Visual function tester with binocular vision testing
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to ophthalmic testing instruments, and more particularly, to apparatus and methods for testing the binocular vision of a patient, as well as for testing monocular vision during binocular viewing. 
     The determination of visual acuity is an essential part of every eye examination. During the course of such an examination, acuity may be measured repeatedly to ascertain the resolution of each eye independently and both eyes together. The determination of binocular function and motor function is an essential part of the process of refracting and determining the optimal corrective lenses as well as providing a means for assessing the progress of ocular pathology. 
     Originally, clinical methods for measuring visual acuity and binocular function involved the use of wall charts containing a fixed array of Snellen letters, &#34;Tumbling E&#34; targets, and other accepted acuity images and characters or symbols. The patient ordinarily viewed the charts from a fixed distance (usually 20 feet). With the advent of ophthalmic devices, clinical testing methods have become more sophisticated. Electromechanical devices were developed, including the American Optical Project-O-Chart manually operated glass slide projector, and later, a remote controlled glass slide projector. Both types of devices suffered from the inability to present more than a few different visual acuity targets at any given target size. U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,351 solved this problem by disclosing a completely digital electronic apparatus for generating and displaying symbols to be used as targets for testing visual acuity. 
     The present invention relates to a visual function tester for testing binocular vision, ocular motor imbalance, such as phoria, associated phoria and fixation disparity, and refining binocular refractions. The accurate diagnosis of several ophthalmic disorders requires a binocular testing environment that allows some images to be made visible to one eye and invisible to the other, while some characters may be visible to both eyes. Targets also are generated such that they appear to the patient to be out of the plane of the screen (i.e., they appear to be closer or farther away than the other targets). Such an environment is critical to the diagnosis and treatment of such disorders as, for example, monofixation, fixation disparity, amblyopia, convergence axis, divergence axis, convergence insufficiency, and for detecting malingering. 
     Previous efforts to provide a test environment closely approximating the normal binocular situation have not proven successful. For example, the four prism-diopter base-out test has been used to determine the existence of bifixation (central fusion) and monofixation (absence of central fusion). While the patient reads letters at a distance of six meters, a four diopter base-out prism is slipped first before one eye and then the other. The prism covered eye is watched closely for movement. Absence of movement by one of the eyes identifies a monocular scotoma in that eye. Bifixation is identified by each eye moving inward to refixate in response to the image displacement produced by the prism. (See Clinical Ophthalmology, by Thomas D. Duane, M.D., Ph.D., Vol. 1, Chap. 9, pp. 8 &amp; 10.) 
     The four diopter base-out prism test has not proven reliable, however, because, occasionally, bifixating patients recognize diplopia when the prism is slipped before either eye, but make no attempt to restore bifixation by convergence. Also, many orthophoric monofixating patients who have good acuity in each eye rapidly alternate their fixation to the uncovered eye as the prism is slipped before the fixating eye; consequently, neither eye shows a movement response. 
     A second method used to approximate a binocular testing environment employs the A-O Vectographic Project-O-Chart slide (originally manufactured by the American Optical Company). A high resolution, high contrast vectograph printing process is used to produce character slides. Each character on the slide has a self-contained light polarization. When a pair of these polarized characters with axes of polarization 90 degrees to each other are superimposed, each will function independently without optical interference from the other. When the resulting single slide is projected on a non-depolarizing screen and viewed through &#34;analyzers,&#34; or polarized glasses, some images are made visible to one eye and invisible to the other. Some portions of the slide also contain characters that are seen by both eyes. 
     Although the Project-O-Chart slide does provide a more rapid and dependable differentiation than the four diopter base-out prism test, it has not proven successful and has not gained industry acceptance. Production of the character slides and compatible analyzers requires an extremely tight registration of polarization, which is difficult to produce with the high degree of accuracy required for effective operation of the test and which is sensitive to head position. It also suffers from the same deficiencies presented generally by the Project-O-Chart method. There is no flexiblity in the chart printed--the characters on the slide are permanent. As the patient is tested and re-tested, he or she begins to memorize the test characters. Furthermore, dirt on the slide, readjustment of the focus of the projector, and dimming light bulbs are all problems inherent in the Project-O-Chart. 
     In view of the foregoing, it is an object of this invention to provide improved methods and apparatus for testing binocular vision. 
     It is a more particular object of this invention to provide methods and apparatus for testing binocular vision that allow an eye examiner quickly and accurately to produce a wide variety of visual targets, including targets which appear to be in front of or behind the surface of the monitor. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a visual acuity tester with binocular vision testing designed to satisfy the aforementioned needs. The apparatus of the invention includes a high contrast video display monitor with microprocessor control, and storage means for displaying a wide variety of visual acuity characters or images. Thus, unlike previous systems, the invention is not restricted to a fixed number of pre-existing slides (as in the case of the Project-O-Chart). Moreover, the present invention allows the eye examiner to access a wide variety of acuity charts and targets in a fraction of a second, thus providing a more versatile and efficient diagnostic instrument. 
     Images are made visible to one eye and are concealed from the other through the use of optical shutters controlled in conjunction with the scanning sweeps of the video display monitor. In addition, images are generated which appear to the patient to be either closer or further than the other images appear. Because no polarizer alignment in the display is relied upon, the inefficiencies and expense of those techniques are eliminated. Furthermore, the efficiency and accuracy of the operation of the invention is greatly improved over prior art systems through the use of electronic control means that monitor, control and coordinate the presentation of the images and the opening and closing of the optical shutters. 
     Accordingly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for testing binocular vision having means for generating a plurality of visual acuity targets and a display monitor for displaying the visual targets. The visual function tester also includes electrooptical means for controlling the viewing of the display monitor, and control means to coordinate the optical means and display monitor. 
     More specifically, the display monitor may be a raster scan cathode ray tube in which even numbered horizontal scan lines and odd numbered horizontal scan lines are displayed during alternate vertical sweeps. The means for generating the plurality of visual acuity targets may be a microprocessor-based unit. The optical means may include liquid crystal shutters to effect a light shutter action in response to related alternate vertical sweeps. Electronic control circuitry may be used to control the liquid crystal shutters in coordination with the vertical sweeps of the display monitor. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of the major components of the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a partial, enlarged view of the video sceen of the display monitor. 
     FIG. 3 is an illustrative embodiment of a display used for detecting suppression or bifixation. 
     FIG. 4 is an illustrative embodiment of a display used for evaluating stereopsis. 
     FIG. 5(a) is an illustrative embodiment of a display used for detecting and measuring disassociated phoria. 
     FIG. 5(b) is an illustrative embodiment of a display used for detecting and measuring associated phoria. 
     FIG. 6 is the display of FIG. 5(a) as seen by a patient having phoria. 
     FIG. 7 is an illustrative embodiment of a display used for quantitatively evaluating horizontal fixation disparity. 
     FIG. 8 is an alternative embodiment of a display used for quantitatively evaluating vertical fixation disparity. 
     FIG. 9 is an illustrative embodiment of a display used for quantitatively evaluating fixation disparity. 
     FIGS. 10(a-d) are illustrative embodiments of a display used for evaluating aniseikonia. 
     FIG. 11 is a rear partial perspective view of the processor module. 
     FIG. 12 is an elevational view of a hand-held controller for the video function tester. 
     FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the glasses driver circuitry. 
     FIG. 14 is a schematic of the glasses driver circuitry. 
     FIG. 15 is a flow chart of the software means for invoking binocular vision testing. 
     FIG. 16 is a flow chart of the software means for selecting concealed targets. 
     FIG. 17 is a flow chart of the software means for creating concealed targets. 
     FIG. 18 is a flow chart of the software means for selecting depth targets. 
     FIG. 19 is a flow chart of the software means for creating depth targets. 
     FIG. 20 is a flow chart of the software means for driving the glasses used in binocular vision testing. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows apparatus for testing visual function by approximating a normal binocular viewing environment, in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The apparatus includes a video display monitor 10 for displaying a plurality of visual targets, processor module 12 for generating and storing a plurality of visual targets, optical means 22 for controlling the viewing of the display monitor, hand-held remote control unit 30 for controlling the display of the visual targets, and control circuitry 18 for coordinating the operation of optical means 22 and the presentation of images on monitor 10. 
     Video display monitor 10, processor module 12, and hand-held remote control unit 30 may be similar to the apparatus of the visual acuity tester shown in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 116,709, filed Nov. 3, 1987, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     In the preferred embodiment, display monitor 10 is a raster scan cathode ray tube driven by a standard RS170 video signal. The screen of monitor 10 is refreshed at a rate of 30 frames per second. This embodiment of the invention utilizes a scheme known as interlaced scanning, whereby even and odd numbered horizontal scan lines are presented during alternate vertical sweeps. The odd and even numbered scan lines (see lines 36 and 38 shown in FIG. 2), also known as odd and even fields, typically are presented in an alternate or interlaced manner so as to minimize perceived flicker to the viewer. 
     FIG. 2 shows a partial, enlarged view of the interlaced lines which create a picture on screen 14 of monitor 10. FIG. 2 is only a partial display of screen 14, showing only six interlaced lines. Lines 36 of screen 14 represent scan lines in the odd field. Lines 38 represent scan lines in the even field. A standard video screen has 480 visible interlaced lines. In normal viewing an observer perceives two adjacent fields as being continuous, because the screens are designed such that adjacent lines in alternate fields are related to each other. In the present invention, a given field (e.g., lines 36) may be totally different from its adjacent field (e.g., lines 38). 
     Interlaced scanning lends itself to the use of glasses for binocular vision testing. Glasses 22 (also referred to as &#34;stereo vision glasses&#34; or &#34;optical means&#34;), as shown in FIG. 1, are constructed with separate apertures for each eye. Each aperture has a shutter 24 or 26 that can transmit or block out light independent of the other shutter. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, shutters 24 and 26 are liquid crystal shutters. The liquid crystal shutters can be opened or closed in approximately one millisecond. The shutters in this embodiment are normally open, and may be closed by applying an AC voltage (preferably a square wave, 20 volts peak-to-peak, at 400 Hertz). 
     Although the preferred embodiment of the invention uses an interlaced scanning scheme to display information on monitor 10, the invention is not limited to such a scheme. In alternative embodiments, any display system which presents sequential images, including film, may be used. If film is used, alternating frames of the film are made visible to each of a patient&#39;s respective eyes. The alternative system must present the images in synchronism with the electro-optical shutters. 
     Because the odd and even fields are presented on video display 10 during alternate vertical sweeps, the shutter for a particular eye can be opened or closed during a vertical sweep interval either to permit or block that eye&#39;s viewing of the next vertical field presented. If the visual information displayed in the odd field is different from the information displayed in the even field, the shutters can be opened or closed such that one eye sees only the odd field, and the other eye sees only the even field. In other words, the shutters can allow a given field to be observed by only one eye, by both eyes, or by neither eye. 
     For example, to test for bifixation or for suppression, characters can be presented such that one or two characters are missing from the odd field (lines 36 in FIG. 2), but are displayed in the even field (lines 38 in FIG. 2). Different characters are omitted from the even field, and these characters are presented, as well as other characters, in the odd field. Apertures 24 and 26 of optical means 22 are controlled by processor module 12 so that the left eye of the observer sees only the odd field (characters in the even field are concealed) and the right eye sees only the even field (characters in the odd field are concealed). 
     FIG. 3 shows an illustrative embodiment of the test for suppression. The characters shown at 37, 23, and 25 are displayed in both the even and odd fields, and are therefore visible to the right and left eyes. The character shown at 35 is displayed only in the even field and is visible to only the right eye. The character shown at 39 is displayed only in the odd field and is visible to only the left eye. Alternatively, the characters displayed at 35, 23, and 39 are displayed in both the odd and even fields, and the characters displayed at 37 and 25 are displayed only in the even and odd fields, respectively. 
     Patients with normal vision see all of the characters, but patients who suppress one eye will miss a character. The test may be performed with any optotype and size that will allow at least two characters to be displayed. For example, the test may be performed using four 20/40 letters or children&#39;s symbols, or using two 20/60 characters. 
     To test for stereopsis, a plurality of acuity targets are presented on the display. At least one target is displayed in the same position to each eye, and at least one target is displayed such that it is displaced laterally. Referring to FIG. 4, the preferred embodiment of the test for stereopsis includes displaying four characters, preferably four 20/80 rings, presented in a diamond-shaped pattern on screen 14 of display monitor 10. Three characters, shown at 40, are displayed in the same position for each eye. The fourth character 41 is displaced laterally, for one or both eyes, to test for stereo acuity. The initial position of character 41 is shown in phantom at 42. Where the character is displaced for both eyes, displacement is in opposite directions for each eye. The patient indicates which character appears out of the plane of screen 14. 
     Because each eye sees only one field, a person with normal stereopsis will see the shifted character either in front of or behind screen 14. The perceived distance of the character from screen 14 is determined by the magnitude of the horizontal shift. The &#34;Arrow&#34; keys of hand-controller 30 are used to change the amount of lateral displacement. The &#34;Change&#34; key of hand-controller 30 is used to change the position of the displaced character to one of the other three positions on the screen, allowing a patient to be retested at the same degree of stereo acuity. Examples of the software used to generate characters visible only to a preselected eye and to offset a preselected visual target are provided in Appendices C and D. 
     To screen for phoria, the display of FIG. 5(a) may be shown to a patient. If the patient suffers from phoria, lines 43 and 44 will appear to be displaced from their original positions (shown in FIG. 6 at dotted lines 46 and 47, respectively). Lines 43 and 44 are in one field (either odd or even), and lines 45 are displayed in the other field. Neither eye sees the same image. An image can be displayed to both eyes to serve as a fixation lock (see FIG. 5(b)) to enable the examiner to test for associated phoria. Where black symbols are displayed on a white screen, the screen may serve as the fixation lock. 
     In alternative embodiments, shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, a row of characters 48, having a center point, is displayed in either the odd or even field, while a test line 49 is displayed in the other field. The row of characters may be either horizontal (FIG. 7), to test for horizontal imbalance, or it may be vertical (FIG. 8), to test for vertical imbalance, if no fixation lock is displayed. For associated phoria testing, including the screening and quantitative tests, an additional target 50 may be displayed and made visible to both eyes, serving as a fixation lock. The fixation lock may be displayed at any position on the screen. When a fixation lock is displayed, test line 49 may be moved to either side of center (as indicated by bidirectional arrow 80) to evaluate fixation disparity. The displacement of test line 49 from the center (in minutes of angle) provides a quantitative measure of the fixation disparity. 
     As shown in FIG. 9, two arrows may be used to increase the range of the tests used to evaluate phoria, associated phoria, and fixation disparity. Arrows 49a and 49b are made distinguishable from each other by having one arrow point upward and the other point downward. The arrows are presented at the edges of the screen so that if the patient has a large ocular imbalance, even though one arrow is &#34;moved&#34; off the character line, the second arrow will remain within the range of the character line (shown in FIG. 9 at dotted lines 82 and 84). 
     To measure aniseikonia, the display of FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) may be superimposed and simultaneously shown to a patient. The character of FIG. 10(a) is displayed in the odd field and made visible to the left eye. The character of FIG. 10(b) is displayed in the even field and made visible to the right eye. The height to width ratio of markers 100 may be adjusted to improve the effectiveness of the test. Each target has a marker 100 at the end of the center line 102 that is seen extending from one side by one eye and extending from the other side by the other eye. Each target has fusion lock 104 at the other end of center line 102. A patient with normal vision sees equal image sizes with each eye, and will set the markers at the same distance from fusion lock 104 (FIG. 10(c)). A patient with aniseikonia will see one marker further from the fusion lock than the other (FIG. 10(d)). The distance of one of the markers to the fusion lock can be altered until the patient perceives both of markers 100 as being equidistant to the fusion lock. The ratio of the two distances is a measure of aniseikonia. 
     This test can be performed at various angles. For example, this test can be performed with the measured distance 90 degrees to the horizontal (as shown in FIG. 10(c)), at 45 degrees, or with the measured angle horizontal (0 degrees) and the fusion lock vertical. 
     Processor module 12, shown in FIG. 1, includes means for generating the plurality of visual acuity targets. Module 12 is a microprocessor based system, which includes a dynamic bit-mapped graphics memory. Module 12 has two complete screens of memory, either of which can be displayed on monitor 10. The microprocessor of module 12 reads from and writes to the bit-mapped graphics memory, from which the information is transmitted to screen 14 of monitor 10. The bit-mapped memory feature is described in further detail in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 116,709, previously incorporated herein by reference. 
     Shutters 24 and 26 of stereo vision glasses 22 operate in conjunction with the visual information displayed on screen 14 at any particular time. The synchronization of the shutters and the vertical sweeps of the monitor are controlled by the microprocessor of module 12. The microprocessor of module 12 transmits control signals through line 16 to the glasses driver circuitry 18 via a general purpose interface connector 61. In the illustrative embodiment, a DIN connector is used as connector 61. 
     In the preferred embodiment, control signals for optical shutters 24 and 26 are generated in the microprocessor by operating software specifically designed to perform a series of ophthalmic tests. Flow charts of the computer programs for implementing this invention are provided in FIGS. 15-20, and are described below. Software programs which execute these flow charts appear in the appendices. In an alternative embodiment, the microprocessor of module 12 generates control signals in response to instructions received from the eye examiner. The eye examiner may directly control the operation of optical shutters 24 and 26 or, alternatively, the shutters may operate according to a pre-programmed series of video displays. In still another alternative embodiment, shutters 24 and 26 are hard-wired to module 12 and are operated without the use of software. The shutters are driven by an address line from the CRT controller which indicates whether an odd or even field is being presented. 
     FIG. 11 shows a rear view of processor module 12. Module 12 includes various interfaces for connecting system components and accessories. Video display monitor 10 connects to module 12 via interface means 53 and 55, supplying power and video signals, respectively, to monitor 10. Interface connector 61 accepts the connection of communication line 16. In the preferred embodiment, both control signals and electrical power are sent from module 12 to the glasses driver control circuitry 18 via line 16. 
     Hand-held controller 30 is shown in detail in FIG. 12. Cable connection 59 accepts cable 28 in order to connect controller 30 to module 12. The distal end of cable 28 connects with keypad interface 52 of module 12. Controller 30 is used by the eye examiner to present a variety of visual acuity images on monitor 10. The detailed functions and operations of controller 30 are described in greater detail in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 116,709. 
     Glasses driver circuitry 18 powers shutters 24 and 26 of optical means 22 in response to control signals received from processor module 12 via communication line 16. Driver circuitry 18 is connected to optical means 22 such that shutters 24 and 26 may be independently controlled. Circuit 18 and optical means 22 (shown in FIG. 1) may be connected by two communication lines 32 and 34 such that the lines control shutters 24 and 26, respectively. 
     The components of circuit 18 are shown in block diagram form in FIG. 13. Circuit 18 includes voltage converter 54, voltage inverter 56, oscillator 58, waveform generator 68, and shutter driving amplifiers 64 and 66. In an illustrative embodiment, power is supplied at a low voltage, preferably at five volts, via line 16. The voltage is applied to voltage converter 54 and oscillator 58. Voltage converter 54 includes a voltage multiplier circuit to convert the five-volt supply to a twelve-volt supply. The twelve-volt supply is output to amplifiers 64 and 66 via line 67. Voltage inverter 56 includes a circuit which inverts the voltage applied to its terminals. The inverted voltage is output to amplifiers 64 and 66 via line 65. Oscillator 58 creates an AC voltage waveform, preferably with a frequency of 400 Hertz. The output signals from oscillator 58 are connected to waveform generator 68. In the preferred embodiment, waveform generator 68 includes a series capacitor and a shunt resistor (connected to ground), which eliminate the DC portion of the oscillator output signal. Two control signals 70 and 72 (both transmitted on communication line 16) operate switches 60 and 62, preferably electronically controlled, to activate left and right shutter amplifiers 66 and 64, respectively. When switches 60 and 62 are closed, the signals from waveform generator 68 are sent to amplifiers 64 and 66. The outputs of amplifiers 64 and 66 are sent to shutters 24 and 26 via lines 32 and 34. 
     FIG. 14 shows a detailed circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment of glasses driver circuitry 18. In this embodiment, voltage converter 54 includes a two stage voltage multiplier which supplies twelve volts to voltage inverter 56 and to an operational amplifier integrated circuit chip (used for amplifiers 66 and 68). The NPN and PNP transistors used in these circuits may be 2N3904 and 2N3906 transistors, respectively. 
     Oscillator circuit 58 includes a &#34;555&#34; integrated circuit timer, resistors, and capacitors. Oscillator 58 provides the AC signal input to voltage converter 54 and and inverter 56. The output signal of oscillator 58 is also fed to driving waveform generator 68, which eliminates any DC component of the signal. The remaining AC component feeds the negative input of amplifiers 66 and 64 when switches 60 and 62 are &#34;closed.&#34; Switches 60 and 62 preferably are junction field effect transistors (JFETs) which are electronically switched &#34;open&#34; or &#34;closed&#34; via control lines 70 and 72. Each of amplifiers 66 and 64 include an operational amplifier with a 422K ohm resistor connected to form a negative feedback loop. The outputs of the amplifiers drive optical means 22. 
     In an alternative embodiment, glasses driver circuitry 18 and optical means 22 are replaced with stereo vision glasses and driving circuitry of a type such as have been commercially available from Haitex Resources, Inc., 208 Carrollton Park #1207, Carrollton, Tex. 75006. The Haitex glasses driver circuit has only one control line which provides only for one shutter being open, while the other is closed. Unlike circuit 18 and optical means 22, which independently control apertures 24 and 26, the Haitex glasses do not provide the option of simultaneously opening both apertures or closing both apertures. 
     FIG. 15 shows a flow chart of software means for invoking or deactivating binocular vision testing when a predetermined key sequence is entered, preferably from hand controller 30. The software causes module 12 to check the status of binocular vision testing. If binocular vision testing is disabled, the software causes the visual acuity tester to begin binocular vision testing. If binocular vision testing is enabled, the software terminates binocular testing and returns to ordinary visual acuity testing. 
     FIG. 16 shows a flow chart of software means for selecting &#34;concealed&#34; target testing. The software selects the field (odd, even or both) which will be used to display a preselected character (and therefore, selects whether the character will be visible to only one or to both eyes). The software first checks whether binocular vision testing is enabled. If it is not, an ordinary visual acuity target is drawn. If binocular testing is enabled, the software determines whether the target should appear to only one or to both eyes, and sets the appropriate software flag. After the target is eventually drawn, the software clears these flags. Sample software code implementing these functions is provided in Appendix A. 
     FIG. 17 shows a flow chart of software means for creating concealed targets. The software creates characters in graphics memory for display in the odd or even field or in both fields. In the preferred embodiment, targets appearing only to the right or left eye are drawn only on even-numbered (even field) or odd-numbered (odd field) horizontal raster lines, respectively. Targets appearing to both eyes are drawn in both fields. Using the flags set by the software shown in FIG. 16, the software of FIG. 17 determines whether a given target is to be plotted on even or odd raster lines, or on both. Sample software code implementing these functions is provided in Appendix B. 
     FIG. 18 shows a flow chart of software means for selecting &#34;depth&#34; target testing. If binocular vision testing is desired, the software sets a flag, such as the &#34;stereo-on&#34; flag, for use by the depth target creation software (FIG. 19). If binocular vision testing is not desired, the flag is not set, and an ordinary target is drawn. Sample software code implementing these functions is provided in Appendix C. 
     FIG. 19 shows a flow chart of software means for creating depth targets. A target created by this software is made visible to both eyes, but each eye sees a different image. The image presented to the right eye is identical to that presented to the left eye, but it is laterally displaced. The images are alternately displayed to the right and left eyes. The lateral displacement of the images creates the appearance of depth. The examiner selects a desired stereo separation, and the software modifies the plot coordinates in graphics memory to display the images to the right and left eyes with the desired separation. Software code implementing these functions is provided in Appendix D. 
     FIG. 20 shows a flow chart of the software means for synchronizing the optical means and driver circuitry with the display of the alternating fields on the monitor. This software first determines whether binocular vision testing is enabled. If it is, the software causes module 12 to wait for the end of the odd field, and then closes aperture 24 (the left aperture) and opens aperture 26 (the right aperture). Module 12 then waits for the end of the even field, closes aperture 26, and opens aperture 24. At the end of this sequence, the software determines whether a command entered via hand-controller 30 is pending. If there is no command pending, the software repeats the above sequence, and continues to do so until it detects a pending command. Once a pending command is detected, the program closes both apertures, thereby preventing the viewer from seeing the next target. This last step is not possible with the Haitex glasses. Because only one control line is provided with the Haitex glasses, when a given aperture is open, the other aperture is closed. When using the Haitex glasses, screen 14 must be kept blank whenever it is desirable to prevent the viewer from seeing the next character. Software code for synchronizing the optical means with the display of the alternating fields is provided in Appendix E. 
     It is thought that the video acuity tester with binocular vision testing apparatus and the methods of the present invention and its attendant advantages will be understood from the foregoing description and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construction and arrangement of the parts thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. ##SPC1##