Nonabsorbable lipid binder
In certain mammals, and notably humans, it is often desirable, and sometimes necessary, to reduce the absorption of lipids such as triglycerides, fatty and bile acids, as well as cholesterol and other sterols. 
     Quite often, in weight control programs, it is difficult to control the ingestion of these materials and the subsequent digestion and absorption thereof cause weight and health problems. In accordance with the invention, I have discovered that if chitosan is ingested by mammals, it is capable of binding many times its weight in lipids, preventing the digestion and absorption thereof and promoting their excretion. 
     In accordance with the invention, chitosan is formulated and utilized as a food additive to reduce both absorption of lipids and caloric intake and also as a pharmaceutical for the treatment of obesity, coronary heart disease and certain gastro-intestinal disorders. 
     Chitosan constitutes a known material and is partially or fully deacetylated chitin. Chitin is a natural cellulose-like polymer which is present in fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, crabs, shrimps or lobsters. The polymer structure of chitin consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units linked by β-(1-4) glycosidic bonds which impart to the material characteristics similar to that of cellulose. Chitosan is conventionally prepared by the alkaline deacetylation of chitin with concentrated sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures. Depending upon the conditions of the deacetylation, chitosan with various degrees of acetylation is obtained. In the most common products, the degree of deacetylation is between 70 and 90 percent. Although chitosan is usually obtained by chemical deacetylation of chitin, it may also be obtained by the fermentation of certain foods. 
     I have found that the chitosan is capable of binding various fatty acids to form the corresponding complex salts. I believe that the binding is induced by the number of free amino groups in the chitosan which forms an ionic bond causing a binding effect considerably stronger than that obtained in conventional absorption or adsorption. The chitosan-fatty acid complexes can be prepared by neutralization of chitosan with various amounts of fatty acids, preferably edible fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic or linolenic acid. These complexes can be prepared by neutralization of the chitosan with various amounts of these fatty acids, including stoichiometric amounts, less than stoichiometric amounts, or greater than stoichiometric amounts than those required for the neutralization of the chitosan. The chitosan-fatty acid complex, after ingestion by a mammal, will bind additional lipids, most probably due to its strong hydrophobic characteristic. Such lipids include natural triglycerides, fatty and bile acids, and cholesterol and other sterols, and a great portion of these bound lipids will be excreted rather than absorbed and utilized by the mammal. This is believed due to the following factors: 
     Chitosan&#39;s inherent insolubility, nonabsorbability, and undigestibility; 
     The strong ionic binding of fatty and bile acids which prevent their release for absorption and utilization; 
     The inability of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach to hydrolyze the chitosan-fatty acid complexes (complex does not wet); 
     The tendency of the complexes to grow in size as they travel through the gastro-intestinal tract and gradually absorb and bind additional lipids; 
     The ability of the chitosan-fatty acid complex to bind dietary triglycerides which are hydrolyzed by lipase and released as fatty acids or other volatile fatty acids (acetic, formic, butyric) formed by microbial degradation in vivo and 
     The ability of the chitosan to bind to its matrix and promote the excretion of cholesterol and sterols which will be solubilized in the lipophilic phase. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the chitosan, as such or in the form of its fatty acid complex, is admixed with a food substance to form a composition consisting of the food substance containing a minor quantity, as for example, between 1 and 10 percent by weight, of the added chitosan, as such or as a fatty acid complex. This food composition, containing the minor quantity of the added chitosan, has a lower effective caloric value than the corresponding amount of food without the chitosan, as the chitosan in the composition has the ability of binding and preventing the absorption of a large amount of lipids. The food composition, when ingested, will thus reduce the fat intake of the mammal, promoting the binding and excretion of fatty materials such as cholesterols, sterols, triglycerides, and the like. The chitosan, as such, is not capable of binding neutral oil, but once complexed with a fatty acid, the complex is capable of absorbing neutral oil. Therefore, it is often desirable to use the chitosan at least partially in the form of its fatty acid complex. 
     The chitosan itself, i.e., not in the form of fatty acid complex, may, for example, be utilized as a low calorie filler in connection with various foods, such as breads, cakes, cookies, and the like. 
     In the form of the fatty acid complex, as for example, with linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, or linolenic acid, the same may be used as a fat extender added, for example, to margarine, spreads and dips, salad dressing, or the like. 
     The characteristics of the chitosan, with respect to its non-digestibility, its biodegradability, and its bland taste make the same excellent as a food additive and, due to its ability to bind the lipids, may be considered as having a negative caloric value, i.e., lowering calorie effect of the foods to which it is added. 
     Chitosan, in accordance with a further embodiment of my invention, finds application as a pharmaceutical for the treatment of gall bladder disease, in which the absorption and utilization of lipids is not desirable; in the treatment of obesity; and in gastro-intestinal disorders or coronary disease where bile acids, cholesterol and other sterol lowering is desirable. 
     As a pharmaceutical preparation, the chitosan and/or the chitosan-fatty acid complex, may be admixed to form a pharmaceutical composition with any inert pharmaceutical carrier. Chitosan may be incorporated in a pharmaceutical preparation in the form of a suspension or dispersion, for example, an aqueous suspension or dispersion containing chitosan, water, and, if desirable, an edible acid such as linoleic acid. 
     Dosage units effective for the treatment of obesity, gall bladder and gastro-intestinal disorders, and the like may vary between units containing 3 to 12 grams of the chitosan--chitosan fatty-acid complex, preferably 4 to 7 grams of the chitosan--chitosan-fatty acid complex. The pharmaceutical should be orally administered, preferably in the unit dosage form and preferably before meals. 
    
    
     The following examples are given by way of illustration and not limitation. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     
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Rye Bread                                                                 
Ingredients   Grams                                                       
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Sour rye culture                                                          
              450                                                         
Salt          141      Blend these ingredients                            
                       together at slow speed                             
Molasses (dark)                                                           
              170      for about 6-8 minutes.                             
Malt (nondiastatic)                                                       
              112                                                         
Caraway seeds  28                                                         
Water         3630                                                        
Chitosan (100 mesh)                                                       
              365                                                         
Cream of rye flour                                                        
              2090                                                        
Yeast (variable)                                                          
              340      Dissolve yeast in water.                           
                       Add flour to above flour                           
Water         900      mixture and mix slightly.                          
                       Add shortening and develop                         
Flour, strong first clear                                                 
              5270     dough at slow speed.                               
Shortening    142                                                         
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     Dough temperature: 80°-82° F. 
     Fermentation time: 1 hour with sour culture, 40 minutes with fermented sour rye sponge dough 
     To bench or scaler-rounder: Scale and round with resting periods 15 to 20 minutes 
     Mold: round or long shape 
     Proof: 3/4 proof 
     Baking: Bake with steam at 411° F. 
     Example 2 
     
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Pound Cake                                                                
Ingredients            Grams                                              
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Flour (cake)           1820                                               
Chitosan (100 mesh)    450                                                
Shortening (emulsified)                                                   
                       1590                                               
Salt                   57                                                 
Milk solids, nonfat    142                                                
High fructose syrup 42 177                                                
Sugar                  2724                                               
Water                  1000                                               
Whole eggs             1590                                               
Flavor                 28                                                 
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     Preparation 
     Flour, chitosan and shortening are mixed for 2-4 minutes. Then sugar, salt, nonfat milk solids, high fructose syrup and water are added and mixed for 5 minutes at same speed. Finally, eggs and flavor are added and mixed for 5 minutes at low speed. 
     Large loaves are baked at 340° F. 
     Example 3 
     Preparation of chitosan--fatty acid complex 
     Emulsion consisting of linoleic acid (or any fatty acid) and water is prepared by homogenization or by vigorous stirring (Waring blender) of 600 ml water containing 
     0.1-1.0 g benzoic acid (preservative) 
     1-7 g polysorbate 80 (emulsifier) and 
     300 ml linoleic acid containing 
     0.05 g BHA (antioxidant) 
     The good quality emulsion is usually obtained in less than one minute of stirring. 
     70 g of chitosan powder (80-200 mesh) is added to the emulsion and stirring (homogenization) is continued for another one minute. The complex of chitosan--linoleic acid is then isolated by filtration. 
     The ratio of fatty acid to chitosan for the preparation of the complex may vary considerably, depending on specific requirements. The preferential ratio is between 0.1:1.0 and 5:1. 
     Example 4 
     
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Salad Dressing with Blue Cheese Flavor                                    
Ingredients              Grams                                            
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Salt                     6.3                                              
Cream cheese             149.0                                            
High fructose corn styrup 42                                              
                         17.6                                             
Vinegar                  14.0                                             
Dehydrated parsley flakes                                                 
                         1.5                                              
Oil                      38.4                                             
Chitosan/oleic acid complex                                               
                         20.5                                             
Blue cheese flavor       to taste                                         
Water                    53.0                                             
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     Preparation 
     Cream cheese is whipped in mixer. All liquids are mixed together. All dry ingredients are mixed together. The mixes are added gradually to whipped cream cheese and mixed together until homogenous paste is obtained. The product is refrigerated. 
     Example 5 
     
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Chicken Noodle Soup Mix                                                   
Ingredients              Grams                                            
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Salt                     38.0                                             
Monosodium glutamate     22.0                                             
Chitosan/oleic acid complex                                               
                         10.0                                             
Chicken fat              7.1                                              
Dehydrated chicken       13.0                                             
Onion powder             2.8                                              
Sugar                    2.0                                              
Wheat flour              3.0                                              
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein                                              
                         1.2                                              
Ground parsley           0.6                                              
Ground pepper            0.3                                              
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     Procedure 
     Mix all ingredients. 
     Fill 16 grams of the above soup mix and 41 grams of fine noodles into 4-ply laminated soup packets and heat-seal. 
     Rehydration 
     Add contents of a packet to 1 pint of boiling water. Simmer 5-8 minutes. 
     Example 6 
     Preparation of chitosan powder mixture for oral administration 
     
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Ingredients            Grams                                              
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Chitosan powder (100-200 mesh)                                            
                       80.0                                               
Lactose                10.0                                               
Sucrose                 9.9                                               
Orange flavor (or other                                                   
flavor) as desired     0.01-0.1                                           
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     An intimate mixture of these ingredients is prepared in mixer or blender and it is then packed into individual packages containing 4-5 grams of powder. This dosage should be administered as a suspension in water or a flavored vehicle. 
     Maximum daily intake: 16-20 grams 
     Example 7 
     Paste (cream) of chitosan--fatty acid complex for oral administration 
     A. Preparation of the Emulsion 
     
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0.3 g        Benzoic acid                                                 
1.5 g        Polysorbate 80                                               
0.02 g       Saccharin                                                    
20 ppm       FDAC Green No. 3 (colorant)                                  
             is dispersed in 600 ml water                                 
0.01 g       BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole)                               
0.04 g       Peppermint Oil (flavor)                                      
             is dispersed in 100 ml of oleic acid                         
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     B. Preparation of the Complex 
     The water and oleic acid solutions are then combined and emulsion is prepared by stirring in Waring Blender for 30-60 seconds. 
     70 g of finely powdered chitosan (100 mesh) is added to this emulsion, the dispersion is vigorously stirred in blender for an additional 30-60 seconds and the formed complex is filtered off and packed into appropriate containers and stored under refrigeration. 
     The complex can then be used for oral administration. 
     Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain specific embodiments, various changes and modifications will become apparent to the skilled artisan. The invention is only intended to be limited by the appended claims or their equivalents wherein I have endeavored to claim all inherent novelty.