Process for recycling used tires
The present invention has as its object a process for recycling used tires. 
     It differs substantially from the known recycling processes which are essentially based on removing lacerated or defective parts and subsequent restructuring and vulcanization. 
     The present process is particularly well suited to recycling truck tires having a radial structure, which are not considered to be suitable for traditional reconstruction or other known techniques. 
    
    
     The enclosed drawings show a preferred embodiment which is non-exhaustive and not binding, of the various operational control, restructuring and reconstruction phases according to the present process. 
     FIG. 1 shows a truck tire of the radial type with a metallic structure. 
     FIG. 2 shows the same tire after a deterioration such that it is no longer suitable for reconstruction according to present known techniques, that is, no longer able to be restructured according to FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 3 shows a known technique for reconstructing tires. 
     FIGS. 4 to 7 show other types of ruptures or defects which are considered irreparable at present. 
     FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c show anomalies which arise when subjecting a tire to be restructured to a pressure which is higher than the operating pressure. 
     FIG. 9 shows an apparatus which allows the control, by means of a laser, from bead to bead (FIG. 10) of a tire to be restructured in order to show clearly all the defects. 
     FIG. 10 shows a tire so controlled. 
     FIG. 11 shows the result of the scanning carried out with the laser. 
     FIGS. 12 to 21d show the first phases of the restructuring operation. 
     FIGS. 22 to 25 and 28a to 29b show the vulcanization phases in the restructuring operation. 
     FIGS. 30, 31a, 32a refer to the reconstruction phase. 
     FIG. 26 shows the temperature-time (in minutes) diagram of the vulcanization phase. 
     FIG. 27 shows an apparatus for controlling the tire after vulcanization. 
     FIGS. 31a and 31b show the mounting phases of the tread. 
     FIGS. 32a, 32b, 33a, 33b and 34 represent other embodiments. 
    
    
     The novelty of the present invention consists in that a radial tire with a metallic structure for example for a truck, (FIG. 1) which underwent such deterioration while in use as to be no longer suitable (FIG. 2) for traditional reconstruction (FIG. 3), and therefore is considered worn out, can be restructured according to the present process. The present process is characterized by the following subsequent operations: 
     control of the condition of the used tire; 
     restructuring and 
     reconstruction. 
     The control operation comprises the following phases: 
     (a 1 ) visual control, at the place where the used tire is located, to ascertain that the carcass does not have irreparable ruptures. 
     A radial tire with a metallic structure, is visually inspected to ascertain that the radial body 1 does not have lacerations (FIG. 2), ruptures of radial chords (FIG. 4) etc., and that the bead 2 (FIG. 5) does not have cracks or gaps. 
     (b 1 ) Control, in the restructuring apparatus, by means of a divaricator or suitable inspection means, to examine the condition inside the tire and the bead 2 (FIG. 5), discarding tires with broken cords 5 (FIG. 6), cracks or gaps near the bead, as well as tires having a predetermined number of broken cords on the body 1, 3. 
     (c 1 ) Control by pumping up the tire between two flanges (FIG. 27) at a higher-than-normal pressure, for example higher than 2 kg/cm 2  inside a sealed iron-clad chamber in order to detect possible deformations (FIG. 8a), especially on the sides, due to striking curbs. 
     These anomalies are clearly visible in the form of notches 8 (FIGS. 8b and 8c) followed by projections 9, which can be detected only by said test; obviously the apparatus with which this test is performed is provided with a protection screen for the operator carrying out the control through an iron-clad protective glass. 
     (d 1 ) Control carried out by means of a laser (FIGS. 9, 10, 11) adapted to check the structure from bead to bead (FIG. 10). It allows ascertaining whether a tire which was previously controlled and in which no such internal or external anomalies were found that could prevent a possible restructuring, is suitable or unsuitable, by means of an oleographic and sherographic (section-by-section scan) test, shown on the monitor 10 of the apparatus of FIG. 9 and, as a consequence, photographed according to FIG. 11, in which PA indicates the upper part of the bead, PB the bottom part of the bead and PL the sole edges. The function of said laser control is not limited to show anomalies at any point of the body, but it also indicates and determines: 
     the consistency of the necessary restructuring; 
     the estimated restructuring cost; 
     the report on a schedule, in code language, of the restructuring program. 
     (e 1 ) Preparation of a schedule as mentioned above relating to the restructuring program, and calculating the total restructuring cost. 
     (f 1 ) Selecting the suitable tires from the unsuitable ones by means of these control phases, without working at all on tires which have not passed the test mentioned above. 
     The restructuring operation 
     Restructuring, which is the object of the invention, is based on the fact that the tire is an assembly of parts positioned one on top of another which might have been completely or partly removed. 
     It includes the following successive phases: 
     (a 2 ) Removal of the tread of the tire to be restructured, of possible metallic belts and any other extraneous body. Starting by scraping the tire by means of removing the residual part of the tread and possible metallic belts and ending with removing any other extraneous body. 
     (b 2 ) Forming craters 11 (FIG. 13) at points where there are splits, partial oxidations, lacerations due to striking against blunt objects and other damaged or contaminated parts, at the different levels by means of the scraping apparatus shown in FIG. 12. 
     (c 2 ) Spraying a rubber-solvent mixture on all the parts that need to be restructured (FIG. 14). 
     (d 2 ) Filling the craters by means of a mini-extruder with a mixture of non-vulcanized rubber to restore the smooth surface on the entire area to be restructured, including the sides (FIGS. 15, 16a, 16b). The grooves 4 (FIG. 16a) do not constitute the tread, but they have the function of retaining better the tread during the subsequent vulcanization phase (f 2 ) (see also FIG. 34). 
     (e 2 ) Subsequent mounting of: 
     a first rubber sheet 12 (FIG. 20a) to obtain the original radial structure of the tire; 
     a first metallic belt 13 (FIGS. 17, 20b, 20c); 
     a second metallic belt 14 (FIGS. 18, 20b, 20c) with interposition of possible connecting sheets/layers; 
     a third metallic belt 15 (FIGS. 19, 20b and 20c); 
     a layer of non-vulcanized rubber 16 (FIGS. 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d) from one side to the other of the tire which completely covers the metallic belts, and in the amount required by the size of the matrix having a smooth surface in which the tire is subsequently positioned for vulcanization. 
     (f 2 ) Vulcanization in a press (FIG. 22) provided with a punch (FIG. 23) having a smooth surface that is, without any projections or indentations, by providing rows of adjustable sensors 17, 18 (FIGS. 28a, 28b) positioned longitudinally along the entire periphery of the tread, said sensors being provided with tips 18 adapted to hold the metallic belts 13, 14, 15 thereby preventing their movement during vulcanization. Said tips are axially pierced and engaged by elastic devices 17 which allow their automatic retraction during vulcanization by letting the air or gases flow freely out through said internal holes. 
     Vulcanization occurs by heating at a temperature of 140° C. in the matrix or press, by means of circulation of saturated vapor and for a period of time between 12 and 15 minutes (see diagram of FIG. 26). 
     It is not excluded that the period of time can be extended up to a maximum of 25 minutes. 
     The automatic retraction of the tips is carried out by means of a grooved ring (not shown), controlled by a timer, which by rotating angularly positions its grooves in correspondence to the back of the tips, allowing their retraction by expansion of the springs. 
     (g 2 ) Control of the correct vulcanization by means of a laser to check the possible existence of air bubbles between the replaced parts (FIG. 24) which would cause the gradual separation of the bundle of layers applied. In case there are air bubbles, a crater 22 (FIG. 29a) and a subsequent filling with vulcanized rubber (FIG. 29b) are carried out, thereby obtaining a perfect assembly (FIG. 25) having no tread. 
     The main characterizing fact of the present invention is that the anomalies which can be clearly seen after vulcanization can be removed without damaging the external appearance of the tire, as this is still without tread (FIG. 29a). In effect, said anomalies are corrected by reaching the affected area with an abrasive tool, by removing or reestablishing the conditions provided for by restructuring, constituting a crater 22 which is in turn filled with non-vulcanized rubber (FIG. 29b) or press-vulcanized rubber in the reconstruction phase. In this manner, a perfectly restructured assembly (FIG. 25) is obtained which is adapted to be fitted with the tread (FIG. 31a). 
     The reconstruction operation comprises the following phases: 
     (a 3 ) Brushing the entire periphery of the tire in view of mounting the tread; 
     (b 3 ) Spraying a rubber-solvent solution (FIG. 30); 
     (c 3 ) Mounting a sheet of non-vulcanized rubber 21 (FIG. 31a) for joining with a pre-punched band 20 used as a tread (FIG. 31b); 
     (d 3 ) vulcanization (FIGS. 32a, 32b). 
     In FIGS. 33a and 33b a different form of the restructured assembly according to FIG. 25 is shown.