Preservative composition
The present invention relates to novel compositions suitable for industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical applications and is a continuation in part of our copending U.S. application Ser. No. 735,200, filed on Oct. 26, 1976, now abandoned. 
    
    
     Hitherto saturated and unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids have only been sparingly used in industry and agriculture. The obnoxious odour of the free acids has made the handling of these acids unpleasant for the operatives and their corrosive nature has severely limited their use. It has been suggested in the past that this disadvantage may be overcome by employing the acids as their neutral salts or their esters. The obvious expedient of using the esters or neutral salts has been unsatisfactory since the acids on esterification or neutralisation lose a considerable amount of their activity. 
     It has now been found that by adding a base to an acid in aqueous solution in an amount which is less than the chemical equivalent required for full neutralisation, such compositions minimise to a substantial extent the odour and corrosivity of the acids without significant loss of activity of the free acid. In addition, it has surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that the base and acid combine under these conditions to form complexes. Such complexes have the added advantage that they exhibit considerably lower vapour loss relative to the free acids and hence retain the preservative activity on the substrate treated therewith for a longer period of time. 
     Accordingly, the present invention is a liquid composition comprising in aqueous solutions a complex salt of ammonium ions and/or ions of a metal selected from Group I and Group II of the Periodic Table due to Mendeleef, and formic acid, the ratio of acid to ammonium and/or metal ions being 4:1 on a chemical equivalent basis. 
     The compositions of the present invention may contain, in addition, one or more carboxylic acids selected from saturated and unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having from 2-8 carbon atoms, preferably containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, 2-methylbutyric, levulinic, acrylic, sorbic and methacrylic acids are the most preferred. 
     The Group I and Group II metals of the Periodic Table due to Mendeleef are preferably selected from sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Although metal ions such as copper, strontium and beryllium may also be used, it will be clear that such compositions can only be used for certain special applications eg involving pesticidal or fungicidal activity, due to the known toxic nature of the cation. 
     The minimum amount of water in the compositions of the present invention will depend upon the solubility of the complex salts contained therein. Thus the complex calcium and magnesium salts would be somewhat less soluble than the complex sodium and ammonium salts. The concentration of water would therefore be suitably between the minimum necessary to form a homogeneous solution up to a maximum of 90% by weight, preferably between 15 and 75% by weight of the total composition. 
     The compositions of the present invention may contain one or more of the complex salts. For example, the composition may contain ammonium tetraformate, sodium tetraformate, calcium octaformate, magnesium octaformate and mixtures thereof. 
     The complex salt may be prepared by mixing formic acid with a calculated amount of a base of the desired cation in an aqueous medium. For example, in preparing compositions containing the ammonium ion the acid may be mixed with a concentrated aqueous ammonia solution. On the other hand, for preparing compositions containing the calcium ion, a full calcium salt of the acid may be dissolved in an appropriate amount of the free acid or the free acid may be partially neutralised by lime or reacted with limestone. 
     The compositions of the present invention with a suitable cation may be used as a preservative for animal feedstuffs and agricultural crops to prevent growth of mould, bacteria and fungi. This may be achieved by applying the composition to the desired substrate as hereinafter defined. 
     By the term &#34;substrate&#34; is meant here and throughout the specification grass, agricultural crops and/or compounded animal feedstuffs and materials used in preparation thereof such as barley, wheat, oats, rye, maize, rice, hay, straw, silage, dried grass, tick beans, soya beans, bagasse, sunflower seed, sugar cane, rape seed, groundnuts, fish meal, meat and bone meal, buckwheat chaff and wood shavings. The compositions of the present invention are particularly suitable as silage additives, for the control of bacteria such as salmonellae and in the production of liquefied protein from fish, animal offal and the like. 
     The compositions of the present invention when used as a preservative may also contain other conventional additives, in particular those with fungicidal or bactericidal properties, such as formalin, methanol, dehydroacetic acid and bisulphites. 
     Compositions containing tetraformates, especially ammonium tetraformate, formaldehyde and methanol are preferred. These are found to be superior to the corresponding diformate compositions with the same additives especially in relation to the relatively lower amount of free ammonia liberated and the relatively greater amount of lactic acid formed during the ensiling process. 
     The amount of composition used for the preservation of a substrate would depend not only on the substrate to be preserved but also on the acidic and cationic ingredients thereof. For example, copper which is nutritionally valuable and is a known growth promoter in animal feed would be used in low concentrations. On the other hand, compositions containing ammonium ions can be used within a wide range of concentrations without any deleterious effect. Thus, the liquid compositions of the present invention when applied as a preservative to a substrate would suitably be at a rate of between 0.1 and 5% of the inorganic complex salts based on the weight of the substrate treated, preferably between 0.1 and 2.5% by weight of the substrate treated. The liquid compositions may be applied to the substrates before, during or after harvest or processing. 
     Other applications of the compositions of the present invention include use in industry for removal of scales from pipes and boilers. In the pharmaceutical industry one of the uses may be in the treatment of fungal infections such as athlete&#39;s foot. Such solutions also exhibit buffering activity and may find use in photographic applications and as assistants in the dyeing of textiles. The ammonium and sodium ion containing solutions may be useful as antifreezes. Copper containing solutions may be used for example as wood preservatives and in crop fungicides. 
     The principal advantages of using the compositions of the present invention are that: 
     (a) they are less caustic to skin and hence considerably safer to the operative, 
     (b) they are less corrosive to metals than the free acids, 
     (c) they do not remove paint and grease and so do not promote deterioration of equipment, 
     (d) they have a lower vapour pressure than the free acids and hence not only reduce environmental hazards due to evaporation but also make more efficient use of the preservative composition applied on the substrate, 
     (e) they do not attack soft seals and pipes and hence facilitate equipment design, 
     (f) they reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the obnoxious odour of the preservative acids, 
     (g) they are appreciably more active than the neutral salts and only marginally less active than the free acids, 
     (h) they have a greater solubility in water than the neutral salts and hence facilitate formulation, 
     (i) they can be used as a medium for introducing nutritionally beneficial cations into the substrates preserved, 
     (j) they have higher flash points than the free acids and hence present less of a fire hazard, 
     (k) they are more stable towards decomposition to carbon monoxide than free formic acid. 
    
    
     The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following Examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     1. PREPARATION 
     (A) A 85% w/w solution of ammonium tetraformate was prepared by the reaction of 98-100% strength formic acid (1 mole, 46 g) with concentrated aqueous ammonia solution (12.9 g solution containing 33% w/w NH 3  =0.25 mole, 4.25 g). 
     (B) A 75% w/w solution of the salt was prepared by dilution of the product from preparation (A), or by reaction of 85% strength formic acid (54.1 g containing 46 g, 1 mole, formic acid) with concentrated aqueous ammonia solution (12.9 g solution containing 33% w/w NH 3  =0.25 mole, 4.25 g). 
     (C) A solution containing 72.5% w/w of the salt was also prepared by appropriate dilution of the product obtained from preparation (B). 
     
                                           TABLE                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE                              
AND FORMIC ACID SOLUTIONS                                                 
              85% w/w             75.2% w/w                               
              AMMONIUM            AMMONIUM  72.5% w/w                     
              TETRAFORMATE                                                
                        85% w/w   TETRAFORMATE                            
                                            FORMIC                        
              SOLUTION (ATF)                                              
                        FORMIC ACID                                       
                                  SOLUTION (ATF)                          
                                            ACID                          
__________________________________________________________________________
pH            2.8       off scale 2.9       off scale                     
Density at 20° C. (kg/liter)                                       
              1.222     1.195     1.181     1.171                         
Viscosity c/s at 20° C.                                            
              4.36      1.63      2.39      1.52                          
Crystallisation temp °C.                                           
              ca -20° C.                                           
                        -20       -36       -45                           
Flash point, Pensky-                                                      
Martens (closed cup) °C.                                           
              70        68        70        Not Determined                
Concentration in Vapour                                                   
Ammonia  mg/m.sup.3                                                       
              None Detected                                               
                         --       None Detected                           
Formic Acid  mg/m.sup.3                                                   
              764       1,547     649       1,356                         
Carbon Monoxide  mg/m.sup.3                                               
              1,290     4,590     880*      Not Determined                
% Loss on Evaporation                                                     
              5.7       28.0      9.7       22.8                          
(140 hours)                                                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 *value for 75% w/w ATF solution                                          
 
    
     (a) No ammonia was detected in the saturated vapours above the 72.5% and 85% w/w ATF solutions. Hence during normal use of the salts, no problem is envisaged in exceeding the Threshold Limit Value for Ammonia (18 mg/m 3 ). The concentration of formic acid in the vapours above the ATF solutions was found to be about half that in the vapours above corresponding strength solutions of formic acid. Thus any reduction in losses will help to overcome operator discomfort during use. Again this correlates with the Odour Panel results (Table 5) and evaporation tests. 
     (b) Formic acid is known to decompose to carbon monoxide and water. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the saturated vapour above the test solution was therefore taken as a measurement of the rate of decomposition of the acid in the solution. The results show that there is significantly less carbon monoxide in the vapours above the 72.5% and 85% ATF solutions than in the vapours above corresponding aqueous formic acid solutions. Hence the indications are that ATF is less susceptible to decomposition to carbon monoxide. 
     (c) The relatively high pH&#39;s of the ATF solutions compared to corresponding formic acid solutions indicates that such solutions should be less corrosive to farm machinery and safer for operators to handle. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
              CORROSION RATE pH OF TEST                                   
TEST SOLUTION mm YEAR        SOLUTION                                     
______________________________________                                    
0.6% m/m Formic Acid                                                      
              0.6            2.7                                          
in Water                                                                  
0.6% m/m Ammonium                                                         
              0.4            3.2                                          
Tetraformate (ATF)                                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
CORROSIVITY OF FORMIC ACID AND                                            
AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE SOLUTION TOWARDS CLOTHING                           
         EFFECT ON MATERIAL EFFECT ON DYE                                 
TYPE OF  85% w/w ATF        85% w/w ATF                                   
MATERIAL SOLUTION                                                         
                 85% FORMIC ACID                                          
                            SOLUTION 85% FORMIC ACID                      
__________________________________________________________________________
Brushed Cotton                                                            
         None Detected                                                    
                 None Detected                                            
                            Held Fast                                     
                                     The purple colour changed            
shades of purple                     to blue when wet. It                 
and blue                             returned to its original             
                                     purple colour on drying              
                                     but with some evidence               
                                     of slight fading.                    
Crimplene                                                                 
         None Detected                                                    
                 None Detected                                            
                            Held Fast                                     
                                     Held Fast                            
purple and white                                                          
Polyester Jersey                                                          
         None Detected                                                    
                 None Detected                                            
                            Held Fast                                     
                                     Held Fast                            
brown and yellow                                                          
Brushed Nylon                                                             
         None Detected                                                    
                 The area covered                                         
                            Held Fast                                     
                                     --                                   
red              by the solution                                          
                 dissolved rapidly.                                       
Nylon Lining                                                              
         None Detected                                                    
                 The area covered                                         
                            Held Fast                                     
                                     --                                   
                 by the solution                                          
                 dissolved rapidly.                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 The material under test was stretched tightly over a glass beaker and hel
 in position by a rubber band. 2 ml samples of 85% w/w formic acid and 85%
 w/w ATF solution were dropped by pipette onto the material.              
 The 85% w/w ATF solution had no noticeable effect upon cotton, crimplene,
 polyester or nylon fabrics. In contrast, aqueous formic acid rapidly     
 dissolved nylon. These results underline the safer handling              
 characteristics of ATF.                                                  
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 4                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
PAINT STRIPPING PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE                       
AND FORMIC ACID SOLUTIONS                                                 
   Mild steel test-pieces with a cellulose primer and a red top           
coat were immersed in the test solutions for 6 hours. The results         
are reported below.                                                       
           85% AND 72.5% w/w FORMIC                                       
                           85% AND 72.5% AMMONIUM -TIME IMMERSED ACID     
                           SOLUTIONS TETRAFORMATE (ATF)                   
__________________________________________________________________________
20 minutes Top coat dissolving and                                        
                           No noticeable effect                           
           base metal visible at                                          
           the edges of the test-                                         
           pieces.                                                        
1 hour     Paint very soft Slight indications that                        
                           paint was thinning at                          
                           the edges of the test-                         
                           pieces.                                        
6 hours    Considerable amount of                                         
                           Test-pieces removed and                        
           top coat removed. Paint                                        
                           washed with water. Paint                       
           very soft and tacky.                                           
                           soft but not tacky.                            
           Test-pieces removed and                                        
           carefully washed with                                          
           water.                                                         
Dried overnight                                                           
           Paint still very tacky                                         
                           Paint firm and showing                         
                           little evidence of                             
                           immersion.                                     
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
ODOUR PANEL RESULTS                                                       
The odour of the test solutions was assessed by a panel.                  
Observations are given below.                                             
                    Unpleasant                                            
                              Acceptable                                  
Solution            Odour     Odour                                       
______________________________________                                    
85% w/w Formic Acid Solution                                              
                    100%                                                  
75% w/w Ammonium Tetraformate                                             
                     15%      85%                                         
Solution (ATF)                                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     2. AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE AS A SILAGE ADDITIVE 
     In each experiment 1 Kg samples of a freshly harvested 50/50 mixture (86.5% moisture content) of Cocksfoot grass/Europa Lucerne were treated with the composition under test, and stored under anaerobic conditions for 3 months. After this time the silages were analysed for water soluble carbohydrates, free ammonia, n-butyric acid and lactic acid. The odours of the silages were also noted. A criterion of a good silage is an acceptable odour, high lactic acid and water soluble carbohydrates concentrations and low concentrations of free ammonia and n-butyric acid. In these experiments a 75% aqueous solution of ammonium tetraformate was evaluated, together with a mixture of ammonium tetraformate (45% w/w), formaldehyde (14.8% w/w), methanol (4.8% w/w), and water (35.4% w/w). The latter mixture did not precipitate any formaldehyde polymer on standing. Silage analyses are presented below. Results obtained either without additive, or with 85% aqueous formic acid are included for comparison. 
     The results indicated that addition of ammonium tetraformate, especially mixed with formalin, improved the quality of silage. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
                          CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SILAGE                     
             TREATMENT LEVEL                                              
                          (% w/w - WET WEIGHT BASIS)                      
                          WATER                                           
                   % w/w  SOLUBLE                pH OF                    
                   ACTIVE CARBO- FREE                                     
                                     n-BUTYRIC                            
                                            LACTIC                        
                                                 SILAGE                   
                                                       ODOUR OF           
ADDITIVE     % v/w INGRED(S)                                              
                          HYDRATE                                         
                                 NH.sub.3                                 
                                     ACID   ACID JUICE SILAGE             
__________________________________________________________________________
None         --    --     0.01   0.30                                     
                                     0.85   NIL  6.1   Unpleasant         
85% w/w Formic                                                            
             0.22  0.22   0.07   0.08                                     
                                     NIL    2.21 4.4   Sweet              
Acid in Water                                                             
85% Formic Acid                                                           
             0.45  0.46   0.10   0.07                                     
                                     NIL    3.53 4.0   Sweet              
in Water                                                                  
75% w/w Ammonium                                                          
Tetraformate in                                                           
             0.22  0.20   0.06   0.11                                     
                                     NIL    1.17 5.0   Sweet              
Water                                                                     
75% w/w Ammonium                                                          
Tetraformate in                                                           
             0.45  0.40   0.09   0.10                                     
                                     NIL    2.78 4.3   Sweet              
Water                                                                     
45% w/w Ammonium                                                          
Tetraformate, 14.8%                                                       
             0.22  0.16   0.05   0.10                                     
                                     NIL    1.82 4.9   Sweet              
Formaldehyde, 4.8%                                                        
Methanol, 35.4% H.sub.2 O                                                 
Methanol, 35.4% H.sub.2 O                                                 
             0.45  0.33   0.09   0.09                                     
                                     NIL    3.15 4.4   Sweet              
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     3. AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE AS A SALMONELLA CONTROL AGENT 
     Animal meat and bone meal obtained commercially was analysed as indicated below for the Most Probable Number (MPN) of Salmonellae. If the MPN was considered to be too low then small amount of meal were incubated after remoistening to about 25% by mass. The incubated meal was then diluted with Salmonellae-free meal to give the approximate MPN required. Portions (100 g) of the contaminated meal were sprayed with the formulation under test using a chromatography spray. The samples were left for three days at ambient temperature before a MPN determination was carried out. A control sample, which had not been treated according to the invention, was used in each experiment to give the initial MPN of Salmonellae present in the meal. The following analytical method was used. 
     (i) From each sample the following sub-samples were taken: 
     3×10 g 
     3×1 g 
     3×0.1 g 
     (ii) Each sub-sample was pre-enriched in buffered peptone water in such a quantity that a 1 in 10 dilution was produced. These suspensions were incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours. 
     (iii) A sample was taken from each pre-enriched suspension, and added to tetrathionate broth containing 0.001% w/w brilliant green agar. The following dilutions were used: 
     10 cm 3  of the 10 g sample pre-enrichment suspensions+90 cm 3  tetrathionate broth. 
     1 cm 3  of the 1 g sample pre-enrichment suspensions+ 9 cm 3  tetrathionate broth. 
     0.5 cm 3  of the 0.1 g sample pre-enrichment suspensions+4.5 cm 3  tetrathionate broth. 
     These enrichment broths were incubated at 42° C. for 28 hours. 
     (iv) A loopful of the enrichment broths was transferred to 10 cm 3  of &#34;M&#34; broth and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours. The presence of salmonellae was determined by the agglutination reaction with pooled antisera. By reference to statistical tables complied by De Man, J. C. in &#34;The Probability of the Most Probable Number&#34; European Journal of Appl. Microbiol, 1,67-68 (1975), the most probable number (MPN) of salmonellae in the original sample was determined from the number of salmonella positives/negatives obtained for each sub-sample. 
     Treated and untreated samples were left at ambient temperature for three days before MPN determinations. The moisture content of the meal was initially 8% by mass. 
     
                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Formulation  % Formic Acid   % Water                                      
______________________________________                                    
A            85.0            15.0                                         
B            75% Ammonium tetraformate solution                           
______________________________________                                    
Exp  Sample   Formu-  % Product                                           
                              % Formic    MPN/                            
No   control  lation  Applied Acid    pH  100g                            
______________________________________                                    
1    Control* None                    6.05                                
                                          40                              
     (a)      A       1.9     1.6     4.9 &lt;1                              
2    Control* None                    5.8 40                              
     (b)      B       4.0     2.1     4.65                                
                                          &lt;1                              
3    Control* None                    6.0 200                             
     (c)      B       2.0     1.0     5.3 40                              
______________________________________                                    
 *Samples obtained from different sources.                                
 
    
     The results show that ammonium tetraformate is as effective as formic acid against Salmonella. Admittedly, the tetraformate is employed in marginally higher concentrations, but this has to be offset against the relatively lower corrosivity, absence of obnoxious odour and absence of evaporative losses especially when treating hot meals. 
     4. USE OF AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE IN THE PRODUCTION OF FISH SILAGE 
     Liquid fish protein, suitable for use as an animal feed, can be made from whole or parts of fish that have been minced and acidified with 3.5% w/w formic acid. It has now been found that a similar liquid product can be produced by the addition of the less corrosive, safer to handle, ammonium tetraformate solution (75% w/w). The results presented below refer to the liquefaction of minced blue whiting: 
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
% w/w addition of                                                         
ammonium tetraformate                                                     
solution (75% w/w)   pH Product                                           
______________________________________                                    
3.0                  4.3                                                  
4.0                  4.2                                                  
5.0                  4.0                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     5. COMPARISON OF AMMONIUM TETRAFORMATE WITH AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID AND AMMONIUM DIFORMATE 
     1 Kg samples of a freshly harvested 50/50 mixture of Cocksfoot and Europa Lucerne silage which had the following analysis at the time of treatment: 
     Moisture content: 86.5% w/w 
     Dry matter: 13.5% w/w 
     pH: 6.27 
     Total nitrogen: 4.35% w/w (dry basis) 
     Buffering capacity: 5.8 m equiv/100 g of sample 
     were ensiled in gas jars on Oct. 28, 1976. Duplicate samples were treated at 0.22 and at 0.45% v/m with the following materials (except (f) below which was applied at the 0.22% v/w level only): 
     a. Formic acid (85% w/w aqueous solution). 
     b. Ammonium Diformate (75% w/w aqueous solution)--HCO 2  NH 4 .HCO 2  H. 
     c. Ammonium Tetraformate (75% w/w aqueous solution)--HCO 2  NH 4 .3HCO 2  H. 
     d. A mixture comprising 
     45% w/w Ammonium Diformate 
     16% w/w Formaldehyde 
     5% w/w Methanol 
     34% w/w Water 
     e. A mixture comprising 
     45% w/w Ammonium Tetraformate 
     16% w/w Formaldehyde 
     5% w/w Methanol 
     34% w/w Water 
     f. A mixture comprising 
     50% w/w Formic Acid 
     (50% w/w Propionic Acid 
     Five untreated Control samples were ensiled. 
     The samples were kept in the gas jars fitted with fermentation locks until Jan. 25/26, 1977 (3 months&#39; ensiled) when the jars were opened and the contents analysed to determine the effect of the various additives on primary fermentation. 
     As each jar was opened the smell of the silage was noted. All the Control samples had obnoxious odours. Slightly unpleasant odours were obtained from silages which had been treated with 0.22% v/m of Ammonium diformate. 
     Silages which had been treated with the rest of the additives had a sweetish odour. 
     All the silages were of a reasonable appearance and were mould free. 
     After ensilage the concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates, free ammonia, carboxylic acids and pH&#39;s of the treated and untreated silages were analysed. The results are tabulated below (see Table 9). 
     
                                           TABLE 9                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
pH and Composition of Silages                                             
                 Treat- Concentration % w/w (Wet Weight Basis)            
                 ment         WSC **       Pro-                           
                                               i-But-                     
                                                   n-But-                 
                                                       i-Val-             
                                                           n-Val-         
                 Level                                                    
                     pH of                                                
                        Free  as Glu-                                     
                                   Lactic                                 
                                       Acetic                             
                                           pionic                         
                                               yric                       
                                                   yric                   
                                                       eric               
                                                           eric           
Additive         % v/m                                                    
                     Juice                                                
                        Ammonia                                           
                              cose Acid                                   
                                       Acid                               
                                           Acid                           
                                               Acid                       
                                                   Acid                   
                                                       Acid               
                                                           Acid           
__________________________________________________________________________
1 85% w/w formic acid                                                     
                 0.22                                                     
                     4.4                                                  
                        0.08  0.073                                       
                                   2.21                                   
                                       1.20                               
                                           0.09                           
  aqueous solution                                                        
2                0.45                                                     
                     3.95                                                 
                        0.065 0.098                                       
                                   3.53                                   
                                       1.03                               
                                           0.02                           
3 75% w/w ammonium                                                        
                 0.22                                                     
                     5.4                                                  
                        0.155 0.027                                       
                                   1.10                                   
                                       1.88                               
                                           0.08                           
  diformate solution                                                      
4                0.45                                                     
                     4.7                                                  
                        0.135 0.056                                       
                                   2.09                                   
                                       1.53                               
                                           0.09                           
5 75% w/w ammonium                                                        
                 0.22                                                     
                     5.0                                                  
                        0.11  0.056                                       
                                   1.17                                   
                                       1.73                               
                                           0.15                           
  tetraformate solution                                                   
6                0.45                                                     
                     4.3                                                  
                        0.095 0.092                                       
                                   2.78                                   
                                       1.28                               
                                           0.06                           
7 45% w/w ammonium                                                        
  diformate      0.22                                                     
                     5.15                                                 
                        0.135 0.056                                       
                                   1.16                                   
                                       1.47                               
                                           0.08                           
  16% w/w formaldehyde                                                    
8 5% w/w methanol                                                         
  34% w/w water  0.45                                                     
                     4.45                                                 
                        0.105 0.111                                       
                                   2.06                                   
                                       1.13                               
                                           0.11                           
9 45% w/w ammonium                                                        
  tetraformate   0.22                                                     
                     4.85                                                 
                        0.10  0.048                                       
                                   1.82                                   
                                       1.49                               
                                           0.08                           
  16% w/w formaldehyde                                                    
10                                                                        
  5% w/w methanol                                                         
  34% w/w water  0.45                                                     
                     4.4                                                  
                        0.09  0.089                                       
                                   3.15                                   
                                       1.23                               
                                           0.05                           
11                                                                        
  50% w/w formic acid:                                                    
                 0.22                                                     
                     4.8                                                  
                        0.11  0.056                                       
                                   1.59                                   
                                       1.89                               
                                           0.20                           
  50% w/w propionic acid                                                  
12                                                                        
  Control        Nil 6.1                                                  
                        0.30  0.014                                       
                                   ND* 1.32                               
                                           0.22                           
                                               0.10                       
                                                   0.85                   
                                                       0.18               
                                                           0.11           
__________________________________________________________________________
 *ND  Not Detected                                                        
 **WSC  Water Soluble Carbohydrate                                        
 
    
     The results above indicate that the five formulations tested can be placed in the following approximate order of decreasing activity as silage additives based on lactic acid content: 
     85% aqueous formic acid&gt;Ammonium Tetraformate/Formalin&gt;Ammonium Tetraformate&gt;Ammonium Diformate/Formalin&gt;Ammonium Diformate 
     The formic/propionic acid mixture has been excluded from this list because data are only available for one treatment level (0.22% v/w). Indications are that its activity lies between Ammonium Tetraformate/Formalin and Ammonium Tetraformate. 
     The results also indicate that the activities of both ammonium di- and tetraformate/formalin mixtures were greater than the solutions of the salts on their own. It is worth noting here that ammonium acid formates/formalin/methanol mixtures are stable towards precipitation of formaldehyde polymers.