Determination of microbial cells in aqueous samples
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention encompasses a method for counting bacterial cells in an aqueous test sample comprising: fluorescent labeling of the bacterial cells, intermixing with the test sample a known amount of monodispersed fluorescently labeled beads of about cell size, and determining the ratio of bacterial cells to fluorescently labeled beads. 
     The present invention utilizes a reagent solution, made up of a sufficient concentration of fluorescent dye, which also contains a known amount of monodispersed fluorescently labeled beads of approximately the size of the cells. For example, if the final dilution of reagent and test sample contains 10 5  cell/ml monodispersed fluorescently labeled beads and the stained cells and beads are determined under a fluorescent microscope to be equal number, the urine contains 10 5  cells/ml. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Monodispersed fluorescently labeled beads are well known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,316, U.S. Pat. No. 3,853,987; Journal of Cell Biology, 64, 75 (1975), Journal of Applied Physics, 26 (7), 864 (1955); and U.S. Pat. No. 3,957,741. 
     Fluorescent dyes exemplified by Fluorescein, 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, rhodamine, 9-aminoacridine-HCl, fluoresceinisothiocyanate, ε-dasyl-L-lysine dyes are bound to beads about 0.1-4 microns in diameter, about cell size, preferably about 2 microns. Fluoresbrite-fluorescent monodispersed carboxylated microspheres 1.83 micron diameter fluorescently labeled with 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole is a preferred monodispersed fluorescently labeled bead. Those skilled in the art will recognize a wide variety of dyes and material for produce fluorescing beads suitable for practicing the present invention. 
     Solutions of ethidium bromide, propidium iodide, phloxin, quinacrine hydrochloride, acridine orange and other cytophilicfluorochromes are representative suitable microbial cell labeling fluorescent dyes. Concentration range from 0.5-100 ng/ml, preferrably about 55 μg/ml in the reagent solution and about 5 μg/ml in test sample. Those skilled in the cell dying arts will recognize a wide variety of suitable dyes and concentration thereof to form an effective cell labeling amount of fluorescent dye. 
     A preferred reagent is a reagent solution in 2M Tris. HCl pH 9, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-bis-propanediol-HCl containing 55.0 μg/ml of acridine orange and 1.0×10 6  /ml of monodispersed fluorescent latex beads (1.83 micron diameters--Polyscience, Inc.). 
     In practice 100 μl of the above reagent is added to 1 ml of urine giving a concentration of acridine orange of 5 μg/ml and 1×10 5  beads/ml. A drop of the urine sample treated with reagent is then examined visually using a fluorescent microscope to compare the number of beads to cells. If the number of beads is less than the number of bacteria the bacterial cells must exceed 1×10 5  cells/ml and a clinical definition of a urinary tract infection is obtained. 
     Most urinary tract infections result from ascending infection by organisms introduced through the urethra. Acute infections are more common in females than in males because of the shorter urethra and the greater likelihood of its contamination in females. Infections are usually associated with bacterial counts of 100,000 (10 5 ) or more organisms per ml of urine (significant bacteriuria). This is because urine is an excellent culture medium for most organisms which infect the urinary tract, and growth occurs in the urine itself in vivo, resulting in high counts in established untreated infections. In contrast, contamination from the external genitalia, in the absence of infection, usually contributes less than 1,000 (10 3 ) organisms per ml in properly collected and transported specimens.