Liquid for removing printing and screen printing inks: butyrolactone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and propylene glycol derivative
The present invention concerns a liquid for removing printing and screen printing inks, in particular for cleaning screen printing frames. 
     The liquid of the invention, which is useful in solving all types of cleaning problems in the printing and screen printing industry without the use of dangerous substances, is characterized by consisting of an essentially anhydrous mixture comprising 
     (a) γ-butyrolactone of the formula ##STR1## and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone of the formula ##STR2## in an amount of 1-25%, preferably about 10% (v/v) as well as 
     (b) one or more propylene glycol derivatives selected among substituted propyl acetates of the general formula ##STR3## wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and/or propylene glycol ethers of the general formula ##STR4## wherein R 1  is alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and n is 1, 2 or 3, and optionally 
     (c) a diluent selected among aliphatic compounds having a flash point above 22° C. and a content of aromatic compounds below 1% and/or 
     (d) a surfactant, the amount of components (b), (c) and (d) constituting 99-75% (v/v) of the liquid. 
     Dilution as well as universal cleaning or washing of printing and/or screen printing inks from stencils, printing plates, screen printing frames, rollers and the like was previously made by means of cleaning liquids, which either contain &#34;dangerous substances&#34;, cf. e.g. the notice no. 147 issued by the Environmental Protection Agency on Mar. 16, 1981, or aromatic solvents the use of which involves considerable risk to the individuals working with these agents. In particular for the cleaning of old dried-up ink residues in offset and letterpress printing, mainly xylene- and toluene-based agents were used in the past, whose health effects are well-known. To this should be added that the known cleaning liquids frequently exhibit very low flash points, which partly entails that the liquids predominantly ignite easily, and partly may be an expression of a high volatility and thus increased potential health risk through aspiration of vapours. Thus, toluene has a flash point of only 5° C. 
     The currently leading cleaning liquid for washing screen printing frames is thus &#34;Pregan 240E&#34; from Kissel &amp; Wolf, West Germany, which has the following composition: 
     Ethyl acetate: 10% 
     Isobutyl acetate: 32% 
     &#34;Solvesso 100&#34;: 58% 
     and a flash point of 31° C. 
     &#34;Solvesso 100&#34; from Esso Chemicals contains 99% aromates. 
     It has long been known that the diluent liquids for ink formulations recommended by the ink manufacturers, are based on solvents which contain dangerous substances and therefore require utmost care. 
     As regards the cleaning process, the task is even more difficult. Here, dried-up inks are often to be dissolved in order for these to be removed from the printing and screen printing apparatus. Some inks are easy to remove, while others are extremely difficult to handle, and the ink types used are moreover different at the individual graphic firms. Some inks are extremely pernicious because they consist of two-component systems. Such inks may be difficult to remove within an ordinary working day, unless cleaning liquids of a type involving health dangers are used. 
     Consequently, it was necessary in the past to keep the above-mentioned dangerous and easily ignitable cleaning liquids, because only such liquids have been found to be able to dissolve all the ink types in use. 
     The screen printing industry faces particular problems because the cleaning liquids able to remove all inks also tend to destroy the glue which is used in the mounting of screens on screen printing frames. Further, it is not possible to select water-based or strongly hydrophilic cleaning liquids at will because such liquids will tend to destroy the stencil emulsion. 
     The use of γ-butyrolactone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a cleaning agent for printing inks is known. Thus, such use is described in the FR Patent Specification No. 2,354,377, but this specification deals with removal of the stencil itself and not the printing ink. An important property of a cleaning agent for removal of screen printing inks is that it does not remove or destroy the stencil. The cleaning agent according to the mentioned FR specification contains e.g. periodate ions which destroy stencils based on polyvinyl alcohol. The agent may moreover contain large amounts of water which will also be harmful to the stencil used. 
     A cleaning liquid predominantly consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is mentioned in the EP Patent Specification 21149. However, this liquid primarily serves to dissolve polyurethane and epoxy lacquers, which it is intended to avoid with the cleaning liquid of the invention because the glue used for the mounting of screen printing frames is made on this basis. 
     The DE Offenlegungsschrift No. 3,401,982 concerns water-based printing inks with a pH of 9-11, which may contain solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, to improve the solubility of the ink in the formulation. The cleaning liquids comprised by the invention, however, are not water-based, but are in contrast essentially anhydrous since, as mentioned, water in large amounts will degrade the stencils used in practice. 
     A lacquer remover based on γ-butyrolactone is known from the U.S. Patent Specification No. 2,438,038. This lacquer remover, however, is also water-based, and it moreover contains from 40 to 80% γ-butyrolactone or γ-valerolactone whereas the liquid of the invention does not contain substantial amounts of water and may have a maximum content of 25% γ-butyrolactone since, otherwise, it would decompose the glue. In other words, the cleaning liquid known from this U.S. specification cannot be used for cleaning screen printing frames while maintaining both the glue and the stencil. 
     The EP Application 81355 describes a process and an agent for cleaning printing screens. The agent of the EP application requires the use of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in amounts of 30-85%, which will cause decomposition of the polyurethane-based and epoxy-based glue types used in the screen printing for mounting of screens. Further, the agent of the mentioned EP application may contain cyclohexanone or halogenated compounds, which are termed dangerous substances and which are not included in the liquid of the invention. 
     As will appear from a following example, glue systems based on two-component epoxy or polyurethane will be decomposed and rendered useless, if the screen printing frames when being cleaned of inks are subjected to cleaning liquids whose formulations include more than 25% γ-butyrolactone or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 
     The ability of a solvent to dissolve a given substance, e.g. a polymer, may conveniently be evaluated by parameter considerations according to the so-called &#34;Hansen system&#34;, which is described in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Suppl. vol. 2nd Ed., p. 889-910, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, and by Charles M. Hansen in Farg Och Lack 17, 69-77 (1971). According to the &#34;Hansen system&#34;, a solvent may be described by three solubility parameters δ D  (dispersion parameter), δ P  (polarity parameter) and δ H  (hydrogen bonding parameter), whose squares in combination are the square of the total cohesive energy: 
     
         δ.sub.tot.sup.2 =δ.sub.D.sup.2 +δ.sub.P.sup.2 +δ.sub.H.sup.2. 
    
     Two substances have a maximum interaction (i.e. are soluble in each other) when their solubility parameters in pairs are as close to each other as possible. A solvent may thus be characterized by a total parameter which may be divided into three sub-parameters, which may e.g. be illustrated in a three-dimensional system of co-ordinates with the sub-parameters as axes. 
     The solubility of polymers, e.g. such as are used as binders in printing inks, may accordingly be characterized on the basis of their interaction with different solvents, it having been found that all solvents capable of dissolving a specific binder are within a defined volume in the above-mentioned system of co-ordinates. If the scale on the δ D  axis is expanded by a factor of 2, the solubility range will be a ball. A polymer may thus be characterized by a centre (δ D , δ P , δ H ) and a radius R P . 
     Any solvent can be adapted to the three-dimensional system of co-ordinates for a given polymer on the basis of its three parameters. It is determined subjectively by solubility tests whether the individual solvent can dissolve the polymer or not, and the solubility range of the polymer is then determined by electronic data processing, the program iteratively determining a centre and a radius, so that the greatest possible number of active solvents is within the resulting ball, while the inactive agents are outside it. 
     It is described in the following examples 1 and 2 how possible solvents have been found by means of the &#34;Hansen system&#34; for two ordinary printing inks, &#34;Thermojet Hvid&#34; and &#34;Drugloss Blå&#34;, which are considered to be some of the most difficult inks to remove from printing equipment. Examples 3-6 describe similar calculations for four additional ordinary printing inks which are difficult to remove. 
     However, it has been found by a methodical examination of commercially available screen printing and printing inks with a view to developing new cleaning and diluting liquids that Hansen&#39;s parameter theory, not even in case of equilibrium without regard to the time parameter, leads to unambiguous results. Possible explanations are i.a. that the inks may be complicated and contain several polymers, and that the parameter model is complicated by the use of mixtures of solvents. Moreover, in practice, it is necessary to consider the abovementioned &#34;time factor&#34; because a solvent is not useful in practice, if it is active only after exposure for an extended period of time, even though it satisfies the Hansen model. 
     Accordingly, to obtain results which are useful in practice, it is necessary to use a modified Hansen model to find a solvent which in itself can dissolve the inks in question, but which--to obtain a reasonably high dissolution rate and suitable low costs--is included in a mixture of one or more other agents. 
     It has surprisingly been found that the cleaning liquid of the invention is capable of dissolving all printing and screen printing inks which are used in practice. The subject liquid mixtures consist of compounds, which each are used as solvents for a number of purposes, and which are characterized by suitably high flash points, just as they involve an appropriately small health risk in use, see e.g. Paint &amp; Resin 53 (5), 42-47 (1983). 
     N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and γ-butyrolactone are, as mentioned, solvents each of which or in mutual mixtures have been found to be capable of dissolving many, but not all ordinary printing and screen printing inks. Thus, e.g. γ-butyrolactone cannot dissolve Colorjet CO113 mandarinorange from Sericol (see example 3), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone cannot dissolve Seristar SX (see example 4). Therefore, it has been found necessary to add one or more substituted propyl acetates or propylene glycol ethers since this results in (a) solubility, (b) higher dissolution rates (i.e. improved time parameters) in several cases and (c) economically more advantageous cleaning liquids. 
     γ-Butyrolactone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (a) is to be mixed with such substituted propyl acetates or propylene glycol ethers (b) within certain limits which are determined in view of such conditions as solubility, dissolution rate (&#34;time parameter&#34;) and economy. The best results, also economically, are obtained when the mixture ratio of (a) to (b) is between 25:75 and 1:99 (v/v). 
     The subject liquid may contain as component (b) e.g. propyl acetates and/or one or more propylene glycol ethers selected among propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The diluent (c) may e.g. be butyl diglycol ether, ethyl diglycol ether or methyl diglycol ether, or it may be one or more aliphatic hydrocarbons. The type and amount of the diluent are selected in view of the flash point of the mixture, which must not be below 22° C. Preferably, the flash point should be above 55° C. 
     Moreover, the subject liquid may contain a surfactant, in particular a non-ionic surfactant (d), preferably in the form of a nonylphenol ethoxylate. 
     As mentioned, the subject liquids may be used for all types of cleaning tasks in the screen printing and printing field. In the screen printing field, the liquids are particularly used for cleaning frames, but also during the actual printing process. In offset, the liquids may be used for cleaning old dried-up ink residues and for cleaning machine parts, rollers, plates, etc. 
     As mentioned, component (a) may constitute up to 25% of the mixture. Components (c) and (d) together may constitute up to 50% of the mixture. Otherwise, the mixture may be composed within rather wide limits with respect to the specific field of use. 
     The invention will be illustrated more fully by the following examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     In this example possible solvents for the printing ink &#34;Thermojet Hvid&#34; are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. The ability of the selected solvents to dissolve the ink is evaluated subjectively, the solubility tests being performed in test tubes in which the ink is in contact with an excess of the liquids in question. The evaluation is made after 10 minutes and after 24 hours. 
     The results obtained are listed in the following table 1, from which it i.a. appears that some of the solvents require long-term exposure before they are active. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solubility range for &#34;Thermojet Hvid&#34;                                     
δ.sub.D = 18.77 δ.sub.P = 11.55 δ.sub.H = 7.81 R.sub.P  
= 9.76                                                                    
                     Solubility                                           
Solvent       δ.sub.D                                               
                     δ.sub.P                                        
                            δ.sub.H                                 
                                 10 min.                                  
                                        24 hours                          
______________________________________                                    
Acetone       15.50  10.40  7.00 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Acetophenone  19.60  8.60   3.70 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
1,3-butane diol                                                           
              16.60  10.00  21.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Butyl acetate 15.80  3.70   6.30 no     yes.sup.a                         
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
              19.00  16.60  7.40 yes    --                                
Carbontetrachloride                                                       
              17.80  0.00   0.60 no     no                                
Chlorobenzene 19.00  4.30   2.00 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Chloroform    17.80  3.10   5.70 yes    --                                
Cyclohexanol  17.40  4.10   13.50                                         
                                 no     no.sup.b                          
Diacetone alcohol                                                         
              15.80  8.20   10.80                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
o-dichlorobenzene                                                         
              19.20  6.30   3.30 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.20  14.70  20.50                                         
                                 no     yes.sup.a                         
Diethyl ether 14.50  2.90   5.10 no     no                                
Dimemethyl formamide                                                      
              17.40  13.70  11.30                                         
                                 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Dimethyl sulfoxide                                                        
              18.40  16.40  10.20                                         
                                 no     yes                               
1,4-dioxane   19.00  1.80   7.40 no     yes.sup.a                         
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.90  20.20  18.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethanol       15.80  8.80   19.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethyl acetate 15.80  5.30   7.20 yes    --                                
Ethylene dichloride                                                       
              19.00  7.40   4.10 yes    --                                
Ethylene glycol                                                           
              17.00  11.00  26.00                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethylene glycol mono-                                                     
              15.90  4.70   10.60                                         
                                 no     yes                               
ethyl ether acetate                                                       
Hexane        14.90  0.00   0.00 no     no                                
Isophorone    16.90  8.20   7.40 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Methanol      15.10  12.30  22.30                                         
                                 no     no                                
Methylene chloride                                                        
              18.20  6.30   6.10 yes    --                                
Methyl isobutyl ketone                                                    
              15.30  6.10   4.10 no     yes                               
N--methyl-2-pyrro-                                                        
              18.00  12.30  7.20 yes    --                                
lidone                                                                    
Nitrobenzene  20.00  8.60   4.10 no     yes                               
2-nitropropane                                                            
              16.20  12.10  4.10 no     yes                               
Propylene carbonate                                                       
              20.00  18.00  4.10 *      yes                               
Propylene glycol                                                          
              16.80  9.40   23.30                                         
                                 no     no                                
Tetrahydrofuran                                                           
              16.80  5.70   8.00 yes    --                                
Toluene       18.00  1.40   2.00 no     no                                
Trichloroethylene                                                         
              18.00  3.10   5.30 yes    --                                
______________________________________                                    
 *Not evaluated after 10 min.                                             
 .sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball                     
 .sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink &#34;Drugloss Blå&#34; are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. 
     The results obtained are listed in table 2: 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solubility range for &#34;Drugloss Bla&#34;                                       
δ.sub.D = 17.54 δ.sub.P = 8.35 δ.sub.H = 7.33 R.sub.P = 
5.90                                                                      
                     Solubility                                           
Solvent       δ.sub.D                                               
                     δ.sub.P                                        
                            δ.sub.H                                 
                                 10 min.                                  
                                        24 hours                          
______________________________________                                    
Acetone       15.50  10.40  7.00 yes    --                                
Acetophenone  19.60  8.60   3.70 yes    --                                
1,3-butanediol                                                            
              16.60  10.00  21.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
1-butanol     16.00  5.70   15.80                                         
                                 no     no                                
Butyl acetate 15.80  3.70   6.30 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
              19.00  16.60  7.40 yes    --                                
Carbontetrachloride                                                       
              17.80  0.00   0.60 no     no                                
Chlorobenzene 19.00  4.30   2.00 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Cyclohexanol  17.40  4.10   13.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Diacetone alcohol                                                         
              15.80  8.20   10.80                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
o-dichlorobenzene                                                         
              19.20  6.30   3.30 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.20  14.70  20.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Diethyl ether 14.50  2.90   5.10 no     no                                
Dimemethyl sulfoxide                                                      
              18.40  16.40  10.20                                         
                                 no     yes                               
1,4-dioxane   19.00  1.80   7.40 no     yes.sup.a                         
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.90  20.20  18.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethanol       15.80  8.80   19.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethyl acetate 15.80  5.30   7.20 yes    --                                
Ethylene dichloride                                                       
              19.00  7.40   4.10 yes    --                                
Ethylene glycol                                                           
              17.00  11.00  26.00                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethylene glycol mono-                                                     
              15.90  4.70   10.60                                         
                                 yes    --                                
ethyl ether acetate                                                       
Hexane        14.90  0.00   0.00 no     no                                
Isophorone    16.90  8.20   7.40 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Methanol      15.10  12.30  22.30                                         
                                 no     no                                
N--methyl-2-pyrro-                                                        
              18.00  12.30  7.20 yes    --                                
lidone                                                                    
Nitrobenzene  20.00  8.60   4.10 no     yes                               
2-nitropropane                                                            
              16.20  12.10  4.10 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Propylene glycol                                                          
              16.80  9.40   23.30                                         
                                 no     no                                
Toluene       18.00  1.40   2.00 no     yes.sup.a                         
Trichloroethylene                                                         
              18.00  3.10   5.30 yes    --                                
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball                     
 .sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink &#34;Color Jet&#34; are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. 
     The results obtained are listed in table 3: 
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solubility range for &#34;Color Jet&#34; (CO-113)                                 
δ.sub.D = 14.34 δ.sub.P = 7.45 δ.sub.H = 10.12 R.sub.P  
= 12.75                                                                   
                     Solubility                                           
Solvent       δ.sub.D                                               
                     δ.sub.P                                        
                            δ.sub.H                                 
                                 10 min.                                  
                                        24 hours                          
______________________________________                                    
Acetone       15.50  10.40  7.00 yes    --                                
Acetophenone  19.60  8.60   3.70 yes    --                                
1,3-butane diol                                                           
              16.60  10.00  21.50                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no.sup.b                          
1-butanol     16.00  5.70   15.80                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Butyl acetate 15.80  3.70   6.30 yes    --                                
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
              19.00  16.60  7.40 no     no                                
Carbontetrachloride                                                       
              17.80  0.00   0.60 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Chlorobenzene 19.00  4.30   2.00 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Chloroform    17.80  3.10   5.70 yes    --                                
Cyclohexanol  17.40  4.10   13.50                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no.sup.b                          
Diacetone alcohol                                                         
              15.80  8.20   10.80                                         
                                 yes    --                                
o-dichlorobenzene                                                         
              19.20  6.30   3.30 yes    --                                
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.20  14.70  20.50                                         
                                 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.00  7.00   10.60                                         
                                 yes    --                                
monobutyl ether                                                           
Diethyl ether 14.50  2.90   5.10 yes    --                                
Dimemethyl formamide                                                      
              17.40  13.70  11.30                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Dimethyl phthalate                                                        
              18.60  10.80  4.90 yes    --                                
Dimethyl sulfoxide                                                        
              18.40  16.40  10.20                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no.sup.b                          
1,4-dioxane   19.00  1.80   7.40 yes    --                                
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.90  20.20  18.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.50  5.70   11.20                                         
                                 yes    --                                
methyl ether                                                              
Ethanol       15.80  8.80   19.40                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Ethyl acetate 15.80  5.30   7.20 yes    --                                
Ethylene dichloride                                                       
              19.00  7.40   4.10 yes    --                                
Ethylene glycol mono-                                                     
              15.90  4.70   10.60                                         
                                 yes    --                                
ethyl ether acetate                                                       
Hexane        14.90  0.00   0.00 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no.sup.b                          
Isophorone    16.90  8.20   7.40 yes    --                                
Methanol      15.10  12.30  22.30                                         
                                 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Methylene chloride                                                        
              18.20  6.30   6.10 yes    --                                
N--methyl-2-pyrro-                                                        
              18.00  12.30  7.20 yes    --                                
lidone                                                                    
Nitrobenzene  20.00  8.60   4.10 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
2-nitropropane                                                            
              16.20  12.10  4.10 yes    --                                
Propylene carbonate                                                       
              20.00  18.00  4.10 no     no                                
Propylene glycol mono-                                                    
              15.60  6.30   11.60                                         
                                 yes    --                                
methyl ether                                                              
Tetrahydrofuran                                                           
              16.80  5.70   8.00 yes    --                                
Toluene       18.00  1.40   2.00 yes    --                                
Trichloroethylene                                                         
              18.00  3.10   5.30 yes    --                                
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball                     
 .sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink &#34;Seristar SX&#34; are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. 
     The results obtained are listed in table 4: 
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solubility range for Sericol red Seristar D2528                           
δ.sub.D = 16.25 δ.sub.P = 14.43 δ.sub.H = 10.29 R.sub.P 
= 11.06                                                                   
                     Solubility                                           
Solvent       δ.sub.D                                               
                     δ.sub.P                                        
                            δ.sub.H                                 
                                 10 min.                                  
                                        24 hours                          
______________________________________                                    
Acetone       15.50  10.40  7.00 yes    --                                
Acetophenone  19.60  8.60   3.70 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
1,3-butane diol                                                           
              16.60  10.00  21.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
1-butanol     16.00  5.70   15.80                                         
                                 no     no                                
Butyl acetate 15.80  3.70   6.30 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
              19.00  16.60  7.40 yes    --                                
Carbontetrachloride                                                       
              17.80  0.00   0.60 no     no                                
Chlorobenzene 19.00  4.30   2.00 no     no                                
Chloroform    17.80  3.10   5.70 no     no                                
Cyclohexanol  17.40  4.10   13.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Diacetone alcohol                                                         
              15.80  8.20   10.80                                         
                                 yes    --                                
o-dichlorobenzene                                                         
              19.20  6.30   3.30 no     no                                
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.20  14.70  20.50                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Diethyl ether 14.50  2.90   5.10 no     no                                
Dimemethyl formamide                                                      
              17.40  13.70  11.30                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Dimethyl phthalate                                                        
              18.60  10.80  4.90 no     yes                               
Dimethyl sulfoxide                                                        
              18.40  16.40  10.20                                         
                                 yes    --                                
1,4-dioxane   19.00  1.80   7.40 no     no                                
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.90  20.20  18.40                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.50  5.70   11.20                                         
                                 yes    --                                
methyl ether                                                              
Ethanol       15.80  8.80   19.40                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Ethyl acetate 15.80  5.30   7.20 yes    --                                
Ethylene dichloride                                                       
              19.00  7.40   4.10 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no.sup.b                          
Hexane        14.90  0.00   0.00 yes    --                                
Isophorone    16.90  8.20   7.40 no     no                                
Methanol      15.10  12.30  22.30                                         
                                 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Methylene chloride                                                        
              18.20  6.30   6.10 yes    --                                
N--methyl-2-pyrro-                                                        
              18.00  12.30  7.20 no     no                                
lidone                                                                    
Nitrobenzene  20.00  8.60   4.10 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
2-nitropropane                                                            
              16.20  12.10  4.10 yes    --                                
Propylene carbonate                                                       
              20.00  18.00  4.10 yes    yes                               
Propylene glycol mono-                                                    
              15.60  6.30   11.60                                         
                                 yes    --                                
methyl ether                                                              
Tetrahydrofuran                                                           
              16.80  5.70   8.00 yes    --                                
Toluene       18.00  1.40   2.00 no     no                                
Trichloroethylene                                                         
              18.00  3.10   5.30 no     no                                
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball                     
 .sup.b Ought to have heen outside the calculated ball                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink &#34;Sericol MV 043&#34; are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. 
     The results obtained are listed in table 5: 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solubility range for Sericol MV 043                                       
δ.sub.D = 17.55 δ.sub.P = 10.30 δ.sub.H = 7.26 R.sub.P  
= 6.93                                                                    
                     Solubility                                           
Solvent       δ.sub.D                                               
                     δ.sub.P                                        
                            δ.sub.H                                 
                                 10 min.                                  
                                        24 hours                          
______________________________________                                    
Acetone       15.50  10.40  7.00 yes    --                                
Acetophenone  19.60  8.60   3.70 yes    --                                
1,3-butane diol                                                           
              16.60  10.00  21.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
1-butanol     16.00  5.70   15.80                                         
                                 no     no                                
Butyl acetate 15.80  3.70   6.30 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
              19.00  16.60  7.40 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Carbontetrachloride                                                       
              17.80  0.00   0.60 no     no                                
Chlorobenzene 19.00  4.30   2.00 no     no                                
Chloroform    17.80  3.10   5.70 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
Cyclohexanol  17.40  4.10   13.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Diacetone alcohol                                                         
              15.80  8.20   10.80                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no.sup.b                          
o-dichlorobenzene                                                         
              19.20  6.30   3.30 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no                                
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.20  14.70  20.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Diethyl ether 14.50  2.90   5.10 yes    --                                
Dimemethyl formamide                                                      
              17.40  13.70  11.30                                         
                                 no     no                                
Dimethyl phthalate                                                        
              18.60  10.80  4.90 no     yes                               
Dimethyl sulfoxide                                                        
              18.40  16.40  10.20                                         
                                 yes    --                                
1,4-dioxane   19.00  1.80   7.40 no     no                                
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.90  20.20  18.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
DipropyIene glycol                                                        
              15.50  5.70   11.20                                         
                                 no     no                                
methyl ether                                                              
Ethanol       15.80  8.80   19.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethyl acetate 15.80  5.30   7.20 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Ethylene dichloride                                                       
              19.00  7.40   4.10 no.sup.b                                 
                                        no                                
Hexane        14.90  0.00   0.00 yes    --                                
Isophorone    16.90  8.20   7.40 no     no                                
Methanol      15.10  12.30  22.30                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Methylene chloride                                                        
              18.20  6.30   6.10 yes    --                                
N--methyl-2-pyrro-                                                        
              18.00  12.30  7.20 yes    --                                
lidone                                                                    
Nitrobenzene  20.00  8.60   4.10 yes    --                                
2-nitropropane                                                            
              16.20  12.10  4.10 no     no                                
Propylene carbonate                                                       
              20.00  18.00  4.10 no     no                                
Propylene glycol mono-                                                    
              15.60  6.30   11.60                                         
                                 no     no                                
methyl ether                                                              
Tetrahydrofuran                                                           
              16.80  5.70   8.00 yes    --                                
Toluene       18.00  1.40   2.00 no     no                                
Trichloroethylene                                                         
              18.00  3.10   5.30 no     no.sup.b                          
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball                     
 .sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink Sericol &#34;Polyplast PY-043&#34; are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. 
     The results obtained are listed in table 6: 
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solubility range for Sericol &#34;Polyplast PY-043&#34;                           
δ.sub.D = 19.37 δ.sub.P = 8.73 δ.sub.H = 5.91 R.sub.P = 
8.74                                                                      
                     Solubility                                           
Solvent       δ.sub.D                                               
                     δ.sub.P                                        
                            δ.sub.H                                 
                                 10 min.                                  
                                        24 hours                          
______________________________________                                    
Acetone       15.50  10.40  7.00 yes    --                                
Acetophenone  19.60  8.60   3.70 yes    --                                
1,3-butane diol                                                           
              16.60  10.00  21.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
1-butanol     16.00  5.70   15.80                                         
                                 no     no                                
Butyl acetate 15.80  3.70   6.30 yes    --                                
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
              19.00  16.60  7.40 yes    --                                
Carbontetrachloride                                                       
              17.80  0.00   0.60 no     no                                
Chlorobenzene 19.00  4.30   2.00 yes    --                                
Chloroform    17.80  3.10   5.70 yes    --                                
Cyclohexanol  17.40  4.10   13.50                                         
                                 no     no.sup.b                          
Diacetone alcohol                                                         
              15.80  8.20   10.80                                         
                                 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
o-dichlorobenzene                                                         
              19.20  6.30   3.30 yes    --                                
Diethylene glycol                                                         
              16.20  14.70  20.50                                         
                                 no     no                                
Diethyl ether 14.50  2.90   5.10 no     no                                
Dimemethyl formamide                                                      
              17.40  13.70  11.30                                         
                                 yes    --                                
Dimethyl phthalate                                                        
              18.60  10.80  4.90 no     yes                               
Dimethyl sulfoxide                                                        
              18.40  16.40  10.20                                         
                                 yes.sup.a                                
                                        --                                
1,4-dioxane   19.00  1.80   7.40 yes    --                                
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.90  20.20  18.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Dipropylene glycol                                                        
              15.50  5.70   11.20                                         
                                 no     no                                
methyl ether                                                              
Ethanol       15.80  8.80   19.40                                         
                                 no     no                                
Ethyl acetate 15.80  5.30   7.20 yes    --                                
Ethylene dichloride                                                       
              19.00  7.40   4.10 yes    --                                
Ethylene glycol mono-                                                     
              15.90  4.70   10.60                                         
                                 yes    --                                
ethyl ether acetate                                                       
Hexane        14.90  0.00   0.00 no     no                                
Isophorone    16.90  8.20   7.40 no.sup.b                                 
                                        yes                               
Methanol      15.10  12.30  22.30                                         
                                 no     no                                
Methylene chloride                                                        
              18.20  6.30   6.10 yes    --                                
N--methyl-2-pyrro-                                                        
              18.00  12.30  7.20 yes    --                                
lidone                                                                    
Nitrobenzene  20.00  8.60   4.10 yes    --                                
2-nitropropane                                                            
              16.20  12.10  4.10 yes    --                                
Propylene carbonate                                                       
              20.00  18.00  4.10 no     yes                               
Propylene glycol mono-                                                    
              15.60  6.30   11.60                                         
                                 no     no                                
methyl ether                                                              
Tetrahydrofuran                                                           
              16.80  5.70   8.00 yes    --                                
Toluene       18.00  1.40   2.00 no     no                                
Trichloroethylene                                                         
              18.00  3.10   5.30 yes    --                                
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball                     
 .sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball                    
 
    
     It appears from the foregoing examples that there are several solvent candidates for each individual printing ink which are within the solubility range according to the Hansen model, but which are 
     (a) not useful in practice because of current environmental requirements, 
     (b) not useful in practice because of too slow dissolution effect, cf. the time parameter previously mentioned, or 
     (c) have no effect on one or more of the ordinary printing inks. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     This example shows that the solvent mixtures EX I A, EX I B, EX I C and EX 2 destroy the glue system more than the liquid mixtures O and V of the invention. It is moreover shown that a too large amount of γ-butyrolactone in the liquid mixtures of the invention (above 25%) destroys the glue system. 
     The commercial glue systems used were the following: 
     1. 10% hardener, as prescribed by the manufacturer 
     2. 10% hardener, as prescribed after 24 hours&#39; hardening, coated with lacquer so that all the glue is covered. 
     3. 20% hardener, the frame having been pre-coated with a glue mixture which has hardened for 24 hours before mounting of the screen. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Solvent mixtures                                                          
     WW %                                                                 
______________________________________                                    
EX I                                                                      
A    75.72      N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                   
     18.52      Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                           
      3.04      Cyclohexanone                                             
      2.72      Synperonic NP 9                                           
EX I                                                                      
B    47.12      N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                   
B    47.12      Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                           
      3.04      Cyclohexanone                                             
      2.72      Synperonic NP 9                                           
EX I                                                                      
C    39.38      N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                   
     18.52      Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                           
     39.38      Cyclohexanone                                             
      2.72      Synperonic NP 9                                           
EX 2                                                                      
     37.86      N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                   
      9.26      Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether                           
      1.52      Cyclohexanone                                             
     24.00      Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate                   
     26.00      Methylene chloride                                        
      1.36      Synperonic NP 9                                           
______________________________________                                    
Liquid mixture V of the invention with various amounts                    
of γ-butyrolactone                                                  
               V        V.sub.C                                           
               W/W %    W/W %                                             
______________________________________                                    
Isoper L       24.9     23.7                                              
DMP            16.6     15.8                                              
MPA            41.5     39.8                                              
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
               11.3     15.0                                              
Synperonic NP 9                                                           
                5.9      5.7                                              
______________________________________                                    
A maximum of 15 W/W γ-butyrolactone may be added if                 
a homogenous liquid is desired.                                           
______________________________________                                    
Liquid mixture V with various amounts of N--methyl-2-                     
pyrrolidone                                                               
           V.sub.A      V.sub.D   F.sub.F                                 
           W/W %        W/W %    W/W %                                    
______________________________________                                    
Isoper L   24.9         22.29    20.79                                    
DMP        16.6         14.86    13.86                                    
MPA        41.5         37.15    34.65                                    
N--methyl-2-                                                              
           11.3         20.0     25.0                                     
pyrrolidone                                                               
Synperonic NP 9                                                           
            5.7          5.7      5.7                                     
______________________________________                                    
Liquid mixture V with various amounts of γ-butyrolactone            
and N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                               
               V.sub.B  V.sub.E                                           
               W/W %    W/W %                                             
______________________________________                                    
Isoper L       24.9     20.29                                             
DMP            16.6     14.86                                             
MPA            41.5     37.15                                             
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
               5.65     10.0                                              
N--methy1-2-                                                              
pyrrolidone                                                               
Synperonic NP 9                                                           
               5.7      5.7                                               
______________________________________                                    
Liquid mixture O with various amounts of γ-butyrolactone            
               O          O.sub.I  O.sub.L                                
               W/W %      W/W %    W/W %                                  
______________________________________                                    
Isoper L       9.7        8.95     8.37                                   
PMA            14.6       13.48    12.61                                  
DB             27.2       25.12    23.49                                  
DPM            32.0       29.55    27.63                                  
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
               13.6       20.0     25.0                                   
Synperonic NP 9                                                           
               2.9        2.9      2.9                                    
______________________________________                                    
Liquid mixture O with various amounts of N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone          
               O.sub.G    O.sub.J  O.sub.M                                
               W/W %      W/W %    W/W %                                  
______________________________________                                    
Isoper L       9.7        8.95     8.37                                   
PMA            14.6       13.48    12.61                                  
DB             27.2       25.12    23.49                                  
DPM            32.0       29.55    27.63                                  
N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                                   
               13.6       20.0     25.0                                   
Synperonic NP 9                                                           
               2.9        2.9      2.9                                    
______________________________________                                    
Liquid mixture O with various amounts of γ-butyrolactone            
and N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                               
               O.sub.H    O.sub.K  O.sub.N                                
               W/W %      W/W %    W/W %                                  
______________________________________                                    
Isoper L       9.7        8.95     8.37                                   
PMA            14.6       13.48    12.61                                  
DB             27.2       25.12    23.49                                  
DPM            32.0       29.55    27.63                                  
γ-butyrolactone                                                     
               6.8        10.0     12.5                                   
N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone                                                   
               6.8        10.0     12.5                                   
Synperonic NP 9                                                           
               2.9        2.9      2.9                                    
______________________________________                                    
 Synperonic NP 9 = Surfactant.                                            
 Isoper L = Solvent, flash point 64° C.                            
 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Test results                                                              
Glue system                                                               
         1.          2.           3.                                      
time (hours)                                                              
         1.5 h                                                            
             2.5 h                                                        
                 3.5 h                                                    
                     1.5 h                                                
                          2.5 h                                           
                               3.5 h                                      
                                   1.5 h                                  
                                      2.5 h                               
                                          3.5 h                           
__________________________________________________________________________
Pregan 240 E                                                              
          0   0  0-1 -1-0 -1-0  0   0  0  0-1                             
V         6  8-9  8  5     4    5   4 6-7  6                              
V.sub.A 11.3% NM2P                                                        
          8   9  10-11                                                    
                      6    5   6-7 5-6                                    
                                      7-8 7-8                             
V.sub.B 11.3% NM2P/                                                       
         7-8 10  10   6    6    6   6  8  7-8                             
BLO                                                                       
V.sub.C 15% BLO                                                           
         6-7 11-12                                                        
                 12   7   10-11                                           
                               11   6  8   7                              
V.sub.D 20% NM2P                                                          
         13  13-14                                                        
                 14-15                                                    
                     11   13   10   9 12  12                              
V.sub.E 20% NM2P/                                                         
         7-8 13-14                                                        
                 12   9   12   10  10 10- 11                              
                                          12                              
BLO                                                                       
V.sub.F 25% NM2P                                                          
         13-14                                                            
             13-14                                                        
                 12  14   14   11-12                                      
                                   12 12                                  
O 14% BLO                                                                 
         4-5  7  6-7  2    3   5-6  4 5-6 4-5                             
O.sub.G 14% NM2P                                                          
         3-4  8  6-7  2    4   5-6  4  6  4 5                             
O.sub.H 14% NM2P/                                                         
          9   8   2   4   6-7   5   5  6                                  
BLO 4-5                                                                   
O.sub.I 20% BLO                                                           
          6   8  11-12                                                    
                     4-5   4   6-7  4 5-6 5-6                             
O.sub.J NM2P                                                              
          8   9  11   3   4-5   6   5 8-9 8-9                             
O.sub.K NM2P/BLO                                                          
          7  8-9 11   3    4    7  5-6                                    
                                      8-9  7                              
O.sub.L 25% BLO                                                           
          7   6  11   3    6    6  4-5                                    
                                       6   7                              
O.sub.M 25% NM2P                                                          
         8-9 11  10  4-5   6    6  6-7                                    
                                       9   9-10                           
O.sub.N 25% NM2P/                                                         
         6-7 12  12  4-5   6    8   6  9   8                              
BLO                                                                       
EX I A   11  14  15  +*   *    *    16*                                   
                                      *   16                              
EX I B   12  14  15   9+  14   14  14 15  15                              
EX I C   13  13  14-15                                                    
                     13+  14-15                                           
                               *   14 14-15                               
                                          15                              
EX 2     14  14  14  14+  14-15                                           
                               15  14 15  15                              
__________________________________________________________________________
 +dissolves the lacquer                                                   
  *falls off                                                              
 the higher the figure, the more the glue system is destroyed.            
 14-15 inacceptable                                                       
 V contains 11.3% butyrolactone (BLO)                                     
 O contains 13.6% butyrolactone                                           
 NM2P = N--methyl2-pyrrolidone                                            
 
    
     It appears from the results that EX I A, EX I B, EX I C and EX 2 destroy all three glue systems, and that destruction of the glue systems increases with increasing addition of γ-butyrolactone and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, respectively, to the liquid mixtures O and V of the invention.