Method of combating flupropadine poisoning using phenothiazines
The present invention relates to antidotes to physiologically active compounds. 
     If a chemical compound is toxic to humans, pets or farm animals, it is always desirable for there to be an antidote. This is particularly so in the case of pesticides, which are distributed in the environment and are sometimes handled by persons who are unskilled in handling chemicals, and even more so in the case of pesticides used in bait formulations, since these are deliberately placed to be eaten by pests, and may accidentally be eaten by pets and children. 
     The compound flupropadine (1-(3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(4-t-butylpiperidino)prop-1-yne), disclosed in EP-B-4l234, is a potent killer of rats and other rodent vermin. Although the compound is less toxic than other rat poisons to other mammals, there is still a need for an antidote. The present invention provides antidotes to flupropadine and related compounds. 
     One aspect of the present invention provides a method of combating poisoning in mammals by flupropadine or related compounds, the method comprising administering an effective dose of a compound which modulates aminergic systems in gut or adrenal tissues. 
     5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin) and noradrenaline (NA) have a number of important physiological roles, including those of neurotransmitter and neuromodulation in the brain and elsewhere, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract (for example the upper G.I. tract) and adrenal gland. 
     It is thought that 5-HT and noradrenergic systems are the most important and that it is the inhibition of flupropadine-induced depletion of these amines in the gastrointestinal tract and adrenal tissue which confers the desired antidote properties. Inhibition of release of these amines may also be effective. 
     Suitable compounds include; tricyclic anti-depressants, including the phenothiazines and thioxanthines, such as imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline, proptripyline, doxepin, chlorpromaxine, triflupromazine, prochlorperazine, promazine, promethazine, thiethylperazine, thioridazine, perphenazine, fluphenazine, acetophenazine, trifluoperazine, chlorprothixene, and thiothixene and others, such as citalopram and fluoxetine. Suitable compounds further include: 
     Desmethylcitalopram (Lu 11-109), Didesmethylicitalopram (Lu 11-161), Citalopram-N-oxide (Lu 11-305), CGP 6085 A, Alaproclate, Paroxetine (FG 7051), Zimelidine (H 102/09), Ro 11-2465, Femoxetine (FG 4963), Norzimelidine, Trazodone, chlorimipramine, YM-08054-1, Cocaine, Trimipramine, Butriptyline, Iprindole, Opipramol N-methyl protriptyline, Fluotracen, Lilly 5182, Melitracen, Mazindol, Mianserin, Viloxazine, Dibenzepine, Desmethylchlorimipramine, Nomifensine, Maprotiline, Talopram (Lu 3-010), Litracen, Talsupram (Lu 5-003), and Hydroxymaprotiline (C49-802 B-Ba). Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of all these compounds are included within the scope of the invention. 
     Chlorpromazine, imipramine, citalopram and nortriptyline are the preferred compounds of the invention, particularly the first three, and especially chlorpromazine. 
     Any of the antidotes of the invention may be combined with other pharmacologically active compounds, if appropriate, in order to obtain additive or synergistic effects. 
     The dose of the antidote(s), the dosage regime and total period of treatment will depend upon the amount of flupropadine which has been ingested, the animal in question and the antidote being used. In general, a relatively long period (at least a week) of treatment is preferred, partly because flupropadine has a prolonged effect and partly because, as is known, some of the antidotes take days or more to exert their physiological effects. 
     A particular advantage of at least most of the antidote compounds listed above is that they have been used for human treatment in other contexts for many years and have been prescribed widely. Thus, their effects and toxicities are known, and their use in accordance with the present invention is thereby facilitated. By the term &#34;combating poisoning&#34; we include the administration of the antidote in cases of suspected but unconfirmed poisoning. 
     The antidote compounds may be administered in any suitable way consistent with their properties, for example orally, rectally, sub-cutaneously, intra-muscularly, nasally or transdermally. For prolonged action, a sub-cutaneous implant, whether a simple depot or a mini-pump, may be suitable. The compounds may be administered in such forms and at such dosage rates as may be thought by a physician to be effective and safe. However, reference may also be made to current editions of such standard works as &#34;The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics&#34;, Ed Goodman &amp; Gilman, the British National Formulary, the British Pharmacopoeia, the U.S. National Formulary and the US Pharmacopoeia. 
     The antidote compounds may be used in connection with poisoning by flupropadine, in any form, by flupropadine analogues, or by any other poison having the same mode of action as flupropadine. The term &#34;or related compound&#34; is used herein to mean all such compounds. 
     As the antidote compounds listed above are known compounds, reference may be made to published sources for their syntheses. A further aspect of the invention provides the use of a compound which modulates aminergic systems in the gut or adrenal gland in the manufacture of a medicament to combat poisoning by flupropadine or related compounds. 
     Flupropadine and related compounds may be sold together with an antidote of the invention, optionally with a hypodermic syringe or other means of administering the antidote. Hence, a further aspect of the invention provides a kit comprising (a) flupropadine or a related compound and (b) a compound which modulates an aminergic system in gut tissue or adrenal tissue. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Protective effect of Imipramine, Citalopram and Chlorpromazine against poisoning induced by the rodenticide Flupropadine in the rat 
     Female rats administered in a single oral dose of the rodenticide flupropadine (100 mg/kg) die usually within 6 to 9 days as a result of severe disturbances to the gastrointestinal tract. Similar effects have been observed in mice. Imipramine (12.5 mg/kg), citalopram (30 mg/kg) and Chlorpromazine (8.1 mg/kg) when administered orally (twice daily) to rates for 17 days following treatment with the rodenticide prevented the onset of G.I. symptoms and death. Protection is also observed when imipramine, citalopram and chlorpromazine are applied sub-cutaneously by continuous infusion mini-pumps prior to dosing with flupropadine. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Formulations 
     Chlorpromazrne 
     For human use, chlorpromazine can be made up in known ways as the hydrochloride in tablets containing 10-200 mg active ingredient, sustained release capsules of 30-300 mg, syrups of 10 mg/5 ml or concentrates of 30-100 mg in 10 ml. A single intramuscular dose is typically 25-50 mg which may be given 4 to 10 times a day. However, the dose may be between 5 and 5000 mg, typically 25-2000 mg and usually 200-800 mg. 
     Other compounds may be presented in their usual dosage forms, such as prochlorperazine as the edisylate or maleate and fluphenazine as the hydrochloride, enanthate or decanoate.