Switching regulator
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a switching regulator incorporating a transistor which ensures stable operation and high operating efficiency and further enables making in compact size with higher frequency. 
     The switching regulator of this type generally comprises, in principle, a switching transistor (1), a smoothing reactor (2), a smoothing condenser (3), a commutation diode (4) and a control circuit (5) as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. Moreover, (10) and (11) are a d-c power terminal and (42) and (43) are an output terminal. 
     FIG. 1 shows a series type constructed by connecting said transistor (1) in series with a load (a so-called voltage dropping chopper type) and FIG. 2 shows a parallel type constructed by connecting the transistor (1) in parallel with the load (a so-called voltage increasing booster type). A practical circuit constructed based on the principle of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, in order to increase the current amplification factor of the main transistor (1), said main transistor (1) and an auxiliary transistor (6) are connected like a Darlington circuit or complementary circuit and further a control transistor (7) is connected between the main transistor and a negative power terminal (11) to assure allowance with respect to voltage across positive and negative power terminals (10) and (11). 
     Also in a circuit constructed for the purpose of obtaining large output, as shown in FIG. 4, a transformer (8) is connected between the base and emitter of the main transistor (1) thereby to raise the whole availability of the main transistor (1) by increasing the current amplification factor of the main transistor (1) and also disconnecting electric potential as desired according to the winding ratio of said transformer (8). 
     Even though the means shown in FIG. 4 is taken, however, there are the following shortcomings. The present invention has obviated these defects completely. First, the defects involved in the circuit of FIG. 4 are analysed. (a), (b), (c) and (d) in FIG. 5 are the collector voltage (V c ), collector current (I c ), base current (I b ) and voltage (V eb ) across emitter and base of the main transistor (1) in FIG. 4, respectively. 
     And, (T on ) and (T off ) denote ON time and OFF time of the main transistor (1), (T o ) is a time that base current of the main transistor (1) is supplied by energizing a control transistor (7) and (T s ) is the storage time of the main transistor (1) after said control transistor (7) is deenergized. 
     The circuit in FIG. 4 is so constructed as to control output voltage by controlling said (T on ) and (T off ) with a control circuit (5) and when giving an account of (d) in FIG. 5 then, it is seen that voltage (V eb ) across the emitter and base of the main transistor (1) is, on the other hand, the secondary voltage of the aforesaid transformer (8). The voltage time products, i.e., positive and negative hatched parts (A) and (B) in FIG. 5 must be equivalent accurately. For instance, provided that the values of the voltage across emitter and base in positive application and negative application are equal, T on  should become almost equal to T off1 . Therefore, when a suitable means is taken for the base circuit, the time can be reduced to T off2  as given by the characteristic shown by short dashes in FIG. 5; however for T on , T off2  is a controllable limit. 
     In this case, too, the time products (A) and (C) are equivalent as seen from FIG. 5. 
     In any way, using the transformer (8) in asymmetrical form positively and negatively causes various obstacles. To be concrete, in time T r  after time T off1 , voltage (V eb ) across emitter and base should become zero as the transformer (8) is saturated in negative direction. However actually, as shown by short dashes in FIG. 5, voltage (V eb ) across emitter and base fluctuates, whereby the collector current (I c ) of the main transistor (1) is induced as shown by the characterictic (D) in FIG. 5 (b), resulting in the main transistor (1) working unstably. 
     Thus, the description about the series type has been given above and it is the same as with a case where the transformer is provided in the parallel circuit shown in FIG. 2. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to make the maximum use of the characteristics of the transformer now that it is employed. 
     It is another object of the present invention to render the main transistor operative stably. 
     It is more object of the present invention to improve the operating efficiency of the circuit and capsulize reasonably the circuit with higher frequency. 
     Further more object and features of the present invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description thereof. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a primary electric circuit diagram of the switching regulator of series type. 
     FIG. 2 is a primary electric circuit diagram of the switching regulator of parallel type. 
     FIG. 3 is a practical electric circuit diagram of the circuit of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 4 is a practical electric circuit constructed by further providing a transformer. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representations of the waveforms of each part in FIG. 4. 
     FIG. 6 is an electric circuit diagram representing a first embodiment of the switching regulator according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of the waveforms of each part in FIG. 6. 
     FIG. 8 is an electric circuit diagram representing a second embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is an electric circuit diagram representing a third embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagrammatic representations of the operation of each part in FIG. 9 and the output waveforms thereof. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings, there is given a detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6 shows a series type (a so-called voltage dropping chopper type) circuit representing the first embodiment of the present invention. 
     The collectors of two switching main transistors (12) and (13) are connected together to a positive-side terminal (10) of power terminals (10) and (11) and also the emitters are connected together to an output side. Further, a secondary winding (15) of a current transformer (14) is connected between the bases of said main transistors (12) and (13) and at the same time, a parallel circuit comprising a diode (16) and a condenser (17) is put between the neutral point of the secondary winding (15) and the emitters of said main transistors (12) and (13). 
     Both ends of a primary winding (18) of said current transformer (14) are joined to transistors (26) and (27) of a control circuit (25) through resistors (19) and (20), amplification transistors (21) and (22) and resistors (23) and (24). Said control circuit (25), for example, comprises a pulse length control IC (integrated circuit) whereon a type name of SG3524 has been put and includes a relative input terminal (28), an invert input terminal (29) and an earthing terminal (30) in addition to said transistors (26) and (27) giving out pulses alternately at phase difference of 180 degrees. The control circuit (25) further contains a voltage regulator, a transmitter, a flip flop, a comparator, an error detecting amplifier and an overcurrent comparator, all of which are not shown by the drawings thereof. 
     Two diodes (31) and (32) are connected to the collectors of the transistors (26) and (27) of aforesaid control circuit (25) and an anode common to said diodes (31) and (32) is connected to the base of a control transistor (33) and further connected to a positive side of an auxiliary power supply (35) through a resistor (34). The collector of said control transistor (33) is connected to the primary winding (18) of said current transformer (14) through diodes (36) and (37) incorporating a common cathode. Moreover, (33) is a smoothing reactor, (39) is a smoothing condenser, (40) is a commutation diode, (41) is an output voltage detecting resistor and (42) and (43) are an output terminal. 
     Referring now to FIG. 7, there is given a description of the action of the circuit of FIG. 6. 
     In FIG. 7, (a) is voltage (V ec ) across emitter and collector of the main transistors (12) and (13), (b) and (c) are respectively the collector current (I c ) of the main transistors (12) and (13), (d) and (c) are the base current (I b ) of the main transistors (12) and (13), (f) is the secondary output voltage (V ct ) of said current transformer (14), (g) and (h) are respectively the emitter-base voltage (V eb ) of the main transistors (12) and (13) and (i) and (j) are respectively voltage across emitter and collector of the transistors (26) and (27) contained in the aforesaid control circuit (25). 
     As will be apparent from (i) and (j), the outputs of the transistors (26) and (27) are symmetrical with a difference of 180 degrees and also, (T 1  -T 2 ) is the (conduction) time of the transistor (26) and (T 4  -T 5 ) is the (conduction) time of the transistor (27), respectively. 
     Once the transistor (26) is energized in (T 1  -T 2 ), voltage and current are supplied to the primary winding (18) of the current transformer (14) through the transistor (21) and the resistor (19), and then is induced to the secondary winding (15), whereby base current (I b ) is delivered to the main transistor (12) at one side as shown by short dashes in FIG. 6. In the meantime, base current which is ought to flow to the control transistor (33) through the resistor (34) goes to the transistor (26) through the diode (31) without flowing to the control transistor (33), thus resulting in the interrupted condition of control transistor (33) being maintained. 
     When the transistor (26) is interrupted at time (T 2 ), as the transistor (27) is in interrupted condition at that point of time, the base current is supplied to the control transistor (33) via the resistor (34) and the primary winding (18) of the current transformer (14) is thus placed in a short-circuit condition. 
     Then, base current (I b ) in FIG. 6 flows reversely during in time (T 2  -T 3 ) as shown in FIG. 7 (d). As a consequence, the storage time and breaking characteristic of the main transistor (12) become more quicker and better and the switching characteristic thereof can be improved to the best possible condition. When the interruption of the main transistor completes at time (T 3 ) and the time gets to (T 3  -T 4 ), the short-circuit condition of the primary winding (18) of the current transformer is maintained as it is. As voltage (V f ) at the both ends of the condenser (17) in FIG. 6 remains then, continuity between emitter and base of the main transistors (12) and (13) is retained by reverse bias voltage during times (T 3  -T 4 ) and (T 6  -T 1 ) as shown in FIG. 7 (g) and (h). This is vitally important for preventing unstable operation resulting from noise voltage and others in a period of shutdown. When the time gets to (T 4 ) and the other transistor (27) works, exactly the same change as that after initiation of the operation of one transistor (26) in (T 1 ) is followed thereafter. Once the time gets to the next T 1 ), the one transistor (26) starts working again and subsequently, the afore-mentioned operation is repeated. 
     FIG. 3 shows a parallel type (a so called voltage increasing booster type) circuit representing the second embodiment of the present invention and even in this circuit, the switching operation of the main transistors (12) and (13) is accomplished in exactly the same efficient way as in the first embodiment of FIG. 6. 
     FIG. 9 shows the third embodiment exemplifying an application in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, windings (44) and (45) are further fitted to the current transformer (14) for the feedback of the collector current of the main transistors (12) and (13). It is seen that this circuit is also appicable since the current transformer (14) is left shorted at a time of interruption of the transistors (12) and (13) as in FIG. 6 and FIG. 8. 
     Further in FIG. 9, the basic operation is identical though the control system of two windings (44) and (45) of the current transformer (14) by means of the control circuit (25) differs somewhat from that in FIG. 6 and FIG. 8. More particularly, in (T 1  -T 2 ) in FIG. 10, voltage (V ct1 ) shown in FIG. 10 (c) is applied to the current transformer (14) via the transistor (22) and when the transistor (21) is energized in (T 2  -T 3 ), the current transformer (14) is shorted through the diode (37) provided in parallel with the transistor (22) and the transistors (21) and (22) work to retain the short-circuit condition of the current transformer (14) in (T 2  -T 3  -T 4 ). And at (T 4 ), the transistor (27) is energized and the transistor (22) is interrupted. 
     Then, voltage (V ct1 ) in FIG. 10 (c) is applied to the current transformer (14) through the transistor (21). Thus, exactly the same operation as the characteristic in FIG. 7 is repeated.