Boron oxide laser with CF4 additive
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to boron oxide (BO) chemical lasers and, in particular, to a BO chemical laser having a carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) additive for increasing the gain and the power output of the laser. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A BO chemical laser operates on optical transitions between a molecular upper electronic BO(A 2  π) state and a molecular lower electronic BO(X 2  Σ + ) state. These states are the result of products of a chemical reaction which generates a molecular population inversion between the two states. However, the population of the upper BO(A 2  π) state is distributed over a number of vibrational levels which causes the gain on any one particular level to be diluted by the vibrational level spreading. In order to increase both the gain and power of the laser it is necessary to drain the population from the higher vibrational levels of the BO(A 2  π) state and concentrate this population in the lowest (V=0) level. This would result in a significant increase in the gain and power of the BO(A 2  π) V=0 level. Such a population shift must further be accomplished without destroying, or quenching, the BO(A 2  π) population and must further be accomplished during an interval of time which is less than the radiative lifetime of BO(A 2  π), or approximately two microseconds. 
     It is therefore one object of the invention to provide a BO chemical laser which has a higher gain and a higher power output than previously known BO chemical lasers. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an additive for a BO chemical laser which causes a population shift from the higher vibrational levels of the BO(A 2  π) state and which concentrates this population in the lowest (V=0) level. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an additive for a BO chemical laser which causes a population shift from the higher vibrational levels of the BO(A 2  π) state and which concentrates this population in the lowest (V=0) level without significantly quenching the BO(A 2  π) state. 
     It is still another object of the invention to provide an additive for a BO chemical laser which causes a population shift from the higher vibrational levels of the BO(A 2  π) state and which concentrates this population in the lowest (V=0) level and which operates within an interval of time which is less than the radiative lifetime of the BOA 2  π) state. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The foregoing problems are overcome and the objects of the invention are realized by a BO chemical laser which includes a CF 4  additive to the laser gain medium. The CF 4 , when mixed with BO, induces a vibrational relaxation of a BO(A 2  π) population to a single vibrational level without a significant quenching of the BO(A 2  π) state. The rate of vibrational relaxation induced by the CF 4  additive occurs in an interval of time which is less than that associated with the radiative decay and quenching of the BO(A 2  π) state. These beneficial effects are believed to result from a very close matching of vibrational energy level separation in BO(A 2  π) of 1260 cm -1  with CF 4  of 1265 cm -1 . 
     Further in accordance with the invention there is disclosed a method of increasing the optical power of a laser having an optical gain medium which is comprised of boron oxide. The method includes the steps of (a) exciting a boron oxide population to energy levels which include and exceed an energy level of BO(A 2  π) V=0 and (b) relaxing a significant portion of the population which exceeds the BO(A 2  π) V=0 energy level to the BO(A 2  π) V=0 energy level within an interval of time which is less than a radiative lifetime of BO(A 2  π). The method further includes an initial step of adding carbon tetrafluoride to the optical gain medium. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     These and other aspects of the invention will be made more apparent in the following Detailed Description of the Invention when read in conjunction with the attached Drawing, wherein 
     FIG. 1a illustrates a spectra from chemically produced BO wherein radiation is seen from the vibrational levels of V=0, V=1, V=2, V=3, V=4 and V=5 of BO(A 2  π); 
     FIG. 1b illustrates a spectra where the radiation from chemically produced BO having an addition of two Torr of CF 4  is seen mostly from V=0; 
     FIG. 2 is a graph which illustrates the rates of electronic quenching of BO(A 2  π) V=0 for various gas additives, including CF 4  ; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph which illustrates the rate of quenching of BO(A 2  π) V=0 and for vibrational relaxation of BO(A 2  π) V=2 with CF 4  ; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph which illustrates fluorescence decay traces showing the relaxation of BO(A 2  π) V=2 into V=1 and then into V=0 with two Torr CF 4  ; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph which illustrates a laser probe measurement of gain produced by pumping population to BO(A 2  π) V=4 using pulsed radiation at 351 nm from a second laser, the gain from BO(A 2  π) V=0 being produced after relaxation from V=4 to V=0 with approximately 10 to 20 torr CF 4  ; and 
     FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a BO chemical laser constructed and operated in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the invention it has been found that CF 4 , when mixed with BO, causes a vibrational relaxation of a BO(A 2  π) population to a single vibrational level without a significant quenching of the BO(A 2  π) state. The rate of vibrational relaxation induced by the CF 4  additive furthermore occurs in an interval of time which is less than that associated with the radiative decay and quenching of the BO(A 2  π) state. These beneficial effects are believed to result from a very close matching of vibrational energy level separation in BO(A 2  π) of 1260 cm -1  with CF 4  of 1265 cm -1 . 
     Other gases having relatively close matches to the vibrational energy level separation of BO(A 2  π) are CO 2  at 1280 cm -1 , N 2  O at 1284 cm -1  and CH 4  at 1306 cm -1 . However, it has been determined that these other gases function as relatively slow vibrational relaxers as compared to the duration of the radiative decay and quenching of the BO(A 2  π) state. Hence, these other gases do not achieve the beneficial effect of relaxing the BO(A 2  π) energy levels to the V=0 level within the approximately two microsecond radiative lifetime of the BO(A 2  π) population. 
     An illustration of the unique vibrational pooling ability of CF 4  can be found in an examination of the chemiluminescent spectrum of BO. A spectra from chemically produced BO is shown in FIG. 1a where radiation from the vibrational levels V=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of BO(A 2  π) is plotted. After the addition of two Torr of CF 4  (total pressure three Torr), the spectrum shown in FIG. 1b was obtained. It can be seen that the radiation resulting from V=0 has been increased by approximately three while the radiation resulting from energy levels V=1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 is substantially totally suppressed. This beneficial effect of CF 4  was demonstrated in a cw electric discharge flow experimental apparatus and in a laser pulsed experimental apparatus, both experimental apparatus operating at a relatively low pressure of less than approximately three Torr. A similar beneficial effect of CF 4  was also observed in a pulsed experimental apparatus operating at substantially higher pressure of approximately 40 Torr wherein there was provided approximately 20 Torr of CF 4 . The BO employed in these three experimental apparatus was generated from B+O 2 , B+N 2  O, and BH+O reactions, respectively, and had a pressure of less than approximately 10 -3  Torr. It should be realized however that BO may be produced or provided by any suitable reaction mechanism. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates vibrational relaxation rates for (BO(A 2  π) V=0 with various gases by measurements obtained by a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. A laser is employed to pump a population into the V=0 vibrational level of BO(A 2  π) and thereafter the rate at which this population is lost is determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity. These rates for electronic quenching illustrate that the quenching rate associated with CF 4  is relatively slow as compared to other gases and also to the radiative decay rate of 5.5×105 5  sec -1 . 
     In FIG. 3 there is shown the rate of quenching of BO(A 2  π) V=0 and the rate of the vibrational relaxation of BO(A 2  π) V=2 with added pressure of CF 4 . At approximately four Torr of CF 4  the vibrational relaxation rate has been found to be approximately seven times faster than the quenching rate and approximately 11 times faster than the rate of radiative decay. 
     FIG. 4 shows that a BO(A 2  π) population pumped into V=2 relaxes into V=0, as demonstrated by flourescence decay traces of BO(A 2  π) having two Torr of CF 4  as an additive. As can be seen the fluorescence, originally from the V=2 energy level, shifts to the V=1 level and then to the V=0 level with a relatively insignificant decrease in intensity. Thereafter the fluorescence from the V=0 level decays as a result of the quenching of the BO(A 2  π) state. 
     FIG. 5 demonstrates the novel effect of CF 4  in increasing the optical gain of a BO laser system. The graph of FIG. 5 illustrates the result of; (a) creating BO by means of a chemical reaction between B 2  H 6  and N 2  O initiated by an excimer laser, (b) pumping the BO population to BO(A 2  π) V=4 with a pulsed laser, (c) relaxing the excited population from V=4 to V=0 with approximately 10 to approximately 20 Torr of CF 4  added to the BO, (d) and measuring a gain of six percent with a cw laser probe. The measured changes in the cw laser probe intensity is plotted in FIG. 5. When the gain resulting from the V=4 level without CF 4  was measured the value was found to be only approximately two percent. In other words, an approximately three fold increase in optical gain is experienced by, in accordance with the invention, the addition of CF 4  to an optical gain medium comprised of BO. Referring now to FIG. 6 there is shown a simplified view of a BO chemical laser 10. Laser 10 is constructed as a flowing gas type of laser and includes a partially transmitting/partially reflecting outcoupling mirror 12 and a totally reflecting mirror 14. Mirrors 12 and 14 have a spacing therebetween which defines a cavity structure which is resonant at the emission wavelength of BO(A 2  π) V=0. An input 2 gas flow port 16 and an exit port 18 provides a flow comprised of a nonreactive carrier gas, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton and/or nitrogen, reactants to form BO and, in accordance with the invention, CF 4 . BO was formed from reacting BH+0 where these reactants were prepared by excimer laser 20 dissociation (at 193 nm) of B 2  H 6  to make BH and of N 2  O to make 0. Chemical reactions generate BO(A 2  π) having the energy levels V=0, V=1, etc. These energy levels are relaxed by CF 4  into the V=0 level much faster than the radiative lifetime of approximately two microseconds after which an optical transition to the BO(X 2  Σ + ) electronic state occurs. This transition generates optical radiation which is amplified within the resonant cavity structure and emitted as coherent optical radiation within the wavelength range of 423-612 nm. Of course, the BO may be generated from a number of other suitable reactants and by other means than by excitation from an excimer laser. Also, the device of FIG. 6 may be employed in an amplifier and not a resonator configuration. The pressure of BO may be less than approximately 10 -3  Torr or may be greater than this pressure, so long as a sufficient quantity of CF 4  is provided to relax a significant portion of the BO(A 2  π) population to the V=0 energy level within the radiative lifetime. In this regard, and by example, it has been found that with a 10 -3  Torr pressure of BO that a pressure of approximately one Torr of CF 4  is sufficient to relax a significant portion of the population to achieve substantially all of the optical emission power at the V=0 energy level. It has further been found that for this pressure of BO that increasing the CF 4  pressure beyond approximately 20 Torr does not achieve a significant further contribution to the power output. 
     It should therefore be understood that the various pressures and other parameters disclosed above are intended to be illustrative and are not intended to be read as limitations upon the practice of the invention. The invention is instead intended to be limited only as set forth in the claims which follow.