Sheet products and preparation process thereof
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 253,512, filed as PCT FR80/00115, Jul. 8, 1980, published as WO81/00268, Feb. 5, 1981 §102(e) date Mar. 10, 1981 now abandoned. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to novel products in sheet form containing a thermoplastic and cellulosic fibres; it also relates to a process for preparing said novel products and to the applications of said novel products. 
     It has already been recommended to improve certain properties of the thermoplastics substances by incorporating therein fibres with high modulus of elasticity. Glass, carbon, asbestos and boron fibres are currently used for reinforcing certain thermoplastics substances, such as polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes (polyethylenes and polypropylenes), polyesters, polystyrenes, with a view to increasing the rigidity, resistance to shock, tensile strength, and to improving the dimensional stability. 
     Furthermore, it is known that cellulosic fibres have already been used for reinforcing thermosetting substances, such as urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins, which have a good chemical affinity for cellulose, which circumstance promotes the dispersion of the cellulosic fibres within the polymer (cf. to this end British Pat. No. 1 319 371 which describes the preparation of a sheet from cellulosic fibres and an organic filler in powder form constituted by an urea-formaldehyde polymer). 
     Finally, French Pat. No. 70 31148 recommends in particular a process for manufacturing a paper sheet based on cellulose fibres, which may contain substantial quantities of a finely divided natural or synthetic polymer. 
     Thus, the known materials based on fibres and plastics material are in two different classes: one consisting in reinforcing a thermoplastic material with relatively small quantities of a reinforcing fibre, the other consisting in modifying the properties of a paper based on cellulosic fibres by the incorporation, in this paper, of a certain quantity of a thermoplastic material. 
     The present invention covers the technical domain consisting in the reinforcement of a thermoplastics material using cellulosic fibres. 
     Thus, the present invention desribes a novel technical solution for solving the problem of the dispersion of cellulosic fibres within a thermoplastic polymer, which consists in operating in a medium where said cellulosic fibres are easily dispersible; a sheet is formed by paper-making methods from an aqueous suspension comprising the cellulosic fibres and the thermoplastics substance in powder form, on the one hand, and other essential ingredients (binding agent and flocculating agent as indicated hereinafter), on the other hand. 
     One of the purposes of the invention is to propose a thermoplastics sheets having improved mechanical properties and more precisely important properties such as rigidity, tensile strength, resistance to shock and dimensional stability. 
     Another purpose of the invention is to obtain, by means of a paper machine, a thermoplastics sheet which, after having been shaped and dried, may be subjected to a complementary treatment (such as impregnation, couching, glazing) conventional in papermaking. 
     A further object of the invention is to improve the dimensional stability, the internal cohesion in the dry and wet state, suppleness and resistance to bending of a thermoplastic sheet substrate which may be used in particular as coating support for covering panels and, in particular, for ground coverings. 
     It is another object of the invention to propose a novel material to industries transforming plastics material in the form of granules obtained by cutting up and granulation of the thermoplastics sheet manufactured on paper machine according to the process. 
     The following advantages of the invention may in particular be mentioned: 
     savings of thermoplastics material resulting from the use of materials with reinforced properties, 
     savings in production costs resulting from the use of machines with a high hourly rate of production (paper machines), replacing machines for manufacturing the thermoplastics sheets by calendering, extrusion or coating. 
     The following applications of the invention may in particular be mentioned: 
     use of the thermoplastics sheets manufactured on paper machine as support for coating of plasticized PVC for ground covering when the thermoplastics substance introduced into the sheet is PVC and the sheet is filled and plasticized; 
     the use of the thermoplastics sheet manufactured on paper machine as calendering material; 
     the use of the thermoplastics sheet manufactured on paper machine as heat-shaping material; 
     the use of the thermoplastics sheet as support of coating or couching for printing-writing; 
     the transformation of the thermoplastics sheet manufactured on paper machine by cutting up and possibly granulation, into a raw material for use in extrusion, blow-moulding, injection, moulding. 
     The materials in sheet form according to the present invention are characterised in that they comprise: 
     the constituents of a basic mixture comprising 
     5 to 30% by weight of cellulosic fibres 
     95 to 70% by weight of a powder of thermoplastics material 
     and the elements indispensable for preparing a shapable sheet by application of the paper-making techniques, namely, essentially at least one organic binding agent and at least one flocculating agent. 
     According to the invention, any cellulosic fibre or mixtures of these fibres may be used. However, the preferred cellulosic fibres are those which are refined to a Shopper-Riegler (S.R.) degree of between 15 and 65. Fibres of softwood will advantageously be chosen as they are more resistant than those of hardwood. 
     It is possible to replace part of the cellulosic fibres which constitute the basic mixture by mineral or organic, natural or synthetic fibres. Thus, in the materials according to the invention, about 30% of the fibres may be non-cellulosic. 
     Table I hereinafter gives a list of cellulosic or non-cellulosic fibres which may be used within the scope of the invention. 
     Among non-cellulosic fibres, particular mention will be made of the possible use of glass fibres which are especially advantageous as they give the products in sheet form according to the invention a dimensional stability which is quite remarkable. When it is desired to use large quantities of these glass fibres, it has appeared desirable to use, simultaneously, polyvinyl alchol fibres, insoluble in cold water, whose function is to facilitate the dispersion of the glass fibres in the aqueous suspensions. 
     Particularly advantageous mixtures of fibres are constituted by about 14 parts of cellulosic fibres, 2 parts of glass fibres and possibly 1 part of polyvinyl alcohol fibres. 
     All thermoplastics substances in powder form (also called thermoplastics polymers here) are suitable for making the thermoplastics sheet according to the invention and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyalkylenes--particularly high density polyethylene (hdPE, low density polyethylene (ldPE), polypropylene (hdPP; ldPP), polybutadiene and polyisoprene, polystyrene (PS), polyamides (PA), the polymers and copolymers obtained in particular from acrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters thereof, polycarbonate (PC), polyacetal and thermoplastics polyesters. Among suitable copolymers, mention may particularly be made of acrylonitrile-styrene, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene, styrene-butadiene, ABS copolymers. If need be, the thermoplastics substance may be previously associated with a plasticizer. The preferred substance is possibly plasticized PVC. 
     The thermoplastics powders may advantageously be used straight from polymerisation when their granulometry is appropriate. Failing this, they must be ground to obtain the desired granulometry. Recovered plastics materials are also suitable on condition that they are correctly ground. Thermoplastics powders are preferably chosen whose granulometry is less than or equal to 500 microns. 
     Moreover, part of the powder of thermoplastics material used in the basic mixture may be replaced by a non-binding mineral filler. A list of non-binding mineral fillers is given, by way of example, in Table IV. These fillers, used currently in the paper-making industry, have particles whose dimensions (mean diameter) are at the most equal to 80 microns. The quantity of non-binding filler will at the most be 40% by weight with respect to the weight of the thermoplastics material in powder form. 
     The materials according to the invention will comprise at least one organic binding agent indispensable for constituting the sheets in accordance with the paper-making technique. The binding agent ensures the bonding of the constituents of the thermoplastics sheet and may, if need be, reinforce the physical properties of the sheet. Among the suitable binding agents, particular mention may be made of those of Table II hereinafter. The preferred binding agents are latexes (acrylics, styrene-butadiene) and starch, particularly starch comprising in its linear polymer constituent (i.e. amylose) 50 to 6000 anhydroglucose units per molecule, such as for example native starch (obtained from potato) and native starch of maize which contains 100 to 6000 anhydroglucose units (in the linear polymer) per molecule, and starches modified by chemical or enzymatic means which contain 50 to 3000 anhydroglucose units (in the linear polymer) per molecule. 
     The quantity of binding agent which may be used is from 0.2 to about 30 parts by dry weight (advantageously 2 to 10 parts by dry weight) for 100 parts of the basic mixture (fibres and thermoplastics powder--possibly mineral filler). 
     The materials according to the invention will also comprise at least one flocculating agent indispensable for constituting the sheet in accordance with the paper-making technique. 
     Among suitable flocculating agents, particular mention may be made of metal salts, such as in particular salts of aluminium, iron(II), iron(III), zinc and chromium, such as halides, sulfates and phosphates and the other substances indicated in Table III hereinafter. The preferred flocculating agent according to the invention is aluminium polychloride which is a substance also known under the name of aluminium hydroxychloride, whose general formula is (OH) y  Al x  Cl z-y-x  and which is particularly marketed by the firm Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann under the trademark &#34;WAC&#34;. 
     The or each flocculating agent will, according to the process of the invention, be used in two fractions: The first fraction of the flocculating agent, which is introduced before the binding agent, and the binding agent ensure a first agglomeration of the constituents of the basic mixture. The second fraction of the flocculating agent reinforces the cohesion of the constituents of the basic mixture and thus improves the retention on the paper machine and the resistance of the flocs. Of course, either the same flocculating agent may be used before and after the binding agent, or different flocculating agents, or, finally, mixtures of flocculating agents. 
     The quantity of flocculating agent which may be used is, in total, 0.02 to about 10 parts for 100 parts of the basic mixture. 
     Other adjuvants, conventional in paper-making, such as water-repellant agents, lubricating agents, anti-foaming or foam-breaking agents, dyes, optical blueing agents, antioxidants, may be present in the sheets according to the invention. 
     Table V gives a non-limiting list of the water-repellant agents (the preferred products being products H 1  and H 4  of said Table). 
     Table VII gives a non-limiting list of auxiliary agents which may possibly be used according to the invention. 
     Furthermore, it is known that a certain number of plastics materials present optimal properties only insofar as these materials are plasticized. It is therefore possible to introduce, further, in the products according to the invention from 10 to 100% by weight, with respect to the weight of the thermoplastics material (more particularly in the case of PVC), of plastcizer. 
     In practice, it is known that the plasticizing of the thermoplastics materials may be effected either by internal plasticizing or by external plasticizing. 
     Internal plasticizing is effected in the course of manufacture of the thermoplastics material by copolymerisation of &#34;soft&#34; and &#34;hard&#34; polymers. 
     External plasticizing is effected by incorporating in the thermoplastics material an agent having a good solvent and swelling power with respect to said thermoplastics material used. 
     According to the present invention, plasticizing may be effected by one or the other method described hereinabove. External plasticizers which may be used, particularly in the case of PVC, are adipic esters (dibutyl adipate, benzyloctyl adipate), phosphoric esters (tricresyl, triphenyl, diphenylsylenile, trichloroethyl), diphenyloctyl, trioctyl phosphates), phthalic esters (dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, dinonyl, benzylbutyl, dicyclohexyl phthalates), sulfonic esters, chlorinated paraffins. With PVC powder, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (abbreviated to DOP) will preferably be used. 
     The present invention also relates to a process for preparing sheets as described hereinabove. 
     The process according to the invention for preparing by paper-making techniques a thermoplastics sheet reinforced with cellulosic fibres, in which a thermoplastics powder and cellulosic fibres are used, is characterized in that: 
     (1) an aqueous suspension is prepared from a basic mixture (chosen from the group constituted by (i) the fibres and the thermoplastics substance in powder form when there is no non-binding mineral filler and (ii) the fibres, the thermoplastics substance in powder form and the non-binding mineral filler when the latter is present), an organic binding agent and a flocculating agent, then a sheet is formed, by means of the suspension thus obtained, by the wet process, which is pressed and dried; and 
     (2) if necessary, the thermoplastics sheet thus obtained is subjected to at least one complementary treatment. 
     The process according to the invention is carried out in step (1) from four essential means, namely the cellulosic fibres, the thermoplastics substance in powder form, the organic binding agent and the flocculating agent. Other means may be used in step (1), namely a non-binding mineral filler, a plasticizing agent, an anti-static agent, an antioxidant agent, a core-forming agent (which particularly acts as expansion agent, especially for PVC), a dispersing agent (for the thermoplastics substance), an emulsifying agent (to emulsify the plasticizing agent) and one or more adjuvants conventional in paper-making, such as water-repellants, anti-foam and/or foam-breaking agents, dyes, optical blueing agents, retention agents, lubricating agents. 
     To carry out step (1), it is important not to introduce into the aqueous suspension of the basic mixture (abbreviated hereinafter to BM) all the flocculating agent before the organic binding agent. It is rathermore recommended, in order to reduce the losses under wire, either to introduce the flocculating agent after the binding agent, or, preferably, to introduce part of the flocculating agent before the binding agent is added, then the rest after the binding agent. 
     Of course, the relative quantities of the various constituents (fibres, thermoplastics material in powder form, possibly non-binding filler, flocculating agent, binding agent, new flocculating agent and other additives) must be in accordance with what is mentioned hereinabove. 
     According to a specific characteristic of step (1), 0.02 to 10 parts by weight of flocculating agent are introduced for 100 parts by weight of BM. The following will preferably be introduced into the aqueous suspension comprising 100 parts by weight of BM: 
     (i) 0.01 to 4 parts (advantageously 0.01 to 3 parts) by weight of flocculating agent, 
     (ii) the organic binding agent 
     (iii) 0.01 to 6 parts (advantageously 0.01 to 5 parts) by weight of flocculating agent. 
     The thermoplastics polymer may be used either in the form of a dry powder or in the form of a dispersion in water; in the latter case, the dispersion may comprise a small proportion, for example from 0.1 to 1%, of a dispersing agent. 
     For incorporating plasticizer in the thermoplastics sheet (particularly by a surface treatment), it is advantageous to emulsify the plasticizer by means of a conventional emulsifier in the textile or paper-making industry. For example, the derivatives of ethylpolyglycol ether will be chosen, which are particularly advantageous for obtaining homogeneous and stable aqueous emulsion. The dose of emulsifying agent will be of the order of 0.05 to 2% by weight with respect to the weight of the plasticizer. Emulsifying is obtained by adding the plasticizer in water containing the emulsifying agent and by mixing with an apparatus of the mixer type rotating at more than 250 r.p.m. This mixture with variable concentration of dioctylphthalate in water will contain for example from 100 to 990 g of dioctylphthalate for 1000 g of mixture. This technique is particularly advantageous when the plasticizer is added at step 1 of the process. 
     However, the most advantageous process for incorporating the plasticizer is by effecting this incorporation at step 2 of the process using the so-called size-press technique as mentioned hereinafter. 
     If necessary, an antioxidant agent may be introduced at step (1) to avoid ageing of the thermoplastics substance coming in the thermoplastics sheet according to the invention, in particular to prevent superficial cracks in the polystyrene, the yellowing and reduction of the mechanical properties of the PVC, under the action of the UV rays. Among suitable anti-oxidant agents, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazol may be used, preferably at the dose of 0.1 to 5% by weight with respect to the weight of the thermoplastics substance in powder form. 
     If necessary, an antistatic agent will be introduced either at step (1) or at step (2). 
     Other adjuvants, conventional in paper-making, may be used, if need be, at step (1), such as for example water-proofing agents (also called sizing agents), lubricating agents, anti-foam or foam-breaking agents, dyes, optical blueing agents. Among suitable water-proofing agents, particular mention may be made of those of Table V and, among the auxiliary agents, those mentioned in Table VII given hereinafter. 
     The water-proofing agent is preferably introduced at step (1) after the organic binding agent and before the 2nd fraction of flocculating agent. The quantity of water-proofing agent may be between 0.05 and 10 (advantageously between 0.05 and 5 and, preferably, between 0.1 and 3) parts by dry weight for 100 parts by weight of BM. The preferred water-proofing agents are products H 1  and H 2  of Table V hereinafter. 
     If necessary, at least one auxiliary agent is added at step (1) at the same time as the water-proofing agent or thereafter, said auxiliary agent being chosen particularly from the group constituted by the resistance agents in the wet state (0.1 to 5 parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM), anti-foam agents (0.05 to 0.2 parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM), dyes (in a sufficient quantity for the desired effect), fungicidal agents and, if need be, lubricating agents (0.2 to 5 parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM). 
     By carrying out step (1), a theroplastics sheet is obtained having a weight per surface unit of between 15 and 1500 g/m 2 . 
     The sheet obtained at step (1) is subjected, if necessary, at step (2) to one or more complementary treatments, on paper machine or outside of paper machine in order in particular: 
     to improve the appearance, surface unity, to increase the superficial resistance and render the mechanical properties uniform, 
     to reinforce the rigidity or suppleness, 
     to obtained particular properties such as fire-proofing, non-stick, non-greasability, heat-sealability and special effects such as barrier effects and imputrescibility (resistance to bacteria and to fungi). 
     To this end, the means to be used are particularly the size-press, roll coater, reverse roll, presses with metal blade, with air knife, or presses with scraper. To these means are added transformation means for exploiting the thermoplasticizing on paper machine or outside of paper machine (hot air oven, gas oven, infrared, hot rolling) and for improving the surface unity: glazing, calendering and/or graining. 
     Step (2) may generally comprise the addition of at least one substance chosen from the group constituted by mineral fillers, organic binders, plasticizers, antioxidants, antistatic agents and adjuvants conventionally used in paper-making such as in particular sizers, dispersing agents, pigments, fluorescent agents, shading dyes, lubricating agents, viscosity modifying agents, anti-foam agents, insolubilising agents and antibiotics by means of an aqueous bath of 10 to 600 g/l. Of course, step 2 will be carried out as a function of the desired objectives. 
     From the practical point of view, at least one binding agent, particularly a binding agent of Table VI hereinafter and, if need be, at least one substance chosen from the non-binding mineral fillers (such as those described hereinabove in step (1), auxiliary agents (such as those given in Table VII), plasticizers and emulsifiers for plasticizers, may be used in step 2. 
     The quantity of dry material which may be deposited in step (2) is, in particular, between 1 and 200 g/m 2 , taking into account the different coating means which may be used and the final properties required. By way of indication, in a non-pigmented size-press, 1 to 10 g/m 2  of dry matter may be applied. By pigmented couching with a Champion scraper, between 3 and 30 g/m 2  of dry matter may be applied on a face in one passage. On an air knife, 5 to 40 g/m 2  of dry matter may be applied on a face in one passage. With rigid or supple trailing blade, 5 to 40 g/m 2  of dry matter may be applied on a face in one passage. 
     The modi operandi of step 2 for adding the agents mentioned hereinabove are those described in European patent application No. 79400405.1 of June 19, 1979. 
     The best embodiment of the process according to the invention will be described hereinafter. 
     Step (1) comprises the following steps: 
     (a) of introducing with stirring into an aqueous suspension of fibres at 10-50 g/l (cellulosic fibres refined to an SR degree of between 15 and 65, associated, if need be, with other fibres, particularly glass and PVA fibres), the thermoplastics substance in powder form having a granulometry less than or equal to 500μ (if necessary said thermoplastics substance has been previously dispersed in water by means of a dispersing agent); 
     (b) of adding, if need be, a non-binding mineral filler to the suspension obtained; 
     (c) of diluting the flocculating agent in water from 1 to 10 times. This will preferably be a mineral flocculating agent (aluminium polychloride) which is introduced into the resultant suspension at a rate of 0.01 to 4 parts (preferably 0.01 to 3 parts) by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM; 
     (d) incorporating the binding agent (which may in particular be native starch previously baked at 80°-90° C., or a latex in aqueous emulsion at a concentration of 15 to 100 g/l), into the resultant suspension with stirring, either discontinuously or, preferably, continuously in the head circuits of the paper machine. 
     (e) incorporating either discontinuously in the mixing vat or continuously in the head circuits an antioxidant agent, an antistatic agent, a water-proofing agent, a blueing agent, one or more dyes, an anti-foam agent and possibly the lubricant. 
     (f) introducing the second fraction of the flocculating agent, before the headbox, at a rate of 0.01 to 6 parts (preferably 0.01 to 5 parts) by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM. The flocculating agent plays at this step an important role on the flocculation, retention and draining. These last two properties may, if need be, be improved by adding a retention agent conventional in paper-making. 
     (g) introducing the resultant suspension in the headbox and forming a thermoplastics sheet by pressing on a wire as described for example in the above-mentioned European patent application. 
     (h) after passage over the wire, proceeding with a conventional pressing, partly wet, by means of one or more multiple presses (covered or bare), with drying at a temperature of the order of 100° to 150° C., and, if need be, with the exploitation of the thermoplasticizing (for example treatment at 130°-280° C.). 
     The sheet obtained at step 1 which has a weight per surface unit of between 15 and 1500 g/m 2  is subjected, if need be, to step 2. 
     Step 2 comprises one or more treatments on paper machine or outside of paper machine. 
     The quantities of matter deposited on the fibrous sheet in the course of these surface treatments are very variable and obviously depend on the desired objectives and the manufacturing means used. In the conventional applications of printing-writing, these surface treatments may be of the type currently used on cellulosic supports. For special applications, their nature will be a function of the desired properties. 
    
    
     Other advantages and features of the invention will be more readily understood on reading the following non-limiting examples given by way of illustration. 
     EXAMPLES 1 TO 14 
     By proceeding as indicated hereinabove in the best embodiment, reinforced thermoplastics sheets have been prepared, having a weight per surface unit of the order of 500 g/m 2 , the quantities and nature of the products used being given in Table VIII hereinafter, the sheets obtained in step 1 being dried at a temperature of the order of 100°-150° C., the sheets subjected to the treatment of step 2 also being dried at a temperature of the order of 100°-150° C. after said treatment. 
     The sheets thus obtained were then subjected to a thermoplasticizing at 180° C. for 3 minutes, then tested. The results of these tests have been shown in Table IX hereinafter; they enable the following conclusions to be drawn. 
     Examples 1 to 3 (prepared from PVC in powder form) show the favourable influence of the increase in the cellulosic fibre content on the physical properties, and in particular stiffness. 
     The presence of a plasticizer has a beneficial effect as far as suppleness is concerned. 
     The association of glass fibres with the cellulosic fibres (Examples 6-7 and 11) improves the dimensional stability in the wet state. 
     The surface treatment of step (2) is generally beneficial regarding the resistance to bending. More precisely, the sheets of Examples 7 and 11-14 do not present any crack after repeated bendings; they may be used as base support for making broad width (4 m) ground covering. 
     All the sheets obtained have a good aptitude for heat-shaping: it is therefore particularly advantageous to use them for heat-shaping recipients adapted to contain foodstuffs such as in particular dairy products (yoghurt, butter, fresh cheese, etc . . . ) and mayonnaise. 
     Finally, these sheets may be cut up then granulated to produce by extrusion, injection, plastic products reinforced with cellulosic fibres. 
     EXAMPLES 15 AND 16 
     By treatment in step 2 of the sheets of Examples 8 and 9 on a face by means of a conventional pigmented layer to improve the surface appearance, sheets are obtained having good properties of printability. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
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Fibres which may be used                                                  
Reference Type of fibre                                                   
______________________________________                                    
F1        bleached softwood kraft pulp                                    
F2        semi-bleached softwood kraft pulp                               
F3        unbleached softwood kraft pulp                                  
F4        bleached softwood bisulfite pulp                                
F5        unbleached softwood bisulfite pulp                              
F6        bleached hardwood kraft pulp                                    
F7        semi-bleached hardwood kraft pulp                               
F8        unbleached mechanical pulp                                      
F9        bleached mechanical pulp                                        
F10       Blend F1-F6 (80:20) by weight                                   
F11       Polyethlene fibres (preferably 0.8 to 1 mm                      
          long                                                            
F12       Glass fibres (preferably 5 to 15μ in diameter                
          and 3 to 6 mm long)                                             
F13       Fibres of calcium sulfate or acicular gypsum                    
          (preferably 0.5 to 3 mm long)                                   
F14       Rayon fibres                                                    
F15       Recovered fibres                                                
F16       Blend F1-F13 (50:50) by weight                                  
F17       Blend F1-F11 (75:25) by weight                                  
F18       Blend F1-F12 (14:2) by weight                                   
F19       Chemical pulp of bleached straw                                 
F20       Chemical pulp of bleached alfa                                  
F21       Blend F1-F11 (16:9) by weight                                   
F22       Blend F1-F12 (18 2) by weight                                   
F23       Blend F1-F11-F12 (16:9 2) by weight                             
F24       Polypropylene fibres (preferably 0.8 to 1 mm                    
          long)                                                           
F25       Blend F1-F12 (19:5) weight                                      
F26       Rock wool (from 0.1 to 0.3 mm long)                             
F27       Blend F1-F11-F26 (16:8:3) by weight                             
F28       Polyvinyl alcohol fibres                                        
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                       TABLE II                                                    
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Binding agents which may be used                                          
References                                                                
        Type of binding agent                                             
______________________________________                                    
L1      Native starch                                                     
L2      Native starch, particularly native maize starch                   
L3      Phosphoric ester of starch (type Retamyl AP                       
        or Retabond AP)                                                   
L4      Carboxymethylated starch                                          
L5      Oxidised starch                                                   
L6      Enzymed starch (enzyme: α-amylase to obtain a dis-          
        tribution of the glucose units variable between 50                
        and 3000) (for the linear polymer amylose)                        
L7      Hydroxymethylated starch                                          
L8      Technical carboxymethylcellulose (5 to 30% of                     
        sodium chloride - degree of substitution: 0.7-0.8)                
L9      Polymer containing 87 to 90 parts by weight of                    
        ethyl acrylate unit, 1 to 8 parts by weight of acrylo-            
        nitrile units, 1 to 6 parts by weight of N--methylol-             
        acrylamide unit and 1 to 6 parts by weight of acrylic             
        acid unit. Aqueous dispersion at 40-55%                           
 L10    Polymer containing 60 to 75 parts by weight of                    
        ethyl acrylate unit, 5 to 15 parts by weight of                   
        acrylonitrile unit, 10 to 20 parts by weight of butyl             
        acrylate unit, 1 to 6 parts by weight of N--methylol-             
        acrylamide unit. Aqueous dispersion at 40- 55%                    
 L11    Polymer containing 60 to 65 parts by weight of                    
        butadiene unit, 35 to 40 parts by weight of acrylo-               
        nitrile unit and 1 to 7 parts by weight of methacrylic            
        acid unit. Aqueous dispersion at 40-55%                           
 L12    Polymer containing 38 to 50 parts by weight of                    
        styrene unit, 47 to 59 parts by weight of butadiene               
        unit and 1 to 6 parts by weight of methylacrylamide               
        unit. Aqueous dispersion at 40-55%                                
 L13    Polymer containing 53 to 65 parts by weight of                    
        styrene unit, 32 to 44 parts by weight of butadiene               
        unit and 1 to 6 parts by weight of methylacrylamide               
        unit. Aqueous dispersion at 40-55%                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Flocculating agents                                                       
References                                                                
        Type of flocculating agents                                       
______________________________________                                    
P1      Alumininum sulfate                                                
P2      Alumininum polychloride (aluminium hydroxy-                       
        chloride                                                          
P3      sodium and calcium aluminate                                      
P4      Blend of polyacrylic acid and polyacrylamide in                   
        5-30% (weight/volume) solution                                    
P5      Polyethyleneimine in 2-50% (weight/volume)                        
        solution                                                          
P6      Copolymer of acrylamide and of β-methacrylyloxy-             
        ethyltrimethylammonium methylsulfate                              
P7      Polyamine-epichlorohydrine and diamine-propyl-                    
        methylamine resin in 2-50% solution                               
P8      Polyamide-epichlorohydrine resin made from                        
        epichlorohydrine, adipic acid, caprolactame,                      
        diethylenetriamine and/or ethylenediamine, in                     
        2-50% solution                                                    
P9      Polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrine resin made                   
        from epichlorohydrine, dimethyl ester, adipic acid                
        and diethylenetriamine, in 2-50% solution                         
P10     Polyamide-epichlorohydrine resin made from epi-                   
        chlorohydrine, diethylenetriamine, adipic acid and                
        ethyleneimine.                                                    
P11     Polyamide-epichlorohydrine made from adipic acid,                 
        diethylenetriamine and a blend of epichlorohydrine                
        and dimethylamine in 2-50% solution                               
P12     Cationic polyamide-polyamine resin made from tri-                 
        ethylenetriamine                                                  
P13     Condensation products of aromatic sulfonic acids                  
        with formaldehyde                                                 
P14     Aluminium acetate                                                 
P15     Aluminium formate                                                 
P16     Blend of acetate, sulfate and formate of aluminium                
P17     Aluminium chloride (AlCl.sub.3)                                   
P18     Cationic starch                                                   
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  NB The solutions are aqueous solutions.                                 
 
    
     
                       TABLE IV                                                    
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Mineral fillers which may be used                                         
References                                                                
        Type of filler                                                    
______________________________________                                    
C1      Talc: Complex magnesium silicate - Particles of                   
        1 to 50μ  preferably 2 to 50μ                               
        Specific weight 2.7 to 2.8                                        
C2      Kaolin Complex silicate of aluminium hydrate -                    
        particles from 1 to 50μ,                                       
specific weight 2.58 to 50μ                                            
C3      Natural calcium carbonate particles of 1.5 to 20μ,             
specific weight 2.72 to 20μ                                            
C4      Precipitated calcium carbonate: particles of 1.5 to               
Specific weight 2.7ferably 2 to 20 μ                                   
specificNatural barium sulfate: particles 2 to 50μ                     
        weight about 4.4-4.5                                              
C5      Precipitated barium sulfate particles 2 to 20μ                 
        specific weight about 4.35                                        
specificSilica of diatoms particles of 2 to 50μ                        
        weight about 2 to 2.3                                             
C7      Precipitated barium sulfate: hydrated calcium                     
        sulfoaluminate                                                    
C8      Natural calcium sulfate particles of 2 to 50μ                  
        specific weight about 2.32 to 2.96                                
C9      Hydrated alumina particles of 2 to 50μ                         
C10     Sodium and calcium aluminate particles of 1 to 20μ             
        specific weight 2.2                                               
C11     Sodium silicoaluminate particles of 1 to 20μ                   
        specific weight about 2.12                                        
specificRutile titanium: particles 0.5 to 10μ                          
        weight about 4.2                                                  
C13     Anatase titanium particles of 0.5 to 10μ                       
        specific weight about 3.9                                         
C14     Blend C1-C6 (70:30) by weight                                     
C15     Blend C1-C3 (50:50) by weight                                     
C17     Blend C1-C12 (95:5) by weight                                     
C18     Magnesium hydroxide particles of 2 to 50μ                      
______________________________________                                    
 NB The specific weight is expressed in g/ml.                             
 
    
     
                       TABLE V                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Water-proofing agents which may be used                                   
References                                                                
        Types of water-proofing agents                                    
______________________________________                                    
H1      Dimer alkylketene in 5-12% (weight/volume)                        
        solution                                                          
H2      Paraffin-wax emulsion at 45-55% (weight/                          
        volume)                                                           
H3      Colophony                                                         
H4      Modified colophony (with or without paraffin)                     
        in 20-50% (weight/volume) aqueous emulsion                        
H5      Anhydride of dicarboxylic acids in 20-60%                         
        (weight/volume) solution or dispersion                            
H6      Mixture of ammonium salt of a copolymer of                        
        styrene and maleic anhydride (50/50) and a                        
        copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid, in                   
        solution or dispersion 20-60% (weight/volume)                     
H7      Ammonium salts of a copolymer of diisobutylene                    
        maleic anhydride and maleic acid, in 20-60%                       
        (weight/volume) solution or dispersion                            
H8      Ammonium salts of a copolymer of styrene, acrylic                 
        acid, and maleic acid, in 20-60% (weight/volume)                  
        solution or dispersion                                            
______________________________________                                    
 NB The suspensions and dispersions are here aqueous suspensions and      
 dispersions.                                                             
 
    
     
                       TABLE VI                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Binding agents which may be used in the surface treatment                 
(of step 2)                                                               
References                                                                
         Types of binding agent                                           
______________________________________                                    
L1 to L13                                                                 
         Binding agents recommended in Table II for                       
         the mass                                                         
L14      Polyvinyl alcohol                                                
L15      Casein                                                           
L16      Carboxymethylcellulose                                           
L17      Gelatine                                                         
L18      Methylethylcellulose                                             
L19      Carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex - 40-55%                    
         aqueous dispersion                                               
L20      Alginate                                                         
L21      Dextrines                                                        
L22      Copolymer based on vinylidene chloride -                         
         aqueous dispersion at 40-55%                                     
L23      Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE VII                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Auxiliary products which may be used                                      
References                                                                
         Types of auxiliary products                                      
______________________________________                                    
A1       Sodium polyphosphate                                             
A2       Sodium methacrylate                                              
A3       Melamine-formaldehyde                                            
A4       Urea-formaldehyde                                                
A5       Glyoxal, in 30-70% (weight/volume)                               
         aqueous solution                                                 
A6       Basic, acid, direct pigmentary shading dyes                      
A7       Optical blueing agent                                            
A8       Calcium stearate in 30-50% (weight/volume)                       
         aqueous solution                                                 
A9       Ammonium stearate in 30-50% (weight/volume)                      
         aqueous solution                                                 
 A10     Antifoam agent                                                   
 A11     Lubricating agent derived from fatty acid                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE VIII                              
__________________________________________________________________________
         Example 1                                                        
                Example 2                                                 
                        Example 3                                         
                                Example 4                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Step 1                                                                    
(1) Fibres F1 = 8 F1 = 14 F1 = 22 F1 = 20                                 
(2) Thermo-                                                               
           T1 = 64                                                        
                  T1 = 58 T1 = 50 T1 = 80                                 
plastic powder                                                            
(3) Organic dis-                                                          
           0.3%   0.3%    0.3%    0.3%                                    
persant                                                                   
(4) Mineral filler                                                        
           C1 = 28                                                        
                  C1 = 28 C1 = 28 --                                      
(5) Plasticizer                                                           
           30%    30%     30%     --                                      
(6) Emulsifier                                                            
            --     --      --     --                                      
(7) Flocculating                                                          
           P7 = 2 P7 = 2  P7 = 2  P2 = 0.5                                
agent                                                                     
                                  P7 = 1.5                                
(8) Binding agent                                                         
           L1 = 2 L1 = 2  L1 = 2  L9 =  10                                
           L9 = 8 L9 = 8  L9 = 8                                          
(9) Water- H1 = 0.1                                                       
                  H1 = 0.1                                                
                          H1 = 0.1                                        
                                  --                                      
proofing agent                                                            
(10) Antioxidant                                                          
           0.3%   0.3%    0.3%    0.3%                                    
(11) Antistatic                                                           
           1%     1%      1%      --                                      
(12) Auxiliary                                                            
           A10 = 0.1                                                      
                  A10 = 0.1                                               
                          A10 = 0.1                                       
                                  A10 = 0.1                               
(13) Flocculating                                                         
           P1 = 0.1                                                       
                  P1 = 0.5                                                
                          P1 = 0.5                                        
                                  P1 = 0.5                                
agent                                                                     
           P2 = 0.5                                                       
                  P2 = 0.5                                                
                          P2 = 0.5                                        
                                  P2 = 0.5                                
                                  P5 = 0.15                               
(14) Lubricant                                                            
            --     --      --     2                                       
Step 2                                                                    
(15) Treatment                                                            
            --     --      --     --                                      
Take-up (in g/m.sup.2)                                                    
            --     --      --                                             
__________________________________________________________________________
         Example 5                                                        
                Example 6                                                 
                        Example 7                                         
                                Example 8                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Step 1                                                                    
(1) Fibres F1 = 30                                                        
                  F18 = 6 F22 = 20                                        
                                  F1 = 30                                 
(2) Thermo-                                                               
           T1 = 70                                                        
                  T1 = 56 T1 = 80 T3 = 70                                 
plastics powder                                                           
(3) Organic dis-                                                          
           0.3%   0.3%    0.3%    0.3%                                    
persant                                                                   
(4) Mineral filler                                                        
           --     C1 = 28 --      --                                      
(5) Plasticizer                                                           
           --     30%     --      --                                      
(6) Emulsifier                                                            
           --     2%      --      --                                      
(7) Flocculating                                                          
           P2 = 0.5                                                       
                  P7 = 2  P2 = 2  P2 = 0.5                                
agent                                                                     
           P7 = 1.5               P7 = 1.5                                
(8) Binding agent                                                         
           L9 = 10                                                        
                  L1 = 2  L1 = 2  L9 =10                                  
                  L9 = 8  L9 = 8                                          
(9) Water- --     H1 = 0.1                                                
                          H = 0.1 --                                      
proofing agent                                                            
(10) Antioxidant                                                          
           0.3%   0.3%    --      --                                      
(11) Antistatic                                                           
           --     --      --      --                                      
(12) Auxiliary                                                            
           A10 =  A10 = 0.1                                               
                          A10 = 0.1                                       
                                  A10 = 0.1                               
           0.1                                                            
(13) Flocculating                                                         
           P1 = 0.1                                                       
                  P1 = 0.5                                                
                          P1 = 0.5                                        
                                  P2 = 1                                  
agent      P2 = 0.5                                                       
           P5 = 0.15                                                      
                  P2 = 0.5                                                
                          P2 = 0.5                                        
                                  P7 = 0.15                               
(14) Lubricant                                                            
           2      --      --      --                                      
Step 2                                                                    
(15) Treatment                                                            
           --     --      Size-press                                      
                                  --                                      
Take-up (in g/m.sup.2)                                                    
           --     --      100     --                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
     Example                                                              
            Example                                                       
                Example                                                   
                      Example                                             
                            Example                                       
                                  Example                                 
     9     10   11    12    13    14                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
Step 1                                                                    
(1)  F1 = 30                                                              
           F1 = 14                                                        
                F22 = 20                                                  
                      F1 = 10                                             
                            F1 = 30                                       
                                  F1 = 30                                 
(2)  T2 = 70                                                              
           T2 = 58                                                        
                T1 = 80                                                   
                      T1 = 90                                             
                            T3 = 70                                       
                                  T2 = 70                                 
(3)  0.3%  0.3% 0.3%  0.3%  0.3%  0.3%                                    
(4)  --    C1 = 28                                                        
                --    --    --    --                                      
(5)  --    --   --    --    --    --                                      
(6)  --    --   --    --    --    --                                      
(7)  P2 = 0.5                                                             
           P2 = 0.5                                                       
                P7 = 2                                                    
                      P7 = 2                                              
                            P2 = 0.5                                      
                                  P2 = 0.5                                
     P7 = 1.5                                                             
           P7 = 1.5                                                       
                L1 = 2                                                    
                      L1 = 2                                              
                            P7 = 1.5                                      
                                  P7 = 1.5                                
(8)  L9 = 10                                                              
           L9 = 10                                                        
                L9 = 8                                                    
                      L9 = 8                                              
                            L9 = 10                                       
                                  L9 = 10                                 
(9)  --    H1 = 0.1                                                       
                H1 = 0.1                                                  
                      H1 = 0.1                                            
                            --    H1 = 0.1                                
(10) --    0.3% --    --    --    0.3%                                    
(11) --    --   --    --    --    --                                      
(12) A10 = 0.1                                                            
           A10 =                                                          
                A10 = 0.1                                                 
                      A10 = 0.1                                           
                            A10 = 0.1                                     
                                  A10 = 0.1                               
           0.1                                                            
(13) P2 = 1                                                               
           P1 = 0.5                                                       
                P1    P1    P2 = 1                                        
                                  P2 = 1                                  
     P5 = 0.15                                                            
           P2 = 0.5                                                       
                P2    P2                                                  
     P5 = 0.15                                                            
           P2 = 0.5                                                       
                P2    P2    P5 = 0.15                                     
                                  P5 = 0.15                               
           P5 = 0.15                                                      
                P5    P5                                                  
(14) --    1    1     1     --    --                                      
Step 2                                                                    
(15) --    --   Size-press                                                
                      Size-press                                          
                            Size-press                                    
                                  Size-press                              
Take-                                                                     
     --    --   50    50    100   100                                     
up                                                                        
(g/m.sup.2)                                                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 NOTES                                                                    
 (1) The quantities of fibres are expressed in parts by weight            
 (2) The quantities of thermoplastics substance in powder form are        
 expressed in parts by weight the granulometry is less than 500μ; T1 = 
 PVC, T2 =  polyethylene and T3 = polystyrene                             
 (3) The quantities of organic dispersing agent are expressed in % by     
 weight with respect to the weight of the thermoplastics substance in     
 powder form.                                                             
 (4) The quantities of nonbinding mineral filler are expressed in parts by
 weight for 100 parts by weight of BM.                                    
 (5) The plasticizer is here bis(2ethylhexyl)-phthalate (abbreviated to   
 DOP); the quantities are expressed in % by weight with respect to the    
 weight of the thermoplastics substance in powder form.                   
 (6) The emulsifier of the plasticizer is here an arylpolyglycol ether; th
 quantities are expressed in % with respect to the weight of the          
 plasticizer.                                                             
 (7) The quantities of flocculating agent introduced before the binding   
 agent are expressed in parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM.    
 (8) The quantities of binding agent are expressed in parts by weight for 
 100 parts by weight of BM.                                               
 (9) The quantities of waterproofing agent are expressed in parts by weigh
 for 100 parts by weight of BM.                                           
 (10) The antioxidant is here 2(2-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl-2H--benzotriazol
 the quantities are expressed in % by weight with respect to the weight of
 the thermoplastics substance in powder form.                             
 (11) The antistatic agent is here a derivative of quaternary ammonium; th
 quantities are expressed in % by weight with respect to the weight of the
 thermoplastics substance in powder form.                                 
 (12) The quantities of auxiliary agent are expressed in parts by weight  
 for 100 parts by weight of BM.                                           
 (13) The quantities of floculating agent introduced after the binding    
 agent are expressed in parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM.    
 (14) The quantities of lubricant (derivative of fatty acid) are expressed
 in parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of BM.                        
 (15) The treatment in step 2 when it is effected concerns the addition by
 sizepress of a plasticizer (990 g/l aqueous emulsion of DOP containing 2%
 by weight of arylpolyglycol ether with respect to the weight of the DOP).
 
    
     
                                           TABLE IX                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Properties after thermoplasticizing at 180° C. for 3 minutes       
          Exam-                                                           
              Exam-                                                       
                  Exam-                                                   
                      Exam-                                               
                          Exam-                                           
                              Exam-                                       
                                  Exam-                                   
                                      Exam-                               
                                          Exam-                           
                                              Exam-                       
                                                  Exam-                   
                                                      Exam-               
          ple 1                                                           
              ple 2                                                       
                  ple 3                                                   
                      ple 4                                               
                          ple 5                                           
                              ple 6                                       
                                  ple 7                                   
                                      ple 8                               
                                          ple 9                           
                                              ple 10                      
                                                  ple 11                  
                                                      ple                 
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                      12                  
Weight per                                                                
          510 520 498 504 495 505 510 508 485 498 515 516                 
surface unit                                                              
(g/m.sup.2)                                                               
Thickness (μ)                                                          
          611 599 620 606 598 609 598 620 588 597 622 619                 
Bulk      1.19                                                            
              1.15                                                        
                  1.24                                                    
                      1.20                                                
                          1.21                                            
                              1.20                                        
                                  1.17                                    
                                      1.22                                
                                          1.21                            
                                              1.19                        
                                                  1.20                    
                                                      1.20                
Density   0.83                                                            
              0.87                                                        
                  0.80                                                    
                      0.83                                                
                          0.82                                            
                              0.82                                        
                                  0.85                                    
                                      0.81                                
                                          0.82                            
                                              0.83                        
                                                  0.82                    
                                                      0.83                
Tensile   8.2 10.8                                                        
                  19.3                                                    
                      13.5                                                
                          16.5                                            
                              7.5 9.5 8.5 9.3 7.9 10.2                    
                                                      8.5                 
strength (kg)                                                             
Elongation at                                                             
          2.9%                                                            
              4.6%                                                        
                  5.2%                                                    
                      3.2%                                                
                          4.8%                                            
                              2.5%                                        
                                  3%  1.9%                                
                                          2.6%                            
                                              3.5%                        
                                                  2.7%                    
                                                      3.2%                
rupture                                                                   
Internal cohesion                                                         
          350 450 480 360 450 265 320 260 365 285 310 280                 
in the dry state                                                          
(a)                                                                       
Internal cohesion                                                         
          240 295 350 195 280 200 265 180 225 200 245 175                 
in the wet state                                                          
(a)                                                                       
Dimensional                                                               
          --  0.3%                                                        
                  0.4%                                                    
                      0.1%                                                
                          0.3%                                            
                              --  --  0.3%                                
                                          0.4%                            
                                              0.6%                        
                                                  --  --                  
stability (b)                                                             
Stiffness (Taber)                                                         
          52  80  120 145 155 65  45  195 135 60  69  45                  
Aptitude for ther-                                                        
          very                                                            
              very                                                        
                  very                                                    
                      good                                                
                          good                                            
                              very                                        
                                  good                                    
                                      good                                
                                          good                            
                                              good                        
                                                  very                    
                                                      very                
moshaping at a                                                            
          good                                                            
              good                                                        
                  good        good                good                    
                                                      good                
temperature higher                                                        
than 150° C.                                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 Notes                                                                    
 (a) measured on ScottBond apparatus                                      
 (b) measured after immersion for 24 hrs. in water.