Device and method for leak location
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a device and method for leak location. More particularly, the present invention relates to a device for locating very fine leaks used for a leak detecting test of airtight vessel, tubing, or the like, and further particularly, relates to such a type of an high sensitive device for locating very fine leaks that a probe gas is pressure charged into the interior of vessel to be tested and probe gas flowing out from a leak spot to the atmosphere is inhaled with air through a probe nozzle (sniffer) and detected. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Recently, vacuum apparatus for a fusion reactor, accelerator, or the like, have grown continuously larger in size and have become quite complicated in structure. Welding techniques and sealing techniques by means of a metal gasket, or the like, in the manufacture of a vacuum vessel have made remarkable progress, however it is very difficult under the present conditions to completely remove leaks so that a leak detection test is now an indispensable step in the process of manufacturing a vacuum vessel. And also, after the completion of the apparatus, leaks often occur due to stress fatigue or corrosion of the material. Accordingly, it is necessary to carry out a leak detection test of large-sized and completely shaped apparatus in-situ under variously restricted conditions. 
     These leak detection tests must be able to specify a leak portion to several square centimeters of area or several centimeters of length, since the tests are premised on repair or exchange of leak location sections. This is comparatively simple in a small type of vacuum vessel, however, since, in the case of a large type of vacuum vessel, many hours and a great deal of labor are required, it is very important to improve this efficiency. 
     In the case of locating a very fine leak as below 10 -15  Torr. 1/s (˜10 -5  cm 3  (NTP)/s), a probe gas is usually employed. The probe gas method is classified roughly into an internal vacuum method and an interal pressure method. The former is to evacuate the interior of vacuum vessel to be tested by means of a vacuum pump and spray a probe gas, for example helium, partially onto the outside of the vessel to detect a leak spot, whereby the probe gas sprayed upon a leak portion flows into the interior of the vessel through the leak depending on the size of the leak and a detector, for example, a helium leak detector fitted on the vacuum vessel, acts thereupon. The latter, in contrast with the former, is to charge a probe gas, at a level of several atmospheric pressures, into the interior of the vacuum vessel to be tested and to inhale a probe gas flowing out from the vessel at the leak spot to the atmosphere with air through a probe nozzle (sniffer) and detect it. Each of the aforenoted methods has its merits and demerits. Particularly, in the case of applying the internal vacuum method to the leak detection test of large-sized apparatus, the equipment for vacuum evacuation, or the like are not only increased but also there is the problem of taking a lot of time required to start the test. On the other hand, the internal pressure (sniffer) method is simple and can be easily used independent of the size of the apparatus to be tested, but is comparatively lower in sensitivity so that the detection of very fine leaks, such as those below 10 -7  Torr. 1/s (˜10 -7  cm 3  (NTP)/s), is difficult. 
     As a result of researching the improvement of sensitivity in the internal pressure (sniffer) method in view of such point, the present inventors have found that the sensitivity can be elevated by about 10000 times than the conventional internal pressure (sniffer) method by using any one of helium, neon and hydrogen as a probe gas inserting a long capillary tube for keeping a flow rate constant, and using a vessel filled with a porous adsorbent which is cooled to a temperature below the liquid air temperature in series between a probe nozzle (sniffer) and a probe gas detector. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of this knowledge, and an object of the present invention is to provide a device for locating very fine leaks, which is simple in construction, can be easily used and by which it is possible to locate a very fine leak such as 10 -10  Torr. 1/ s (˜10 -10  cm 3  (NTP)/s). 
     Various other objects, features, and attendant advantages of the present invention will become better understood, when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein like or corresponding parts have been denoted by similar reference characters in the various views, and wherein: 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 shows schematically an embodiment of the device for locating very fine leaks of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the method of locating very fine leaks in an embodiment, in which 17 is a probe gas container, 18 is a vessel to be tested and 19 shows a leak portion; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of a measurement run using a known helium leak of 5.5×10 -9  Torr. 1/s in the present device; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the method of locating very fine leaks in another embodiment, in which 18 is a vessel to be tested, 20 shows a leak portion, 21 is a polyethylene bag and 22 shows a nitrogen gas charge. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The device for locating very fine leaks of the present invention is such a device that a probe gas, at a level of several atmospheric pressures, such as helium, is charged into the interior of a large-sized vacuum vessel and the like to be tested and then the probe gas, which is effused to the atmosphere through a leak portion is inhaled with air through a probe nozzle and detected, and is generally constituted as follows: 
     For example, as shown in FIG. 1, a flexible capillary tube 2 of about 0.6 mm in inner diameter, about 1.1 mm in outer diameter and 10 m in length, and made of stainless steel, is connected to a probe nozzle (sniffer) 1 open to the atmosphere and is also connected to one end of a vessel 5 filled with molecular sieves 4 by a flange 3 and another end of said vessel 5 is connected to a diffusion pump 8 by a pipe of about 20˜50 mm in inner diameter through a slot valve 6 and a liquid nitrogen cooling trap 7 and then said diffusion pump 8 is connected to an oil rotary pump 9. The vessel 5 filled with molecular sieves 4 is cooled with liquid nitrogen in a thermos bottle 10, and a total pressure gage 11 and a mass spectrometer tube 12 adjusted to act only upon a probe gas of helium, or the like, are arranged near the cooling trap 7. 13 illustrates electronic equipment for indicating partial pressure of the probe gas in the mass spectrometer tube on a meter or recorder. 
     In addition, 14 is an on-off valve, 15 is a safety valve which opens automatically with an extensive rise of pressure within the vessel 5 and 16 is a housing containing the main potion of the present device for locationg leaks. 
     Generally the air is inhaled from the probe nozzle (sniffer) 1, but, when the end of the nozzle comes near a spot where a leak of probe gas occurs, as shown in FIG. 2, a portion of the leaked probe gas is inhaled together with the air. The capillary tube 2 is of use for keeping the flow rate of air inhaled constant and moving the probe nozzle freely. In case of this embodiment, the flow rate of air inhaled is approximately 0.6 Torr. 1/s (0.8 cm 3  (NTP)/s). Most of the gas, except the helium, neon or hydrogen, which is inhaled and reaches the vessel 5 filled with molecular sieves is adsorbed thereby, with the helium or the like being exhausted. That is, almost 100% of helium, neon or hydrogen passes through the vessel 5 to reach the liquid nitrogen cooling trap 7 and the diffusion pump 8, but the main component of air, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or the like, is below 1%. As a result, the concentration of the probe gas is relatively elevated in the mass spectrometer tube and the sensitivity is elevated by about 100 times as compared with the case of not using the vessel 5. The time in which the probe gas reaches the mass spectrometer tube 12 from the probe nozzle is an important factor for determining the moving velocity (locating velocity) of the probe nozzle. In this embodiment, the time of the inhaled gas passing through the capillary tube 2 is approximate 2 seconds and the time of reaching the mass spectrometer tube 12 from the vessel 5 is approximately 5 seconds, so that the total time is approximate 8 seconds. Practically, such a time delay is out of the question. 
     FIG. 3 shows a measurement result of 5.5×10 -4  Torr. 1/s of a known helium leak using the present device. In this case, in order to reduce the affect of helium (approximate 5 ppm) existing in the air, the vessel to be tested was enclosed in a polyethylene bag and the air was purged by pure nitrogen, as shown in FIG. 4. It can be shown that, immediately after the probe nozzle is brought to a leak spot, the indication of the recorder increases, and when moving away from the spot it soon decreases. It is considered that, since the indication of the zero-point is stable and so the S/N ratio is good, the sensitivity of 10 -10  Torr. 1/s (˜10 -10  cm 3  (NTP)/s) (corresponding to one scale on recording paper) can be sufficiently obtained. 
     Incidentally, in the conventional internal pressure method using a probe nozzle and a helium leak detector, the minimum content of detectable probe gas in the air taken in from the probe nozzle has been 0.1˜10 ppm. However, when using the present device, it has decreased by four figures as 0.1˜10 ppb. And also, in the conventional method, the flow rate of air necessary for inhaling a large rate of leak quantity into the probe nozzle has been a degree of 1×10 -4  Torr. 1/s (˜10 -4  cm 3  (NTP)/s). 
     However, it can be increased by about 10000 times to a degree of 1 Torr. 1/s (˜1 cm 3  (NTP)/s) by using the present device. Eventually, in the conventional internal pressure method, 1×10 -6  Torr. 1/s has been a practical limit of leak detection, however, according to the present invention, the detection of leak of 1×10 -10  Torr. 1/s has become possible. The present device has the above described excellent characteristics for the following three reasons: 
     1. To use a long flexible capillary tube: 
     In the conventional device, a portion of the nozzle has a very minute opening so that the processing precision of this portion and the operation have been very difficult. However, in the present device, the flow rate of gas inhaled has become stable by using a capillary tube and the leak detection operation has become very easy. The stabilization of the flow rate contributes to make the minimum content value of probe gas small by two figures as 10˜100 ppb; 
     2. To provide a vessel filled with a porous adsorbent cooled to a temperature below liquid air temperature between a capillary tube and a gas detector: 
     Since the porous adsorbent adsorbs selectively oxygen and nitrogen which are main components of the air, the concentration of probe gas in the detector portion is relatively elevated; 
     3. To design the device so as to utilize the property of gas flow at its maximum: 
     The flow rate of gas flowing in a capillary tube varies with the inner diameter and length of the capillary tube. Within the range in which the flow depends on the condition of viscous flow, the flow rate is in proportion to [inner diameter] 4  /[length], however, it is desirable that this value is established within the range of 1˜0.1 Torr. 1/s, and the delay time of flow is in proportion to [length] 2  /[inner diameter] 2 . This value is desirably established within 5 seconds, and also it is necessary to make the Reynolds number of gas passing a flow path not exceed 1200. In order to satisfy all of these requirements the inner diameter must be below 0.75 mm. 
     Incidentally, in addition to molecular sieves, various active carbon, silica gel, or the like can be used as a porous adsorbent. 
     Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.