Preparation of 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)-2,6-di-substituted phenols
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to certain 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols and to a novel process for their preparation. Further, this invention relates to 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols which are produced in a novel synthesis reaction and are used as intermediates in a reaction sequence in which α-alkyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids are produced which in turn are used as reaction intermediates in the preparation of insecticides of m-phenoxybenzyl and α-cyano-m-phenoxybenzyl esters. The 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols of the present invention and the aforementioned acids also are deemed to have utility as insecticides in and of themselves. Further, the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols of the present invention are deemed to function as antioxidants for oxidizable organic materials such as polymers, gasolines, engine and industrial oils when such materials are exposed to oxidative degradative conditions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Meta-phenoxybenzyl esters and α-cyano-m-phenoxybenzyl esters of 2-haloalkyl(oxy-, thio-, sulfinyl-, or sulfonyl)-phenylalkanoic acids are known insecticidal and acaricidal agents. These compounds and methods for their preparation are disclosed in Berkelhammer et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,178,460 and 4,199,595. In both Berkelhammer et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,178,460 and 4,199,595, there is disclosed the conversion of certain α-alkyl-3(or 4)-hydroxyphenylacetic acids having the formula ##STR3## wherein R is ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl to the corresponding α-alkyl-3(or 4)-difluoromethoxyphenylacetic acids having the formula ##STR4## wherein R is as defined above by treatment with chlorodifluoromethane in aqueous alkali and dioxane. The α-alkyl-3(or 4)-difluoromethoxyphenylacetic acids thus formed can then be treated with thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, or the like, preferably in the presence of an aromatic solvent such as benzene or toluene, to yield α-alkyl(substituted phenyl)acetyl halide which is reacted with m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol or α-cyano-m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol to yield the desired m-phenoxybenzyl ester or α-cyano-m-phenoxybenzyl ester of the 2-haloalkyl(oxy-, thio-, sulfinyl- or sulfonyl)phenylalkanoic acids which are useful insecticides. In Berkelhammer et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,178,460 and 4,199,595, α-alkyl-3(or 4)-hydroxyphenylacetic acid intermediates are prepared by reacting the appropriate α-alkyl-3(or 4)-methoxyphenylacetonitrile with hydrobromic acid. 
     A new process for the synthesis of α-hydrocarbyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids now has been discovered in which these materials can be prepared in a simple and straight-forward manner. In this new process, 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols are produced in a novel synthesis reaction and are used as intermediates in a reaction sequence in which α-hydrocarbyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids are likewise produced and used as reaction intermediates. 
     Methods are known for preparing 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols. For example, the preparation of 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-disubstituted phenol by reacting α-alkyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylbenzyl halides with sodium cyanide is reported by A. A. Volod&#39;kin et al., Iz. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. Ser. Khim, 1966, 1031. Also, the preparation of 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol by the electrochemical reduction of the corresponding 2,6-di-substituted methylene-quinones is reported by L. I. Kudinova, et al., Iz. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim, 1978, 1313. In U.S. application Ser. No. 385,610, entitled &#34;Method of Preparing 4-(α-Alkyl-α-Cyanomethyl)2,6-Di-Substituted Phenol&#34;, filed on June 7, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,528, there is disclosed a novel process for the synthesis of 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol by reacting a 2,6-di-substituted phenol with a Friedel-Crafts addition agent in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form the corresponding 4-(α-alkyl-α-oxomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol, reducing the 4-(α-alkyl-α-oxomethyl)2,6 -di-substituted phenol to form the corresponding 4-(α-alkyl-α-hydroxymethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol and thereafter reacting the 4-(α-alkyl-α-hydroxymethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol with an alkali metal cyanide or an alkaline earth metal cyanide to form the desired 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol. 
     In U.S. application Ser. No. 385,609, entitled &#34;Preparation of 4-(α-Alkyl-α-Cyanomethyl)2,6-Di-Substituted Phenol&#34; filed on June 7, 1982, now abandoned, there is disclosed a novel process for the synthesis of 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol by reacting a 2,6-di-substituted phenol with an aliphatic aldehyde and an alkali metal cyanide or an alkaline earth metal cyanide in a suitable reaction solvent to form the corresponding 4-(α-alkyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol. And, in U.S. application Ser. No. 515,645, entitled &#34;Method of Preparing 4-(α-Hydrocarbyl-α-Cyanomethyl)2,6-Di-Substituted Phenols,&#34; filed on July 20, 1983, there is disclosed a novel process for the synthesis of 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols by reacting an N,N-di-hydrocarbyl-4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-aminomethyl)2,6-di-hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol with an alkali metal cyanide or an alkaline earth metal cyanide in a suitable solvent. 
     The synthesis of o- and p-hydroxy substituted phenylacetonitriles also is known and is reported in the literature. See, for example, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 41, No. 14, 2502 (1976). 
     THE INVENTION 
     This invention thus involves in one embodiment the discovery that 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols can be readily prepared in good yield and selectively by reacting a 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-hydrocarbyloxymethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol with an alkali metal cyanide or an alkaline earth metal cyanide in a suitable reaction solvent to form the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol. 
     In another embodiment of this invention, α-hydrocarbyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is produced by (1) forming a 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol in the above manner, (2) dealkylating the substituent groups ortho to the hydroxyl group from the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol to produce a reaction product containing a substantial amount of the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol, and (3) thereafter converting the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol to the corresponding α-hydrocarbyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by hydrolysis. 
     The phenols which may be used as starting materials in the process of the invention are phenols having the general formula ##STR5## wherein R 1  and R 2  are the same or different monovalent substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl and cyclic alkyl radicals; R 3  is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl radicals, substituted hydrocarbyl radicals and hydrocarbyloxy radicals and R 4  is a hydrocarbyl radical or a substituted hydrocarbyl radical. These phenols are reacted in a liquid phase with an alkali metal cyanide or an alkaline earth metal cyanide. 
     Typical examples of alkyl, aralkyl and cyclic alkyl radicals which R 1  and R 2  may be include any of the above radicals having any number of carbon atoms as long as these substituents do not interfere either with the formation of the desired 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol or with the subsequent dealkylation of the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol to produce the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol. These may include, for example, from 1 to 40 or more carbon atoms and the alkyl radicals may include primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups. Those phenols having substituents of from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms are preferred, but the invention is not limited thereto. Examples of typical substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, the isomeric butyl radicals (i.e., n-butyl, isobutyl, cyclobutyl, t-butyl, etc.), the isomeric amyl radicals, the isomeric hexyl radicals, the isomeric decyl radicals, the isomeric hexadecyl radicals, the isomeric eicosyl radicals, the isomeric tricosyl radicals, the isomeric triacontyl radicals, etc. The alkyl radicals may be substituted with aryl, preferbly monocyclic aryl radicals, or cycloalkyl radicals, for example, benzyl, phenylethyl, cyclohexylethyl, naphthylethyl, etc. Examples of aryl radicals are phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, biphenylyl, naphthyl, methylnaphthyl, ethylphenyl, cyclohexophenyl, etc. Phenols in which the R substituents are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, amyl, sec-amyl, t-amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, or phenyl are preferred substituents. The most preferred are where R 1  and R 2  are a lower alkyl group (i.e., from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms) or phenyl. 
     Substituent R groups other than those previously listed such as aryl, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, nitro groups, and the like may be present at the 2- and 6-positions in the aromatic phenol compound provided that they do not adversely affect the formation of the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol or the subsequent dealkylation of the condensation reaction product to the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol. 
     As noted previously, R 3  is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl radicals, substituted hydrocarbyl radicals and hydrocarbyloxy radicals and R 4  can be a hydrocarbyl radical or a substituted hydrocarbyl radical. For purposes of this invention a hydrocarbyl radical can be defined as an organic group solely composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Some non-limiting representative examples of hydrocarbyl radicals are alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, and aryl. 
     Examples of suitable alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-amyl, and the various positional isomers thereof, and likewise the corresponding straight and branched chain isomers of hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. 
     Some examples of cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, cyclododecyl, and the like. They may also be such cycloaliphatic groups as α-cyclopropyl-ethyl, α-cyclobutyl-propyl, β-cyclobutyl-propyl, and similar alkyl derivatives of the higher cycloalkyls. 
     Some examples of alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, and the corresponding branched-chain isomers thereof as for example, 1-isobutenyl, 2-isobutenyl, 2-sec-butenyl, including 1-methylene-2-propenyl, and the various isomers of pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, and dodecenyl, including 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-ethyl-2-propenyl, and the like. 
     Examples of alkaryl groups are tolyl, 2,3-xylyl, 2,4-xylyl, 2,5-xylyl, 2,6-xylyl, 3,4-xylyl, 3,5-xylyl; o, m, and p-cumenyl, mesityl, o, m, and p-ethylphenyl, 2-methyl-1-naphthyl, 3-methyl-naphthyl, 4-methyl-1-naphthyl, 5-methyl-2-naphthyl, 6-methyl-3-naphthyl, 7-methyl-1-naphthyl, 8-methyl-4-naphthyl, 1-ethyl-2-naphthyl, and its various positional isomers and the like. 
     Examples of aryl groups which may be present in the above general formula are phenyl, naphthyl, and the like. 
     Examples of aralkyl groups are benzyl, phenylethyl, 1-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 1- and 2-isomers of phenylisopropyl, 1-, 2- and 3-isomers of phenylbutyl, and the like. 
     The substituted hydrocarbyl radicals are hydrocarbyl radicals which contain substituents such as halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and amide radicals. 
     As mentioned above, the hydrocarbyl groups may be halogen substituted. Thus, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine may be substituted on the alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkaryl, aryl, and aralkyl groups which are present. Non-limiting examples of such substituted groups are chloromethyl, chloroethyl, bromoethyl, 2-fluoro-1,2-dibromoethyl, 1-iodopropyl, 2-fluoropropyl, 1-chlorobutyl, 2-bromobutyl, 2-iodo-2-methylpropyl, 1-chloropentyl, 3-fluoro-2-methylbutyl, 3-iodo-2-methylbutyl, 1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropyl, 2-chloroheptyl, 3-fluorononyl, 1-chlorododecyl, and the like. Examples of halogenated cycloalkyl groups are chlorocyclopropyl, chlorocyclohexyl, 1,2-dichlorohexyl, bromocyclobutyl, iodocyclohexyl, and the like. 
     Examples of halogen-substituted alkenyl groups are bromoethenyl, chlorothenyl, iodoethenyl, 1-bromododecenyl, and the like. 
     Examples of halogenated alkaryl groups are chloro-o-tolyl, chloro-p-tolyl, chloro-m-tolyl, 2-bromo-3,4-xylyl, 4-bromo-2,3-xylyl, 5-bromo-2,4-xylyl, 2-bromo-4,5-xylyl, 3-bromomesityl, chloro(methyl)-1-naphthyl, iodo(ethyl)-1-naphthyl, all positional isomers of the above, and the like. 
     Examples of halogen substituted aryl groups are bromophenyl, 2-bromo-1-naphthyl, 3-bromo-1-naphthyl and all positional isomers thereof, 2,4-dibromophenyl, 2,3-dibromophenyl, 2,5-dibromophenyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromophenyl, pentabromophenyl, all isomers of chlorophenyl, and all isomers of multichlorophenyl: 2-chloro-1-naphthyl and the remaining isomers thereof; 2,3-dichloro-1-naphthyl, 2,4-dichloro-1-naphthyl and the remaining positional isomers of dichloronaphthyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-1-naphthyl. 
     Amine groups may also be substituted on the hydrocarbyl groups. Some non-limiting illustrative examples of hydrocarbyl groups containing amine substituents are aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 2,2-diaminoethyl, 2-aminoisopropyl, 5-aminopentyl, 1,2-aminododecyl, 1,2-diaminoethyl, 1,5-diaminopentyl, aminocyclobutyl, aminocyclohexyl, 3-amino-1-propen-1-yl, 5-amino-2-penten-1-yl, aminophenyl, (methylamino)phenyl, 2-amino-o-tolyl, 4-amino-m-tolyl, 3-amino-p-tolyl, and other positional isomers, various isomers of diaminophenyl, amino-2,5-xylyl, and various positional isomers thereof, 2-amino-1-naphthyl, 3-amino-1-naphthyl, 2-amino-3-methyl-1-naphthyl, 2,3-diamino-5-ethyl-1-naphthyl, and the like. 
     The hydrocarbyl groups may contain amide groups which may be illustrated by such non-limiting examples as: carbamoylmethyl, 2-carbamoylethyl, 4-carbamoylbutyl, 8-carbamoyl-2-ethyloctyl, 1,4-dicarbamoylbutyl, carbamoylcyclopentyl, carbamoylcyclohexyl, 2-carbamoyl-o-tolyl, 2-carbamoyl-m-tolyl, 3-carbamoyl-p-tolyl, (carbamoylmethyl)phenyl, (2-carbamoylethyl)benzyl, o-, m- and p-(carbamoylethyl)phenyl, and the like. 
     Examples of phenols having the R substituent groups noted above which are preferred starting materials include 4-methoxymethyl-2,6-di-t-butyl phenol, 4-ethoxymethyl-2,6-di-sec-butylphenol, 4-phenoxymethyl-2,6-diisopropylphenol, 4-butoxymethyl-2,6-di-sec-octylphenol, 4-isobutenyloxymethyl-2,6-di-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol, 4-cyclohexoxymethyl-2-amyl-6-methylphenol. A particularly preferred phenol reactant for use in the practice of the process is 4-methoxymethyl-2,6-di-t-butylphenol. 
     The alkali metal cyanide and alkaline earth metal cyanide reactants used in the present process may include sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, lithium cyanide, magnesium cyanide and calcium cyanide. Ammonium cyanide also may be used in the practice of the process as well as hydrogen cyanide. Sodium cyanide is a preferred cyanide reactant. 
     The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase which is provided by using a solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions. That is, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent which does not enter into the reaction. Aprotic solvents which include ethers such as diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, 1-ethoxyhexane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, diglyme, 1,2-diethyoxyethane and tertiary amines such as pyridine, N-ethylpiperidine triethylamine, tributylamine, N,N-diphenyl-N-methyl amine, N,N-dimethylalanine, etc. can be used in the practice of the present process. Also, dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfone, tetramethylene sulfone, N-methylpyrrolidinone, acetonitrile and like materials can be used in the process. Other solvents which are inert under the reaction conditions may be used: for example, low boiling hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, examples of which are benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethane, the chlorinated benzenes, the chlorinated toluenes, etc. Additionally, lower alkanols having up to about 6 carbon atoms also may be used. These include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, n-pentanol, isopentyl alcohol, n-hexanol and isohexyl alcohol. In addition, a small amount of water may be added to the reaction mixture to facilitate the solubilization of the cyanide-containing reactant in the mixture. 
     The reaction is readily conducted by placing the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-hydrocarbyloxymethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol and the other reaction mixture components in a reaction vessel having agitation means. The process is preferably conducted in a substantially anhydrous reaction system, and accordingly, the components of the reaction system should be brought together and maintained under a substantially dry, inert atmosphere. Thus, while it is possible to conduct this process in the presence of air or moisture, as when water is added to the reaction mixture, it is desirable to maintain the reaction system under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen or the like. 
     The mode of addition is not particularly critical. Accordingly, it is convenient to add the phenol reactant to a mixture of the other materials, add the cyanide reactant to a mixture of the other materials, introduce all ingredients simultaneously into the reaction zone or the like. The process should be carried out for a time sufficient to convert substantially all of the phenol reactant to the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol intermediate. In general, the length of time for optimum yield depends primarily on the reaction temperature and the particular solvent used in the reaction. However, reaction ordinarly proceeds very rapidly and thus long reaction times are not required. The reaction can be completed in a matter of minutes or at most a few hours at the reaction conditions. 
     Although the rection will proceed at a very slow rate at ambient temperatures, it is convenient to conduct the reaction at an elevated temperature of at least about 50° C. up to the decomposition temperature of any of the reactants or the products. Ambient atmospheric pressure can be used or pressures lower or higher than ambient pressure can be used. However, there is no advantage to using less than ambient pressure. Higher than ambient pressure conditions are usually used if temperatures higher than the boiling point at atmospheric conditions of the reaction mixture are being used. However, by proper choice of the solvent to form the liquid phase desired, temperatures can be reached within the range of about 50° C. up to the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture at ambient atmospheric conditions which give a suitable reaction rate. 
     Conversion of the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-hydrocarbyloxymethyl)2,6-di-hydrocarbyl phenol reactant to the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol in accordance with the practice of the invention results in substantially very little by-product formation, such as unreacted phenol, and bis(hydroxyphenyl)methane. Recovery of the product is achieved by conventional means such as evaporation and water wash or extraction with a suitable organic solvent. 
     For best results, it is desirable to employ an excess of the cyanide reactant relative to the 2,6-di-substituted phenol reactant. Normally, the reaction system will contain at least one molar equivalent of cyanide per mole of phenol reactant and preferably the molar ratio of the cyanide to the phenol is 2 or more. 
     In general, any of the various dealkylation procedures using conditions and catalysts known in the art for causing dealkylation may be used in removing the substituent groups ortho to the hydroxyl group from the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)-2,6-di-substituted phenol to produce a reaction product containing a substantial amount of the corresponding 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol intermediate providing they do not interfere with the course of the reaction. Preferably, dealkylation is achieved in high yield at elevated temperatures using an aluminum phenoxide or a Lewis acid catalyst in the presence of an aromatic or substituted aromatic compound. The conditions used for such dealkylations are well known and are reported in the literature. See, for example, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 34, 1160 (1969) and references cited therein, all disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The dealkylation process most conveniently employed comprises heating the 2,6-di-substituted phenol at an elevated temperature below the decomposition temperature of the desired 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol intermediate product, such as from about 60° C. to 250° C. in the presence of a dealkylation catalyst and an aromatic hydrocarbon or a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, such as, for example, benzene, toluene, xylene and the like. Although it is not a requirement of the dealkylation process, the reaction can be carried out under an inert, non-reactive atmosphere, such as nitrogen, if desired. 
     In the reaction, the aromatic compound serves both as a solvent for the reaction and as an acceptor for the substituent groups ortho to the hydroxyl group in the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol reactants which are dealkylated in a transalkylation process. Dealkylation results in the formation of substituted aromatic by-products, such as, for example, a mixture of ortho- and para-t-butyl toluene when toluene is employed as the aromatic compound in the reaction from which the desired 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol intermediate product can be separated and recovered using well-known techniques such as distillation, fractional distillation, crystallization or extraction techniques, etc. It is not necessary, however, to first recover the desired intermediate phenol product from the reaction mixture prior to subsequent hydrolysis of the intermediate to the corresponding acid. For best results, it is desirable to employ an excess of aromatic or substituted aromatic compound relative to the di-substituted phenol reactant. Normally, the reaction system will contain at least 2 molar equivalents of aromatic reactant per mole of alkylated phenol reactant and preferably the molar ratio of the aromatic reactant to the alkylated phenol reactant is more than 2. 
     Aromatic hydrocarbons or substituted aromatic hydrocarbons which may be used in the dealkylation reaction include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trimethylbenzene, tetrahydronaphthylene, isobutylbenzene, phenols (e.g., phenol, cresol, o-isopropylphenol, 4-hydroxyanisole, mono-, di-, and tribromophenol, etc., halobenzenes (e.g., mono-, di- and trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzenes, bromobenzenes, chlorobromobenzenes), aromatic ethers (e.g., anisole, diphenylether, etc.), and the like. 
     Dealkylation of the substituted phenol in accordance with the invention is conducted, for example, by charging to a suitable reaction vessel the substituted phenol of choice, the solvent and the dealkylation catalyst, optionally under a blanket of nitrogen, and then heating to a temperature below the decomposition temperature of the desired 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol intermediate product, but high enough to effect dealkylation of the substituted phenol. 
     As pointed out hereinabove, the dealkylation reaction can be conducted over a wide temperature range below the decomposition temperature of the desired dealkylated product. While the reaction will proceed at ambient temperatures at a very slow rate, in general, dealkylation is carried out at a temperature range of from about 60° C. to about 250° C. and will vary within this range depending upon the solvent of choice. 
     In general dealkylation is carried out at atmospheric pressure although pressures above atmospheric pressure can be used if desired. 
     The dealkylation reaction should be carried out for a time sufficient to convert substantially all of the substituted phenol starting material to the desired dealkylated phenol intermediate product. The length of time required to obtain substantially complete dealkylation of the substituted phenol will depend primarily upon the operating temperature and the particular substituted phenol used in the reaction. 
     A wide variety of catalysts known in the art for causing dealkylation may be used in the practice of the process. For example, dealkylation catalysts such as phenoxy derivatives of such elements as aluminum, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, zirconium, titanium, bismuth, tin, etc., where the phenoxy moiety may be the phenoxy radical itself, the cresoxy radical, the xyloxy radical, etc. Also, Lewis acids, preferably aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, etc., which are predominantly para-directing catalysts when used as alkylation catalysts may be used for the dealkylation reaction. A most preferred dealkylation catalyst is aluminum chloride. 
     The amount of catalyst used is an amount sufficient to promote dealkylation of the substituted phenol reactant. While an amount as little as 0.1 mole percent up to amounts of about 20 mole percent based on the weight of the di-substituted phenol reactant can be used, for best results it is desirable to employ an even greater amount of catalyst up to, for example, 120 mole percent. 
     A variety of well-known hydrolysis procedures can be used for converting the 4-(α-hydrocarbyl-α-cyanomethyl)phenol to the corresponding α-hydrocarbyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The hydrolysis can be performed in the presence of water and a suitable polar organic solvent such as low-molecular weight alcohols (e.g., methanol or ethanol), 1,4-dioxane, acetone, low-molecular weight carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid or propionic acid), N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide or the like. 
     While hydrolysis may be performed in a neutral system or an acidic system, basic hydrolysis is preferred. The reagent of choice is aqueous sodium hydroxide. Reaction temperatures will usually fall between 0° C. and the boiling point of the reaction medium. However, temperatures above the boiling point of the reaction medium can be utilized at elevated pressures to increase the rate of hydrolysis, if desired. These and other details of the hydrolysis reaction can be found in the literature--see, for example, March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977), pp. 809-10 and references cited therein, all disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The practice of this invention will be still further apparent by the following illustrative examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Di-t-Butylphenylacetonitrile 
     Sodium cyanide (2.94 g; 50 mmol) was slurried in methanol (20 mLs) in a 100 mL round bottom flask and the slurry was heated to a gentle reflux. To the cyanide slurry, a solution of 4-methoxymethyl-2,6-di-t-butyl phenol (12.5 g; 50 mmol), toluene (20 mLs) and methanol (25 mLs) was added dropwise over a period of time of 55 minutes. The resultant black reaction mixture was refluxed an additional 35 minutes after complete addition of the 4-methoxymethyl-2,6-di-t-butyl phenol. Upon cooling to ambient temperature, 2N hydrochloric acid (40 mLs) was added to the reaction flask. A yellow slurry which resulted was extracted with diethyl ether. The ether extract was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to afford 11.74 grams of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenylacetonitrile as identified by NMR. Analysis by VPC indicated a 95% yield of 4-hydroxy-2,6-di-t-butylphenylacetonitrile. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of 4 -Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile 
     A solution of 4-(α-isopropyl-α-cyanomethyl)2,6-di-t-butylphenol (2.45 g; 10 mmoles) and 25 mL toluene was charged to a reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer and reflux condenser. Aluminum chloride (1.7 g; 13 mmoles) was added to the reactor vessel in 3 or 4 increments while vigorous agitation was maintained. After the aluminum chloride addition was complete, the solution was stirred for 12 hours under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was treated with 2N hydrochloric acid (10 mLs) and brine (20 mLs). Organic and aqueous phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (2×20 mLs). The combined organic portion was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Upon evaporation of the ether solvent, 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile (0.54 g) crystallized. Structure was confirmed by NMR. The mother liquor was concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.23 g of crude 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, whose structure was confirmed by NMR. An overall yield of 63% was obtained. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Preparation of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile 
     In a 100 mL round bottom flask, a toluene solution (25 mLs) of 4-(α-cyanomethyl-2,6-di-t-butylphenol was treated with solid aluminum chloride at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. After addition of the aluminum chloride was complete, the reaction mixture was heated with the aid of an oil bath to 70°-75° C. and maintained at that temperature for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, water (25 mLs) was added to the flask. The organic and aqueous layers were separated and the aqueous layer was subsequently extracted with ether (2×20 mLs). The combined organic phase was extracted with approximately 3N sodium hydroxide (2×15 mLs). This basic extract was then acidified to pH 6 with concentrated hydrochloric acid. 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile precipitated from the acidic solution and was collected by filtration. Precipitated 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile was dissolved in ether (10 mLs) and the combined ether portion was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to afford 1.10 g of 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile as a brown solid. Drying overnight in vacuo gave  1.0 g dry weight of 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile for a 75% isolated yield. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Preparation of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid 
     4-(α-Cyanomethyl)phenyl (1.3 g; 10 mmoles) was charged to a 30 mL stainless steel autoclave along with 2.37 g NaOH and 15.5 g water and 0.18 g of toluene. The solution was heated at 130° C. for 4 hours with vigorous stirring. After 4 hours, the reaction vessel was cooled to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was discharged into a separatory funnel, and the pressure vessel was washed with 30 mL of water which was added to the reaction mixture. The resultant mixture was washed with methylene chloride to remove residual t-butyl toluene, cooled to 10° C. and acidified to a pH between 1 and 2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The product was separated by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum (20 mm Hg/60° C.) to give 1.1 g of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as characterized by NMR. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford a solid residue which was sublimed (150° C. 1 mm Hg). 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (0.25) was collected from the cold finger. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Overall yield was 88.9%. 
     Having disclosed the process of the present invention, one skilled in the art can readily envision various modifications and changes which are nevertheless within the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is desired that the process of this invention be limited only by the lawful scope of the appended claims.