Identification system
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an electronic system for identification and recognition of an object or person. Prior to the advent of electronic identifying systems, the primary means to carry out such functions has included visual identification, signature comparison, fingerprints and the like. Following this there have been developed various cards which are inserted into slots and which have identifying characteristics to be recognized by the receiver. 
     More recently there have been developed systems using a small portable device which may have a credit card shape and which need not be inserted into a slot. Examples of these are U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,489, Automatic Sorting System For Articles Such As Mailbags, issued Apr. 15, 1969; U.S. Pat No. 3,752,960, Electronic Identification &amp; Recognition System, issued Aug. 14, 1973; U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,530, Object Identifying Apparatus, issued Aug. 27, 1974; U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,791, Object Identifying System, issued May 24, 1977; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,047,156, Reactively Decoupled Dual Channel Keying Circuit For Wide-Band Frequency Modulated Keyable Control Circuit, issued Sept. 6, 1977. Some shortcomings of the aforementioned systems include low code capacity, high radiated power requirements, the inability to penetrate opaque surfaces, and complexity and cost high enough to limit their widespread use. 
     It is the purpose of this invention to overcome the aforementioned objections and provide an economical device which is programmable, uses low power and is low in cost. The present invention has particular application in credit or cash checking recognition systems and the like, in which the identifier can be individually programmed in a multitude of ways, each separately distinguishable so that the system can handle a large number of accounts or identifiable objects. It is another purpose of the present invention to provide a system which can be programmed for separate identification of a very large number of signal generating identifiers, in a simple, economical and reliable manner. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An electronic identification system comprising a signal generating identifier and a receiver. The identifier includes a portable power source and a first generator for generating a signal having a predetermined frequency. A second generator receives the first signal and generates a plurality of resultant signals therefrom which are transmitted in a preselected order and at preselected time intervals in accordance with a preselected program. The receiver receives and decodes the signal to determine the identity of the transmitter to authorize consequent decisions concerning the identification. 
     The rate of data transmission is crystal controlled so that synchronization with the receiver is easy. Transmission may be on a variety of frequencies yet be within federal communication regulations. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the signal generating identifier; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the identifier and the receiver; 
     FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram of the signal generator; 
     FIG. 4 shows selected waveforms from the circuit of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a suitable receiver; 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the signal generating identifier having a circuit which is activated by the receiver station; and 
     FIG. 7 shows selected waveforms for the circuit of FIG. 6. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In FIG. 1 is shown a signal generating identifier 10 for use with the subject recognition system. This signal generator is housed in a case 11 preferably made of plastic and small enough to be easily carried. In general, there is included in the case an electronic circuit 12 connected with encoding switches 14 and a crystal signal generator 15. The circuitry is powered by a battery 16 to generate a signal which is transmitted to an antenna 17. Such signal generation is initiated by depressing a transmit button or switch 18. In addition there is provided a solar cell 19 connected in a manner to recharge the battery 16. 
     Preferably the signal generator is small enough to fit within a pocket or to be attached to an object which it identifies. In a manner to be described later, the signal generator is programmable in a unique way such that each identifier can be recognized separately from all the other identifiers. The overall purpose of the identifier is to emit a signal which is distinguishable from all other signals from similar signal generators. Shown in FIG. 2 in block diagram form is the signal generating circuit. The circuit of the signal generator 10 is shown with the battery 16 and the actuating button 18 connected in series with the crystal oscillator 15. The oscillator provides a constant frequency signal which is transmitted through the conductor 20 to a gating system including an AND gate 21 and the encoding system 14. The AND gate 21 serves to transmit an encoded signal through the conductor 22 to an AND gate 21 for subsequent transmission through an amplifier 24 to the antenna 17 for radiation to a receiver 25 having an antenna 26 and a receiver circuit 27. The receiver circuit serves to decode and identify the signal. Thus by the depression of the button 18 a signal is generated and radiated by the transmitting antenna 17 in the manner described. 
     FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram for the signal generator. The battery 16 is connected in series with the actuating button 18 connecting with a flip-flop circuit 30. Thus when the button 18 is energized, power is supplied to the crystal oscillator 15 in the manner previously described. The crystal oscillator emits a signal which is transmitted through the conductor 20 to the conductor 20A for transmission to the AND gate 21 in the manner previously described. Through the conductor 20B the same signal is transmitted to an encoding system 14 which will now be described in detail. 
     The encoding system 14 includes a first high-speed counter 31 which is able to follow the oscillator signal, which for this example has a frequency of 10 megahertz. Example values used in the following discussion are given in Table I. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
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Values of frequencies and periods used in the example                     
described in this application are as follows:                             
              Value                                                       
                  Fre-                                                    
              Of  quency                                                  
              Divi-                                                       
                  Nota-                                                   
                      Patent Appl Drawings                                
Frequency                                                                 
       Period sion                                                        
                  tion                                                    
                      Block                                               
                          Signal                                          
                              Conductor                                   
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10.                                                                       
   MHZ .1 microsec.                                                       
                  ∝                                                
                      15  20  20                                          
              20:1                                                        
500.                                                                      
   KHZ 2. microsec.                                                       
                  β                                                  
                      31  32  32A                                         
              16:1                                                        
31.25                                                                     
   KHZ 32 microsec.                                                       
                  γ                                                 
                      34  37  37A                                         
              24:1                                                        
20.83                                                                     
   KHZ 48 microsec.                                                       
                  δ                                                 
                      35  39  39A                                         
              512:1                                                       
976.5                                                                     
   cps 1.024      ε                                               
                      36  40  40A                                         
       millisec.                                                          
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     Shown in FIG. 4 the signal 20 has a frequency in the radio frequency range. This signal is fed to the first high-speed counter 31 which thereafter transmits a signal 32 through the conductor 32 simultaneously to a second counter 34, a third counter 35 and a fourth counter 36 which generates respectively, third, fourth and fifth signals. Preferably the signal from the first counter 31 is in the frequency range of 500 kilohertz. The second counter divides this frequency by an integral value, such as 16, and emits a second signal 37 which has a period of 32 microseconds, through a conductor 37A to an AND gate 38. The third counter emits a third signal 39 through the conductor 39A which is the first signal divided by an integral value, such as 24 and has a period of 48 microseconds to an AND gate 49. The fourth counter preferably divides the first signal by 512 to generate a signal 40 with a period of 1024 microseconds which is transmitted through the group of conductors 40A to a decoder 41. 
     Thus the counters 34 and 35 each supply a signal to the AND gates 38 and 49 in a manner to be described later. Counter number four has the lowest frequency output and the five most significant bits in this counter are transmitted to the decoder 41. This decoder 41 expands these five parallel lines to the 32 output wires P 1  through P 32  by conventional decoding techniques well-known in the art. The output lines from the decode counter thereafter go through a plurality of switches S 1  through S 32  to an OR juncture 44. If S 1  to S 32  are mechanical switches the OR gate 44 may simply be a common terminal of all the switches, i.e. a solid wire. From the juncture 44 the signal goes to the AND gate 38 and through an inverter 45 to the AND gate 49. The switches S 1  through S 32  may be set permanently open or closed in accordance with a predetermined code. Thus these switches pass or do not pass a signal with the settings thereof, i.e. either open or closed, comprising a preselected code determining transmission through the AND gates 38 and 49. Either AND gate 38 or 49, but not both, are always able to pass a signal. 
     In operation the decoder 41 advances sequentially through the various positions of the output lines such that the lines P 1  through P 32  are successively energized. The output from these lines is transmitted respectively through the switches S 1  through S 32  and depending upon whether each switch is closed or open, there is transmitted a series of 1&#39;s or 0&#39;s in accordance with that setting. The bit rate of the signal transmitted from the decoder is the frequency of the signal emitted from the counter 36, or one bit each 1024 microseconds. 
     Thus if the switches are set as illustrated in the drawing, a signal 46A to 46Z is transmitted to each of the switches in succession. These signals open and close AND gates 38 and 49, so that there appears on the output conductors 47 and 48 of AND gates 38 and 49 signals from counters 34 and 35. The signals from the AND gates 38 and 49 are transmitted to the OR gate 50 and subsequently through the conductor 51 to AND gate 21. The AND gate 21 subsequently transmits to an amplifier 24 bursts of the output signal from the crystal oscillator 15. These bursts of signal are shown as signal 110 and are encoded in the form of two frequencies of period 32 and 48 microseconds in accordance with the coding of the switches S 1  through S 32 . By the setting of these switches each signal that is transmitted differs in sequence from other signals having the switches set in a different code. Ordinarily these switches are set at the time of assembly of the signal generator and remain the same throughout the life of the identifier. 
     These are provided other components in the circuit such as a counter 52 which causes repeated transmission of the data before stopping radiation by resetting flip-flop 30. In this manner the coded signal is transmitted a preset number of repetitions with a single pressing of the button 18. In order that each transmission be identical, counters 34 and 35 are reset at the beginning of each transmission. 
     Shown in FIG. 5 is a typical receiver for detecting the signal generated by the signal generator of FIG. 3. Shown therein is the receiver 55 connected with the antenna 56 for receiving the identifier signal. The signal after being received by the antenna is fed through an RF amplifier 57 and a conventional detector 58 for generating a square wave representative of the bursts of signal. Thereafter the signal is amplified by the audio amplifier 59 and fed through parallel paths to the audio filters 60 and 61. These filters pass only the frequencies of counter 34 number two or counter 35 number three, respectively, with the output signals thereof being converted to a logic level by the rectifying circuit networks 62. Thereafter that signal is fed through an OR gate 64 to start a clock 65 which is equal in frequency to the counter 36 of the identifier. This clock supplies a clocking signal to one terminal of the AND gates 66 and 67 with the outputs from the audio filters being supplied to the respective other terminals. Thereafter the digital signal, i.e. 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s, is fed to a shift register 68 for storage and can be transmitted to a computer or memory (not shown) connected at the terminal 69. 
     Naturally there can be stored in any associated computer for table lookup the particular codes of each of the identifiers of the system. The coded value stored in the shift register is sent to the computer and a signal is fed to the computer calling for a table lookup of that particular code. When the computer finds the matching code, it can then enter its memory for associated data. For instance, in a credit transaction, it can authorize approval of a purchase, and with associated data can form a new credit balance. 
     From the foregoing description, it is apparent the identifier utilizes a single crystal oscillator which controls the radio frequency and the bit rate of the coding of the radio frequency signal. In addition the modulation frequencies of the output signal are derived directly from the oscillator output signal, thereby rendering a simplified circuit. The transmission can be easily encoded merely by setting selected ones of a set of switches open and closed. By use of a single oscillator the circuit is simplified and the output signals are always the same exact frequency relationship because of being derived from the single oscillator signal. 
     In FIG. 6 is still another modification of the invention just described wherein the identifier is triggered automatically to transmit the code by a signal received from the receiving station 25. Such a feature does away with the need to initiate transmission by the pressing of the button 18 in the previous embodiment. This system is especially usable wherein the identifier is fixed to an object rather than carried by an individual, or when the button is not readily reachable, such as when the circuit is covered by the wallet or pocketbook. 
     In this embodiment there is included in the identifier 10 a simple receiver connected with the output antenna 26. A capacitor 72 roughly tunes the antenna to a command frequency. This command frequency is generated in a suitable circuit within the receiving station (not shown). The signal received is amplified in the amplifier 74 having as a load the inductor 75 and the capacitor 76 providing additional frequency selectivity. Preferably this signal is in the radio frequency range and is detected by the diode 77 and the capacitor 78. The command frequency is repeated regularly with a modulation frequency of 976.5 hertz having a period of 1024 microseconds and is repeated 33 times per second or once every 32 milliseconds. 
     The resulting wave shape at line 79 is shown as the signal 80 in FIG. 7. This signal passes through the OR gate 81 and sets the flip-flop 30A. As a result the crystal oscillator 15A is started and the high speed counter 31A runs to remit a pulsed wave every 1024 microseconds or any other selected time. This output waveform is the waveform 86 of FIG. 7. For a normal response to a request signal, the signals 80 and 86 rise and fall together thus energizing the AND gate 87. As a result the counter 88 is caused to advance typically for a count of 8 so that after 8 coincidences of the signals, the output signal on line 89 goes positive. As a result the line 90 goes positive, the AND gate 91 is opened and a signal through the conductor 32A starts the advances of counters 34, 35 and 36 of the identifier shown in FIG. 3. Also the line 90 in going positive enables the AND gate 21A so that radiation from the identifier will be initiated. A reset signal from counter 52 of the identifier resets the flip-flop 95 by supplying a signal which is conducted through the conductor 101B and terminates identifier radiation after a preset quantity of emissions as previously described under FIG. 3. 
     The counter 88 requires a count of 8 or more before transmission occurs to avoid spurious signals from triggering such transmission and thereby reducing battery life and perhaps inadvertent revelation of the identifier code by a premature signal. Certain types of sustained noise might cause undesired transmission and more sophisticated recognition components can be built into the system as is well-known in the art. Conversely the system preferably cannot be too difficult to trigger or noise bursts might prevent response as desired. The closer the antennas 26 and 56 of the identifier and receiver are positioned, the less noise is a factor in the transmission. 
     A variation of the device could include a separate crystal (not shown) for the radio frequency radiation and for the modulation and bit rates. The gating of the R.F. signal would be by the same type of gate previously described and the bit rate would be crystal controlled; the two would no longer be exact multiples of one another and the cost of the unit would be increased somewhat. 
     Choice of Frequencies, FCC Regulations, Design, and Power Levels 
     The Federal Communications Commission states the power levels tolerated for various radio frequency services. This invention deals with a radio frequency service not of the conventional type for voice, music and code, in which long distance communication is an important objective, but rather this application deals with a radio frequency device of uniquely short range by communication standards. Further, it operates at power levels below the threshold levels specified by the FCC as Radio Frequency Devices. This low power allows some unexpected and valuable device simplifications. 
     The FCC specifications covering Radio Frequency Devices are stated in their regulations (present in Volume II, part 15). The radiation levels specified by the FCC are extracted and tabulated in Table II as follows. The symbol uV/m stands for &#34;microvolts per meter&#34; and measures field strength. The field strength is typically specified as a maximum value at a certain distance from the device producing the radiation, and is given in meters indicated by the symbol M. MHZ stands for a frequency, in Megahertz. 
     
                                           TABLE II                                
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Table of Allowed Radiation Levels                                         
                   Allowed Power                                          
                            Allowed Power                                 
           Frequency                                                      
                   in Band  Outside of Band                               
           Band, in MHZ                                                   
                   uV/m     uV/m                                          
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Wireless Microphone                                                       
           88-100  50 uV/m @ 15M                                          
                            40 uV/m @ 3M                                  
Telemetering                                                              
           38-41   10 uV/m @ 15M                                          
                            10 uV/m @ 3M                                  
Material   13,27,40,900                                                   
                   15,32,50,500                                           
                            .5,1.0,1.5,15                                 
Measurements                                                              
           @ 30M   @ 30M    @ 30M                                         
Radio Control For                                                         
           70-470  125 to 1250                                            
                            15 uV/m @ 1M                                  
Garage Door Openers                                                       
                   (linear inter-                                         
                   polation)                                              
                   @ 30M                                                  
Field Disturbance                                                         
           Any     15 uV/m  same, i.e.                                    
Sensors            @ λ/2 π                                      
                            15 uV/m                                       
                   λ = wavelength                                  
                            @ λ/2π                              
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 Note:-                                                                   
 There are similar allowances for Cable TV and other services.            
 
    
     Note, in Table II, first, that the allowed levels and distances are extremely low by communication standards-they are chosen to practically eliminate interference with communication systems. Note secondly, that radiation outside the specified bands is allowed but only minimally allowed. The radiation outside the band is typically called &#34;spurious radiation&#34; and is generally caused by harmonics of the fundamental transmission frequency and by sidebands. This spurious radiation is typically reduced by adding circuit components to (a) suppress harmonics, usually by several stages of tuned radio frequency circuits, and to (b) suppress sideband radiation, usually by allowing only sine wave modulation in preference to square wave modulation, said sine wave modulation being obtained by audio frequency tuned circuits. 
     It is a particular quality of the subject device that the power level is unusually low, so that its radiation field falls within the power levels allowed in the righthand column of Table II, &#34;Allowed Power Outside of Frequency Band&#34;. The penalty or disadvantage of operating at less than three meters is acceptable for this device. Further, all harmonics, sidebands and spurious radiations have less power than the fundamental radiation and are thereby allowed under the regulations, and subsequently the subject device is unexpectedly simple in design and can be manufactured considerably more economically than if considerable and habitual attention must be given to controlling spurious radiation. The auxiliary parts for suppression of unwanted radiation are not needed.