Method of producing polymers of the polyurethane type
The subject of the present invention is a method of producing polymers of the polyurethane type from compounds containing amide arrangements, and especially urethane or allophanate ones. 
     The hitherto known methods of producing polyurethanes, which are the most verstile plastics, consist in a reaction of macropolyols of molecular mass of 400-700 containing not less than two hydroxyl groups with diisocyanates, most often aromatic, or possibly in the presence of glycols or diamines as extenders. Polyurethanes include also polymers containing beside urethane bonds also other bonds: allophanate, urea, biuret, isocyanuric, ester, ether and other. However, the most significant of their characteristics polyurethanes owe to methane groups. 
     Isocyanates, being the source of methane groups in polyurethanes, are a toxic material, sensitive to humidity and contamination, expensive and unremunerative. They are obtained in a complicated chemical process of nitration, reduction and phosgenation with the use of a highly toxic compound--phosgene. This creates considerable hindrances in production of polyurethanes and limits the range of their application. 
     The known method of producing polyurethanes from compounds containing urethane groups consists in obtaining prepolymers from macropolyols and an excess of diisocyanates. Such a prepolymer, containing free isocyanate groups and urethane bonds is then extended and possibly crosslinked with diamines, glycols, macropolyols or a mixture thereof. 
     The invention presented herein is aimed at obtaining cheap polymers of characteristics similar to those of polyurethanes, without the use of isocyanates. 
     The essence of the invention consists in amidation of oligoesterols or oligoetherols containing at least two hydroxyl groups by attaching to them isocyanic acid, preferably obtained &#34;in statu nascendi&#34;, and then by condensing the amide compounds thus obtained with 0.25-5.0 mole of an aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde, per gram-equivalent of primary amide groups in a medium of pH not higher than 10, preferably in an acid medium, till obtaining a polymer of the polyurethane type of the molecular mass bigger than that of the initial amide compound. Such a polymer can be linear, branched or crosslinked. 
     Isocyanic acid, amidating oligoesterols or oligoetherols, can be obtained, preferably &#34;in statu nascendi&#34;, by thermal decomposition of urea, urethane, or by acidification of cyanate of a metal. 
     
         NH.sub.2 CONH.sub.2 →HNCO+NH.sub.3 
    
     
         ROCONH.sub.2 →HNCO+ROH 
    
     
         NaOCN+HCl→HNCO+NaCl 
    
     Isocyanic acid obtained therein attaches to atoms containing active atoms of hydrogen, producing amide arrangements, especially of hydroxyl groups of macropolyols, forming urethane (carbamate) groups, it can also attach to amide groups, forming polyamide arrangements, and especially to urethane groups--forming allophanate arrangements. For example: 
     
         R/OH/.sub.n +nHNCO→R/OCONH.sub.2 /.sub.n 
    
     
         R--OCONH.sub.2 +HNCO→ROCONHCONH.sub.2 
    
     Characteristics of polymers of the polyurethane type are the better the more complete is the conversion of groups non-reactive in relation to formaldehyde, especially hydroxyl groups into amide arrangements reactive in relation to formaldehyde, especially urethane or allophanate arrangements. Therefore, it is necessary to apply methods of amidation securing possibly complete amidation of non-reactive groups containing active atoms of hydrogen, and practically quantitative amidation in case of compounds containing only two such groups. The amidation reaction of macropolyols proceeds rather with difficulty. It is preferable to amidate them with a mixture of urea and hydrochloride of tertiary amine, preferably pyridine hydrochloride, because hydrogen chloride accelerates decomposition of urea to isocyanic acid and binds ammonia released in the result of the reversible reaction of desamination, and non-reactive tertiary amine released thereat can be distilled off. The temperature of the amidation reaction in the presence of tertiary amine hydrochloride is usually determined from below by the breakdown temperature of urea (about 373° K.) and from above by the distillation temperature of amine and thermal strength of obtained amide arrangements (about 473° K.). 
     Among macropolyols the most preferable (most available and cheapest) are oligoetherols containing at least two hydroxyl groups separated from each other by an oligoester- or aligooxyalkylene chain of the formula ##STR1## where: R=H or CH 3  and n&gt;2. 
     The obtained urethanes, allophanates or urethaneallophanates, especially oligomeric, are condensed with an aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde, which is the cheapest and the most reactive aldehyde, to polymers of the polyurethane type. The molar ratio of aldehyde to amide- or polyamide groups in the reaction mixture should be included within the limits of 0.25-5.0, preferably 0.5-2.0. Polycondensation proceeds the faster the lower is pH or the bigger is the acidity of the medium and the higher is the temperature. pH of the medium should not be higher than 10 because then isocyanic acid can split off from amide groups or they can hydrolyze. 
     Methylene bridges binding with themselves amide arrangements, preferably urethane or allophanate, increase twice the size of the stiff segment of the polymer. The ratio of the size of stiff segments to elastic segments determines the physicomechanical properties of polymers. If the size of doubled amide- or polyamide stiff segments is too small in relation to the size of an elastic segment, then additional stiff segments can be built in to the polymer. The reaction of compounds containing amide arrangements with an aldehyde is then conducted in the presence of other co-reacting compounds, such as urea, phenol, melamine and their derivatives. At co-condensation with such compounds it is necessary to increase correspondingly the amount of aldehyde. As such compounds are being introduced the elasticity of obtained polymers decreases and their stiffness increases. Formaldehyde can be introduced into the polycondensation reaction in a free form or in a form of hydroxymethylene derivatives of compounds able to react with formaldehyde, for example, dihydroxymethylolurea, trihydroxymethylmelamine, polyhydroxymethylophenol. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     5 g of polyoxyethylene glycol 400, 3 g of urea, 5.78 g of pyridine hydrochloride and 0.25 g of AlCl 3  are heated for 3 hours in a temperature of 373°-393° K., pyridine being distilled off. The reaction product is dissolved in acetone, filtered off and from the filtrate acetone is distilled off. 
     5.3924 g (0.0111 mole) of obtained polyoxyethylene urethaneallophanate 400 and 1.89 ml of 35.4% formalin (0.0222 mole of CH 2  O) are placed in a three-necked flask of the capacity of 100 ml provided with a thermometer, a reflux condenser and an agitator, and stirred, alkalized with 1n NaOH to pH 7.6. The content of the flask is heated for 30 minutes in a temperature of 343° K. Next, 2.16 g of dihydroxymethylolurea is added (40% per the mass of urethaneallophanate) dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water of a temperature of 363° K. and is acidified with 1n HClO 4  to pH 1.0. After thorough mixing the solution is poured out to a mould and set-up for 20 minutes in a temperature of 363° K. 
     An elastomer of the polyurethane type is obtained, certain characteristics of which are specified in the table. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     40 g of polyoxyethylene glycol 400 is dissolved in 100 ml of dimethylformamide, 26 g of sodium cyanate is added, heated to a temperature of 393° K., and while intensely stirring, 14.6 g of gaseous hydrogen chloride is added. When acidity of the reaction mixture decreases to zero, the whole is cooled down to a room temperature and precipitate of sodium chloride is filtered off. The solvent is distilled off under lowered pressure, the product is diluted with acetone, filtered off again and acetone is distilled off. Polyoxyethylene urethaneallophanate 400 is obtained. 
     5.0101 g (0.0103 mole) of polyoxyethylene urethaneallophanate 400 and 1.7 ml of 35.4% of formalin (0.0206 mole of CH 2  O) is placed in a flask as in example I, and neutralized with 1n NaOH to pH 7.2. The content of the flask is heated for 30 minutes in a temperature of 345° K. Next, 0.85 ml of 35.4% formalin (0.0103 mole of CH 2  O) and 1.02 g (0.017 mole) of urea (20% per the mass of urethaneallophanate) is added. The mixture is acidified with 1n HClO 4  to pH 1.8, poured out to the mould and heated for 30 minutes in a temperature of 363° K. Polymer of the polyurethane type is obtained, whose characteristics are specified in the table. 
     
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                         Polymer   Polymer                                
                Unit of  from      from                                   
Characteristic  measure  example I example II                             
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Stress at 5% extension                                                    
                MPa       7.1      0.4                                    
Stress at 15% extension                                                   
                MPa       8.9      0.9                                    
Stress at 100% extension                                                  
                MPa      --        4.2                                    
Stress at breaking                                                        
                MPa      10.0      5.6                                    
Extension at breaking                                                     
                %        15        120                                    
Sorption of water vapour                                                  
                %        28.9      32.9                                   
Desorption of water vapour                                                
                %        25.3      28.4                                   
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