Engine misfire detection system and method
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/088,163, filed Jul. 7, 1993, entitled MISFIRE DETECTION IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINE, by Gates, Jr. et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,989, and is related to U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/188,580, filed Jan. 28, 1994, entitled AUTOMOTIVE MISFIRE CYLINDER IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM, by Park, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,415,036. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an engine misfire detection system and, more particularly, pertains to an engine misfire detection system and method for detecting a misfire condition and identifying misfiring engine cylinders over varying engine rates and under varying engine load conditions. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     When an automobile engine misfires, it would be desirable to quickly and accurately identify the misfiring cylinder so that appropriate repairs may be made. In the past, various methods have been employed to accomplish this goal. The most common technique is to run the engine at a fairly low speed and successively disable the cylinders, one by one, and check for changes in motor sound and/or vibration, with disabling of the misfiring cylinder not causing any change, while the disabling of other cylinders producing further (intentional) misfiring and a change in engine sound or vibration. However, the foregoing method is time consuming; and, with intermittent misfiring conditions, it is difficult to identify the source of the problem. 
     Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an engine misfire detection system and method for successfully detecting and identifying misfiring engine cylinders under varying engine cycle rates and under varying engine load conditions in real time. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with a specific illustrative embodiment of the present invention, an engine misfire detection system for successfully detecting and identifying misfiring engine cylinders under varying engine cycle rates and varying engine load conditions includes a manifold absolute pressure sensor, an engine position (CID) sensor, a misfire sensor, and misfire detection system electronics. The manifold absolute pressure sensor is coupled to an intake manifold of an engine and provides a manifold absolute pressure signal responsive to a load condition of the engine. The engine position (CID) sensor provides an engine position (CID) signal in synchronism with revolutions of a cam shaft of the engine when cylinder no. 1 reaches top dead center. This signal is referred to as the cylinder identification or CID signal by Ford Motor Car Co. The misfire sensor is coupled to an exhaust manifold of the engine and provides a misfire sensor signal responsive to pressure changes within the exhaust manifold. The misfire detection system electronics utilize misfire signal signatures or characteristics which correlate normal operating condition misfire sensor signal range values of the misfire sensor to different speeds or revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine under varying engine load conditions. The misfire detection system electronics detect a misfire condition when a minimum value of the misfire sensor signal occurring during a cycle of the engine is outside the normal operating condition misfire sensor signal range values for the speed and load condition of the engine during the cycle for which a misfire condition has been detected. The misfire detection system electronics correlate the misfire sensor signal with the engine position (CID) signal to generate a signal identifying a misfiring cylinder of the engine when the misfire condition is detected. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, the misfire detection system electronics utilize an index ratio, which is determined from a number of samples of the misfire sensor signal taken by a processor of the misfire detection system electronics during the cycle for which the misfire condition has been detected and from the engine rate. The index ratio correlates the misfire sensor signal with the engine position (CID) signal to identify a misfiring cylinder of the engine when the misfire condition is detected. 
     In accordance with a broader aspect of the invention, an engine misfire detection system includes a pressure sensor coupled to the exhaust system of the engine for providing electrical signals corresponding to the exhaust pressure, circuitry for providing a range of normal engine operating exhaust pressure signals, detection circuitry for indicating an exhaust signal which drops below the normal operating range, and sensors for indicating the speed and load conditions of the engine, and for adjusting the normal exhaust pressure range in response to changes in both the speed and load conditions of the engine. 
     In accordance with a supplemental feature of the invention, the range adjustments are made without significant time displacement of the output signals. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become readily apparent upon reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof, and wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an engine and an engine misfire detection system illustrating the present invention; 
     FIG. 1A is a circuit schematic of a signal filter/amplifier of the engine misfire detection system; 
     FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an engine and its exhaust manifold with a misfire sensor attached thereto; 
     FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of an engine and its exhaust manifold with two misfire sensors attached thereto; 
     FIG. 4 is a plot of a misfire sensor signal provided by the misfire sensor of FIG. 2 under normal engine operating conditions; 
     FIG. 5 is a plot of a misfire sensor signal provided by the misfire sensor of FIG. 2 during a misfire condition of the engine; 
     FIG. 6 shows plots of misfire sensor signal range data over different engine rates and under different engine load conditions; 
     FIG. 7 is a plot of standard variances of the average of the misfire sensor signal over different engine rates and under different engine load conditions; 
     FIG. 8 is a plot of corrected index ratios for each cylinder of a V-8 style engine where 360 samples per frame were taken by a processor of the engine misfire detection system and where the engine was subjected to a 50 ft-lb load; 
     FIGS. 9A and 9B are a flowchart showing the operation of the engine misfire detection system of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 10 includes two plots, with one showing the engine position or CID signal, and the other showing the exhaust pressure accompanying a misfire, with both plots having the same engine conditions and time scale. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows an engine 20 and an engine misfire detection system 30 illustrating the principles of the present invention. Electrical signals indicative of various engine performance parameters are measured by a plurality of sensors included within the engine misfire detection system 30. In the illustrated preferred embodiment, the detection system 30 includes the conventional source (here, an engine position (CID) sensor 32) for providing an engine position (CID) signal on lead 34 in synchronism with revolutions of a camshaft of the engine. The aforementioned sensors also include a manifold absolute pressure sensor 42 coupled to an intake manifold of the engine for providing a manifold absolute pressure signal on lead 44 responsive to and indicative of a load condition of the engine. Additionally, the detection system 30 includes a pressure sensor or misfire sensor 52 coupled to the exhaust manifold of the engine for providing a misfire sensor signal on lead 54 responsive to pressure changes within the exhaust manifold. 
     The engine misfire detection system 30 receives signals 34, 44, 54 and uses these signals to detect and identify misfiring engine cylinders under varying engine cycle rates and varying engine load conditions in real time. The engine position (CID) signal 34 may be provided to the detection system 30 in analog form. For example, the engine position (CID) sensor 32 may be an inductive coil sensor positioned near the engine flywheel generating an analog pulse in response to the spark plug signal. Alternatively, a digital engine position (CID) signal 34&#39; may be provided by utilizing an optical encoder as the engine position (CID) sensor 32. As may be readily appreciated, alternative methods and apparatuses for measuring the rate at which the engine&#39;s camshaft is turning and the position of the camshaft relative to the engine block are contemplated by the present invention. It should be further noted that an engine position (CID) (CID) sensor is normally provided with most modern automobiles. 
     The manifold absolute pressure sensor 42 measures the intake manifold pressure which is a good overall indicator of the load condition of the engine. As a greater load is applied to the engine, the pressure measured by the manifold absolute pressure sensor 42 proportionally increases. A preferred manifold absolute pressure sensor 42 is a 15 psi absolute sensor such as the Kavlico P-15 absolute pressure sensor manufactured by Kavlico Corporation of Moorpark, Calif. Alternatively, the manifold absolute pressure signal on lead 44 may be generated by simply providing a throttle position sensor. 
     The misfire pressure sensor 52 may be of the type described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,668, granted Jun. 14, 1983, and assigned to the Assignee of the present application. The pressure transducer includes two disks of ceramic material, and in one operative embodiment, the disks are approximately 1.27 inches in diameter and the diaphragm is approximately 14.5 thousandths of an inch thick. The two ceramic disks are preferably spaced apart by glass frit by a relatively small distance such as a few thousandths of an inch, and they have space conductive plates on their inner surfaces, which form a capacitor. As the diaphragm is flexed with pressure changes, the capacitance of the spaced plates changes. A small printed circuit board transforms the changes in capacitance to generate a varying electrical signal transducer output. A typical circuit employed for the aforementioned purpose is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,426, granted Aug. 16, 1983, and assigned to the Assignee of the present invention. Such transducers are also available from Kavlico Corporation of Moorpark, Calif., as 10 psi pressure transducers. 
     One or several misfire sensors 52 may be included in the detection system 30 as is shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. Such sensors 52 are preferably coupled to the exhaust manifold system 22 &#34;upstream&#34; of the catalytic converter 24 with each misfire sensor 52 being positioned substantially equidistantly from the engine block. The detection system 30 detects a misfire condition when the misfire sensor signal 54 is determined to be outside a range of values which have been empirically determined to be acceptable for the present operating speed and load condition of the engine. A misfire condition is characterized by a sharp decrease in the pressure in the exhaust manifold system 22. If the voltage of the misfire sensor signal 54 falls below the aforementioned acceptable range of values, for example, the detection system 30 detects a misfire condition. FIGS. 4 and 5 show the misfire sensor signal on lead 54 under normal operating conditions and under a misfire condition, respectively. The sharp periodic dip in the voltage plot shown in FIG. 5 is indicative of a misfiring engine cylinder which causes the pressure in the exhaust manifold system 22 and thus the voltage of the misfire sensor signal on lead 54 to decrease. 
     The &#34;upstream&#34; positioning of the misfire sensor 52 in the exhaust manifold system 22 relative to the catalytic converter 24 also allows the detection system 30 to detect an unacceptably high increase in the pressure measured within the exhaust manifold system 22 which may, for example, be caused by a blockage in the catalytic converter 24. As before, the detection system 30 utilizes the empirically determined range of misfire sensor signal values which are known to be acceptable under normal operating conditions (when the engine is operating at a particular rate and under a particular load condition) to determine if the pressure in the exhaust manifold system 22 is unacceptably high. The misfire sensor signal 54 may also be employed by the detection system 30 to provide noise control for the engine&#39;s exhaust system. 
     As is best illustrated in FIG. 1, the engine misfire detection system 30 includes misfire detection system electronics 60 which receive signals 34, 44, 54. A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides misfire detection system electronics 60 which further include a controller or processor 62, a clock 64, a read only memory (ROM) 66, a random access memory (RAM) 68, an A/D converter 70, a multiplexer 72, and a signal filter/amplifier 74. A preferred detection system 30 additionally includes a display unit 80 which receives a signal 82 identifying a misfiring cylinder of the engine when a misfire condition is detected by the detection system 30. The display unit 80 for a V-8 style engine includes eight misfire indicators 84 corresponding to the respective cylinders of the engine. The misfire indicators 84 may, for example, be red light emitting diodes (LED) or any other suitable visible and/or audible indicator which identifies a misfiring cylinder to the mechanic performing a diagnostic check of the engine, a driver of the automobile, etc. The display unit 80 may, but does not necessarily, additionally include a normal/engine OK indicator 86 in the form of a green LED, for example. Consistent with the goal of providing a detection system 30 with flexible diagnostic capabilities, the misfire detection system electronics 60 also include accessible terminals for measuring voltages of interest such as terminals 88, 90 which respectively allow a technician to monitor the engine position (CID) signal 34 and a filtered misfire sensor signal 54 at an oscilloscope 92, for example. 
     It has been found that the pressure and resultant output voltage of the misfire sensor 52 varies depending upon the rate at which the engine is running and upon the load applied to the engine. Under normal operating conditions, ranges of misfire sensor signal values may be measured and used by the misfire detection system electronics 60 to determine when the pressure in the exhaust manifold system 22 is inappropriately high or low at a particular engine speed and load condition. The processor 62 which is preferably a MC68HC11 type controller manufactured by Motorola Corporation serves several functions. First, the processor 62 receives and utilizes the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 to determine whether or not a misfire has occurred in any of the cylinders during a particular cycle of the engine. The beginning and end of an engine cycle are respectively designated by two consecutive output pulses of the engine position (CID) signal at lead 34 (hereinafter CID pulses). Second, the processor 62 monitors the range of the misfire sensor signals 54 received during a frame of data, (i.e., the range of all misfire sensor signals 54 sampled by the processor 62 between consecutive CID pulses). The difference between the maximum voltage and minimum voltage (P max  and P min , respectively) of the misfire sensor signals at lead 54 detected during such a time interval provides a range signal (RANGE) corresponding to a particular engine cycle. Thus, a lowest peak value (P min ) is measured and a range (RANGE) of the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 is calculated by the processor 62 during an engine cycle and used to detect a misfire condition occurring during that particular cycle in real time by comparing these values to empirically derived misfire signal signatures. The engine misfire detection system 30 provides a simplified detection scheme which does not require but may utilize statistical processing techniques. 
     FIG. 6 shows a group of misfire signal signatures or characteristics which illustrate the observed range, maximum minus minimum pressures of the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 plotted against the rate at which the engine is running; each of the misfire signal plots corresponding to a different load condition of the engine. When no load is applied to the engine, the misfire signal signature 94 1  of solid square data points plots observed normal operating condition misfire sensor signal range values along the vertical axis against the rate of the engine along the horizontal axis. Under a &#34;light load&#34; condition (e.g., the engine is idling with the air conditioner on) the misfire signal signature 94 2 , of hollow square data points was observed. Similarly, the misfire signal signatures 94 3 , 94 4 , 94 5  show the correlation between normal operating condition misfire sensor signal range values and different cycle rates of the engine as observed at a 50 ft-lb, 100 ft-lb, and 150-200 ft-lb load condition of the engine. The misfire signal characteristics 94 are stored in a suitable memory device accessible by the processor 62, such as the ROM 66 or the RAM 68 (FIG. 1). 
     Real time processing is difficult utilizing prior art techniques which require data to be collected for at least an entire frame for averaging and which utilize computationally intensive calculations such as square root operations. The processor 62 may alternatively employ a predicted average scheme thereby eliminating some of the burdens associated with statistical processing techniques. 
     FIG. 1A shows the signal filter/amplifier 74 in greater detail. The signal filter/amplifier 74 receives the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 and removes any direct current signal component therefrom. The amplifier U1 provides a filtered, alternating current component of the misfire sensor signal 54 to the processor 62 which uses this output of U1 to obtain the RANGE, Pmin and Pmax values for each engine cycle. The reference voltage V REF  is a conventional power supply voltage at +5.0 Vdc, for example. 
     It has been additionally observed that the voltage V REF  /2 provides a good approximation of an average of the AC component of the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 which is used in the SVAR calculation. When analog circuit components such as those illustrated in FIG. 1A are selected, the gain of the op amp U1 is set very precisely, thereby allowing the foregoing predicted average scheme to be employed in lieu of more involved statistical calculations. 
     If the processor 62 and the misfire detection system electronics 60 are designed with sufficient processing capability, then the processor 62 may also be programmed to calculate a standard variance of the average (SVAR) of the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 in real time in making the misfire determination. As with the plots of the misfire signal characteristics, FIG. 7 shows that the standard variance of the average of the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 over different engine speeds differs under different engine load conditions. More specifically, FIG. 7 shows SVAR signatures or characteristics 96 1 , 96 2 , 96 3 , 96 4 , 96 5  which respectively correspond to calculated SVARs over engine rate as observed under a no load condition, a &#34;light load&#34; condition, 50 ft-lbs, 100 ft-lbs, and 100-200 ft-lbs. As With the misfire signal characteristics 94, the SVAR characteristics 96 may also be stored in a memory device such as the ROM 66 or the RAM 68. Tables 1 and 2 which follow form a part of this patent application and respectively include the observed data points plotted in FIGS. 7 and 8. One text describing statistical analysis techniques which may be employed in a preferred implementation of the invention is &#34;Numerical Recipes in C&#34; or &#34;The Art of Scientific Computing,&#34; 2nd Ed., by William H. Press, et al., Cambridge University Press. 
     If a rate at which the processor 62 samples the misfire sensor signal 54 remains constant over varying engine rates, the resolution of the sample data necessarily decreases as rotations per minute (RPM) of the engine increase. Accordingly, the present invention may include increasing a sample rate of the processor 62 as the speed of the engine increases in RPMs. 
     Successive CID pulses serve as reference points for a beginning and an end of a single engine cycle during which all cylinders fire once. Since the cylinders of an engine fire in a predefined order, the CID pulses serve as reference points in time where the processor 62 begins and ends sampling the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 for a particular engine cycle. When different cylinders of an engine misfire, the observed pressure minimum in the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 appears at different positions within the frame. However, the time intervals between the pressure decreases of successively misfiring engine cylinders are not necessarily equally spaced. In fact, as indicated in FIG. 8, it has been observed that the lowest peak values of the misfire sensor signal at lead 54, for each of the different cylinders when misfiring, are not equally spaced in time from one successive misfiring cylinder to the next, varying in position within the frame depending upon the rate of the engine and the load applied thereto. However, it may be seen that the timing of the successive cylinder misfiring points as indicated in FIG. 8 is generally sequential with minor variations at different engine speeds. 
     After the misfire detection system electronics 60 have detected a misfire condition, the processor 62 utilizes an index ratio to determine which cylinder misfired. The index ratio is determined from the rate that the engine is operating at and from the number of samples of the misfire sensor signal 54 taking during the engine cycle for which a misfire condition has been detected. The index ratio correlates the misfire sensor signal 54 with the engine position (CID) signal 34 to generate a signal identifying a misfiring cylinder of the engine after a misfire condition is detected. More specifically, the index ratio is determined by dividing the number of sample intervals between the CID signal and the occurrence of the pressure minimum point P min , by the total number of sample intervals between successive CID signals. 
     The accuracy with which the processor 62 identifies a particular misfiring cylinder is enhanced by adjusting the index ratio with index ratio correction information which compensate for the effects of different engine cycle rates and varying engine load conditions on the position of P min  relative to the CID pulses. FIG. 8 shows corrected index ratios for each cylinder of a V-8 style engine where 360 samples per frame were taken by the processor 62 and where the engine was subjected to a 50 ft-lb load. In FIG. 8, the 360 samples were rescaled to 256 data points. The corrected index ratios for each cylinder are plotted over engine speed and have been adjusted by the index ratio correction information which compensate for the effects of different load conditions. The index ratio correction information may be stored in a memory device such as the ROM 66 or the RAM 68. Table 3 which follows forms a part of this patent application and includes the observed data points plotted in FIG. 8. 
     With reference to FIG. 1, the processor 62 and the A/D converter 70 receive timing signals from the clock 64. The processor 62, in turn, controls the multiplexor 72 which receives the engine position (CID) signal at lead 34, the manifold absolute pressure signal at lead 44, and the misfire sensor signal at lead 54. Where the engine position (CID) sensor 32 is an optical encoder or other device generating a digital engine position (CID) signal 34&#39;, such an output signal is provided directly to the processor 62. Additionally, the signal filter/amplifier 74 is provided between the misfire sensor signal at lead 54 and the multiplexor 72. Components of the signal filter/amplifier 74 (FIG. 1A) are appropriately selected to filter out any undesired noise and such that an unacceptably high amount of propagation delay is not introduced into the signal path. 
     The processor 62 is electrically connected to the ROM 66 via a read-only interconnect as is known in the art. The RAM 68 conventionally interfaces to the processor 62 via a read/write interface. A program to be executed by the processor 62 may be stored in either the ROM 66 or the RAM 68 and is described below. 
     The misfire detection system electronics 60 operate according to a program such as the one represented in the flow chart of FIGS. 9A and 9B. The program begins at block 100 wherein the engine position (CID) signal 34, the manifold absolute pressure signal 44, and the misfire sensor signal 54 are received in digital form into the processor 62. After the processor 62 verifies at 102 that the engine is running and that the inputs are present, block 104 and diamond 106 reset the system along line 108 since decreasing periods between successive CID pulses indicate a deceleration of the engine during which some misfires are to be expected. Block 110 represents the combined functions of the multiplexer 72 and the A/D converter 70 which provide the signals 34, 44, 54 to blocks 112, 114 and 116 respectively. As discussed above, the engine position (CID) signal 34 provides engine rate (or RPM) information at block 118 depending upon the distance between successive CID pulses. If the processor 62 employs the above described statistical analyses, block 120 represents, for example, a SVAR calculation of the misfire sensor signal 54. Block 122 reflects that the manifold absolute pressure signal 44 corresponds to the present engine load condition. 
     FIG. 9B illustrates at block 124 the aforedescribed misfire condition detection technique wherein samples of the misfire sensor signal 54 are compared to stored empirical data taken under normal engine operating conditions. After a misfire condition is detected, the processor 62 at 126 attempts to identify which particular cylinder has misfired. The index ratios are adjusted with the stored index ratio correction information as represented in block 128. If a misfire match is found, blocks 130, 132 indicate that the processor 62 may be programmed to actuate the appropriate misfire indicator 84 of the display unit 80 (FIG. 1). If no match is found for a single cylinder misfire, the processor 62 may also be programmed at 134 to determine via statistical analyses whether there is a multicylinder misfire condition. Furthermore, optional blocks 136, 138, 140 reflect that the program which is executed by the processor 62 may also include a variety of self-tests or diagnostic features for the engine misfire detection system 30. 
     FIG. 10 shows the engine position (CID) signal in the upper portion thereof, with the successive pulses 152 occurring each time the no. 1 cylinder reaches top dead center. The lower plot of FIG. 10 shows a misfiring condition, with the minimums 154 representing the reduced pressure points associated with the misfiring of the same cylinder during successive engine cycle intervals. The misfiring cylinder may be identified, as discussed above, by determining the ratio of the time from one CID signal 152 to the next minimum point 154, and dividing this value by the time between successive CID pulses. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the just described preferred embodiment can be configured without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Thus, the principles of the invention may be alternatively implemented by an analog or &#34;hard-wired&#34; circuit, preferably using comparison and reference voltage values which vary with engine speed and load. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
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Engine Rate                                                               
         Range Under Varying Load Conditions                              
rpm      no load 0 ft-lb 50 ft-lb                                         
                               100 ft-lb                                  
                                      150-200 ft-lb                       
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 100     60      78      60     78     78                                 
 200     60      78      60     78     78                                 
 300     60      78      60     78     78                                 
 400     60      78      60     78     78                                 
 500     60      78      60     78     78                                 
 600     60      78      60     78     78                                 
 700     60      76      61     76     76                                 
 800     60      75      64     75     75                                 
 900     63      76      66     76     76                                 
1000     65      77      68     77     77                                 
1100     67      81      72     81     81                                 
1200     69      88      74     88     88                                 
1300     68      93      72     93     93                                 
1400     67      93      71     93     93                                 
1500     65      90      70     90     90                                 
1600     62      88      70     88     90                                 
1700     61      86      70     87    103                                 
1800     62      87      70     88    115                                 
1900     65      85      71     89    125                                 
2000     68      86      72     91    132                                 
2100     70      89      75     94    140                                 
2200     73      90      78    103    147                                 
2300     76      99      81    109    152                                 
2400     80      105     85    111    157                                 
2500     84      108     89    115    162                                 
2600     86      110     93    120    164                                 
2700     88      112     98    124    165                                 
2800     89      114     101   126    166                                 
2900     88      111     102   127    165                                 
3000     86      105     101   126    163                                 
3100     83      103     100   125    158                                 
3200     80      97      95    122    153                                 
3300     76      93      88    119    147                                 
3400     73      89      84    115    140                                 
3500     69      84      81    111    132                                 
3600     65      80      78    106    120                                 
3700     62      78      76    100    112                                 
3800     61      76      75     95    111                                 
3900     62      76      74     90    111                                 
4000     65      76      75     86    113                                 
4100     70      78      76     85    115                                 
4200     75      78      78     86    119                                 
4300     80      80      80     88    122                                 
4400     82      82      82     92    125                                 
4500     84      83      83     97    126                                 
4600     87      84      84    102    126                                 
4700     89      84      86    104    125                                 
4800     91      84      87    106    125                                 
4900     94      84      89    107    125                                 
5000     96      84      90    108    125                                 
5100     97      84      91    109    125                                 
5200     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5300     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5400     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5500     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5600     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5700     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5800     98      84      91    109    125                                 
5900     98      84      91    109    125                                 
6000     98      84      91    109    125                                 
6100     98      84      91    109    125                                 
6200     98      84      91    109    125                                 
6300     98      84      91    109    125                                 
6400     98      84      91    109    125                                 
6500     98      84      91    109    125                                 
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                       TABLE 2                                                     
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Engine SVAR Under Varying Load Conditions                                 
Rate rpm                                                                  
       No Load  0 ft-lb  50 ft-lb                                         
                               100 ft-lb                                  
                                      150-200 ft-lb                       
______________________________________                                    
 100   13       17       15    15     17                                  
 200   13       17       15    15     17                                  
 300   13       17       15    15     17                                  
 400   13       17       15    15     17                                  
 500   13       17       15    15     17                                  
 600   13       17       15    15     17                                  
 700   13       16       14    14     18                                  
 800   13       15       14    14     17                                  
 900   13       14       14    14     19                                  
1000   13       16       14    14     20                                  
1100   13       20       14    14     20                                  
1200   13       23       14    14     21                                  
1300   13       24       14    14     24                                  
1400   13       25       14    14     26                                  
1500   13       20       14    14     29                                  
1600   13       18       14    14     35                                  
1700   13       17       14    15     44                                  
1800   13       16       15    16     54                                  
1900   13       16       16    19     69                                  
2000   14       17       17    23     79                                  
2100   14       18       18    31     88                                  
2200   14       20       20    37     99                                  
2300   14       26       26    42     110                                 
2400   15       32       32    53     118                                 
2500   16       36       36    62     124                                 
2600   17       39       39    67     130                                 
2700   18       43       40    69     132                                 
2800   19       47       41    70     133                                 
2900   20       49       42    70     132                                 
3000   21       49       42    70     130                                 
3100   22       48       40    69     127                                 
3200   23       45       40    68     124                                 
3300   23       42       38    67     118                                 
3400   22       38       36    63     109                                 
3500   20       33       30    56     101                                 
3600   19       28       21    43     88                                  
3700   18       24       19    30     75                                  
3800   17       20       18    18     63                                  
3900   17       18       16    16     60                                  
4000   17       17       16    16     58                                  
4100   17       17       17    17     56                                  
4200   17       18       18    18     54                                  
4300   18       20       20    20     55                                  
4400   18       22       22    22     56                                  
4500   19       23       23    23     57                                  
4600   19       25       24    24     56                                  
4700   20       26       24    24     56                                  
4800   20       27       24    24     57                                  
4900   21       27       24    24     58                                  
5000   23       28       24    24     59                                  
5100   23       28       24    24     60                                  
5200   23       29       24    24     61                                  
5300   23       29       24    24     61                                  
5400   23       30       24    24     61                                  
5500   23       30       24    24     61                                  
5600   23       30       24    24     61                                  
5700   23       30       24    24     61                                  
5800   23       30       24    24     61                                  
5900   23       30       24    24     61                                  
6000   23       30       24    24     61                                  
6100   23       30       24    24     61                                  
6200   23       30       24    24     61                                  
6300   23       30       24    24     61                                  
6400   23       30       24    24     61                                  
6500   23       30       24    24     61                                  
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                       TABLE 3                                                     
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Index Ratio Corrected for 50 ft-lb                                        
Cyl-        Cyl    Cyl  Cyl  Cyl   Cyl  Cyl  Cyl  Cyl                     
inder                                                                     
     rpm    #1     #2   #3   #4    #5   #6   #7   #8                      
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1     590   67                                                            
      796   66                                                            
      925   63                                                            
     1023   66                                                            
     1178   67                                                            
     1359   65                                                            
     1444   65                                                            
     1690   68                                                            
     1798   68                                                            
     1931   65                                                            
     2069   62                                                            
     2367   60                                                            
     2618   57                                                            
     2824   57                                                            
     2973   62                                                            
     3381   59                                                            
     3565   59                                                            
     3714   59                                                            
     4065   58                                                            
2     595          154                                                    
      773          157                                                    
      914          159                                                    
     1082          158                                                    
     1254          159                                                    
     1413          159                                                    
     1614          163                                                    
     1937          158                                                    
     2006          156                                                    
     2139          154                                                    
     2315          153                                                    
     3592          155                                                    
     2747          152                                                    
     3009          152                                                    
     3259          154                                                    
     3410          155                                                    
     3585          155                                                    
     3734          155                                                    
     4035          155                                                    
     4492          157                                                    
3     575               97                                                
      786               95                                                
      843               97                                                
      980               94                                                
     1062               96                                                
     1212               95                                                
     1327               96                                                
     1393               97                                                
     1625               98                                                
     1812               93                                                
     1970               94                                                
     2295               94                                                
     2536               93                                                
     2770               89                                                
     3047               92                                                
     3286               93                                                
     3481               93                                                
     3724               85                                                
     4078               87                                                
     4410               89                                                
     4655               88                                                
     4828               86                                                
4     569                    256                                          
      808                    254                                          
      930                    255                                          
     1100                    254                                          
     1175                    267                                          
     1249                    268                                          
     1716                    255                                          
     2047                    253                                          
     2414                    252                                          
     2703                    248                                          
     2848                    250                                          
     3038                    250                                          
     3207                    251                                          
     3501                    250                                          
     3755                    249                                          
     3968                    251                                          
     4122                    251                                          
     4261                    253                                          
5     574                          223                                    
      679                          223                                    
      735                          225                                    
      792                          231                                    
      938                          223                                    
     1054                          223                                    
     1140                          224                                    
     1272                          225                                    
     1318                          226                                    
     1424                          225                                    
     1536                          228                                    
     1661                          225                                    
     1803                          223                                    
     1982                          223                                    
     2327                          220                                    
     2515                          219                                    
     2667                          219                                    
     2772                          224                                    
     2872                          222                                    
     3162                          224                                    
     3332                          224                                    
     3491                          218                                    
     3714                          219                                    
     3865                          214                                    
     4012                          214                                    
     4321                          214                                    
     4642                          217                                    
6     575                               188                               
      792                               189                               
      902                               190                               
     1131                               201                               
     1231                               204                               
     1334                               202                               
     1432                               192                               
     1629                               205                               
     1937                               207                               
     2139                               189                               
     2373                               184                               
     2718                               184                               
     2907                               215                               
     2932                               219                               
     2965                               222                               
     3055                               220                               
     3241                               200                               
     3501                               202                               
     3724                               204                               
     3952                               204                               
     4122                               212                               
     4373                               211                               
     4555                               217                               
     4842                               217                               
7     587                                    126                          
      898                                    126                          
     1092                                    133                          
     1231                                    137                          
     1355                                    139                          
     1444                                    130                          
     1518                                    132                          
     1747                                    140                          
     1883                                    125                          
     1970                                    125                          
     2112                                    124                          
     2340                                    125                          
     2546                                    126                          
     2786                                    126                          
     2889                                    127                          
     3038                                    124                          
     3090                                    123                          
     3277                                    126                          
     3546                                    120                          
     3897                                    153                          
     4213                                    123                          
     4361                                    125                          
     4842                                    121                          
8     597                                         32                      
      805                                         34                      
      912                                         38                      
     1005                                         38                      
     1127                                         40                      
     1317                                         44                      
     1531                                         40                      
     1708                                         43                      
     1942                                         42                      
     2211                                         24                      
     2508                                         24                      
     2762                                         23                      
     3081                                         30                      
     3342                                         32                      
     3501                                         46                      
     3766                                         23                      
     4024                                         22                      
     4273                                         18                      
     4629                                         20                      
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