Method of producing a dielectric with perowskite structure and containing a copper oxide
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method of producing a dielectric having a perowskite structure comprising perowskite-forming compounds consisting of stoichiometric alkaline earth titanates, alkaline earth zirconates, alkaline earth stannates and mixed crystals thereof, wherein an admixture of eutectic-forming compounds which in practice cannot be built into the perowskite lattice is added to the perowskite lattice, and wherein the mixture of compounds is sintered at a partial oxygen pressure from 0.2 to 1 Bar in the temperature range from 1000°-1250° C. Such a method is the subject of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 24,811 which is hereby incorporated by reference into the present specification. 
     The above-mentioned Patent Application describes a method for reducing the sintering temperature of alkaline earth titanates, -zirconates and -stannates or the mixed crystals thereof to such an extent that the physical and, particularly, the dielectric properties of the sintered bodies are maintained, but the manufacturing process for producing these sintered bodies becomes cheaper and simpler. This object is achieved by adding an admixture of eutectic-forming compounds which form CuO.Cu 2  O or CuO.Cu 2  O.Me IV  O 2  when sintered in an oxygen atmosphere and which in practice cannot be built into the perowskite lattice of the stoichiometric perowskite compound, where Me IV  O 2  is at least an oxide of an element of group IV of the Periodic System of Elements, and by sintering the mixture of compounds at a partial oxygen pressure of 0.2 to 1 Bar in the temperature range from 1000°-1250° C. 
     As a rule, dense ceramics of barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) and the mixed crystals thereof with other perowskites cannot be sintered below 1300° C. and in special cases only at approximately 1400° C. The low porosity of 3 to 5% and less, required for a dielectric ceramic, are reached at these high sintering temperatures only. 
     For dielectric ceramics the microstructure is, however, equally as important as the porosity. To obtain an optimal dielectric constant either a very fine-grained microstructure or a very coarse-grained micro-structure is required, depending on the material. Alternatively, it may be possible that, depending on the use, the same material is required in a coarse-grained as well as in a fine-grained microstructure. It is therefore very important that the grain growth can be influenced in a reliable manner to the one or the other direction. A pronounced grain growth is not observed except at elevated temperatures. For example, with undoped barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), that is to say pure barium titanate, and the mixed crystals thereof, a coarse-grained microstructure is not obtained until after the addition of a slight excess of TiO 2  above a sintering temperature of approximately 1320° C. Small deviations of this approximate value are met in starting materials of a technical purity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide oxide mixtures in which, at lower sintering temperatures than known for pure perowskite ceramics, microstructures can be obtained which are advantageous for achieving a high dielectric constant with a lowest possible temperature coefficient and which have a very high density. 
     In accordance with the invention this is accomplished by the addition of CuO.MeO x  -forming compounds, where MeO x  is the oxide of at least one element of group III, V, VI or VII of the Periodic System of Elements (P.S.E.). 
     In addition to the advantages described in the prior patent application of the addition of a eutectic mixture, such as the reduction of the sintering temperature, this furnishes the additional advantage that the dielectric losses of the material to be sintered can be noticably reduced. 
     The grain growth can be influenced in a particularly advantageous manner by means of the above-mentioned admixtures. By impregnating calcined perowskite materials with CuO.MeO x  -admixtures the point at which the grain growth of the barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) begins can be shifted to considerably lower temperature ranges than usual with pure perowskite materials. It is assumed that the considerable grain growth, in dependence on the uniformity of impregnation and the distribution of other contaminants, starts according to a statistical at random operating nucleating mechanism. 
     Depending on the type of CuO.MeO x  admixture and the sintering atmosphere (air or oxygen), the temperatures for the beginning and for the end of the considerable grain growth can be drastically reduced. Materials containing tin, zirconium or hafnium, CuO.SnO 2 , CuO.ZrO 2  and CuO.HfO 2  induce a very pronounced grain growth. 
     When the eutectic-forming oxide mixtures CuO.Tl 2  O 3 .MnO 2  are added, a special advantage is obtained (and greatly different ratios of mix of the said oxides are involved) that in the process, the sintering stage and the stage at which the grain growth starts can be separated, so that grain growth can be avoided to a great extent in spite of a low sintering temperature. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention will now be further explained with reference to some embodiments. 
     The effect of the different admixtures was measured by means of a dilatometer by measuring the shrinkage of mechanically and hydrostatically pre-densified bodies of pressed powder. The sample bodies were prismatic of shape, their dimensions were approximately 6.5×6.5×17 mm. The samples were heated in the dilatometer in air at a rate of approximately 4° C./minute to a maximum temperature of 1185° C. The density of the samples was determined from these measurements, in a percentage figure of the theoretical density (ρ th ) as a function of the temperature. The final density of the samples (ρ E ) was determined by measuring the hydrostatic upward pressure in water, in so far as these samples had a closed porosity. The final density of samples having an open porosity was, in contrast, determined by measuring the geometrical dimensions and the weight. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of these measurements. 
     The following, analytically pure, starting materials were used to produce sample bodies of titanates with the desired admixtures: 
     BaCO 3 , 
     TiO 2 , 
     B 2  O 3 , 
     Al 2  O 3 , 
     Ga 2  O 3 , 
     Tl 2  O 3 , 
     MnO 2 , 
     V 2  O 5 , 
     Cr 2  O 3 , 
     Bi 2  O 3 , 
     Sb 2  O 3 , 
     When starting materials of a technical purity are used, the quantities of the admixtures and the ratios of mix of the relevant oxides must be adapted in a suitable manner to arrive at the results according to the invention. 
     The required weighed-in quantities of the starting material for forming the perowskite ceramics, for example barium titante (BaTiO 3 ), were transferred to agate ball jars and stirred with denaturated ethanol into a slurry. A suitable number of agate balls were added, whereafter the slurry was mixed for two hours in a planetary ball mill. The mixtures were thereafter dried and calcined in air for 15 hours. The calcining temperature was 150° C. 
     After a dry mixing operation for 1 hour in a planetary ball mill, copper and an element from group III, V, VI or VII of the Periodic System of Elements were added in the form of the corresponding oxide. The procedure was as follows: 
     The calcined and ground perowskite material was mixed with the oxides to be added, in the same manner as the weighed-in quantities of starting material prior to the calcining process. After having been dried under a surface evaporator, the mixture was dry-milled for another 15 minutes in planetary a ball mill. 
     The ceramic powders thus prepared were pressed into sample bodies at a pressure of 4000 Bar, whereafter these bodies were sintered under the conditions specified in the tables 1 and 2. Table 1 shows the reduction in the sintering temperature of barium titanate (without admixtures &gt;1300° C.) after an admixture of oxides, defined by the general composition CuO.MeO x . The sintering atmosphere was air, the partial oxygen pressure was approximately 0.2 Bar. The heating-up rate was 3.9° C./minute and the sintering time at the maximum temperature was 200 minutes, this isothermal sintering taking place at 1185° C. (=maximum temperature). The rate of cooling was 3.9° C./minute. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
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         (2)          (3)          (4)                                    
         The final density                                                
                      The final density                                   
                                   Final                                  
(1)      was reached in                                                   
                      was reached in                                      
                                   density                                
Admixture                                                                 
         the heating-up                                                   
                      the isothermal                                      
                                   in % δ.sub.E                     
mole %   phase at:    phase after: of δ.sub.th                      
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1% CuO   --           30 min       98.1                                   
+ 1% BO.sub.1.5                                                           
1% CuO   1140° C.                                                  
                       0 min       98.0                                   
+ 1% AlO.sub.1.5                                                          
1% CuO   1130° C.                                                  
                       0 min       98.8                                   
+ 1% GaO.sub.1.5                                                          
1% CuO   --           20 min       99.7                                   
+ 1% TlO.sub.1.5                                                          
1% CuO   --           --           74.6                                   
+ 1% InO.sub.1.5                                                          
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     Table 2 shows the reduction in the sintering temperature of barium titanate ceramic after an admixture of an oxide mixture of the general composition CuO.MeO x . The sintering atmosphere was air, the partial oxygen pressure approximately 0.2 Bar. The heating-up rate was 3.9° C./minute and the sintering time at the maximum temperature was 200 minutes, with isothermal sintering taking place at 1185° C. (=maximum temperature). 
     The rate of cooling was 3.9° C./minute. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
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         (2)          (3)          (4)                                    
         The final density                                                
                      The final density                                   
                                   Final                                  
(1)      is reached in the                                                
                      is reached in the                                   
                                   density                                
Admixture                                                                 
         heating-up phase                                                 
                      heating-up phase                                    
                                   in % δ.sub.E                     
mole %   at:          after:       of δ.sub.th :                    
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1% CuO   1185° C.                                                  
                      0 min        98.2                                   
+ 1% VO.sub.2.5                                                           
1% CuO   1160° C.                                                  
                      0 min        98.0                                   
+ 1% CrO.sub.1.5                                                          
1% CuO   --           15 min       97.5                                   
+ 1% MnO.sub.2                                                            
1% CuO   1170° C.                                                  
                      0 min        97.3                                   
+ 1% BiO.sub.1.5                                                          
1% CuO   --           45 min       97.3                                   
+ 1% SbO.sub.1.5                                                          
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     The values in tables 1 and 2 show that an admixture of copper oxide and oxides of the elements of group III, V, VI or VII of the Periodic System of Elements to perowskite ceramics comprising stoichiometric barium titanate results in a considerable reduction in the sintering temperature while, as a rule, the dielectric properties of these materials are not affected in a negative sense but in some cases even in a positive sense. 
     Table 3 shows the values for the dielectric properties of barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) with the admixtures specified in Tables 1 and 2. The relative dielectric constant ε and the loss angle tan ρ were measured in the temperature range from -20° C. to +85° C. with an a.c. voltage of 1 V (r.m.s.) using a frequency of 1 kHz at disc-shaped samples having a diameter of 5 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm, these discs having been cut from sintered prismatic ceramic blocs. The electrodes consisted of vacuum-deposited chromium-nickel layers covered with gold layers. 
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
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                  (3)                                                     
(1)    (2)        average grain                                           
                          (4)                                             
Admixture                                                                 
       Sintering temp. (°C.)                                       
                  size/grain size                                         
                          dielectr. properties                            
mole % Sintering time (h)                                                 
                  range   (a) ε, (b) tan δ (%)              
                                    -20° C.                        
                                         0° C.                     
                                            +20° C.                
                                                 50° C.            
                                                     85° C.        
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--     1320,      ˜30                                               
                          (a):      1600 2500                             
                                            2600 2300                     
                                                     2400                 
       4                  (b):      2.5  2.7                              
                                            1.1  1.2 2.1                  
1% CuO 1185,      2-50    (a):      2300 2760                             
                                            3000 2700                     
                                                     2450                 
+ 1% VO.sub.2.5                                                           
       3                  (b):      2.2  2.2                              
                                            1.5  0.8 0.6                  
1% CuO 1185,      2-70    (a):      1100 1900                             
                                            1700 1600                     
                                                     1700                 
+ 1% CrO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      1.3  1.3                              
                                            1.0  1.0 1.0                  
1% CuO 1185,      1-2     (a):      1960 2630                             
                                            2680 2680                     
                                                     3800                 
+ 1% MnO.sub.2                                                            
       3                  (b):      2.0  2.4                              
                                            2.4  2.0 2.3                  
1% CuO 1185,      2-50    (a):      2600 3000                             
                                            3200 2900                     
                                                     2850                 
+ 1% BiO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      2.3  2.0                              
                                            2.2  2.3 2.4                  
1% CuO 1185,      2-80    (a):      2400 2900                             
                                            3100 2800                     
                                                     2700                 
+ 1% SbO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      1.0  1.0                              
                                            1.4  1.4 1.2                  
1% CuO 1185,      2-30    (a):      2400 2900                             
                                            3000 2700                     
                                                     2630                 
+ 1% SbO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      1.9  1.7                              
                                            1.2  0.6 0.3                  
1% CuO 1185,      ˜12                                               
                          (a):      2450 3430                             
                                            2900 2230                     
                                                     1960                 
+ 1% AlO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      3.9  2.4                              
                                            1.3  0.5 0.2                  
1% CuO 1185,      ˜2                                                
                          (a):      1900 2230                             
                                            2450 2450                     
                                                     2630                 
+ 1% GaO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      4.0  4.7                              
                                            4.6  3.5 3.5                  
1% CuO 1185,      1-2     (a):      2360 2720                             
                                            2230 1780                     
                                                     1740                 
+ 1% TlO.sub.1.5                                                          
       3                  (b):      3.6  1.8                              
                                            0.8  0.4 0.4                  
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     The addition of CuO.TlO 1 .5, CuO.AlO 1 .5, CuO.CrO 1 .5 and CuO.SbO 1 .5 appeared to be especially advantageous in reducing the dielectric losses of barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ). 
     The advantageous values shown in tables 1 to 3 for barium titanate ceramic with an admixture of CuO.MeO x  can be achieved with equal success for strontium titanate, calcium titanate, barium stannate, barium zirconate, calcium zirconate or the mixed crystals thereof. This is evidenced by the very similar properties of these perowskite ceramics, which were thoroughly examined and described in detail in the above referenced U.S. application.