Measuring system
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a measuring system having a measuring array comprising a transmission and reception section and an electronic evaluation unit. 
     The use of the Doppler effect to determine the velocity of a moving object on the basis of the measured Doppler shift and the derivation of the distance travelled by means of integration is a well known technique. An appropriate measuring array would require a complicated construction and could therefore only be produced with high manufacturing costs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to indicate a measuring system having a measuring array of the type mentioned at the outset for measuring distances that is simple in construction, inexpensive to manufacture, and easy to handle. 
     The object is attained in accordance with the invention by providing a measuring system having a measuring array comprising a transmission and reception section and an electronic evaluation unit, wherein the distance between a first point and a second point is determined by moving the measuring array between the points, utilizing the Doppler effect, with an intermediate frequency being formed in the transmission and reception section from the transmission frequency of the signal emitted by the transmission and reception section and from the reception frequency of the signal reflected off a fixed object and picked up in the transmission and reception section, and wherein the distance is derived from the number of periods of the intermediate frequency generated during the measuring operation in the electronic evaluation unit. The measuring system on which this measuring array in accordance with the invention is based permits not only simple construction of the array, but also simple implementation of the measurement operation by moving the array along the distance to be measured with the measurement result being independent of the movement velocity of the array. 
     Advantageous embodiments of the invention can be found in the sub-claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be described in greater detail, with reference to the drawings, in which 
     FIG. 1 shows in perspective a measuring array in accordance with the invention, 
     FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the measuring array in accordance with the invention in FIG. 1, 
     FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the measuring operation, and 
     FIGS. 4a and 4b show the variation of the intermediate frequency signal during the measurement period. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The measuring array according to FIG. 1 has an antenna system 4 arranged on the front of a rectangular and flat housing element 9 and comprising a planar antenna 5 mounted on a support and a dielectric lens 6. The transmission and reception section 2 arranged in the same plane as planar antenna 5 is connected to the antenna via a strip line and designed as a GaAs-MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit). Behind planar antenna 5 in housing 9, an electronic evaluation unit 3 designed as an integrated Si circuit is accommodated on a printed circuit board and is connected to display device 7 arranged on the top of housing 9. Finally, a power supply unit 8 is also accommodated in housing 9. 
     This measuring array is suitable for measurement distances from 0 to several 100m using the Doppler effect with microwave radiation at a transmission frequency of 100 GHz, for example. For this purpose, the measuring array 1 is moved between points A and B in order to measure the distance between these two points A and B in accordance with FIG. 3, with the signals emitted from antenna system 4 during this motion being reflected with a transmission frequency of f 1  off the fixed wall W back to antenna system 4, so that the reception frequency f 2  can be computed according to the following formula on the basis of the Doppler shift: ##EQU1## where f 1  is the transmission frequency, v the velocity of the moving array and c the light speed. 
     The transmission frequency f 1  and the reception frequency f 2  give the intermediate frequency f ZF  with the aid of the equation (1): ##EQU2## for v&lt;&lt;c equation (2) gives: ##EQU3## The measurement distance between the two points A and B with the length d is covered at the velocity v in the time t 1  : 
     
         d=v·t.sub.1.                                      (4) 
    
     The equations (3) and (4) give for the intermediate frequency f ZP  : ##EQU4## The number N of the periods of the frequency f ZF , of the intermediate frequency signal generated during the time t 1  in accordance with FIG. 4a is obtained with the aid of equation (5) as ##EQU5## or, for the number N&#39; of a half-periods of rectified intermediate frequency f ZP  of a rectified intermediate frequency signal according to FIG. 4b: ##EQU6## By rearranging the two equations (6a) and (6b) the result obtained for the distance d between the two points A and B is: ##EQU7## 
     This result does not depend on the velocity v and the time t 1 , meaning that it is immaterial bow quickly the measuring array is moved along the measurement distance between the two points A and B, since the distance covered is always determined by the number of periods or half-periods in accordance with equations (7a) and (7b) respectively. 
     In accordance with FIG. 2, transmission and reception section 2 comprises a dielectrically stabilized oscillator 10 designed on a MESFET basis and rated for an output power of approx. 10 mW. It is also possible to use Gunn or IMPATT diodes as the oscillator element. This oscillator 10 serves as the transmitter and as local oscillator (LO) for mixer stage 12. The oscillator signal with a frequency of 100 GHz is passed to antenna system 4, while the LO and reception signals are passed via a hybrid ring coupler 11 to the mixer stage 12 designed as a Schottky diode mixer. The output signal of mixer stage 12 passes to electronic evaluation unit 3, with the result of the evaluation being displayed in the display unit 7 of the latter. 
     With a transmission frequency f 1  of 100 GHz each period of intermediate frequency f ZF  corresponds to a distance d of approx. 3 mm, whereas this value is halved after rectification of the intermediate frequency f ZF , thereby permitting an improvement in the measurement accuracy. 
     The number of periods of intermediate frequency f ZF  generated during the measuring operation corresponds exactly to the number of maximum values of the intermediate frequency signal, permitting in simple manner a pulse counter containing electronic evaluation unit 3 to be used for counting the maximum values. The distance d is derived from the number of maximum values using a microprocessor, which is also an integral part of electronic evaluation unit 3, in accordance with the relationship to equation (6a) or (6a), and displayed in the display unit (7). 
     The antenna system 4 can, as shown in FIG. 1, be designed as a combination of a planar antenna 5 and a dielectric lens 6. In addition, the antenna system 4 can comprise solely planar antennae or a combination of planar antenna with a horn antenna.