Pharmacologically active ε-valerolactams
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 181,846 filed Apr. 15, 1988, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 004,984 filed Jan. 20, 1987, abandoned. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to a new pharmacologically active ε-valerolactam, its isolation from plants of the Rutaceae Clausena species, derivatives of said lactam and its use as a pharmacologically active agent. The invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical compositions containing said lactam or its derivatives and with their manufacture. 
     Rutaceae Clausena anicata was reported to be used as a folk medicine in certain parts of Africa (I&gt;Mester et al., Planta Medica 32 (1) 81, 1977). It has also been reported that the crude extract of Clausena indica Oliv. has cardiovascular activity and that two coumarin derivatives, Clausmarins A and B, isolated (TIC) from Clausena pentaphylla (Roxb.) showed spasmolytic activity in animal tests (Dhan Prakash et al., Phytochem, 17, 1194, 1978; Aboo Shoeb et al., J.C.S. Chem. Commun. 281, 1978). About fifty constituents have already been isolated from the roots, stems, etc. of various species of Clausena. Most of these constituents are derivatives of coumarin, carbazole and terpene; so far only two linear carboxylic acid amides were reported to be present in the leaves of Clausena plants (S. R. Johns et al., Aust. J. Chem. 20, 2795, 1967; Dhan Prakash et al., Indian J. Chem. Sect. B 19B (12), 1075, 1980). 
     It has now been found that the leaves of Clausena lansium contain a ε-valerolactam which contains two phenyl substituents. This compound and its derivatives were found to have various valuable pharmacological properties. The structures of these compounds have been confirmed by chemical derivatization and by spectral data. 
     The present invention is directed to compounds of the general formula (I): ##STR2## wherein R represents hydrogen or an acyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Preferred compounds according to general formula (I) are those wherein R represents hydrogen or an acyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Especially preferred are those compounds wherein R represents hydrogen or the acetyl group. 
     The present invention is also directed to the isolation in substantially pure form of the compound of the formula ##STR3## comprising the steps of: (a) treating leaves of Clausena lansium with boiling water, 
     (b) adding dilute acid (e.g. HCl) to the concentrated aqueous extract, 
     (c) passing the supernatant through column of a cation ion exchange resin, preferably in its H +  -form, 
     (d) treating the resin with a base, preferably aqueous ammonia, 
     (e) extracting the resin with an organic solvent such as ethers, chloroform, methylene chloride, acetic acid esters of C 1  -C 6  alcohols or C 2  -C 6  ketones, preferably with diethyl ether, 
     (f) chromatographing the concentrated extract on silica or aluminum oxide column with chloroform, methylene chloride, ether or a chloroform/methanol mixture as eluting agent and 
     (g) collecting and concentrating the eluate with an Rf-value 0.53 on TLC (silica gel plate, CHCl 3  :meOH=97:3 as eluting agent). 
     It is preferred to recrystallize the crude product obtained by the above isolation methods from alcohols, e.g. methanol or ethanol to give a substantially pure product. 
     Derivatives of the above compound may be synthesized by reduction, e.g. catalytic hydrogenation and/or acylation methods known per se. 
     The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments containing compounds of formula (I) as an active ingredient and to the manufacture of these compositions. 
     The invention is also directed to the use of compounds of formula (I) for the treatment of hypoxia and amnesia, as hepatoprotective agents against chemical toxins and for increasing the detoxificating function of the liver. 
     The compounds according to the invention in animal experiments have a pronounced cerebral hypoxia protective and antiamnestic effect which is significantly stronger than that of piracetam which is the structurally most closely related compound in the area of cerebral therapeutics and no troopics. ##STR4## 
     Even at high doses the animals did not show any significant changes in their behavior. The hypoxia protective effect apparently is not caused by an unspecific sedation, therefore, which would give rise to a reduced need for oxygen. The acute toxicity of the compounds of the formula (I) was found to be very ow. 
     When tested for hepatoprotective action the compounds according to the invention decreased the elevated serum transaminase (SGPT) of mice intoxicated with CCl 4 . 
     The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may for example take the form of ointments, gels, pastes, creams, sprays (including aerosols), lotions, suspensions, solutions and emulsions of the active ingredient in aqueous or nonaqueous diluents, syrups, granules or powders. 
     The compositions are preferably in the form of a sterile isotonic aqueous solution or in the form of tablets, capsules, pills and suppositories comprising a compound of the invention either alone or in admixture with a diluent. 
     The diluents to be used in pharmaceutical compositions (e.g. granules) adapted to be formed into tablets, dragees, capsules and pills include the following: 
     (a) fillers, e.g. starch, sugars, and silicic acid; 
     (b) binding agents, e.g. cellulose derivatives, alginates, gelatine and polyvinyl pyrrolidone; 
     (c) moistening agents, e.g. glycerol; 
     (d) disintegrating agents, e.g. agar-agar, calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate; 
     (e) resorption accelerators, e.g. quarternary ammonium compounds; 
     (f) surface active agents, e.g. cetyl alcohol; 
     (g) adsorptive carriers, e.g. kaolin and bentonite; 
     (h) lubricants, e.g. talc, calcium and magnesium stearate and solid polyethylene glycols. 
     The tablets, dragees, capsules and pills formed from the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can have the customary coatings, envelopes and protective matrices, which may contain opacifiers. They can be so constituted that they release the active ingredient only or preferably in a particular part of the intestinal tract, possibly over a period of time. The coatings, envelopes and protective matrices may be made, for example, of polymeric substance or waxes. 
     The ingredients can also be made up in micro-encapsulated form together with one or several of the above-mentioned diluents. 
     The production of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments is carried out by any method known in the art, for example by mixing the active ingredient(s) with the diluent(s) to form a pharmceutical composition (e.g.) a granulate) and then forming the composition into the medicament (e.g. tablets). 
     The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention preferably contain about 0.1 to 99.5, more preferably from about 0.5 to 95% of the active ingredient by weight of the total composition. 
     The preferred daily dose for administration of the medicaments of the invention is 0.001 mg to 0.2 mg of the active ingredient. 
    
    
     The following Examples illustrate the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Isolation of the substantially pure compound of the formula ##STR5## 80 kg of dried leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels were boiled with water. The aqueous extract was concentrated to give 18 kg of crude syrup. 16 kg of the crude syrup were treated with 0.06N HCl (80 l) and the supernatant was passed through a column of wet H +  -form cation ion exchange resin (from 48 kg of Na +  -form cation ion exchange resin). The resin was then washed with deionized water, treated with 2% aqueous NH 4  OH (32.2 l) and finally extracted with diethyl ether (60 l). The concentrated ether extract as a syrup was chromatographed repeatedly on silica columns containing 20-100 times of its weight with chloroform as eluting agent. The concentrated chloroform eluate with R f  =0.53 on TLC was collected and contracted. The crystals thus obtained were recrystallized from methanol. 1.15 g of white plate crystals, m.p. 201.5° to 202.5° C. 
     [α] D   18  =0.00° (0,45 in MeOH). 
     
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Elementary analysis:                                                      
        calculated (for C.sub.18 H.sub.17 NO.sub.2)                       
                        found                                             
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C %       77.42             77.15                                         
H %       6.09              5.98                                          
N %       5.02              5.00                                          
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     High resolution--MS M +  =279.1256 
     IR ν max   KBr  cm -1  : 3250 (OH), 1660 (amide-carbonyl), 1640, (conjugated double bond), 3080, 3040, 3020, 1590, 1490, 1465, 750, 700, 690 (benzene rings). 
     UV λ max   MeOH  nm log C): 215 (3.68), 295 (3.76) 
     
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H.sup.1 - NMR (in DMSO); chemical shift and assignment:                   
σppm                                                                
          (J,Hz)               hydrogen                                   
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3.22      (s; 3H)              NCH.sub.3                                  
3.40      -3.80 (br; 1H, disappeared on                                   
                               OH                                         
          addition of D.sub.2 O)                                          
4.18      (d; 1H; J = 10)      C.sub.4 -H                                 
4.32      (d; 1H, J = 10)      C.sub.3 -H                                 
6.35      (s; 1H)              C.sub.6 -H                                 
6.90      -7.24 (m; 10H)       aromatic                                   
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13.sub.C - NMR in CDCl.sub.3 ; chemical shift and assignment:             
carbon           ppm                                                      
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2                167.4                                                    
3                74.2                                                     
4                49.9                                                     
6                125.0                                                    
7                34.0                                                     
5                117.0                                                    
1&#39;               138.2                                                    
1&#34;               138.2                                                    
                 125.8                                                    
the rest ten     |                                               
aromatic carbons 129.4                                                    
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     The compound absorbed a mole of hydrogen when it was treated with hydrogen under 2 to 3 atms in the presence of Pd/C as catalysts. 
     ACETYLATION 
     The above compound was acetylated with acetic anhydride to give white crystalline solid with m.p. 179°-180° C. The elementary analysis and spectrometric data indicate the product being the acetate of the above compound. 
     
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Elementary analysis                                                       
         calculated for C.sub.20 H.sub.19 NO.sub.3                        
                        Found                                             
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C %        74.77            74.58                                         
H %        5.92             5.90                                          
N %        4.36             4.30                                          
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     IR, ν max   film  cm -1  : 1740 (ester C═O), 1670 (amide C═O), 1635 (double bond), 1200 (C--O). 
     MS, m/z (X): 321(M + , 10), 216(M +  -60, 100), 233(261-CO, 20). 
     
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.sup.1 H-NMR in CDCl.sub.3 : chemical shift and assignment                
δppm (J, Hz)  H                                                     
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2.06(s, 3H)         CH.sub.3 COO                                          
3.24(s, 3H) CH.sub.3 N--                                                  
4.30(d, J = 5, 1H)  C.sub.4 --H                                           
5.44(d, J = 5, 1H)  C.sub.3 --H                                           
6.72(s, 1H)         C.sub.6 --H                                           
7.10-7.50(m, 10H)   aromatic hydrogen                                     
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     EXAMPLE 2 
     Compound of the formula ##STR6## 
     The compound of example 1 was hydrogenated in methanol under 3 atms with 10% Pd/C as catalyst for 3.5 hrs. The product was recrystallized from methanol to give white crystalline solid with m.p. 109.5°-110.5° C. 
     IR, ν max   KBr  cm -1  : 3250(OH), 1630(amide C═O). 
     UV, λ max   MeOH  nm (80 log C): 255(2.75). 
     MS m/z(%); 281(M + , 1), 252(100, 178(8), 165(5), 105(20), 91(40), 77 (18), 65(10), 44(80). 
     
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.sup.1 H-NMR in CDCl.sub.3 : chemical shift and assignment:               
δppm (J, Hz)      H                                                 
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2.36 (br, 1H disappeared on OH                                            
addition of D.sub.2 O)                                                    
3.19 (s, 3H)                CH.sub.3 N--                                  
3.51 (dd, J = 4,9,1H)       C.sub.4 --H                                   
3.68(dd, J = 3,11,1H)       C.sub.6 --H                                   
3.91(dd, J = 4,11,1H)       C.sub.6 --H                                   
3.50(m, 1H)                 C.sub.5 --H                                   
4.44(d, J = 9, 1H)                                                        
                C.sub.3 --H                                               
6.62-6.78(m, 2H)            aromatic H                                    
6.82-6.95(m, 2H)            aromatic H                                    
7.10-7.35(m, 6H)            aromatic H                                    
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     ACETYLATION 
     The above compound was acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine to give the corresponding acetate in amorphous form. 
     IR, ν max   film  cm -1  : 1750(ester C═O), 1665(amide C═O), 1230 (C--O). 
     High resolution MS m/z 324.1632(C 20  H 22  NO 3 , M+1), 263.1273(C 18  H 17  NO + ), 220.0878(C 16  H 12  O + ). 
     
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H-NMR in CDCl.sub.3, chemical shift and assignment                        
δppm(J, Hz)  H                                                      
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2.02 (s, 3H)           CH.sub.3 COO--                                     
3.12 (s, 3H)           CH.sub.3 N--                                       
3.45-3.85 (m, 4H)      C.sub.4 --H, C.sub.5 --H, C.sub.6 --2H             
5.65 (d, 1H, J = 8)    C.sub.3 --H                                        
 6.64-6.80 (m, 4H)                                                        
                       aromatic H                                         
7.10-7.30 (m, 6H)                                                         
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     EXAMPLE 3 
     Influence of the compound of example 1 according to the invention on liver functions 
     Male Kunming strain mice weighing 18-22 grams were used throughout the experiments. The compounds to be tested were suspended in 5% Tween 80 and given orally by gavage. The vehicle of 5% Tween 80 solution was administered to control mice via the same route. In in vitro experiments, the compounds were dissolved in dimethylformamide and added directly into the incubation mixture. 
     HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTION 
     Mice were divided into several groups. The control group was administered the vehicle. The other groups were given two doses (250 mg/kg) of the compound at an interval of 8 h, respectively. 10 ml/kg of 0.1% CCl 4  in vegetable oil was injected in 24 h after the second administration of the compound. The mice were fasted for 16 h and sacrificed by decapitation. SGPT and liver lipids were determined. A piece of liver was processed into sections for pathological observation. 
     As shown in the following table 1 the compounds significantly decreased the elevated SGPT of mice intoxicated with CCl 4 . 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
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Effect of the compound of example 1 (250 mg/kg × 2)                 
isolated from the leaves of Clausenia (Lour) Skeels on                    
SGPT levels of CCl.sub.4 intoxicated mice (9 per group)                   
                  SGPT units %                                            
Constituents      X ± SE  P                                            
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Control           1678 + 261                                              
Compound of example 1                                                     
                  739 + 196  &lt;0.01                                        
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     EXAMPLE 4 
     Influence of the compound of example 1 of retrograde amnesia (rat) under hypoxic conditions 
     The apparatus (39 cm long, 21 cm high, and 21 cm wide) consists of two compartments, one made of translucent plastic (29 cm long) and the other one painted black (10 cm long) It has a bottom of spaced metal grids which are connected to a stimulating device delivered 1.6 mA for 20 s. 
     Both compartments are connected via a door which can be closed. 
     Male rats (100-120 g body weight) will be placed individually in the large compartment and allowed to explore both compartments for 3 min. 
     Thereafter the animals are placed in the small (dark) compartment, the connecting door is closed and the foot shock is delivered. After that the animals are put in an air-tight cage which is prefused by a gas mixture containing 3.8% oxygen and 96.2% nitrogen. The animals are exposed to this hypoxic atmosphere until they exhibit gasping indicating ongoing respiratory failure (maximally 15 min). 
     24 hours later the rats are placed again in the bright compartment. The observation time is 3 min. 
     One experiment is performed in three groups of 15 animals each: 
     Group A: control group, not exposed to hypoxia 
     Group B: control group, receiving hypoxia after first training 
     Group C: treated animals, receiving hypoxia after first training. 
     Evaluation: the times the animals need to enter the dark compartment are measured in seconds. 
     The time difference between the two control groups is considered to be 100% (A-B=100%). 
     The time difference between the control group B and the treated group C is calculated in percent (C-B=X%). X is considered to be measured for the potency of the antiamnestic effect of the substance tested. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
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Compound of example 1                                                     
                   X                                                      
(mg/kg p.o.)       (%)                                                    
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100                11%                                                    
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