Aqueous coating composition of an acrylic-vinyl oxazoline ester polymer
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is related to an aqueous coating composition and in particular to an aqueous coating composition that is useful for finishing automobile and truck bodies. 
     Currently solvent based coating compositions are used to finish automobile and truck bodies and repair damaged finishes of automobile and truck bodies. Typical solvent based coating compositions that are currently being used are shown in Walus et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,488,307, issued Jan. 6, 1970; Donatello et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,124, issued Jan. 5, 1971; Miller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,160 issued June 15, 1971; Willey et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,711,433 issued Jan. 16, 1973 and Miller U.S. Pat. No. 3,844,993 issued Oct. 29, 1974. Air pollution regulations in a number of states require that plants manufacturing automobiles and trucks meet solvent emission standards that allow for very low levels of solvents in coating compositions. Also, it is anticipated that pollution regulations in many states will require that coating compositions used by commercial automobile and truck repair facilities meet low solvent emission standards. 
     There is a need for a water-based coating composition that will meet the following requirements: comply with pollution regulations, dry to a hard glossy durable finish under ambient temperature conditions, have excellent adhesion to the substrates to which the composition is applied, have resistance to water spotting and to gasoline and retain its gloss when subjected to exterior weathering conditions. The novel composition of this invention meets the aforementioned requirements. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The aqueous coating composition of this invention comprises about 5-60% by weight, based on the weight of the coating composition, of a film forming binder and 40-95% by weight, based on the weight of the coating composition, of an aqueous medium; wherein the film forming binder comprises a polymer of 
     (a) about 40-60% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of polymerized methyl methacrylate, styrene or a mixture of methacrylate and styrene; 
     (b) about 20-57% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of polymerized vinyl oxazoline ester of the formula ##STR1##  where R is from drying oil fatty acids, and (c) about 3-20% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; and contains sufficient ammonia or amine to provide a pH of about 7.5-9.5. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The coating composition contains about 5-60% by weight of a film forming binder and about 40-95% by weight of aqueous medium which can contain up to about 20% by weight of an organic solvent for the binder. The coating composition usually contains pigments in a pigment to binder weight ratio of about 0.1/100 to 300/100. For conventional application of the composition, about 25-45% of film forming binder with 55-75% by weight of an aqueous medium is used. 
     The film forming binder is an acrylic-vinyl oxazoline ester polymer that is prepared by conventional polymerization process in which monomers, initiator and solvents are charged into a conventional polymerization vessel and heated to about 50°-250° C. for about 0.5-6 hours to form the polymer. Usually a temperature of about 100°-175° C. is used for about 2-4 hours. The resulting polymer has a weight average molecular weight of about 20,000 to 110,000 and a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 to 10,000 determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as a standard. The polymer has an acid number of about 20 to 160. 
     About 0.1-4% by weight, based on the weight of the monomers used to prepare the polymer, of a polymerization initiator is utilized. Typical initiators are azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, azo-bis (α, γ-dimethylvaleronitrile), benzoyl peroxide, ditertiary butyl peroxide, tertiary butyl perbenzoate, and tertiary butyl peroxypivalate. Chain transfer agents can be used to control the molecular weight such as 2-mercaptoethanol, lauryl mercaptan, and the like. 
     Typical solvents that can be used in the polymerization process are methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, diacetone alcohol and other alcohols, acetone, acetyl acetone, ethylene glycol monoethylether, ethylene glycol monobutylether, diethylene glycol monobutylether, ethylene glycol monomethylether acetate, and the like. Solvents of limited water solubility can also be used such as methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol monethylether acetate and the like. Under some circumstances the polymer can be made without the use of a solvent. 
     About 40-60% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of methyl methacrylate, styrene or a mixture of methyl methacrylate and styrene are used to form the polymer. Up to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of an alkyl methacrylate having 6-12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group such as hexyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate and the like can be used to form the polymer. 
     About 20-57% by weight based on the weight of the polymer, of a vinyl oxazoline ester monomer is used of the following formula ##STR2## where R is from drying oil fatty acids such as soya oil fatty acids, linseed oil fatty acids, tall oil fatty acids or mixtures thereof. 
     The vinyl oxazoline esters can be made according to Purcell U.S. Pat. No. 3,248,397, issued Apr. 26, 1966. One preferred compound of this type is a reaction product of 1 mol of tris-(hydroxymethyl)-amino methane and 3 mols of linseed oil or soya oil fatty acids which is subsequently reacted with formaldehyde. 
     Current analytical information shows that commercially available vinyl oxazoline esters contain up to 30% by weight of unvinylated oxazoline ester and usually about 10-30% by weight of unvinylated oxazoline ester of the formula ##STR3## where R is from drying oil fatty acids, and R 1  and R 2  are individually selected from the group of CH 2  --OH or H. 
     The above unvinylated oxazoline ester combines with the polymer to provide a stable, water-dispersible or water-soluble binder that forms excellent finishes. Up to about 15% by weight of the binder can be unvinylated oxazoline ester is in the binder. Usually about 2-15% by weight of the unvinylated oxazoline ester is in the binder. 
     About 3-20% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is used to form the polymer. Typically useful acids are methacrylic acid, acrylic acid and itaconic acid. 
     The following are typical acrylic vinyl oxazoline ester polymers which form high quality coating compositions: 
     (1) about 22-28% by weight of styrene, about 22-28% by weight methyl methacrylate, about 37-43% by weight of a vinyl oxazoline ester (described above) where R is from soya oil fatty acids, about 3-7% by weight of lauryl methacrylate and about 3-7% by weight of acrylic acid; 
     (2) about 22-28% by weight of styrene, about 22-28% by weight methyl methacrylate about 37-43% by weight of a vinyl oxazoline ester (described above) where R is from linseed oil fatty acids and about 8-12% by weight acrylic acid; and 
     (3) about 22-28% by weight of styrene about 22-28% by weight methyl methacrylate, about 37-43% by weight of a vinyl oxazoline ester (described above) where R is from soya oil fatty acids and about 8-12% by weight of acrylic acid. 
     The acrylic oxazoline ester polymer can also contain up to about 15% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, of hydroxy alkyl methacrylate or hydroxy alkyl acrylate having 2-4 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups. Generally, about 2-15% by weight, based on the weight of the polymer of these hydroxy alkyl acrylates or methacrylates are used in the polymer. Typical hydroxy alkyl acrylates and methacrylates are hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxy propyl acrylate, hydroxy butyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy propyl methacrylate, hydroxy butyl methacrylate and the like. An example of a polymer of this type contains about 38-45% by weight of methyl methacrylate and/or styrene, 20-50% by weight of vinyl oxazoline ester, 3-20% by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and 2-15% by weight of a hydroxy alkyl acrylate or methacrylate. Polymers, such as shown above, can be easily cross-linked with conventional crosslinking agents. 
     A sufficient amount of a base such as ammonium hydroxide or amine is added to the polymer so that the polymer can be dispersed in water. Additional base can be added to adjust the pH of the resulting composition to about a pH of 7.5-9.5. Typical amines that can be used are primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, polyamines and hydroxyamines, such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, n-methyl-ethanol amine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, N-aminoethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, monoisopropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, butanolamine, hexanolamine, methyl diethanolamine, N,N-diethylaminoethylamine, ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, diethylene tetramine, hexamethylene tetramine, triethylamine and the like. 
     About 5-75% by weight of the binder can be an alkyd resin having an acid number of about 20-100 preferably 40-60. Generally about 20-30% by weight of alkyd resin is used. The alkyd resin improves application properties of the coating composition, reduces cost, improves flexibility and appearance of finishes of the composition. 
     These alkyd resins are prepared by conventional polymerization processes in which a drying oil fatty acid, a polyol and a dicarboxylic acid are reacted to form a resin with excess hydroxyl groups. This resin is then reacted with an anhydride of a polycarboxylic acid to form the alkyd resin having the above acid number. Conventional catalysts are used to prepare the alkyd resin. Temperatures of about 100-250° C. for about 0.5-6 hours are used in the process. 
     Typical drying oil fatty acids used to prepare the alkyd resin are china wood oil fatty acids, linseed oil fatty acids, soya oil fatty acids, tall oil fatty acids, dehydrated castor oil fatty acids, safflower oil fatty acids, linoleic acid and mixtures thereof. 
     Typical polyols that can be used to prepare the alkyd resin are glycerine, pentaerythritol, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, glycols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane diol, pentane diol and the like. 
     Typical dicarboxylic acids that can be used to prepare the alkyd resin are phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid and the like. Monocarboxylic aromatic acids can also be used such as benzoic acid, paratertiary butylbenzoic acid, phenol acetic acid, triethyl benzoic acid, dimethyl propionic acid and the like. 
     Typical carboxylic acid anhydrides that can be used are phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, propionic anhydride, butyric anhydride, trimelletic anhydride, and the like. 
     One preferred alkyd resin that gives a high quality coating composition is comprised of soya oil fatty acids, phthalic acid or a mixture of isophthalic and terephthalic acids, trimethylol propane and trimellitic anhydride and has an acid number of about 50-60. 
     The coating composition can contain a plasticizer in an amount of about 5-20% by weight of the binder. The following are typically useful plasticizers: dialkyl ether phthalate, dialkyl phthalate, blown castor oil and the like 
     Generally, the coating composition is pigmented. The pigments are introduced into the coating composition by first forming a mill base with a compatible dispersing resin, such as one of the aforementioned acrylic vinyl oxazoline ester polymers or other acrylic dispersing resin. The mill base is formed by conventional sand grinding, attritor grinding, or ball mill techniques, and then the mill base is blended with the film-forming binder as shown in the Examples. 
     The following are examples of the great variety of pigments which are used in the coating composition: metallic oxides, preferably titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and the like, metal hydroxides, metal flakes, such as aluminum flake, bronze flake, &#34;Afflair&#34; pigments, i.e., mica-coated with titanium dioxide, metal powders, chromates, carbon black, silica, talc, china clay, iron blues, organic reds, organic maroons, and other organic pigments. 
     Small amounts of about 0.1-2.0%, based on the weight of the binder, of conventional metallic driers can be used in the coating composition, such as lead naphthenate, manganese naphthenate, cobalt naphthenate, zirconium naphthenate, zinc naphthenate, calcium naphthenate, and lead tallate. 
     About 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of ultraviolet light absorbers can be added to the coating composition. Typical ultraviolet light absorbers are substituted benzophenone derivatives, such as 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, a polymeric reaction product of orthohydroxy benzophenone/formaldehyde/phenol, dibenzoate of diphenylol propane, nonyl phenyl benzoate, 2,4-dihydroxy-acetophenone, substituted benzotriazoles, such as 2-(2&#39;-hydroxy-5&#39;-methyl phenyl) benzotriazole, and the like. 
     Also, in addition to the above binder constituents, about 0.5 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of cellulose acetate butyrate can be used in the coating composition. The cellulose acetate butyrate generally has a butyryl content of about 30-55% by weight and a viscosity of 0.1-6 seconds determined at 25° C. according to ASTM-D-1343-56. 
     About 0.01-1% by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of silicone anticratering agents can be used such as polyalkene oxide siloxanes and silicone glycol copolymers. 
     About 0.1-25% by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of water soluble or water dispersible epoxy resins, epoxy ester resins, polyester, acrylic resins can be added to the composition to provide certain improvements in application and modify characteristics of a finish of the composition after application. 
     A low bake finish of the composition can be prepared by the addition of about 1-25% by weight based on the weight of the binder, of a compatible crosslinking agent such as an alkylated melamine formaldehyde resin, a urea formaldehyde resin or a benzoguanamine formaldehyde resin. Generally, a catalyst such as partoluene sulfonic acid is used to reduce the curing temperature and curing time. Typical low temperature cures of about 80°-120° C. are used for about 15 minutes to 2 hours to cure this type of composition. 
     The coating compositions of this invention can be applied to a substrate by any of the usual application methods, such as spraying, electrostatic spraying, dipping, brushing, flow coating and the like. These coatings can be dried at ambient temperatures or baked at a relatively low temperature. The resulting coating is about 0.1-5 mils thick, preferably 1-3 mils thick, and has good gloss. The coating composition of the invention does not yellow noticeably on drying or baking and gives a hard, durable, scratch resistant, gasoline-resistant, weather-resistant, alkali-resistant, glossy coating which is suitable as a finish or a repair finish for automobile and truck bodies. By using suitable pigmentation, the coating composition can also be used as a primer for metals such as used for automobiles and truck bodies. 
    
    
     The following Examples illustrate the invention. All quantities shown are on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                    Pounds                                                
______________________________________                                    
Portion 1                                                                 
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                                           
                      68.39                                               
n-Butanol             25.99                                               
Portion 2                                                                 
Styrene monomer       51.30                                               
Methyl methacrylate monomer                                               
                      51.30                                               
Vinyl oxazoline ester 82.07                                               
 of soya oil fatty acids [reaction                                        
 product of 1 mole of tris(hydroxy                                        
 methyl) amino methane with three                                         
 moles of soya oil fatty acids                                            
 which is subsequently reacted with                                       
 1 mole of formaldehyde using the                                         
 process of U.S. Pat. No. 3,248,397                                       
 issued April 26, 1966]                                                   
Lauryl methacrylate monomer                                               
                      10.26                                               
Acrylic acid monomer  6.15                                                
Portion 3                                                                 
t-Butyl per benzoate  7.29                                                
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                                           
                      17.33                                               
Methyl ethyl ketone   9.12                                                
Portion 4                                                                 
Styrene monomer       17.09                                               
Methyl methacrylate monomer                                               
                      17.09                                               
Vinyl oxazoline ester 27.36                                               
 (described above)    27.36                                               
Lauryl methacrylate monomer                                               
                      3.41                                                
Acrylic acid monomer  7.53                                                
Total                 401.68 pounds                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into a reactor equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer and a nitrogen inlet valve. Portion 1 is heated to 124° C. under a nitrogen gas blanket. Portions 2 and 3 are premixed. Portion 2 with 22 pounds of Portion 3 are both fed slowly and continuously into the reactor over a 112 minute period with constant agitation while maintaining the temperature of the resulting reaction mixture at about 130° C. Portion 4 is premixed and the remainder of portion 3 and portion 4 are simultaneously fed into the reactor over a 38 minute period while maintaining the reaction mixture at about 130° C. The reaction mixture is held at 130° C. for an additional 90 minutes. A polymer solution is formed. 
     The resulting polymer solution has a solids content of about 68.9%, a Gardner Holdt viscosity measured at 25° C. of Z5 + 1/2, the polymer has an acid number of 37.4. The polymer is of methyl methacrylate/styrene/vinyl oxazoline ester of soya oil fatty acids/lauryl methacrylate/acrylic acid in a weight ratio of 25/25/40/5/5. The polymer has a number average molecular weight of about 4490 and a weight average molecular weight of about 29,300 determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as the standard. 
     White Mill Base 
     A white mill base is prepared by charging the following ingredients into a mixing vessel: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                    Pounds                                                
______________________________________                                    
Portion 1                                                                 
Polymer solution      90.81                                               
 (prepared above)                                                         
Triethylamine         2.80                                                
Portion 2                                                                 
Water                 181.36                                              
Triethylamine         1.60                                                
Water                 55.00                                               
Titanium dioxide pigment                                                  
                      325.03                                              
Total                 656.60 pounds                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into the mixing vessel and mixed for 30 minutes. Portion 2 is added to portion 1 and mixed for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting mixture is charged into a conventional sand mill and ground to a 0.5 mil fineness. The resulting white mill base has a pH of about 9.0, a viscosity measured at 25° C. of about 475 centipoises. 
     White Paint 
     A white paint is prepared by thoroughly blending together the following constituents in a mixing vessel. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                       Pounds                                             
______________________________________                                    
Polymer Solution         134.08                                           
 (prepared above)                                                         
Triethylamine            4.08                                             
Cobalt naphthenate       1.82                                             
 drier solution (54% solids                                               
 in mineral sirits containing                                             
 6% by weight cobalt)                                                     
Water                    152.28                                           
White Mill Base (prepared                                                 
                         107.74                                           
 above)                                                                   
Water                    28.00                                            
Total                    428.00                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The resulting paint has a viscosity of 55 seconds measured at 25° C. in a No. 2 Zahn cup, a pH of 8.5 and a solids content of about 37%. 
     The above paint is sprayed over two sets of steel panels and the applied paint is dried at room temperature. One set of panels has the steel coated with an iron phosphate coating; the second set of panels has the steel coated with an iron phosphate coating and an alkyd resin black dip primer. 
     The following tests were conducted on the painted panels: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                        Alkyd                                             
              Phosphate resin primer                                      
              coated    phosphate coated                                  
              steel panels                                                
                        steel panels                                      
______________________________________                                    
Dried Film Thickness                                                      
                2.1-2.5 mils                                              
                            2.1-2.5 mils.                                 
Gloss measured at                                                         
 20°     86          88                                            
 60°     93          94                                            
Distinctness of Image                                                     
                9+           9                                            
Drying Time                                                               
 Tack Free      51/2 hours  51/2 hours                                    
 Tape Free      Moderate    Bad Marking                                   
                Marking     at 51/2 hours                                 
                at 51/2 hours                                             
Water Spot Resistance                                                     
  3 hours       poor        poor                                          
  6 hours       poor        poor                                          
 24 hours       slight ring slight ring                                   
 48 hours       very slight ring                                          
                            very slight ring                              
  7 days        acceptable  acceptable                                    
Gasoline Resistance                                                       
 24 hours       trace marking                                             
                            trace marking                                 
  7 days        acceptable  acceptable                                    
Adhesion                                                                  
 24 hours       --          acceptable                                    
  7 days        --          &#34;                                             
Hardness                                                                  
  2 days        0.9 knoops  --                                            
  7 days        1.4 knoops  --                                            
Humidity Resistance                                                       
(96 hours exposure)                                                       
 Bistering      --          none                                          
 Wet Adhesion   --          good                                          
Gloss                                                                     
Retention(measured at 20°)                                         
(Q.U.V. Weather-O-Meter)                                                  
 100 hours      --          66%                                           
 200 hours      --          71%                                           
 300 hours      --          71%                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     All of the above tests are standard tests used for automotive paints and well known by those skilled in the art. The tests show that the above paint forms finishes that are acceptable for automobiles and trucks and will withstand outdoor weathering. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                    grams                                                 
______________________________________                                    
Portion 1                                                                 
Styrene monomer       248                                                 
n-Butanol             80                                                  
Portion 2                                                                 
Styrene monomer       150                                                 
Methyl methacrylate monomer                                               
                      150                                                 
Vinyl oxazoline ester of linseed                                          
                      240                                                 
 oil fatty acids (prepared according                                      
 to the procedure described in                                            
 Example 1 except linseed oil fatty                                       
 oil fatty acids are used instead of                                      
 soya oil fatty acids)                                                    
Acrylic acid monomer  60                                                  
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                                           
                      60                                                  
Ditertiary butyl peroxide                                                 
                      12                                                  
Total                  1000 grams                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into a two liter reaction vessel equipped as in Example 1 and heated to its reflux temperature under a nitrogen gas blanket. Portion 2 is premixed and charged at a uniform rate into the vessel over a two hour period and then held at reflux for a four hour period to form a polymer solution. 
     The resulting polymer solution has a solids content of about 61%, an acid number of about 65.5, a Gardner Holdt viscosity measured at 25° C. of about Z6 + . The polymer is of methyl methacrylate/styrene/vinyl oxazoline ester of linseed oil fatty acids/acrylic acid in a weight ratio of 25/25/40/10 and has a number average molecular weight of about 5610 and a weight average molecular weight of about 96,700 determined as in Example 1. 
     White Mill Base 
     A white mill base is prepared by charging the following constituents into a mixing vessel: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1             grams                                               
______________________________________                                    
Polymer solution(prepared above)                                          
                      105.37                                              
Ammonium hydroxide    4.23                                                
Water                 165.37                                              
Titanium Dioxide Pigment                                                  
                      325.03                                              
Portion 2                                                                 
Water                 100.00                                              
Total                 700.00 grams                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into the mixing vessel and thoroughly mixed and then portion 2 is added and mixed. The resulting mixture is charged into a sand mill and ground to a 0.5 mil fineness to form a mill base having a pH of about 9.2, a viscosity measured at 25° C. of about 575 centipoises and a pigment to binder ratio of about 500/100. 
     White Paint 
     A white paint is prepared by thoroughly blending together the following constituents in a mixing vessel: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1             grams                                               
______________________________________                                    
Polymer solution(prepared above)                                          
                      68.07                                               
Ammonium hydroxide    2.74                                                
Cobalt naphthenate drier                                                  
                      0.79                                                
solution(described in Example 1)                                          
Water                 52.23                                               
White Mill Base(prepared above)                                           
                      51.17                                               
Portion 2                                                                 
Water                 75.00                                               
Total                 250.00                                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The resulting paint has a viscosity of about 55 seconds measured at 25° C. in a No. 2 Zahn cup, a pH of about 8 and a 28% solids content. 
     The above paint is sprayed over two sets of steel panels and the applied paint is dried at room temperature. One set of panels has the steel coated with an iron phosphate coating; the second set of panels has the steel coated with an iron phosphate coating and an alkyd resin black dip primer. 
     The following tests were conducted on the painted panels: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                        Alkyd                                             
              Phosphate resin primer                                      
              coated    phosphate coated                                  
              steel panels                                                
                        steel panels                                      
______________________________________                                    
Dried Film Thickness                                                      
                1.8-1.9 mils                                              
                            same                                          
Gloss measured at                                                         
 20°     72          74                                            
 60°     90          90                                            
Distinctness of Image                                                     
                --          5+                                            
Drying Time                                                               
 Tack Free      11/2 hours  same                                          
 Tape Free      4 hours     4 hours                                       
Water Spot Resistance                                                     
  3 hours       slight      --                                            
  6 hours       trace of a ring                                           
                            --                                            
 24 hours acceptable                                                      
                --                                                        
Gasoline Resistance                                                       
 24 hours       acceptable  --                                            
Adhesion                                                                  
(10 Maximum adhesion)                                                     
 24 hours       --          2                                             
 48 hours       8           2                                             
  4 days        8-9         7                                             
  7 days        9           7                                             
Hardness                                                                  
 24 hours       --          2.9 knoops                                    
 48 hours       --          6.1 knoops                                    
  7 days        --          8.1 knoops                                    
Humidity Resistance                                                       
(96 hours exposure)                                                       
 Bistering      very small  --                                            
                blistering                                                
 Wet Adhesion   10          --                                            
 Yellowing      moderate                                                  
 Gloss Loss     slight                                                    
Gloss                                                                     
Retention(measured at 20°)                                         
(Q.U.V. Weather-O-Meter)                                                  
  50 hours      93%         --                                            
 100 hours      93%         --                                            
 200 hours      84%         --                                            
 300 hours      83%         --                                            
 400 hours      70%         --                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     All of the above tests are standard tests used for automotive paints and well known by those skilled in the art. The tests show that the above paint forms finishes that are acceptable for automobiles and trucks and will withstand outdoor weathering. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1             Grams                                               
______________________________________                                    
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                                           
                      248                                                 
n-Butanol             80                                                  
Portion 2                                                                 
Styrene monomer       150                                                 
Methyl methacrylate monomer                                               
                      150                                                 
Vinyl oxazoline ester of soya oil                                         
                      240                                                 
 fatty acids (described in Example 1)                                     
Acrylic acid monomer  60                                                  
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                                           
                      60                                                  
Di-tertiary butyl peroxide                                                
                      12                                                  
Total                 1000    grams                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into a two liter reaction vessel equipped as in Example 1 and heated to its reflux temperature under a nitrogen gas blanket. Portion 2 is premixed and charged at a uniform rate into the vessel over a two hour period and then held at reflux for a four hour period to form a polymer solution. 
     The resulting polymer solution has a solids content of about 63%, an acid number of about 62, a Gardner Holdt viscosity of about Z5 measured at 25° C. The polymer is of methyl methacrylate/styrene/vinyl oxazoline ester of soya oil fatty acids/acrylic acid in a weight ratio fo about 25/25/40/10 and has a number average molelcular weight of about 4150 and a weight average molecular weight of about 53,330 determined as in Example 1. 
     White Mill Base 
     A white mill base is prepared by charging the following constituents into a mixing vessel: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1             Grams                                               
______________________________________                                    
Polymer solution (prepared above)                                         
                      95.82                                               
Ammonium Hydroxide    3.90                                                
Water                 200.28                                              
Titanium dioxide pigment                                                  
                      300.00                                              
Portion 2                                                                 
Water                 42.00                                               
Ammonium hydroxide    3.50                                                
Total                 645.50 grams                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into a mixing vessel and then portion 2 is added and mixed. The resulting mixture is charged into a sand mill and ground to a 0.5 mil fineness to form a mill base having a pH of about 9, a viscosity measured at 25° C. of about 525 centipoises and a 55% solids content. 
     White Paint 
     A white paint is prepared by thoroughly blending together the following constituents in a mixing vessel: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1             grams                                               
______________________________________                                    
Polymer solution(prepared above)                                          
                      252.8                                               
Ammonium hydroxide    10.3                                                
Cobalt naphthenate drier                                                  
                      3.0                                                 
solution(described in Example 1)                                          
Water                 298.4                                               
White Mill Base(prepared above)                                           
                      189.0                                               
Portion 2                                                                 
Water Total           915.00                                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The resulting paint has a viscosity of about 51 seconds measured at 25° C. in a No. 2 Zahn cup, a pH of about 7.8 and a 28.8% solids content. 
     The above paint is sprayed over two sets of steel panels and the applied paint is dried at room temperature. One set of panels has the steel coated with an iron phosphate coating; the second set of panels has the steel coated with an iron phosphate coating and an alkyd resin black dip primer. 
     The following tests were conducted on the painted panels: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                        Alkyd                                             
              Phosphate resin primer                                      
              coated    phosphate coated                                  
              steel panels                                                
                        steel panels                                      
______________________________________                                    
Dried Film Thickness                                                      
                1.8-1.9 mils                                              
                            same                                          
Gloss measured at                                                         
 20°     81          79                                            
 60°     92          91                                            
Distinctness of Image                                                     
                 7           6                                            
Drying Time                                                               
 Tack Free      13/4 hours  13/4 hours                                    
 Tape Free      4-5 hours   4-5 hours                                     
Water Spot Resistance                                                     
  3 hours       slight      --                                            
  6 hours       trace of a ring                                           
                            --                                            
 24 hours       acceptable  --                                            
Gasoline Resistance                                                       
 24 hours       acceptable  --                                            
                trace marking                                             
  7 days        acceptable  --                                            
Adhesion                                                                  
(Maximum Adhesion-10)                                                     
 24 hours       --           2                                            
  3 days        -- 7                                                      
  7 days        --           8                                            
Hardness                                                                  
  3 days        4.9 knoops  --                                            
  7 days        7.8 knoops  --                                            
Humidity Resistance                                                       
(96 Hours Exposure)                                                       
 Bistering      --          none                                          
 Wet Adhesion   --          10                                            
 Yellowing      --          moderate                                      
 Gloss Loss     --          none                                          
% Gloss                                                                   
Retention(measured at 20°)                                         
(Q.U.V. Weather-O-Meter)                                                  
  100 hours     78%         --                                            
 200 hours      74%         --                                            
 300 hours      74%         --                                            
 400 hours      68%         --                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     All of the above tests are standard tests used for automotive paints and well known by those skilled in the art. The tests showed that the above paint forms finishes that are acceptable for automobiles and trucks and will withstand outdoor weathering. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A coating composition is prepared by charging the following ingredients into a mixing vessel: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1               Grams                                             
______________________________________                                    
Polymer solution (prepared in                                             
                        20.00                                             
 Example 2)                                                               
Alkyd Resin Solution (75% alkyd                                           
                        5.40                                              
 resin solids in water in which the                                       
 alkyd resin is of linoleic fatty                                         
 acid/linseed oil fatty acids/tri-                                        
 methylol propane/isophthalic acid/                                       
 terephthalic acid/trimellitic                                            
 anhydride having an acid No. of 41)                                      
Aqueous ammonium hydroxide                                                
                        1.00                                              
 solution (29% ammonium hydroxide)                                        
Water                   57.00                                             
Portion 2                                                                 
Methyl ethyl ketone     0.04                                              
Cobalt naphthenate drier                                                  
                        0.42                                              
 solution(described in Example 1)                                         
Manganese naphthenate drier                                               
 solution(54% solids in mineral spirits                                   
 containing 6% by weight manganese)                                       
                        0.42                                              
Total                   84.28                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The ingredients of portion 1 are added to a mixing vessel in the order shown and thoroughly mixed for about 30  minutes. Portion 2 is added and thoroughly mixed with portion 1 to provide a clear coating composition that has a viscosity measured at 25° C. in a No. 2 Zahn cup of 41 seconds and a pH of about 7.9. 
     The coating composition is sprayed onto iron phosphate coated cold roll steel panels and dried at ambient temperatures to provide a 1.4 mil thick film. The film has the following properties: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Pencil Hardness                                                           
 24 hours         HB                                                      
  7 days          H                                                       
Tack Free Dry Time                                                        
                  less than 4 hours                                       
Adhesion          Excellent                                               
Gloss             Very good                                               
Solvent resistance                                                        
                  acceptable.                                             
 (7 days)                                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     A fellow mill base is prepared as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1                   Grams                                         
______________________________________                                    
Alkyd resin solution (described above)                                    
                            727.0                                         
Aqueous ammonium hydroxide  26.0                                          
solution(29% ammonium hydroxide)                                          
Propyl ether propylene glycol                                             
                            51.9                                          
Water                       151.6                                         
Antifoam Agent(Foam Master B)                                             
                            60.0                                          
Lead naphthenate drier solution                                           
                            35.1                                          
(lead naphthenate in mineral spirits                                      
24% lead content)                                                         
Portion 2                                                                 
Yellow iron oxide pigments  286.6                                         
Titanium dioxide pigment    56.9                                          
Strontium chromate pigment  168.4                                         
Molybdate orange pigment    26.0                                          
Lead chromate pigment       1086.0                                        
Water                       1230.0                                        
Methyl ethyl ketoxime       2.7                                           
Ammonium hydroxide solution 5.0                                           
(described above)                                                         
Total                       3913.2                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into a mixing vessel and mixed thoroughly. Portion 2 is added and thoroughly mixed with portion 1. The resulting mixture is ground in a conventional sand mill to a 0.5 mil fineness. 
     A yellow paint is prepared as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Portion 1                   Grams                                         
______________________________________                                    
Alkyd resin solution (described above)                                    
                            3.33                                          
Polymer solution (prepared in Example 2)                                  
                            36.90                                         
Ammonium hydroxide solution (described                                    
                            1.65                                          
above)                                                                    
Water                       83.70                                         
Portion 2                                                                 
Methyl ethyl ketoxime       0.06                                          
Yellow mill base (prepared above)                                         
                            36.00                                         
Cobalt naphthenate drier    0.75                                          
solution (described in Example 1)                                         
Total                       162.39                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Portion 1 is charged into a mixing vessel and thoroughly mixed. The ingredients of portion 2 are added in the order shown and thoroughly mixed with portion 1. The resulting paint has a pigment to binder ratio of about 50/100 and a viscosity of 47 seconds measured at 25° C. in a No. 4 Zahn cup. The binder contains about 25% by weight of alkyd resin and about 75% by weight of polymer (acrylic vinyl oxazoline ester polymer). 
     The above paint is reduced to a spraying viscosity with water and sprayed onto cold roll steel panels coated with iron phosphate. The resulting finish was about 2 mils thick and dried tack free in about 4 hours. After 24 hours the finish had good adhesion to the substrate and has a good hardness.