Methods of renovating sewers
This invention relates to an improved method of renovating sewers, in particular by relining the sewer with small lengths of plastic pipe. 
     Ninety-five per cent of Britain&#39;s sewers are non-man entry sewers. Many of these were built during the Industrial Revolution and so by now are beginning to collapse. This problem is also occurring in most other industrialized countries. Thus it is becoming increasingly important to find efficient and cost effective methods for either replacing or renovating these old sewers. 
     The main problem is that many of these sewers lie under busy roads, may lie deep under ground may even have been built over. This means that in many cases it is not feasible to replace the sewer, apart from the fact that this involves a greater cost. Also any method of renovating a sewer must involve the minimum of excavation. 
     Various methods are now in use for renovating sewers by relining the sewer. One of the major problems met in these methods is that many sewers have conduits joining them. Such conduits are known as laterals. Clearly any lining of the sewer will have to have a hole in it at the position of every lateral so that the connection between the lateral and the main sewer is not blocked. 
     A method of overcoming this problem is to put the hole cutting means down the lateral and to cut a hole from outside the sewer. The main problem with this method is that for it to be successful the location of the top of the laterals, that is, the man-hole where they reach the ground, must be both known and easily accessible. In many cases these positions are not known and the man-hole may even have been built over. 
     Another method of accommodating laterals which has been proposed is to find the location of the laterals with respect to the end of the sewer and then to cut the appropriate holes in the lining before placing the lining in the sewer. The major problem involved in this is that it is difficult to find the exact location of each lateral and any variation in temperature along the sewer can cause expansion of the lining which means that the holes cut in the sewer lining may not be aligned with the lateral. Any error in the positioning of the holes in the lining can be disastrous since it can cause the blocking of the laterals and can often only be solved by complete excavation of the sewer. 
     A method of relining sewers which is now being developed is to reline a sewer by taking small lengths of pipe up a sewer separately and building up the sewer lining section by section so that any mistakes will not involve the digging up of the whole sewer. Another advantage of this method is that a small section of pipe can go over any obstructions in a sewer with much more ease that if the sewer was to be lined with only one length of pipe. 
     According to this invention a method of lining a sewer comprises passing a first length of pipe along the sewer from the control station to a predetermined starting position within the sewer to form a first length of lining, and subsequently repeating the steps of passing a further length of pipe along the sewer from the control station to a joint position wherein the further length pipe abuts the sewer lining, and forming a permanent joint between the further length of pipe to the lining to extend the sewer lining, wherein all the steps are controlled from the control station. 
     A method commonly used for taking the separate pieces of pipe up the sewer is to insert an inflatable bag in its deflated state into the pipe, and then to inflate the bag to give a tight fit. The inflatable bag has means to attach to a winch to pull the pipe along the sewer. When the pipe is in place the bag is deflated and returned to the working end of the sewer. 
     Preferably the lining pipes are thermoplastic and the joints are effected by induction fusion welding. 
     The method of inductively welding the pipes together is based on European patent application No. 809006026 in which an inductive coil is used to induce a current in an electrically conductive material which melts the thermoplastic pipes to weld them together. In this case it is preferred that the pipes have a spigot at one end and a socket at the other, the socket carrying on its inside surface a strip of electrically conductive material. The inflatable bag preferably carries an inductive coil. The inflatable bag is positioned so that the coil is located within the spigot end of the pipe. When the spigot of the pipe pulled up the sewer is in place within the socket of the last pipe fixed in the sewer then the inductive coil and the electrically conductive material are aligned with each other and inductive welding may take place. 
     It is preferred that current passes through the inductive coil all the time when the pipe is being put up the sewer and a meter measures the voltage across the induction coil. This may then be used to accurately locate the pipe into the last piece of pipe. When the piece of pipe is in position there will be a deflection on the voltage meter showing that the pipe is in place and can now be inductively welded to the last pipe. This ensures that the pipe is in its required position and no gaps are left between the pipes. 
     Preferably after the joint between the further length of pipe and the lining has been effected, the annular space between the further length of pipe and the sewer is filled with grout, the grouting being effected and controlled at the control station. 
     Preferably the grouting is carried out by a grouting pump which is small and may be carried up the sewer within the pipe. Each pipe includes a tiny hole having connected to it a nipple which has a weakened portion. Before a pipe is placed within the sewer the grouting pump is placed within the pipe with a tube leading from it to the nipple. When the grouting has been completed the grouting pump is pulled, the weakened portion of the nipple breaks and the grouting pump may then be removed from the sewer. 
     The location of the position of the lateral has to be exact and accurate. Preferably the cable which pulls the pieces of pipe up the sewer includes a thin metal rod along part of its length. To fix a reference point on the last pipe an inflatable bag is used which has a hole of slightly larger diameter than the metal rod extending along its length on a point close to its edge. A cage which has a similar hole is attached to it by inserting a metal rod through both the hole on the cage and the hole on the inflatable bag. The cage carries a close-circuit T.V. camera which is movable from one end of the cage to the other end of the cage. It also includes a rotatable mirror which means that the camera may scan all around the sewer. Graduations along the cage show the longitudinal position of the camera and a graduated scale extending around the cage shows the radial position of the rotatable mirror. This bag and cage are pulled up the sewer until the bag is located within the last pipe. The cage is of a slightly larger size than the inside of the pipe and so will not pass into the last pipe. When the cage is in position the bag is inflated to form a fixed reference point which is the end of the hole through which the metal rod is placed. 
     The T.V. camera is then moved along the cage, the T.V. signals being sent to a viewer outside the sewer. When the viewer shows that the camera has located the edge of a lateral the mirror is rotated around until the camera notes the longitudinal position of the start of the lateral. The opposite edge of the lateral is found in a similar way. The radial position of the lateral with respect to the fixed point of the metal rod is then found. 
     The cage is then removed from the sewer leaving the inflatable bag in position in the last pipe. A similar inflatable bag with a hole along the length of its circumference is placed within another piece of pipe and a hole is cut in the pipe at the correct longitudinal and radial position with respect to the hole in the bag using the data collected by the T.V. camera. 
     Another T.V. camera is placed in this cut pipe facing out of the hole. The pipe is then carried up the sewer. When the cut pipe comes close to the last pipe the metal rod will enter the hole in the bag and bring the pipe into the correct radial position with respect to the fixed point. The T.V. camera checks that the hole is correctly aligned with the lateral. 
     The bag inside the cut pipe is then deflated and removed from the sewer, also bringing the T.V. camera out of the sewer. 
     Preferably when the cut pipe has been welded to the lining the annulus around the pipe is grouted by, passing an auxiliary grouting bag along the sewer to a position within the cut pipe, the auxiliary grouting bag comprising a first flexible cylindrical bag having a hole in its side which is fixed a flexible shuttering bag, the shuttering bag being capable of being in two positions, a first position wherein the shuttering bag is totally enclosed within the cylinder, the cylindrical bag being placed within the cut pipe with the hole of the bag and the pipe generally aligned, pressure being applied from the control station to the shuttering bag to inflate the shuttering bag from its first position to its second position where it protrudes out of the cylinder into the lateral whereby the lateral is completely sealed off so that the annulus between the cut pipe and sewer may be grouted. The cut price includes two nipples, the flexible bag having outlets in a corresponding position which are connected to the grouting pump. When the bag is in position in the cut pipe the holes and the nipples are aligned. The flexible bag is prevented from rotation by the weight of the connection to the pump. 
     Preferably the shuttering bag has a string attached to it and the auxiliary grouting pipe includes a photocell so that when the shuttering bag is completely inflated up the lateral the string is moved and the photocell senses that the bag is in position. 
     The method of locating a lateral, cutting a hole in the correct position and grouting around the cut pipe is very efficient since there are checks involved along the way at each step in the process. This avoids any errors and any danger of having to dig up the sewer. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, a grouting pump for mixing grout from at least two components in situ comprising at least two containers each container holding one of the two components, each container being coupled to a measuring means to measure a required quantity of the component, the measuring means delivering a measured quantity of each component to a mixing and delivering nozzle which mixes the components and feeds the grout out of the pump, and control means coupled to the measuring means and the mixing nozzle to control the operation of the pump. 
     Preferably the measuring means is in the form of pistons which measure a fixed quantity of each component and feed this measured quantity of component to the mixing nozzle. The mixing nozzle spins the components together to mix them thoroughly. 
     Preferably the pump is controlled by air logic so that the pump may be used under water. 
     Also within the scope of the present invention is any novel part of the above method. 
     Preferably the pump runs from an air logic system which means that no power has to be applied to the pump so that the pump may be used under water safely. 
     The preferred method according to this invention is very efficient and cost effective since no excavation is required, since the pipes may be entered into the sewer via an existing man-hole. This means that if a sewer is under a busy road the road does not have to be closed. Since at each step in the method there is some check that the pipes are in the correct position there is little likelihood of error occurring resulting in the sewer having to be totally dug up. Also since the grouting pump used is run by an air logic system the sewer may be relined and renovated while still running which avoids any disruption of local amenities. 
     A cut pipe has more strength if the hole which is cut in it is near the center of the pipe. Thus it is preferred that the length of the last pipe before the lateral may be varied so that the position of the lateral is around the middle of the pipe to be cut. Since it is possible to have laterals of different diameters it is preferred that auxiliary grouting pipes with holes of different diameters may be used. 
    
    
     An example of a method of relining a pipe in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a piece of pipe with the inflatable bag and the grouting pump in position within the pipe with half of the pipe cut away; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a sewer showing two pipes in position; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of a sewer with a cage in position adjacent a lateral; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of a sewer with a cut pipe in position adjacent a lateral; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of a sewer with an auxiliary grouting bag in position with the shuttering bag inflated up the lateral; 
     FIG. 6 is a view of the underneath of a grouting pump in accordance with the invention; and, 
     FIG. 7 is a side view of the grouting pump of FIG. 6. 
    
    
     A piece of pipe 1 to be placed in a sewer has a spigot end 2 and a socket end 3, the socket end 3 carries within it a strip of electrically conductive material 4. 
     Before placing the pipe within the sewer a bag 5 is inserted into the pipe 1. The bag 5 carries an inductive coil 6 which is positioned directly adjacent the spigot end 2 of the pipe. The bag is then inflated to fix it into position. The pipe 1 also includes the grouting pump 7 which is attached to the nipple 8 of the pipe 1 through which the grout is pumped outside the pipe. 
     The pipe 1 enters through the sewer 9 by a man-hole 10 and is pulled through the sewer 9 by a cable 11 which is attached to a winch 12. The pipe 1 is pulled up the sewer until the coil 6 of the bag 5 is in line with the electrically conductive strip 13 on the last fixed pipe 14. The pipe is fixed into position since it is grouted and therefore does not vary in length due to any temperature change. When the coil 6 is in line with the strip 13 a deflection is shown on the voltmeter connected to the inductive coil showing that the pipe is in its correct position. At this point more current is supplied to coil 6 to heat strip 13 to fuse the pipe 1 to the fixed pipe 14. Strip 13 is coated with a polyethylene coating 13a. When strip 13 heats up the coating 13a expands to seal the space between the two pipes. This prevents any water in the sewer from coming into contact with strip 13 to prevent any cooling of the strip 13. Air is then pumped through the grouting pump 7 to operate the air-logic system to produce grout which passes through the nipple 8 to the area between the pipe 1 and the sewer 9. When this has been completed the grouting pump 7 is pulled out of the pipe 1 breaking the nipple 8 which forms a seal against the grouting re-entering the pipe 1. The bag 5 is then deflated and the bag is then removed from the sewer 9. 
     This cycle of steps is repeated until the distance between the last pipe 14 and the next approximate position of a lateral is less than the length of a pipe. At this point bag 15 and a cage 16 which both have holes 17 along their lengths are threaded onto a metal rod 18 which is attached to the cable 11 running through the sewer 9. The bag and cage are then pulled along the sewer until the cage 16 meets the end of the pipe 14. At this point the bag 15 is inflated to form a fixed reference position. The cage 16 carries a T.V. camera 19 which is movable along its length. The T.V. camera 19 also includes a rotatable mirror 20 which means that the camera can scan the whole of the sewer 9. Along the length of the cage is a graduated scale 21 which shows the longitudinal position of the camera and around its circumference there is a graduated scale 22 which shows the radial position of the mirror. The T.V. camera 19 sends signals to a viewer 23 outside the sewer. The T.V. camera 19 is drawn back along the cage until a picture of the first edge of the lateral 24 is send to the viewer 23. The mirror 20 is then rotated until an image of the scale 21 is send to the viewer 23. The position of the far side of the lateral is found in a similar way. The radial position of the mirror is measured from the scale 22 which is measured with respect to the fixed position 17. 
     The cage 16 is then removed from the sewer 9. 
     A hole 26 is then cut out of another pipe which is the correct longitudinal distance from the end of the pipe and in the correct radial position with respect to the fixed position 17 of a bag 27 which is similar to the bag 15. The bag 27 also carries a coil 27a to effect the welding. The cut pipe carries a T.V. camera 28 which is directed out of the hole 26 to check that the pipe is aligned to the lateral 29. When the pipe is in position with respect to the last pipe 14 the T.V. camera 28 senses that the hole is aligned to the lateral 24, a current is induced in the coil 27a to weld the cut pipe to the last pipe 14. The bag 27 and the T.V. camera 28 are then removed form the sewer. 
     The metal rod 18 carried on the cable 11 is then removed from the sewer. A auxiliary grouting bag 31 includes a hole along its circumference so that it will be in a fixed radial position with respect to the pipe 14. The auxiliary grouting bag includes an elliptical hole 32 around which is sealed a flexible shuttering bag 33. Positioned around this hole are two smaller holes 34. The cut pipe also includes two nipples 34a. To the flexible bag 33 is connected a cord 35 which is used to check that the bag is in position at the lateral. The flexible shuttering bag 33 is in its first position where it is totally enclosed within the grouting bag 33 when it is placed in the sewer. The grouting pump 7 is connected to the auxiliary grouting bag 31 and moves up the sewer with it. The auxiliary grouting bag 31 is brought up the sewer until it is in the correct longitudinal and radial position with respect to the fixed position 17. 
     Pressure is then applied to the grouting bag 31 and the flexible shuttering bag 33 inflates and protrudes outside the hole 32 through the hole 26 of the cut pipe and into the lateral 29 thus sealing off the pipe 24 since bag 31 is also flexible there are no gaps between the bag 31 and the pipe. In this position the holes 34 are aligned with nipples 34a. Grouting pump 7 then produces grout which passes through the auxiliary grouting bag 31 through the holes 34 and nipples 34a to seal the annulus between the cut pipe and the sewer 9. It is known that the shuttering bag is in position up the lateral 24 because the auxiliary grouting bag includes a photocell 36 which senses that the cord 35 has moved to the correct position. The shuttering bag is then deflated to its first position totally within the auxiliary grouting bag 31 and the grouting pump and auxiliary grouting bag are removed from the sewer. 
     The grouting pump 7 is small enough to fit in a pipe. It carries two containers 37 and 38 which hold the components of the grout. Measured quantities of each component are drawn into measuring pistons 39, 40 which are controlled by control means 41. The control means 41 is run by an air-logic system 42 which is controlled by pulses of air carried along pipe 43 from outside the sewer. The measured quantities of each component are drawn into a mixing nozzle 44 where the components are spun together rapidly to mix them thoroughly. The grout produced is fed from the pump through tube 45. In this case the grouting material is a soluble polyurethane which expands to many times its original volume so that it forms an excellent sealant. The typical components for polyurethane material are resin and isocyanate. The length of the pistons 39, 40 and thus the quantity of each unit of component may be varied according to the different components and the relative volumes required to produce the grouting material. 
     Preferably all the control mechanisms in this method such as the air control in the grouting pipe, the current to fuse the pipes together, and the control of the T.V. cameras and the inflation and deflation of the bags are all carried in one cable 46 which extends from the sewer to the control station on the ground surface.