Thermoelectric cooler
This invention relates to thermoelectric coolers and more particularly to a thermoelectric cooler having improved cooling efficiency. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Thermoelectric coolers are very sensitive to thermal loads of convection, conduction, and radiation types. For protection against convection and conduction type thermal loads, thermoelectric coolers have been inclosed in vacuum type packages (DEWARS, for example), but as the temperature of the thermoelectric cooler is substantially below that of the interior side of the vacuum package, the thermoelectric cooler remains subject to radiation type thermal loads. 
     To reduce the radiation type thermal load, upper stages of thermoelectric coolers have been enclosed in close fitting enclosures forming thermal radiation shields, which are mounted on the supporting substrates of the thermoelectric cooler. An aperture is provided in the top side of the housing through which, for example, thermal energy from a source thereof passes for detection by a detector mounted on the thermoelectric cooler for cooling to its operating temperature. 
     Thermoelectric coolers constructed as described above, typically achieve cold side temperatures as low as minus 100 degrees Celsius. They produce about 10 to 20 milliwatts of cooling power while consuming about 3 to 10 watts of power. 
     These known thermoelectric coolers have certain disadvantages. Namely, they are expensive to manufacture for applications requiring the use of the radiation shield. In addition to the cost of the radiation shield, the labor cost of assembly is increased because of the cost of mounting the shield on the substrate. Another disadvantage is the relative low operating efficiency of the known thermoelectric coolers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly it is an object of the invention to provide a thermoelectric cooler having improved operating efficiency for producing either the same milliwatt cooling power while using less power, or more cooling capacity per watt of power consumption. 
     Briefly stated the improved thermoelectric cooler constituting the invention includes effectively coating a thermoelectric cooler having semiconductor n-p type thermal elements with suitable material or layers of materials having an emissivity substantially lower than that of the materials of the thermoelectric cooler for reducing substantially the radiation loading of the thermoelectric cooler. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other objects and features of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an isometric view of the thermoelectric cooler constituting the invention; and 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the thermoelectric cooler of the invention taken along line A--A of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, the thermoelectric cooler (TEC) of the invention is shown, for example, as a three stage cooler 10 for purposes of description only and not by way of limitation. That is, the TEC could have any number of stages. 
     The thermoelectric cooler (TEC) 10 (FIG. 1) includes three vertically stacked stages 12, 14, and 16. Stages 12, 14, and 16 each include a plurality of thermoelectric elements 18 arranged, for example, in rows and columns. The thermoelectric elements 18 are made of n and p type semiconductor material such as bismuth telluride (Bi 2  Te 3 ). The thermoelectric elements of stage 12 are sandwiched between substrates 20 and 22 with the thermoelectric elements of stage 14 sandwiched between substrates 22 and 24, and the thermoelectric elements of stage 16 sandwiched between substrates 24 and 26. The substrates 20, 22, 24, and 26 are insulating substrates made of a suitable substrate material such as, for example, alumina (Al 2  O 3 ) or beryllia (BeO 2 ), or a suitable plastic material such as Kapton. 
     Radiation heat loads on a surface are proportional to the surface emissivities (e) as given by Boltzmann&#39;s law: 
     
         q=eFkA(T.sub.1.sup.4 -T.sub.2.sup.4) 
    
     where 
     q is the net radiation heat exchange between surfaces 1 and 2, 
     e is the emissivity function, 
     F is the shape factor, 
     k is the Boltzmann constant 
     A is the surface area, 
     T 1  is the temperature of surface 1 (vacuum package), 
     T 2  is the temperature of surface 2 (TEC). 
     From the above equation one skilled in the art will readily recognize that any reduction in the surface emissivity will have a proportional reduction on the thermal heat load. 
     Typical beryllia substrates and bismuth telluride thermoelectric elements have emissivities of about 0.7  and 0.45 respectively. Thus, to reduce the thermal loads on the TEC, a layered coating 28 (FIG. 2) of material(s) having an emissivity substantially lower than that of the TEC is formed on surfaces of the TEC confronting the vacuum package or the TEC housing, if used. 
     Although several materials have emissivities below those of the described TEC, it is important to recognize that the emissivity of materials increases with oxidation. A good example is gold having an emissivity of 0.02 and being oxidation resistant is preferred as the TEC coating material for reducing substantially the radiation load on the cooler. This does not in any way restrict the invention to the use of gold as the low emissiting material. Any material having an emissivity lower than that of the TE material could be used. 
     However, gold is a good electrical conductor and if not insulated from the thermoelectric elements it will short out the TEC. Thus, if gold or any other conductive low emissivity material is used an insulation layer is required to insulate this material from the TEC. In addition, the insulation layer must be kept thin in order to reduce the conductive heat loads between stages of the cooler. Silicon dioxide or any other suitable dielectric insulator could be used as the insulation layer. Further, many metals including gold will diffuse into other materials. Thus, if gold, for example, is permitted to diffuse into the thermoelectric material it will degrade the thermoelectric properties of the thermoelectric material and the performance of the device will also degrade. Thus, to keep gold from coming into contact with the thermoelectric material, the insulation layer must fully cover all surfaces that are to be gold coated. In addition, a third layer of material may be needed to improve adhesion of the low emissivity material to the insulation material and provide a better diffusion barrier. If gold and silicon dioxide are the low emissivity and insulation material used, titanium tungsten meets these requirement and is preferred as the diffusion barrier layer. 
     To protect the TEC from radiation type energy, it is not necessary to coat all the surfaces of the TEC, but only those subject to radiation type heat exposure. Thus, it is not necessary to coat the surfaces of thermoelectric elements shielded by other elements or the surfaces of the substrates shielded by thermoelectric elements. 
     EXAMPLE 
     After the thermoelectric cooler is fabricated using well known fabrication techniques, it is placed in a materials sputtering apparatus. The TEC is positioned first to sputter an insulation layer 30 (FIG. 2) of silicon dioxide on all surfaces subject to exposure of radiation thermal energy. The silicon dioxide layer is deposited to a thickness of about 10,000 Angstroms using well known sputtering techniques. Next, a diffusion barrier layer 32 of titanium tungsten is sputtered onto the insulation layer 30. The titanium tungsten layer 32 is deposited on the silicon dioxide layer to a thickness of about 400-500 Angstroms. Finally, a low emissivity gold layer 34 is sputtered onto the diffusion barrier layer. The gold layer is sputtered onto the titanium tungsten layer to a thickness of about 1,000 Angstroms. 
     Although only a single embodiment of this invention has been described, it will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that various modifications to the materials and details of construction shown and described may be made without departing from the scope of this invention.