Plant nutrient delivery system having a porous tubular member
This application is a continuation-in-part application of my patent application Ser. No. 07/021,448, filed March 4, 1987, now abandoned and owned by the same assignee. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to the delivery of nutrients to plant roots and, more particularly, relates to an improved apparatus for providing nutrients to plant roots via capillary action through a porous member. 
     The ability to grow plants under microgravity or low gravity environments is a problem which must be overcome if long-duration space travel or space station work is to become feasible. The use of a microporous membrane to contain water and nutrients is generally known. The invention herein simplifies the previously-known apparatus and provides for large numbers of crop plants to be grown in a limited space. The surface tension of a liquid containing plant nutrients becomes the dominant force in a microgravity environment. Therefore, conventional &#34;hydroponic&#34; methods of supplying nutrients to plant roots are not appropriate as they are dependent upon gravity assisting in the containment of the aqueous solution. Wright and his coworkers have the described a membrane technique in which a hydrophilic material is used to confine the nutrient solution and capillary forces enable the roots to draw the nutrient liquid through the Porous membrane. The work of Wright et al is found in a paper entitled &#34;A Hydroponic Method for Plant Growth in Microgravity&#34;, 35th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Lausanne, Switzerland; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Paper No. IAF-ST-84-05; 1984 and &#34;A Plant Growth System for Orbital Plant Experiments&#34;, Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Orleans, Lousiana, Paper No. 84-2524, 1984. 
     Wright fabricated his membrane frame in a flat pattern utilizing rigid members. Although the frame could be used in many positions, experience has shown that pressure gradients behind the membrane led to unequal flow, reducing the availability of nutrients to the plant roots. Difficulty has also been found because of the rigid nature of the frame and the method of membrane support. A fairly elaborate system is required to support the membrane, remove air bubbles from the nutrient solution (to avoid dry areas) behind the membrane and maintain uniform membrane pressure on the roots. 
     The present invention overcomes the pressure and air bubble problems, enables a greater volume of water to flow behind the membrane or porous member and provides a simple system to fabricate and operate. The present invention is relatively simple, relatively low cost and has the advantage of ease of construction using readily available materials and equipment for operation. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, we provide an apparatus for hydroponic growth of a plant from seed and a nutrient solution. The apparatus includes a section of rigid tubular pipe having an opening in its wall. A tubular hydrophilic microporous membrane is telescopically received inside of the pipe and the membrane and pipe are constructed and arranged to provide sufficient space between them for a seed to be positioned on the membrane adjacent to the opening so that the stem of the plant can grow through the opening and the roots of the plant can grow in contact with said membrane in the cylindrical space between the membrane and the tubular pipe. Support means are provided telescopically received inside of the membrane to support the membrane in a spaced relationship to the interior surface of the rigid pipe, the pores of the membrane being sized to be sealed by surface tension of the nutrient solution except where roots contact the membrane whereby the nutrient solution flows by capillary action through the membrane to the roots. Finally, there are inlet and outlet means connected to each end of the tubular membrane for receiving and removing a nutrient solution from the inside of the tubular membrane. According to another aspect of the invention, the membrane is of a submicron pore size (about 0.2 to 0.45 micron), is hydrophilic and is made of an acrylic copolymer cast over a non-woven nylon substrate for strength. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, the support means for the membrane is a plastic screening which is rolled lengthwise and inserted into the membrane tube. 
     According to still a further aspect of the invention, a rigid porous material is used instead of a tubular porous membrane and its support means. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, I provide a pressure monitoring and control system for a plant nutrient delivery system. 
     The above and other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from a reading of the following description of the disclosure found in the accompanying drawings and in the appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and they are briefly as follows: 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the tubular membrane plant growth unit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 and illustrates the various parts of the tubular membrane plant growth unit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary longitudinal cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 detailing the features of one end of the plant growth unit according to the one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross sectional view taken along section 4--4 of FIG. 1 and illustrating the arrangement of a plant, including its seed and roots on an apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a tubular member plant growth unit according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5. 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along section 7--7 of FIG. 5. 
     FIGS. 8 and 9 are schematic diagrams of nutrient delivery systems with pressure control and monitoring capabilities. 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the standpipe constructions of FIGS. 8 and 9. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In the drawings, like reference numerals apply to similar parts throughout the several views. 
     FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a single tubular membrane plant growth unit 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, growing plants 2 are supported by the unit with their roots being on the interior of a tubular PVC pipe 3, being supported there through a longitudinal slot 4. A water and nutrient solution for the plants is received from a reservoir (not shown) from a hose 5 which is attached to a hose nipple fitting 6. The nutrient solution is fed through the length of the plant growth unit 1 and is removed from the unit by way of a hose nipple 7 and hose 8 which is connected to a pump (not shown) which serves to recycle the nutrient solution back to the inlet hose 5. 
     FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of FIG. 1 showing additional components not illustrated in FIG. 1. Starting at the right hand end of FIG. 2, a section of 1/2&#34; hose 5 leads from a reservoir of nutrient solution to a 3/4&#34; PVC pipe fitting with a hose nipple (male) which is shown as 6 in FIG. 2. This PVC pipe fitting is threadingly engaged with a 3/4&#34; PVC pipe-to- tube fitting (female) which is designated 9 in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, 3 denotes a section of PVC pipe with a five eighth inch slot cut in its wall along its entire length. In FIG. 2, item 10 denotes a plastic screening or canvas (36 openings/sq. in.) which is rolled lengthwise and inserted into the membrane tube 11 for support. The membrane tube is made of a membrane having a sub-micron pore size (about 0.2 to 0.45 microns), which is hydrophilic and made of an acrylic copolymer cast over a non-woven nylon fabric substrate for strength. Examples of a suitable membrane are those that are known as Versapor 200 and 450 (TM) which are available from Gelman Sciences, 600 South Wagner Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. The tubular membrane is fabricated by folding and stitching the material to form a tube with a circumference slightly smaller than the surrounding PVC pipe 3. The seam of the membrane tube is sealed with hot melt adhesive. Item 12 in FIG. 2 is a 3/4&#34; PVC pipe-to-tube fitting (female) similar to item 9 already described, while item 7 in FIG. 2 is similar to item 6 already described. Finally, a section of 1/2&#34; hose 8 is connected to the hose nipple 7 and ultimately connects to a recycling pump. 
     In the process of assembling the tubular membrane plant growth unit of FIG. 2, the plastic canvas 10 is recessed in about 2 inches from either end of the membrane tube 11. The membrane tube 11 is then inserted into the PVC pipe which is 1 1/4&#34;, schedule 40 into which a slot has been cut lengthwise. 
     The female PVC pipe fittings 9 and 12 (3/4&#34;, pipe-to-tube, Schedule 40) are then inserted into the ends of the pipe 3 with the ends of the membrane tube 11 extending out of the inside of the female fitting. If desired, the membrane tube 11 can be cemented to the female fittings 9 and 12 with PVC cement. Thereafter, male PVC pipe fittings 6 and 7 (3/4&#34;, schedule 40) with hose nipples are then inserted into the ends of the membrane tube 11 and threaded into the corresponding female fittings 9 and 12 to seal the ends of the membrane tube 11 thereto. The tubings 5 and 8 are then attached to the male fittings 6 and 7 to connect the growth unit to a pump at one end and the nutrient solution reservoir at the other. In operation, a negative pressure is maintained on the unit by the solution being pulled from the reservoir, through the unit by the pump and then being returned to the reservoir. A slight restriction on the upstream end of the unit maintains this negative pressure. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view taken along the longitudinal axis of the tubular membrane plant unit of FIG. 1. As described, a Versapor (TM) membrane 11 is mounted inside of a 1 1/4&#34; PVC pipe 3 and is supported therein by plastic canvas 10. The Versapor (TM) membrane extends beyond the end of the PVC pipe 3 into the interior of a 3/4&#34; PVC pipe tube fitting 12 and it is secured within fitting 12 by the threaded portion of a PVC pipe fitting 7 which has the hose nipple for connection to the operating hose. 
     A suitable alternative to the plastic canvas 10 is provided by a rigid tube with openings. Such a tube is a polypropylene extruded tube, 1 inch 0.D., with 50 % open area, available from Conwed Plastics, 520 NE Taft Street, Minn., MN 55413. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view taken along section 4--4 of FIG. 1 and illustrates how a plant seed may grow through the slot 4 in the PVC pipe 3. The seed 13 of plant 2 is supported adjacent the slot of top of the Versapor (TM) membrane 11 and the roots 14 of the plant grow around the periphery of the membrane 11 as best seen in FIG. 4. It should be apparent that the roots are thereby exposed to the water and nutrient solution which is provided to the interior of the plastic canvas 10 which supports the membrane 11 against the growing roots. 
     FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a single tubular member plant growth unit 1&#39; according to another embodiment of the present invention. In use, growing plants are supported by the unit with their roots being on the interior of a tubular pipe 3&#39;, being support there through holes 4&#39;. A water and nutrient solution for the plants is received from a reservoir. The nutrient solution is fed via fitting 6&#39; through the length of the plant growth unit 1&#39; and is removed from the unit by way of a fitting 7&#39; which serves to recycle the nutrient solution. 
     FIG. 6 shows an exploded view of FIG. 5 showing additional components not illustrated in FIG. 5. Starting at the right hand end of FIG. 6, is a pipe fitting 7&#39; adapted to be connected to the pump and nutrient supply. A rigid tube of porous material 11&#39; is used instead of the membrane tube 11 and plastic canvas 10 shown in FIG. 2. In the process of assembling the tubular member plant growth unit 1&#39; of FIG. 6, the tubular segments act as spacers S 1  and S 2  and are supported on opposite ends of the rigid tube 11&#39; of porous material which, in turn, are inserted into the solid pipe 3&#39;. The solid tube 3&#39; abuts fittings 6&#39; and 7&#39; while concentric inner tube 11&#39; of porous material has each end inserted into the fittings 6&#39; and 7&#39; for inlet and outlet of the nutrient supply. 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along the longitudinal axis of the tubular member plant unit of FIG. 5. As described, a rigid porous tube 11&#39; is mounted inside of a pipe 3&#39;. In FIG. 7, the annular space between the outside of tube 11&#39; and the inside of tube 3&#39; defines the air space for the plant roots which grow around and against the exterior of the rigid porous tube 11&#39; to receive nutrients which pass therethrough from the inner circular cross-sectional area in FIG. 7 where nutrient solution is circulated. 
     As discussed, in the embodiment of FIGS. 5 through 7, the rigid porous tube 11&#39; is used to replace the tubular membrane 11 and its support 10 of plastic screening or canvas in the embodiment of FIG. 4. Suitable porous rigid materials for tube 11&#39; include porous plastics, porous ceramics and porous metals. The porous tube 11&#39; requires no internal support since it is a relatively rigid tube. These have the additional advantage of being off-the-shelf items from various commercial sources. Examples of suitable rigid porous materials are those that are known as POREX (TM) which are available from Porex Technologies, 7380 Bohannon Road, Fairburn, Georgia 30213. POREX (TM) is a porous plastic available in standard tube form. Another suitable material for the porous tubular member is a porous ceramic known as CERAFLOW (TM) which is available from Norton Company, 70 Pullman Street, Worcester, Mass. 01606. Initial tests indicate that the porous plastics and ceramics identified above are suitable substitutes for porous membranes and they have the advantage of having durability superior to the membrane material. It has been found that plants can be grown in units using rigid porous tubes of porous plastics and ceramics having pores ranging in size from 0.1 to 20 micrometers (microns). Another example of suitable rigid porous tubes are those available from Mott Metallurgical Corporation, Farmington Industrial Park, Farmington, Conn. 06032. 
     FIG. 8 is schematic diagram of one configuration of a single tubular membrane unit nutrient delivery system with pressure control and monitoring capabilities. The delivery of nutrients in water to the roots of plants under microgravity will require a system that will enable the operator to monitor and control pressures within the system to an accuracy of inches of water pressure. The present invention utilizes a standpipe concept to bring solution to the level of the plant growth units (overcoming gravitational effects) and uses valves to control the pressure and a part to which a pressure gage or transducer can be attached. 
     FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of nine tubular membrane units arranged in a nutrient delivery system with pressure control and monitoring capabilities. FIG. 9 identifies the various components of the system with the same numerals shown in FIG. 8. Systems of FIGS. 8 and 9 are preferably constructed of PVC and CPVC pipe fittings such that a submersible pump 15 lifts nutrient solution from a reservoir 16 to a standpipe 17. The standpipe 17 returns the overflow to the reservoir 16 and provides solution at nearly a zero pressure head to the tubular membrane unit 1 or units 1&#39; via a valve 18. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, a positive-displacement pump 19 (peristaltic pump) draws the solution through the units and a negative pressure is exerted by adjusting the valve 18. This pressure can be set using the valve 18 and monitored using a guage 20 attached to a tee 21 between the valve and the tubular membrane unit. 
     It should be apparent that the size of the manifold 22 is dependent upon the number of units to be operated. The system illustrated in FIG. 9 is for nine tubular membrane units and the manifold 22 is constructed from one-half inch PVC SLx SLx SL tees attached to two standpipes (17,17) which are constructed from 1&#34;×1&#34;×1/2&#34; PVC tees as shown in detail in FIG. 10. In operation, the submersible pumps of FIGS. 8 and 9 deliver enough solution to maintain solution in the standpipe 17 and deliver it to the tubular membrane units 1. The peristaltic pumps 19 are set at a rate of 200 ml/minute and the negative pressure in the tubular membrane units are controlled by the corresponding valve 18 and measured by the corresponding gage 20. 
     Nine tubular membrane units and an associated nutrient delivery system were constructed for the purpose of obtaining trial results. The trial involved the use of nine tubular membrane units, 1 meter in length, with a membrane tube diameter of 2.5 centimeters placed within an environmental growth chamber. The tubular membrane units were grouped by treatment and thirty-nine vernalized wheat seeds planted in each. The flow rate was controlled at 200 ml/minute and suction pressures set at 3.8, 7.6, and 15.2 cm of water. These were checked daily and adjusted on Monday through Friday if necessary. The nutrient solution used is listed in the table below: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Tubular membrane wheat nutrient solution                                  
Stock                      ml                                             
Solution                                                                  
     g/L            (Stock)                                               
                           Stock/L                                        
                                 (Working)                                
__________________________________________________________________________
1A   236.15 g Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2.41H.sub.2 O                              
                    1 M    1.0   1 mM Ca                                  
                                 2 mM N                                   
1B   101.11 g KNO.sub.3                                                   
                    1 M    1.0   1 mM K                                   
                                 1 mM N                                   
1C   246.48 g MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                       
                    1 M    0.4   .4 mM Mg                                 
                                 .4 mM S                                  
1D   136.09 g KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4                                           
                    1 M    0.2   .2 mM K                                  
                                 .2 mM P                                  
2    4.94640 g H.sub.3 BO.sub.3                                           
                    80 mM B                                               
                           1.1   88.0 uM B                                
     1.35208 g MnSO.sub.4.H.sub.2 O                                       
                    8 mM Mn      8.8 uM Mn                                
     0.23003 g ZnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                      
                    0.8 mM Zn                                             
                           .88 uM Zn                                      
     0.05114 g CuCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O                                      
                    0.3 mM Cu                                             
                           .33 uM Cu                                      
     0.01766 g (NH.sub.4).sub.6 MO.sub.7 O.sub.24.4H.sub.2 O              
                           0.1 mM Mo                                      
                                 .11 uM.Mo                                
3A   23.50 g FeEDDHA                                                      
                    25 mM Fe                                              
                           1.0   25 uM Fe                                 
3B   13.9 g HEDTA   50 mM Fe                                              
                           0.5   25 uM Fe                                 
     13.5 g FeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O                                         
3C   3.38 g FeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O                                         
                    12.5 mM Fe                                            
                           0.5   6.25 uM Fe                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     The nutrient solution identified above was also used as a replenishment solution that was added on a daily basis as the solution level in the reservoir dropped. Samples for chemical analysis were taken from the storage carboy each time that fresh nutrient solution was made and on a weekly basis from the nutrient reservoir. Light levels were about 330 umol s -1  m -2  at tube level and 400 at maximum canopy height. Lights were on for 18 hours and off for 6 hours with a temperature setting of 18° C. with lights on and 16° C. with lights off. Relative humidity was set at 65 %. Temperature, relative humidity and light cycle were changed to 25° C., 50 %, and continuous, respectively, on day 79. Nutrient solution pH was controlled automatically with 2 % nitric acid and daily pH conductivity, and temperature in the reservoir was recorded. Gas concentrations were at ambient and were not measured. 
     Water added (as nutrient solution) amounted to 257.4 liters. There was a marked increase in water uptake at about 20 days. This is to be expected as when the plants get larger, they have a greater need for water. Total water loss from the reservoir per plant was about 0.9 liters which is lower than the 2-to-3 liters per plant typically seen when using the nutrient film technique for nutrient solution delivery. Reservoir nutrient concentration over time was measured. All but nitrogen, manganese and copper showed a relatively constant level between days 20 and 50 and all exhibited a general increase in concentration toward the end of the growout, probably due to reduced uptake as a result of senescence. In general, the greatest removal of each element from solution occurred during the period of weeks 3 through 6 with a drop off and even a re-addition of some elements toward the end. Copper, however, was removed at an increasing rate between week 5 and the end. Total removal of nutrients from the reservoir on a per plant basis for the entire growout were: 
     Nitrogen =33.3 mg from solution, 18.0 mg from nitric acid; 
     Phosphorus =5.0 mg; 
     Potassium =50.9 mg; 
     Calcium =38.1 mg; 
     Magnesium =8.3 mg; 
     Iron =2.1 mg; 
     Manganese =0.45 mg; and 
     Zinc =0.040 mg. 
     The following two tables present the harvest data with the number of plants per unit and the mean suction pressure measured for each tubular membrane unit. Harvest variables that appear to be most affected by pressure during this experiment were: plant area, seed per head of non-primary heads, grams of seed per head of non-primary heads, plant height, and spikelet per head of non-primary heads. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Harvest data I from tubular membrane experiment                           
Mean                           %                                          
pressure                       seed                                       
cm of      # of                bio-                                       
                                  Height                                  
                                      Plant                               
water                                                                     
     Range plants                                                         
               Seed*                                                      
                   Straw*                                                 
                       Root*                                              
                           Chaff*                                         
                               mass                                       
                                  (mm)                                    
                                      area                                
__________________________________________________________________________
4.27 2.29-8.38                                                            
           25  29.04                                                      
                   12.35                                                  
                       6.65                                               
                            9.19                                          
                               51.7                                       
                                  503.1                                   
                                      37.3                                
4.45 3.05-5.33                                                            
           25  45.11                                                      
                   25.43                                                  
                       6.89                                               
                           13.25                                          
                               49.7                                       
                                  515.8                                   
                                      42.6                                
4.62 3.05-8.38                                                            
           35  56.11                                                      
                   26.50                                                  
                       7.82                                               
                           17.78                                          
                               51.9                                       
                                  491.0                                   
                                      54.1                                
9.50  3.81-25.40                                                          
           39  48.40                                                      
                   22.29                                                  
                       7.92                                               
                            5.95                                          
                               57.2                                       
                                  459.5                                   
                                      25.0                                
8.59  6.10-25.40                                                          
           39  39.07                                                      
                   19.78                                                  
                       6.65                                               
                           10.56                                          
                               51.4                                       
                                  467.2                                   
                                      34.1                                
8.08  5.84-10.67                                                          
           28  37.71                                                      
                   19.20                                                  
                       5.37                                               
                           31.88                                          
                               40.0                                       
                                  490.0                                   
                                      38.4                                
17.07                                                                     
     11.43-33.02                                                          
           32  33.88                                                      
                   14.33                                                  
                       5.73                                               
                           10.66                                          
                               52.4                                       
                                  475.3                                   
                                      29.6                                
17.42                                                                     
     14.73-38.10                                                          
           30  41.84                                                      
                   16.30                                                  
                       7.44                                               
                           12.75                                          
                               53.4                                       
                                  457.5                                   
                                      21.2                                
16.41                                                                     
     12.19-38.10                                                          
           30  34.20                                                      
                   17.44                                                  
                       9.29                                               
                           14.30                                          
                               45.5                                       
                                  453.7                                   
                                      25.6                                
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 *dry weight (grams)                                                      
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Harvest data II from tubular membrane experiment                          
Mean                                                                      
pressure                     Seed mass/                                   
cm of      # heads                                                        
                 Seeds/head                                               
                       Mass/seed*                                         
                             head*  Spikelets                             
Water                                                                     
     Range prim                                                           
              other                                                       
                 prim                                                     
                    other                                                 
                       prim                                               
                          other                                           
                             prim                                         
                                 other                                    
                                    prim                                  
                                       other                              
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4.27 2.29-8.38                                                            
           25  8 28.5                                                     
                    18.9                                                  
                       .034                                               
                          .031                                            
                             .972                                         
                                 .593                                     
                                    13.7                                  
                                       14.9                               
4.45 3.05-5.33                                                            
           25 23 25.9                                                     
                    28.2                                                  
                       .035                                               
                          .034                                            
                             .914                                         
                                 .968                                     
                                    14.2                                  
                                       14.0                               
4.62 3.05-8.38                                                            
           35 20 31.9                                                     
                    25.6                                                  
                       .034                                               
                          .035                                            
                             1.087                                        
                                 .903                                     
                                    15.0                                  
                                       16.4                               
9.50  3.81-25.40                                                          
           39 10 29.9                                                     
                    25.7                                                  
                       .035                                               
                          .032                                            
                             1.031                                        
                                 .819                                     
                                    13.0                                  
                                       14.8                               
8.59  6.10-25.40                                                          
           39  8 27.2                                                     
                    23.7                                                  
                       .032                                               
                          .028                                            
                             .865                                         
                                 .667                                     
                                    14.3                                  
                                       15.4                               
8.08  5.84-10.67                                                          
           28 12 32.3                                                     
                    25.2                                                  
                       .033                                               
                          .028                                            
                             1.049                                        
                                 .695                                     
                                    14.4                                  
                                       15.3                               
17.07                                                                     
     11.43-33.02                                                          
           32  8 22.7                                                     
                    18.2                                                  
                       .040                                               
                          .031                                            
                             .916                                         
                                 .571                                     
                                    11.7                                  
                                       13.0                               
17.42                                                                     
     14.73-38.10                                                          
           30  7 34.7                                                     
                    16.6                                                  
                       .037                                               
                          .030                                            
                             1.280                                        
                                 .491                                     
                                    14.5                                  
                                       13.0                               
16.41                                                                     
     12.19-38.10                                                          
           30 10 28.3                                                     
                    13.8                                                  
                       .035                                               
                          .032                                            
                             .992                                         
                                 .444                                     
                                    14.8                                  
                                       12.9                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 *grams                                                                   
 
    
     The following examples show the operation of various embodiments of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     A Summary of Data Collected from the First Harvest of Wheat Grown in the Tubular Membrane Plant Growth Units 
     I. Physical Description and Measurements 
     The tubular membrane plant growth units (TMPGU) consist of a sheet of 0.45 um pore size Versapor (TM) membrane folded and stitched to form a tube and sealed along the seam with hot melt glue. Nutrient solution is pumped from a reservoir, through the tubular membrane unit, through the pump and back to the reservoir using a positive displacement pump. The surface tension of the nutrient solution prevents the solution from flowing freely out of the membrane and also prevents air from freely entering through the membrane. Capillary attraction by objects in contact with the external surface of the membrane (i.e., roots) draws the nutrient solution through the membrane in regulated amounts allowing plants to obtain required moisture and nutrients at the root/membrane interface. 
     In this demonstration, two TMPGU were maintained by a common nutrient reservoir. The pump used was a peristaltic pump with two pump heads to maintain separate flow through each unit. The reservoir had a capacity of approximately 14 liters and the nutrient solution was a dilute, modified Hoaglands to which Hoaglands components were added periodically. 
     The specifications of the TMPGU were as follows: 
     Physical Dimensions: 
     Membrane tube circumference =8.89 cm, diameter =2.83 cm, 
     length =30.48 cm; 
     Effective membrane area =270.97 cm 2;   
     Cross sectional area of membrane tube =6.29 cm 2;   
     Effective volume of membrane tube =191.72 cm 3;   
     PVC pipe internal diameter =3.18 cm 
     Internal cross sectional area of pipe =7.92 cm 2   
     Internal volune of pipe =241.40 cm 3   
     Effective internal root space =49.68 cm 3  (241.40 cm 3  -191.72cm 3 ) 
     TMPGU with holes (6.35 mm diameter) had six plants germinate and grow out, while the one with the slit (3.18 mm width) had nine plants germinate and grow out. 
     TMPGU (holes) root space available/plant: 
     cavity volume =8.28 cm 3 , membrane area =45.16 cm 2   
     TMPGU (slit) root space available/plant: 
     cavity volume =5.52 cm 3 , membrane area =30.10 cm 2;   
     Pumping rates/flow: 
     Flow =100 ml/min =144 1/day =9792 1/68 days 
     II Experimental Procedure/Protocol 
     The set-up involved construction of the TMPGU&#39;s as described previously. These were connected to pumps using transparent Tygon (TM) tubing which allowed visual monitoring to insure that flow was maintained. The reservoir was filled and the membranes were wetted and the pump was started. Flow rate was measured and tubing and connections were checked for leaks. Sterile and vernalized (two days) Yecora Rojo wheat seeds were planted in each unit, within the holes and within the slit respectively. These were covered with a damp paper towel and opaque plastic. Seven seeds germinated in the holes and nine within the slit. Black vinyl tape was used to cover the slit between plants following emergence from the slit. The nutrient solution was checked dally for pH and 10 % HNO 3  was added when necessary to maintain the pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Nutrient additions took place on days 7, 25, 43, and 58. The nutrient changes in the reservoir during those periods are presented in Table 1. These values were calculated using values from samples taken at the end of each period and the amount added at the beginning of each period. The first time period (0-25 days) coincided with the vegetative and induction and extension periods of the life cycle. The remaining time periods (26-43 days) coincided with the extension, pollination and seed fill periods. The actual accepted values are days 0z-12 (vegetative), 12-18 (induction), 18-30 (extension), 30-34 (pollination) and 34-65 (seed fill and senescence) for wheat grown under continuous lighting and at 27° C. The wheat grown in the TMPGU was kept under continuous light at about 350-450 um/m 2  /s, 230C and 50-60 % relative humidity. The plants were harvested on day 69. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CHANGES IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION                                              
       Change/day/plant*                                                  
Parameters                                                                
         8-26     26-44      44-59  56-69                                 
______________________________________                                    
N** (mg) 1.53     1.86       2.63   -2.10                                 
P (mg)   4.03     1.41       2.16   -2.80                                 
K (mg)   1.63     2.92       1.37   -7.24                                 
Ca (mg)  1.59     -.16       2.86   -6.3                                  
Mg (mg)   .20     .32        .28    -.79                                  
Fe (mg)   .011    .055       .030   .03                                   
S (mg)    .28     .25        1.15   -.87                                  
Cu (mg)  0        -.0005     .0006  -.001                                 
Mn (mg)    .0062  -.001      .001   .023                                  
Zn (mg)  --       -.005      .002   -.0015                                
______________________________________                                    
 *A negative value indicates an increase in the concentration of this     
 parameter during the given time period.                                  
 **Includes nitrogen added with the addition of 10% HNO.sub.3 for pH      
 adjustment.                                                              
 
    
     III. Harvest Protocol 
     Procedures for wheat harvest were followed according to a harvest protocol. Data collected from the harvest was compiled and summarized. 
     Wheat Harvest Protocol 
     1. Stop flow through pipes. 
     2. Remove pipes and contents for examination. 
     3. Photograph: 
     Wheat shoots--side view, spike closeup; 
     Wheat roots--side view around membrane. 
     4. Measure height of each plant. 
     5. Cut wheat stalks from root mass. 
     6. With scissors separate each spike from stalk. 
     7. Count total number of primary, secondary and tertiary spikes per plant. 
     8. Weigh primary, secondary and tertiary spikes. 
     9. Count spikelets per spike. 
     10. Remove and count seeds per spike (save the combined chaff for drying). 
     11. Place seed in respective piles and take 5 g samples of each of the three groups for drying. 
     12. Blot roots with paper towel and weigh total root mass. 
     13. Weigh total mass of excised wheat stalks. 
     14. Dry in oven at 70° C.; 
     A. Seed samples 
     B. Chaff 
     C. Stalks 
     D. Roots 
     E. Weigh at 24 hours and again at 48 hours. 
     15. From above, calculate and summarize harvest data. 
     IV. Harvest Data 
     Table 2 presents the weights and measurements made on the plants grown in the TMPGU. 
     V. Harvest Summary 
     An area of 0.01 m 2  was calculated for each tube. Productivity data from the tubular membrane system is compared with data from different environments in Table 3. 
     While this data would be more meaningful if the experiment is repeated with a greater number of plants than was done for this study, the preliminary results show that the seed yield is approximately 2/3 of its potential. Also by looking at harvest index, it is seen that a large portion of the plants&#39; biomass is in the seeds. 
     
                                           TABLE 2                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
TUBULAR MEMBRANE UNIT WHEAT HARVEST DATA                                  
April 16, 1986                                                            
(68 days)                                                                 
        Pipe with holes                                                   
                      Pipe with slit                                      
Parameter                                                                 
        Prim                                                              
            Second                                                        
                 Tert Prim  Second                                        
                                  Tert                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
Plants/m.sup.2                                                            
        600 --   --   900   --    --                                      
# heads  6   9    6    9     14    7                                      
Heads/m.sup.2                                                             
        600 900  600  900   1400  700                                     
Head mass                                                                 
         6.61                                                             
            11.71                                                         
                  6.00                                                    
                      12.49 18.03 5.63                                    
Spikelet #                                                                
         65 100   65  102    148  62                                      
Spikelet/m.sup.2                                                          
        6500                                                              
            10,000                                                        
                 65,000                                                   
                      102,000                                             
                            148,000                                       
                                  6200                                    
Spikelets/head                                                            
        10.83                                                             
            11.10                                                         
                 10.83                                                    
                      11.33 10.57 8.86                                    
Seed #  118 155   87  212    284  59                                      
Seed mass                                                                 
         4.82                                                             
             6.74                                                         
                  3.73                                                    
                       8.80 12.32 --                                      
Seed mass/m.sup.2                                                         
        482 674  373  880   1232  --                                      
Mass/seed                                                                 
         0.041                                                            
             0.043                                                        
                  0.043                                                   
                       0.042                                              
                             0.043                                        
                                  --                                      
Seeds/head                                                                
        19.67                                                             
            17.22                                                         
                 14.50                                                    
                      23.56 20.29 --                                      
Height (mm)                                                               
        362 --   --   413   --    --                                      
% root mass                                                               
         19 --   --    19   --    --                                      
Harvest index                                                             
         70 --   --    54   --    --                                      
Fresh weight*                                                             
Stems   13.24         19.72                                               
Chaff    4.80          7.50                                               
Roots   30.27         46.95                                               
Dry weight*                                                               
Stems   3.0            6.30                                               
Chaff   2.0            4.20                                               
Roots   4.9            7.40                                               
% Moisture                                                                
Seeds    8   21    42**                                                   
                       16    14                                           
Stems   341           213                                                 
Chaff   140            79                                                 
Roots   518           534                                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
 *Combined primary, secondary and tertiary                                
 **Tertiary seeds combined holes and slit.                                
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
A comparison of wheat productivities                                      
in different environments                                                 
         Absolute  Yield Total                                            
         seed Life per   Biomass                                          
                               Biomass                                    
                                    Harvest                               
         yield                                                            
              Cycle                                                       
                   day   gm.sup.-2                                        
                               per  Index                                 
         gm.sup.-2                                                        
              days gm.sup.-2 d.sup.-1                                     
                         gm.sup.-2 d.sup.-1                               
                               day  %                                     
__________________________________________________________________________
Field prod&#39;n                                                              
         300-700                                                          
               90-130                                                     
                   3-7    700-1800                                        
                                7-18                                      
                                    45                                    
World record                                                              
         1450 120  12.1  3200  27   45                                    
in field.sup.1                                                            
Utah State Univ.                                                          
         1200 56   21.4  5000  89   24                                    
controlled                                                                
environment                                                               
Russian life                                                              
         1000 56   17.9  2860  51   35                                    
support system                                                            
study.sup.2                                                               
TMPGU pipe.sup.3                                                          
         1529 68   22.5  2519  37   70                                    
with holes                                                                
TMPGU pipe.sup.3                                                          
         2112 68   31.1  3902  57   54                                    
with slits                                                                
KSC DELSS                                                                 
          383 73    5.2  1011  14   38                                    
(trays)                                                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Winter wheat (sown in autumn: actually in the field about 270 days
 .sup.2 Achieved with 50 percent of Utah State Univ. energy input         
 (Gitel&#39;zon 1977).                                                        
 .sup.3 Values based on one tube each slits and holes.                    
 
    
     IV. Microbiological Assays at Harvest 
     Sample Collection 
     During harvest of the wheat plants the following samples were aseptically collected into 5 ml of sterile physiological saline for microbiological analysis: 
     1. Two root sections from the slitted pipe and one from the hole. 
     2. An obviously decayed seed remnant. 
     3. Slime layer covering the Tygon (TM) tubing submersed in the reservoir nutrient solution. 
     4. Algal macro-colony from the reservoir bottom. 
     5. Two swabs of the interior membrane surface of the slotted pipe and one swab of the interior membrane surface of the hole pipe. The approximate membrane area sampled was 12 square cm. 
     Sample Processing 
     All samples were sonicated for 6.0 minutes to disperse bacteria attached to surfaces and to disrupt microcolonies. Total viable bacteria in the sonicated samples were enumerated using the spread plate technique onto nutrient agar plates. Plates were incubated for five days at 28° C. prior to counting. 
     Results and Discussion 
     Root samples from the slitted pipe had 14×10 9  and 1.6×10 9  bacteria per g dry weight of root material whereas the roots from the hole pipe had 1.8×10 9  per g. This shows considerable variation. In comparison, roots from tray experiments usually have 10 9  to 10 10  bacteria per gram. 
     This decaying seed contained 8.4×10 7  bacteria. The slime attached to the Tygon (TM) tube in the reservoir had approximately 3.8×10 6  bacteria per square cm of tubing area. The other sample from the reservoir was a large algal colony, which contained approximately 9×10 6  bacteria per ml of algae. However, disruption of the macrocolony by the sonication treatment was inadequate, with large particles remaining. Supposedly, the attached bacteria were also not dispersed adequately. 
     The most interesting samples were those collected by swabbing the interior of the membrane tube. The surface of the slitted pipe membrane contained 3.3 and 8.4×10 5  per square cm of membrane for the two samples collected. For the hole pipe, the count was 1.4×10 6  per square cm. All three samples contained numerous senescent colonies of the same alga that occurred in the reservoir. This organism, a unicellular green alga, has yet to be identified. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     I. Methods and Materials 
     The tubes were constructed according to procedures described above. Two tubular units, one of each of the two pore sizes (0.2 and 0.45 micron) were connected to a two-head peristaltic pump, each to an individual head. Four pumps were used to operate eight tubular units during this study. A 25 liter reservoir was used to contain the modified Hoagland&#39;s solution which supplied the water and nutrients to the plants. The solution was aerated using an aquarium air pump. The nutrient solution was pumped through the system at a rate of 100 ml/min/tube. Nineteen wheat seeds (cultivar: Yecora rojo) were placed in each tubular unit for germination and grow-out. The pH, which tended to go basic, was maintained in the range of 5.8-6.0 by adding dilute nitric acid with a controller which automatically monitored the pH of the nutrient solution. The entire growth unit was placed in an environmental plant growth chamber at 23° C. and 65 % relative humidity with constant light at about 300 umho/cm 2/  sec. 
     Deionized water was used to germinate the plants. Stock nutrient solutions were added following germination, on days 6, 10, 20, 31, 48 and 63. The totals of each element and water added to the solution during this experiement are presented in Table 4. 
     Mature wheat plants were harvested on day 70. Harvest included the disassembly of the entire system for removal of the plants. Plant heights were measured and the total number of plants counted. The number of seeds were counted per head. Root, stem, chaff and seed were separated. Biomass was placed in paper bags for weighing. Oven dry weights were determined for each category of biomass after drying in a forced air oven at 70° C. for 12-18 hours. 
     One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS (1986) to test the effects of pore size differences for 1) the number of seeds per primary head, 2) the plant height, and 3) mean seed weight per head. 
     II. Results and Discussion 
     Germination and growth proceeded normal through harvest with six of the eight units. On day 42, it was noted that the plants were dessicated in two of the units, due to failure of the pump tubing in the corresponding peristaltic pump heads. 
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
A list of the amount of each element and                                  
water added during growout and remaining                                  
in the reservoir at harvest.                                              
Element     Amount Added.sup.1                                            
                          Amount Remaining.sup.2                          
______________________________________                                    
Nitrogen    8.97    g         2.20   g                                    
Phosphorus  .853    g         .420   g                                    
Potassium   6.28    g         .820   g                                    
Calcium     4.98    g         1.43   g                                    
Magnesium   1.29    g         .315   g                                    
Iron        138.0   mg        43.3   mg                                   
Sulfur      1.70    g         *                                           
Copper      .810    mg        ND                                          
Manganese   18.7    mg        .167   mg                                   
Molybdenum  2.85    mg        *                                           
Zinc        2.22    mg        ND                                          
Deionized water                                                           
            140     liters    25     liters                               
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 Calculated from volume of stock solutions added                   
 .sup.2 Calculated from analysis of nutrient solution at harvest          
 *Not analyzed                                                            
 ND--not detected                                                         
 
    
     The root mass formed a continuous mat around the membrane but was easily separated. All tubes exhibited alga growth within the slot area where light was able to penetrate to the membrane surface. The harvest data are presented in Table 5. 
     The one-way ANOVA performed on the data showed no differences in the number of primary seed per plant, plant height, and mean seed weight per head between the pore sizes. The results of the ANOVA tests and supplementary statistics appear in Tables 6, 7 and 8. 
     Seed was produced at a rate better than expected under field conditions with total biomass in the range of expected field production (Table 9). The harvest index (edible/total biomass) was as good or better than expected. It was better than that previously reported for other hydroponic systems (Table 9). 
     Visual inspection of the root mass showed that about two-thirds of the surface of the membrane was not covered by the roots which may indicate the possibility of using a higher density of plants in the tubes. 
     The indication from this experiment that there is no significant different in production between pore sizes permits making a choice using another criteria. Since the 0.2 micron pore size would create a more effective barrier to bacteria transfer from solution to root or vice versa, it may be more desirable to use the smaller pore size. 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Tubular membrane wheat harvest data                                       
         Pore Size Tube # Pore Size Tube #                                
Stalk    0.2 um (1,3,5,7) 0.45 um (4,8)                                   
(Tiller) Prim     Second  Tert  Prim  Second                              
                                            Tert                          
______________________________________                                    
Plants/m.sup.2                                                            
         850      --      --    725   --    --                            
# heads  68       44      4     29    18    0                             
Heads/m.sup.2                                                             
         850      550     50    725   450   0                             
Seed #   1338     580     50    597   240   0                             
Seed mass                                                                 
         50.0     18.3    1.70  23.9  8.20  0                             
Seed mass/m.sup.2                                                         
         625      229     21.3  598   205   0                             
Mass/seed                                                                 
         0.037    0.032   0.034 0.040 0.034 --                            
Seeds/head                                                                
         19.7     13.2    12.5  20.6  13.3  --                            
Height (mm)                                                               
         400      --      --    405   --    --                            
% root mass                                                               
         14.2     --      --    19.1  --    --                            
Harvest index                                                             
         45       --      --    49.5  --    --                            
Dry weight*                                                               
Seeds    39.1                   15.8  --    --                            
Chaff    23.9                   9.5   --    --                            
Roots    21.8                   9.3   --    --                            
% Moisture                                                                
Seeds    39.1     31.8    41.9  13.6  36.5  --                            
______________________________________                                    
 *Combined primary, secondary and tertiary                                
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 6                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Experiment on tubular membrane system.                                    
Variable Seed Number/Primary Head                                         
By Variable                                                               
         Pore Size in Microns (1 = 0.20, 2 = 0.45)                        
__________________________________________________________________________
Source     D.F. Sum of Squares                                            
                        Mean Squares                                      
                                  F Ratio                                 
                                       F Prob.                            
__________________________________________________________________________
Between Groups                                                            
            1     3.6429                                                  
                         3.6429   .2199                                   
                                       .6402 N.S.                         
Within Groups                                                             
           94   1556.8571                                                 
                        16.5623                                           
Total      95   1560.5000                                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
            Standard                                                      
                  Standard                                                
Group                                                                     
    Count                                                                 
        Mean                                                              
            Deviation                                                     
                  Error                                                   
                       95% Conf. Int for Mean                             
                                   Minimum                                
                                        Maximum                           
__________________________________________________________________________
1   68  20.2500                                                           
            4.2685                                                        
                  .5176                                                   
                       19.2168 to 21.2832                                 
                                   11.0000                                
                                        29.0000                           
2   28  20.6786                                                           
            3.5282                                                        
                  .6668                                                   
                       19.3105 to 22.0467                                 
                                   13.0000                                
                                        29.0000                           
Total                                                                     
    96  20.3750                                                           
            4.0529                                                        
                  .4137                                                   
                       19.5538 to 21.1962                                 
                                   11.0000                                
                                        29.0000                           
__________________________________________________________________________
 Tests for Homogenity of Variances                                        
 Cochrans C = max. variance/sum(variances) = .5941, P = .195 (approx.)    
 Bartlett = Box F = 1.300, P = .254                                       
 Maximum variance/minimum variance 1.464                                  
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 7                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Experiment on tubular membrane system                                     
Variable Plant Height                                                     
By Variable                                                               
         Pore Size in Microns (1 = 0.20, 2 = 0.45)                        
__________________________________________________________________________
Source     D.F. Sum of Squares                                            
                        Mean Squares                                      
                                  F Ratio                                 
                                       F Prob.                            
__________________________________________________________________________
Between Groups                                                            
            1    1.0163 1.0163    .6268                                   
                                       .4305 N.S.                         
Within Groups                                                             
           94   152.4206                                                  
                        1.6215                                            
Total      95   153.4368                                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
            Standard                                                      
                  Standard                                                
Group                                                                     
    Count                                                                 
        Mean                                                              
            Deviation                                                     
                  Error                                                   
                       95% Conf Int for Mean                              
                                   Minimum                                
                                        Maximum                           
__________________________________________________________________________
1   68  15.7647                                                           
            1.4220                                                        
                  .1724                                                   
                       15.4205 to 16.1089                                 
                                   10.0000                                
                                        18.0000                           
2   28  15.9911                                                           
             .7920                                                        
                  .1497                                                   
                       15.6840 to 16.2982                                 
                                   13.7500                                
                                        17.2500                           
Total                                                                     
    96  15.8307                                                           
            1.2709                                                        
                  .1297                                                   
                       15.5732 to 16.0882                                 
                                   10.0000                                
                                        18.0000                           
__________________________________________________________________________
 Tests for Homegeneity of Variances                                       
 Cochrans C = max. variance/sum(variances) = .7633, P = .000(approx.)     
 Bartlett = Box F = 10.708, P = .001                                      
 Maximum variance/minimum variance 3.224                                  
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 8                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Experiment on tubular membrane system                                     
Variable Mean Seed Weight/Plant                                           
By Variable                                                               
         Pore Size in Microns (1 = 0.20, 2 = 0.45)                        
__________________________________________________________________________
Source     D.F. Sum of Squares                                            
                        Mean Squares                                      
                                  F Ratio                                 
                                       F Prob.                            
__________________________________________________________________________
Between Groups                                                            
            1    .0862  .0862     2.4982                                  
                                       .1173 N.S.                         
Within Groups                                                             
           94   3.2423  .0345                                             
Total      95   3.3284                                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
            Standard                                                      
                  Standard                                                
Group                                                                     
    Count                                                                 
        Mean                                                              
            Deviation                                                     
                  Error                                                   
                       95% Conf Int for Mean                              
                                   Minimum                                
                                        Maximum                           
__________________________________________________________________________
1   68  1.0430                                                            
            .1731 .0210                                                   
                       1.0011 to 1.0849                                   
                                   .8300                                  
                                        1.2500                            
2   28  1.1089                                                            
            .2139 .0404                                                   
                       1.0260 to 1.1919                                   
                                   .9400                                  
                                        1.3700                            
Total                                                                     
    96  1.0622                                                            
            .1872 .0191                                                   
                       1.0243 to 1.1002                                   
                                   .8300                                  
                                        1.3700                            
__________________________________________________________________________
 Tests for Homegeneity of Variances                                       
 Cochrans C = max. variance/sum(variances) = .6042, P = .151(approx.)     
 Bartlett = Box F = 1.793, P = .181                                       
 Maximum variance/minimum variance 1.526                                  
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 9                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
A comparison of wheat productivities in different                         
environments                                                              
         Absolute                                                         
               Life                                                       
                   Yield                                                  
                        Total                                             
                             Biomass                                      
                                  Harvest                                 
         seed  Cycle                                                      
                   per day                                                
                        Biomass                                           
                             per day                                      
                                  Index                                   
         yield gm.sup.-2                                                  
               days                                                       
                   gm.sup.-2 d.sup.-1                                     
                        gm.sup.-2                                         
                             gm.sup.-2 d.sup.-1                           
                                  %                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
Field prod&#39;n                                                              
         300-700                                                          
               90-130                                                     
                   3-7  700-1800                                          
                             7-18 45                                      
World record                                                              
         1450  120 12.1 3200 27   45                                      
in field.sup.1                                                            
Utah State Univ.                                                          
         1200  56  21.4 5000 89   24                                      
controlled                                                                
environment                                                               
Russian life                                                              
         1000  56  17.9 2860 51   35                                      
support system                                                            
study.sup.2                                                               
TMPGU pipe.sup.3                                                          
         875   70  12.5 1935 28   45                                      
(0.2 um pore                                                              
size)                                                                     
TMPGU pipe.sup.3                                                          
         837   70  12.0 1668 24   50                                      
(0.2 um pore                                                              
size )                                                                    
KSC DELSS                                                                 
         661   65  10.2 1726 27   38                                      
(trays)                                                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Winter wheat (sown in autumn: actually in the field about 270 days
 .sup.2 Achieved with 50 percent of Utah State Univ. energy input         
 (Gitel&#39;zon 1977).                                                        
 .sup.3 Tubular units used in this study.                                 
 .sup.4 Tray units used in other KSC CELSS studies.Values based on one tub
 each slits and holes.                                                    
 
    
     From the above detailed description, it will be apparent that there has been provided an improved process and apparatus for hydroponic growth. It should be understood that the described and disclosed embodiments and examples are merely exemplary of the invention and that all embodiments are intended to be included that do not depart from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims;