Process and apparatus for heat exchange between fluids
This invention relates to a method of, and equipment for, transferring heat between fluids, in particular to a method and equipment for pumping heat. 
     A method and equipment already have been proposed for transferring latent heat available in the form of low-level temperature condensing vapors by transfer to a heat-carrying liquid by raising the temperature. This method is the object of a patent application filed in France on 11 Apr. 1975 under Ser. No. 7511438. 
     In that instance the equipment was meant more particularly to be used in a facility supplied with the latent heat from a condensing vapor, in particular ammonia vapor. 
     It is frequently the case that sensible heat available at low level in a liquid must be transferred to another heat-carrying fluid. This happens in particular if a brine of geothermal origin is available, the heat of which is to be transferred to a utilization circuit. 
     The object of the present invention is a method of and equipment for carrying out this transfer with maximum efficiency. A further inventive object is to provide a method and heat-exchange system in which the heat from a first fluid is used to make a second fluid (for instance, ammonia) in the liquid state pass into the state of a saturated vapor. 
     As regards one method of the invention, the two fluids may be transformed in a set of modules each comprising one stage of a multi-stage compressor and one heat-exchanger connected to the high-pressure output of said compressor, the first fluid traversing in series the heat-exchangers of said modules in the direction of decreasing pressures prevailing in the compartment of the second fluid, this compartment of the second fluid of the heat-exchanger of each of said modules being fed on one hand with the second fluid in the liquid state from the heat-exchanger of the adjacent module at higher pressure and, on the other hand, with the second fluid in the gaseous state from the adjacent module at lesser pressure, said second fluid upon crossing the compressor stage of said module, and of each of said modules said second fluid is moved on one hand in the liquid stage toward the heat-exchanger of the adjacent module at lesser pressure and on the other hand in the gaseous state to the input of the compressor stage of the adjacent module at higher pressure. 
     The invention in particular applies to the case where sensible heat is available at low level in a liquid such as a geothermal brine and is desired to be transferred into another liquid such as fresh water by raising this heat&#39;s temperature level, that is, if a liquid at temperature T 1  is available, it is lowered to T 0 , and the heat so released is used to heat another liquid originally at a temperature T 2  to T 3 , the mean of temperatures T 2  and T 3  exceeding that of T 0  and T 1 . In this case three fluids are used, for instance the first one being the geothermal brine, the second being ammonia and the third being fresh water. 
     In this embodiment of the invention the second fluid, after having been at least partly transformed into saturated vapor, gives up its heat of condensation to a third fluid, whereupon it is recycled, the second and third fluids being moved into a second series of modules each comprising one stage of a multi-stage compressor with a heat-exchanger connected to each high-pressure output, the third fluid passing in series through the exchangers of the modules of this second series in the direction of the increasing pressures prevailing in the compartment of the second fluid, the compartment of the second fluid of the heat-exchanger of each of said modules being fed on one hand with the second fluid in the liquid state from the heat-exchanger of the neighboring module at higher pressure and, on the other hand, with the second fluid in the gaseous state from the neighboring module at lesser pressure and having crossed the compressor-stage of said module, the second fluid being conveyed from the heat-exchanger of each of the modules--on one hand--in the liquid state to the heat-exchanger of the neighboring module at lesser pressure, and, on the other hand, in the gaseous state to the compressor stage of the neighboring module at higher pressure. The modules crossed by the first fluid and those crossed by the third are part of a unique series crossed by the second fluid in the direction of increasing pressure when it is in the gaseous state and in that of decreasing pressures when in the liquid state. 
     The invention is being described below in greater detail and with reference to a non-limiting embodiment directed particularly to an embodiment for three fluids. 
    
    
     The figures of the appertaining drawing show 
     FIG. 1, a diagram of one embodiment of equipment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2, a diagram of equipment for another embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 3, a theoretical graph of the gas circulation in equipment similar to that of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     The thermodynamic transformations take place in a sequence of elementary series termed &#34;modules&#34; which are staggered in pressure and temperature; by convention, the rank of the modules is take as increasing when moving toward increasing pressures. 
     A basic module of rank i comprises a compression stage for the vapor of the second fluid (for instance, ammonia) associated with a cell being fed the sum of the vapor flow from the second fluid that has crossed this stage, the cell under consideration communicating with the cells of rank i+1 and i-1 by means of calibrated orifices, being crossed by a flow of the second liquid fluid in the sense of decreasing rank and also comprised by exchange bundles which may be traversed either by the first fluid (e.g., geothermal brine) circulating in the sense of decreasing rank (in which case the bundles are heating), or by the third fluid (e.g., fresh water) circulating in the sense of increasing rank (in which case the bundles are cooling). The cells in the invention may be spanned simultaneously by heating and by cooling bundles; there may also comprise bundles which are not traversed by exchange fluids, or may even lack bundles. Proper measures are taken in the modules so that permanent flow and transfers of heat and mass between the same fluids may be achieved. In sum, such operations take place in the module of rank i that a flow of vapor of the second fluid from module of rank i-1 is received; furthermore, a flow of liquid of the second fluid from module i+1, while a flow of vapor of said compressed second fluid and in saturated state is passed to module i+1. Furthermore, there is a simultaneous flow of said second fluid towards module i-1, the variation in the flow of vapor mass through said module being equal and opposite to the variation of the flow of liquid mass, these variations reflecting the evaporations and condensations of the second fluid, as a whole, in said module. 
     Preferably, the first fluid obtained from the outside at temperature T 1  is introduced into the equipment at the level of the module with the temperature nearest to T 1 , if possible slightly exceeding T 1 , and circulates in the bundles, also called heating bundles, while traversing in series the modules in the decreasing direction as far as the modules at temperature T 0 , leaving the equipment at that temperature. Preferably also, the third fluid obtained from the outside at temperature T 2  is introduced into the equipment at the level of the module with the temperature nearest to T 2  and if possible slightly less than it, and circulates in bundles--also termed cooling bundles--crossing in series the modules in the direction of increasing rank, as far as the module where the temperature is T 3  and leaving the equipment at the latter temperature. The first module at temperature T 0  is special in that it lacks a compressor and in that the entire flow of the second liquid, in liquid state, arriving in this cell is vaporized. Similarly, the last module at temperature T 3  is special in that it lacks any liquid supply and in that the vapor flow of the second fluid arriving in the cell is totally condensed. 
     Attention is drawn to the fact that because of the characteristics of the equipment as described above, several operational properties are obtained: in the first place, the vapor flow arriving at a module equals the liquid flow leaving it; in the second place, the liquid flow of the second fluid crossing the modules traversed only by the heating bundles in the direction of decreasing rank is progressively vaporized toward the first module, where everything is vaporized; in the third place, the vapor flow of the second fluid traversing the modules crossed only by the cooling bundles in the sense of increasing rank is progressively condensed toward the last module where all of the vapor flow is condensed; in the fourth place, there is no flow of the second fluid, whether vapor or liquid, out of the equipment (that is, this liquid moves in closed circulation); in the fifth place, if there is no overlap between the temperature intervals (T 0 , T 1 ) and (T 2 , T 3 ), the following modules in the sense of increasing rank will comprise in series p modules reheated by the first fluid going from T 0  to T.sub. 1, r modules without heat-transfer bundles, and q modules cooled by the third fluid changing from T 2  to T 3  ; in the sixth place, if the temperature intervals (T 0 , T 1 ) and (T 2 , T 3 ) overlap in (T 1 , T 2 ) those modules of which the temperature falls between T 1  and T 2  comprise both heating and cooling bundles. 
     Clearly, the invention is not restricted to these particulars. 
     According to another significant embodiment of the invention temperatures T 1  and T 2  being considered as those for which there is ordinary operation, a sufficient number of modules with temperatures near T 1  and T 2  are provided with transfer bundles not crossed by the transfer fluids when in ordinary operation and provided with admission means for the transfer fluids. Therefore, if the input temperatures T 1  and T 2  of the first or third fluid vary, becoming T&#39; 1  and T&#39; 2 , said fluids may be admitted at the level of those modules where the temperature is nearest T&#39; 1  and T&#39; 2 . 
     FIG. 1 relates to an equipment of the invention comprising 10 modules A through J and corresponding to the case of no temperature overlap between the first and third fluids. According to this embodiment, cells A, B and C are crossed by the first fluid, which enters at 1 at temperature T 1 , traversing heating bundles 2 of the three cells in the direction of decreasing rank and which issues at 3. These bundles are at least partially submerged. 
     Cells F, G, H, I, and J are crossed by the third fluid entering at 4 at temperature T 2  and issuing at 5 at temperature T 3  after having traversed cooling clusters 6. 
     The liquid and the vapor of the second fluid coexist in the cells, the vapor flowing in the direction of increasing rank and the liquid in the direction of the decreasing one. 
     A module comprises a compressor stage 7 of the diagrammatical multi-stage compressor and the cell. For instance, if cell F is considered, the compressor compresses the vapor of the second fluid from cell E and forces it to a temperature level exceeding that of cell F where it partially condenses on the condensation cluster 6 traversed by the third fluid and located outside the liquid. An equal amount of liquid flow returns from cell F to cell E through a conduit 8 to &#34;flash&#34; inside the latter,--that is, to expand abruptly while partly vaporizing in a calibrated orifice 9. 
     Similarly, cell B comprises a cluster 2 crossed by the first fluid, to enable the vaporization of the second fluid. This amount in addition to the vapor from cell A is fed to the compression stage between B and C. An equal amount of output mass of liquid returns from C to B while flashing. The vapor generated in cell B is caused by the flash effect and by the heating of the liquid by the first fluid circulating in cluster 2. 
     E represents a cell without a cluster, where the liquid from F is flashed and where the vapor from D is superheated. 
     Depending on the input temperature of the first fluid, valves 10 allow introducing a suitable temperature in cluster 2 of the cell. Similarly, depending on the input temperature of the third fluid, valves 11 allow the introduction of a suitable temperature in cooling cluster 6 of the cell. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the case of overlap between the temperature ranges of the first and third fluids. Cells such as E comprise two clusters, one for heating and possibly partly immersed in the liquid of the second fluid and crossed by the first fluid, and one of condensation located outside the liquid and traversed by the third fluid. The heat transfer between these two clusters thus is achieved directly by evaporation and condensation at the surface of each of these clusters for the vapor present in the cell. 
     Regarding cell A, it will be observed that the liquid mass flow of the second fluid which is received from cell B equals that released to it in gaseous form through the intermediary of the compressor stage. Therefore the transfers (of mass HJ) between cells B and C and between all adjacent cells are similarly balanced. 
     Evaporation is caused in cell B because of the action of the first fluid and that of flashing the liquid from C, so that the vapor flow emitted toward C exceeds the incoming one from A. Similar reasonings apply to each cell to lead to the conclusion that the circulation of the second fluid may be analyzed as the superpositions of closed circuits, there being a maximum flow in the central region, as shown in FIG. 3, which shows the liquid flow in solid lines and the vapor flow in dashed ones. Hence it appears that equipment operation may be very simply controlled by acting on the flow between cells, either by means of valves located either at the orifices where the liquid is fed from one cell to another, or in series or parallel with the compressor stages.