/g resin. Most couplings were performed as the symmetrical anhydrides of the Boc-amino acids. They were preformed in CH 2  Cl 2  at 0° C. in 15 min. using 4 equivalents of Boc-amino acid and 2 equivalents of DCC. Boc-Arg(Tos) was coupled as the symmetrical anhydride, however 25% dimethylacetamide (DMA)/CH 2  Cl 2  was used as solvent. Boc-Asn and Boc-Gln were added as HOBt esters formed as stated above, in 25% DMA/CH 2  CL 2 . The removal of the Boc group from Boc-Gln- 16  peptide-BHA resin was modified by insertion of a 10% DIPEA/CH 2  Cl 2  wash between steps 5 and 6 to minimize pyroglutamic acid formation. 
     Coupling reactions were monitored by the Kaiser ninhydrin test to determine whether coupling was complete after step 19. Kaiser, E. et al., Anal. Biochem., 34, 595-598 (1970). Slow reaction kinetics were noted for Boc-Arg-(Tos), Boc-Asn, and Boc-Gln and required up to 60 minutes in step 20 for completion. Total cycle times ranged from 85-135 minutes per residue. 
     The fully assembled peptide-resins were dried under high vacuum overnight. Deblocking and cleavage conditions were modified from Tam et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 23 2939-2942 (1982) and were optimized for VIP analogs generally. For each compound, the peptide-resin was treated in a Teflon HF apparatus (Peninsula) with dimethylsulfide and HF at 0° C. for 2 hours. Volatile materials were removed by vacuum and anisole was added. The resulting mixture was treated with HF at 0° C. for 45 minutes and concentrated. The resin was washed with 2 volumes each of Et 2  O and EtOAc, then triturated with 4×15 mol 10% AcOH and filtered. Lyophilization of the aqueous filtrate yielded the crude peptide. 
     Preparative purifications were carried out directly on the crude peptide by HPLC on a Magnum 20 column. The peptides were applied in a minimum volume of 1% AcOH and eluted with a slow gradient (4 hr) of 0-40% 1% AcOH/CH 3  CN at a flow rate of 4.0 ml/min. Fractions were collected at 2.5 minute intervals and cuts made after inspection by analytical HPLC. Fractions judged to be greater than 99% pure were pooled and lyophilized. Yields of these single cuts less sideband material were approximately 20% overall. 
     Purity of the individual peptides was checked by HPLC and determined to be ˜99% in all cases. Thin layer chromatography of each peptide showed single, homogeneous spots. Amino acid analyses of the individual peptides were performed and the expected values were obtained in each case. 
     The novel compounds of the present invention have valuable pharmacological properties. It will be shown that they are potent bronchodilators having no cardiovascular side effects. The bronchodilation produced by these novel peptides can be sustained for greater than two (2) hours. Thus being highly active bronchodilators, the compounds are valuable pharmaceutical agents for treatment of bronchoconstrictive disorders, e.g. asthma. 
     The novel compounds of formula I may be combined with various typical pharmaceutical carriers to provide compositions suitable for use in the treatment of bronchconstrictive disorders such as asthma. The dosage of these compounds is dependent upon various factors such as the particular compound employed and the particular formulation. An effective dosage can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art from the effective concentrations (EC 50 ) disclosed herein. 
     Novel compounds of formula I form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts with a variety of inorganic and organic acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, sulfamic, citric, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic, maleic, succinic, tartaric, cinnamic, acetic, trifluoroacetic, benzoic, salicyclic, gluconic, ascorbic and related acids. 
     The instant compounds may be administered by parenteral application either intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, orally or intranasally. A preferred form suitable for parenteral administration is by aerosol via oral or intranasal administration. 
    
    
     The present invention is further illustrated by the examples which follow. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Nle 17 )VIP 
     Boc-Asparagine (268 mg, 1.15 mmoles) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (213 mg, 1.57 mmoles) were dissolved in 10 ml dimethylacetamide and 10 ml methylyene chloride. This mixture was chilled to 0° C. and, with stirring, 216 mg (1.05 mmoles) dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was added. This solution was stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C. Separately, 3.0 g (1.53 mmoles) of benzhydrylamine copolystyrene--2% divinylbenzene cross-linked resin (0.51 mmole N/g) was washed with 8% diisopropylethylamine in methylene chloride for 30 minutes, filtered and washed with methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, and methylene chloride. The chilled solution above was added to the resin and stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. The resin was filtered and washed with methylene chloride, dimethylacetamide, isopropanol and methylene chloride. The resin was dried under high vacuum to give 3.0 g. Amino acid analysis showed the resin to contain 0.27 mmoles of asparagine/g. Unreacted amine groups were capped by shaking the resin with 2.0 ml acetic anhydride and 2.0 ml diisopropylethylamine in methylene chloride for 30 minutes. The resin was filtered and washed with methylene chloride, isopropanol, dimethylformamide and methylene chloride. 
     3.0 g (0.81 mmoles) of Boc-asparagine-resin was subjected to sequential solid phase synthesis using the above stated protocol. All couplings were performed using the symmetrical anhydrides or HOBt active esters of Boc-amino acids as described above. At steps 16 and 20 the activated Boc-amino acids were added with the corresponding reaction times as follows. Ten individual cycles were performed with Boc-leucine (807 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min; 807 mg, 324 mmole, 30 min), Boc-isoleucine (705 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 mins; 750 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (956 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min; 956 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min), Boc-asparagine (413 mg, 1.78 mmole, 10 min; 413 mg, 1.78 mmole, 60 min), Boc-leucine (807 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min; 807 mg, 3.24 mmole, 760 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (1.42 g, 3.24 mmole, 10 min. 1.42 g, 3.24 mmole, 60 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (1.34 g, 3.24 mole, 10 min; 1.34 g, 3.24 mmole, 20 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chloro-benzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (1.34 g, 3.24 mmole, 10 min; 1.34 g, 3.24 mmole, 20 min), Boc-valine (703 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min; 703 mg, 324 mmole, 20 min), and Boc-alanine (612 mg, 3.24 mmole, 10 min; 612 mg, 3.24 mmole, 20 min) to give 4.8 g of Boc-undecapeptide resin. 
     4.1 g (0.694 mmole) of the resin was coupled with four individual cycles of Boc-norleucine (641 mg, 2.77 mmole, 10 min; 641 mg, 2.77 mmole, 20 min), Boc-glutamine (276 mg, 1.53 mmole, 10 min; 276 mg, 1.53 mmole, 60 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (1.15 g, 2.77 mmole, 10 min; 1.15 g, 2.77 mmole, 15 min) and Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (1.19 g, 2.77 mmole, 10 min; 1.19 g, 2.77 mmole, 10 min) to give 4.8 g of Boc-pentadecapeptide resin. 
     4.0 g (0.578 mmole) of this resin was coupled with one cycle of Boc-leucine (575 mg, 2.31 mole, 10 min; 575 mg, 2.31 mmole, 10 min) to give 4.1 g of Boc-hexadecapeptide resin. 
     3.23 g (0.462 mmole) of this resin was coupled with one cycle of Boc-N G  tosyl-arginine (795 mg, 1.85 mmole, 10 min; 795 mg, 1.85 mmole, 30 min) to give 3.2 g of Boc-heptadecapeptide resin. 
     1.6 g (0.231 mmole) of this resin was coupled with four individual cycles of Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (286 mg, 0.93 mmole, 20 min; 286 mg, 0.93 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (407 mg, 0.93 mmole, 20 min; 407 mg, 0.93 mmole, 30 min), Boc-asparagine (119 mg, 0.51 mmole, 20 min; 119 mg, 0.51 mmole, 10 min), and Boc-O.sup.β -benzylaspartic acid (299 mg, 0.93 mmole, 10 min; 299 mg, 0.93 mmole, 30 min) to give 1.9 g of Boc-uncosapeptide resin. 
     0.95 g (0.116 mmole) of this resin was coupled with six individual cycles of Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (144 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min; 144 mg, 0.46 mmole, 60 min), Boc-phenylalanine (123 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min; 123 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min), Boc-valine (101 mg, 0.46 mmole, 20 min; 101 mg, 0.46 mmole, 60 min), Boc-alanine (88 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min; 88 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (150 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min; 150 mg, 0.46 mmole, 60 min), and Boc-O-benzylserine (187 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min; 187 mg, 0.46 mmole, 60 min) to give 0.98 g of Boc-heptacosapeptide resin. 
     350 mg (0.038 mmole) of this resin was coupled with one cycle of Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (63 mg, 0.15 mmole, 15 min; 63 mg, 0.15 mmole, 30 min) to give 383 mg of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     353 mg (0.035 mmole) of this resin was cleaved by treatment with 5 ml liquid HF containing 0.25 ml 1,2-ethanedithiol and 0.25 ml anisole at 0° C. for 60 minutes. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual solid was washed with ether, extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC on a Magnum-20 ODS-3 reversed-phase column as stated above. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 30.7 mg (22%) or a white amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Ac-(Nle 17 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-heptacosapeptide resin (230 mg, 0.032 mmole) of Example 1 was coupled with one cycle of Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (52 mg, 0.13 mmole, 10 min; 52 mg, 0.13 mmole, 10 min). The Boc-octacosapeptide resin was subjected to Steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 0.2 ml acetic anhydride and 0.2 ml diisopropylethylamine in methylene chloride for 30 minutes. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to give the acetyl-octacosapeptide resin. 
     145 mg (0.02 mmole) of this resin was cleaved with the modified Tam, supra., procedure. As described above, the resin was treated with 3 ml dimethylsulfide and 1 ml liquid HF for 2 hours at 0° C. The HF and dimethylsulfide were removed in vacuo. Anisole (0.5 ml) was added with 4.5 ml HF. The resin was stirred at 0° C. for 45 min and the HF was removed in vacuo. The residual oily solid was washed with ethyl acetate and ether and extracted with 10% acetic acid. The filtrate was lyophilized to yield 86 mg of an off-white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC on a Magnum-20 ODS-3 reversed-phase column as stated above. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 18.6 mg (26%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Lys 12 , Nle 17 )-VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-hexadecapeptide resin (580 mg, 0.077 mmole) of example 1 was coupled with twelve individual cycles of Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (148 mg, 0.31 mmoles, 10 min; 148 mg, 0.31 mmoles, 10 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (96 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 96 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-2,6-Dichlorobenzyl Tyrosine (136 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 136 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Bocasparagine (40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 30 min; 40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 30 min), Boc-O-.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (100 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 100 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (96 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 96 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Bocphenylalanine (82 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 82 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Boc-valine (67 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 67 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Boc-alanine (58 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 58 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (100 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 100 mg, 0.31 mmole, 20 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (91 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 91 mg, 0.31 mmole, 20 min), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (127 mg, 0.31 mmole, 10 min; 127 mg, 0.31 mmole, 20 min) to give 573 mg of Bococtacosapeptide resin. 
     290 mg (0.039 mmoles) of this resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual oily solid was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was then extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to yield 149 mg of an off-white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC on a Magnum-20 ODS-3 reversed-phase column as stated as above except that the aqueous solvent contained 0.2% triethylamine. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 33 mg (24%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Ac-(Lys 12 , Nle 17 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-octacosapeptide resin (290 mg, 0.039 mmoles) of Example 3 was subjected to steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 0.3 ml acetic anhydride and 0.3 ml diisopropyethylamine in methylene chloride for 30 minutes. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to give the acetyl-octacosapeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual gel was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was then extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to yield 123.4 mg of a white, hygroscopic solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 15.3 mg (11%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Orn 12 , Nle 17 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-hexadecapeptide resin (290 mg, 0.038 mmole) of Example 1 was coupled with twelve individual cycles of Boc-N.sup.δ -benzyloxycarbonyl-ornithine (57 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min; 57 mg, 0.155 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-O-benzylthreonine (98 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min; 98 mg, 0.155 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (68 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min; 68 mg, 0.155 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-asparagine (20 mg, 0.08 mmole, 15 min., 20 mg, 0.08 mmole, 60 min.; 39 mg, 0.17 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (50 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min.; 50 mg, 0.155 mmole, 20 min.), Boc-O-benzylthreonine (98 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min.; 98 mg, 0.155 mmole, 90 min.), Boc-phenylalanine (41 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min.; 41 mg, 0.155 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-valine (34 mg, 0.155 mmole, 12 min.; 34 mg, 0.155 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-alanine (30 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min.; 30 mg, 0.155 mmole, 20 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (50 mg, 0.155 mmole, 15 min; 50 mg, 0.155 mmole, 20 min.), Boc-O-benzylserine (46 mg, 0.155 mmole, 10 min.; 46 mg, 0.155 mmole, 60 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (91 mg, 0.155 mmoles, 15 min., 91 mg, 0.155 mg, 0.155 mmoles, 30 min.) to give 305 mg of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual gel was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was then extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to yield 150 mg of a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 19 mg (14%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Ser 11 , Phe 13 , Nle 17 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-pentadecapeptide resin (800 mg, 0.116 mmole) of Example 1 was coupled with thirteen individual cycles of Boc-phenylalanine (123 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 123 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -tosylaryinine (200 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min; 200 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (137 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 137 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (205 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 205 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-asparagine (59 mg, 0.25 mmole, 30 min.; 59 mg, 0.25 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (150 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min., 150 mg, 0.46 mmole, 25 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (144 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.;  144 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-phenylalanine (123 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 123 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-valine (101 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 101 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-alanine (88 mg, 0.46 mmoles, 10 min.; 88 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (150 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 150 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (137 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 137 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (190 mg, 0.46 mmole, 10 min.; 190 mg, 0.46 mmole, 15 min.) to give 810 mg of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     540 mg (0.077 mmole) of this resin was treated with 209 mg (1.55 mmole) 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in 25 ml dimethylacetamide for 1 hour. This resin was then carried through steps 1 to 15 and dried in vacuo to give 523 mg of peptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved by treatment with 0.25 ml anisole, 0.25 ml ethanedithiol, and 4.5 ml HF at 0° C. for 1 hr. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether. The resin was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to yield 170 mg of white solid. 
     This crude material was purified at preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 48.2 mg (17.2%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was found to be homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Ac-(Ser 11 , Phe 13 , Nle 17 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-octacosapeptide resin (270 mg, 0.039 mmole) of Example 6 was subjected to steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 0.3 ml acetic anhydride and 0.3 ml of diisopropylethylamine in methylene chloride for 30 minutes. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to give the acetyl-octacosapeptide resin. 
     105 mg (0.026 mmole) of this peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual oil was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. This residue was then extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to yield 90 mg of a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 21.3 mg (22.7%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Nle 17 , Thr 25 )VIP 
     Benzhydrylamine copolystyrene-2% divinylbenzene cross-linked resin (10.0 g, 6.54 mmole N) was derivatized as in Example 1 with Boc-asparagine (885 mg, 3.81 mmole), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (703 mg, 5.20 mmole), and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (713 mg, 3.45 mmole). After washing, the resin was dried under high vacuum to give 9.425 g. Amino acid analysis showed the resin to contain 0.27 mmoles of asparagine/g. Unreacted amine groups were capped with 6.0 ml acetic anhydride and 6.0 ml diisopropylethylamine in methylene chloride for 30 minutes and washed as in Example 1. 
     A portion of this Boc-asparagine resin (0.44 g, 0.11 mmole) was coupled with twenty-seven individual cycles of Boc-leucine (109 mg, 0.44 mmoles, 15 min.; 109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-isoleucine (101 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 101 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min), Boc-asparagine (56 mg, 0.29 mmole, 30 min., 56 mg, 0.24 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-leucine (109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min., 109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min., 194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 60 min.; 388 mg, 0.88 mmole, 120 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (183 mg, 0.44 mmole, 45 min.; 182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 45 min.; 182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.;), Boc-valine (95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 25 min.; 95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-alanine (83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-norleucine (101 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 101 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-glutamine (59 mg, 0.24 mmole, 30 min.; 59 mg, 0.24 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-N-tosyl-arginine (188 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 188 mg, 0.44 mmole, 60 min), Boc-leucine (109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (377 mg, 0.88 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min; 194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.) Boc-asparagine (56 mg, 0.24 mmole, 30 min.; 56 mg, 0.24 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 142 mg, 0.99 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-phenylalanine (233 mg, 0.88 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-valine (95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-alanine(83 mg., 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-O-benzylserine (130 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.; 130 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (180 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 190 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.) to give 720 mg of Boc-octacospeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2 except that 6 ml dimethylsulfide and 2 ml HF were used in the first step and 0.72 ml anisole and 7 ml HF were used in the second step. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual gel was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 290 mg of a white solid. 
     A portion of this crude material (150 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 39.7 mg (19.3%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Nle 17 , Thr 24 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-asparagine resin (0.4 g, 0.108 mmole) of Example 8 was coupled with twenty-seven individual cycles of Boc-leucine (108 mg, 0.43 mmole, 30 min.; 108 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-isoleucine (100 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 100 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.) Boc-O-benzyl-serine (127 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 127 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (133 mg. 0.43 mmole, 30 min.; 133 mg, 0.43 mmole, 70 min.; 267 mg, 0.86 mmole, 70 min.), Boc-leucine (108 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 108 mg, 0.43 mmole, 120 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyltyrosine (190 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 190 mg, 0.43 mmole, 120 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (179 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 179 mg, 0.43 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (179 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 179 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-valine (94 mg, 0.43 mmole, 30 min.; 94 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-alanine, (82 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 82 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-norleucine (99 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 99 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-glutamine (58 mg, 0.23 mmole, 30 min.; 58 mg, 0.23 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (179 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 179 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (185 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 185 mg, 0.43 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-leucine (108 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 108 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (185 mg, 0.43 mmole, 30 min.; 185 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzylthreonine (133 mg, 0.43  mmole, 15 min.; 133 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (190 mg, 0.43 mg, 15 min.; 190 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-asparagine (55 mg, 0.23 mmole, 30 min.; 55 mg, 0.23 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (139 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 139 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (133 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 133 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-phenylalanine (114 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 114 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-valine (94 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 74 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.) Boc-alanine (82 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min, 82 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-aspartic acid (139 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 139 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (127 mg, 0.43 mmole, 15 min.; 127 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.), and Boc-N- im  tosylhistidine (174 mg, 0.43 mmole, 30 min.; 174 mg, 0.43 mmole, 10 min.) to give 760 mg of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 8. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual solid was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 320 mg of a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 42 mg (11%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Ala 9 , Nle 17 )VIP 
     Benzhydrylamine copolystyrene-2% divinylbenzene cross-linked resin (7.0 g, 4.58 mmole N) was derivatized as in Example 1 with Boc-asparagine (620 mg, 2.67 mmole), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (492 mg, 3.64 mmole), and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (499 mg, 2.42 mmole). After washing, the resin was dried under high vacuum to give 8.1 g. Amino acid analysis showed the resin to contain 0.21 mmoles of asparagine/g. Unreacted amine groups were capped with 8.0 ml acetic anhydride and 8.0 ml diisopropylethylamine in methylene chloride for 1 hour and washed as in Example 1. 
     A portion of this Boc-asparagine resin (7.0 g, 1.47 mmole) was coupled with three individual cycles of Boc-leucine (1.88 g, 7.56 mmole, 30 min.; 1.88 g, 7.56 mmole, 20 min.), Boc-isoleucine (1.75 g, 7.56 mmole, 30 min.; 1.75 g, 7.56 mmole, 20 min.), and Boc-O-benzyl-serine (2.23 g, 7.56 mmole, 20 min.; 2.23 g, 7.56 mmole, 20 min.) to give 8.245 g of Boc-tetrapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (7.76 g, 1.38 mmole) was coupled with two individual cycles of Boc-asparagine (0.91 g, 3.91 mmole, 40 min.; 0.91 g, 3.91 mmole, 60 min.), and Boc-leucine (1.77 g, 7.12 mmole, 60 min.; 1.77 g, 7.12 mmole, 60 min.) to give 7.57 g of Boc-hexapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (6.15 g, 1.23 mmole) was coupled with three individual cycles of Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyltyrosine (2.55 g, 5.8 mmole, 30 min.; 2.55 g, 5.8 mmole, 45 min.) Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (2.40 g, 5.8 mmole, 45 min.; 2.40 g, 5.8 mmole, 20 min.), and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (2.40 g, 5.8 mmole, 30 min.; 2.40 g, 5.8 mmole, 20 min.) to give 2.06 g of Boc-nonapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (7.44 g, 1.03 mmole) was coupled with five individual cycles of Boc-valine (1.16 g, 5.33 mmole, 30 min.; 1.16 g, 5.33 mmole, 5 min.), Boc-alanine (1.01 g, 5.33 mmole, 30 min.; 1.01 g, 5.33 mmole, 5 min.), Boc-norleucine (1.23 g, 5.33 mmole, 30 min.; 1.23 g, 5.33 mmole, 15 min.), Boc-glutamine (0.72 g, 2.93 mmole, 30 min.; 0.72 g, 2.93 mmole, 30 min.), and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (2.21 g, 5.33 mmole, 30 min.; 2.21 g, 5.33 mmole, 30 min.) to give 7.80 g of Boc-tetradecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (7.15 g, 0.95 mmole) was coupled with one cycle of Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (2.09 g, 4.88 mmole, 30 min.; 2.09 g, 4.88 mmole, 130 min.) to give 7.93 g of Boc-pentadecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (7.21 g, 0.86 mmole) was coupled with one cycle of Boc-leucine (1.10 g, 4.44 mmole, 30 min.; 1.10 g, 4.44 mmole, 30 min.) to give 7.2 g of Boc-hexadecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.7 g, 0.086 mmole) was coupled with twelve individual cycles of Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (188 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 188 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.) Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-phenylalanine (116 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 116 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-valine (95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 95 mg, 0.44  mmole, 10 min.), Boc-alanine (83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (130 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 130 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (100 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 180 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.) to give 0.778 g of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (381 mg. 0.043 mmole) was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The resulting residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 210 mg of a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 28 mg (18%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Lys 14 , Nle 17 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-tetradecapeptide resin (0.66 g, 0.078 mmole) of Example 10 was coupled with fourteen individual cycles of Boc-N-2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 182 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-leucine (109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 109 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (188 mg, 0.44 mole, 15 min.; 188 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzylthreonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyltyrosine (194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 194 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-asparagine (56 mg, 0.24 mmole, 15 min.; 56 mg, 0.24 mmole, 45 min.) Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.). Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 136 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-phenylalanine (116 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min; 116 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-valine (95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 95 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-alanine (83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 83 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 142 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (130 mg, 0.44 mmole, 15 min.; 130 mg, 0.44 mmole, 30 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (180 mg, 0.44 mmole, 10 min.; 180 mg, 0.44 mmole, 20 min.) to give 0.78 g of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this peptide resin (397 mg, 0.039 mmole) was cleaved by the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 200 mg of a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 24 mg (17%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )VIP 
     Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (1.39 g, 4.5 mmole) was dissolved in methylene chloride and chilled to 0° C. While stirring, 464 mg (2.25 mmole) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was added. After 30 minutes at 0° C. the precipitate was filtered off. The filtrate was added to 3.0 g (1.5 mmole) of benzhydrylamine copolystyrene--2% divinylbenzene cross-linked resin which was pre-washed as in Example 1. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and washed as in Example 1. The resin was dried under high vacuum to give 3.4 g. Amino acid analysis showed the resin to contain 0.368 mmoles of threonine/g. Unreacted amine groups were capped as in Example 1 with 3.5 ml acetic anhydride and 3.5 ml diisopropylethylamine. 
     A portion of this Boc-threonine-resin (1.7 g, 0.625 mmole) was coupled with one cycle of Boc-leucine (623 mg, 2.5 mmole, 30 min; 623 mg, 2.5 mmole, 10 min) to give 1.73 g of Boc-dipeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (865 mg, 0.312 mmole) was coupled with twelve individual cycles of Boc-valine (271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (369 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 369 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min), Boc-asparagine (159 mg, 0.687 mmole, 30 min; 159 mg, 0.687 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-leucine (311 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 311 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (550 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 550 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min; 550 mg, 1.25 mmole, 80 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2 chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 15 min; 518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-valine (271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min), Boc-alanine (236 mg, 1.25 mmole, 15 min; 236 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min), Boc-norleucine (289 mg, 1.25 mmole, 15 min; 289 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-glutamine (338.5 mg, 1.375 mmole, 120 min) and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 15 min; 518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min.) to give 1.52 g of Boc-tetradecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this peptide resin (760 mg, 0.156 mmole) was coupled with fourteen individual cycles of Boc-N G  -tosylarginine (268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 120 min; 536 mg, 1.25 mmole, 120 min.), Boc-leucine (156 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 156 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 30 min; 268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 120 min; 536 mg, 1.25 mmole, 360 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (193 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 193 mg, 0.63 mmole, 60 min; 387 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (278 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 275 mg, 0.63 mmole, 120 min), Boc-asparagine (80 mg, 0.344 mmole, 30 min; 80 mg, 0.344 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (202 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 202 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (387 mg, 1.25 mmole, 70 min), Boc-phenylalanine (165 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 165 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min), Boc-valine (135 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 135 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-alanine (118 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 118 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (202 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 202 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (184 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 156 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min.) to give 1.24 g of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (620 mg, 0.078 mmole) was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2 except that 0.7 ml anisole and 6.3 ml HF were used in the second step. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residual gum was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 380 mg of a white solid. 
     A portion of this crude material (119 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 29.3 mg (33.5%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     Example 13 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Lys 12 , Lys 14 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-tetradecapeptide resin (370 mg, 0.076 mmole) of Example 12 was coupled with fourteen individual cycles of Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (127 mg, 0.30 mmole, 15 min; 127 mg, 0.30 mmole, 60 min), Boc-leucine (76 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 76 mg, 0.30 mmole, 5 min) Boc-N.sup.ε -2 -chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (127 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min, 127 mg, 0.30 mmole, 5 min.), Boc-O-benzylthreonine (95 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 95 mg, 0.30 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (135 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 135 mg, 0.30 mmole, 60 min), Boc-asparagine (39 mg, 0.16 mmole, 30 min; 39 mg, 0.16 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (99 mg,  0.30 mmole, 30 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (95 mg, 0.30 mmole, 30 min; 95 mg, 0.30 mmole, 5 min), Boc-phenylalanine (80 mg, 0.30 mmole, 30 min.), Boc-valine (66 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min), Boc-alanine (57 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 57 mg, 0.30 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (99 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 99 mg, 0.30 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (90 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 90 mg, 0.30 mmole, 5 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (124 mg, 0.30 mmole, 20 min; 124 mg, 0.30 mmole, 10 min) to give 0.65 g of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.3 g, 0.035 mmole) was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 140 mg of a yellow solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 13.0 mg (10.5%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Nle 17 , Thr 28 )VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-dipeptide resin (0.865 g, 0.312 mmole) of Example 12 was coupled with twelve individual cycles of Boc-isoleucine (289 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 289 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (369 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 369 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-asparagine (159 mg, 0.687 mmole, 45 min; 159 mg, 0.687 mmole, 30 min), Boc-leucine (311 mg, 1.25 mmole, 45 min; 311 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (550 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min; 550 mg, 1.25 mmole, 90 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 90 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-valine (271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-alanine (236 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 236 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min), Boc-norleucine (289 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 289 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min), Boc-glutamine (169 mg, 0.687 mmole, 30 min; 169 mg, 0.687 mmole, 10 min), and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 30 min; 518 mg, 1.25 mmole, 10 min) to give 1.2 g of Boc-tetradecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.6 g, 0.156 mmole) was coupled with fourteen individual cycles of Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (268 mg, 0.63 mmole; 30 min; 268 mg, 0.63 mmole; 360 min; 536 mg, 1.25 mmole, 120 min), Boc-leucine (156 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 156 mg, 0.63 mmole, 60 min), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 30 min; 268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 60 min; 268 mg, 0.63 mmole, 90 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (387 mg, 1.25 mmole, 120 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (275 mg, 0.63 mmole, 30 min; 275 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-asparagine (80 mg, 0.34 mmole, 30 min; 30 mg, 0.34 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (404 mg,  1.25 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (193 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min.; 193 mg, 0.63 mmole, 60 min), Bocphenylalanine (165 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 165 mg, 0.63 mmole, 30 min), Boc-valine (271 mg, 1.25 mmole, 60 min), Boc-alanine (118 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 118 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (202 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 202 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (184 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 184 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (265 mg, 0.63 mmole, 15 min; 256 mg, 0.63 mmole, 10 min) to give 1.1 g of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.55 g, 0.078 mmole) was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2 except that 0.6 ml anisole and 5.4 ml HF were used in the second step. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 275 mg of a white solid. 
     A portion of this crude material (80 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 15 mg (18.4%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of (Lys 12 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )VIP 
     A portion of the boc-threonine resin (0.7 g, 0.25 mmole) of Example 12 was coupled with thirteen individual cycles of Boc-leucine (257 mg, 1.03 mmole, 45 min; 257 mg, 1.03 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-valine (223 mg, 1.03 mmole, 20 min; 223 mg, 1.03 mmole, 20 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (304 mg, 1.03 mmole, 45 min; 304 mg, 1.03 mmole, 10 min.), Boc-asparagine (131 mg, 0.56 mmole, 105 min; 131 mg, 0.56 mmole, 30 min), Boc-leucine (257 mg, 1.03 mmole, 15 min; 257 mg, 1.03 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyltyrosine (453 mg, 1.03 mmole, 45 min; 453 mg, 1.03 mmole, 120 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxy-carbonyl-lysine (427 mg, 1.03 mmole, 45 min; 427  mg, 1.03 mmole, 10 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (427 mg, 1.03 mmole, 30 min; 427 mg, 1.03 mmole, 20 min), Boc-valine (223 mg, 1.03 mmole, 30 min; 223 mg, 1.03 mmole, 20 min), Boc-alanine (195 mg, 1.03 mmole, 30 min; 195 mg, 1.03 mmole, 10 min), Boc-norleucine (238 mg, 1.03 mmole, 15 min; 238 mg, 1.03 mmole, 10 min), Boc-glutamine (278 mg, 1.13 mmole, 120 min), and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarboxyl-lysine (427 mg, 1.03 mmole, 70 min; 427 mg, 1.03 mmole, 10 min) to give 1.4 g of Boc-tetradecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.7 g, 0.12 mmole) was coupled with fourteen individual cycles of Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (220 mg, 0.52 mmole, 30 min; 220 mg, 0.52 mmole, 120 min), Boc-leucine (128 mg, 0.52 mmole, 20 min; 128 mg, 0.52 mmole, 10 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (214 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 214 mg, 0.52 mmole, 30 min), Boc-O-benzylthreonine (159 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 159 mg, 0.52 mmole, 120 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (227 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 227 mg, 0.52 mmole, 30 min), Boc-asparagine (66 mg, 0.28 mmole, 30 min; 66 mg, 0.28 mmole, 20 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (166 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 166  mg, 0.52 mmole, 20 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (159 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 159 mg, 0.52 mmole, 30 min), Boc-phenylalanine (136 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 136 mg, 0.52 mmole, 10 min), Boc-valine (224 mg, 1.03 mmole, 30 min), Boc-alanine (97 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 97 mg, 0.52 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O.sup.β -benzyl-aspartic acid (166 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 166 mg, 0.52 mmole, 10 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (152 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 152 mg, 0.52 mmole, 10 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (208 mg, 0.52 mmole, 15 min; 208 mg, 0.52 mmole, 10 min.) to give 0.72 g of Boc-octacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.4 g, 0.066 mmole) was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2 except that 0.4 ml anisole and 3.6 ml HF were used in the second step. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid and lyophilized to give 227 mg of a white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 32 mg (13.5%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and TLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Acetyl-(Lys 12 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-octacosapeptide resin from Example 15 (0.32 g, 0.052 mmole) was subjected to steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 1.0 ml acetic anhydride and 1.0 ml diisopropylethylamine in 12 ml CH 2  Cl 2  for 30 minutes. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to yield 320 mg of N.sup.α -acetyloctacosapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (276 mg, 0.044 mmole) was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The remaining residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid, filtered and lyophilized to give 133.6 mg of an off-white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC on a Magnum-20 ODS-3 column (2×50 cm) as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 19 mg (12%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 17 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Acetyl-(Orn 12 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     A portion of Boc-O-benzyl-threonine resin (3.495 g, 0.965 mmole) was coupled with two individual cycles of Boc-leucine (893 mg, 3.86 mmole, 20 min; 893 mg, 3.86 mmole, 8 hours) and Boc-valine (838 mg, 3.86 mmole, 40 min.; 838 mg, 3.86 mmole, 5 minutes) to give 3.72 g of Boc-tripeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (3.41 g, 0.884 mmole) was coupled with one cycle of Boc-O-benzyl-serine (2.28 g, 7.72 mmole, 8 hrs) to give 3.52 g of Boc-tetrapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (3.2 g, 0.804 mmole) was coupled with two individual cycles of Boc-asparagine (411 mg, 1.77 mmole, 20 min; 411 mg, 1.77 mmole, 5 min) and Boc-leucine (801 mg, 3.17 mmole, 20 min; 801 mg, 3.17 mmole, 5 min.) to give 3.2 g of Boc-hexapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (2.36 g, 0.643 mmole) was coupled with three individual cycles of Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyltyrosine (1.132 g, 2.57 mmole, 20 min; 1.132 g, 2.57 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (1.066 g, 2.57 mmole, 20 min.; 1.066 g, 2.57 mmole, 60 min.), and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (1.066 g, 2.57 mmole, 20 min.; 1.066 g, 2.57 mmole, 5 min.) to give 3.2 g of Boc-nonapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (2.8 g, 0.563 mmole) was coupled with two individual cycles of Boc-valine (489 mg, 2.25 mmole, 20 min; 489 mg, 2.25 mmole, 60 min.) and Boc-analine (425 mg, 2.25 mmole, 20 min; 425 mg, 2.25 mmole, 40 min.) to give 2.8 g of Boc-undecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (2.0 g, 0.402 mmole) was coupled with three individual cycles of Boc-norleucine (745 mg, 3.22 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-glutamine (218 mg, 0.885 mmole, 20 min; 218 mg, 0.885 mmole, 40 min), and Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (668 mg, 1.61 mmole, 20 min; 668 mg, 1.61 mmole, 40 min.) to give 2.2 g of Boc-tetradecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (1.76 g, 0.321 mmole) was coupled with two individual cycles of Boc-N.sup.ε -tosylarginine (1.105 g, 2.58 mmole, 8 hrs; 552 mg, 1.29 mmole, 20 min; 552 mg, 1.29 mmole, 75 min.) and Boc-leucine (321 mg, 1.29 mmole, 30 min; 321 mg, 1.29 mmole, 60 min.) to give 1.85 g of Boc-hexadecapeptide resin. 
     A portion of this resin (0.46 g, 0.08 mmole) was coupled with twelve individual cycles of Boc-N.sup.δ -benzyloxycarbonyl-ornithine (234 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 198 mg, 0.64 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (141 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 141 mg, 0.32 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-asparagine (40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 60 min; 40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 220 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -cyclohexyl-aspartic acid (101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (198 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-phenylalanine (85 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 85 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min.), Boc-valine (69 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 69 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min.), Boc-alanine (60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min), Boc-O.sup.β -cyclohexyl-aspartic acid (202 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (94 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 94 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (262 mg, 0.64 mmole, 60 min) to give Boc-octacosapeptide resin. This resin was subjected to steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 0.5 ml acetic anhydride in 10 ml 1% diisopropylethylamine/CH 2  Cl 2  for 30 minutes. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to give N.sup.α -acetyl-octacosapeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2 except that 6 ml of dimethyl sulfide and 2 ml HF were used in the first step and 1 ml anisole and 9 ml HF were used in the second step. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid, filtered, and lyophilized to yield 395 mg of an off-white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC in two steps on reversed-phase columns. The peptide was applied to a Magnum-20 ODS-3 column (2×25 cm) in 10 ml 10% acetic acid and eluted with a 20 minute gradient of 0-10% 1% AcOH/CH 3  CN at a flow rate of 4.0 ml/min. Elution was continued for 1.5 hours at 10% and then a gradient of 10-35% 1% AcOH/CH 3  CN in 60 minutes was run. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 106 mg of white, amorphous powder. This semi-pure material was subjected to a second purification on a Magnum-20 ODS-3 column (2×50 cm) with a gradient of 10-35% 1% AcOH/CH 3  CN in 2 hours and a 8.0 ml/min. flow rate. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 15.5 mg (5.5%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Acetyl-(Lys 12 , Lys 14 , Nle 17 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-tetradecapeptide resin (0.44 g, 0.08 mmole) of Example 19 was coupled with fourteen individual cycles of Boc-N.sup.ε -chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min.; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min.; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min), Boc-leucine (80 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 80 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min), Boc-N.sup.ε -chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 266 mg, 0.64 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min; 99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (282 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-asparagine (40 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 40  mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min; 81 mg, 0.64 mmole, 120 min), Boc-O.sup.β -cyclohexyl-aspartic acid (101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min.), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (198 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs.), Boc-phenylalanine (85 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 85 mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min), Boc-valine (69 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 69 mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min), Boc-alanine (60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), Boc-O.sup.β -cyclohexyl-aspartic acid (101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (94 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 95 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (131 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 131 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min) to give Boc-octacosapeptide resin. This resin was subjected to steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 0.5 ml acetic anhydride in 10 ml 1% diisopropylethylamine/CH 2  Cl 2  for 30 minutes. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to give 0.55 g of N.sup.α -acetyl-octacosapeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 1. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid, filtered, and lyophilized to yield 280 mg of an off-white solid. 
     This crude material was purified by preparative HPLC on a Mganum-20 ODS-3 column (2×50 cm) as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 16.5 mg (5.9%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 19 
     Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Acetyl-(Lys 12 , Nle 17 , Thr 25 , Val 26 , Thr 28 )-VIP 
     A portion of the Boc-tripeptide resin (0.31 g, 0.08 mmole) of Example 19 was coupled with twenty-three individual cycles of Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), Boc-asparagine (40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 20 min; 40 mg 0.17 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-leucine (80 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 90 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (141 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 141 mg, 0.32 mmole, 2 hrs), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 4 hrs), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (133 mg, 0.32 mg mmole, 60 min; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 2 hrs; 266 mg, 0.64 mmole, 60 min), Boc-valine (69 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 69 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), Boc-alanine (60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 30 min; 60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), Boc-norleucine (74 mg, 0.32 mmole, 30 min; 74 mg, 0.32 mmole, 30 min), Boc-glutamine (87 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-N.sup.ε -2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), Boc-N G  -tosyl-arginine (137 mg, 0.32 mmole, 2 hrs; 137 mg, 0.32 mmole, 8 hrs; 274 mg, 0.64 mmole, 4 hrs; 274 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-N.sup.ε -chlorobenzylcarbonyl-lysine (133 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 133 mg 0.32 mmole, 2 hrs), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 198 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-O-2,6-dichlorobenzyl-tyrosine (141 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 141 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min), Boc-asparagine (40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 60 min.; 40 mg, 0.17 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-O.sup.β -cyclohexylaspartic acid (101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min), Boc-O-benzyl-threonine (99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 30 min; 99 mg, 0.32 mmole, 40 min), Boc-phenylalanine (85 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 85 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min), Boc-valine (139 mg, 0.64 mmole, 8 hrs), Boc-alanine (60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 60 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min.), Boc-O.sup.β -cyclohexyl-asparatic acid (101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 101 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min), Boc-O-benzyl-serine (94 mg, 0.32 mmole, 20 min; 95 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min.), and Boc-N im  -tosyl-histidine (131 mg, 0.32 mmole, 60 min; 131 mg, 0.32 mmole, 5 min) to give Boc-octacosapeptide resin. This resin was subjected to steps 1 to 15 and then treated with 0.5 ml acetic anhydride in 10 ml 1% diisopropylamine/CH 2  Cl 2  for 30 min. Steps 22 to 27 were performed to give 0.58 g of N.sup.α -acetyl-octacosapeptide resin. 
     This peptide resin was cleaved with the procedure described in Example 2 except that 6 ml of dimethyl sulfide and 2 ml HF were used in the first step and 1 ml anisole and 9 ml HF were used in the second step. The HF was removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with ether and ethyl acetate. The residue was extracted with 10% acetic acid, filtered, and lyophilized to yield 298 mg of an off-white solid. 
     The crude material was purified by preparative HPLC on a Magnum-20 ODS-3 column (2×50 cm) as in Example 2. The main peak was collected and lyophilized to yield 10.3 mg (3.6%) of a white, amorphous powder. This compound was homogeneous by HPLC and gave the correct amino acid analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 20 
     Bronchodilator Activity of VIP Analogs 
     The bronchodilatory effect of VIP analogs was studied in a model utilizing guinea pig trachea. Wasserman, M. A. et al. &#34;Comparative In Vitro Tracheal Relaxant Effects of Porcine and Hen VIP&#34; in Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ed. Said, S. I., Raven Press (New York, 1982). 
     All tissues were taken from male albino quinea pigs weighing 400-600 g, anesthetized with ureathane 2 g/kg i.p. After exsanguination the trachea was removed and divided into four ring segments (3 mm length). Each ring was suspended by two 30 gauge stainless steel wires in a 10 ml jacket tissue bath and attached via 4-0 silk thread to a Grass force displacement transducer (model FT03C, Grass Instrument Co., Quincy, MA), for isometric recording of tension. The smooth muscle was bathed in modified Krebs solution of the following composition: NaCl, 120 mM; KCl, 4.7 mM; CaCl 2 , 2.5 mM; MgSO.sub..4 7H 2  O; 1.2 mM; NaHCO 3 , 25 mM; HK 2  PO 4  monobasic, 1.2 mM; and dextrose, 10 mM. Tissue baths were maintained at 37.5° C. and constantly bubbled with 95% O 2  and 5% CO 2 . Responses were recorded on an 8 channel and 4 channel Hewlett-Packard (model 7702 B and 7754A, respectively) recorder (Hewlett Packard, Paramus, NJ). Tracheal rings were placed under a resting tension of 1.5 g which was determined to be at or near optimal in preliminary experiments. Frequent readjustments of tension were required during the 60 min. stabilization period which followed. Tissues were rinsed at 15 min. intervals. 
     Cumulative concentration response curves were obtained for each tissue by successive μl increased in the bath concentration of VIP or potential VIP agonists according to the method of VanRossum J. M., Arch. Int Pharmacodyn, 143, 299-330 (1963). Only one cummulative dose response curve was obtained on a single piece of tissue. To minimize variability between tissues, relaxant responses are expressed as a percentage of the maximum response obtainable to VIP (10 -6  M=100%) added at the end of the concentration response curve. Responses obtained from three tissues were pooled and EC 50  values were determined by linear regression. 
     The results summarized in Table I show that the VIP analogs possess potent bronchodilator activity. The potencies of these analogs have been found to be equal to or greater than native VIP. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Bronchodilator Effect of VIP Analogs On Guinea                            
Pig Trachea Smooth Muscle                                                 
                     Agonist    Relative                                  
                     Activity   Potency                                   
Compound             EC.sub.50 (M)                                        
                                (%)                                       
______________________________________                                    
VIP                  1.0 × 10.sup.-8                                
                                100                                       
Ac--(Nle.sup.17)-VIP 9.0 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                111                                       
(Orn.sup.12,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                               
                     5.0 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                200                                       
(Lys.sup.12,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                               
                     3.8 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                263                                       
Ac--(Ser.sup.11,Phe.sup.13,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                
                     2.2 × 10.sup.-8                                
                                 45                                       
Ac--(Lys.sup.12,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                           
                     1.5 × 10.sup.-8                                
                                 67                                       
(Ser.sup.11,Phe.sup.13,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                    
                     1.5 × 10.sup.-8                                
                                 67                                       
(Ala.sup.9,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                                
                     1.0 × 10.sup.-8                                
                                100                                       
(Nle.sup.17,Thr.sup.25)-VIP                                               
                     9.9 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                101                                       
(Nle.sup.17,Thr.sup.28)-VIP                                               
                     9.3 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                108                                       
(Nle.sup.17,Thr.sup.24)-VIP                                               
                     8.0 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                125                                       
(Lys.sup.12,Lys.sup.14,Nle.sup.17,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP              
                     7.0 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                143                                       
(Lys.sup.14,Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                               
                     5.8 × 10.sup.- 9                               
                                172                                       
(Nle.sup.17,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP                                    
                     4.8 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                208                                       
(Lys.sup.12,Nle.sup.17,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP                         
                     3.5 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                286                                       
Ac--(Lys.sup.12,Nle.sup.17,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP                     
                     2.7 × 10.sup.-9                                
                                364                                       
Ac--(Lys.sup.12,Nle.sup.17,Thr.sup.25,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP          
                     2.08 × 10.sup.-9                               
                                481                                       
Ac--(Orn.sup.12,Nle.sup.17,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP                     
                     1.74 × 10.sup.-9                               
                                575                                       
Ac--(Lys.sup.12,Lys.sup.14,Nle.sup.17,Val.sup.26,Thr.sup.28)-VIP          
                     .sup. 9.8 × 10.sup.-10                         
                                1020                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 21 
     Inhibition of Histamine Induced Bronchoconstriction by Aerochamber 
     Male guinea pigs (Hartley Strain) weighing 400 to 600 g are anesthetized with urethane (2 μg/kg) intraperitoneally and a polyethylene cannula is inserted into the jugular vein for drug administration. A cannula is inserted in the trachea and connected to an aerochamber for aerosol administration of test drug. Spontaneously breathing animals are exposed for a 30 second period to varying concentrations of aerosol solution of test drug or appropriate placebo sprayed into the aerochamber (2-10 inhalations). Metered dose inhalers are used to administer all compounds by inhalation. Each 5 ml inhaler contains 50 metered doses (100 μl per actuation) each delivering 0.04 mg of test drug. An excipient formulation consists of 0.01 ml dimethylsulfoxide, 0.5 ml ethanol and 4.49 ml freon 12. At the end of the 30 second exposure period, the animals are paralyzed with succinylcholine (1.2 mg/kg, i.v.) and mechanically respirated (Harvard rodent respirator) at 40 breaths/min and 3 cc tidal volume. Tracheal pressure is recorded on a two channel polygraph (Hewlett-Packard Model 77028) from a cannula inserted in the trachea and connected to a Statham pressure transducer (P23 DB). Animals are challenged with a maximal constrictory dose of histamine (50 μg/kg, i.v.) delivered 30 seconds after administration of the succinylcholine. The change in ventilatory pressure is determined for controls and drug treated animals. From these numbers, the percent inhibition (mean±SEM) is calculated and IC 50  determined. 
     In order to determine the aerosol time course of activity of a drug, the animals are prepared as described above, except that the time between exposure and challenge with histamine varies from 30 seconds to either 5, 10, 20, 30 or 60 minutes. 
     EXAMPLE 22 
     Relaxation of Human Bronchial Smooth Muscle 
     Human bronchial smooth muscle or intra-pulmonary arteries were obtained from surgical section or autopsy from Overlook Hospital, Summit, N.J. Airway or vascular rings were suspended by two 30 gauge stainless steel wires in a 10 ml jacket tissue bath and attached via 4-0 silk thread to a Grass forcer displacement transducer (model FT030C, Grass Instrument Co., Quincy, MA), for isometric recording of tension. The smooth muscle was bathed in modified Kreb&#39;s solution of the following composition: NaCl, 120 mM; KCl, 4.7 mM; CaCL 2 , 2.5 mM; MgSO 4 .7H 2  O; 1.2 mM; NaHCO 3 , 25 mM; KH 2  PO 4  monobasic, 1.2 mM; and dextrose, 10 mM. Tissue baths were maintained at 37.5° C. and constantly bubbled with 95% O 2  and 5% CO 2 . Responses were recorded on a 8 channel and 4 channel Hewlett-Packard (model 7702B and 7754A, respectively) recorder (Hewlett Packard, Paramus, NJ). All tissues were placed under a resting tension (airway, 1.5 g; vascular, 1 g) which was determined to be near optimal in preliminary experiments. Frequent readjustments of tension were required during the 120-180 min. stabilization period which followed. Tissues were rinsed at 15 min. intervals. Vascular tissues were primed once with phenylephrine (10 -5  M) and washed for an additional hour. Steady state contractions of vacular tissues were obtained with phenylephrine (10 -5  M) while airway tissues were precontracted with histamine (3×10 -4  M). 
     Cumulative concentration response curves were obtained for each tissue by successive μl increases in the bath concentration of VIP or potential VIP agonists according to the method of VanRossum noted above. Only one cumulative dose response curve was obtained on a single piece of tissue. To minimize variability between tissues, relaxant responses were expressed as a percentage of the maximum response obtainable to papaverine (vascular, 10 -4  M=100%) or isoproterenol (airway, 10 -4  M=100%) added at the end of the concentration response curve. Any tissue which did not relax 15 divisions (3/4 g) was omitted. Reponses obtained from four tissues were pooled and EC 50  values were determined by linear regression. 
     The results summarized in Table II show that the VIP analogs possess high bronchodilator activity. The potencies of these analogs have been found to be equal to or greater than native VIP. 
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Bronchodilator effect of VIP Analogs                                      
on Human Bronchial Smooth Muscle                                          
AGONIST ACTIVITY                                                          
                                Rel.                                      
Compound     EC.sub.50 (M)                                                
                          (n)   Potency                                   
______________________________________                                    
VIP (1-28)   8.400        (2)   100%                                      
(Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                                          
             3.900        (3)   215%                                      
(Orn.sup.12,Nle.sup.17 -VIP                                               
             4.300        (3)   195%                                      
Ac-(Nle.sup.17)-VIP                                                       
             0.300        (1)   2800%                                     
(Lys.sup.12,Nle.sup.17 -VIP                                               
             5.1          (2)   165%                                      
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Steady state contracting of the human bronchi was elicited by 3   
 × 10.sup.-4 M histamine.