Alkyl polyglycosides in textile scour/bleach processing
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to a process for scouring and bleaching textile materials. More particularly, by combining an alkyl polyglycoside with an alkoxylated primary linear alcohol, a synergistic scouring and bleaching effect is realized. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Textile materials are among the most ubiquitous in society. They provide shelter and protection from the environment in the form of apparel, and comfort and decoration in the form of household textiles, such as sheets, upholstery, carpeting, drapery and wall covering, and they have a variety of industrial functions, such as tire reinforcement, tenting, filter media, conveyor belts, insulation, etc. 
     Textile materials are produced from fibers (finite lengths) and filaments (continuous lengths) by a variety of processes to form woven, knitted and nonwoven (felt-like) fabrics. In the case of woven and knitted fabrics, the fibers and filaments are formed into intermediate continuous-length structures known as yarns, which are interlaced by weaving or interlooped by knitting into planar-flexible sheetlike structures known as fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics are formed directly from fibers and filaments by chemically or physically bonding or interlocking fibers that have been arranged in a planar configuration. 
     Textile fibers are classified into two main categories, man-made and natural. Man-made fibers are formed by extrusion processes known as melt-dry, or wet spinning. The spinning or extrusion of filaments is normally followed by an operation known as drawing. In this step, the newly formed filaments are irreversibly extended and stabilized by setting or crystallization processes. 
     With the exception of silk, naturally occurring fibers have finite lengths and generally require several cleaning and purification steps prior to processing into yarns and fabrics. 
     There are a number of finishing process as that textile fibers are subjected to after their formation. The two with which the present invention is mostly concerned are scouring and bleaching. Scouring refers to the removal of sizing materials, lubricants and other impurities which are contained in and/or adhere to the fibers during their formation. These various impurities must be removed so that the textile fibers may be further processed. Another finishing process is bleaching whereby a white color is imparted to the fabric. This bleaching step also enhances the absorbency of the fiber materials in preparation for the application of other finishing processes as well as the removal of any residual impurities left over from the scouring process. 
     Both the scouring and bleaching processes are performed under extremely alkaline conditions using high concentrations of peroxide and/or caustic soda, and at high temperatures. Due to the extremely hot and alkaline environment, there is a need for a textile scouring and bleaching composition which is stable under these circumstances, while at the same time having low levels of foam formation under high agitation. Moreover, as a result of the current degree of enhanced consciousness with respect to the protection of our environment, the composition employed should be highly biodegradable as well. 
     Thus, it is primary object of this invention to provide a more effective means of scouring and bleaching textile fibers in an environmentally safe manner. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term &#34;about&#34;. 
     Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to a process for scouring and bleaching textile materials comprising adding to an aqueous peroxide bleaching bath an effective amount of a scouring and bleaching surfactant composition comprising: 
     (a) from about 6.0 to about 94.0% by weight of an alkyl polyglycoside having the general formula I 
     
         RO(Z).sub.a                                                (I) 
    
     wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about 8 to about 16 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a value from about 1 to about 6, 
     (b) from about 94.0 to about 6.0% by weight of a synthetic alkoxylated C 8  -C 15  linear alcohol, and 
     (c) the remainder water, all weights being based on the weight of the composition, and then contacting said textile materials with said bath. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a bar graph illustrating the degree of foam generated by various blends of APG®600 AND TRYLON®6735, by measuring the height of foam formed after 2 minutes, at a temperature of about 120° F. 
     FIG. 2 is a bar graph illustrating the effects of various blends of APG®600 AND TRYLON®6735 on caustic stability, represented by sodium hydroxide content, at a temperature of about 160° F. 
     FIG. 3 is a bar graph illustrating the effects of various blends of APG®600 AND TRYLON®6735 on Draves wetting speed using a cotton substrate. 
     FIG. 4 is a bar graph illustrating the effects of various blends of APG®600 AND TRYLON®6735 on bleached whiteness using the Gardner Whiteness test. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It has surprisingly been found that an exceedingly synergistic scouring and bleaching effect can be obtained for a wide variety of textile materials when combining the alkyl polyglycoside surfactant of this invention with a synthetic primary linear C 8  -C 15  alcohol that has been alkoxylated. 
     The aqueous peroxide bleaching bath typically contains finishing components present in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 20.0% by weight, based on weight of the bath. These finishing components include an alkali material, caustic soda, chelating agents and a surface-active material such as a surfactant. It is preferred that the composition be phosphate-free and contain no phenols. 
     The alkyl polyglycoside of the present invention is of the general formula I: 
     
         RO(Z).sub.a                                                (I) 
    
     wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about 8 to about 16 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a value from about 1 to about 6. 
     The alkyl polyglycosides which can be used according to the invention preferably contain from about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms. These alkyl polyglycosides are commercially available, for example, as GLUCOPON®325 and GLUCOPON®600 from Henkel Corporation, Ambler, Pa. 
     The alkyl polyglycosides have a dipole moment in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7, and preferably about 1.4. The pH of the alkyl polyglycoside is preferably in the range of about 8 to about 9. The percent actives of the alkyl polyglycosides employed in the present invention is in the range of about 40 to about 70, and preferably about 50%. 
     The alkoxylated primary linear alcohols of the present invention are the condensation products of organic C 8  -C 15  alcohols with from about 6 to about 7 moles of ethylene oxide and from about 3 to about 6 moles of propylene oxide, per mole of alcohol. These alkoxylated alcohols preferably have an HLB value of from about 7.0 to about 8.5. An example of a commercially available alkoxylated alcohol of this type is TRYLON®6735, marketed by Henkel Corporation, Textiles Division, Charlotte, N.C. 
     The amount of alkyl polyglycoside and alkoxylated synthetic alcohol to be used should be sufficient to effectively wet, i.e., impregnate and bleach the textile substrate and thus scour the substrate and improve the bleaching properties of the bath. The types of substrates which will be treated with the bleaching composition will vary, but will include articles of apparel made of cotton and polyester/cotton woven and knit goods. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition to be added to the aqueous peroxide bleaching bath contains from about 20 to 60% by weight of the alkyl polyglycoside and from about 80 to 40% by weight of the synthetic alkoxylated linear alcohol. Also, the amount of the scouring and bleaching surfactant composition to be added to the bath is typically in the range from 0.1 to 1.0% by weight, based on the weight of the bath, and preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.2% by weight. 
     Generally, the continuous scouring and bleaching process for cotton and polyester/cotton woven goods is carried out in two separate steps, and in either rope or open-width form using an exhaust bath. 
     In the scour step, the pH of the alkaline aqueous impregnation (exhaust) bath is most preferably between about 11 and 12.0 and the temperature of the bath is preferably between about 120° and 200° F., and most preferably about 160° F. The desized fabric is immersed in the alkaline scour bath and squeezed, by pad rolls, to a wet pickup of from about 90 to 110% owg (i.e. on the weight of the goods). The treated fabric is then placed in a steam chamber for about 15 minutes (to simulate the open-width process) or about 60 minutes (to simulate the rope process). The steamed fabric is then washed in water at a temperature from about 180° to 200° F., for about 60 to 90 seconds. 
     In the bleaching step, the pH of the alkaline aqueous bleaching exhaust bath is preferably between about 10.8 and about 11.2, and most preferably about 11.0. The temperature of the aqueous bath is preferably between about 75° to about 120° F., and most preferably about 100° F. The scoured fabric is then impregnated with the aqueous alkaline bleaching bath in the same manner as in the scouring process above. The treated fabric is then steamed in the same manner as disclosed above for the scouring process. The steamed fabric is then washed in water at a temperature of about 180° to 200° F., for approximately 60 to 90 seconds, followed by a cold rinse in water containing acetic acid to neutralize any residual alkali that may be present. The washed fabric is then dried at about 250° F. 
     The continuous scouring and bleaching process for cotton and polyester/cotton knit goods may also be performed per the one-bath under liquor method. The pH of the bath is preferably between about 10.8 and 11.2, and most preferably about 11.0. The temperature of the aqueous bath is preferably between about 180° and about 200° F., and most preferably about 185° F. with the dwell time being about 30 to 45 minutes. This step is followed by washing at about 160° to 185° F. for approximately 15 to 20 minutes. It should be noted, however, that the pH and temperature ranges are dependent on a number of variables including the type of substrate being treated. 
     Another method of applying the aqueous bath is known as a padding operation, i.e., using a padding bath, whereby the bath is padded or blotted onto the substrate. This operation is very similar to that of the continuous dyeing operation since the substrate is mechanically carried into and out of the padding apparatus. When employing the padding bath, the aqueous scouring and/or bleaching bath will have a pH in the range of about 11.0 to 12.0, and preferably in the range of about 10.8 to 11.2. It should be noted, however, that either the exhaust bath or padding bath may be employed to scour and/or bleach the fabric when using the scouring and bleaching surfactant composition in the present invention. 
     The present invention will be better understood when read in light of the following examples. In the following examples, parts and percentages are by weight and the temperatures are in degrees Celsius. 
     In the examples, the following five test methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the scouring and bleaching composition: 
     I. Whiteness Measurement 
     Procedure 
     (1) Desized, scoured cotton or polyester/cotton woven goods were immersed in the aqueous bleaching and scouring composition and squeezed, by pad rolls, to a wet pickup of 90-110% owg (on the weight of the goods). 
     (2) The treated fabric was then placed in a steamer for about 15 minutes (to simulate open-width bleach) or 60 minutes (to simulate rope bleach). 
     (3) The steamed fabric was then washed in water at about 180° to 200° F. for approximately 60 seconds. This washing process was then repeated and followed by a cold rinse in water containing acetic acid to neutralize any residual alkalinity. 
     (4) The washed fabric was then dried at about 250° F. 
     Evaluation Method For Whiteness 
     The bleached and scoured fabric was then evaluated using a Gardner reflectometer to measure whiteness. 
     2. Foam Measurement 
     Bleach baths (see Comparative Examples) were tested for foam propensity using either a scour bath formulation or bleach bath formulation. The test apparatus was a recirculating foam tester that sprays the bath onto the surface of the bath held in the reservoir. For this particular test, the foam measurement was performed using a recirculation pump foam tester at 70 volts, at 120° F. for 60 seconds. 
     3. Wetting Property Measurement 
     Draves Test: Performed using AATCC-17-1989. 
     4. Cleanliness (% Extractibles) 
     Performed using: (1) Enzyme and water, and (2) perchloroethylene (AATCC-97-1989). 
     5. Caustic Stability 
     Performed using 10 g/l test sample in 50% caustic soda solution, at 160° F. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A scouring and bleaching surfactant composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT           %/wt.                                                 
______________________________________                                    
(a) TRYLON ® 6735                                                     
                    1.25                                                  
(b) GLUCOPON ® 600 cs                                                 
                    37.50                                                 
(c) water           61.25                                                 
                    100.00                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     (a) TRYLON®6735, commercially available from Henkel Corporation, Textiles Division, Charlotte, N.C. is a 12-15 carbon chain length synthetic linear alcohol sold under the trade name NEODOL®25, available from Shell Oil Co, which is reacted with 5 moles of propylene oxide and 7 moles of ethylene oxide. 
     (b) GLUCOPON®600 cs, commercially available from Henkel Corporation, Ambler, Pa., is an alkyl polyglycoside composition having 12 to 16 carbons and an average degree of polymerization of 1.4. 
     The components listed above and in the following examples were mixed together in a vat at a temperature of about 50° C. under agitation. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A scouring and bleaching surfactant composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT           %/wt.                                                 
______________________________________                                    
(a) TRYLON ® 6735                                                     
                    10.0                                                  
(b) GLUCOPON ® 600 cs                                                 
                    20.0                                                  
(c) water           70.0                                                  
                    100.00                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A scouring and bleaching surfactant composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT           %/wt.                                                 
______________________________________                                    
(a) TRYLON ® 6735                                                     
                    16.0                                                  
(b) GLUCOPON ® 600 cs                                                 
                    8.0                                                   
(c) water           76.0                                                  
                    100.00                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A scouring and bleaching surfactant composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT           %/wt.                                                 
______________________________________                                    
(a) TRYLON ® 6735                                                     
                    36.0                                                  
(b) GLUCOPON ® 325 cs                                                 
                    15.0                                                  
(c) water           49.0                                                  
                    100.00                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     (b) GLUCOPON®325 cs, commercially available from Henkel Corporation, APG Division, is an alkyl polyglycoside composition having 9 to 11 carbon atoms and an average degree of polymerization of 1.6. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A scouring and bleaching surfactant composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT         %/Wt.                                                   
______________________________________                                    
(a) TRYLON ® 600                                                      
                  20.0                                                    
(b) water         80.0                                                    
                  100.0                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     A scouring and bleaching surfactant composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT          %/wt.                                                  
______________________________________                                    
(a) GLUCOPON ® 600                                                    
                   40.0                                                   
(b) water          60.0                                                   
                   100.0                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     A scouring and bleaching composition was prepared having the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMPONENT            %/wt.                                                
______________________________________                                    
(a) SYNTERGENT ® WOR                                                  
                     0.10                                                 
(b) hydrogen peroxide (50%)                                               
                     3.00                                                 
(c) sodium hydroxide (50%)                                                
                     0.35                                                 
(d) STANDAPOL ® 617                                                   
                     0.20                                                 
(e) water            96.35                                                
                     100.00                                               
______________________________________                                    
 *STANDAPOL ® 617 is an organic peroxide stabilizer.                  
 *SYNTERGENT ® WOR is a blend of 2ethyl-hexyl ether phosphate,        
 potassium salt, and TRYLON ® 6735.                                   
 
    
     EXAMPLES 1-6 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1 
     Examples 1-6 and Comparative Example C1 were used to scour and bleach cotton substrates by impregnation with an aqueous peroxide bleaching bath having a pH of about 11.0, followed by steaming at a temperature of about 98° C. for a period of about 60 minutes. 
     Each sample was evaluated per the above stated testing methods for whiteness, foam formation, alkali stability, wetting properties and cleanliness, i.e., % Extractibles, the results being set forth in Table I. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
                                   CAUSTIC                                
                       DRAVES                                             
                             (%)   STABILITY                              
       FOAM    WHITENESS                                                  
                       TEST  EXTRAC-                                      
                                   (% of 50%                              
EXAMPLE                                                                   
       PRODUCED                                                           
               RATING  (sec.)                                             
                             TIBLES                                       
                                   NaOH)                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
1      very    75.9    10.0  0.06  99.0%                                  
       high                                                               
2      high    76.3    5.3   0.03  70.0%                                  
3      very low                                                           
               77.9    6.0   0.07  50.0%                                  
4      low     78.1    3.4   0.11  10.0%                                  
5      very low                                                           
               76.8    6.7   0.04  2.0%                                   
6      very    77.4    6.1   0.10  99.0%                                  
       high                                                               
C1     very low                                                           
               77.0    2.4   0.15  4.0%                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     From the foregoing evaluation results, it can be seen that the bleaching and scouring process of this invention synergistically provides excellent whiteness to fabric materials, low residual impurities, is stable in high concentrations of strongly alkaline materials at high temperatures, is very low-foaming under high agitation conditions, and is biodegradable, thus avoiding pollution concerns.