Electronic tractor guidance system
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to automatic guidance control systems for controlling the direction of travel of a moving vehicle to follow a prescribed path. More particularly, the present invention relates to an automatic guidance control system for guiding an agricultural tractor to follow a previously plowed furrow or guiding means in a field under cultivation. 
     The need to produce the maximum amount of agricultural products from a given amount of acreage is becoming more and more important as the result of an ever increasing demand for these products and the increasing costs to produce them. To meet this growing demand, it is necessary that the land under cultivation be plowed and planted so that there is little wasted land. Each plowed furrow should be parallel with all other furrows and spaced at very accurate seperation distances. 
     Prior-art tractor guidance systems have been constructed to guide the path of the tractor to follow a previously plowed furrow. However, these prior-art guidance systems are, for the most part, complicated mechanical-hydraulic contrivances that lack the sensitivity necessary to optimally control the direction of travel of the tractor to follow a previously plowed furrow. Additionally, these types of prior-art devices are only effective when used on tractors which have closed center hydraulic systems. Not all tractors come so equipped. Another problem not solved by these prior-art devices occurs from external forces which act on the tractor and the implements being pulled to force the tractor to deviate in its direction of travel, without a change in the tractor&#39;s steering direction. These external forces result from such things as the particular elevation and degree of slope of the ground, i.e., plowing on the side of a hill, slippage of the tractor wheels, changes in soil structure and from other sources. To ensure that the tractor travels in the proper direction to produce the desired plowed furrows or results encompassing other production operations, such external forces must be overcome by effectively steering the tractor in a direction slightly deviating from the actual direction of travel. 
     Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a simple mechanical-electrical automatic tractor guidance system that could be easily installed on existing tractors of whatever kind to provide an accurate and sensitive electrical steering control to guide the tractor to follow previously plowed furrows. Additionally, it would be advantageous to provide an automatic tractor guidance system which adjusts for external forces tending to force the tractor to deviate from the desired direction of travel. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, an automatic guidance system for controlling the direction of travel of a tractor along a guide path is disclosed. The guidance system consists of two sensors, a direction sensor connected to the tractor for sensing the direction of the guide path relative to the direction of travel of the tractor, and a tractor steering sensor connected to the steering means of the tractor to detect the steering direction of the tractor. Both the direction sensor and the tractor steering sensor are sensitive rotary variable differential transformers that produce DC output voltages proportional to the angular position of the sensor&#39;s shaft. 
     In the case of the direction sensor, a furrow follower assembly controls the angular position of the direction sensor&#39;s shaft to produce a path direction signal that indicates the relative direction of the path to the direction of travel of the tractor. In the case of the tractor steering sensor, angular rotation of the sensor&#39;s shaft is controlled by rotation of the front steering wheels of the tractor. In this manner, the steering direction of the tractor is sensed to generate a steering direction signal. 
     The guidance system further includes a tractor steering means attached to the steering column of the tractor to provide rotation of the steering wheel under control of the guidance system. The tractor steering means includes a permanent magnetic DC motor coupled to the steering column through a gearing arrangement or by sprockets and chain. Also included is a control means that responds to the path direction signal from the direction sensor and the steering direction signal from the tractor steering sensor to produce a steering control signal. The steering control signal is a digital signal having a duty cycle which varies with the magnitude of the difference between the path direction signal and the steering direction signal. A steering change to the tractor is effected if the duty cycle of the steering signal deviates from a 50% duty cycle. 
     In operation, the control means amplifies the signals from the two sensors to respectively obtain the path direction signal and the steering direction signal. A bipolar offset control voltage is generated and subtracted from the path direction signal to produce a furrow error signal. The bipolar offset control voltage adjusts for the side forces acting on the tractor to alter the tractor&#39;s direction of travel even though a change in the steering direction of tractor was not made. A steering error amplifier responds to the steering direction signal and the furrow error signal to generate a steering error signal that ultimately will determine whether a steering change will occur to the tractor. 
     A convergence control oscillator is provided for generating a bipolar convergence frequency signal that is compared with the steering error signal to produce the variable duty cycle steering control signal. A comparison means is provided to compare the convergence frequency signal and the steering error signal. For the presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, the convergence frequency signal is a bipolar triangular wave form. When the magnitude of this convergence frequency signal is greater than the steering error signal, a digital logic state is generated for the steering control signal, and if the magnitude of the convergence frequency signal is less than the steering error signal, the opposite digital logic state is produced. 
     When the steering control signal is in one logic state, a right-turn signal is generated to the DC motor controlling the steering column of the tractor, while in the opposite logic state, a left-turn control signal is delivered to the motor. In this manner, during each cycle of the convergence frequency signal, a command to the steering motor to both turn right and to turn left is given. If the duty cycle of the steering control signal is 50%, no net effective turn occurs in the steering. However, any variation of the duty cycle, either above or below 50%, will respectively result in an effective net turn to the right or to the left. 
    
    
     A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     An automatic tractor guidance system constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which, 
     FIG. 1 is a side view of the furrow follower assembly attached to the front end of a typical tractor; 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of a typical steering linkage arrangement showing the steering sensor connected for sensing the steering direction of the tractor; 
     FIG. 3 is a view from above of the direction sensor coupled to the furrow follower sensing boom mounted to the front end of the tractor; 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration of the control motor assembly for controlling the steering column of the tractor; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic blocked diagram of the control means of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a more detailed circuit diagram of a portion of the control means illustrated in FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7 is a detailed circuit diagram of the power amplifier that provides the drive signal to the steering control motor illustrated in FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 8 is an illustration of various electrical signal wave forms which show how the steering control signal is generated by the control means illustrated in FIG. 5. 
     Similar reference numerals refer to similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to the figures, and first to FIG. 1, a furrow follower assembly 2 for sensing the direction of a guide path, such as a previously plowed furrow, is shown. A more detailed description of the furrow follower assembly 2 is given in U.S. Pat. No. 4,165,796 issued to Petz and such disclosure is herein incorporated by reference. A boom 6 has attached at its sensing end two dish shaped plates 4 which lie within and follow the tapering sides of a plowed furrow. Connected to the opposite end of boom 6 is direction sensor 12. Direction sensor 12 is mounted to the plate 14 such that side-to-side displacement of the boom 6 relative to the direction of travel of the tractor produces a rotation of the shaft of sensor 12. A DC analog voltage is produced on the output of sensor 12 as a function of the angular position of its shaft. Therefore, rotation of the angular shaft by the furrow follower sensing assembly 2 produces a change in the voltage generated by sensor 12. The furrow sensing assembly 2 is provided with a hydraulic piston 8 actuated in response to electrical signals to raise and lower the boom 6. In operation, the boom 6 is lowered so that the dish plates 4 will be contacting the furrow along which the tractor will be guided. Any deviation of the direction of travel of the tractor to the direction of the path will be reflected as a change in the output of sensor 12. 
     Turning now to FIG. 2, the front steering linkages of the tractor are diagrammatically illustrated showing how the tractor steering sensor 22 is coupled to the steering linkages of the tractors front wheels to provide a DC error signal indicating the steering direction of the tractor. For the most part, the steering direction of the tractor will be the direction of travel of the tractor. However, when the tractor is being acted upon by external forces, such as slippage of the tractor wheels, plowing on the side of a slope, etc., the tractor steering may not necessarily be in the direction of travel of the tractor. In order to overcome the side forces, the steering of the tractor must be effected in a direction to overcome these side forces. By so doing, the direction of travel of the tractor can be maintained in the desired direction. Steering sensor 22 is identical to sensor 12, and functions to produce a DC analog voltage as a function of the angular position of the sensors input shaft. By modulating the angular position of sensor 22&#39;s shaft as a function of the front wheel positions, a feedback error signal can be generated as a function of the steering direction of the tractor. For the presently preferred embodiment, sensors 12 and 22 are both sold by Schaevitz Engineering as their model R30D rotary variable differential transformers. These units were selected because they exhibited zero volts out when the angular position of the shaft is at a reference position, regardless of variations in the supply voltages delivered to the units. This predictability in the output voltage eliminates the need for complicated offset error adjustments in the electronics to compensate for system power supply variations. 
     Turning now to FIG. 3, a view of the sensor 12 and boom 6 as viewed from above, is illustrated. The boom 6 provides a U-shaped yolk connection to the housing of the sensor 12, while the shaft 16 of the sensor is fixedly secured to the frame of the tractor by bracket 20. Brackets 18, 14 provide mechanical support for the sensor assembly while permitting the housing of sensor 12 to rotate relative to its shaft 16. Should the direction of travel of the tractor deviate from the direction of the path, the housing of sensor 12 will be rotated by displacement of the boom 6 attached thereto. This rotation will be reflected as a change in the DC output voltage from the sensor 12. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, an illustration of the steering control means for effecting rotation of the steering column of the tractor in response to the control signals from the guidance control system is shown. A permanent magnet DC servo motor 34 is shown connected to the steering column 36 of the tractor via a combination of sprockets 40, 42 connected together by a continuous chain 38. Sprocket 40 is mounted to the shaft of the DC motor 34, while sprocket 32 is connected to the steering shaft 36 of the tractor. Continuous chain 38 transfers the torque produced by the DC motor 34 to the steering column 36. In this manner, rotation of steering motor 34 produces rotation of the steering column 36. For the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, the permanent magnet DC motor is an Indiana General model 4010-W19-01. 
     Turning now to FIG. 5, a block diagram of the control means of the automatic guidance system of the invention is shown. The furrow sensing assembly 2, including the boom 6 and furrow sensing dishes 4, are shown sensing the direction of furrow 1. The output signal from the sensor 12 contained in the furrow sensing assembly 2 is inputted into error amplifier 42. Similarly, the feedback error signal from the steering sensor 22, illustrated in FIG. 2, is inputted to a feedback amplifier 50 identical to the error amplifier 42. Amplifier 42 produces the path direction signal on its output, while feedback amplifer 50 produces the steering direction signal 5. 
     Further shown in FIG. 5 is an offset control 44 which generates a bipolar switch selectable control offset voltage to compensate for the side forces acting on the tractor which tend to cause the direction of travel of the tractor to change. This offset control voltage is inputted with the path direction signal to a differencing amplifier 46 which subtracts the two signals and produces the furrow error signal 3 on its output. The furror error signal 3 is then inputted, along with the steering direction signal 5 from feedback amplifier 50 into a sum and difference amplifier 48. Sum or difference amplifier 48 generates both the sum of the furrow error signal 3 and the steering direction signal 5, and the difference of these two signals. Jumper selection (see FIG. 6) is provided on the output of the sum or difference amplifier 48 to enable either combination of the furrow error signal 3 and the steering direction signal 5 to be selected as the steering error signal 7. For some tractor installations, it may not be possible to mount the steering sensing assembly 22 to produce a particular direction change in its output signal for a particular change in the steering direction of the tractor. Although the magnitude of the change as a function of the steering change will be the same, its polarity may be different from tractor to tractor. Accordingly, by providing both a sum and a differencing function in the sum or difference amplifier 48, the appropriate combination of the furrow error signal 3 and a steering direction signal 5 can be selected to obtain the required steering error signal 7. 
     Still referring to FIG. 5, the steering error signal 7 is shown inputted along with convergence frequency signal 9 from convergence control oscillator 41 to right/left turn comparator 52. The function of comparator 52 is to produce a digital right/left turn signal 11 in which one logic state of the digital signal occurs when the magnitude of the convergence frequency signal 9 is greater than the magnitude of steering error signal 7, while the opposite logic state obtains when frequency signal 9 is less than the steering error signal 7. The frequency of the right/left turn signal will be equal to the fundamental frequency of the convergence frequency signal 9. By assigning a right turn function to the logic one state of the signal 11 and a left turn control signal to the logic zero state and applying this control signal to the steering motor 34 controlling the steering of the tractor, it is possible to effect control of the steering of the tractor as a function of the duty cycle of the right/left turn signal 11. That is, during each cycle of the convergence oscillator frequency signal 9, both a right and a left turn will be applied to the steering motor 34. If the duty cycle of the right/left turn signal 11 is 50%, there will be no net turning effected to the steering shaft 36. However, if the duty cycle of the signal deviates from 50%, more time will be devoted to a right or to a left turn than for the other one. Therefore, a net rotation in the steering column 36 occurs. The steering control is always in a direction to bring the duty cycle of the right/left turn signal 11 back to 50%. 
     The rate of convergence of the steering control to achieve the desired 50% duty cycle--the effective rate at which a steering correction is made--is controlled by the magnitude of the convergence control oscillator 41. The lower the convergence oscillator magnitude the higher the rate of convergence will be. For the preferred embodiment, the convergence control oscillator output frequency is approximately one kilohertz (1 KHz). 
     Still referring to FIG. 5, to provide the steering control signals to the steering control motor 34, the right/left turn signal 11 is inputted to both right turn on unit 54 and left turn on unit 56. These two units function to provide digital signals on their respective output where a logic one on the output of one unit produces a steering turn in its respective direction while the output of the opposite unit will not produce a steering turn, i.e., its output will be at a logic zero. This condition alternately changes for each unit as the logic states of their respective outputs change. When unit 54 is at a logic one, unit 56 is at a logic zero. Conversely, when unit 54 is at a logic zero, unit 56 is at a logic one. The outputs from right turn on 54 and left turn on 56 are applied to power amplifier 62 via delay units 58 and 60, respectively. Power amplifier 62 amplifies the right turn on 13 and left turn on 15 output signals to provide the steering control signals to the steering control motor 34. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, a detailed circuit diagram of the control means illustrated in FIG. 5 is shown. The operations of the circuits shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and a detailed description of their operations will not be provided herein. It will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art that the values of the various circuit components and voltage associated with the analog amplifiers and transistors depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7 will vary in dependence upon the intended use. In a presently preferred embodiment used in connection with an automatic tractor guidance system for controlling the direction of travel of a tractor, the table below sets out exemplary values which have been found satisfactory. 
     
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TABLE OF COMPONENT VALUES                                                 
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Resistors                                                                 
Component         Value (ohms)                                            
______________________________________                                    
R57, 60, 62, 69   10                                                      
R42, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54,                                                  
56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 66                                                
                  1K                                                      
R16               2.2K                                                    
R17,              10K        varibale                                     
R7, R12, 31, 39, 43, 44,                                                  
                  10K        fixed                                        
45, 47, 50, 52, 53, 52, 55, 63                                            
R68               22K                                                     
R19               33K                                                     
R35, 36           47K                                                     
R7, 14, 18        100K       variable                                     
All remaining resistors not listed                                        
                  100K       fixed                                        
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Capacitors                                                                
Component         Value (f)                                               
______________________________________                                    
C1, 2             .1                                                      
C3                1                                                       
C4                220                                                     
C5, 6             .01                                                     
C7                10                                                      
C8                .047                                                    
Amplifiers                                                                
A1-A12            LM324      (National                                    
                             Semiconductor)                               
A13-A16           3302       (Motorola)                                   
66, 68, 70, A17-A20                                                       
                  1411       (Motorola)                                   
Q2, Q6            SK3182     (RCA)                                        
Q3, Q7            SK3183     (RCA)                                        
Q1, Q5            2N6378     (Motorola)                                   
Q4, Q8            2N6276     (Motorola)                                   
Diodes                                                                    
D1, D2            IN912                                                   
D3-D6             IN4005                                                  
Relay                                                                     
64                W171-DIP19 (MAGNE-                                      
                             CRAFT)                                       
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     Turning now to FIG. 8(a), (b) and (c), signal waveforms of the steering error signal 7 outputted by the sum or difference amplifier 48 and the convergence control oscillator frequency signal 9 are shown superimposed in the same drawing. FIG. 8(a) illustrates a condition when the steering error signal 7 is zero volts in magnitude and where the voltage swing of convergence frequency signal 9 is ±E. The right/left turn signal 11 is generated as a function of the comparison of the steering error signal 7 and the convergence frequency signal 9 in the right/left turn comparator 52. When the convergence frequency signal 9 is greater than the magnitude of the steering error signal 7, a logic one is produced for the right/left turn signal 11. Identically, when the convergence frequency signal 9 is less than the steering error signal 7, a logic zero state is generated. By arbitrarily assigning a turn right function to the logic one state of the signal 11 and a turn left to the logic zero state, it is possible to control the steering of the tractor as a function of the duty cycle of signal 11 if a turn control signal both for a right and a left turn is delivered to the steering control motor 34 during each cycle of the convergence frequency signal 9. When the duty cycle is 50% as shown in FIG. 8(a), there is no net turn right or turn left signal to the steering column 36. 
     Referring to FIGS. 8(b) and 8(c), the operating conditions for a steering error signal 7 having a positive polarity and a steering error signal 7 having a negative polarity are respectively illustrated. For a positive steering error signal 7, a duty cycle less than 50% is generated. This results in a net steering change in the left direction. Similarly, when the steering error signal 7 is negative, a net right turn is effected. As previously mentioned, the control means illustrated in FIG. 5 functions to control the direction of steering of the tractor to cause the right/left turn signal 11 to exhibit a 50% duty cycle. The rate at which a steering correction can be made to the steering of the tractor is a function of the magnitude of the convergence frequency signal 9, a lower magnitude causing a faster steering change than a high magnitude signal. 
     In operation, the present invention functions to sense both the direction of a guide path and the steering direction of the tractor to produce an error signal that is compared with an oscillator frequency signal. The result of this comparison produces a digital waveform in which the two logic states are assigned the control function of initiating a right or a left turn. In this manner, a 50% duty cycle in the digital waveform will produce no net turning effect in the steering direction of the tractor. Deviations from the 50% duty cycle brought about by a deviation in the direction of travel of the tractor and the direction of the guide furrow result in a steering correction to bring the duty cycle back to 50%. Because of the deviating effects of side forces acting on the tractor as a function of the contour of the land being plowed, etc., it is sometimes necessary to offset the steering of the tractor from the direction of travel of the tractor. Accordingly, means is provided to modify the resulting steering error signal generated from a comparison of the error signals and the feedback from the steering direction by inserting a switch selectable offset voltage into the furrow error signal 3 (see FIGS. 5 and 6). 
     In describing the invention, reference has been made to a preferred embodiment. However, those skilled in the art and familiar with the disclosure of the invention may recognize additions, deletions, substitutions or other modifications which would fall within the purview of the invention as defined in the appended claims.