Filtration control additive for invert emulsion drilling fluids and method of preparation
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending application Ser. No. 798,965, filed Nov. 18, 1985, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to drilling fluids utilized in the drilling of subterranean oil and gas wells, and more particularly to a filtration control additive for use in invert emulsion drilling fluids and preparing water-in-oil, emulsion-type drilling fluids; the method of preparation of the additive, and the method of their use in drilling such wells. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     As is known in the art, a rotary system is the most common form of drilling subterranean wells, especially those to obtain hydrocarbons from relatively deep, producing formations. The rotary system depends upon rotation of a lengthy column of drill pipe, to the bottom of which is attached a multifaced drilling bit which serves to cut into the earth formation. As the drilling continues, the cuttings from the drilling bit accumulate in the well and must be removed in order to continue the drilling. A drilling fluid is commonly used to carry such cuttings to the surface for removal to allow the bit to continue its functioning. The bottom of the hole thus formed must be kept clean and free of cuttings at all times in order to facilitate efficient drilling. It is also known that drilling systems other than the aforesaid rotary system are sometimes employed in drilling operations; however, all such systems still require a drilling fluid to remove bore hole cuttings and to otherwise perform functions related to drilling fluids. In many situations, what is generally referred to as a &#34;drilling fluid&#34; actually may be utilized with either no modification or only minor modification as a fluid for use in conjunction with completing or working over a subterranean well. In this connection, utilization of the phrase &#34;drilling fluid&#34;, as used herein, contemplates the use of such fluid in completion and work-over operations in subterranean wells as well as in the initial drilling operations. 
     Although aqueous-based drilling fluids which utilize clear water, brine, saturated brine, or sea water as the primary liquid base constituent may be found to be dominant within some facets of the drilling industry, there is a considerable need for drilling fluids wherein a hydrocarbon liquid forms the primary liquid constituent, particularly in instances in which the drilling fluid is utilized in higher temperature wells which are drilled to greater depths than heretofore experienced. 
     Hydrocarbon-based drilling fluids normally are defined as invert emulsion, or water-in-oil emulsion drilling fluids. Such emulsions provide droplets of water which are typically dispersed in a continuous phase of oil. The oil, or continuous phase, typically will comprise a hydrocarbon such as mineral oil, diesel oil, crude oil, kerosene, or the like. The amount of such oil commonly used will be within the range of about 60 to 90 parts by volume and preferably within the range of about 70 to 90 parts by volume on the basis of 100 parts equaling the total liquid phase of the drilling fluid. The concentration of the selected hydrocarbon depends upon the particular application and earth formations for which the water-in-oil drilling fluid is to be utilized. 
     The dispersed liquid phase of the drilling fluid is commonly referred to as the &#34;water phase&#34; and may consist of fresh water, salt water, sea water, or saturated brine. Normally the presence of typical amounts of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, or calcium sulfate salts will have little effect on the stability of the emulsion which is typically produced. The water concentration will normally be in the range from between about 5 to 40 parts by volume and more commonly will be within the range of about 10 to 30 parts by volume on the basis of 100 parts equaling the liquid phase of the drilling fluid composition. As aforesaid, the exact concentration depends upon the particular application for which the invert emulsion drilling fluid is to be utilized. 
     The liquid hydrocarbons normally serve as a continuous liquid vehicle to be converted into a drilling fluid having desirable properties for the desired applications by adding various materials to thicken the fluid so that it will support cuttings and provide a low fluid loss when the fluid is subjected to filtration against a permeable formation and in addition to increase the density of the fluid. The fluids of the present invention are greatly improved for the aforesaid purposes and also have been found useful in certain other types of well-working operations. As is known, oil-bearing sands of low permeability are commonly subjected to extremely high fluid pressures in order to crack them open along bedding planes and the fractures so formed are held open by solid propping agents introduced with the fracturing fluid. In such use, it is desirable to employ an oil base fluid having low filtration loss, and in many cases it is also necessary to fill the annular space between the casing and the walls of the hole to facilitate most efficient production. It is also advantageous to use an oily fluid to minimize corrosion and to provide low fluid loss characteristics over lengthy time periods wherein the packing fluid remains in place. These operations involving drilling, fracturing, and packing are well-working operations; and the oil base well-drilling fluids, well-fracturing fluids, and well-packing fluids are all termed &#34;oil base well-working fluids&#34;, as used in the following specification and claims. 
     In recent years, additives for the control of fluid loss have not been able to adequately control fluid loss at high bottom hole temperatures. This has resulted in increased additive consumption to maintain mud properties, thus increasing system costs. The fluids which are obtainable in accordance with our invention are characterized by extremely low filtrate loss after high temperature aging and the additives which are the subject matter of this invention are based on humic acid of such nature that undue thickening does not occur before fluid loss is lowered to an acceptable level. 
     Humic acid is a material of wide distribution being present in soils, peat, and soft coals; especially coals known as lignite or brown coal, as well in the mineral leonardite. While its precise chemical structure is not completely understood, it is a generally uniform material which represents a naturally occurring product of degradation, such as leaves, wood, and similar vegetable organic matter. It is an acid in which both carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups contribute to its base combining ability. It is soluble in alkalis such as caustic soda and sodium carbonate, has a deep brown color, and is readily soluble in water when converted to alkali metal salts. Leonardite and lignite provide a common source of such humic acid which occurs in sizable deposits in the United States, especially in the western states. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,168,475 and 3,281,458 to Jordan et al relate to well drilling fluids in which substituted ammonium humates are utilized. The process employs such materials wherein the fluid is subject to loss of oil by filtration. U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,447 to Andrews et al relates to lignite products and compositions thereof, and more particularly to the reaction products of humic acid with long chain fatty acyl partial amides of polyalkylene polyamine for use in compounding oil base well working fluids. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,427 to Andrews et al relates to humic acid with long chain fatty acyl partial amines of a polyalkylene polyamine, the humic acid being reacted with the long chain alkyl ammonium cation for use in an oil base well-drilling fluid. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,538,071 and 3,671,428 to Kim relate to lignin derivatives for use in oil base drilling muds wherein an oxidized lignin is reacted with an amine to form a salt. 
     While the foregoing prior art discloses various amine salts of humic acid, none are produced by the method disclosed in the present application, and none have the chemical and physical characteristics of the subject reaction products for use as a filtration control additive for drilling fluids as first disclosed herein. 
     In co-pending application Serial No. 798,965, filed November 18, 1985, and entitled &#34;Filtration Control Additive for Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids and Method of Preparation&#34;, we disclosed the method of preparation and use of a pyrolyzed product derived from a finally divided humic acid-containing material together with a primary amine having an alkyl radical of 10 to 20 carbon atoms or a primary amine having one alkylsubstituted phenyl radical, with the alkyl radical having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. The derived product was obtained by reaction in a reaction chamber under controlled atmospheric conditions utilizing inert gas, carbon dioxide, or the like, under application of heat from about 185° C. to the decomposition temperature of the resultant pyrolysis product. We have found that a satisfactory product may be obtained when the reactants are reacted within the specified temperature range, but in a vessel within which there is no application of pressure above atmospheric to the vessel interior during the reaction process. This alternative reaction procedure and resulting product have been found to be equally satisfactory when compared to the product derived from the reaction product wherein the reactants are introduced into a vessel which is caused to be exposed to an increase in pressure over atmospheric. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the preparation and utilization of a unique composition which is useful as a filtrate control additive for inclusion in drilling fluids and in the formulation of water-in-oil drilling fluids for subterranean wells. The primary function of the subject additive is its use in preparing a drilling fluid having decreased fluid loss rates over those available in the prior art. 
     A significant advantage of the present invention is that when used at relatively low concentrations, the additive in conjunction with emulsifiers serves to produce a thermally stable emulsion as evidenced by the lack of free water in the high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) filtrates. The use of lower concentration of the additive is markedly more costeffective. The additive of the present invention can be used in conjunction with primary emulsifiers such as tall oil soaps in mud systems where additional filtration control is desired. 
     The filtration control additive of the present invention consists of the pyrolyzed product obtained by intermixing and heating a finely divided humic acid-containing material and a primary amine having an alkyl radical ranging from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms or a primary amine having one alkylsubstituted phenyl radical, the alkyl radical having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. The amine may also be a secondary amine having at least one alkyl radical of 8 to 20 carbon atoms. The pyrolysis is completed in an enclosed reaction chamber having a controlled atmosphere such as an inert gas or carbon dioxide gas. Alternatively, the pyrolysis is conducted in a vessel exposed to atmospheric pressure during the reaction. The resulting pyrolysis product has a high thermal stability in drilling fluids at temperatures of not less than about 230° C. and possesses improved filtration control properties. 
     Although the exact chemical nature of the pyrolysis product has not been determined, it is recognized by those skilled in the art that amides are formed by the pyrolysis of primary or secondary amine salts of carboxylic acids. Heating the mixture of amine and humic-acid containing material results initially in salt formation between the amine and the carboxylic acid groups of humic acid. Further heating of the amine salts of humic acid converts some and possibly all of the amine salts to amides. Because the extent of amide formation has not been determined, the products of this invention will be referred to by the term &#34;pyrolysis products&#34;. 
     The humic acid-containing material preferably comprises leonardite or lignite which is ground into fine particle size and reacted with the primary or secondary amine in the reaction vessel at atmospheric pressure or under controlled atmospheric conditions while heating the reactants to a temperature from about 185° C. to the decomposition temperature of the resultant pyrolysis products. The preferred humic acid material is leonardite, which is ground into fine particle size, ranging from about -20 to -200 U.S. mesh. The primary amine consists of a long chain, fatty amine having an alkyl radical ranging from 10 to 20 carbon atoms or a primary amine having one alkylsubstituted phenyl radical, the alkyl radical having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. The amine may also be a secondary amine having at least one alkyl radical of 8 to 20 carbon atoms. The amine is preferably selected from the group consisting of octadecyl amine, soya amine, tall oil amine, tallow amine, oleyl amine, vegetable oil amine, coco amine, and dodecyl amine. The preferred weight ratio of dry leonardite to amine ranges from about 2:1 to 5:1 and the materials are preferably reacted in the pyrolysis chamber under a controlled atmosphere of either an inert gas or carbon dioxide gas. 
     The resultant pyrolyzed amine salts of humic acid may be used in minor amount as the filtration control additive in drilling fluids which are capable of withstanding well temperatures in the range of up to about 200° to 230° C., and may be used in both diesel oil-based or mineral oil-based drilling fluid systems. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the preparation of the filtration control additive and emulsion composition utilized in the present invention, a humic acid-containing material such as leonardite or lignite is reacted with a primary or secondary amine. The humic-acid material was finely ground to a fineness ranging from about -20 to -200 U.S. mesh. Primary amine salts of leonardite were pyrolyzed at various temperatures in stainless steel bombs. Although most reactions were conducted at 200° C. for 16 hours, other reactions were performed at 250°, 275°, 300° C.; the required reaction time being decreased to 3 hours at 300° C. 
     Salts of primary and tertiary amines were made by reacting an amine with dry -30 mesh leonardite in a warm methanol slurry. As an example, a one liter Erlenmeyer flask was charged with 250 ml methanol and 30 grams octadecylamine. The mixture was warmed in a 50°-60° C. water bath to dissolve the octadecylamine. After the octadecylamine was dissolved, the light yellow solution was charged with 90 grams dry -30 mesh leonardite. The slurry was stirred magnetically for 2 hours while being kept warm with the water bath. The resultant black slurry was filtered through an 11 cm Buchner funnel, and the solid was washed with three 50 ml portions of warm methanol. After the methanol had evaporated, the black-brown solid was dried in a 100° C. oven for 2 hours. The dry weight of amine salt was 113.5 grams. The resultant product was ground to a fine powder with a grinder. 
     Quaternary ammonium salts were also made. As an example, 86 grams, -30 mesh leonardite (approximately 60 grams dry weight) were added to a solution of 5.5 grams sodium hydroxide dissolved in 500 ml water. The black solution was stirred magnetically for thirty minutes. The pH of the solution was 8.85 as determined by a pH meter. The leonardite solution was charged with a solution of 60 grams of trimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (50% strength) dissolved in 200 ml water. An immediate gelatinous precipitate formed. After the slurry was mixed for 30 minutes the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 6.5 by the addition of approximately 4.5 ml 6 M hydrochloric acid. The slurry was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm using a standard centrifuge and the supernatant liquid was decanted. The solid residue was filtered on a 15 cm Buchner funnel and washed with three 100 ml portions of methanol. After the methanol had evaporated the product was placed in a 60°-70° C. oven for 2.5 hours. The dry weight was 81.6 grams. The product was ground to a fine powder with a grinder. 
     In the salt pyrolysis a 500 ml stainless steel bomb was charged with the previously prepared amine salt made by the aforesaid methanol slurry procedure. The bomb was flushed with nitrogen and placed in a hot oven. In most cases the bombs were placed in a 200° C. oven for 16 hours. After the bomb was removed from the oven it was vented to release steam generated by the pyrolysis. 
     In the dry process a 500 ml stainless steel bomb was charged with a mixture of the selected amine and -60 mesh leonardite. The bomb was purged with nitrogen and placed in a 200° C. oven for 16 hours. The bomb may be charged with nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas, the latter being preferred. Following preparation of the pyrolysis product, the bomb was then removed and vented. 
     When it is desired to conduct the pyrolysis reaction at atmospheric pressure, a stainless steel reactor, such as a 600 ml parr reactor may be used with the vent line remaining in the open position during the reaction, to permit distillation of water out of the reaction mixture. At the conclusion of the reaction, the vent line may be closed to prevent air from entering the reactor while the reaction mixture is cooled. When conducting the pyrolysis reaction at atmospheric pressure using such a reactor, the optimum reaction time has been found to be about 65 minutes as indicated by certain performance evaluation tests, as set forth below. The reaction between the reactants will occur as temperature is increased to approximately 200° C., typically for a time period from about 55 to about 75 minutes. Slurry and salt pyrolysis are conducted in the same manner using this atmospheric technique. 
     The amine taken for pyrolysis reaction with leonardite was preferably a long chain fatty amine having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms. The amine consisted of octadecyl amine, soya amine, tall oil amine, tallow amine, oleyl amine, vegetable oil amine, or cocoa amine. Other primary or secondary amines can also be used for the reaction. The resultant pyrolysis products are hereinafter referred to as fluid loss additives in their evaluation in invert emulsions. 
     To demonstrate the superiority of the pyrolysis products over the leonardite-amine salts the various additives were tested in both diesel oil and mineral oil mud systems. The relatively poor performance of the salts in HTHP filtrate tests is demonstrated in Tables 1-4. The HTHP data were obtained after only 16 hours of aging at 200° C. 
     The results of diesel oil mud testing of amine salts of leonardite are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3. The fluid loss additives were evaluated at a concentration of 12 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 2.7 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 17 lbs/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 4. 5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 weight percent calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes in a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 16 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi (except where noted). The fluid loss evaluation was conducted in accordance with the API standard procedure for field testing drilling fluids, designated as API RP 13B Eleventh Edition dated May 1, 1985. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
PRIMARY AMINE SALTS OF LEONARDITE                                         
Leonardite/Amine    150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                         
Amine   Ratio           Total   Free Water                                
______________________________________                                    
Octadecyl                                                                 
        2/1             34      --                                        
Octadecyl                                                                 
        3/1              52*    --                                        
Octadecyl                                                                 
        4/1              66*    --                                        
Octadecyl                                                                 
        5/1              66*    --                                        
Octadecyl                                                                 
        8/1             84      0.8                                       
Tallow  3/1             34      --                                        
Oleyl   3/1             48      --                                        
Coco    3/1             68      2.0                                       
______________________________________                                    
 *20 minutes HTHP                                                         
 
    
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
TERTIARY AMINE SALTS OF LEONARDITE                                        
         Leonardite/Amine                                                 
                     150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Amine      Ratio         Total    Free Water                              
______________________________________                                    
Dimethyl   3/1           54       0.4                                     
octadecylamine                                                            
Dimethyl   3/1           74       --                                      
(hydrogenated                                                             
tallow) amine                                                             
Dimethyl   2/1           62       --                                      
(hydrogenated                                                             
tallow) amine                                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
QUATERNARY AMINE SALTS OF LEONARDITE                                      
         Leonardite/Amine                                                 
                     150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Amine      Ratio         Total    Free Water                              
______________________________________                                    
Dimethyl alkyl                                                            
           2/1           54       2.0                                     
(C.sub.12 -C.sub.16)                                                      
benzyl ammonium                                                           
chloride                                                                  
Dimethyl alkyl                                                            
             1/1.37      14.4     --                                      
(C.sub.12 -C.sub.16)                                                      
benzyl ammonium                                                           
chloride                                                                  
Dimethyl alkyl                                                            
           1.67/1        52       --                                      
(C.sub.14 -C.sub.18)                                                      
benzyl ammonium                                                           
chloride                                                                  
Dimethyl alkyl                                                            
             1/1.6       4.4      --                                      
(C.sub.14 -C.sub.18)                                                      
benzyl ammonium                                                           
chloride                                                                  
Trimethyloctade-                                                          
           2/1           26       --                                      
cylammonium                                                               
chloride                                                                  
Dimethyldi 1.72/1        6.8      --                                      
(hydrogenated                                                             
tallow) ammonium                                                          
chloride                                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The amine salts of leonardite were also tested in a mineral oil mud system. With regard to the mud formulation and testing procedure, the fluid loss additives were evaluated at a concentration of 12 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 2.7 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 17 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 12 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was a mineral oil and the water phase was a 30% by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes in a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 16 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi. 
     The following Table 4 indicates the data obtained from such evaluation. 
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL MINERAL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                               
AMINE SALTS OF LEONARDITE                                                 
          Leonardite/Amine                                                
                      150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                       
Amine       Ratio         Total    Free Water                             
______________________________________                                    
Octadecyl   2/1           13.6     --                                     
Dimethyldi  1.72/1        15.6     --                                     
(hydrogenated                                                             
tallow) ammonium                                                          
chloride                                                                  
Dimethyl alkyl                                                            
              1/1.6       10.4     --                                     
(C.sub.14 -C.sub.18)                                                      
benzyl ammonium                                                           
chloride                                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The relatively poor performance of the leonarditeamine salts in HTHP filtration control is illustrated in Tables 1 to 4. The HTHP data were obtained after only 16 hours of aging at 200° C. 
     Tables 5 to 7 indicate the superiority of the pyrolysis products over the salts. Table 5 provides filtration data for pyrolyzed leonardite. The relatively poor filtration control provided by pyrolyzed leonardite indicates the importance of amine in the product formulation. Tables 5 and 6 show the effect of various ratios of leonardite to amine on filtration control. Table 7 indicates the effects of various amines reacted with leonardite in the same mole ratio. It should be noted that higher weight ratios of leonardite to amine were used with cocoamine and dodecylamine since these amines have lower molecular weights than the other amines. 
     Table 5 shows the results of fluid loss additives which were evaluated at a concentration of 12 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 2.7 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 17 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 4.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi (except where noted). 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
SAMPLES PYROLYZED AT 200° C.                                       
        Leonardite/Amine                                                  
                     150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Amine     Ratio          Total    Free Water                              
______________________________________                                    
Octadecyl 2/1            3.2      --                                      
Octadecyl 2.2/1          2.0      --                                      
Octadecyl 2.6/1          3.6      --                                      
Octadecyl 3/1            3.2      --                                      
Octadecyl 6/1            19.2     --                                      
Soya      3/1            2.4      --                                      
Soya      4/1            12.8     --                                      
Soya      5/1            12.0     --                                      
Tall oil  3/1            3.6      --                                      
Tall oil  4/1            7.6      --                                      
Tall oil  5/1            19.6     --                                      
Pyrolyzed                60       1.0*                                    
Leonardite                                                                
(No Amine)                                                                
______________________________________                                    
 *18 min. HTHP                                                            
 
    
     Table 6 shows the results of fluid loss additives which were evaluated at a concentration of 12 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 2.7 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 17 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 4.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was a mineral oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi. 
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL MINERAL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                               
SAMPLES PYROLYZED AT 200° C.                                       
         Leonardite/Amine                                                 
                     150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Amine      Ratio         Total     Free Water                             
______________________________________                                    
Octadecyl  2/1           26        --                                     
Octadecyl  2.2/1         8.8       --                                     
Octadecyl  3/1           3.6       --                                     
Octadecyl  4/1           10.0      --                                     
Octadecyl  5/1           6.4       --                                     
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Table 7 shows the results of fluid loss additives which were evaluated at a concentration of 12 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio, weighted to 12 lbs/gal, containing 2.7 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 17 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 4.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi. 
     
                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
SAMPLES PYROLYZED AT 200° C.                                       
         Leonardite/Amine                                                 
                     150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Amine      Ratio         Total    Free Water                              
______________________________________                                    
Tallow     3/1           6.8      --                                      
Oleyl      3/1           3.2      --                                      
Tall Oil   3/1           3.6      --                                      
Soya       3/1           2.4      --                                      
Hydrogenated                                                              
           3/1           11.6     --                                      
Tallow                                                                    
Vegetable  3/1           2.4                                              
Coco       3.9/1         17.2     --                                      
Dodecyl    4.5/1         16.8     --                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The data contained in Table 8 indicate the effects of reaction parameters of time and temperature on mud performance of the pyrolysis products. All of the products were prepared by the pyrolysis of an octadecylamine salt of leonardite containing a 3/1 ratio (dry weight basis) of leonardite to amine. The 300° C. pyrolysis data indicate that a decomposition point was reached between a reaction time of 3 and 4 hours. Data are also listed for performance of the salt before pyrolysis. 
     Table 8 shows the results of fluid loss additives which were evaluated at a concentration of 12 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 2.7 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 17 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 4.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was a #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi (except as noted). 
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
EFFECTS OF REACTION PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON                               
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS FORMULATED                                      
WITH PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS                                                   
Pyrolysis                                                                 
         Pyrolysis                                                        
Time     Temp.         150° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                      
Hr.      °C.    Total   Free Water                                 
______________________________________                                    
16       160           6.0     --                                         
24       160           5.6     --                                         
 8       200           5.2     --                                         
12       200           5.2     --                                         
14       200           3.2     --                                         
24       200           2.8     --                                         
 2       300           4.4     --                                         
 3       300           3.2     --                                         
 4       300           5.6     --                                         
salt before pyrolysis                                                     
                   52*                                                    
______________________________________                                    
 *20 min. HTHP                                                            
 
    
     Whereas the pyrolysis products described in Tables 5 to 8 were made by first preparing the amine salt followed by salt pyrolysis, the filtration control products of Tables 9 and 10 were prepared by pyrolysis of a mixture of the preferred amine and leonardite. 
     Table 9 shows the results of fluid loss additives which were evaluated at a concentration of 20 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 1.2 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 4 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 3.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 200° C. and 500 psi. 
     
                       TABLE 9                                                     
______________________________________                                    
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PYROLYZED SALT                                  
AND A PRIOR ART PRODUCT AT 20 LB/BBL                                      
          Hours Hot  200° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Product     Rolled @ 200° C.                                       
                         Total    Free Water                              
______________________________________                                    
Pyrolyzed Salt                                                            
            16           4.8      none                                    
            64           5.2      none                                    
Prior Art Product*                                                        
            16           7.6      none                                    
            64           52                                               
______________________________________                                    
 *a known oildispersible lignite derivative                               
 
    
     Because of the low HTHP filtrate volumes of Table 9 the additive concentration was reduced to demonstrate product effectiveness. 
     Table 10 shows the results of fluid loss additives which were evaluated at a concentration of 7.5 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 1.2 gal/bbl of a primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 4 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 2.5 lb/bbl organophilic clay for diesel oil muds or 4.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay for mineral oil muds. The oil phase was a low toxicity mineral oil or #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 200° C. and 500 psi. 
     
                       TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PYROLYZED SALT                                  
AND A PRIOR ART PRODUCT AT 7.5 LB/BBL                                     
         Hours Hot   200° C. HTHP, cm.sup.3                        
Product    Rolled @ 200° C.                                        
                         Total    Free Water                              
______________________________________                                    
Diesel Oil                                                                
Pyrolyzed Salt                                                            
           initial       22       none                                    
           16            6.8      none                                    
           64            28       none                                    
Prior Art  initial       15.2     none                                    
Product*   16            22       none                                    
           64            98       0.4                                     
Mineral Oil                                                               
Pyrolyzed Salt                                                            
           initial       7.6      none                                    
           64            36       none                                    
Prior Art  initial       12.4     none                                    
Product*   64            104      1.6                                     
______________________________________                                    
 *a known oildispersible lignite derivative                               
 
    
     Tables 9 and 10 present the results of 200° C. HTHP testing. Most importantly, the performance of a conventional existing product which was termed an oil-dispersible lignite derivative by its manufacturer and the pyrolyzed material of the present invention was compared. As indicated, the filtration control additives were evaluated at different concentrations. 
     The dry process was used to prepare the experimental filtration control additives in Tables 9 and 10. The pyrolysis products described in the other tables were made by first preparing the pre-reacted amine salt by the methanol slurry procedure and then pyrolyzing the amine salt. 
     Although primary fatty amines are preferred for the preparation of the pyrolysis products, other amines such as secondary amines or primary amines having an alkyl-substituted phenyl radical may be used. Examples of these classes of amines are provided in Tables 11 and 12. The examples in Table 11 were made by pyrolysis of the previously prepared leonarditeamine salt while the products of Table 12 were made by pyrolysis of an amine-leonardite mixture. The dry weight ratio of leonardite to amine is indicated in the tables. 
     The filtration control additives listed in Tables 11 and 12 were evaluated at a concentration of 7.5 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 1.2 gal/bbl primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 4 lb/bbl alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); and 2.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30 percent by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed for 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled for 64 hours at 200° C. before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 150° C. and 500 psi. 
     
                       TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
SAMPLES PYROLYZED AT 200° C.                                       
          Leonardite/Amine                                                
                      150° C. HTHP                                 
Amine       Ratio         Total    Free Water                             
______________________________________                                    
Dioctylamine                                                              
            3.4/1         90       8.4                                    
N--Methyloctadecyl                                                        
            3/1           48       None                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
SAMPLES PYROLYZED AT 200° C.                                       
          Leonardite/Amine                                                
                      150° C. HTHP                                 
Amine       Ratio         Total    Free Water                             
______________________________________                                    
Dihydrogenated                                                            
            3/1           48       None                                   
Tallow                                                                    
4-Tetradecylaniline                                                       
            2.9/1         6.4      None                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The results presented in Table 13 demonstrate the improved performance (decreased HTHP filtrate volumes) of the additives when the amine-leonardite salts were pyrolyzed in a carbon dioxide atmosphere rather than a nitrogen atmosphere. These products were made by intermixing leonardite and amine in a 3:1 dry weight ratio. The mixtures were pyrolyzed in a 200° C. oven for 16 hours. The fluid loss additives were evaluated at a concentration of 7.5 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lbs/gal containing 1.2 gal/bbl of primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 4 lb/bbl of alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 2.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30% by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed for 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled at the given time and temperature before determining API, RP 13B 30 minute fluid loss at 200° C. and 500 psi. 
     
                       TABLE 13                                                    
______________________________________                                    
FILTRATION CONTROL PROPERTIES OF 80:20,                                   
12 LB/GAL DIESEL OIL MUDS USED TO EVALUATE                                
SAMPLES PYROLYZED UNDER NITROGEN                                          
OR CARBON DIOXIDE                                                         
            Hours Hot  200° C. HTHP cm.sup.3                       
Product                                                                   
       Atmosphere Rolled @ 200° C.                                 
                               Total Free Water                           
______________________________________                                    
A      N.sub.2    Initial      22    None                                 
                  64           28    None                                 
B      N.sub.2    Initial      38    None                                 
                  64           16.4  None                                 
C      CO.sub.2   Initial      12    None                                 
                  64           6.4   None                                 
D      CO.sub.2   Initial      14.4  None                                 
                  64           9.6   None                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     A pyrolysis reaction was effected to provide a filtration control additive having superior properties, with the pyrolysis being effected in a vessel kept at atmospheric pressure during the pyrolysis. The reaction mixture was prepared by blending 85.2 grams -60 mesh North Dakota lignite, having a moisture content of about 20.4% by weight, with 22.6 grams vegetable oil amine. The reaction mixture was introduced into a 600 ml stainless steel reactor equipped with a stirring mechanism, heating mantle, and temperature probe. The vessel was purged with carbon dioxide by charging the vessel to 100 psi three separate times, with venting being initiated after each charge. The reactor was equipped with a distillate condenser and receiver. A vent line connecting the vessel to the condenser remained open during the reaction, but was closed while the reactor was cooling at the conclusion of the reaction. The mixture was heated within minutes to 150° C. During this time about 14 ml aqueous distillate was collected. After the water distillation was complete the reaction mixture was heated rapidly to about 195° C. After the mixture was at reaction temperature from between about 55 to about 75 minutes, the vent line was closed and the heating mantle removed. The reactor and its contents were cooled to room temperature with a water bath. A black powder was removed and a yield of about 90% was calculated. 
     The reaction time and temperatures for each of the respective samples are set forth below in Table 15, as follows: 
     
                       TABLE 14                                                    
______________________________________                                    
       Reaction Reaction  Wt.    Yield  Moisture                          
Sample Time     Temp.     Product                                         
                                 (1)    Content                           
No.    (Min.)   (°C.)                                              
                          (g)    (%)    (%)                               
______________________________________                                    
A      75       198-206   78.3   87.8   3.5                               
B      65       200-209   82.1   92.1   2.3                               
C      55       200-208   81.3   91.1   3.0                               
D      55       200-206   81.2   91.1   3.2                               
E      65       200-205   82.3   92.3   2.3                               
F      65       201-209   81.6   91.4   3.5                               
______________________________________                                    
 (1) Yields calculated from dry weights of reactants and products.        
 
    
     In order to determine the filtration control properties of the samples identified in Table 14, the additives were evaluated at a concentration of 7.5 lb/bbl in an oil-based invert emulsion mud having an 80:20 oil/water ratio weighted to 12 lb/gal containing 1.2 gal/bbl of primary emulsifier (oxidized tall oil); 4 lb/bbl alkaline earth oxide; 0.72 gal/bbl of a secondary emulsifier (polyamide type); 2.5 lb/bbl of an organophilic clay. The oil phase was #2 diesel oil and the water phase was a 30% by weight calcium chloride brine solution. The drilling fluids were mixed for 30 minutes on a Gifford-Wood homogenizer mixer. The mud samples were hot rolled at the given time and temperaature before determining API, RP13B 30 minute fluid loss at 200° C. and 500 psi. The data, set forth in Table 15 indicate that each of the respective samples provided a very satisfactory invert emulsion drilling fluid containing the filtration control additive of the present invention, prepared in a reaction vessel kept at atmospheric pressure. 
     
                       TABLE 15                                                    
______________________________________                                    
RHEOLOGICAL AND FILTRATION CONTROL                                        
PROPERTIES OF 80:20 12 LB/GAL DIESEL INVERT                               
EMULSION DRILLING FLUID                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Filtration Control                                                        
              A      B      C     D    E    F                             
Additive                                                                  
Reaction Time (min)                                                       
              75     65     55    55   65   65                            
            Initial Mud Properties                                        
PV.sup.1 /YP.sup.2                                                        
              16/2   16/3   17/3  15/5 15/5 16/3                          
Emulsion Stability,                                                       
              640    840    640   560  820  560                           
Volts                                                                     
HTHP Filtrate at                                                          
              32     14.4   20    18.4 12.8 19.2                          
400° F., 500 psi,                                                  
30 min., Total cm.sup.3                                                   
Free Water, cm.sup.3                                                      
              none   none   none  none none none                          
            Mud Properties After Aging                                    
PV.sup.1 /YP.sup.2                                                        
              17/1   18/1   17/1  15/4 17/2 17/2                          
Emulsion Stability,                                                       
              620    860    840   960  840  720                           
Volts                                                                     
HTHP Filtrate at                                                          
              7.2    14.8   11.2  7.6  8.4  8.0                           
400° F., 500 psi,                                                  
30 min., Total cm.sup.3                                                   
Free Water, cm.sup.3                                                      
              none   none   none  none none none                          
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 cP                                                                
 .sup.2 lbf/100 ft.sup.2                                                  
 
    
     Although the invention has been described in terms of the specified embodiments which are set forth in detail, it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto, since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure. Accordingly, modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention.