Accelerator for hardening unsaturated resins
This invention relates to an accelerating composition for hardening unsaturated resins and methods of hardening using such accelerating composition. 
     It is known to harden unsaturated polyesters by using an alpha,beta-unsaturated beta-aminoketone as an accelerator in combination with a peroxide which contains a hydroperoxide group, viz., hydrogen peroxide, from Federal Republic of Germany Pat. No. 2,538,013. This patent mentions that a third reagent, such as a metal salt, and especially a cobalt salt, can be used as accelerator. In the case of resins which cannot be hardened easily, this accelerator system can only be used together with hydrogen peroxide, whereas together with organic peroxides, it cannot be used for these resins. 
     From Federal Republic of Germany Pat. No. 2,337,332, it is known to use certain chelate compounds of transition metals, for example bis-(N-phenylsalicylideneiminato)-cobalt or bis-(N-tert.-butylsalicylideneiminato)-copper as hardening accelerators for unsaturated polyester and alkyd resin masses. 
     Finally, Federal Republic of Germany Pat. No. 2,407,713 discloses the use of acetoacetic acid amides of cyclic amines in unsaturated polyester resin moulding and coating masses. These acetoacetic acid ester amides can be used in combination with accelerators, such as cobalt salts, for example cobalt octoate and cobalt naphthenate. 
     These previously known processes in which organic cobalt salts are used as accelerators suffer from the disadvantage that they discolor the hardened resins. Furthermore, accelerator solutions containing cobalt salts, for example the accelerator solutions described in Federal Republic of Germany Pat. No. 2,538,013, display a tendency for the cobalt salts to precipitate so that they do not possess the necessary storage stability. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an accelerator or an accelerator system for hardening unsaturated resins and especially unsaturated resins which cannot be hardened easily which possesses the necessary storage stability and, without discoloration of the hardened resins, leads to a rapid and complete hardening of the resins, use being made of conventional organic peroxide hardeners. 
     Surprisingly, we have now found that this problem can be solved with the help of an accelerator which is a mixture of a ketimine and of an inorganic or organic cupric or ferric compound and optionally of an organic solvent. 
     Thus, according to the present invention, there is provided an accelerator for hardening unsaturated resins, comprising a mixture of at least one ketimine and at least one inorganic or organic cupric or ferric compound. 
     The accelerator according to the present invention can be used for hardening unsaturated resins and especially unsaturated resins which are difficult to harden, and are based upon o-phthalic acid or isophthalic acid, resins of the bisphenol-A type and the neopentylglycol type and vinyl ester resins and acrylic resins. 
     When the accelerator according to the present invention contains an organic cupric or ferric compound, this is preferably a salt of these elements with an organic fatty acid containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms or with a naphthenic acid. Amongst the organic and inorganic salts, cupric acetate, cupric naphthenate, ferric chloride and ferric octoate are especially preferred. These salts lead to a quicker and complete hardening of the above-mentioned unsaturated resins and, especially in the case of copper, lead to a surprisingly low degree of discoloration, very light-stable products also being obtained which, in the case of subsequent weathering, do not display any noticeable further change of color, which is pale yellow. For resins which possess a stronger inherent color, such as polyester resins based on isophthalic acid, the bisphenol-A resins, the neopentylglycol resins and vinyl ester resins, the use of ferric compounds is also possible (besides cupric compounds) which tend to give rise to a certain degree of discoloration. 
     Besides these cupric or ferric compounds, the accelerator according to the present invention contains a ketimine. Ketimines are preferred of the following general formula, which only gives one of the possible tautomeric forms thereof: ##STR1## wherein R 1  is a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain or branched alkyl or aralkyl radical containing up to 10 carbon atoms or a cycloalkyl radical containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an n-propyl, isopropyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, n-decyl or a cyclohexyl radical, and R 2  is an alkyl or alkoxy radical containing up to 4 carbon atoms or an aryl or aryloxy radical, preferably a methyl or ethoxy radical. 
     The ketimines may be obtained by reacting a primary alkylamine, aralkylamine, cycloalkylamine or ammonia with a β-diketone and preferably by reacting a primary amine of the general formula: 
     
         H.sub.2 NR.sup.1                                           (II), 
    
     wherein R 1  has the same meaning as above, with a compound of the general formula: ##STR2## in which R 2  has the same meaning as above. Stoichiometric amounts may be used, i.e. 1 mole of amine is reacted with 1 mole of β-diketone. Preferably, however, a slight excess of one or other of the reaction components is used. 
     The exothermal reaction proceeds readily to give the desired ketimine. Instead of a separately prepared ketimine, the accelerator according to the present invention can also contain a ketimine formed in situ from a mixture of the starting components, i.e. amine and β-diketone. 
     According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the accelerator contains an organic solvent which is compatible with the resin to be hardened and in which the ketimine and the cupric or ferric salt used are soluble. This organic solvent can be, for example, an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as toluene or xylene. 
     It has proved to be advantageous when the accelerator, optionally containing a solvent, contains the cupric or ferric compound in an amount of from 0.1 to 1% by weight, preferably of about 0.4 by weight, calculated as metal, and referred to the accelerator inclusive of the solvent, when present. 
     The accelerator of the present invention is prepared simply by mixing the components. As mentioned above, instead of the separately prepared ketimine, a mixture of amine and β-diketone may also be used. 
     Furthermore, the present invention provides a process for hardening the above-mentioned unsaturated resins, wherein the accelerator according to the present invention is used in combination with a conventional hardener preferably an organic peroxide, such as ketone peroxide, hydroperoxide and/or perester. Especially preferred products of this kind include methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, tert.-butyl hydroperoxide, cumol hydroperoxide, tert.-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate and/or tert.-butyl perbenzoate. The accelerator according to the present invention is preferably used in an amount which gives 0.001 to 0.02% by weight of metal and 0.005 to 0.5% by weight of ketimine, in each case referred to the resin. Especially preferably, use is made of from 0.2 to 2% by weight of accelerator. 
     These organic peroxides are used in amounts of from 0.5 to 3% by weight, referred to the unsaturated resin to be hardened. 
     The compound of general formula (II) is preferably a primary aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amine containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms and especially n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-pentylamine, isopentylamine or n-decylamine, and more especially cyclohexylamine. 
     The preferred reaction components of the above-given general formula (III) include acetylacetone and acetoacetic acid esters. 
    
    
     The following Examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention. The parameters of gel time, hardening time and temperature given in the Examples of hardening were, in all cases, determined according to Federal Republic of Germany Industrial Standard No. DIN 16945. Insofar as deviations were made therefrom, this is clearly stated, for example with regard to the bulk hardening at 23° C. 
     EXAMPLES OF PREPARATION 
     These examples illustrate the preparation of the ketimines used in the accelerator according to the present invention and having general formula I. 
     1.0. Acetylacetone cyclohexylimine 
     0.1 Mole acetylacetone is mixed with 0.1 mole cyclohexylamine. After the exothermal reaction has subsided, the desired compound is obtained. 
     1.1 Acetylacetone n-propylimine 
     0.1 Mole (5.9 g.) n-propylamine is mixed with 0.1 mole (10 g.) acetylacetone. An exothermal reaction takes place in which a yellowish, liquid ketimine is obtained which, even after comparatively lengthy storage, does not give a precipitate. 
     1.2 Acetylacetone isopropylimine 
     0.1 Mole (5.9 g.) isopropylamine is mixed with 0.1 mole (10 g.) acetylacetone. An exothermal reaction takes place in which a yellowish, crystalline ketimine is obtained which, after one day, slowly melts and then remains liquid. 
     1.3 Acetylacetone n-pentylimine 
     0.1 Mole (8.7 g.) n-pentylamine is mixed with 0.1 mole (10 g.) acetylacetone. An exothermal reaction takes place in which a yellowish, liquid but cloudy ketimine is obtained which clarifies after 24 hours but is present in two phases. 
     1.4 Acetylacetone isopentylimine 
     0.1 Mole (8.7 g.) isopentylamine is mixed with 0.1 mole (10 g.) acetylacetone. An exothermal reaction takes place in which a yellowish, liquid, very cloudy ketimine is obtained which, however, becomes clear after 24 hours and is present in two phases. 
     1.5 Acetylacetone n-decylimine 
     0.1 Mole (15.7 g.) n-decylamine is mixed with 0.1 mole (10 g.) acetylacetone. An exothermal reaction takes place in which a yellowish, liquid ketimine is obtained which contains a considerable amount of precipitate which, even after comparatively lengthy storage, remains in this state. 
     1.6 Ethyl acetoacetate cyclohexylimine 
     0.1 Mole (13.0 g.) ethyl acetoacetate is mixed with 0.1 mole (9.9 g.) cyclohexylamine. An exothermal reaction takes place in which a yellowish, clear reaction product is obtained, which is free of precipitate and shows no change even after comparatively long storage. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Copper-ketimine accelerator (ACU 1) 
     10 Parts by weight of the ketimine prepared by reacting 1 mole acetylacetone with 1 mole cyclohexylamine (acetylacetone cyclohexylamine according to Preparation Example 1.0) are mixed with 2 parts by weight of copper naphthenate (10% copper) and 88 parts by weight isopropyl alcohol. 100 parts by weight of a greenish colored, low viscosity liquid are obtained with a copper content of 0.2% by weight (calculated as metal) which may be used for hardening normal polyester resins. 
     Instead of the ketimine, a mixture of the starting components therefor can also be added directly with the solvent and the copper compound. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Copper-ketimine accelerator (ACU 3) 
     30 Parts by weight of the ketimine used in Example 1 are mixed with 2 parts by weight copper naphthenate (10% copper) and 68 parts by weight isopropyl alcohol to give 100 parts by weight of a greenish, average viscosity liquid with a copper content of 0.2% by weight (calculated as metal), which may be used for hardening vinyl ester resins. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Iron-ketimine accelerator (AFE 1) 
     10 Parts by weight of the ketimine used in Example 1 are mixed with 3.33 parts by weight of iron octoate (6% iron) and 86.67 parts by weight isopropyl alcohol to give 100 parts by weight of a reddish, low viscosity liquid with an iron content of 0.2% (referred to the metal), which may be used for hardening normal polyester resins. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Iron-ketimine accelerator (AFE 3) 
     30.0 Parts by weight of the ketimine used in Example 1 are mixed with 3.33 parts by weight iron octoate (6% iron) and 66.67 parts by weight isopropyl alcohol to give 100 parts by weight of a reddish, average viscosity liquid with an iron content of 0.2% by weight (calculated as metal). 
     EXAMPLES 5 to 10 
     Using the procedure according to one of Examples 1 to 4, by mixing 2 g. copper naphthenate with 10 g. of the ketimines described in Preparation Examples 1.1 to 1.5 and 88 g. isopropyl alcohol, accelerators ACU 1 (1.1), ACU 1 (1.2), ACU 1 (1.3), ACU 1 (1.4), ACU 1 (1.5) and ACU 3 (Ac ester 1.6) are obtained. 
     EXAMPLE 11  (COMPARISON) 
     (a) An accelerator is prepared by mixing 2.0 g. cobalt octoate or cobalt naphthenate with 10 g. of the ketimine used in Example 1 (acetylacetone cyclohexylimine) and 88 g. isopropyl alcohol. A cloudy mixture is obtained from which the cobalt salts have precipitated. 
     (b) 2.0 g. Cobalt octoate or cobalt naphthenate are mixed with 30.0 g. of the ketimine used in Example 1 (acetylacetone cyclohexylimine) and 68 g. isopropyl alcohol. A cloudy mixture is obtained from which the cobalt salts precipitate. Thus, these accelerator mixtures are unsuitable and also cannot be tested for their activity because they cannot be pipetted. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Investigation of the accelerator properties 
     (1) Storage stability 
     After a storage time of 4 months, the accelerators according to the present invention did not show any drift of activity or precipitation. The accelerators were thereby repeatedly investigated with regard to their activity for the hardening of unsaturated polyester resins. In each case, 1 part by weight of the accelerator was mixed with 100 parts by weight of the unsaturated polyester resin to be investigated and 2 parts by weight of an organic peroxide. 
     (2) Investigation of the hardening 
     The following hardeners were used for the investigation of the hardening: 
     ketone peroxide: 
     methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, aceylacetone peroxide and cyclohexanone peroxide 
     hydroperoxides: 
     tert.-butyl hydroperoxide and cumol hydroperoxide 
     per esters: 
     tert.-butyl per-2-ethyl hexanoate and tert.-butyl perbenzoate 
     For investigating the hardening cold hardening at 23° C. was investigated in 50 g. blocks. For this investigation, temperature-time diagrams were prepared, which are summarized in the following Tables I to III. In these Tables and in the subsequent Tables, the abbreviations used have the following meanings: 
     resin type A 
     unsaturated polyester resin based on orthophthalic acid 
     resin type B 
     unsaturated polyester resin based on isophthalic acid 
     resin type C 
     bisphenol-A resin 
     resin type D 
     neopentylglycol resin 
     resin type E 
     vinyl ester resin 
     resin type F 
     acrylic resin 
     MEKP-NA.1 
     methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, normal activity solution 
     AAP-NA.1 
     acetylacetone peroxide, normal activity solution 
     MIKP-NA.1 
     methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, normal activity solution 
     CHP-NA.1 
     cyclohexanone peroxide, normal activity solution 
     CIHP-80 
     cumol hydroperoxide, 80% liquid 
     TBHP-80 
     tert.-butyl hydroperoxide, 80% liquid 
     TBPEH 
     tert.-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate 
     TBPB 
     tert.-butyl perbenzoate 
     MIKP-NA-M 1 
     methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide 
     TC 510 
     tert.-butyl catechol, inhibitor 
     ACU 1 
     accelerator of Example 1 
     ACU 3 
     accelerator of Example 2 
     AFE 1 
     accelerator of Example 3 
     AFE 3 
     accelerator of Example 4 
     ACU 1 (1.1) 
     accelerator of Example 5 
     ACU 1 (1.2) 
     accelerator of Example 6 
     ACU 1 (1.3) 
     accelerator of Example 7 
     ACU 1 (1.4) 
     accelerator of Example 8 
     ACU (1.5) 
     accelerator of Example 9 
     Acac 
     acetylacetone 
     Ac ester 
     ethyl acetoacetate 
     COB 1 
     accelerator of Example 10 
     DTBP 
     di-tert.-butyl peroxide 
     BP-50.+FT 
     dibenzoyl peroxide 50% powder with phthalate 
     BU-HA-M1 
     2,2-bis-(tert.-butylperoxy)-butane 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
resin type A (parts by wt.)                                               
               100                                                        
                  100                                                     
                     100                                                  
                        100                                               
                           100                                            
                              100                                         
                                 100                                      
                                    100                                   
                                       100                                
                                          100                             
                                             100                          
                                                100                       
                                                   100                    
                                                      100                 
                                                         100              
                                                            100           
MEKP-NA-1 (parts by wt.)                                                  
               2  2  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --            
AAP-NA-1 (parts by wt.)                                                   
               -- -- 2  2  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --            
MIKP-NA-1 (parts by wt.)                                                  
               -- -- -- -- 2  2  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --            
CHP-NA-1 (parts by wt.)                                                   
               -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --            
CUHP-80 (parts by wt.)                                                    
               -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  -- -- -- -- -- --            
TBHP-80 (parts by wt.)                                                    
               -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  -- -- -- --            
TBPEH (parts by wt.)                                                      
               -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  -- --            
TBPB (parts by wt.)                                                       
               -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2             
ACU 1 (parts by wt.)                                                      
               1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  --            
AFE 1 (parts by wt.)                                                      
               -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1             
gel time min. (parts by wt.)                                              
               3.7                                                        
                  7.0                                                     
                     17 14 3.5                                            
                              3.5                                         
                                 4.0                                      
                                    3.6                                   
                                       120                                
                                          120                             
                                             gel-                         
                                                gel-                      
                                                   hard-                  
                                                      hard-               
                                                         hard-            
                                                            hard-         
hardening time min. (parts by                                             
                                 ling                                     
                                    ling                                  
                                       ens                                
                                          ens                             
                                             ens                          
                                                ens                       
wt.)           5.8                                                        
                  19 26 34 5.8                                            
                              6.5                                         
                                 7.8                                      
                                    8.8                                   
                                       160                                
                                          170                             
                                             only                         
                                                only                      
                                                   o- o- o- o-            
temp. peak.sup.1 (parts by wt.)                                           
               205                                                        
                  195                                                     
                     196                                                  
                        187                                               
                           202                                            
                              196                                         
                                 210                                      
                                    195                                   
                                       191                                
                                          176      ver-                   
                                                      ver-                
                                                         ver-             
                                                            ver-          
                                                   night                  
                                                      night               
                                                         night            
                                                            night         
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 temperature maximum in °C.                                 
 
    
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
______________________________________                                    
resin type A (parts by wt.)                                               
               100    100    100  100  100  100                           
ACU 1 (1.1) (parts by wt.)                                                
               1      --     --   --   --   --                            
ACU 1 (1.2) (parts by wt.)                                                
               --     1      --   --   --   --                            
ACU 1 (1.3) (parts by wt.)                                                
               --     --     1    --   --   --                            
ACU 1 (1.4) (parts by wt.)                                                
               --     --     --   1    --   --                            
ACU 1 (1.5) (parts by wt.)                                                
               --     --     --   --   1    --                            
ACU 1 (parts by wt.)                                                      
               --     --     --   --   --   1                             
MEKP.HA 1 (parts by wt.)                                                  
               2      2      2    2    2    2                             
gel time (parts by wt.)                                                   
               5.2    5.2    5.2  5.2  5.2  5.2                           
hardening time 8.1    9.0    8.3  8.2  9.0  8.1                           
(parts by wt.)                                                            
temp. peak (parts by wt.)                                                 
               202    210    208  208  207  206                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE III                               
__________________________________________________________________________
resin type A (parts by wt.)                                               
             100                                                          
                100                                                       
                   -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                          
resin type B (parts by wt.)                                               
             -- -- 100                                                    
                      100                                                 
                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                          
resin type C (parts by wt.)                                               
             -- -- -- -- 100                                              
                            100                                           
                               -- -- -- -- -- --                          
resin type D (parts by wt.)                                               
             -- -- -- -- -- -- 100                                        
                                  100                                     
                                     -- -- -- --                          
resin type E (parts by wt.)                                               
             -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100                                  
                                        100                               
                                           -- --                          
resin type F (parts by wt.)                                               
             -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100                            
                                              100                         
ACU 1 (parts by wt.)                                                      
             1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- -- --                          
ACU 3 (parts by wt.)                                                      
             -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1  --                          
AFE 1 (parts by wt.)                                                      
             -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- --                          
AFE 3 (parts by wt.)                                                      
             -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1                           
MIKP-NA-Ml (parts by wt.)                                                 
             2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2                           
gel time (parts by wt.)                                                   
             3.7                                                          
                7.0                                                       
                   20 13 26 40 5  4  15 15 8  6                           
hardening time                                                            
             5.8                                                          
                19 28 26 37 75 8.5                                        
                                  10 27 84 19 32                          
(parts by wt.)                                                            
temp. peak (parts by wt.)                                                 
             205                                                          
                195                                                       
                   207                                                    
                      203                                                 
                         200                                              
                            35 140                                        
                                  135                                     
                                     190                                  
                                        62 160                            
                                              134                         
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                       TABLE IV                                                    
______________________________________                                    
resin type A (parts by wt.)                                               
                  100    100     --   --                                  
resin type E (parts by wt.)                                               
                  --     --      100  100                                 
ACU 3 (Acac).sup.2 (parts by                                              
                  0.5    --      1    --                                  
wt.)                                                                      
ACU 3 (Ac--                                                               
 ester).sup.3 (parts by wt.)                                              
                  --     0.5     --   1                                   
MIKP-NA-Ml (parts by wt.)                                                 
                  2      2       2    2                                   
gel time          10.5   4.6     22   5                                   
hardening time    14.5   7.2     31   15                                  
temp. peak        214    205     190  193                                 
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.2 prepared with acetylacetone                                       
 .sup.3 prepared with ethyl acetoacetate                                  
 
    
     From the above Tables I to IV, it can be seen that the iron-ketimine accelerators according to the present invention are practically just as effective as those derived from copper. 
     Only a light yellow coloration of the cold-hardened resins was observed. In the case of the strongly inherently colored resin types B, C, D and E, no discoloration due to the accelerators was ascertained. If the cold-hardened parts are subjected to an artificial rapid weathering, then only a minimal yellowish discoloration occurs. 
     Purified, definite filling materials do not have any influence on the course of the cold hardening. In the case of naturally-occurring filling materials, a pretesting must be carried out. 
     (3) Degree of hardening 
     Measurements took place on laminates (with glass mats impregnated with the resin batches). The degree of hardening was determined on the basis of the residual styrene content, which was determined gas chromatographically, and of the dielectric loss factor (tgΔ). The laminate thickness was uniformly 2 mm. 
     Furthermore, the determinations of the degree of hardening were repeated after post-hardening at an elevated temperature. For this purpose, the laminates were heated for 4 hours at 100° C. 
     The results hereby obtained are summarised in the following Tables V and VI. 
     
                                           TABLE V                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
resin type A                                                              
          100                                                             
             100                                                          
                100                                                       
                   100                                                    
                      100                                                 
                         100                                              
                            100                                           
                               100                                        
                                  100 100 -- --                           
resin type E                                                              
          -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  --  100                             
                                             100                          
MEKP-NA-1 2  2  -- -- -- -- -- -- --  --  -- --                           
MIKP-NA-Ml                                                                
          -- -- 2  2  -- -- -- -- --  --  2   2                           
AAP-NA-1  -- -- -- -- 2  2  -- -- --  --  -- --                           
CUHP-80   -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  --  --  -- --                           
TBPEH     -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2   2   -- --                           
ACU 1     1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1   --  -- --                           
ACU 3     -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  --  1  --                           
AFE 1     -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  -- 1  --  1   -- --                           
AFE 3     -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  --  --  1                           
          beaker hardening at 23° C., 50 g.                        
gel time  4.5                                                             
             7.0                                                          
                13 12 17 14 120                                           
                               120                                        
                                  &gt;8.sup.h                                
                                      &gt;8.sup.h                            
                                          13  15                          
hardening time                                                            
          8.5                                                             
             19 18 20 26 34 160                                           
                               170                                        
                                  &lt;16.sup.h                               
                                      &lt;16.sup.h                           
                                          31  84                          
temp. peak                                                                
          207                                                             
             187                                                          
                202                                                       
                   204                                                    
                      196                                                 
                         187                                              
                            191                                           
                               176                                        
                                  --  --  188                             
                                              62                          
          laminate hardening 2 mm. at ambient temperature                 
&#34;mould release&#34; time*                                                     
          12&#39;                                                             
             240&#39;                                                         
                28&#39;                                                       
                   42&#39;                                                    
                      43&#39;                                                 
                         120&#39;                                             
                            240&#39;                                          
                               210&#39;                                       
                                  8-16.sup.h                              
                                      8-16.sup.h                          
                                          45&#39;                             
                                              10.sup.h                    
tg δ without heating                                                
          32 34 21 21 18 33 19 25 32  35  1.3                             
                                             8.0 × 10.sup.-3        
residual styrene                                                          
content % 1.8                                                             
             1.9                                                          
                0.8                                                       
                   1.4                                                    
                      1.6                                                 
                         2.5                                              
                            1.0                                           
                               1.4                                        
                                  2.0 3.8 4.2                             
                                             9.8                          
without heating                                                           
tg δ 4 h., 100° C.                                           
          2.5                                                             
             3.4                                                          
                1.8                                                       
                   1.9                                                    
                      2.5                                                 
                         2.0                                              
                            1.9                                           
                               1.7                                        
                                  1.8 1.0 0.2                             
                                             0.2 × 10.sup.-3        
residual styrene                                                          
content % 0.0                                                             
             0.3                                                          
                0.0                                                       
                   0.0                                                    
                      0.01                                                
                         0.06                                             
                            0.0                                           
                               0.0                                        
                                  0.0 0.04                                
                                          0.01                            
                                             1.6                          
4 h., 100° C.                                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
 *&#34;demould&#34; time means reaching a surface hardness of the laminate of Shor
 D70 (arbitrary but close to practical) from commencement of the mixing.  
 
    
     
                                           TABLE VI                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Influence of the accelerator in the case of hot hardening in the middle   
temperature range (the hardening took place at 80° C. in a test    
tube).                                                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
resin type A                                                              
        100                                                               
           100                                                            
              100                                                         
                 100                                                      
                    100                                                   
                       100                                                
                          100                                             
                             100                                          
                                100                                       
                                   100                                    
                                      100                                 
                                         100                              
                                            100                           
                                               100                        
                                                  100                     
TBPB    1  1  1  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                      
BU-HA-Ml                                                                  
        -- -- -- 2  2  2  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                      
DTBP    -- -- -- -- -- -- 1  1  1  -- -- -- -- -- --                      
BP-50.+FT                                                                 
        -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  2  -- -- --                      
TBHP-80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2  2  2                       
ACU 1   -- 0.5                                                            
              -- -- 0.5                                                   
                       -- -- 0.5                                          
                                -- -- 0.5                                 
                                         -- -- 0.5                        
                                                  --                      
AFE 1   -- -- 0.5                                                         
                 -- -- 0.5                                                
                          -- -- 0.5                                       
                                   -- -- 0.5                              
                                            -- -- 0.5                     
gel time                                                                  
        39 5.7                                                            
              10 7.5                                                      
                    5.0                                                   
                       5.6                                                
                          -- -- 21 7.0                                    
                                      5.5                                 
                                         5.2                              
                                            17.5                          
                                               7.0                        
                                                  9.3                     
hardening time                                                            
        49 9.3                                                            
              16 9.5                                                      
                    7.0                                                   
                       7.5                                                
                          -- -- 34 8.7                                    
                                      7.8                                 
                                         7.0                              
                                            38 14.0                       
                                                  21                      
temp. peak                                                                
        230                                                               
           230                                                            
              235                                                         
                 240                                                      
                    240                                                   
                       240                                                
                          -- -- 225                                       
                                   240                                    
                                      235                                 
                                         237                              
                                            110                           
                                               240                        
                                                  203                     
        same formulation as above but with resin type E                   
gel time                                                                  
        -- 10 -- 30 10 19 -- -- -- 15 15 13                               
hardening time                                                            
        -- 19 -- 35 15 23 -- -- -- 18 24 16                               
temp. peak                                                                
        -- 223                                                            
              -- 240                                                      
                    230                                                   
                       230                                                
                          -- -- -- 223                                    
                                      172                                 
                                         210                              
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     (4) The storage stability of accelerators containing cupric and ferric compounds in polyester resins was also investigated. In each case, 50 g. resin samples, which contained differing amounts of accelerator, were investigated. The gelling of the batches was assessed. The results hereby obtained are summarized in the following Table VII: 
     
                                           TABLE VII                               
__________________________________________________________________________
resin type A                                                              
        100                                                               
           100                                                            
              -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                                     
resin type B                                                              
        -- -- 100                                                         
                 100                                                      
                    -- -- -- -- -- --                                     
resin type C                                                              
        -- -- -- -- 100                                                   
                       100                                                
                          -- -- -- --                                     
resin type D                                                              
        -- -- -- -- -- -- 100                                             
                             100                                          
                                -- --                                     
resin type E                                                              
        -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100                                       
                                   100                                    
ACU 1   0.5                                                               
           1.0                                                            
              0.5                                                         
                 1.0                                                      
                    0.5                                                   
                       1.0                                                
                          0.5                                             
                             1.0                                          
                                -- --                                     
ACU 3   -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5                                       
                                   1.0                                    
storage time                                                              
up to   100                                                               
           100                                                            
              100                                                         
                 100                                                      
                    100                                                   
                       100                                                
                          100                                             
                             100                                          
                                22 19                                     
gelling in                                                                
days                                                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     From the above Table VII, it can be seen that the accelerators according to the present invention possess a high storage stability. 
     (5) It is possible to prolong the working time of the resin batches by the addition of conventional inhibitors, for example tert.-butylcatechol. The results obtained in the case of these investigations are summarized in the following Table VIII: 
     
                       TABLE VIII                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Prolongation of the gel time of resin batches                             
______________________________________                                    
resin type A 100    100    100  100  100  100                             
MIKP-NA-Ml   2      2      2    2    2    2                               
ACU 1        1      1      1    --   --   --                              
AFE 1        --     --     --   1    2    1                               
TC 510       --     0.1    0.5  --   0.1  0.5                             
gel time     3.7    13     30   7.0  10.2 22                              
hardening time                                                            
             5.8    18     37   19   22   31                              
temp. peak   205    202    204  195  193  187                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     (6) For comparative purposes, hardening of resin type A was investigated, the ketimine used in Example 1 (acetylacetone cyclohexylimine) being separately mixed with a cobalt accelerator (cobalt octoate or cobalt naphthenate), since the formation of an accelerator is not possible, as can be seen from the above Comparative Example 10. 
     The results obtained in the case of this investigation are summarized in the following Table IX: 
     
                       TABLE IX                                                    
______________________________________                                    
resin type A       100    100                                             
COB 1              0.5    0.5                                             
ketimine (see                                                             
Example 1)         --     0.005                                           
MEKP-HA-1          2      2                                               
gel time           6      5                                               
hardening time     12     10                                              
temp. peak         203    210                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     A smaller promotor effect can be seen from the above Table IX. 
     From the above Tables, it can be seen that the accelerators according to the present invention are outstanding for the hardening of the mentioned unsaturated resins, only cause slight discoloration and give very light-stable products which, in the case of subsequent weathering, show no noticeable further changes in their color. It can also be seen that the accelerators of the present invention are considerably superior to the previously known accelerators (see the comparative Examples) in their accelerator action and in their storage stability. 
     It will be understood that the specification and examples are illustrative but not limitative of the present invention and that other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art.