Compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by the U.S. Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The usual method of providing a uniformly illuminated source of diffuser light is to place a condensing lens between a point light source and a diffusing screen. The condensing lens has to be a certain distance from the diffusing screen and the light bulb to work properly. If the light level at the diffusing screen is to be varied, it is necessary to use neutral density filters, a variable iris or a combination of the two. The resulting structure requires a great deal of space, is difficult to fabricate and is very expensive. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a light diffuser and attenuator which is light, compact, easy to fabricate, inexpensive, easy to maintain and which can be used to illuminate a standard resolution pattern. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention is best understood with reference to the attached drawings wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows the diffuser according to the present invention in combination with a sliding tube light attenuator; and 
     FIG. 2 shows the same diffuser as in FIG. 1 in combination with a sliding and/or rotating tube attenuator. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring specifically to FIG. 1, the diffuser is seen to comprise basically a cup shaped member 11 of light conducting plastic, e.g., Lucite, having a generally C-shaped cross-section. The cross-section is symmetrical about its axis 12. The image wall 13 of member 11 which is centered on the axis and extends in a flat circular configuration almost to the most remote dimension of the diffuser from the axis. The collector wall 14 is a toroidal continuation of the image wall and curves sharply away from the plane of the image wall until it approaches the axis of the diffuser at an angle of about 85°. It terminates in a cylindrical input face 15 at a normal distance from the axis of about 3/8 inches its maximum distance from the axis being about 11/8 inches to form a conelike toroidal structure. Both walls are composed of a light conducting material such as Lucite and are preferably constructed in one place. The wall thickness is approximately 3/8 inches. The outer surface of the collector wall is covered with a light reflecting coating 16 such as a white gloss paint. The inner surface is covered by a similar coating 17 on both the collector and the image walls. The generally cylindrical input surface 15 of the collector wall is not coated, but is polished to improve light transmission. A transparent non-reflective coating (e.g., λ4) can be used on this surface, if greater efficiency is required. The inner surface of the image wall is additionally covered with a black felt 18 or similar material to block direct transmission of light into the wall through this surface. The outer surface 19 of this same wall is provided with a fine grain either by removing or etching transparent material therefrom. One method calling &#34;hydrohoning&#34; involves passing a liquid such as water containing #600 abrasive grit over the plastic surface. The grain must, of course, be much finer than the resolution of the pattern on the transparency 20 to be reviewed. The transparency 20 is mounted on the external face 19 of the image wall. 
     The light source 21 is a low power bulb (2 volt - 0.06 amp) which is mounted on the end of a sliding hollow tube 22. This tube slides in a stationary close fitting outer tube 23 supported in fixed relationship to diffuser 11 by housing surfaces 24 (shown in outline only). Tube 23 is coaxial with the diffuser and terminates adjacent the nearest edge of input face 15 and the two are about the same diameter. As the tube 22 is drawn into tube 23 the light entering the surface 15 is attenuated from a maximum which occurs with the bulb centered opposite that surface. The lead 24 (or leads if the housing is not used as a return conductor) may pass through a hollow anti-rotation stop pin 26 set in the wall of tube 22. This pin rides in a lead slot 27 in the outer tube 23. The lead circles the tube several times and threads through housing elements to batteries located in the housing. Slot 27 extends nearly to the ends of the tube 23 to maintain a small percentage of overlap. 
     FIG. 2 shows a different arrangement of the elements in FIG. 1 to provide an attenuator that varies the light source from zero to maximum. Instead of the bulb projecting out the end of tube 32, it is located inside it. In this embodiment the moveable tube does not slide but rotates. To support the bulb and facilitate electrical connections, one terminal of the bulb may be electrically attached to the inner tube 33, a washer shaped bulb support 40 and metal housing 24 forming a ground return. The bulb remains centered opposite the face 15. If desired, the end of tube 32 may be closed with an opaque end piece 34. The two tubes are provided with mating equal slots 33 separated by equal spacings. A large number of slots are used to spread the light more evenly around the circumference of the input face 15 and are slanted for the same purpose. A hollow pin 38 in the rotating tube and a slot 39 in the stationary tube or vice-versa permits leads 37 to enter the tube to support (in lieu of washer 34) and/or supply the bulb. It is preferred that the inner tube 32 rotate, but if it is pinned to the housng through a slot like slot 39, the outer tube can be the rotating member. 
     The details of the transparency pattern 20 are given in Table 1. With such a pattern the diffuser makes an ideal structure for the target of the image intensifier test device disclosed in copending Patent Application Ser. No. 818,264 (EPA 1691) filed on even date herewith; wherein a more detailed disclosure of housing elements, like elements 24 in FIG. 1, can be seen. 
     Many variations of the structures disclosed herein will be immediately obvious to those skilled in the art, but the invention is to be limited only as defined in the claims which follow. 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
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USAF RESOLUTION CHART DATA                                                
USAF 1951                                                                 
Part No. 040970-482                                                       
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The need to assign numerical dimensions and tollerances to the            
performance of optical systems and photographic processes has resulted in 
the                                                                       
general acceptance of the USAF 1951 resolving power test target. The      
basic                                                                     
pattern dimensions employed in the test target are defined in MIL 150-A,  
paragraph 5.1.1.7.                                                        
The standard USAF 1951 target consists of a series of patterns            
decreasing                                                                
in size in a geometric progression as the sixth root of 2. The number of  
lines                                                                     
per millimeter doubles with every sixth target element. The               
width-of-line/                                                            
width-of-space ratio is a nominal 1:1 and the line length to line width   
ratio                                                                     
is 5:1. -                                                                 
  Resolution targets are available in negative form (clear bars and       
  opaque                                                                  
background) and positive form (opaque bars and clear background).         
The target contrast is normally specified as either high, medium, or low  
with contrast defined as the density difference between the line and the  
background.                                                               
INTERVAL                                                                  
       .                                                                  
        a line or a space                                                 
UNIT   .                                                                  
        a line and the adjacent space                                     
PATTERN                                                                   
       .                                                                  
        three lines and two included spaces                               
ELEMENT                                                                   
       .                                                                  
        consists of two patterns at right angles to each other, and       
        separated by one unit width                                       
RESOLUTION RANGE BY GROUP AND ELEMENT                                     
Groups                                                                    
ELEMENTS                                                                  
       -2 -1 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7                                       
1      0.250                                                              
          0.500                                                           
             1.00                                                         
                2.00                                                      
                   4.00                                                   
                      8.00                                                
                         16.0                                             
                            32.0                                          
                               64.0                                       
                                  128                                     
2      0.281                                                              
          0.561                                                           
             1.12                                                         
                2.24                                                      
                   4.49                                                   
                      8.98                                                
                         17.9                                             
                            35.9                                          
                               71.8                                       
                                  143                                     
3      0.315                                                              
          0.629                                                           
             1.26                                                         
                2.52                                                      
                   5.04                                                   
                      10.1                                                
                         20.1                                             
                            40.3                                          
                               80.6                                       
                                  161                                     
4      0.354                                                              
          0.707                                                           
             1.41                                                         
                2.83                                                      
                   5.66                                                   
                      11.3                                                
                         22.6                                             
                            45.3                                          
                               90.5                                       
                                  181                                     
5      0.397                                                              
          0.794                                                           
             1.59                                                         
                3.17                                                      
                   6.35                                                   
                      12.7                                                
                         25.4                                             
                            50.8                                          
                               101                                        
                                  203                                     
6      0.445                                                              
          0.891                                                           
             1.78                                                         
                3.56                                                      
                   7.13                                                   
                      14.3                                                
                         28.5                                             
                            57.0                                          
                               114                                        
                                  228                                     
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