Substituted phenoxy benzamide herbicides and methods of use
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 704,989, filed Feb. 25, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,597. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to certain substituted aryloxyphenoxy benzamide compounds which are particularly used as post-emergent herbicides against annual and perennial grasses and broad-leafed weed pests. 
     Herbicides are widely used by farmers, commercial agricultural companies, and other industries in order to increase crop yields for such staple crops as corn, soybeans, rice, and the like, and to eliminate weed growth along highways, railroad rights-of-way, and other areas. Herbicides are effective in killing or controlling unwanted weeds which complete for soil nutrients with the crop plants, and by reason of the fact that they kill weeds, are responsible for improving the aesthetic appearance of highway and railroad rights-of-way. 
     There are a number of different types of herbicides presently sold commercially, and these fall into two general categories. The categories are pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides. The pre-emergence herbicides are normally incorporated into or applied to the soil prior to the emergence of the weed plants from the soil, and the post-emergence herbicides are normally applied to plant surfaces after emergence of the weeds of other unwanted plants from the soil. 
     THE PRIOR ART 
     The prior art contains many examples of aryloxyphenoxy-type compounds which have been disclosed to be herbicidally effective against grasses in particular, as compared to broad leaf weed pests. Examples of such prior art references includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,200,587 and 4,325,729, both of which disclose aryloxyphenoxy proprionic acid derivatives as being effective herbicides against grasses. 
     Other prior art references include diphenyl ether compounds such as are disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,208,758 and 4,263,227. 
     Efforts are constantly being made, however, to find compounds which are equal to or greater in effectiveness than presently existing compounds, or which are more economical to produce, or which are effective against varying spectrum of weeds. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been discovered that certain new and novel substituted aryloxyphenoxy benzamide compounds have good herbicidal and plant growth regulating activity, particularly when applied as post-emergent herbicides and used against annual and perennial grasses. 
     As used herein, the term &#34;herbicide&#34; means a compound or composition which controls or modifies the growth of plants. By the term &#34;herbicidally effective amount&#34; is meant any amount of such compound or composition which causes a modifying effect upon the growth of plants. By &#34;plants&#34; is meant germinant seeds, emerging seedling and established vegetation, including roots and above-ground portions. Such controlling or modifying effects include all deviations from natural development, such as killing, retardation, defoliation, desiccation, regulation, stunting, tillering, leaf burn, dwarfing and the like. 
     The new and novel compounds of this invention are substituted aryloxyphenoxy benzamides. 
     Of these compounds, certain ones are preferred. The preferred compounds have the formula ##STR4## in which X is CH or nitrogen 
     Y is chlorine, bromine, fluorine, iodine, methyl, cyano or hydrogen; 
     Z is hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, iodine, or CH n  F 3-n  n is an integer from 0 to 3; 
     R is nitro, hydrogen or halogen; 
     R&#39; is hydrogen, methyl or lower alkyl, having from 1-10 carbon atoms, SCCl 3 , ##STR5##  --PO 3  R 3   2  wherein R 3  is hydrogen, alkyl having 1-10 carbon atoms, aryl, or an equivalent of base such as a salt; 
     R&#34; is cyano, --C.tbd.CH, ##STR6##  wherein R 4  is hydrogen, alkyl having 1-10 carbon atoms, aryl or an equivalent of base such as salt; and 
     m is 0, 1, 2 or 3. 
     Representative compounds falling within the scope of the formula as set forth above include: 
     N-cyanomethyl,N-methyl 5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzamide; and 
     N-carboalkoxymethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy]-2-nitrobenzamide. 
     Still other compounds which are also suitable include: 
     N-cyanomethyl, N-methyl-5-[2-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl)-pyridyloxy]-2-nitrobenzamide and 
     N-carboalkoxymethyl-5-[2-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl)-pyridyloxy]-2-nitrobenzamide. 
     The most preferred compound for use in the practice of the invention is N-cyanomethyl,N-methyl 5-[2-chloro-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzamide. 
     The preferred compound, as set forth above, has been found to have especially good herbicidal activity against perennial and annual grasses when applied as a post-emergent herbicide. It is also effective as a pre-emergent herbicide and plant growth regulator, but not to the same extent as when applied post-emergent. 
     The benzamide compounds of this invention can be produced in a multi-step process by reacting an aryloxyphenoxy acid chloride with glycine ethyl ester in the presence of pyridine and a toluene solvent in accordance with the following generalized sequence of steps, which illustrate the production of N-cyanomethyl,N-methyl-5-[2-chloro-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-nitrobenzamide. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 ##STR7## 
     In the formula set forth above R&#34; is ethyl, but could be hydrogen, an alkyl group or the equivalent of a base, such as a salt. 
     Compound I can be prepared as follows: 
     Synthesis of 2-Nitro-5-[(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-benzoyl chloride 
     To a solution of 2-nitro-5-[(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-benzoic acid (50 g, 0.138 mole) in dry toluene (200 ml), thionyl chloride (40.78 g, 0.343 mole) was added and the mixture was refluxed, under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, for three hours. The reaction mixture became homogeneous and the excess thionyl chloride was removed under reduced pressure. The resulting acid chloride (I) was used without further purification. 
     Compound II is commercially available and is obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis., USA. It is glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride. Other esters can also be used, such as a methyl ester or any other alkyl, substituted alkyl esters and aryl esters. 
     Synthesis of N-Carboethyoxymethyl-2-Nitro-5-[(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxyl]-benzamide (Compound III above) 
     To a suspension of glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride (1.6 g, 0.01155 mole) in dry toluene, pyridine (2 ml) was added followed by the slow addition of corresponding acid chloride (Compound I). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 50-70 hours. The resulting solid was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to obtain an oily product which was partitioned in methylene chloride and sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was dried and evaporated to obtain the product. The product was identified by NMR, IR, etc. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Similar techniques can be used to prepared the other compounds of this invention, as for example, the preparation of N-cyanoamethyl, N-methyl-5-[(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzamide which is represented below. ##STR8## 
     Preparation of N-Cyanomethyl-N-methyl-5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy]-2-nitrobenzamide 
     To a solution of N-cyanomethyl-N-methylamine hydrochloride (1.07 g, 0.01 mole) in dry toluene, pyridine (2 ml) was added and the reaction was stirred for about one hour. To this, 2-nitro-4-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy]-benzoyl chloride (4 g, 0.01 mole)n was slowly added. Once the reaction was complete, the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to obtain an oil (3.3 g, 75%) which was partitioned between dilute acid and methylene chloride. The organic layer was rewashed with sodium bicarbonate followed by water and methylene chloride was separated, dried and evaporated to obtain the product. Spectra confirmed the product. 
     The herbicidal activity of representative ones of the compounds of the invention as exhibited by means of tests in accordance with the following procedure. 
     Herbicidal Activity Tests 
     This example offers herbicidal activity test data to show the effectiveness of the benzamide compounds of the invention. The effect is observed by comparing the extent of weed control in test flats treated with the compounds against that occurring in similar control flats. The soil used in these tests was a sandy loam soil from the Livermore, California area. 
     Also added to the soil was 17-17-17 fertilizer (N-P 2  O 5  -K 2  O on a weight basis), amounting to 50 ppm by weight with respect to the soil and 100 ppm Captan, a soil fungicide. 
     The treated soil was then placed in flats which were 3 inches deep, 6 inches wide, and 10 inches long. The soil was tamped and leveled with a row marker to impress six rows across the width of the flat. The test weeds were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
COMMON NAME     SCIENTIFIC NAME ABR                                       
______________________________________                                    
Broadleaf Weeds:                                                          
annual morningglory                                                       
                Ipomoea purpurea                                          
                                AMG                                       
cocklebur       Xanthium sp.    CB                                        
hemp sesbania   Sesbania exaltata                                         
                                SESB                                      
velvetleaf      Abutilon theophrasti                                      
                                VL                                        
mustard         Brassica sp.    MD                                        
nightshade      Solanum sp.     SP                                        
Grasses:                                                                  
yellow nutsedge Cyperus exculentus                                        
                                YNS                                       
downybrome      Bromus tectorum DB                                        
foxtail         Setaria sp.     FT                                        
annual ryegrass Lolium multiflorum                                        
                                ARG                                       
watergrass      Echinochloa crusgalli                                     
                                WG                                        
rox-orange sorghum                                                        
                Sorghum bicolor SHC                                       
wild oat        Avena fatua     WO                                        
broadleaf signalgrass                                                     
                Brachiaria platyphylla                                    
                                BSG                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Crop plants were also planted at the same time. These were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
CROP PLANTS    SCIENTIFIC NAME  ABR                                       
______________________________________                                    
soybeans       Glycine max      SOY                                       
rice           Oryzae sativa    RC                                        
cotton         Gossypium hirsutum                                         
                                COT                                       
corn           Zea mays         CN                                        
wheat          Triticum aestivum                                          
                                WH                                        
sorghum        Sorghum bicolor  ML                                        
sugar beets    Beta vulgaris    SB                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Sufficient seeds were planted to produce several seedlings per inch in each row. The flats were then placed in a greenhouse maintained at 70° to 85° F. (21° to 30° C.) and watered daily by sprinkler. 
     In the case of pre-emergent testing the herbicide was incorporated into the soil prior to planting of the seeds, at a rate equivalent to the indicated amounts in the Table. 
     In post-emergent testing chemical application is made by spraying 12 days after planting. The spray solution is prepared by dissolving 60 mg of herbicide compound in 20 ml of acetone containing 1% Tween® 20 (polyoxysorbitan monolaurate), then adding 20 ml of water to the resulting solution. The solution is sprayed at 80 gallon/acre, resulting in a 4 lb/acre rate of chemical application. Other rates were achieved by varying the solution concentration and/or the rate of spray. 
     In both instances, either pre- or post-emergent testing, approximately 12-14 days after treatment, the degree of weed control was estimated and recorded as percentage control compared to the growth of the same species in an untreated check flat of the same age. The rating scale ranges from 0 to 100%, where 0 equals no effect with plant growth equal to the untreated control and 100 equals complete kill. 
     The results are listed in the Tables below. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
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HERBICIDE TEST RESULTS                                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
Application                                                               
Cmpd.                                                                     
    Rate     Percent Control                                              
No. (lb/A)                                                                
        Method                                                            
             DB FT ARG WG SHC                                             
                             WO BSG                                       
                                   AMG SESB                               
__________________________________________________________________________
1   2.0 PRE  90 100                                                       
                   95  100                                                
                          100                                             
                             75 65 60  100                                
    0.5 PRE  N  N  N   N  N  N  N  20  90                                 
1   2.0 POST 20 100                                                       
                   45  85 100                                             
                             15 0  100 100                                
    0.5 N    N  N  N   N  N  N  N  70  100                                
2   2.0 PES  0  85 0   20 65 0  0  0   0                                  
    0.5 PES  N  N  N   N  N  N  N  0   0                                  
2   2   POST 0  100                                                       
                   0   10 20 0  0  0   100                                
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Cmpd.  Percent Control                                                    
No.    VL SP MD YNS                                                       
                   CB SOY                                                 
                         WH ML RC SBH                                     
                                     CN COT                               
__________________________________________________________________________
1      100                                                                
          80 100                                                          
                60 100                                                    
                      0  20 100                                           
                               50 100                                     
                                     50 60                                
       50 50 70 40 N  0  0  90 10 100                                     
                                     20 35                                
1      100                                                                
          100                                                             
             100                                                          
                60 45 30 60 70 70 100                                     
                                     15 75                                
       100                                                                
          15 70 10 0  20 20 70 45 80 35 50                                
2      0  0  0  35 0  0  0  65 15 70 60 15                                
       0  0  0  35 0  0  0  60 10 60 60 15                                
2      100                                                                
          100                                                             
             0  10 0  15 25 40 0  20 20 45                                
__________________________________________________________________________
 Compound No. 1:                                                          
 Ncyanomethyl,N-methyl-2-nitro-5-[(2chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxybenza
ide                                                                       
 Compound No. 2:                                                          
 Ncarboethoxy-2-nitro-[(2chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]benzamide       
 
    
     METHODS OF APPLICATION 
     The herbicidal compositions of the present invention are useful in controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation by pre-emergence or post-emergence application to the locus where control is desired, including pre-plant and post-plant soil incorporation as well as surface application. The compositions are generally embodied in formulations suitable for convenient application. Typical formulations contain additional ingredients or diluent carriers which are either inert or active. Examples of such ingredients or carriers are water, organic solvents, dust carriers, granular carriers, surface active agents, oil and water, water-oil emulsions, wetting agents, dispersing agents, and emulsifying agents. The herbicidal formulations generally take the form of dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, granules and pellets, or microcapsules. 
     A. DUSTS 
     Dusts are dense powder compositions which are intended for application in dry form. Dusts are characterized by their free-flowing and rapid settling properties so that they are not readily windborne to areas where their present is not desired. They contain primarily an active material and a dense, free-flowing, solid carrier. 
     Their performance is sometimes aided by the inclusion of a wetting agent, and convenience in manufacture frequency demands the inclusion of an inert, absorptive grinding aid. For the dust compositions of this invention, the inert carrier may be either of vegetable or mineral origin, the wetting agent is preferably anionic or nonionic, and suitable absorptive grinding aids are of mineral origin. 
     Suitable classes of inert solid carriers for use in the dust compositions are those organic or inorganic powders which possess high bulk density and are very free-flowing. They are also characterized by low surface area and poor liquid absorptivity. Suitable grinding aids are natural clays, diatomaceous earths, and synthetic mineral fillers derived from silica or silicate. Among ionic and nonionic wetting agents, the most suitable are the members of the group known to the art as wetting agents and emulsifiers. Although solid agents are preferred because of ease of incorporation, some liquid nonionic agents are also suitable in the dust formulations. 
     Preferred dust carriers are micaceous talcs, pyrophyllite, dense kaolin, clays, tobacco dust and ground calcium phosphate rock. 
     Preferred grinding aids are attapulgite clay, diatomaceous silica, synthetic fine silica and synthetic calcium and magnesium silicates. 
     Most preferred wetting agents are alkylbenzene and alkyl-naphalene sulfonates, sulfated, fatty alcohols, amines or acid amides, long chain acid esters of sodium isothionate, esters of sodium sulfosuccinate, sulfate or sulfonate fatty acid esters, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated vegetable oils, and ditertiary acetylenic glycols. Preferred dispersants are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, lignin sulfonates, polymeric alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, sodium napthalenesulfonate, polymethylene bisnaphthalenesulfonate, and sodium-N-methyl-N-(long chain acid) taurates. 
     The inert solid carriers in the dusts of this invention are usually present in concentrations of from about 30 to 90 weight percent of the total composition. The grinding aid will usually constitute 5 to 50 weight percent of the compositions, and the wetting agent will constitute from about 0 to 1.0 weight percent of the composition. Dust compositions can also contain other surfactants such as dispersing agents in concentrations of up to about 0.5 weight percent, and minor amounts of anticaking and antistatic agents. The particle size of the carrier is usually in the range of 30 to 50 microns. 
     B. EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES 
     Emulsifiable concentrates are usually solutions of the active materials in nonwater-miscible solvents together with an emulsifying agent. Prior to use, the concentrate is diluted with water to form a suspended emulsion of solvent droplets. 
     Typical solvents for use in emulsifiable concentrates include weed oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nonwater-miscible ethers, esters, and ketones. 
     Typical emulsifying agents are anionic or nonionic surfactants, or mixtures of the two. Examples include long-chain alkyl or mercaptan polyethoxy alcohols, alkylaryl polyethoxy alcohols, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene ethers with sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene glycol esters with fatty or rosin acids, fatty alkylol amide condensates, calcium and amines salts of fatty alcohol sulfates, oil soluble petroleum sulfonate, or preferably mixtures of these emulsifying agents. Such emulsifying agents will comprise from about 1 to 10 weight percent of the total composition. 
     Thus, emulsifiable concentrates of the present invention will consist of from about 15 to about 50 weight percent active material, about 40 to 82 weight percent solvent, and about 1 to 10 weight percent emulsifier. Other additives such as spreading agents and stickers can also be included. 
     C. GRANULES AND PELLETS 
     Granules and pellets are physically stable, particulate compositions containing the active ingredients adhering to or distributed through a basic matrix of a coherent, inert carrier with microscopic dimensions. A typical particle is about 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Surfactants are often present to aid in leaching of the active ingredient from the granule or pellet. 
     The carrier is preferably of mineral origin, and generally falls within one of two types. The first are porous, absorptive, preformed granules, such as preformed and screened granular attapulgite or heat expanded, granular screened vermiculite. On either of these, a solution of the active agent can be sprayed and will be absorbed at concentrations up to 25 weight percent of the total weight. The second, which are also suitable for pellets, are initially powdered kaolin clays, hydrated attapulgite, or bentonite clays in the form of sodium, calcium, or magnesium bentonites. Water-soluble salts, such as sodium salts, may also be present to aid in the disintegration of granules or pellets in the presence of moisture. These ingredients are blended with active components to give mixtures that are granulated or pelleted, followed by drying, to yield formulations with the active component distributed uniformly throughout the mass. Such granules and pellets can also be made with 25 to 30 weight percent active component, but more frequently a concentration of about 10 weight percent is desired for optimum distribution. The granular compositions of this invention are most useful in a size range of 15-30 mesh. 
     The surfactant is generally a common wetting agent of anionic or nonionic character. The most suitable wetting agents depend upon the type of granule used. When preformed granules are sprayed with active material in liquid form the most suitable wetting agents are nonionic, liquid wetters miscible with the solvent. These are compounds most generally known in the art as emulsifiers, and comprise alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol esters with fatty or rosin acids, fatty alkylol amide condensates, oil solution petroleum or vegetable oil sulfonates, or mixtures of these. Such agents will usually comprise up to about 5 weight percent of the total composition. 
     When the active ingredient is first mixed with a powdered carrier and subsequently granulated, or pelleted, liquid nonionic wetters can still be used, but it is usually preferable to incorporate at the mixing stage one of the solid, powdered anionic wetting agents such as those previously listed for the wettable powders. Such agents will comprise from about 0 to 2 weight percent of the total composition. 
     Thus, the preferred granular or pelleted formulations of this invention comprise about 5 to 30 percent by weight active material, about 0 to 5 weight percent wetting agent, and about 65 to 95 weight percent inert material carrier, as these terms are used herein. 
     D. MICROCAPSULES 
     Microcapsules consist of fully enclosed droplets or granules containing the active materials, in which the enclosed material is an inert porous membrane, arranged to allow escape of the enclosed materials to the surrounding medium at controlled rates over a specified period. Encapsulated droplets are typically about 1 to 50 microns in diameter. 
     The enclosed liquid typically constitutes about 50 to 95% of the weight of the entire capsule, and may contain a small amount of solvent in addition to the active materials. 
     Encapsulated granules are characterized by porous membranes sealing the openings of the granule carrier pores, trapping the liquid containing the active components inside for controlled release. A typical granule size ranges from 1 millimeter to 1 centimeter in diameter. In agricultural useage, the granule size is generally about 1 to 2 ml in diameter. Granules formed by extrusion, agglomeration, or prilling are useful in the present invention as well as materials in their naturally occurring form. Examples of such carriers are vermiculite, sintered clay granules, kaolin, attapulgite clay, sawdust, and granular carbon. 
     Useful encapsulating materials include natural and synthetic rubbers, cellulosic materials, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and starch xanthates. 
     E. IN GENERAL 
     Each of the above formulations can be prepared as a package containing the herbicide together with the other ingredients of the formulation (diluents, emulsifiers, surfactants, etc.). The formulations can also be prepared by a tank mix method, in which the ingredients are obtained separately and combined at the grower site. 
     In general, any conventional method of application can be used. The locus of application can be soil, seeds, seedlings, or the actual plants, as well as flooded fields. Post-emergent application is preferred. Dusts and liquid compositions can be applied by the use of powder dusters, boom and hand sprayers, and spray dusters. The compositions can also be applied from airplanes as dusts and sprays because they are effective in very low dosages. In order to modify or control the growth of germinating seeds or emerging seedlings, as a typical example, the dust and liquid compositions are applied to the soil according to conventional methods and are distributed in the soil to a depth of at least one-half inch below the soil surface. It is not necessary that the phytotoxic compositions be admixed with the soil particles. Instead, these compositions can be applied merely by spraying or sprinkling the surface of the soil. The phytotoxic compositions of this invention can also be applied by addition to irrigation water supplied to the field to be treated. This method of application permits the penetration of the compositions into the soil as the water is absorbed therein. Dust compositions, granular compositions or liquid formulations applied to the surface of the soil can be distributed below the surface of the soil by conventional means such as discing, dragging or mixing operations. 
     The herbicide compositions can also be applied to the soil through irrigation systems. According to this technique, the compositions are added directly to irrigation water immediately prior to irrigation of the field. This technique is applicable in all geographical areas regardless of rainfall, since it permits supplementation of the natural rainfall at critical stages of plant growth. In a typical application, the concentration of the herbicide composition in the irrigation water will range from about 10 to 150 parts per million by weight. The irrigation water can be applied by the use of sprinkler systems, surface furrows, or flooding. Such application is most effectively done before the weeds germinate, either early in the spring prior to germination or within two days after cultivation of the field. 
     The amount of the present composition which constitutes a herbicidally effective amount depends upon the nature of the seeds or plants to be controlled. The rate of application of active ingredient varies from about 0.01 to about 50 pounds per acre, preferably about 0.1 to about 25 pounds per acre with the actual amount depending on the overall cost and the desired results. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that compositions exhibiting lower herbicidal activity will require a higher dosage than more active compounds for the same degree of control.