Bituminous compositions having high adhesive properties
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Unique physical properties and an abundant supply have established asphalt as a major raw material for use in industrial applications that involve structural adhesive and waterproof protective films. The major markets for these industrial applications are road paving and roofing respectively. Both asphalt cement and mineral filled roofing asphalt can comprise a mixture of asphalt with silica or limestone based minerals. Consequently, chemical and physical factors which can influence the asphaltic coating of minerals are operative in both applications. 
     Residual oils and/or bituminous materials, such as asphalt, used in the preparation of pavements do not coat and adhere well to mineral aggregates unless the aggregate is substantially dry, and, for this reason, in conventional pavements it may be necessary to dry the mineral aggregate prior to blending with the bituminous material. 
     Mineral aggregates employed in road pavement range in character from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. In general, siliceous and acidic minerals, such as sands and gravels, tend to be hydrophilic while calcareous, alkaline minerals, such as limestone, tend to be more hydrophobic. It has been observed that the mineral aggregates appear to have a greater attraction for water than for oil or bitumens and that it is difficult to obtain complete or satisfactory coating of aggregates by oil or bitumen when water is present. Furthermore, even though satisfactory coating may be obtained by using dry aggregates, the oil or bitumen tends to be displaced if water enters the pavement or road. 
     One approach which has been used to decrease the severity of the problems attributed to poor adhesion between the aggregate and bitumens and/or stripping of the bitumen from the aggregate due to the presence of moisture has been to include an additive (hereinafter referred to as an antistripping agent) in the bitumen prior to combination with the aggregate. These anti-stripping agents serve to enhance the coating of the aggregate by bitumens and retard displacement of the aggregate-bitumen bond by water. 
     The art discloses several antistripping agents which are useful as additives in bitumens and asphalts. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,759,839 to Crews et al. discloses the use of certain amines as antistripping agents. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,694 teaches the use of terpenic resins and interpolymers of ethylene, methylacrylate and an organic acid improves certain properties of asphalt compositions such as adhesion to aggregates. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,162 discloses the use of tall oil as an adhesion promoter in bituminous emulsions. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,797 discloses the use of tertiary amines as bitumen additives which improve the adhesion properties of the bitumen. U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,014 discloses the use of bituminous compositions containing two polymeric materials; one which improves the resistance of the material to flow under elevated temperatures, and the second causes improved adhesion to other materials. The second polymer is characterized by having a molecular weight of at least 10,000, a solubility parameter (defined in Dutch Patent Application No. 6,706,408) of between 7.8 and 8.8 and a crystallinity of less than 60 percent at 25° C. The second polymer is disclosed to include for example polyethylene, polybutadiene, chlorinated polyethylene, ethylene, ethylacrylate copolymers, ethylene vinylacetate and the like. The polymers must each be employed in a minimum amount of 4 weight percent of the composition. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,127 discloses the use of an expoxylated polyamine to provide adhesion between aggregate materials and the bitumen. 
     In copending application Ser. No. 817,659; filed Jan. 10, 1986, certain olefinic polymers are employed in an amount of at least 1 part by weight of an asphalt blend to provide improved characteristics at elevated temperature. The polymers are disclosed to have a melting point between 140° F. and 350° F. and a melt flow index of at least 50 g/10 min. The blend is disclosed to have improved stability, antistrip and solvent resistance properties. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,364,168 discloses a blend of low molecular weight, low density polyethylene, refined grade lube oil and petroleum resin provides a material which can be employed as road paving substance and the like. 
     The present invention is based on the discovery that improved adhesion of aggregate and bitumen can be achieved by incorporating small amounts of certain α-olefin copolymers into the mixture. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention comprises a composition comprising a bituminous material from about 90 to about 99.9 percent and a copolymer of an α-olefin (e.g. ethylene) an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (e.g. acrylic acid) from about 0.1 to about 10 percent or the neutralized salt thereof (ionomer); wherein the copolymer contains from about 5 to about 30 percent by weight of the α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or ionomer and about 95 to about 70 percent by weight of the α-olefin. The composition is substantially free of α-olefin/ester copolymers since these tend to decrease the adhesive characteristics of the composition to the mineral aggregates. The above composition is mixed with from about 90 to about 96 percent by weight of mineral aggregate to form paving, roofing, and other type materials. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The bituminous material employed in the practice of the present invention is not critical. Any bitumen, such as asphalt, tar, pitches or crude residuum containing asphalites can be employed. U.S. Pat. No. 3,317,447 contains a description of useful bituminous materials. The teachings of this patent are specifically incorporated herein by reference. In general, the bitumen which can be employed include conventional petroleum asphalts, natural asphalts, gilsonite, air blown asphalts, coal tar and other similar materials. The asphalts are characterized by having penetration grades of up to 300 as measured by ASTM Method D5. Preferred asphalts are the normal paving asphalts (e.g. AC2.5, AC5, AC10, AC20, AC30 and AC40. AC indicates asphalt cement, and the number indicates viscosity at 140° F. in Poises÷100). 
     The interpolymers useful in the practice of the invention are prepared from the reaction of an α-olefin and a comonomer which adds polar characteristics to the olefin. The olefin preferably is a C 1  to C 7  α-olefin. Ethylene is preferred because of processing ease and cost. The comonomer is a material which adds polar characteristics to the α-olefin and is selected from the group consisting of α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ionomers, and mixtures thereof. 
     The comonomers are preferably employed in a ratio which provides an interpolymer which has a sharp melting point between about 140° F. (60° C.) and about 350° F. (176.7° C.) the normal working temperature used in preparing the bituminuous material for use as paving material, roofing material or the like. The weight percent of the carboxylic acid in the interpolymer can range over a wide span. The amount will depend on the particular carboxylic acid employed. However, the maximum amount will be such that the interpolymer does not become incompatible with the bituminous material and tend to separate therefrom. This can be readily ascertained by simple laboratory testing prior to formulating the blend for use as a paving material or the like. The unsaturated carboxylic acid should be present in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 30 weight percent of the copolymer. An amount ranging from about 8 to about 20 weight percent is preferred because of better antistrip properties. It has been found that adhesive properties improve as the amount of carboxylic acid increases in the interpolymer while the cohesive or elastic properties tend to decrease as the Melt Flow Index of the interpolymer is increased at certain levels of carboxylic acid. At the higher unsaturated carboxylic acid levels, this trend is less pronounced. The copolymer can have a melt flow index ranging from about 1.5 g/10 min. to about 6,000 g/10 min or higher (determined by ASTM D-1238-Sch. E.) 
     The interpolymer preferably has a Melt Flow Index (MI) and percentage of copolymer which will cause the interpolymer to form a homogenous blend with the bitumen at a temperature of between about 200° F. (93° C.) and 350° F. (176.7° C.). 
     Specific examples of comonomers which can be employed include, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, and ionomers and the like. The neutralizing cation for the ionomers are usually Na, Mg, or Zn. Other mono, di and trivalent metals such as Ca, Al, K and Li can be used. 
     A copolymer containing ethylene and acrylic and/or methacrylic acid in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 30 percent, preferably about 8 to about 20 percent of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid is preferred. These copolymers are well known in the art as well as their method of manufacture. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,351,931; 3,520,861; 4,252,924; and 3,969,434 describe such polymers and their method of manufacture. The teachings of these patents are specifically incorporated herein by reference. 
     The amount of copolymer to be used in the bitumen blend can range from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 percent and most preferred about 1 percent or less is employed. The blend is substantially free of copolymers of an α-olefin and an acetate such as vinyl acetate since these copolymers tend to decrease the adhesiveness of the blend to mineral aggregates. However, surprisingly, the absence of the acetate does not detract from the other favorable properties of the blend such as elasticity of the blend. 
     The copolymer is admixed with the bitumen material, e.g. asphalt, in any convenient manner employing equipment which is normally used in paving, roofing and other construction projects. The bitumen material and the copolymer are hot mixed at a temperature of from at least about 140° F. (60° C.) up to the decomposition temperature of the copolymer. The copolymer, as finely divided solids, pellets, etc. or in solution, in a solvent e.g. with benzene or toluene or as an aqueous dispersion, is mixed into the molten asphalt. 
     Aggregates which can be employed include both silica and limestone based minerals. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     In these examples, a sample is prepared containing asphalt, an aggregate and a certain antistrip additive. The sample is then subjected to a standard &#34;boil test&#34; to ascertain the adhesion of the asphalt to the aggregate. The &#34;boil test&#34; is described in &#34;Texas Boiling Test for Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures&#34; T. W. Kennedy, F. L. Roberts, J. N. Anagnas, Research Report No. 253-5, January 1984, conducted for Texas State Department of Highways by Center For Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas at Austin. The boil test consists of boiling in distilled water a sample of the blend and determining, visually, the percentage coverage of the aggregate with asphalt at the conclusion of the test. Greater coverage indicates better performance of the antistrip agent. 
     In a second series of tests, the prepared samples are subjected to a standard &#34;freeze-thaw&#34; test. In this test, a sample is immersed in distilled water and subjected to 24 hours freeze-thaw conditions until the sample cracks and falls apart. The number of freeze-thaw cycles the sample can withstand before cracking indicates the additive performance. The &#34;freeze-thaw&#34; test is described in Kennedy, T. W. et al. &#34;Texas Freeze-Thaw Pedestal Test for Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility for Asphalt Mixtures&#34;, Research Report No. 253-3, Research Project 3-9-79-253 conducted for Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation by Center For Transportation Research Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas at Austin, February, 1982. 
     Texas Cosden brand asphalt (AC-20 grade) was used in the tests. This particular asphalt is known to have poor field stripping performance. The amount of asphalt content used was determined on the basis of Test Method Tex-204-F. For tests of individual aggregates, the first trial mixture was prepared at the design asphalt content for the mixture in which the aggregate is to be used. Based on the results, subsequent mixtures were prepared at one-half percent increments above or below this trial value. The objective is to coat the aggregate particles with approximately the same asphalt film thickness. There should be very little asphalt left on the mixing bowl after the mixture is removed. In these tests, the amount of asphalt used for all aggregates tested is 5.6 percent for the boil tests and 6.1 percent for the freeze-thaw tests. 
     BOIL TEST 
     A. Mixture Preparation 
     Fifty grams of individual aggregate is heated in an oven at 160° C. for 2 hours before mixing. The asphalt cement without antistrip additive is heated at 160° C. for at least 8 hours. This will cause some hardening of the asphalt and therefore, simulates asphalts which have been plant-mixed. Then, 3 g (5.6 percent) of asphalt is weighed out into a crucible. additive to be tested, is added to the asphalt as a weight percent of the asphalt reported in the following Tables. The crucible with asphalt and additive is heated at 160° C. with thorough manual mixing for 10 minutes. At this temperature the viscosity of asphalt is low enough to promote even distribution of additive in the asphalt. Heating will also evaluate the thermal stability of the antistripping additive. At the appropriate time, hot aggregate is poured into the asphalt/additive mix and mixed manually on a hot plate as rapidly and thoroughly as possible for 5 minutes. The mixture is then transferred to aluminum foil and allowed to cool at room temperature for at least 2 hours before testing. 
     B. Test Procedures 
     A one-liter beaker is filled with 500 ml of distilled water and heated to boiling. The prepared aggregate-asphalt mixture which is at room temperature is then added to the boiling water. The water should be maintained at a medium boil for 10 minutes while stirring with a glass rod at 3-minute intervals. During and after boiling, the stripped asphalt should be skimmed away from the surface of the water with a paper towel to prevent recoating of the aggregate. The mixture is then allowed to cool to room temperature while still in the beaker. After cooling, the water is drained from beaker and the wet mixture is emptied onto a paper towel and allowed to dry. 
     The percentage of asphalt retained on the aggregate is determined by visual observation. To standardize this evaluation, a set of 10 sample mixtures representing a scale of from 0 to 100 percent. asphalt retention was prepared. By referring to these standard mixtures, the percentage of asphalt retention can be determined. Higher percentage indicates better adhesion. For each additive, the test was done in duplicate, and the average was used to report the test result. A 70 percent or higher asphalt retention after boil test indicates possible non-stripping field performance. 
     FREEZE-THAW TEST 
     A. Preparation of Mixture Specimens 
     Test specimen 19.05±0.127 mm (0.75±0.005 in) in height and 41.33 mm (1.627 in) in diameter are prepared, as follows. The aggregate, 46 g for each test specimen, is heated at 160° C. for at least 2 hours before mixing with 3 g (6.1 percent) of asphalt in a crucible. The additive is added to the asphalt, in the weight percent of the asphalt as indicated in the following Tables. The crucible with asphalt and additive is heated at 160° C. with manual mixing for 5 minutes. The hot aggregate is then poured into the asphalt/additive mix and mixed as thoroughly and rapidly as possible for 5 minutes. The mixture is then heated at 150° C. for one-half hour and cooled for over 30 minutes. 
     The compaction of the asphalt mixture into specimens is done in a 1018 cold rolled steel cylindrical mold equipped with a base plate and ram. This mold has a 41.33 mm (1.627 in) inside diameter and is 88.9 mm (3.5 in) in height. The base plate is 41.28 mm (1.625 in) in base diameter and 12.7 mm (0.5 in) in height. The nipple on the center top of the base plate is 6.35 mm (0.25 in) in both diameter and height. The ram is 41.28 mm (1.625 in) in diameter and 114.3 mm (4.5 in) in height. After mixing but before compaction, the mixture is reheated at 150° C. for 20 minutes then quickly transferred into the assembled cylinder mold and base plate. The molding ram is inserted and the sample is compacted by applying a constant load of 6,200±50 lbs. on a hydraulic molding press for 7 minutes. The briquet is extracted from the mold and allow to cool. The height of the briquet is 19.05±0.127 mm (0.75±0.005 in). The briquet is cured on a flat surface at room temperature for 2 days. 
     The briquet is then placed on a stress pedestal. This pedestal is made of plexiglass or polycarbonate, has a 10° beveled, 50.8 mm (2.00 in) in diameter, 11.43 mm (0.45 in) in height with a nipple on the top 6.35 mm (0.25 in) in diameter by 3.56 mm (0.14 in) in height. The stress pedestal with briquet is placed in an 8 oz polypropylene wide mouth jar and distilled water is added until it is about one-half inch over the briquet. The jar is capped. 
     B. Test Procedures 
     The jar is placed in a temperature-controlled freezer at -12°±3° C. for 15 hours. The jar is then transferred to a temperature-controlled oven at 50°±2° C. for 9 hours. At the end of each complete cycle, the briquet surface is examined for appearance of cracks. If no crack is visible, the specimen is subjected to additional freeze-thaw cycles and examined again until a surface crack appears. The number of freeze-thaw cycles required to crack the briquet is recorded. For each individual additive, 2 specimens are prepared for testing and the average of the results of each test is reported as the test result. If the number of cycles to failure of the two specimens varied by more than 4, additional specimens were prepared and tested until consistent test values were secured. The number of freeze-thaw cycles is related to the effectiveness of the additive. A 25 cycle of freezing and thawing without cracking may indicate non-stripping field performance. 
     Four siliceous aggregates were tested. They were selected from four geographic areas of the United States. The names and location are: Davidson (Georgia); Waco (Texas); Gifford-Hill (Bryan, Tex.); and Helms (Nevada). A uniform size was employed. Between 8 and 20 mesh, (U.S. Standard Sieve Series) was used for the boil test and between 20 and 35 mesh (U.S. Standard Sieve Series) was used for the freeze-thaw test. The aggregates were rinsed several times with water and thoroughly dried to a constant weight at 150°±3° C. prior to use. 
     Tables I, II and III report the results of these tests. 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
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One Percent By Weight Additive                                            
   Aggregate          Gifford                                             
Test                                                                      
   Test Type    Davidson                                                  
                      Hill  Waco  Helms                                   
No.                                                                       
   Additive     B  FT B  FT B  FT B  FT                                   
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1  EAA (6.5% AA, 9 MI)                                                    
                85 30 85 14 80 29 -- 26                                   
2  EAA (8% AA, 700 MI)                                                    
                85 29 85 16 85 27 -- 30                                   
3  EAA (8% AA, 2600 MI)                                                   
                75 29 80 17 60 16 -- 26                                   
4  EAA (9% AA, 1.5 MI)                                                    
                95 40*                                                    
                      100                                                 
                         21 100                                           
                               34 -- 40                                   
5  EAA (9% AA, 10 MI)                                                     
                90 40 90 19 90 30 -- 36                                   
6  EAA (12% AA, 1.5 MI)                                                   
                95 40 95 19 90 31 -- 40                                   
7  EAA (16% AA, 22 MI)                                                    
                100                                                       
                   40 95 19 95 26 -- 38                                   
8  EAA (20% AA, 300 MI)                                                   
                100                                                       
                   40 100                                                 
                         13 100                                           
                               25 -- 34                                   
9  EAA (20% AA, 1300 MI)                                                  
                95 40 100                                                 
                         17 100                                           
                               20 -- 30                                   
10 EAA (20% AA, 2600 MI)                                                  
                95 40 100                                                 
                         13 100                                           
                               22 -- 31                                   
11 EAA/Mg Ionomer                                                         
                85 30 70 15 70 29 -- --                                   
   (20% AA, 2.5 MI)                                                       
12 EAA/Mg Ionomer                                                         
                75 34 80 13 40 21 -- --                                   
   (20% AA, 5 MI)                                                         
13 EAA/Mg Ionomer                                                         
                85 32 85 18 80 24 -- --                                   
   (20% AA, 10 MI)                                                        
14 Allied EAA AC-540                                                      
                30 16 50 10 40 18 -- --                                   
   (4.5% AA, WAX)                                                         
15 Allied EAA AC-580                                                      
                60 18 75 11 60 16 -- --                                   
   (8% AA, WAX)                                                           
16 Allied EAA AC-5120                                                     
                85 15 85 13 85 20 -- --                                   
   (12.8% AA, WAX)                                                        
17 Nucrel®-0910                                                       
                80 20 85 18 50 25 -- --                                   
   (9% MAA, 10 MI)                                                        
18 Surlyn®-8940 Ionomer                                               
                50 14 85 20 40 15 -- --                                   
   (14% MAA, 2.8 MI)                                                      
19 Surlyn®-9910 Ionomer                                               
                30 12 70 17 30 13 -- --                                   
   (14% MAA, 0.7 MI)                                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
 B  The percentage of asphalt retention on aggregate surface after boil   
 test.                                                                    
 FT  The number of freezethaw cycles asphalt concrete briquet withstands  
 before cracking.                                                         
 EAA  Ethyleneacrylic acid copolymer.                                     
 AA  Percent by weight of acrylic acid in the copolymer.                  
 MI  Melt flow index.                                                     
 EAA/Mg Ionomer  % neutralization                                         
 Allied                                                                   
 AC540  4.5% AA, WAX                                                      
 AC580  8% AA, WAX                                                        
 AC5120  12.8% AA, WAX                                                    
 The molecular weight of these materials are too low to use melt index as 
 identifying criteria. They are referred to in the art as &#34;WAXES&#34;.        
 Nucrel  (Trademark of duPont Company)                                    
 Surlyn  (Trademark of duPont Company)                                    
 Surlyn  (Trademark of duPont Company)                                    
 &#34;--&#34; means not tested.                                                   
 *All &#34;40&#34; figures in FT columns (all columns) in Tables I and II means th
 test was stopped at forty cycles. The specimen was, however, still intact
 at this point.                                                           
 
    
     
                                           TABLE II                                
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DIFFERENT ADDITIVE WEIGHT %                                               
         DAVIDSON          GIFFORD - HILL    WACO                         
Test                                                                      
   ADDI- 0.25% 0.5%  1.0%  0.25% 0.5%  1.0%  0.25% 0.5%  1.0%             
No.                                                                       
   TIVE %                                                                 
         B  FT B  FT B  FT B  FT B  FT B  FT B  FT B  FT B FT             
__________________________________________________________________________
1  EAA   80 17 80 22 85 30 60 11 80 12 85 14 80 19 80 25 80 29            
   (6.5% AA,                                                              
   9 MI)                                                                  
2  EAA   75 14 80 20 85 29 70  9 80 11 85 16 70 16 75 21 85  27           
   (8% AA,                                                                
   700 MI)                                                                
3  EAA   60 11 60 19 75 29 60  7 60  9 80 17 50  8 60 10 60  16           
   (8% AA,                                                                
   2600 MI)                                                               
4  EAA   80 19 90 27 95  40*                                              
                           80 15 100                                      
                                    21 100                                
                                          21 75 20 90 26 100 34           
   (9% AA,                                                                
   1.5 MI)                                                                
5  EAA   70 17 80 24 90 40 70 12 80 17 90 19 70 18 85 24 90  30           
   (9% AA,                                                                
   10 MI)                                                                 
6  EAA   80 19 80 28 95 40 75 16 85 19 95 19 70 20 85 28 90  31           
   (12% AA,                                                               
   1.5 MI)                                                                
7  EAA   80 15 90 26 100                                                  
                        40 70 13 85 17 95 19 75 19 85 24 95  26           
   (16% AA,                                                               
   22 MI)                                                                 
8  EAA   85 15 90 26 100                                                  
                        40 80 13 90 13 100                                
                                          13 85 19 90 23 100 25           
   (20% AA,                                                               
   300 MI)                                                                
9  EAA   80 12 85 22 95 40 80 10 90 13 100                                
                                          17 80 16 90 19 100 20           
   (20% AA,                                                               
   1300 MI)                                                               
10 EAA   80 11 80 22 95 40 70  9 80 11 100                                
                                          13 80 16 90 17 100 22           
   (20% AA,                                                               
   2600 MI)                                                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                                           TABLE III                               
__________________________________________________________________________
RESULTS OF FREEZE-THAW TEST (GIFFORD GILL AGGREGATE) AND                  
BOIL TEST (WACO AGGREGATE) USING VARIOUS EAA COPOLYMERS                   
AS ASPHALT ADDITIVES AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS                          
                  GIFFORD HILL          WACO                              
Test No.                                                                  
     ADDITIVE     0.25%                                                   
                      0.5%                                                
                         1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%                    
__________________________________________________________________________
1    EAA (6.5% AA, 9 MI)                                                  
                  --  -- 14 -- -- -- -- 80 95 95  95                      
                                                    90                    
2    EAA (8% AA, 700 MI)                                                  
                  --  -- 16 -- -- -- -- 85 95 100                         
                                                 100                      
                                                    95                    
3    EAA (8% AA, 2600 MI)                                                 
                  10  13 17 23 27 31 38 60 80 95 100                      
                                                    100                   
4    EAA (20% AA, 300 MI)                                                 
                   8  12 13 13 18 22 29 100                               
                                           -- -- -- --                    
__________________________________________________________________________