Steel strip for food packaging and process for production thereof
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 186,090, filed 4/19/88 now abandoned, which is a division of application Ser. No. 066,934, filed 6/26/87 . Now U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,712. 
    
    
     This invention relates to an improved type of steel strip and to the process for the production thereof. More precisely, the invention relates to steel strip for food packaging, endowed with high corrosion resistance, good weldability and excellent lacquer adhesion, while having a far smaller quantity of protective metallic coating than used at the present time. 
     At the moment, the main material utilized for making food cans is tinplate, essentially because of its good resistance to many of the corrosive elements contained in foods. This corrosion resistance is further improved by the adoption of other protective layers, such as those provided by chromic passivation and/or lacquering. 
     Tin, however, is considered a strategic metal and is available only in moderate quantities. It is also costly. Other materials have therefore been developed to replace tinplate for making food cans. These materials employ a very small amount of tin compared with that needed for conventional tinplate (2.8-11.2 mg m -2 ), or they may contain none at all. 
     The most important representatives of this last group (&#34;tin-free steels&#34; as they are called) are those kinds of strip that are covered with a thin layer of chromium and chromium oxide. However, this material has to be lacquered and has welding problems; because with the high melting point of the chromium, the non-conductive nature of the chromium oxide and the high coating weight (total Cr around 100 mg m -2 ) a big increase in welding parameters is needed, the overall result being that the use of tin-free steel is not an economically viable proposition. 
     The other group of materials, those employing only a thin tin coating, can be broken down into two subgroups. The first of these includes plate where the tin is made to diffuse in the steel so as to form an iron-tin alloy layer on the surface which must, however, be further protected by a heavy layer of chromium and chromium oxide. Corrosion resistance appears satisfactory but, as in the case of the tin-free steels, poor weldability limits use to the bottoms and tops of cans or at least to all those applications where welding is not needed or where the food product is further protected by plastic, paper or other similar types of wrapping. 
     The second subgroup includes plates where the very thin layer of tin is protected by lacquer. This class of materials is usually more weldable, but corrosion resistance is not satisfactory, mainly because of poor adhesion of the paint to the substrate. Other types of black plate coating such as nickel, zinc-nickel alloys, simple lacquering, etc., have not as yet given satisfactory results. 
     To sum up, therefore, at the moment there are no materials that can be considered comparable with tin plate as regards reliability, corrosion resistance and weldability, and which are cheaper than those known. 
     The object of this invention is to overcome this difficulty by providing a plate, and the method of producing it, which is weldable, corrosion resistant, easily made and cheap. 
     The lacquering solution appears very promising because of the good protection afforded at an acceptable cost; the problem to be resolved, however, is adhesion of the lacquer to the substrate, especially in a moist environment. Lacquering can be considered only if it is capable of impeding contact between the steel and the canned food under all circumstances, preventing dissolution of the metal. 
     To this end, the interface between the substrate and the lacquer must be appropriately stabilized to ensure that the polymer film does not disbond from the steel strip during the severe mechanical deformations that occur during can-making (dry adhesion) and especially that the film remains unbroken, thus isolating the steel from the contents of the can which are generally corrosive in one manner or another (wet adhesion). The improved steel strip as per this invention resolves the problem of interface stabilization and is characterized by the fact that the surface of the substrate is covered by a thin patina of semiconducting oxide with mainly P-type behaviour. 
     The ratio of P-type charge-bearing atoms (NA) to N-type atoms (ND) in the semiconducting oxide is preferably higher than 1.2 for the materials as per this invention, namely for uncoated black plate or for plate coated with metal deposits weighing less than 800 mg m -2 . 
     It has been found surprisingly that semiconducting oxides with mainly P-type behaviour adhere well to the lacquers; the adherence values are already good around the above indicated value for the NA/ND ratio. 
     According to this invention the lacquer adhesion of any metal surface can be improved. The materials that have actually been tried are black plate, black plate with a chemical tin flash coating, black plate with an electrolytic tin flash coating and black plate with a chemical nickel flash coating. However, there is nothing to indicate that other products too can not be beneficially treated as per the invention; chemical deposits of manganese exhibit promising qualities, for instance. In this context the term &#34;flash&#34; is henceforth used to indicate a deposit whose weight ranges from 0.1 to 800 mg m -2 . 
     Again according to this invention the product already coated with the aforesaid patina of semiconducting oxide with mainly P-type behaviour can be further covered by a chromic passivation layer consisting of a mixture of chromium metal and chromium oxide, the total weight of chromium being less than 10 mg m -2 . The nature of this chromium oxide is still not entirely clear, so henceforth it will be referred to as CrO x  nH 2  O. 
     Conditions for the formation of the P-type semiconducting oxide can vary depending on the type of substrate involved. The weight of tin or nickel coating tried is thus of some importance. In fact with coating weights in excess of 800 mg m -2  not only do production costs increase, but it may also become difficult to obtain the desired type of semiconduction in any case, though it can always be achieved. The coating weight is thus limited to a maximum of 800 mg m -2  essentially for cost reason. 
     Furthermore, very light coatings of tin and nickel, especially those obtained chemically, form a Type-P semiconducting oxide patina spontaneously; the weight of these coatings is typically less than 400 mg -2 . In the case of uncoated black plate or plate with tin coatings weighing more than 400 mg -2 , specific action must be taken to ensure controlled oxidation of the surface. This controlled oxidation can be achieved in an Na 2  Cr 2  O 7  2H 2  O or an Na 2  B 4  O 7  10H 2  O bath. In the first case the bath contains from 20 to 30 gl -1  of Na 2  Cr 2  O 7  2H 2  O, has a pH between 4 and 5 and the temperature is held in the 40° to 60° C. range. The sheet is used as the anode in the solution, with a current density between 0.5 and 2.5 A dm -2  for from 1 to 30 s. 
     This procedure is particularly advantageous when it is intended to have an oxidized tin substrate subsequently coated with Cr and CrO x  nH 2  O. In fact, there is a chromic passivation section on almost all tinning lines; this functions virtually with the same bath as that described for controlled oxidation, the only difference being that in chromic passivation the strip is used as cathode with a charge density, as per the invention, between 4 and 8 Coulomb dm -2 . It is evident, therefore, how with just a few minor adjustements this invention can be used immediatelly on all existing tin-plating lines. 
     When Na 2  B 4  O 7  10H 2  O is used, the treatment bath contains from 25 to 55 g l -1  of borax, has a pH kept between 6 and 9 by the addition of H 3  BO 3 , and its temperature is held in the 20° to 40° C. range. With this solution, preliminary reduction of the surface of the strip used as cathode is needed. This is done by passing current of between 0.5 and 2.5 A dm -2  for from 2 to 25 s. Then immediately afterwards the strip is used as anode in the same solution, current of between 0.5 and 2.5 A dm -2  being passed for times ranging from 1 to 30 s. 
     By means of these procedures, controlled oxidation of the surface of the strip is assured as per this invention, with the formation of a thin patina of mainly P-type semiconducting oxide. At the present state of knowledge neither the nature of the oxide nor the quantity of the deposit are clearly defined, primarly because of the lack of analytical means which could provide reliable indications on the yield of the deposition processes and on the size of such thin deposits. 
     However, surface electrode capacity measurements made by means of a sine-wave signal of amplitude 5 mV and frequency 1 kHz, have permitted effective measurement of the concentration of charge donor atoms (ND) and acceptor atoms (NA) in the surface layers. It ensues from these measurements that a satisfactory NA/ND ratio is always in excess of 1.2 for the materials treated as per the invention. 
     It should be observed at this point that in the case of tin deposits weighing between 400 and 800 mg m -2 , namely those requiring specific controlled oxidation treatment, the best results are obtained with an oxidation charge of between 6 and 12 Coulomb dm -2 . Below these values the oxide covering is probably not continuous, while above these limits the quantity of P-type oxides is insufficient. 
     Controlled oxidation treatment performed specifically on tin deposits weighing less than 400 mg m -2  or on nickel deposits, namely on deposits where, as indicated, spontaneous oxidation mainly of the P-type is obtained, does not seem to exert any improving effect and, indeed, in some instances there is a deterioration in quality. 
    
    
     For the purpose of exemplification, without limiting the invention or claims thereto a more detailed description is provided below. 
     In the experimentation a solution containing: 
     from 20 to 36 g l -1  of Sn +2  (as SnO) 
     from 150 to 265 g l -1  of phenolsulphonic acid 
     up to 6 g l -1  of a complexing agent with the trade name DIPHONE 
     up to 1.75 g l -1  of a complexing agent with the trade name SULPHONE (both the latter two products being marketed by Yorkshire Chemicals) 
     was used for both the electrolytic and chemical tinning baths. 
     Nickel plating was performed in an 0.5-1.5M NiSO 4  7H 2  O solution at temperatures between 30° and 70° C. and pH in the 4-5 range, dipping time being from 1 to 10 s. 
     The materials as per this invention have been tested against other materials available on the market. The characteristics of all the products tested are listed in Table 1. 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
                                PASSIVATION LAYER                         
MATERIAL      SYMBOL TYPE OF DEPOSIT                                      
                                (tot Cr mg m.sup.-2)                      
__________________________________________________________________________
1  Black plate                                                            
              BN     --         --                                        
2  Tinplate   BNS    Sn (2,8 g m.sup.-2)                                  
                                --                                        
3  Passivated tinplate                                                    
              BNSP   Sn (2,8 g m.sup.-2)                                  
                                4,9                                       
4  Chromed strip                                                          
              TFS    --         80,6                                      
5  Chromed Sn-alloyed                                                     
              ITI    Sn (1 g m.sup.-2)                                    
                                9,3                                       
   strip                                                                  
6  Dichromate oxidized                                                    
              BNOXB  --         --                                        
   black plate                                                            
7  Tetraborate oxidized                                                   
              BNOXT  --         --                                        
   black plate                                                            
8  Sn-stabilized                                                          
              BNSFL  Sn (0,001-0,80 g m.sup.-2)                           
                                --                                        
   black plate                                                            
9  Sn- stabilized &amp;                                                       
              BNSFLOX                                                     
                     Sn (˜0,4 g m.sup.-2)                           
                                --                                        
   oxidized black plate                                                   
10 Sn-stabilized                                                          
              BNSFLP Sn (˜0,001 g m.sup.-2)                         
                                3,2                                       
   (chem.dep.),passivated                                                 
   black plate                                                            
11 Sn-stabilized,oxidized,                                                
              BNSFLOXP                                                    
                     Sn (˜0,4 g m.sup.-2)                           
                                3,6                                       
   passivated black                                                       
   plate                                                                  
12 Ni-stabilized                                                          
              BNI    Ni         --                                        
   black plate                                                            
13 Ni-stabilized,oxidized                                                 
              BNIOX  Ni         --                                        
   black plate                                                            
14 Ni-stabilized,oxidized,                                                
              BNIOXP Ni         3,3                                       
   passivated black                                                       
   plate                                                                  
15 Ni-stabilized,                                                         
              BNIP   Ni         4,6                                       
   passivated black pl.                                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     Items 1 to 5 in Table 1 are reference materials in current production. The following ones are those as per this invention, all obtained at pilot scale, except for the lightest of 8 and for 10 which were made on a industrial tin plating line, without using any current in the tinning section, so as to obtain chemically deposited tin. 
     The quantity of nickel deposited is not indicated because it is not as yet possible to determine it precisely and in a repeatible manner (anyway the weight is between 0.1 and 5 mg m -2 ). 
     Controlled oxidation was ensured using different quantities of charge at densities of between 0 and 20 Coulomb dm -2 . 
     It should be stressed that the nature of the semiconducting oxide, relevant method of formation and the nature of the substrate play a decisive role as regards strip surface quality and hence lacquer adhesion. 
     It is thus thought that under the conditions as per this invention, chromium and chromium oxide deposition is accompanied by a certain reduction in the tin oxide formed previously, a mixed oxide being obtained which behaves differently from the controlled oxidation deposit. This idea is checked ahead through the examination of some experimental results. 
     Lacquer adhesion, welding resistance and weldability tests are reported in the following tables compiled for groups of similar products. 
     
                                           TABLE 2                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
              PROTECTION METAL                                            
                            CONTROLLED OXIDATION                          
                                             TOTAL CHROMIUM               
              (1st layer)   ANODIC CHARGE    (2nd layer) NA/ND            
MATERIAL                                                                  
       SYMBOL (g m.sup.-2)  (C dm.sup.-2)    (mg m.sup.-2)                
                                                         ratio            
__________________________________________________________________________
Black plate                                                               
       BN     --            --               --          --               
Dichromate                                                                
       BNOXB  --             2               --          2,41             
oxidized      --             4               --          3,64             
black         --             6               --          3,83             
plate         --             8               --          4,02             
              --            10               --          4,13             
              --            12               --          3,79             
              --            14               --          3,05             
              --            18               --          1,56             
Tetraborate                                                               
       BNOXT  --             4               --          3,62             
oxidized      --             6               --          3,73             
black         --             8               --          3,88             
plate         --            10               --          4,03             
              --            12               --          4,09             
              --            14               --          3,65             
              --            16               --          2,21             
              --            18               --          1,24             
              --            20               --          1,04             
__________________________________________________________________________
                WET ADHESION                                              
                % specimen surface                                        
                still covered with                                        
                lacquer                CORROSION RESISTANCE               
                Epoxy                  (% variation electric              
                                                      WELDABILITY         
         MATERIAL                                                         
                phenolic                                                  
                     Organosol                                            
                           Acrylic                                        
                                Polyester                                 
                                       capacity)      (Amps               
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                      needed)             
         Black plate                                                      
                40   50    45   50     1560           50                  
         Dichromate                                                       
                70   60    60   55                                        
         oxidized                                                         
                75   70    60   55                                        
         black  75   80    65   58                                        
         plate  80   85    65   60                                        
                85   85    70   68     940            50                  
                78   80    70   65                                        
                70   65    60   60                                        
                60   60    55   50                                        
         Tetraborate                                                      
                68   65    68   65                                        
         oxidized                                                         
                70   68    70   70                                        
         black  80   80    80   70                                        
         plate  90   95    85   80                                        
                95   95    90   85     850            50                  
                85   80    80   75                                        
                70   65    63   70                                        
                60   50    60   60                                        
                50   45    40   45                                        
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
              PROTECTION METAL                                            
                            CONTROLLED OXIDATION                          
                                             TOTAL CHROMIUM               
              (1st layer)   ANODIC CHARGE    (2nd layer) NA/ND            
MATERIAL                                                                  
       SYMBOL (g m.sup.-2)  (C dm.sup.-2)    (mg m.sup.-2)                
                                                         ratio            
__________________________________________________________________________
Tinplate                                                                  
       BNS    2.8 (Sn)      --               --          0                
Sn-stabil-                                                                
       BNSFL  0.8 (Sn)      --               --          0.20             
ized black                                                                
plate                                                                     
Sn-stabil-                                                                
       BNSFL  0.001 (Sn)    --               --          2.63             
ized black                                                                
plate                                                                     
Sn-stabil-                                                                
       BNSFLOX                                                            
              0.4 (Sn)       0               --          0.95             
ized and                     2               --          2.38             
oxidized                     4               --          2.50             
black                        6               --          2.60             
plate                        8               --          2.90             
                            10               --          2.65             
                            12               --          2.20             
                            14               --          1.45             
                            16               --          1.10             
                            18               --          1.10             
                            20               --          1.00             
                            50               --          0.55             
__________________________________________________________________________
                WET ADHESION                                              
                % specimen surface                                        
                still covered with                                        
                lacquer                CORROSION RESISTANCE               
                Epoxy                  (% variation electric              
                                                      WELDABILITY         
         MATERIAL                                                         
                phenolic                                                  
                     Organosol                                            
                           Acrylic                                        
                                Polyester                                 
                                       capacity)      (Amps               
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                      needed)             
         Tinplate                                                         
                68   40     5   25     500            50                  
         Sn-stabil-                                                       
                60   30    15   25     800            50                  
         ized black                                                       
         plate                                                            
         Sn-stabil-                                                       
                80   70    80   80     700            50                  
         ized black                                                       
         plate                                                            
         Sn-stabil-                                                       
                70   15    10   15                                        
         ized and                                                         
                92   70    82   70                                        
         oxidized                                                         
                94   80    87   84                                        
         black  96   90    92   94                                        
         plate  96   96    95   92     420            52                  
                94   98    90   88                                        
                90   93    85   80                                        
                80   80    75   73                                        
                70   80    70   65                                        
                68   80    70   65                                        
                68   75    65   65                                        
                70   55    40   45                                        
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 4                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
              PROTECTION METAL                                            
                            CONTROLLED OXIDATION                          
                                             TOTAL CHROMIUM               
              (1st layer)   ANODIC CHARGE    (2nd layer) NA/ND            
MATERIAL                                                                  
       SYMBOL (g m.sup.-2)  (C dm.sup.-2)    (mg m.sup.-2)                
                                                         ratio            
__________________________________________________________________________
Passivated                                                                
       BNSP   2.8 (Sn)      --               4.9         0.13             
tinplate      2.8 (Sn)      --               3.8         0.03             
Passivated                                                                
       ITI    1.0 (Sn)      --               9.8         ∞          
Sn-alloyed                                                                
strip                                                                     
Electroless                                                               
       BNSFLP 0.001 (Sn)    --               3.2         2.76             
Sn-stabilized,                                                            
passivated                                                                
black plate                                                               
Sn-stabilized,                                                            
       BNSFLOXP                                                           
              0.4 (Sn)       0               3.2         3.33             
oxidized,                    2               3.0         3.25             
passivated                   4               3.5         3.15             
black plate                  6               4.6         3.05             
                             8               4.4         3.01             
                            10               4.1         2.67             
                            12               4.0         1.88             
                            14               3.8         1.52             
                            16               3.6         1.10             
                            50               3.0         0.80             
__________________________________________________________________________
                WET ADHESION                                              
                % specimen surface                                        
                still covered with                                        
                lacquer                CORROSION RESISTANCE               
                Epoxy                  (% variation electric              
                                                      WELDABILITY         
         MATERIAL                                                         
                phenolic                                                  
                     Organosol                                            
                           Acrylic                                        
                                Polyester                                 
                                       capacity)      (Amps               
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                      needed)             
         Passivated                                                       
                78   97    92   95     511            50                  
         tinplate                                                         
                50   40    15   25     --             56                  
         Passivated                                                       
                100  100   100  100    530            73                  
         Sn-alloyed                                                       
         strip                                                            
         Electroless                                                      
                92   95    90   85     650            55                  
         Sn-stabilized,                                                   
         passivated                                                       
         black plate                                                      
         Sn-stabilized,                                                   
                98   100   96   98                                        
         oxidized,                                                        
                100  100   94   100                                       
         passivated                                                       
                96   95    95   96                                        
         black plate                                                      
                92   90    98   93     421            54                  
                93   90    86   90                                        
                90   90    80   90                                        
                86   88    75   85                                        
                83   80    70   75                                        
                75   70    60   76                                        
                60   65    50   50                                        
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 5                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
              PROTECTION METAL                                            
                            CONTROLLED OXIDATION                          
                                             TOTAL CHROMIUM               
              (1st layer)   ANODIC CHARGE    (2nd layer) NA/ND            
MATERIAL                                                                  
       SYMBOL (g m.sup.-2)  (C dm.sup.-2)    (mg m.sup.-2)                
                                                         ratio            
__________________________________________________________________________
Chromed                                                                   
       TFS    --            --               80.6        0.27             
strip                                                                     
Ni-stabilized                                                             
       BNI    Ni (3 · 10.sup.-4)                                 
                            --               --          2.83             
black plate                                                               
Ni-stabilized,                                                            
       BNIOX  Ni (3-6 · 10.sup.-4)                               
                            2                --          2.61             
oxidized                    4                --          2.86             
black                       8                --          2.85             
plate                       12               --          2.89             
                            16               --          3.03             
Ni-stabilized,                                                            
       BNIOXP Ni(4-9 · 10.sup.-4)                                
                            2                3.0         3.01             
oxidized,                   4                3.5         2.86             
passivated                  8                4.2         3.01             
black plate                 12               4.8         3.04             
                            16               5.5         2.83             
Ni-stabilized,                                                            
       BNIP   Ni(3-5 · 10.sup.-4)                                
                            --               5.0         3.27             
passivated                                                                
black plate                                                               
__________________________________________________________________________
                  WET ADHESION                                            
                  % specimen surface                                      
                  still covered with                                      
                  lacquer              CORROSION RESISTANCE               
                  Epoxy                (% variation electric              
                                                      WELDABILITY         
           MATERIAL                                                       
                  phenolic                                                
                       Organosol                                          
                             Acrylic                                      
                                  Polyester                               
                                       capacity)      (Amps               
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                      needed)             
           Chromed                                                        
                  100  100   100  100  420            &gt;100                
           strip                                                          
           Ni-stabilized                                                  
                  98   100   94   99   600            50                  
           black plate                                                    
           Ni-stabilized,                                                 
                  97    96   88   99   600            50                  
           oxidized                                                       
                  98    98   92   98                                      
           black  98    97   91   97                                      
           plate  98    98   95   97                                      
                  96    97   90   95                                      
           Ni-stabilized,                                                 
                  99   100   96   96   300            53                  
           oxidized,                                                      
                  98   100   98   97                                      
           passivated                                                     
                  100  100   100  99                                      
           black plate                                                    
                  100  100   100  100                                     
                  96   100   97   100                                     
           Ni-stabilized,                                                 
                  100   99   98   98   320            52                  
           passivated                                                     
           black plate                                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     Lacking any standard methods, the tests indicated in Tables 2 to 5 were performed in the following manner: 
     Wet Adhesion 
     Specimen placed in a solution of 0.1M citric acid at pH 3 and then subjected to cathodic polarization at -2 Vecs; specimen removed from solution, washed and dried; strip of adhesive tape placed firmly on specimen and then pulled off. 
     Specimen then examined under the QTM (quantitative image analyzer) and qualitative assessment made, in terms of percentage of area from which paint has not disbonded. 
     Corrosion Resistance 
     As corrosion resistance of these products is intimately bound up with the life of the polymer film, the anticorrosion performance can be assessed by measuring an electrical parameter--capacity--as proposed by S. Okuda &amp; T. Iguchi at the Sixth International Conference on Organic Coatings Science and Technology, Athens, 1980. 
     The method consists in measuring the surface capacity of lacquered materials over a lengthy period--typically seven days--of immersion in a solution containing 15 g l -1  sodium chloride and 15 g l -1  citric acid at pH 3. The measurement is made by applying a sine-wave signal of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude 30 mV, then ascertaining the imaginary component of the impedance. 
     An increase in capacity indicates the onset of degradation of the polymer film, the greater the increase in measured capacity the more serious the degradation. 
     Weldability 
     The weldability test consists in measuring the amperage needed to make an electric resistance weld by means of a Soudronic Wima welding head, with 0.8 mm superimposition, 1.8 mm diameter welding wire, pressure 3.5 bar and speed of 50 m min -1 . 
     Of course, the higher the current needed to make the weld, the poorer the weldability of the material. 
     Though Tables 2 to 5 are sufficiently clear, a brief commentary will greatly facilitate understanding of the significance of the invention. 
     Table 2 indicates the behaviour of black plate in the uncoated and oxidized (dichromate and tetraborate) states when treated with the four types of lacquer most commonly used in food packaging. As is evident, treatment as per this invention results in a marked improvement in the quality of the lacquered black plate even in the unoxidized state. However, because the corrosion resistance of the ensuing product falls short of excellent it can best be used for packing dry produce or at least that which is not highly corrosive. 
     Table 3 indicates the behaviour of tinplate (reference) and of black plate treated as per this invention. As can be seen, tinplate with 2.8 g m -2  tin has good corrosion resistance, but moderate or even poor wet adhesion. Black plate with 0.8 m m -2  tin not treated as per this invention is of similar or perhaps slightly poorer quality. 
     When proceeding as per this invention, only one milligram of tin per square meter is needed to improve lacquer adhesion greatly and also to ensure better corrosion resistance. 
     By increasing the tin deposit to 400 mg m -2  and introducing controlled oxidation an excellent quality product is obtained. 
     The excellent results achieved even with an anodic oxidation charge of 2 Coulomb dm -2  are explained by the fact that at 400 mg m -2  tin is still able to form oxide of the desired type spontaneously. 
     Table 4 concerns passivated tinplate and black plate. As is evident, lacquer adhesion on the usual tinplate (2.8 g m -2  tin) is not optimum if the NA/ND ratio is not satisfactory; anyway the higher the ratio the better the adhesion. With the right NA/ND ratio, 1 mg m -2  of tin and good passivation with Cr and CrO x  nH 2  O suffice to ensure excellent adhesion values. In this case, however, corrosion resistance is not at its best owing to the thinness of the Sn deposit. There is a general all-round improvement with a tin deposit around 0.4 g m -2 . Here, too, the fact that such thin tin deposits spontaneously form oxides of the type desired as per this invention means that the best results are obtained with anodic oxidation charges that are very low or even nil. 
     Table 5 concerns materials with deposits other than tin. It is evident that with a chemical deposit of nickel so thin that it cannot be reliably measured and with a total chromium content of from 3 to 6 mg m -2 , the invention ensures results similar to those given by tin-free steel (TFS) with a good 80 mg m -2  chromium deposit.