Corrosion inhibition of closed cooling water auxiliary system for nuclear power plants
This invention relates to inhibiting corrosion in closed cooling water systems under radiation, especially in nuclear power plants, but also in other applications. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Closed cooling water systems are important parts of power plants and other industrial systems. These systems have traditionally employed chromates for their corrosion protection. Concern about toxicity of chromates and their ecological effects had led to a consideration of the use of other anodic inhibitors such as sodium molybdates. Sodium molybdates are compatible with all the widely used biocides/polymers, scale suppressants, and sludge control agents. Therefore they are used as a part of multicompositional products (blends) along with HEDP (1-hydroxy-ethylidene-1, 1-disphonic acid), MPT (2-mercapto-benzothiazole), tolyltriazole, benzotriazole, nitrites, sodium hydroxide, pH chelants etc. to prevent corrosion of materials. See Burda, P. A., Proceedings of an International Symposium, &#34;Surfaces, Inhibition and Passivation,&#34; The Electrochemical Society, Volume 86-7, Pages 91-103 (1986). 
     These molybdate-based blends are much lower in toxicity than the chromates. Some of these blends have been found to be as effective as chromates for corrosion protection of mild and cast steels, cast iron and copper alloys in deionized and nonpotable water. 
     However, it has been discovered in closed cooling water auxiliary systems of nuclear plants that such sodium molybdate based blends tend to produce sodium radioactive isotopes in the presence of radiation and flux of neutrons, causing contamination of cooling systems. Thus, sodium molybdate and all chemicals incorporating substantial amounts of sodium have become unsatisfactory for nuclear application. 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an improved closed cooling water system which can operate safely under radiation conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention rests on the discovery that, although sodium and potassium are often considered to be equivalent metals and ions, that is not true in the case of nuclear systems. The surprising result has been obtained that potassium molybdate can replace sodium molybdate without resulting in any significant production of dangerous radioactivity. The new potassium-based corrosion inhibitive blend may also include, potassium nitrite and other materials used in other blends before, such as ethylene glycol, benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and polymers, for scale suppression. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The drawing is a schematic view or flow sheet of a component cooling water system embodying the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Laboratory and field tests have revealed that sodium-molybdate-based blends could successfully replace chromate corrosion inhibitors in closed cooling water systems, including those in power plants. It was, however, found that in nuclear applications, radioactive sodium isotopes, especially Na 24 , were produced, causing closed cooling water auxiliary systems to be dangerously radioactive and hazardous to health in case of leakages or repairs. 
     Therefore, in a preferred closed cooling water system for each 10,000 gal. water, 35 to 40 gallons of the following mixture may be used for corrosion protection of materials: 
     Potassium molybdate (K 2  MoO 4 ): 12% 
     Potassium nitrate (KNO 2 ) up to: 12% 
     Potassium borate (K 2  B 4  O 7  ·5H 2  O): 2-2.5% 
     Ethylene glycol: 10% 
     Benzotriazole or tolyltriazole: 0.4% 
     Polymeric scale suppressant: up to 1% 
     DI water: Remainder. 
     Since absolute purity is nearly impossible to attain and is impractical, there may be some sodium present, but this can be kept under 160 ppm. There may be also up to 10 ppm of chloride (as Cl - ) and up to 10 ppm of fluoride (as F - ), allowing less than 0.05 ppm of Cl -   and F -   and less than 0.6 ppm of Na in the closed cooling water system. 
     The effectiveness of the potassium molybdate system on toxicity is about the same as that of sodium molybdate and is far better than that of chromates, as shown in the following table: 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
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Acute Toxicity Data for CHROMATES, Sodium Molybdate and Potassium         
Molybdate Based Blends                                                    
                        Sodium Molybdate                                  
                                      Potassium Molybdate                 
                        based blend   based blend                         
         Chromate (as CrO.sub.4)                                          
                        ppm           ppm                                 
         TL50 (hours)*  TL50 (hours)* TL50 (hours)*                       
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Species  24  48 96  No  24  48 96 No  24  48  96 No                       
                    Effect        Effect         Effect                   
Fathead minnow                                                            
         100 75 50  &lt;50 &gt;5000                                             
                            5000                                          
                               1000                                       
                                  500 &gt;5000                               
                                          &gt;5000                           
                                              1500                        
                                                 500                      
Treespine                                                                 
         50  &lt;50                                                          
                &lt;&lt;50                                                      
                    &lt;&lt;50                                                  
                        3000                                              
                            1500                                          
                               1000                                       
                                  &lt;500                                    
                                      3000                                
                                          1500                            
                                              1250                        
                                                 500                      
Stickleback                                                               
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 *TL50 = LC50  Threshold limit at which a particular effect occurs in 50  
 percent of the population survived. Brown &amp; Caldwell Inc., Analytical    
 service reports for Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 11/11/85, 12/23/85,    
 3/17.86.                                                                 
 
    
     Tests made With potassium based chromate as a corrosion inhibitor in auxiliary closed cooling water systems revealed that there was no secondary radiation detected in the presence of potassium. Based on calculations of radiation levels, potassium in potassium molybdate causes thirteen times lower radiation than sodium; so the radiation level caused by the presence of less than 0.6 ppm of Na has an insignificant effect on the radioactivity of the cooling system. Also, the concentration of chlorides and fluorides is below the 0.15 ppm level permitted by Nuclear Operating Procedures for Chemistry Control limits in nuclear plants. Pacific Gas and Electric Gas Co., Department of Nuclear Plant Operations, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Chemistry Control Limits and Action Guidelines for the Plant Support Systems, N o  OP F-5: 111, 1/28/84. 
     The buildup of significant amounts of radioactive isotopes in this corrosion inhibitor has been found to be, for practical purposes, substantially eliminated. 
     It has been found that this inhibitive blend, kept practically without sodium, will not produce secondary radiation in any significant amount, and at the same time results in prevention of corrosion in nuclear power plant auxiliary and/or other closed cooling water systems. 
     To those skilled in the art to which this invention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosures and the descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.