Method and apparatus for a lineal machine tool
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     There are many techniques in the prior art for milling material from a workpiece. One of the most important of these is lineal milling, or machining, which is characterized by a milling motion which utilizes milling forces parallel to the center line rotation of a spindle or cutting tool to remove metal from the workpiece. This is to be distinguished from conventional milling which typically advances a rotating cutting tool perpendicular to the center line of rotation into a workpiece. Lineal milling provides certain advantages over conventional milling. First of all, the milling forces are supported by the compression strength of the spindle and cutting tool and the spindle thrust bearings as opposed to the lateral rigidity of the cutting tool and spindle which is typically much weaker. Furthermore, greater depth in the opening may be achieved more easily with lineal milling as the length of the cutting tool may simply be increased while increasing the length of the cutting tool for conventional milling further decreases the lateral strength of the tool which can result in deflection of the tool and a failure to achieve the desired result. Therefore, for these and other reasons, lineal milling is much more desirable in many applications than conventional milling. 
     Perhaps the simplest form of lineal milling is exemplified by a drill press which utilizes a conventional drill bit which may be advanced into a workpiece. However, a drill press is unsuitable for drilling pocket-type openings in that advancing the drill bit into a flat surface is relatively easy while advancing the drill bit into a workpiece such that it overlaps a previously drilled hole has a tendency to deflect the bit. Thus, additional steps with other equipment is required to finish off the machined opening. 
     The inventor herein is aware of at least one attempt in the prior art to decrease the tendency of the drill bit to deflect as the bit is advanced into a workpiece. In this prior art device, a spindle is used to mount the drill bit to the machine, and the spindle has a female taper, or inner taper, and the drill bit has a matching male taper such that it slides within the opening or envelope provided by the spindle and is secured thereto with a spindle drawbar or the like. While this does improve the support for the cutting tool as it increases the width or base for support of the tool, there are difficulties in implementing it. 
     First of all, truing of a female taper on a spindle can be quite difficult and time-consuming (and thus expensive). Furthermore, requalifying of the inside taper or female taper of a spindle, as might be expected after some use, would require at least partial disassembly of the spindle. 
     In order to solve these and other problems in the prior art, the inventor herein has developed a lineal machining tool which can be used to great advantage in pocket-type machining applications, as well as other applications. The lineal machining tool and method of the present invention permits lineal machining of overlapping holes in a manner which &#34;stomps&#34; or &#34;nibbles&#34; material away from the workpiece with successive advances of the machine tool into the workpiece. The machine tool is characterized by a cutting tool which has a female taper which matches and lines up with the outer male taper of the spindle, both surfaces of which are machined or &#34;trued&#34; so as to accurately position the cutting tool with respect to the center line of the spindle. The cutting tool is mounted to the spindle much as with a standard cutting tool, i.e. with a spindle drawbar or center mounting bolt which urges the tapered surfaces into engagement. However, with this arrangement, for the first time, the cutting tool is supported at the widest dimension of the spindle to provide the greatest amount of lateral support to resist deflection of the cutting tool as it is advanced into the workpiece in a lineal machining or milling motion. 
     Still another feature of the cutting tool of the present invention is that a plurality of replaceable carbide cutting edges are mounted along the outer periphery of the outboard end of the tool such that, when the tool is rotated, the cutting edges circumscribe an annulus which comprises less than all of the surface area of the outboard face. Thus, the cutting tool isolates its cutting surface such that it is uniquely suited for being successively advanced in an overlapping manner into a workpiece. Thus, cutting edges are maximally utilized, especially in a CNC machine, where successive advances of the cutting tool may be accurately controlled to choose the amount of overlap to best advantage. 
     Because of the tremendous rates at which material is removed from the workpiece, flutes are formed in the body of the cutting tool such that as the cutting edges shave chips from the workpiece, they are directed by the cutting edges up through the flutes and away from the workpiece. Furthermore, lubrication ports are formed in the cutting tool from the center draw bolt to near the carbide cutting edge so that air or lubricating oil may be delivered directly to the cutting edge and surface of the workpiece. 
     As already alluded to above, the inventor has also succeeded in developing a method for lineal milling which utilizes the tool of the present invention to great advantage. That method includes advancing the cutting tool into the workpiece such that the cutting annulus circumscribed by the cutting edges at least partially overlap the cutting annulus of the previous pass by the cutting tool through the workpiece. After each cutting stroke, the tool is retracted from the workpiece, indexed to a new overlapping position, and then advanced back into the workpiece. With this motion, the tool can be used to great advantage to &#34;nibble&#34; or &#34;stomp&#34; material from the workpiece at tremendous rates in a CNC machine through the use of simple programming techniques as is well known in the art. 
     While the principal advantages and features of the invention have been described above, a clearer understanding of the invention and its purposes may be attained by referring to the drawings and description of the preferred embodiment which follow. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a side view of the cutting tool mounted to the spindle of a milling machine; 
     FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the cutting tool; 
     FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line 3--3 in FIG. 1 and detailing the mounting of the cutting tool to the spindle; 
     FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line 4--4 in FIG. 1 and detailing the set screw positioner for locating the cutting tool on the spindle; 
     FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line 5--5 in FIG. 3 and detailing the lubrication porting from the draw bolt through the cutting tool; 
     FIG. 6 is a partial view of one of the cutting edges mounted to the cutting tool; 
     FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line 7--7 in FIG. 6 detailing the screw mounting the carbide cutting edge to the cutting tool; and 
     FIG. 8a-e is a series of drawings depicting the various steps in the method for lineal milling with the tool. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     As shown in FIG. 1, and especially in FIG. 3, the present invention includes a cutting tool 20 mounted to a spindle 22 for a milling machine, the details of which are well known in the art and which provide a means for rotating the spindle 22 and cutting tool 20 at a high rate of speed to mill material from a workpiece. The cutting tool includes a body 24 having an inner taper 26 formed along an area adjacent a shank 28 which fits within the cavity 30 of spindle 22. Spindle 22 has a matching outer taper 32 against which the cutting tool inner taper 26 interfits to provide a solid, machined surface, support. A draw bolt 34 screws down within a threaded center cavity 36 of cutting tool 20 and secures it rigidly against the spindle 22 through the matching tapers 26, 32. The lower portion of central cavity 38 has ports 40 which access channels 42 for the flow of air or lubricating oil and fluids to aid in the milling of material from a workpiece, as is well known in the art. The cutting tool 20 has an outboard end or face 44, as shown in FIG. 2, which is generally flat with five cutting edges 46 equally spaced about the periphery thereof. The cutting edges 46 are shown in greater detail in FIGS. 6 and 7 and include a carbide insert 48 which is generally triangularly shaped and which is recess-mounted into one of the flutes 50 of the cutting tool 20. As best shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, each carbide insert 48 is mounted and oriented such that when the cutting tool 20 is rotated, shavings or chips which are created by the carbide insert are directed away from the workpiece through an associated flute or offset 50 formed in the outer circumference of the cutting tool 20. 
     Each carbide insert 48 is held in position by a recessed screw 52, with the carbide insert 48 being thereby easily loosened and rotated in order to place a new cutting edge at the cutting surface. 
     As best shown in FIGS. 8a-e, the cutting tool 20 of the present invention may be either manually or automatically programmed to lineally mill a pocket opening through an elegantly simple method which takes maximum advantage of the annular cutting swath of the tool. As shown in FIG. 8a, an opening 54 may already be placed in a workpiece 56 with a conventional tool, with the cutting tool 20 being rotated at substantially high rates of speed with its annulus of cut overlapping the edge and part of the surface 58 of the workpiece 56, as shown. After the tool 20 is thus positioned, it is lineally advanced into the workpiece 56 as shown in FIG. 8b in order to mill away the material underlying the &#34;cutting annulus&#34; defined by the carbide insert cutting surfaces as they are swept through an annulus by rotation of the tool 20. The tool 20 is advanced, as stated, in order to mill away material down to the depth of the previously formed opening 54, or otherwise as desired. After the tool 20 has reached the appropriate depth, it may be retracted first horizontally and then vertically from the workpiece in order to clear the workpiece and ensure a smoothly milled bottom surface on the workpiece. For some applications, the horizontal movement may not be required. These steps are shown in FIGS. 8c and 8d, respectively. Lastly, the cutting tool 20 may then be advanced to overlap another, adjacent, milled edge and overlap 60 of workpiece 56 which corresponds to the starting position shown in FIG. 8a. These steps may thus be repeated, as desired, in order to mill the workpiece 56. As the cutting edges of the tool define an annulus as the tool is rotated, the tool should be positioned so that the unmilled edge of the workpiece does not extend inside the innermost edge of the cutting annulus. 
     While greater amounts of material can be milled at higher rates by increasing the amount of overlap 58, 60; more precise milling edges may be achieved by decreasing the amount of overlap 58, 60 such that adjacent passes through the workpiece 56 are very closely spaced which can result in pocket openings having edges and sidewalls which may require little or no further machining. Of course, this represents a dramatic improvement over the prior art milling operations with drills which resulted in, at best, a series of arcuate scallops or the like forming the edges of the opening, even under the best of circumstances as they were capable of drilling holes having virtually no overlap. At worst, the milling operation with drills could not achieve any overlap between adjacent holes such that the material could not be entirely milled out of the opening, thereby requiring much additional machining for a finished opening. 
     There are various changes and modifications which may be made to the invention as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. However, these changes or modifications are included in the teaching of the disclosure, and it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.