Shredding machine for recycling textile fibers and method
BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a shredding machine of the type used in the textile industry for shredding various textile wastes so as to obtain fibers which are reusable in different systems for making threads, insulation padding, stuffing materials, etc. 
     The machines existing at the present time are known under the name of &#34;shredding machine&#34; or &#34;waste opening machine&#34;. Each known machine has one or more drums with points. Each of these drums with points rotates in front of a wad of textile wastes which is fed to it and which it shreds in pieces. The materials thus defibered by a drum are presented to the following drum which shreds them in pieces again, and does this again until a complete and perfect fiber removal is obtained. Feed systems operating on various different principles are used to present the fibers or the wastes to each of the successive drums with points. 
     To improve still further the quality of the fiber removal, the known shredding machines are generally equipped with recycling devices for insufficiently defibered materials. The latter are recovered at the outlet of one or another of the drums and reintroduced automatically into the feed of the machine. 
     These shredding machines of the known type with recycling make it possible to achieve a final defibering of remarkable quality. However the recycling system used in the known machines have a relatively expensive and complicated construction. Two types of construction are known for this recycling system. Namely, according to a first embodiment known from French Pat. Nos. 1,432,694 and 1,467,276, the materials considered to be insufficiently defibered by a drum with points are selected and collected under this drum by a controllable device, then sent along by conveyor belts which recycle them into the feed mechanism for again passing them into the machine. 
     According to a second known embodiment, the drum with points rotates &#34;upward&#34; and the insufficiently defibered materials are selected and collected at its upper part, then drawn off by air in a pneumatic duct which transfers them to a cyclone separator from which they are sent to the feed of the machine. 
     It is found that in both of these two known systems, one is led to use expensive and complicated means for the recycling, which are, 
     either mechanical means such as conveyor belts; 
     or pneumatic means especially provided for this purpose, as for example air ducts and cyclone separators. 
     The present invention&#39;s primary objective is to simplify these recycling devices by carrying out the recycling of defibered materials on the basis of the strong suction power of a perforated drum which is found in each shredding machine or opening machine for waste. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
    
    
     The attached drawings, given as a nonlimiting example, make it possible to understand better the characteristics and advantages of the invention. 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the device according to the invention, as it is used on a shredding cylinder rotating &#34;downward&#34;; and 
     FIG. 2 is a similar view for the modification according to the invention corresponding to a shredding cylinder rotating &#34;upward&#34;. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In FIG. 1 is shown a shredding machine in which the materials 1 to be defibered are introduced to a perforated drum 2 which rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow 3. The interior of the drum 2 is put under a strongly reduced pressure or vacuum by a ventilating fan of a known type, not shown, in such a manner as to convey toward two extractor rollers 4 and 5 a wad of material 1 formed both by the materials to be shredded and by recycled materials 6 mixed therewith. A cover 27 is placed so as to be orientable toward the interior of the drum 2. It centralizes an angle zone and favors the suction of the waste. The composite wad of materials 1, 6 passes between the two rotating rollers 4 and 5 from which it is sent towards a feed system 7. The latter presents the wad of material in front of the teeth of a rotating shredding cylinder or drum with points 8. In the case illustrated in FIG. 1, the cylinder 8 rotates as indicated by the arrow 9. 
     Due to centrifugal force, the drum with points 8 throws the defibered materials out toward a separating device 10 of a known type which, by means of a predetermined judicious regulation, makes a selection between, 
     the materials in the passage 11 which are sufficiently defibered and which are conveyed toward the perforated drum 12 with reduced pressure of the following stage; and 
     the materials 13, insufficiently defibered, which are to be recycled. 
     The invention more particularly relates to simple and effective means used for recycling the materials 13, that is, to send them toward the materials 1 at the inlet of the machine and mix them there. 
     The device according to the invention consists of a receptacle 14 onto which opens one end of a suction duct 15. The other end 16 of this duct opens into the inside of casing 17 which is arranged around the lower part of the perforated drum 2. For this reason the strongly reduced or vacuum prevailing inside the drum 2 is also exerted in the interior of the casing 17 as well as in the duct 15. Its operation is as follows: 
     The materials 13, which are insufficiently shredded after selection by the separating device 10, fall onto the receptacle 14 and are sucked into the duct 15 where they move along in the direction of the arrow 18. The receptacle 14 may be used to eliminate, by the effect of centrifugal force, certain heavy materials (pieces of wood, metal), which are encountered in waste and which might damage the points of the working drums. Thus these materials 13 reach the inside of the casing 17 and they stick at 19 onto the lower face of the rotating perforated drum 2. They remain stuck on the periphery of this drum, and when they reach the inlet they become automatically mixed with the new materials 1. As pointed out above, the composite wad formed by the whole of the materials 1 and 6 is conveyed by the feed system 7 toward the drum with points 8 which defibers these materials. 
     As for the materials whose defibering is determined to be satisfactory, they are sent along the drum to a passage 11, then along this passage to the perforated suction drum 12 of the following stage where they meet other materials 20 preselected to be insufficiently open in a second stage and recycled. 
     The modification illustrated in FIG. 2 relates to a shredding machine of a similar type with the difference that a drum with points 21 rotates &#34;upward&#34;, that is, in the direction of the arrow 22. The other elements corresponding to those of FIG. 1 have been designated by the same reference numbers. 
     The materials presented by the feed system 7 are opened by the points of the drum 21 which carry them along its upper path, after which a controllable selective device 23 separates them into 
     suitably opened materials in the passage 11, which are sent toward the drum with reduced pressure or vacuum 12 of the following stage; and 
     materials 13 which are determined to be insufficiently opened, which are gathered on a receptacle 14 placed above the downstream face of the drum 21. 
     The bottom of the receptacle 14 empties into the opening 24 of a duct 25, the other end of which opens at 16 into the casing 17 surrounding the drum with reduced pressure or vacuum 2, as indicated previously. A small relay ventilator fan 28 creates a pressure force which facilitates the transfer of the materials between the receptacle 24 and the perforated drum 2. 
     The operation of this modification is similar to that of FIG. 1, that is, the insufficiently opened materials 13 are by the drawn vacuum of the drum 2, through the opening 16, the duct 25 and the inlet or opening 24. It is this reduced pressure in the drum 2, and this alone, which causes the materials 13 to travel as indicated by the arrow 26 until they come to stick at 19 onto the outer wall of the drum 2 which recycles them. 
     Another advantage of the invention results from the fact that in both of the two embodiments described above the recycling is done inside one and the same stage of the machine, that is for example beyond the downstream part of the drum with points 21 and up to its drum 2. Consequently, if the shredding machine has a number of successive stages, each stage can be equipped with its own recycling system. This represents a considerable advantage in relation to the previously known systems where the materials of each stage can only be recycled toward a single zone, that is the inlet feed for the whole machine.